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Coyotes are commonly found in suburbs and cities such as Richardson throughout the year, but especially in the spring.
The animals are usually seen alone or in pairs, but they can sometimes be seen in larger groups in the summer or fall, as pups born in the spring grow older.
Coyotes are generally not dangerous to humans, but they can present a danger to small pets. If you have a concern about an unusually aggressive coyote, please contact Animal Services at 972-744-4480.
Coyotes can range from 20 to 50 pounds and are typically about 2 feet tall at the shoulders, about the size of a small German shepherd. They are usually gray or buff-colored and have a bushy tail.
Plentiful food means that coyotes often live in cities such as Richardson. They are most often seen at dawn and dusk, but they can be active any time of day.
A coyote’s regular diet is small animals such as rabbits, rodents and insects, but they will eat anything. Small dogs and cats can become prey if wild animals are scarce or if coyotes have become used to scavenging for pet food or garbage in neighborhoods.
How to discourage coyotes
- Do not feed them or other wildlife.
- Secure garbage containers and eliminate garbage odors.
- Feed your pets indoors if possible. If your pets are fed outdoors, be sure to remove any leftover food.
- Place bird feeders well above coyotes’ reach.
- Keep pets confined to securely fenced areas. Walk dogs on a leash and keep cats indoors.
- Make fences at least 6 feet high, and extending 6 inches below ground level.
- If you have fowl, rabbits or other small animals, keep them in secure enclosures.
- Use bright lights and make loud noises to discourage coyotes from staying.
- If a coyote visits your yard, wave your arms, shout, and spray it with a water hose to keep coyotes from losing their natural fear of humans. | <urn:uuid:9db82442-2dea-4323-9b6b-b6458b426e98> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Kindling is a hypothesized process that is relevent to a number of mental health disorders which can return after an inital episode.
It has been shown that the occurence of one episode may make another more likely.
A number of ideas have been proposed to explain this:
- Sensitization hypothesis. This suggests that with the increasing experience of the disorder progressively less severe external conditions can trigger subsequent episodes. Anticipatory response repetoires may hieghten stress and trigger characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving which may make onset more likely. For example one might withdraw from social involvement, anticipating depression or psychosis, but the subsequent lack of social support and activity scheduling may make onset more likely.
- Autonomous hypothesis. This suggests that whereas the initial trigger for the disorder is related to external events that subsequent occurences may be mediated by internal processes. For example having been depressed once I may come to regard myself as a depressed person , which may lead to negative self image, lack of confidence etc etc, enough to cause me to become depressed again.
- Main article: Depression - Kindling theory
References & BibliographyEdit
Monroe, S M & Harkness. K L (2005). Life stress, the'kindling hypothesis', and the recurrence of depression; Considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychological Review, 112,417-445. | <urn:uuid:d66a8612-635b-4979-af5b-d78384e60e34> | {
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Mappilapattu originated during 17th century in Kerala. These songs depict Muslim culture within the lyrics. Mapilas of Malabar give identity to Mappilapattu. The first known Mappilapattu is “Muhyidheen Mala” composed during 1607 AD by Quadi Mohammed. Over the centuries, various types of Mappilapattu got life from religious to marriage related songs. Nowadays Mappilapattu is written on themes like devotion, romance, marriage, journeys etc. The speciality about Mappilapattu is its beat and composition. It is almost similar and includes an Arabic touch to the songs as well. Words from Malayalam, Persian, Hindi, Arabic, and Tamil are often used in Mappilapattu giving more prominence to Malayalam. It is really an integral part in musical heritage of Malayalam. The different genre of Mappilapattu is Mala during 17th century, Kissa genre during 18th century, and the Pada pattu genre during 19th and 20th century.
The Mala genre includes songs with Arabic/Malayalam mix. These songs were written on spiritual themes mainly for praising Sufi saints and heroes of those times. The Kissa genre songs include songs with stories of prophet of Islam. Kappa Pattu is an example for this genre. Pada Pattu songs were written mainly during British rule in India. It can be classified into Islamic history, Mapila history, Fictional songs etc. Still Mappilapattu is one of the important parts of music form or type in Kerala.
Mappilapattuis sung during wedding ceremonies, oppana pattu is a kind of Mappilapattu. In order to give gratitude to the renowned Mappilapattuartists various institutions have been constructed.
For remembering Moideen Kutty Vaidyar, in 1999 Vaidyar Smarakam was build and inaugurated at the birth place of Moideen Kutty Vaidyar. Now there are certificate courses in Mappilapattu. Kerala Mapila Kala Academy was build and opened to public from 2001. The Academy gives out awards for Mappilapattu artists yearly. Thus being a vital part in Mappilapattu field. Major personalities in Mappilapattu include Moideen Kutty Vaidyar, Pulikottil Hyder , K.T Moideen , Kassim , Pakkar . Major Mappilapattu musicians include A.T Ummer, Abooty etc . Major singers include Vilayil Faseela, Abdul Khader etc.
Moideen Kutty Vaidyar was born to an Ayurvedic Family. He composed Bedarul Munir – Husnul Jamal, a romantic kind of Mapila songs. He was very proficient in Arabic and Sanskrit languages. Pulikottil Hyder was a much popular poet who wrote short poems against social evils involving arabi and Malayalam mix up language. Kozhikode Abdul Khader is a prominent name in the Mappilapattu singers list. He was admired by great musicians like V. Dakshinamoorthi , Baburaj etc. Vilayil Fazila is a renowned Mappilapattu singer. She is a converted muslim. She was guided in Mappilapattu by V.M Kutty, a well known singer of Mapila pattu. A.T Ummer was prominent among Mappilapattu composers. He was a music composer in Malayalam film industry as well.
Mappilapattu is a “Cultural Fountain of a bygone age “as mentioned by Shri Vasudevan Nair during the award ceremony for Mappilapattu artists by Kerala Mappilapattu Academy.
Mappilapattu is still alive and various reality shows have arrived giving thrust to Mappilapattu songs namely “Putturumal“ in Kairali T.V. Mappilapattu has a special place in Malayalam Music. | <urn:uuid:bff90c34-2207-409e-94fd-bfff5489cd0d> | {
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Fishing tip of the week:
Fish can see colors, fact or myth?
We know through scientific information that at least some fish see colors; however, we do not know if all fish are capable of seeing in color because not all fish have been tested for color vision.
Color vision is the capability to see objects, and how well they reflect or transmit light of different colors, not the ability to determine how bright they are. A lemon looks yellow in sunlight because all but the yellow part of the white light from the sun, is absorbed by the lemon’s skin, leaving only the yellow light available for vision.
Most anglers have an arsenal of flies, lures, jigs, plastics and crank baits in virtually every color imaginable. But does one color work better than another? The answer is yes, and no. Without getting too technical explaining how colors are absorbed by water, and the speed they are absorbed, let us look at what colors are most productive, and when color does not play a part in attracting fish.
Bright day, bright color, dark day, dark color. This simple phrase is a wealth of fact. On bright sunny days, silver, chartreuse, red, orange and fluorescent yellow are good choices. On dark or overcast days and at night, try gold, black, pink and purple. There is a point where color is no longer a factor. Keep in mind that water clarity, time of day and seasons play a big part in the ability of fish to see, along with the depth you are fishing. The deeper the water the less light is available. In stained or murky water and when fishing at greater depths consider using glow in the dark lures, jigs, or pop gear. Small glow sticks 1/8 of an inch in diameter and 1 1/2 inches in length may also be helpful. Be sure they are non-toxic. Before terminal tackle is attached, glow sticks may be secured to your line by running the line through a small piece of surgical tubing, and inserting the glow stick in the tube next to the line. Often a small plastic tube is included with glow sticks. They are available at many sporting goods outlets and bait shops in yellow or green, and will glow for approximately 6 hours.
Colorado River (Glenwood to Rifle) — The Colorado River is flowing at 2,160 cfs in Glenwood Springs. Fishing has been as good as it ever gets along the river especially as the weather begins to cool down. The float fishing is nothing short of spectacular and the walk/wade is equally as good as the water flows continue to drop. Deeper water that has some current and structure to it are holding the majority of the fish. Cat Poops, Sunken Spinners and small Baetis patterns are the hot flies. The Streamer fishing is on, especially during periods of overcast or when shade is present. It won’t matter what streamer you are fishing as long as it’s a Sacrilege, though Splendors and Stingin’ Sculpins are great as well. September also offers the best Hopper fishing opportunities along the Colorado.
Colorado River (near Granby) — Flows on Sunday afternoon were 137 cfs from Windy Gap Reservoir and 264 cfs below Parshall. Good fish activity is staying consistent; cooler temperatures help. Copper Johns, RS-2s, Prince nymphs and other emerger patterns are doing well. Caddis, Hare’s Ear and other dry flies are working if a hatch is spotted. Hoppers are also effective.
Lure fishing is good.
In the immediate Granby area and downstream to the bridge at the lower end of Byers Canyon, bait fishing is permitted and two fish may be kept. From the east side of the bridge abutments (the west end of Byers Canyon) down to Troublesome Creek, including the Williams Fork River from the reservoir, catch-and-release rules apply and fishing is by artificial flies and lures only. Inquire in Granby for the latest conditions.
Crystal River — The Crystal River has been flowing at 47 cfs in Carbondale. Fishing has slowed on the Crystal River this past week due to low flows and lack of daily hatches though dry/dropper rigs fished in the pockets are ideal. Top flies include: Stimi‘s, Pearl & Elk Caddis, Para. PMD’s, Royal Wulffs, Tung. Princes, Tung, PT’s, STD’s, and Blings. The cutthroat and brookie fishing is exceptional above the town of Marble, while rainbows, browns and whitefish inhabit the river below Redstone. Fishing pressure is virtually nonexistent as an added bonus!
Dillon Reservoir — The reservoir is at full pool and the water is clear. On the south side of the reservoir, fishing has been productive for rainbows using salmon eggs & worms. For those anglers who are looking for bait fish for Lake Trout during ice fishing season, suckers are also being caught with salmon eggs & worms. Shore fishing starts to pick up around mid-morning. The boat ramps open at 7am Thursday thru Sunday on the Frisco side of the reservoir. Fishing the inlets has been successful using nymph flies in the early morning and evening.
Elkhead Reservoir — Elkhead is open to fishing and boating every day 6am to 8pm. We have seen the Crappie and Small Mouth activity drop off somewhat with the much warmer temp. Good reports over the last few days indicate things should be picking up. There are still a lot of pike being caught, so don’t hesitate to take a few home and try some of those recipes you read about. Good luck, and watch for those nasty afternoon storms. Please do your part to help this lake build a sustainable Crappie population, turn a few back for another day.
Frying Pan River — Fishing so good, you’ll think you were there yesterday! It’s ON FIRE! Current river flows have dropped to an easily wadeable and fishable flow of 230 cfs. Multiple hatches are taking place and include Green Drakes, Flav’s, PMD’s and BWO’s. The dry fly fishing has been top notch from noon to 4pm. Light tippets of 6x and 7x are needed for the ultra clear water. Nymphing is equally good prior and there after the hatches and you’ll want to be sure to have some PT’s, RS2’s, Barr Emergers, Jujubaetis and Halfback BWO’s. Mysis Shrimp are still of importance along the top 1/4 mile below the dam. Several “toads” have been landed this past week including several fish in the 4-6lb. range. Quit your job, call in sick, it’s just that good out there right now.
Granby Reservoir — Worms, Power Bait, eggs, lures and frozen baits are being used. Fly-fishing, trolling and jigging are working. Sunset Point and Stillwater boat ramps are open. Boating inspections are conducted at Sunset Point from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. seven days a week. Ramps are open for nighttime use. Browns and rainbows have been plentiful. Lake trout are being caught, but are not as aggressive during this time of the year. Fall is one of the best times to fish this reservoir. Arapaho Creek and the Stillwater areas are prime places to find fish. Only 2 1/2 weeks remain to fish from Twin Creeks up to Shadow Mountain Dam. Kokanee will be staging soon.
Grand Lake — Catching should pick up as we get closer to the spawning season and the water cools down.
Fishing tip of the week: | <urn:uuid:17934ed9-e04e-4f10-bcb5-91ec9b654f5e> | {
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Quaternary studies in the Carpathian Basin require a detailed knowledge of the distribution of surface sediments. Existing and often cited maps, such as Haase et al. (2007), are not detailed enough for various purposes and difficult in detail as a result of the basic input data and due to the used scale. In addition, many of the maps presenting the distribution of loess and other geological features in Europe display inconsistencies such as displacements, shifts or even abrupt delimitations of different geological units such as loess across national borders. In fact, if geoscientific data from different regions or countries are combined, national borders in many medium- and large-scale thematic datasets appear as artificial breaks. To create a higher resolution map showing the more detailed distribution of Quaternary surface sediments in the Carpathian Basin the spatial data from several countries were used and combined. Particularly some issues occurred because of the thematically content of the underlying international geodata, but also due to geodetical basics such as projections and linguistic barriers, respectively. In addition to maps, transects of surface sediments from the lowlands to the uplands are provided. Together these visualizations are used for discussing the loess distribution and possible origins. This map provides a valuable contribution to the potential migration route for the dispersal of the modern humans. We can show that the distribution of Aurignacian open air sites is connect to elevations between 200 and 500 m at the foothills of the mountains and often situated in loess environments.
https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2017/EGU2017-2657.pdf Accessed 39 times | Last updated 10.07.2018
Lehmkuhl, F., Lindner, H., Bösken, J., Zeeden, C. (2017): A new loess distribution map for the Carpathian Basin facilitates surface sediment transects and showing migration pathways for modern human dispersal. EGU General Assembly 2017, 23.-28.4.2017, Vienna, Austria
|Authors||Lehmkuhl, Frank and Lindner, Heiko and Bösken, Janina and Zeeden, Christian|
|Title||A new loess distribution map for the Carpathian Basin facilitates surface sediment transects and showing migration pathways for modern human dispersal|
|Organization||EGU General Assembly 2017, 23.-28.4.2017| | <urn:uuid:bf3f9c67-c974-4047-bd86-928aadce9a26> | {
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Last week, the House of Representatives approved a constitutional amendment that would allow Congress to ban the burning and desecration of the American flag. The measure, however, is expected to fail in the Senate.
"The American flag is not just a piece of cloth," Rep. Joe Knollenberg, a Michigan Republican, said. "It is a symbol that reflects the values, the struggles and the storied history of our great country."
But as well-intentioned as Mr. Knollenberg and the 304 other representatives who voted to amend the Constitution may be, they seem to have lost sight of the principals that forged this nation.
When the framers of the Constitution met to draft the blueprint for our government, it was freedom of speech, our First Amendment, that sprang immediately to mind. They knew their fledgling Democracy would wither and corrupt without vigorous, open debate. In our country's 223-year history, that amendment has never been tampered with.
When someone burns an American flag, it stirs debate -- a right we enjoy because we live in a country that protects free speech, and a right that gives us the freedom to publicly condemn people who burn American flags.
Flag burning, as distasteful as it is, forces people to re-examine what the flag means, or doesn't mean, to them. And it is, after all, the meaning we assign to our icons, not the icons themselves, that gives them value.
If our principals of freedom do not apply to our most sacred symbols -- the American flag, the Statue of Liberty, the Constitution on which these lofty ideals were set down -- then what are our convictions as a country really worth?
Those who would hold the treasured symbols of our personal freedoms above and apart from the freedoms they represent would eventually have us all bound by the chains of tyranny.
Let us not forget why our founding fathers rose up in 1775 against England and laid down their lives in that bloody battle for independence that we will celebrate Sunday.
They fought for the right to self-determination, and they fought for the right to protest against oppression by the state without fear of retribution.
They dumped tea. They might even have burned flags. | <urn:uuid:82172372-e0c8-4c5a-b54f-f16e211ae4fd> | {
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An Interview on Purgatory with Francisco Romero-Carrasquillo, professor of philosophy & author of Ite ad Thomam
The Church teaches that when the world ends, there will only be heaven and hell. What happens to the souls that live until the end of the world, if they are not yet worthy to witness the Beatific Vision, nor are deserving of eternal damnation? What happens to Purgatory at the end of time?
"Sacred Tradition has always affirmed that, in the end, only Heaven and Hell will remain. Consequently, purgatory will cease to be. But the souls in purgatory are predestined to Heaven. In other words, after they have entered purgatory, it is impossible for them to “fall out” of purgatory. Yet, they must be fully purified to go to Heaven. Thus, they must finish their time of purification before the end of the world. St. Augustine says: “Let purification punishments be counted on only before that last and terrible judgment.”Therefore, the souls on earth that die in sanctifying grace but whose venial sins have not been forgiven or whose punishment for venial sin has not been remitted must be completely purified (perhaps immediately) before the end of the world."
There's more - keep coming back! | <urn:uuid:4217d2dd-f1e3-4ed6-ba94-02d4d2b18c82> | {
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I’ve dodged elk on the road in Colorado, buffalo roaming the pavement in Wyoming, oblivious gaggles of sheep on the twisting Connemara byways in Ireland, and heedless white-tailed deer darting across my own street in northern Virginia.
That’s what the warning signs said — “SLOW,” with the outline of an ape on all fours — as I cautiously maneuvered our car up narrow Queen’s Road into a lush, green and sometimes misty world clinging to the Rock of Gibraltar, just minutes from the fish-and-chips shops, Marks & Spencer and other British comforts transplanted to this tiny overseas territory.
Visitors are drawn here because it’s such a famous dot on the map, visually stunning, packed with history and — the monkeys!
Up on the monolithic Rock, we got used to the monkeys, as they already were accustomed to us. Our sure-footed friends — really Barbary macaques — jumped from rock to railing, from tree to tree, and from railing onto our car’s windshield.
The macaques were looking for food, but people should know that Gibraltar Nature Reserve officers will fine those who take pity on what looks like a well-fed community of entertaining simians and try to give them snacks.
The monkeys are known to climb inside cars, rummage inside purses and pretty much take advantage of any inattentive human too smitten with the creatures to roll up the window and close the car doors. They can bite. But most seem content with sitting around watching visitors, grooming each other and posing for pictures.
The Rock and the postage-stamp-sized territory it belongs to have been under the Union Jack since a 1713 treaty, an outpost of the British Empire on the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, bordered by Spain and within sight of Morocco across the Strait of Gibraltar.
Over the centuries, the monkeys became a symbol of tenacity in the face of Spanish claims: as long as the macaques remained on Gibraltar, so, too, would the British.
Gibraltar has persisted as a regular point of tension between Britain and Spain, particularly in the last 70 years. In 1969, Spain, then under dictator Francisco Franco, closed the border. Even after Franco’s death in 1975, it took several more years until the border was re-opened.
Since the 2016 vote by the British to leave the European Union — 96 percent of Gibraltarians voted to remain — Spain has renewed its bid to regain control of Gibraltar or, at the very least, to establish some type of co-sovereignty over its 30,000 residents and roughly 230 macaques.
For now, though, Gibraltar is very much a slice of Britain, from the moment visitors cross the border from Spain.
The only way in by land is a road that crosses the runway of Gibraltar International Airport. When the occasional jetliner lands, gates block the road until the plane passes. It sounds and looks crazy, but it’s the most memorable border entry you’re likely to encounter in Europe.
Gibraltar is not for the claustrophobic: an entire functioning city-state is jammed into 2.6 square miles (you are reading that right). A town, a port, new apartment and office buildings, seaside resorts, six beaches, two casinos, a nature reserve and a military outpost squish onto a scenic point overlooking the strait.
Gibraltar town appears to have been lifted from the British countryside. The police wear the traditional London bobbies’ helmets, the postal boxes are stamped “Royal Mail,” and the streets bear names like King’s Yard Lane, Trafalgar Road, Governor’s Street and Hargrave’s Parade. British beer flows in pubs like the Lord Nelson on Casemates Square and the Angry Friar on Main Street. Patrons pay in pounds sterling, albeit the notes say “Gibraltar pounds.”
Main Street is shopping central, with a mix of British institutions and local establishments, sprinkled with the familiar logos that dot city streets across the globe. Yes, a lot of stores offer a lot of versions of stuffed toy macaques. As in many European cities, the shopping area is set aside for pedestrians only. Narrow streets and lanes lined with shutter-bedecked buildings lend British colonial charm to the palm trees and Mediterranean sun.
All around town are reminders that Gibraltar was (and is) a military base. Stone fortress walls, gates and tunnels built in the 18th and 19th century surround the central town area. Gun emplacements and reinforced concrete installations from the 20th century add to the martial architecture and make driving the cramped one-way back streets a challenge.
Roy’s Fish and Chips, in a square converted from military casements, is a good, ahem, perch for watching the bustle of Gibraltar, which can sometimes be overrun by cruise ship day-trippers. Roy’s delicately fried fish and muscular fries fueled the afternoon’s journey up the Rock.
The stunning views from the steep overlooks take in the town, harbor and the Costa del Sol and, facing south, the busy Mediterranean and blue-shrouded peaks in Africa.
The weather on such a promontory can be changeable: rainy and low clouds one minute, foggy another, then windy, sunny, dry and back again.
The weather doesn’t change inside St. Michael’s Cave, an ancient network of caverns covered with stalagmites and stalactites illuminated in colored lights. The cave is so spacious that part of it is used for concerts and other events.
What nature did not provide, man dug — or blasted.
Gibraltar’s strategic location and the Rock’s great height (its zenith is 1,398 feet above the Mediterranean) made it an ideal place from which to protect the territory and command the strait.
The first tunnels in the Rock were dug in the late 1700s, a successful defensive effort by the British then under siege by the French and Spanish. The “Great Siege Tunnels” contained full provisions for troops and openings in the rock walls for cannons. Even after the siege ended in 1783, the digging and blasting continued.
The outbreak of World War II sparked a massive expansion of the tunnels and the addition of many defensive installations. British and Canadian engineers created an entire city inside the Rock, served by a network of 34 miles of tunnels. Visitors can access some of the tunnels and get a feel for life during the war. And the views out of the Rock through the gun emplacements are spectacular.
A fence line runs along the rocky slopes above the Nature Reserve and the military tunnels.
“How do we get up there?” I asked an officer.
“This is as far as you go,” he said apologetically.
He offered no details, but a little research revealed that the fenced area up to the peak, which is called Rock Gun Battery, was under control of the British Ministry of Defense until 2005. The military still is using the very top, apparently for communications.
If the weather is good, a six-minute cable car ride from the southern end of the town to the neighboring peak, known locally as Signal Hill, offers visitors a wide-open, 360-degree perspective on the importance of this tiny place in world history. And the monkeys will be sitting right there, although their eyes won’t be taking in the view. They’ll be trying to spot who has ignored the warning signs and has something tasty in their pockets.
James R. Carroll is a freelance writer.
If you go
Getting there: Numerous airlines offer flights to Gibraltar via London. Flights to Madrid, Spain’s largest city and the capital, also are an option. From there, Gibraltar can be reached by Renfe trains to Algeciras, a trip of between 5 and 6 hours, and a 30-minute bus ride from Algeciras to the Gibraltar border. The train-bus option costs roughly $24.
Getting around: Driving from Madrid to Gibraltar via A-4, a freeway, takes about seven hours. Rental cars are available in Spain from most major international rental car companies.
Where to stay: Caleta Hotel, Sir Herbert Miles Road. Hugging the rocks above the sea on the east side of the Rock, the hotel offers vistas of the Spanish and Moroccan coasts. Rates for a double begin at $130; an apartment begins at $290.
The Rock Hotel, 3 Europa Road. Very close to the center of town, with views. Rates for a double begin at $274.
Holiday Inn Express Campo De Gibraltar — Barrios in Cadiz, Spain. An economical alternative to staying in Gibraltar, only about 10 minutes by car to the border. Rates for a double begin at $45.
Where to eat: Roy’s Fish and Chips, Casemates Square. This centrally located restaurant has a large outdoor eating area on the square. The menu offers hamburgers, chicken and other fare, but you want the huge fried cod and chips. Locals eat here.
Lord Nelson Bar & Brasserie, Casemates Square. You want a British pub? Here is your British pub, complete with the usual fare: steak and ale pie, fried prawns and the “HMS Victory all day breakfast.”
Michelangelo’s New York, 90-93 Riviera Promenade, Catalan Bay. On the beach a short jaunt from the center of town on the eastern side of the Rock, this restaurant offers Italian and, as the name says, American dishes, ranging from pizza and chicken wings to steak. | <urn:uuid:5679657d-5199-44ec-8ec5-85e3b9703405> | {
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NamibiaArticle Free Pass
- The land
- The people
- The economy
- Administration and social conditions
- Cultural life
The United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) opened operations in April 1989. After a disastrous start—in which South African forces massacred PLAN forces seeking to report to UNTAG to be confined to designated areas—UNTAG slowly gained control over the registration and electoral process in most areas.
The election of 1989, held under the auspices of the UN, gave SWAPO 57 percent of the vote and 60 percent of the seats. Sam Nujoma, the longtime leader of SWAPO, became president. With two-thirds majorities needed to draft and adopt a constitution, some measure of reconciliation was necessary to avoid deadlock. In fact, SWAPO and the business community—as well as many settlers—wanted a climate of national reconciliation in order to achieve a relatively peaceful initial independence period.
As a result, a constitution emphasizing human, civil, and property rights was adopted unanimously by the end of 1990, and reconciliation with settlers and (to a degree) with South Africa became the dominant mood. For the new government, the costs of reconciliation included retaining about 15,000 unneeded white civil servants, deferring the landownership and mineral-company terms issues, and offering de facto amnesty for all pre-independence acts of violence (including those of SWAPO against suspected spies and dissidents in Angola in the late 1980s). The benefits were the takeover of a functioning public administration and economy (with growth rising to 3 percent in 1990) and grudging but real South African cooperation on fishing and use of Walvis Bay. Above all, South Africa forebore from mounting destabilization measures or creating proxy armed forces.
On March 21, 1990, the South African flag was lowered and Namibia’s raised at the National Stadium; Namibia subsequently joined the Commonwealth, the UN, and the Organization of African Unity (now the African Union). Diplomatic relations were established with many countries. The Namibian Defense Force—which included members of PLAN as well as the former South West African Territory Force—was created with the assistance of British military advisers.
South Africa agreed to a transition to Namibian sovereignty over Walvis Bay, which was effected in 1994. It also agreed to a revised boundary along the Orange River, giving Namibia riparian rights; the earlier border had been placed on the north bank and thus left Namibia without water rights. Namibia remained a member of the Southern African Customs Union.
The political climate was calm. The main opposition party, the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (heir to South Africa’s puppet government efforts and beneficiary of considerable South African funds for campaign financing), held almost one-third of the seats in the legislature but was neither particularly constructive nor totally obstructive. In the 1994 national elections, SWAPO consolidated its hold on power, surpassing the two-thirds majority needed to revise the constitution—which it did in 1998, passing an amendment that allowed President Nujoma to run for a third term. Despite widespread disapproval of the amendment, Nujoma was easily reelected in 1999.
SWAPO maintained its hold on power in the country’s 1999 elections, in the face of allegations from the opposition—now headed by a SWAPO splinter party, the Congress of Democrats—that the government was engaging in authoritarian practices. Opponents also questioned the government’s 1998 decision to dispatch troops to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to support the government of Congolese President Laurent Kabila during that country’s civil war. The government generated even greater controversy in 1999 when it granted the Angolan government permission to pursue Angolan rebels into Namibian territory, leading to unrest along the border that did not subside until 2002.
At the beginning of the 21st century and after its first decade of independence, Namibia stood apart from many other African countries as a model of political and economic stability. Nevertheless, the country still had serious matters to address. As in much of Africa, the spread of AIDS was a concern: by 2000 one in five adult Namibians was infected. Another issue at the forefront was land reform—the government program of purchasing farmland owned by the white minority and redistributing it to the historically disadvantaged and landless black Namibians. The controversy surrounding land reform continued to escalate in the first decade of the new century as the slow progress of the program frustrated many, and the threat of forcible seizures of farmland loomed.
The new millennium also saw the democratic transfer of power in the country. After leading Namibia since the country gained independence, Nujoma stepped down from office at the end of his third term. Fellow SWAPO member Hifikepunye Pohamba prevailed in the November 2004 presidential elections and was inaugurated the next year. In the presidential and parliamentary elections of November 2009, Pohamba was reelected, and SWAPO maintained its hold on the majority of parliamentary seats. Several opposition groups, however, refused to accept the results of the election, claiming that the country’s electoral laws were violated. International observers, while noting that some aspects of electoral procedures needed improvement, declared that the elections were largely transparent and fair.
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Old-wives’ tales say to plant peas on the first day of spring, and it’s true! But spring is relative to where you live.
No matter where you garden, do plant peas in cool soil to enjoy them within 60 days, or sometimes as early as 45 days after planting.
Three types of peas can be planted: crunchy Sugar Snaps, which are eaten whole; tender, flat Snow Pea pods, also eaten whole; and Shell or English, from which sweet, plump peas are removed from tough pods.
Peas can be vining or bush variety, so check your package before planting to determine whether you will need to plant along a trellis or fence if you choose the vining variety.
Taste and texture are the best if you prepare and eat peas immediately after harvesting; the sugar in peas turns to starch a few hours after picking.
PLANTING IS EASY:
- Soak peas in water 12-24 hours before planting to increase germination.
- Choose a spot in the garden with full sun and loose soil.
- Plant climbers in double rows 6-8” apart on either side of a trellis or along a fence line.
- Space seeds of bush or dwarf peas 1” apart in rows 2’ apart. Plant seeds 2” deep in light soil or 1” deep in heavy soil.
WHEN TO PICK:
Pods are ready to pick about 3 weeks after blossoms appear. You should harvest peas daily to catch them at their prime and to encourage plants to keep producing. | <urn:uuid:800ad88c-d383-44cf-8f28-fa9521977d79> | {
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Date: February 15, 2011
Creator: Heitshusen, Valerie
Description: Each major party in the House has a leadership hierarchy. This report summarizes the election, duties, and responsibilities of the Speaker of the House, the majority and minority leaders, and the whips and whip system. For a listing of all past occupants of congressional party leadership positions, see CRS Report RL30567, Party Leaders in the United States Congress, 1789-2011, by Valerie Heitshusen.
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According to the Metamucil site, Metamucil powder contains psyllium husk, which is a natural soluble fiber derived from Plantago ovata that helps promote digestive and heart health. Citrucel states the active ingredient in its comparable fiber supplement is methylcellulose, an insoluble fiber designed to prevent gas and bloating.Continue Reading
The Citrucel site explains that fiber is the nondigestible part of plant foods that plays a critical role in digestion. All fiber products are either soluble or insoluble and fermentable or nonfermentable. Soluble fiber dissolves in water, insoluble fiber does not. Fermentable fiber can convert to gases in the digestive tract unlike nonfermentable fiber.
The National Fiber Council lists the many nutritional aspects of fiber. A high-fiber diet promotes good digestive health by helping prevent constipation and irregularity. Fiber also lowers the risk of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and stroke. It lowers cholesterol levels by absorbing excess cholesterol and fat from the food a person eats.
According to Citrucel, the American Dietetic Association suggests adults consume between 21 and 38 grams of dietary fiber each day, but most adults only get 10 to 15 grams. High-fiber foods include beans, vegetables, fruits and whole grains. Many health care professionals recommend fiber supplements such as Metamucil and Citrucel for help in meeting the recommended daily intake.Learn more about Vitamins & Supplements | <urn:uuid:fc246d54-7351-4831-9add-bbb0138629ca> | {
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Researchers from Laval University (Quebec City) reviewed all the literature on protein and fat loss and concluded that following a high-protein diet does in fact increase fat loss. This may be due to the fact that high-protein diets increase metabolic rate and decrease hunger.
They also concluded that dairy proteins, such as whey and casein, are best for building muscle, yet the kind of protein consumed, plant or animal, had no effect on fat loss.
The take- home point here is to eat 1–1.5 grams of protein per pound of bodyweight each day from a variety of protein sources, such as lean beef, poultry, eggs, fish and dairy. Be sure to use whey and casein protein powders to enhance muscle growth, as well as aid fat loss.
REFERENCE: J-A Gilbert et al., “Effect of proteins from different sources on body composition,” Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, in press, 2011. | <urn:uuid:fcb81b27-2347-4e09-9fdc-c7c3381b1c95> | {
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We often hear about the prostate, but do we really know anything about it or even think about it until it decides to rear its ugly head? Basically, the prostate is responsible for secreting a milky-colored fluid that mixes with the seminal fluid. This fluid helps to aid the sperm in its journey down the urethra. Because the urethra runs right down the center of the prostate, when the prostate becomes enlarged it squeezes the urethra and inhibits the flow of urine. When this occurs urine backs up into the kidney and stagnates, which can cause some serious problems.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BHP) occurs in approximately 50 – 60 % of men between the ages of 40 – 59. With BHP the prostate becomes inflamed and causes pain and difficulty urinating. The condition tends to be progressive with the onset characterized by the stream of urine diminishing while the urgency increases. Often times these are the only symptoms that will evolve. However, in some cases the bladder never fully empties and the urine stagnates. This stagnant urine can cause urine to back up which can damage the kidneys or cause uremia. There are several theories that suggest BHP is caused by an accumulation of testosterone.
Another condition that is quiet common in older men is prostatitis. Prostatitis is an inflammation or infection of the prostate gland. Symptoms often include pain in the area of the prostate, difficulty urinating or emptying the bladder, chills, fever, and possibly blood in the urine. Quite often prostatitis can be attributed to other infections in the body or it can just be the product of poor diet, stress, and a lack of exercise.
Most often problems in the prostate can be avoided by following a few simple suggestions:
v Avoid holding your urine. Always respond when you get the urge.
v Avoid stress and learn techniques to relax.
v Drink plenty of water.
v Eat a healthy diet. Include seeds in your diet such as pumpkin, sesame, sunflower, and poppy seeds.
v Get plenty of exercise.
v Exercise your prostate by engaging in meaningful sexual relationships in order to release built up testosterone and semen.
v Use Kegel exercise to tighten the pubococcygeal muscle, which in turn strengthens and tones the prostate gland.
If problems do arise there are natural methods for reducing the inflammation and restoring health to the prostate.
Certain herbs have an affinity towards the male reproductive system. Saw Palmetto is a specific for BHP by inhibiting dihydrotestosteron, which causes the prostate to enlarge by producing cells to multiply excessively. Saw Palmetto has nutritive, diuretic, and urinary antiseptic properties, which aid the genito-urinary, nervous, and digestive system. This herb helps to strengthen and tone the male reproductive system. Diuretics such as Hydrangea and Corn Silk help to prevent urine from building up in the bladder. Echinacea, Oregon Grape, and Uva Ursi are used when there is the possibility of infection. Marshmallow, Comfrey, Couch Grass, and Corn Silk are demulcent herbs, which help to soothe the tissue and protect the system from further damage.
Besides herbs, there are a number of minerals, which also aid the male reproductive system. Zinc is a mineral, which is specific for men. When a man ejaculates, he losses up to 10 – 15 mg of zinc. Zinc is also required by men to normalize testosterone production, to aid in fertility, to help build the immune system, and for prostate health. Selenium is needed for sperm production and also acts as an antioxidant protecting cell membranes. Lecithin, which is a mixture of fats is found in the pineal and pituitary glands, and is an essential component of semen. Carnitine is an amino acid, which helps to promote proper sperm motility.
When tending to the prostate, the best defense is an offense; In other words, prevention is the key to dealing with prostate issues before they arise. The suggestions above will help to ensure the health of the prostate, while helping to maintain the health of the individual.
© Natalie Vickery, June 2006
- Green, J. (1991). The Male Herbal : Healthcare for Men & Boys. Berkley: The Crossing Press.
- Haas, E. (1992). Staying Healthy with Nutrition. Berkley: Celestial Arts.
- Ritchason, J. (1995). The Little Herb Encyclopedia. Third Edition. Pleasant Grove: Woodland Publishing Inc.
- Hoffman, D. (1993). An Elders’ Herbal. Rochester: Healing Arts Press. | <urn:uuid:933a5fd4-0e22-4fb9-94ca-65f7f5db9559> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Philosophy Index: Aesthetics · Epistemology · Ethics · Logic · Metaphysics · Consciousness · Philosophy of Language · Philosophy of Mind · Philosophy of Science · Social and Political philosophy · Philosophies · Philosophers · List of lists
Walden Two is a novel published in 1948 by B. F. Skinner, who intended it to describe a utopia. Others have claimed that the society described in the novel is a dystopia, noting its similarity to cults.
Walden Two describes a fictional community designed around behavioral principles. The fictional utopian communethrives on a level of productivity and happiness of its citizens far in advance of that in the outside world due to its practice of scientific social planning and the use of operant conditioning in the raising of children. Walden Two champions a lifestyle that doesn't foster competition and social strife and doesn't support war. It favors and encourages a lifestyle of minimal consumption, rich social relationships, personal happiness, satisfying work and leisure. The community is minimally consuming and minimally polluting, and it is egalitarian in the division of work. Its most controversial aspect is the communal raising of children and the educational system, which teaches patience and how to handle destructive emotions such as jealousy along with normal academic subjects.
- It is now widely recognized that great changes must be made in the American way of life [...] The choice is clear: either we do nothing and allow a miserable and probably catastrophic future to overtake us, or we use our knowledge about human behavior to create a social environment in which he shall live productive and creative lives and do so without jeopardizing the chances that those who follow us will be able to do the same. Something like a Walden Two would not be a bad start.
The title is an allusion to Henry David Thoreau's book Walden.
Actual communities based on or inspired by Walden Two that continue to thrive today include:
The book can be found by the ISBNs:
- ISBN 0-87220-779-X (Hardcover)
- ISBN 0-87220-778-1 (Paperback)
- ISBN 0-02-411510-X (Mass market paperback)
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Common psi abilities include such things as mind-to-mind connections (telepathy), mind-over-matter interactions, (psychokinesis), perceiving distant places, people, objects, or events (clairvoyance), perceiving the future (precognition), prophetic dreams, déjà vu, spiritual healing, the power of prayer and intention, intuition, gut feelings, and the sense of being stared at.
“There are words for psi experiences in every language, from Arabic to Zulu, Czech to Manx Gaelic. The universality of the words reflects the fact that these phenomena are basic to human experience. And indeed psi experiences have been reported by people in all cultures, throughout history, and at all ages and education levels.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (6)
A meta-analysis of every psi experiment performed and published (in the English language) over the past century was recently conducted by Dean Radin, senior scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences. Statistically analyzing the data from all 1,019 controlled studies produced the astonishing result of 1.3x10104 to 1 against chance – that is: 1,300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 to 1 odds against the results being due to coincidence.
While this is an impressive statistic, all it means is that the outcomes of these experiments are definitely not due to coincidence. We’ve considered other common explanations like selective reporting and variations in experimental quality, and while those factors do moderate the overall results, there can be little doubt that overall something interesting is going on. It seems increasingly likely that as physics continues to refine our understandings of the fabric of reality, a theoretical outlook for a rational explanation for psi will eventually be established.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (275)
been conducting psi research with consistently positive results for over a century yet wide-spread acceptance of the existence of such phenomena is curiously absent. In 2002, a review of the 57 most popular introductory psychology textbooks in common use at Universities showed that 24 contained no mention of psi whatsoever, and the 33 that did devoted an average of only 2.4 pages to the subject. Not only is the voluminous amount of available psi research mysteriously absent from the textbooks, but the second most often cited references come from the magazine, Skeptical Inquirer.
It’s like trying to sustain a serious scientific discussion based on citations from tabloids … If this is the type of scholarly information being fed to impressionable psychology students, it’s not surprising that whole generations of future academic psychologists assume there’s nothing to it.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (289-90)
“I assume that the reader is familiar with the idea of extrasensory perception … telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition and psychokinesis. These disturbing phenomena seem to deny all our usual scientific ideas. How we should like to discredit them! Unfortunately the statistical evidence is overwhelming. It is very difficult to rearrange one’s ideas so as to fit these new facts in.” -Alan Turing
the old Newtonian/Darwinian models for the existence of psi, and this more than anything is likely responsible for the lack of mass acceptance of psi as a genuine phenomenon. In a material Universe where mind is merely an emergent evolutionary mechanism, such abilities as clairvoyance and precognition must be cast aside as superstition or coincidence. Regardless, valid psi science continues its march forward while the skeptical establishment and its indoctrinated minions religiously defend the dogma of their crumbling material worldview.
“Pick up practically any scientific or scholarly journal and you’ll quickly find that researchers are always engaged in vigorous debates and controversies. The moment a discipline collapses into a single set of beliefs, constructs, or even methods, it’s no longer science, it’s religion.” -Dean Radin, “Entangled Minds” (283)
“When a belief is widely held in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, we call it a superstition. By that criterion, the most egregious superstition of modern times, perhaps of all time, is the ‘scientific’ belief in the non-existence of psi.” -Thomas Etter | <urn:uuid:a5c5e5c3-f259-4f09-8074-5729a7b07d64> | {
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The Suitability of Health Education in the Control of Communicable Disease Spread in Nigeria Industrial Diseases among Preschool Age Children (1-5 years)
The paper discussed the causes, the suitability of health education in the control of communicable disease spread in Nigeria industrial diseases among pre-school age children (1-5 years). It focuses on the pre-school age children because of the existence of six killer diseases and the peculiarity of children’s level of exposure to communicable diseases especially during the outdoor game. Recommendations were made on management and control of communicable diseases. These include public enlightenment, proper hygiene of food, the environment and the general body.
Back Ground of the study
School health services are those services provided in schools by health educator; nurses, physicians; dentist and other health related workers like guidance counselors and social workers to health appraise, promote and protect the health of pupils and that of the personnel.
Johnson (1991) observed that school health services are procedures established to: appraise the health status of pupils and school personnel, counsel pupils, parents and others concerning appraisal findings, carryout follow-up services, provide emergency care for injury or sudden illness,help prevent and control communicable diseases and encourage the correction of remedial defects.
School health services are designed to determine the physical and emotional status of pupils, to prevent diseases and to secure the cooperation of parents and pupils, for correcting defects and maintenance of health (Mshelia, 1999), in contributing to the concept of school health services, Akinbile (1998) stated that school health services contribute to those school activities directly concerned with the present health status of the school child. Nwana (1988) regretted that what is referred to as school health services in Nigeria may be described as a farce while Kane (1997) noted that although special clinics were established for the welfare of pre-school children, the same cannot be said of the health of school children. Negligence of the school health services can be attributed to the unfounded assumption by Nigerians that once a Nigerian child attains school age be becomes immune to diseases. In Nigeria, Abiodun (1996) conducted a survey of 500 pupils aged between five and fifteen years in a small rural community and seventy five percent (75%) were found to suffer from mental morbidity, disturbances of emotional and conduct disorder constituted sixty seven percent (67%) of the total morbidity rate detected which made him to emphasize the need for a more functional school health services. The most basic functional aspect of school health services is the health appraisal of pupils. According to Freeman (1999), health appraisal involves the continuous and close observation of the school child and the teacher, while Turner, Bandall and Smith (1990) viewed health appraisal of pupils’ health as a means that ensures, professional advice to pupils and their families on personal health as well as advice to the school on the adaptation of the school programme to the needs of pupils. Health appraisal should include dental inspection, screening tests for vision, hearing and speech, medical examination, health history and teacher’s observations.
According to Tahir (1997), the population of Nomads in Nigeria is 9.3 million and that, out of the estimated population of 9.3 million nomadic people in Nigeria, 3.1 million are children of school age. In the view of Mshelia (1999), these nomadic children of school age do not enjoy good health for a long period of time because of the prevalence of numerous communicable disease, they suffer from multiple infestations and infections. Consequently, the morbidity rate is high among them and the major causes according to him are communicable diseases resulting from poor environmental conditions. Malnutrition, injuries and lack of general health supervision were also implicated in the high morbidity rate. Mshelia (1999) further stated that if school health programmes in nomadic primary schools were vigorously pursued, the incidence of high morbidity rate among school pupils would have been minimized to the barest minimum.
From the foregoing, the present study is designed to evaluate the school health programme in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
The health of primary school pupils is a matter of universal concern as children are the most precious assets any nation can have as their well-being reflects the future of the nation. The school age is a period in which the child undergoes rapid physical and mental development and this calls for a functional school health programme if the overall development of the child is to be achieved. Experts have revealed that nomadic primary school pupils at various times have suffered from communicable diseases, infections, injuries leading to death as a result of tetanus infection, dental
caries, rashes, ill equipped first aid boxes for emergency care, reported cases of epidemics resulting from poor environmental conditions. Nomadic school pupils have not shown a high level of positive healthful practices and attitudes, which school health service is aimed to achieve.
ISSN Mshelia (1999) asserted that the life expectancy of nomadic children is low due to high death rates, as they do not enjoy good health for a long period of time because of the prevalence of numerous communicable diseases. But if school health programmes in nomadic primary schools are
adequately provided for and vigorously pursued, absenteeism in schools as well as high morbidity rates among pupils of nomadic primary schools would be minimized if not completely eradicated. However, from the foregoing, this study is set to evaluate the school health services in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria.
1.2 Objectives of the study
To create an environment in which countries and their international and national partners are better equipped, both technically and institutionally, to reduce morbidity death and disability through the control, eradication or elimination of these diseases as appropriate.
To upgrade health education in Nigeria
1.3 Significance of the Study
Since the establishment of the National Commission for Nomadic Education, available records show that the school health services component of the organization programme of activities has not been evaluated. It is envisaged therefore, that the outcome of this study will bring to light areas in the school health services in nomadic primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria that need intervention from the stakeholders (Federal, State, Local Government and Nomadic Communities) to improve on areas where there are lapses for a better school health services.
The outcome of the study would also serve as a source of reference material to people who may be interested in similar areas of study in future.
The following hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance:
- Health appraisal is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary schools in
- Health guidance and counseling is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic
primary schools in Southwestern Nigeria.
- Follow-up services are not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary schools
in Southwestern Nigeria.
- Emergency care and first aid is not significantly available for pupils in nomadic primary
schools in Southwestern Nigeria.
- Control of communicable diseases is not significantly carried out in nomadic primary
schools in Southwestern Nigeria.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Does good health in Nigeria lead to effective crisis management in Owerri West.
- Is it proper to invite a third party in setting crisis in Owerri West.
- What are the roles of staff motivation towards crisis management
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
This research work in carried out in Nigeria and as a result it is limited from other countries.
Abiodun, O.A. (1996). Emotional illness in a pediatric population in Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 39, 1:49-51.
Akinbile, P. (1998). Better health for all through new approaches to the teaching of health education in tertiary institutions. Nigeria School Health Journal. 10,112: Royal People Nigeria.
Arunsi, E.O. (1997). An evaluation of primary school health services in Lagos State, Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis. Institute of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria xi +13pp.
Brooks, S.M. & Brooks, N.A. (1999). Turners personal and community health 15th ed. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company.
Crosson, J.E. (1995). Infectious disease and the public schools. Des Moines, Lowa: Mountain Plains Regional Resources Center. Droke University.
Folawiyo, A.F.A. (1988). Primary health care system through school health education. Nigerian School Health Journal 1.7:69-74.
Foutes, J.A. (1996). Policy decisions in scabies control. Journal of School Health 51.5:673-675 | <urn:uuid:4b362836-318d-4b70-91fa-6fd0b08a622a> | {
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Hippocrates once said “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.” In a nutshell, the food you consume has an impact on our general health and well-being. And this extends to the health of our ears. So can food worsen symptoms of tinnitus?
In the International Journal of Audiology (2013, Vol 52, p. 369-376) Spankovich and Le Prell report “a significant relationship between dietary nutrient intake and susceptibility to acquired hearing loss is emerging.” Why is this important? Tinnitus is often caused by an underlying condition, with an increasing body of evidence that shows people with tinnitus are likely to also have a hearing loss.
The American Tinnitus Association says: “There is scant evidence directly connecting specific foods (or the exclusion of specific foods) to improved tinnitus symptoms.” They go on to highlight: “A health-conscious diet can reduce hypertension and weight, increase blood flow, heighten energy levels and improve emotional well-being — all of which can benefit your tinnitus.” [source: https://www.ata.org/managing-your-tinnitus/treatment-options/general-wellness]
Essentially, good nutrition can positively benefit your body, which could lead to a lessening of tinnitus symptoms.
Foods to Try Reducing
Salt – High levels of salt has been found to increase blood pressure and restrict blood vessels and blood flow to the ears and brain. Canned and processed foods in particular tend to have high salt content.
Caffeine – This is a case by case effect, with studies showing mixed results. You may find that your symptoms worsen after consumption of caffeine, but for others the reverse is true.
Alcohol – Some people report symptoms worsen and some report that they are perhaps just more aware of their symptoms. It’s best to monitor the impact it has on you personally, and then and be mindful of how much to consume.
Excess Sugar – This could reduce blood flow and therefore oxygen supply to both the ears and brain. That could lead to damaged blood vessels and nerves, potentially causing tinnitus symptoms.
Trans fat or Saturated fat found in processed foods – Reducing levels of this will have several health benefits. High levels could once again be responsible for reduced blood flow to the ears.
MSG – MSG, or monosodium glutamate, is used to enhance flavor in many processed or fast foods. It boosts levels of electrical activity in the brain by exciting brain neurons. Whilst this sounds good it is tiring for the brain and has after effects. It can also over stimulate the auditory cortex, which is where tinnitus is perceived.
If you’re planning on eliminating or reducing food items such as those above, we recommend keeping a food diary. In it, record what you’ve eaten that day and when, and how your tinnitus symptoms were. Keep at it for a few days, and you may start to see patterns emerge. When re-introducing the food items, do so gradually and monitor your symptoms.
If you’d like to discuss potential ways that we can help provide relief from tinnitus symptoms, come in and meet the team at Audionics NYC. Book your appointment by calling 212-755-5100, or click here to book online. | <urn:uuid:2fde3aef-cf54-4776-8a51-48da329f3aa1> | {
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Definition of Latvian in English:
1A native or inhabitant of Latvia.
- The regime aimed to transform the country into a typical Soviet one, and many native Latvians were deported and Russians brought in to help achieve this.
- The attack was complemented in the west by attacks from nationalities hitherto under Russian control, i.e. Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, and Poles.
- At this time native Estonians and Latvians were beginning to settle in the towns, and from this new class there emerged nationalist and revolutionary groups.
2 [mass noun] The official language of Latvia, which belongs to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European family and has about 1.5 million speakers.
- The new Latvian government reinstated Latvian as the official language.
- The show includes 120 displays of photographs, documents, relics and texts in four languages - English, Latvian, French and Welsh.
- Amidst the Babel-like diversity, Brother Wolfgang spoke alternately in German and in English, while others translated into Latvian, French, Italian and Dutch.
adjectiveBack to top
Relating to Latvia or its language.
- By the 1980s, Latvian language and culture were on the verge of extinction, and some drastic measures were needed to galvanise them after independence.
- In free Latvia, state money has been used to restore cemeteries where Latvian SS soldiers are buried, and museums recording the occupation from 1940 to 1990 have been established.
- The company has already received inquiries from businesses as far away as Scotland interested in recruiting Latvian workers through the company's Riga office.
Definition of Latvian in:
- US English dictionary | <urn:uuid:1c914d16-d23a-43d6-9100-fdff63d9333a> | {
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(Medical Xpress) -- New research from Karolinska Institutet shows that the survival for patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases has improved in recent decades. This is despite the fact that no targeted drugs have yet been registered for this group of diseases. More than 9,000 patients have been included in a unique population-based study which has been published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
In Sweden, around 450 people are diagnosed each year with chronic myeloproliferative diseases, a group of three disease subtypes that are characterized by the production of excess cells in the bone marrow. Polycythemia vera results in the overproduction of red blood cells, essential thrombocytosis leads to the overproduction of platelets, and primary myelofibrosis involves the overproduction of connective tissue in the bone marrow, leading to decreasing blood counts.
These diseases also involve an increased risk of complications such as blood clots (thrombosis) and bleeding (hemorrhage). The treatment, provided in the form of phlebotomy, radioactive phosphorus, or cytotoxic agents, aims primarily to alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
The study included all cases of chronic myeloproliferative diseases reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1973 and 2008, a total of 9,384 patients. The results show that even patients with the mildest form of myeloproliferative disease - essential thrombocytosis - have a lower life expenctancycompared with the normal population, which has not previously been thought to be the case.
In contrast to certain previously published studies, patients suffering from polycythemia vera were also shown to have a shorter life expectancy. As expected, primary myelofibrosis patients had a shorter life expectancy compared with the normal population.
"At the same time, we note that the survival rates for patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis have improved during the study period. This is very encouragingm", says Malin Hultcrantz, who led the study.
For essential thrombocytosis patients, the life expectancy was almost at the same level as the normal population during the most recent period, 2001 to 2008.
"There is a great deal of interest within medical research in devising and developing new treatments for these diseases", says Malin Hultcrantz. "We hope that the prognosis in myeloproliferative diseases will continue to improve, ideally at a faster rate."
Explore further: Cell signaling discovery provides new hope for blood disorders
Malin Hultcrantz, Sigurdur Yngvi Kristinsson, Therese M-L Andersson, Ola Landgren, Sandra Eloranta, Åsa Rangert Derolf, Paul W. Dickman & Magnus Björkholm, Patterns of survival among 9,384 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms diagnosed in Sweden 1973-2008; a population-based study, jco.ascopubs.org/ | <urn:uuid:5a5f83c7-3d45-4569-9d15-cceb2c7e978f> | {
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The book of Judges is the history of Israel during the government of the Judges, who were occasional deliverers, raised up by God to rescue Israel from their oppressors, to reform the state of religion, and to administer justice to the people. The state of God's people does not appear in this book so prosperous, nor their character so religious, as might have been expected; but there were many believers among them, and the tabernacle service was attended to. The history exemplifies the frequent warnings and predictions of Moses, and should have close attention. The whole is full of important instruction.
Proceedings of the tribes of Judah and Simeon. (1-8) Hebron and other cities taken. (9-20) The proceedings of other tribes. (21-36)
Verses 1-8 The Israelites were convinced that the war against the Canaanites was to be continued; but they were in doubt as to the manner in which it was to be carried on after the death of Joshua. In these respects they inquired of the Lord. God appoints service according to the strength he has given. From those who are most able, most work is expected. Judah was first in dignity, and must be first in duty. Judah's service will not avail unless God give success; but God will not give the success, unless Judah applies to the service. Judah was the most considerable of all the tribes, and Simeon the least; yet Judah begs Simeon's friendship, and prays for aid from him. It becomes Israelites to help one another against Canaanites; and all Christians, even those of different tribes, should strengthen one another. Those who thus help one another in love, have reason to hope that God will graciously help both. Adoni-bezek was taken prisoner. This prince had been a severe tyrant. The Israelites, doubtless under the Divine direction, made him suffer what he had done to others; and his own conscience confessed that he was justly treated as he had treated others. Thus the righteous God sometimes, in his providence, makes the punishment answer the sin.
Verses 9-20 The Canaanites had iron chariots; but Israel had God on their side, whose chariots are thousands of angels, ( Psalms 68:17 ) . Yet they suffered their fears to prevail against their faith. About Caleb we read in ( Joshua 15:16-19 ) . The Kenites had settled in the land. Israel let them fix where they pleased, being a quiet, contented people. They that molested none, were molested by none. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.
Verses 21-36 The people of Israel were very careless of their duty and interest. Owing to slothfulness and cowardice, they would not be at the pains to complete their conquests. It was also owing to their covetousness: they were willing to let the Canaanites live among them, that they might make advantage of them. They had not the dread and detestation of idolatry they ought to have had. The same unbelief that kept their fathers forty years out of Canaan, kept them now out of the full possession of it. Distrust of the power and promise of God deprived them of advantages, and brought them into troubles. Thus many a believer who begins well is hindered. His graces languish, his lusts revive, Satan plies him with suitable temptations, the world recovers its hold; he brings guilt into his conscience, anguish into his heart, discredit on his character, and reproach on the gospel. Though he may have sharp rebukes, and be so recovered that he does not perish, yet he will have deeply to lament his folly through his remaining days; and upon his dying bed to mourn over the opportunities of glorifying God and serving the church he has lost. We can have no fellowship with the enemies of God within us or around us, but to our hurt; therefore our only wisdom is to maintain unceasing war against them.
Judges 1:1-3 . THE ACTS OF JUDAH AND SIMEON.
1. Now after the death of Joshua--probably not a long period, for the Canaanites seem to have taken advantage of that event to attempt recovering their lost position, and the Israelites were obliged to renew the war.
the children of Israel asked the Lord--The divine counsel on this, as on other occasions, was sought by Urim and Thummim, by applying to the high priest, who, according to JOSEPHUS, was Phinehas.
saying, Who shall go up for us against the Canaanites first--The elders, who exercised the government in their respective tribes, judged rightly, that in entering upon an important expedition, they should have a leader nominated by divine appointment; and in consulting the oracle, they adopted a prudent course, whether the object of their inquiry related to the choice of an individual commander, or to the honor of precedency among the tribes.
2. the Lord said, Judah shall go up--The predicted pre-eminence ( Genesis 49:8 ) was thus conferred upon Judah by divine direction, and its appointment to take the lead in the ensuing hostilities was of great importance, as the measure of success by which its arms were crowned, would animate the other tribes to make similar attempts against the Canaanites within their respective territories.
I have delivered the land into his hand--not the whole country, but the district assigned for his inheritance.
3. Judah said unto Simeon his brother, Come up with me . . ., that we may fight against the Canaanites--Being conterminous tribes ( Joshua 19:1 Joshua 19:2 ), they had a common interest, and were naturally associated in this enterprise.
Judges 1:4-21 . ADONI-BEZEK JUSTLY REQUITED.
5, 6. Bezek--This place lay within the domain of Judah, about twelve miles south of Jerusalem.
found Adoni-bezek--that is, "lord of Bezek"--he was "found," that is, surprised and routed in a pitched battle, whence he fled; but being taken prisoner, he was treated with a severity unusual among the Israelites, for they "cut off his thumbs and great toes." Barbarities of various kinds were commonly practised on prisoners of war in ancient times, and the object of this particular mutilation of the hands and feet was to disable them for military service ever after. The infliction of such a horrid cruelty on this Canaanite chief would have been a foul stain on the character of the Israelites if there were not reason for believing it was done by them as an act of retributive justice, and as such it was regarded by Adoni-bezek himself, whose conscience read his atrocious crimes in their punishment.
7. Threescore and ten kings--So great a number will not appear strange, when it is considered that anciently every ruler of a city or large town was called a king. It is not improbable that in that southern region of Canaan, there might, in earlier times, have been even more till a turbulent chief like Adoni-bezek devoured them in his insatiable ambition.
8. Now the children of Judah had fought against Jerusalem, and had taken it--The capture of this important city, which ranks among the early incidents in the war of invasion ( Joshua 15:63 ), is here noticed to account for its being in the possession of the Judahites; and they brought Adoni-bezek thither [ Judges 1:7 ], in order, probably, that his fate being rendered so public, might inspire terror far and wide. Similar inroads were made into the other unconquered parts of Judah's inheritance [ Judges 1:9-11 ]. The story of Caleb's acquisition of Hebron is here repeated ( Joshua 15:16-19 ).
16. the children of the Kenite, Moses' father-in-law, went up out of the city of palm trees with the children of Judah--called "the Kenite," as probably descended from the people of that name ( Numbers 24:21 Numbers 24:22 ). If he might not himself, his posterity did accept the invitation of Moses ( Numbers 10:32 ) to accompany the Israelites to Canaan. Their first encampment was in the "city of palm trees"--not Jericho, of course, which was utterly destroyed, but the surrounding district, perhaps En-gedi, in early times called Hazezon-tamar ( Genesis 14:7 ), from the palm-grove which sheltered it. Thence they removed for some unknown cause, and associating themselves with Judah, joined in an expedition against Arad, in the southern part of Canaan ( Numbers 21:1 ). On the conquest of that district, some of this pastoral people pitched their tents there, while others migrated to the north ( Judges 4:17 ).
17-29. And Judah went with Simeon his brother--The course of the narrative is here resumed from Judges 1:9 , and an account given of Judah returning the services of Simeon ( Judges 1:3 ), by aiding in the prosecution of the war within the neighboring tribes.
slew the Canaanites that inhabited Zephath--or Zephathah ( 2 Chronicles 14:10 ), a valley lying in the southern portion of Canaan.
Hormah--destroyed in fulfilment of an early vow of the Israelites incursions in that quarter, came successively to Gaza, Askelon, and Ekron, which they took. But the Philistines seem soon to have regained possession of these cities.
19. the Lord was with Judah; . . . but they could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley--The war was of the Lord, whose omnipotent aid would have ensured their success in every encounter, whether on the mountains or the plains, with foot soldiers or cavalry. It was distrust, the want of a simple and firm reliance on the promise of God, that made them afraid of the iron chariots
21. the children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites that inhabited Jerusalem--Judah had expelled the people from their part of Jerusalem ( Judges 1:8 ). The border of the two tribes ran through the city--Israelites and natives must have been closely intermingled.
Judges 1:22-26 . SOME CANAANITES LEFT.
22, 23. the house of Joseph--the tribe of Ephraim, as distinguished from Manasseh ( Judges 1:27 ).
24. the spies . . . said, . . . Show us, . . . the entrance into the city--that is, the avenues to the city, and the weakest part of the walls.
we will show thee mercy--The Israelites might employ these means of getting possession of a place which was divinely appropriated to them: they might promise life and rewards to this man, though he and all the Canaanites were doomed to destruction ( Joshua 2:12-14 ); but we may assume the promise was suspended on his embracing the true religion, or quitting the country, as he did. If they had seen him to be firmly opposed to either of these alternatives, they would not have constrained him by promises any more than by threats to betray his countrymen. But if they found him disposed to be serviceable, and to aid the invaders in executing the will of God, they might promise to spare him.
27-36. The same course of subjugation was carried on in the other tribes to a partial extent, and with varying success. Many of the natives, no doubt, during the progress of this exterminating war, saved themselves by flight and became, it is thought, the first colonists in Greece, Italy, and other countries. But a large portion made a stout resistance and retained possession of their old abodes in Canaan. In other cases, when the natives were vanquished, avarice led the Israelites to spare the idolaters, contrary to the express command of God; and their disobedience to His orders in this matter involved them in many troubles which this book describes. | <urn:uuid:1c7ccca6-12fa-4015-a852-e69a11f19ed2> | {
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Depending on the species, strawberries grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 4 through 8. Like other plants, strawberries require certain nutrients for proper fruit production. Fertilizer adds these vital nutrients to the soil and increases the overall health of the plant. Homemade fertilizers are generally less expensive than commercial, chemical-filled fertilizers and allow gardeners to tweak the recipe depending on the specific needs of the strawberry plant.
Fertilizer teas are an all-purpose liquid fertilizer gardeners can make themselves. They contain either organic compost or well-aged manure. To create fertilizer tea, brew a sack filled with two shovelfuls of organic compost or well-aged manure in a large container filled with water. The water-to-compost or manure ratio should be about five parts water to one part organic compost or manure. The compost brews in the container for seven to ten days. Once the tea has brewed, add enough water so the liquid achieves a weak tea color. Transfer it to a pump sprayer and thoroughly cover the strawberry plant with the liquid.
Fish Waste Fertilizers
Fish emulsion is high in nitrogen and can help strawberry plants producing pale green leaves and not growing properly. A fish emulsion fertilizer spray combines two parts water with one part fish waste, filling one-third of a 55-gallon drum. Continue adding water until the drum fills, and allow the mixture to rot for several weeks. Fish emulsion is sprayed on the soil around strawberry plants at a rate of three gallons for 100 square feet. The North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension suggests applying a fertilizer high in nitrogen about a month after planting and again in late August. Gardeners who have freshwater aquariums can reuse the dirty water instead of pouring it down the drain by watering strawberry plants with the mineral-enriched water.
Homemade liquid fertilizers can be created using plants such as seaweed, nettle, chamomile and comfrey. Seaweed contains mannitol, a compound that increases absorption of nutrients in the soil. Homemade seaweed fertilizer can contain fresh or dried seaweed. Fresh seaweed requires a thorough wash with lukewarm water before using. Whether using dried or fresh, chop enough of the seaweed to fit in a sand bucket and set inside a large container filled with five gallons of lukewarm water. The seaweed must soak for three weeks in the container, covered loosely with a lid. When ready, filter the liquid through a strainer and into a pump sprayer. The seaweed fertilizer works as a foliar spray on strawberries. For nettle, chamomile or comfrey, fill a five-gallon bucket with the plant material and add water until just below the brim. Allow the plants to soak in the covered bucket for about three weeks before straining them and putting the liquid into a pump sprayer.
Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium levels of manure depend on the specific type of manure used. Cow manure has a 0.6, 0.4, 0.5 NPK level while horse manure has a 0.6, 0.3, 0.5 NKP level. Poultry manure has a 0.9, 0.5, 0.5 and rabbit manure has a NPK level of 2.4, 1.4, 0.6. Four weeks after planting June-bearing strawberries, apply eight pounds of cow or horse manure for 10 feet of 18-inch wide strawberry rows. Alternatively, use two pounds of poultry or rabbit manure in place of cow or horse manure. Use this ratio if this is the first year planting strawberries. For second-year plantings or beyond, everbearing varieties and dayneutrals, use six to 12 pounds of cow or horse manure or one and-a-half to three pounds of poultry or rabbit. No matter what manure you choose, make sure it is composted and not fresh. Composted manure adds beneficial organic matter and releases vital nutrients slowly. Fresh manure will cause a buildup of salt in the soil and can damage strawberry plants.
Your Planting Articles
- North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension: Strawberries in the Home Garden
- Harvest To Table: How to Make Compost Tea
- Harvest to Table: Organic Fertilizers and Soil Amendments
- Organic Gardening: Strawberry Growing Guide
- Sunset: A Crash Course in Fertilizers
- University of Idaho College of Agricultural and Life Sciences: Growing Strawberries
- North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension: Nutrient Content of Manures
- University of Maryland Cooperative Extension: Soil Amendments and Fertilizers
- University of Florida IFAS Extension: Recycling in the Garden
- University of Connecticut Soil Nutrient Analysis Laboratory: Foliar Fertilization
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Mosquitoes and Arbovirus (mosquito borne disease)
Mosquitoes are annoying insect pests which have the potential in this area to carry diseases such as Ross River Virus and Barmah Forest Virus.
What is Council doing?
Ballina Shire Council participates in a state-wide monitoring program through the NSW Ministry of Health.
The program involves the trapping of mosquitoes at a number of sites within the Ballina Shire. The mosquitoes are then sent to Westmead Hospital where they are identified, counted and species identified with arborvirus (Arthropal-borne viruses) isolated from the mosquitoes when present.
Results of the trapping and further information on the program is available on the Arbovirus website at The NSW Arbovirus Surveillance & Mosquito Monitoring Program
Council's Development Control Plan (DCP) includes requirements for developers in relation to mosquito management and has been prepared with the assistance of an entomologist. It requires insect screening to residential premises in those areas known to be impacted by mosquitoes and depending on the type of development and its location, there are specific requirements to be addressed by the proponents of new subdivisions and other significant developments.
The issue is also considered at rezoning stage.
Further helpful information is available from the following sites:
- Mosquitoes Factsheet
- Development Control Plan -Chapter 2, Item 3.6
- Mosquito Life Cycles, Ecology & Behaviour Factsheet
- Department of Medical Entomology
Why mosquitoes seem to bite some people more
There are over 400 chemical compounds on human skin that could play a role in attracting mosquitoes.
There's always one in a crowd, a person mosquitoes seem to target more than others. What is it about these unlucky few that make them so attractive to mosquitoes? Or is it the reaction people experience which make them think they are being targeted by mosquitoes.
Click here for more information on this topic.
What can you do?
Mosquitoes need water and a small amount of nutrient to breed. Your assistance and regular maintenance in the yard can help in the eradication of certain potential disease carrying mosquitoes.
- Avoid outdoor activity around dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active.
- Use an effect repellent. (The best mosquito repellents contain Diethl Toluamide (DEET less than 20%) or Picaridin, so check the label).
- Cover up as much as possible. Wear light coloured, loose fitting clothing and sensible footwear.
Around the home
- Install flywire screens on all windows and self-closing wire screens on doors. Check them regularly and mend any holes.
- Dispose of all containers and other items collecting water in which mosquitoes can breed.
- Empty and wipe out all containers such as bird baths and other receptacles at least once a week. Remove pot plant bases or fill bases with sand.
- Screen all openings to tanks with 1mm mesh of stainless steel or other durable material.
- Maintain guttering and downpipes in clean and good repair to prevent pooling of water.
- Remove leaves and debris from roof guttering regularly so water cannot accumulate.
- Keep fishponds stocked with fish.
- Keep vegetation in yard well maintained and mow lawns regularly. | <urn:uuid:91a7a98e-c140-486e-9da4-69b0b30b0e8d> | {
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Relationship Between NSAIDs and Arthritis
NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammation Drugs) are drugs that reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Inflammation is the body’s response to irritation or injury, and is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain.
NSAIDs are safest when taken in low doses for brief periods. Side effects occur by taking large doses over a prolonged time. NSAID manufacturers revised their labels to include more information on potential heart attack and stomach bleeding risks associated with NSAID use. NSAIDs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions capable of causing inflammation, one of which includes arthritis.
NSAIDs, both over-the-counter and prescription, can be used to relieve the symptoms of arthritis (joint swelling, stiffness, and pain). People suffering from arthritis have typically taken one of these drugs at one time or another.
Overview of Arthritis
The majority of adults associate arthritis as a “later in life” disease. In fact, Arthritis is very common. It has been estimated that as many as 70 million Americans have some form of arthritis or joint inflammation. Arthritis is a major cause of lost work time and serious disability for employees.
Arthritis is a condition that is defined by the inflammation of the joints. Where bone come together in the joints, bones are covered with smooth, spongy material called cartilage, which serves as cushioning for the bones and allows the joint to move without pain. Inflammation that lasts for an extended or periodic time, as in cases of arthritis, often leads to tissue damage in the joint, the inability of the bones to move smoothly and chronic pain.
Types of Arthritis
Arthritis is not a single disease; rather it is a group of over 100 conditions that cause pain, stiffness, and/or swelling of the joints. Approximately 21 million Americans suffer from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, two types of arthritis.
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, occurring when cartilage wears away from the end of the bones. Without the protection of the cartilage, the bones begin to rub against each other, resulting in friction that can lead to pain and swelling. Although osteoarthritis can occur in any joint, it is most often found to affect the joints of the hands, knee, and hip.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a long-lasting disease that can affect joints in any part of the body. It is most often found to affect the joints of the hands, wrists, and knees. People suffering from rheumatoid arthritis experience a natural immune system response that causes the joint lining to swell. The inflammation spreads to the surrounding tissues and eventually damages the cartilage and bone.
The key to treating any type of arthritis is early diagnosis. When detected early enough, most types of arthritis can be managed and the pain and disability minimized. Early diagnosis and treatment of the inflammatory condition may also be able to prevent severe tissue damage caused by arthritis.
Doctors prescribe NSAIDs in varying dosage levels dependent on the severity of the sufferer’s condition. The dosage range can vary from one to four times per day, depending on how long NSAID stays in the patient’s system. Doctors often prescribe higher doses of NSAIDs for rheumatoid arthritis sufferers because the condition leads to a significant degree of heat, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. Early, aggressive treatment is important for rheumatoid arthritis sufferers in order to prevent further damage. Lower NSAID doses are typically adequate for osteoarthritis and muscle injuries, since there is less swelling and no warmth in the joints.
NSAIDs have no guarantee of success in treating arthritis. Doctors typically prescribe several types of NSAIDs before determining the most effective medication to relieve the discomfort.
Drug manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of their products before marketing them for public consumption. Failure to do so is considered negligent and grounds for personal injury litigation. The Pensacola personal injury attorneys of Aylstock, Witkin Kreis & Overholtz handle national litigation across the United States for victims injured by defective pharmaceuticals and medical devices. They have successfully represented and obtained substantial compensation for a number of patients who have been harmed by drugs. Contact AWKO law today at (844) 794-7402 to get more information about your rights as a NSAIDs injury victim. | <urn:uuid:73bed65d-f87f-4a62-a2a1-636d21aca764> | {
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Brian Mathew describes this genus which has been growing in popularity in recent years.
The best advice for anyone who is intending to grow Hellebores from seed is to get them into the ground as soon as possible after they are ripe, which is usually some time between late spring and early summer. In the wild state Helleborus species mostly grow in light woodland or grassy situations, which are never excessively sunbaked. The seeds, when they fall, are attractive to ants who unintentionally 'sow' them into the soil where they are protected from extremes of temperature and drought. Having survived the summer they then receive a cool damp autumn and winter period which triggers the germinating process. It is a frequent complaint by gardeners that Hellebores, although carefully sown in pots will not germinate, or at best very poorly, while self-sown ones beneath the parent tend to come up like proverbial mustard and cress. The primary reason for this is, I am sure, the delay between collecting the seeds and sowing them; for most people tend to keep their seeds until autumn, winter or spring before dealing with them. During this delay period of a few months in summer the most obvious way to store seeds is in envelopes or paper bags which allow them to dry out, thus largely avoiding the possibility of fungal attacks. However with Hellebores this appears to be the wrong treatment and in drying out a sizeable percentage apparently lose their viability. I have found that there are two ways of overcoming this, either by sowing the seeds directly they are gathered and keeping them watered through the summer, or by storing them for the summer in polythene packets or tinfoil and then sowing them in autumn as usual. The treatment from autumn onwards is the same for both methods; the seed pots or trays being placed out in an open bed or cold frame where they will receive frost treatment. Germination will normally take place at some time in the winter and at this point, when the seedlings are showing their two cotyledons but no true leaves, they are best moved into the protection of a frame or unheated greenhouse.
During the winter or early spring the true leaves start to appear, at first with only 3 to 5 leaflets, and this is a good time to pot them singly, keeping them in the cold frame or greenhouse until well-developed in spring. If growing strongly they can be planted out in April or May into a prepared bed of well-drained soil, preferably one into which decayed organic matter has been worked. Through the early summer progressively larger leaves are produced if conditions are right. Growth can be helped along by the use of a general purpose liquid fertiliser. Really strong plants may flower the following spring, just over one year from germination, but it is much more likely that they will require two whole growing seasons or even three before flowers are seen.
The compost for the seeds and for potting-on may be one of the soil less types or a loam-based one such as John Innes, and I find that the seeds are best covered with a fairly coarse grit after sowing; this allows the seedlings to push through easily, prevents compaction of the soil surface during heavy rains, and deters liverworts to some extent.
The main Hellebores to be cultivated by gardeners are the Lenten Rose varieties in a wide range of colour forms from white to pink, plum and deep blackish-purple, often conspicuously spotted reddish-purple. These are mostly selections of H. orientalis, a species which inhabits northern Turkey and the Caucasus where it varies to some extent but shows nothing like the range which is to be found in gardens. The 'orientalis hybrids' are excellent garden perennials, long-lived, hardy, floriferous and at their best in late winter at a time when there is little else other than some early bulbs. They thrive best in a semi-shaded site where there is plenty of moisture available, so heavy soils are not a problem, and they are equally at home in acid or alkaline conditions. To maintain a particular colour form, absolutely true to type, it is necessary to divide an established clump in autumn or early spring, since plants grown from seed will almost certainly vary considerably. However, in raising new ones from seed there is always the excitement of the unknown, every batch presenting the possibility of a few especially good forms.
The much-loved Christmas Rose is, I find, less easy to please, although in some parts of the country it is a great success. Seldom do I have flowers for January, let alone Christmas, but nevertheless it is worth every effort to get a few of the beautiful snowy-white blooms during the depths of winter. This species, I find, does best if grown from seed and the young seedlings planted out into their permanent positions at an early stage so that they can grow on unchecked through to flowering size. The most successful plants seem to grow on rich alkaline or neutral soils, heavy clay being quite acceptable as long as it is well supplied with humus. The Christmas Rose does not vary as much as H. orientalis, all forms being white-flowered although some of them rapidly change to a pinkish colour as they age. Here again, individual forms, if required true, must be propagated by division, but it is a slow business to build up even a small stock and by and large it is better to grow from seed saved from good forms.
Some Hellebores have tall rather woody stems carrying clusters of pale green flowers at the apex and these types are rather striking, useful as 'dot' plants in the garden for a bold effect. The British native Stinking Hellebore (it only smells when bruised and then not badly), H. foetidus, has attractively divided deep green leaves crowned by paler clusters of bracts and flowers, visible for most of the winter and spring. Although the flowers are small and bell-like, there are a lot of them so this is really quite showy in its own quiet way. Self-sown seedlings of this one are likely to appear in the garden and I find that it tends to prefer the edge of the gravel driveway rather than the open border. The Corsican Hellebore, H. argutifolius (H. corsicus), has much larger green flowers in a sizeable cluster crowning the leafy stems. Each. leaf has only 3 lobes so the foliage is rather distinctive, and in addition the margins are sharply spiny, much more so than in any other species, so there is no chance of confusion. This species may also seed itself around in gardens where it is happy, and on the whole it seems to prefer sunnier positions than most Hellebores, although not too hot and dry, nor too exposed for its stems can be flattened during inclement weather. After flowering the stems are replaced by new ones so at this stage it is a good time to prune out the old ones, although if seeds are required the pruning must be delayed until the pods are ripe. Should one be lucky enough to acquire a plant of its near relative from the Balearic Islands, H. lividus, it must be remembered that it is a tender plant so a sheltered, partially shaded spot should be chosen. This species is shorter and stockier and has non-spiny leaves which are beautifully veined with cream on a bluish-green background, while the undersides of the leaves, and the flowers, are tinged with a warm pinkish-brown colour. Much more commonly seen in gardens is the hybrid between these two, known as H. x sternii after Sir Frederick Stern in whose garden at Highdown it was first noticed. This has the taller habit of H.argutifolius, and slightly spiny-edged leaves, but the influence of H. lividus shows in the form of a pinkish-purple suffusion on the flowers and somewhat creamy veins in the leaves. Unlike many hybrid plants H. x sterna is fertile and produces plenty of seeds which give rise to a variable range of offspring. Another attractive but rather rare hybrid is H. argutifolius x H. niger, called H. x nigericors, which has a shrubby type of growth like the former but with clusters of large whitish-green Christmas Rose type flowers. This unfortunately is sterile so to obtain more plants it is either necessary to divide an established clump, if one is lucky enough to have access to one, or repeat the cross and obtain fresh seed; this is best done using H. niger as the seed parent, transferring pollen from H. argutifolius, or from H. x sternii which works just as well and can produce nice results. These latter crosses have become known as 'Nigristern' hybrids.
Apart from the species I have mentioned above there are about eight more which are not commonly grown in gardens and might be termed specialist plants, for they are much less showy than the others. Five of these have green flowers, the most widespread of which is H. viridis, our British native Green Hellebore which may also be found over much of western Europe. This and the similar H. dumetorum from Yugoslavia has small unscented green flowers. Rather larger and with a distinctive scent reminiscent of Blackcurrants is H. multifidus which, although not a striking plant in flower does have attractive leaves divided into a great many slender leaflets; this is from Yugoslavia and Italy. The largest flowered of the green ones are H. odorus and H. cyclophyllus from Yugoslavia and Greece respectively. Both are well worth growing for their sizeable clear green flowers which have a strong scent, although some people find it disagreeable. Both will hybridise with the Lenten Rose and by crossing either of these white forms of H. orientalis quite good yellows can be produced.
In south-eastern Europe there are three purple-flowered species which, in their darkest forms, may be an exciting blackish-blue colour. These are H. purpurascens, H. atrorubens and H. torquatus. Since they will also cross with H. orientalis they are very useful for imparting darker tones into the Lenten Rose cultivars, H. torquatus in particular having been used in the past for this purpose. Cultivars such as 'Black Knight', 'Ballard's Black', 'Pluto' and' 'Blue Wisp' derive their fascinating colour from this species. The bluish tones are caused by a greyish-blue grape-like 'bloom' covering an otherwise dark blackish-purple flower. In their true wild forms all three of these are well worth growing but are, unfortunately, rather rare in cultivation at the present time. However, as garden plants, the hybrids certainly give better value with their larger flowers and increased vigor.
Although it is usually fairly expensive to buy a plant of one of these darker hybrids it is worthwhile, not only for the joy of growing the plant itself, but also in order to introduce a new colour into one's own seedlings. This crossing need not be done in a laboriously controlled way, for if several different forms are planted together the early spring bees will do the job. However, if a more certain outcome is wanted, a few minutes with a paint brush on warm sunny days, transferring pollen from the stamens of one flower on to the stigma of another, will usually result in a fine crop of seeds which should produce a varied range of plants including, hopefully, some pleasant surprises. On the whole I find that the most difficult problem over growing Hellebores from seed is in deciding which ones to dispose of, for they are robust plants each taking up at least a square foot of garden so there is a limit to the number of seedlings I can grow on. Having nurtured them to flowering size I find it an agonising business to actually dig some up and throw them away! Some growers are built of sterner stuff than I and can bring themselves to burn or compost these inferior seedlings, but mine usually end up as a 'lucky dip' box for friends or at a charity plant sale where they are much appreciated. With these mixed Hellebore seedlings it is largely a case of all being nice, but some are better than others!
Brian Mathew is a Scientific Officer at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Source of article
Growing From Seed - Autumn 1988 Vol. 2 Number 4
© The Seed Raising Journal from Thompson & Morgan | <urn:uuid:0318b7b6-556f-40cf-bbe8-1a4a59bca3b3> | {
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BALDWIN, TX (HARRISON COUNTY)
BALDWIN, TEXAS (Harrison County). Baldwin is on the Louisiana and Arkansas Railway fourteen miles northeast of Marshall in northeastern Harrison County. The settlement was named for the J. B. Baldwin family of Marshall and had a post office from 1902 to 1915. In 1914 Baldwin had an estimated population of 350 inhabitants and two sawmills, two general stores, one cotton gin, and an apiarist. By 1933 the population had declined to twenty-five, and there was one business in the town. In 1990 Baldwin consisted of a few scattered dwellings.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Mark Odintz, "BALDWIN, TX (HARRISON COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/htb06), accessed May 24, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. | <urn:uuid:52e2adaa-4d6f-4143-b8e3-99ea62294c67> | {
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Boiling the Bat
Fresh car battery acid (the Bat) is the main source of sulfuric acid by many. However, it is diluted sulfuric acid, and many experiments require concentrated. So you have to boil it down to concentrated. This process is best done in two steps.
Step first involves pouring the Bat in a flask and boiling it, preferably with boiling chips. For the most part, water will come out and sulfuric acid remain. However, this process can only go until the acid reaches the concentrations of 70-80%, when the noxious SOx gases and acid mist will start to emerge. If you have access to a fume hood, you can continue the process. Otherwise, you need a special distilling setup to distill remaining water off.
The setup must have two condensers: one air-cooled (such as the nose of the retort) and one water-cooled (such as a Liebig). The Liebig serves to condense the SOx gases and water vapor into dilute sulfuric acid, thwarting any possible damage done by them. The boiling flask should be insulated with asbestos cord, to prevent refluxing of sulfuric acid on the retort walls.
You pour your half-boiled (70-80%) sulfuric acid in the distillation retort, put in some boiling chips and assemble the apparatus. Once you start heating, you will notice white mist in the nose of the retort and droplets of very dilute sulfuric acid coming out as distillate. Ignore it.
The cue you should watch for is when oily waves of sulfuric acid appear on the inner walls of the retort nose instead of the dewey drops of water. From this on, you should check the strength of the distillate with any method. When it starts to char matches, it is a good sign: it means that at least 95% sulfuric acid is in the pot. If you can measure the density of the distillate, it is the best method: stop distilling when the distillate will start coming with a density of at least 1.8 g/cm3.
After that, turn off the apparatus, remove the asbestos and wait for it to cool. The liquid in the pot is sulfuric acid with a concentration of 96-98%, useful for most reactions.
Use only inert boiling chips such as silica gel. Chips like pieces of red brick tend to partially dissolve in the acid and contaminate it with ions of iron, making the acid ranging in color from castor oil to soy sauce. Avoid getting any organics into the pot: it will make the acid black. To clear your acid from organic blackness, add hydrogen peroxide in it and re-dry it as described above. | <urn:uuid:7f634451-d546-49ec-9898-eafbd3990cd7> | {
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OCTOBER 11, 2012
Patch It Up
Does your son or daughter have a lazy eye? Amblyopia forms when the brain switches off or suppresses vision in one eye. This may occur if your child isn't able to see properly through one eye because of nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism, or something that's limiting clear sight in that eye. In most cases, eye patches are the central and most productive part of treating lazy eyes. We generally tell our patients to have their patch on for a couple of hours a day, and patients will usually also require corrective glasses. So how does patching actually work? Well, for the most part, employing the use of a patch encourages your brain to better communicate with the weaker eye, and over time, strengthen it.
It can be frustratingly challenging to have your child fitted with a patch, and no less when they're quite young. When their good eye is covered, it makes it harder for your child to see. It's a confusing paradox- your child is required to cover their strong eye to help their weaker eye, but this can only be done when their better eye is patched, thus restricting their vision. But don't worry; there are quite a few tricks to encourage your child to wear their patch. Implementing a reward chart with stickers given when the patch is worn can be great for some kids. Eye patch manufacturers are aware of your plight; patches are available in loads of patterns and colors that kids will love. Let your child be a part of the process and make it an activity by giving them the opportunity to select a new and fun patch each day and then putting a sticker on the chart when the patch stays on. Older kids can usually comprehend the process, so it's useful to have a talk about it.
A successful result is dependent on you to stay focused on the long term goal.
Contact Lens and Vision Woodbridge is the only New Jersey optometry office that offers RHA preventive Retinal Eye Image
The RHA is a non-invasive camera that uses multi-wavelength technology to image the innermost layers of the eye. Using multi-spectral imaging (wavelengths), the RHA eye camera enables our Woodbridge eye doctors to assess your eye and general vascular medical health. The camera gives our doctors high resolution photographs of up to eight eye and retinal layers.
The RHA Report software gives patient friendly reports that show the earliest possible eye problems. As with most chronic disease, an early diagnosis can lead to lifestyle strategies that may help prevent catastrophic blindness.
Why RHA Report?
The RHA camera allows our eye doctors to understand not only problems of the eye, but in many cases, the status of the patient’s general health. The RHA multiple eye images give multiple views of our patient’s blood vessel health; this is why the eye is often referred to the window to a person’s health.
Viewing the retina is a way eye doctors can see your blood vessels and the health of you vascular system without having to perform invasive surgery. Many times the optometrist is the first to diagnose diabetes, hypertension and risk for stroke, using RHA can help find these conditions much sooner. The RHA image can also help diagnose the following common eye diseases sooner; macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic eye disease. In general the earlier a disease is diagnosed the better the prognosis.
The instrument helps our physicians understand your eye health by providing enhanced and highlighted views of your eye. This test gives valuable information to our doctors allowing the most comprehensive complete eye exam. It also helps the doctor with the final eye assessment and counsel.
The test is safe, quick and will give a permanent record. Comparing photograph from year to year is another benefit because it also allows for early diagnosis and prevention.
Feel free take make an appointment for RHA eye scan as part of your comprehensive medical eye examination. Contact CLV at 732-855-7950. | <urn:uuid:a25acd63-b883-4eb6-8af6-17b003ee8d40> | {
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Effectiveness of Blood Pressure Control Outside the Medical Setting
We studied the effectiveness of blood pressure (BP) control outside the clinic by using ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) among a large number of hypertensive subjects treated in primary care centers across Spain. The sample consisted of 12 897 treated hypertensive subjects who had indications for ABPM. Office-based BP was calculated as the average of 2 readings. Twenty-four–hour ABPM was then performed using a SpaceLabs 90207 monitor under standardized conditions. A total of 3047 patients (23.6%) had their office BP controlled, and 6657 (51.6%) were controlled according to daytime ABPM. The proportion of office resistance or underestimation of patients’ BP control by physicians in the office (office BP ≥140/90 mm Hg and average daytime ambulatory BP <135/85 mm Hg) was 33.4%, and the proportion of isolated office control or overestimation of control (office BP <140/90 mm Hg and average daytime ambulatory BP ≥135/85 mm Hg) was 5.4%. BP control was more frequently underestimated in patients who were older, female, obese, or with morning BP determination than in their counterparts. BP control was more frequently overestimated in those who were younger, male, nonobese, smokers, or with evening BP determination. Ambulatory-based hypertension control was far better than office-based hypertension control. This conveys an encouraging message to clinicians, namely that they are actually doing better than is evidenced by office-based data. However, the burden of underestimation and overestimation of BP control at the office is still remarkable. Physicians should be aware that the likelihood of misestimating BP control is higher in some hypertensive subjects.
Adequate control of hypertension is low in population and medical settings.1–3 However, physicians frequently misclassify patients’ blood pressure (BP) status at the office when compared with ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM).4 In particular, BP readings are higher in standard clinical practice than in ambulatory readings.4,5 Nevertheless, the magnitude of the gap between office and ambulatory BP control has not been noted in large-scale studies addressing daily practice.
Furthermore, the prevalence and determinants of BP conditions, such as white-coat hypertension ([WCH] ie, high office BP with normal BP outside the medical setting) and masked hypertension (normal office BP with high BP outside the medical setting) have already been studied.6–14 However, WCH is a term reserved for those subjects not on antihypertensive treatment6; and in the case of treated hypertensive subjects, it would, therefore, be more accurate to use the term “office resistance,”6 that is, in-clinic BP readings that are both higher than goal despite treatment and higher than normotensive BP outside the clinic as demonstrated by ABPM. Likewise, we focused on “isolated office control” (BP controlled at the office but uncontrolled on ABPM despite treatment) rather than masked hypertension. Office resistance and isolated office control are not usually reported but may well be common in daily clinical practice, because most hypertensive patients are, in fact, treated.
The effectiveness of BP control outside the office environment was examined for the first time by using ABPM in a large and varied sample of treated hypertensive subjects in primary care practice in Spain. We calculated the magnitude of the gap between office and ambulatory BP control. Furthermore, we also ascertained the burden of office resistance and isolated office control, that is to say, the magnitude of underestimation and overestimation of BP control, respectively, uncovered by ABPM. Finally, we assessed clinical predictors of disagreement between office and ambulatory BP control. In particular, the influence exerted on these discrepancies by the time of day of office BP readings and drug administration has hardly been studied. All of this information is important for better knowledge of BP management in clinical practice and also for public health purposes. For all of the above purposes, we used the Spanish Society of Hypertension ABPM Registry, based on a large-scale network of Spanish physicians trained in ABPM.15 To our knowledge, this network of ≈900 clinical researchers using the same methodology to perform ABPM on >36 000 outpatients is unique in the world.
Study Design and Patients
From June 2004 through April 2006, 1124 physicians from 210 primary healthcare clinics spread across the 17 geographic regions covered by Spain’s national healthcare system were invited to participate. Physicians were chosen in proportion to the number of inhabitants in each geographic region; and within each region, selection of physicians also took into account their geographic dispersion in outpatient practice lists. Most of the physicians that were invited (897 [79.8%]) did in fact participate. The physicians consecutively recruited a total of 36 611 hypertensive patients (aged ≥18 years) who had conventional clinical indications for ABPM performance, resulting in a mean of 41 selected patients per physician. Physicians providing >1 ABPM per patient or <20 ABPMs were excluded from the study.
Of the patients recruited, 12 897 were evaluable patients with the following characteristics: (1) a documented diagnosis of essential hypertension, (2) attended at primary healthcare clinics, (3) treated with antihypertensive drugs, (4) followed-up by the same medical team for ≥2 months using the same study protocol, (5) <1 month elapsing between measurement of office BP and ABPM, and (6) valid BP and ABPM information and reliable, complete data on all of the variables required for the intended analyses.
In brief, BP was measured at the office with a calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer (in 70% of cases) or a validated semiautomatic device (30%), using appropriate cuffs (2 sizes), keeping the subject in a sitting position and ensuring standardized conditions.16,17 The average of 2 BP measurements was used for analyses. Thereafter, 24-hour ABPM was performed noninvasively on the nondominant arm, using a SpaceLabs model 90207 device and spacing the readings at 20-minute intervals.18,19 Patients were instructed to attend to their usual activities, return the following morning for device removal, and keep their arm extended and immobile at the time of each cuff inflation. For this study, ABPM was regarded as valid only if ≥80% of systolic BPs (SBP) and diastolic BPs (DBP) during the daytime and nighttime periods (from subject diaries) were satisfactory. All of the valid recordings were analyzed to obtain average 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime SBP and DBP. The mean diurnal BP was used for analyses in this study. Physicians were trained and certified in ABPM.
Physicians also completed a questionnaire based on the interviews and physical examinations of patients at the time of visit and on data drawn from clinical records. The variables included, which were defined and measured in accordance with international guidelines, are listed in Table 1.16,17,20 We defined dyslipidemia as total serum cholesterol >250 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >155 mg/dL, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men and <48 mg/dL in women or the presence of current lipid-lowering therapy; obesity as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2; diabetes mellitus as fasting blood glucose repeatedly >126 mg/dL or current antidiabetic therapy; microalbuminuria as average urinary albumin excretion of 30 to 300 mg daily or albumin/creatinine ratio >22 mg/g in men and >31 mg/g in women and proteinuria as urinary protein excretion >300 mg daily; and left ventricular hypertrophy as left ventricular mass index calculated from an M-mode echocardiogram >125 g/m2 in men or >110 g/m2 in women or the presence of electrocardiographic criteria (Sokoloff index >35 mm). Renal disease was diagnosed when serum creatinine was >1.5 mg/dL in men and >1.4 mg/dL in women or when proteinuria was present. Biochemical parameters corresponded with the last office-based determination within the preceding 3 months.
The study was approved by institutional review boards at the coordinating reference centers, and written informed consent was obtained from all of the patients. The procedures followed were in accordance with institutional guidelines.
Control of hypertension was evaluated by 2 methods, namely, the proportion of patients who reached BP goals with BP measured by conventional devices at the office (average office SBP/DBP: <140/<90 mm Hg) and the proportion of patients who reached the BP goals as measured by ABPM (average daytime ambulatory SBP/DBP: <135/<85 mm Hg).16–19 McNemar’s χ2 test was used to compare the proportion of BP control achieved with office versus ABPM methods. Concordance between both evaluation methods vis-à-vis BP control was assessed using the κ statistic. Taking ABPM-based control as the reference standard, patients were classified into the following groups: concordant BP control (BP control both at the office and on diurnal ABPM), concordant lack of control (control neither by office nor ABPM methods), false-negatives or office resistance (absence of control at the office but control by ABPM), and false-positives or isolated office control (control at the office but absence of control by ABPM). Clinical variables were compared with ANOVA or the χ2 test, as appropriate. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.
Two separate logistic regression models were used to assess factors independently associated with the following 2 outcomes (dependent variables): office resistance or clinical underestimation of control (versus no underestimation) and isolated office control or clinical overestimation of control (versus no overestimation). Univariate analyses, using the Pearson χ2 test, were used to assess whether each of the following (independent) variables was associated with the outcomes: age (≥60 years or <60), sex (female or male), time of day of clinical BP measurement (morning: 7:00 am to 1:00 pm or evening: 1:00 pm on), duration of hypertension (in years), number of antihypertensive drugs used (1 or ≥2), time of day of antihypertensive drug administration (morning, evening or night, or morning and evening or night), obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 or <30 kg/m2), tobacco smoking (yes or no), dyslipidemia (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no), family history of premature cardiovascular disease (yes or no), target-organ damage ([TOD] atherosclerotic plaque, left ventricular hypertrophy, or microalbuminuria; yes or no), and associated clinical conditions (ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease; yes or no). Following the univariate analyses, clinical relevance and statistical significance criteria (univariate P<0.20) were then used to select variables for multiple logistic regression. Variables with the highest P values were sequentially removed, and a new logistic model was defined without the eliminated variable. This operation was continued until all of the remaining variables had P values <0.05.
Two-sided tests were run, and statistical adjustment was made for multiple comparisons. Analyses were performed using the SPSS version 13 computer software program.
The main sample characteristics are set out in Table 1. In brief, mean age was 61.9±12.3 years (52.4% males), SBP/DBP at the office was 149.4±19.3/86.8±11.6 mm Hg, and daytime ambulatory BP was 133.1±14.7/78.7±10.5 mm Hg. For most patients (78.7%), office BP was determined in the morning. Approximately 39% of patients were on monotherapy, and 80% of patients took their pills in the morning only. The proportion of hypertensive subjects presenting with obesity, dyslipidemia, or ≥1 additional risk factor was >40%. Patients with office resistance were more frequently older, female, with morning BP determination, on multitherapy, and obese and were less likely to be smokers or have TOD (P<0.05). The opposite was true for patients with isolated office control.
Office Versus Ambulatory BP Control: Underestimation and Overestimation of BP Control
A total of 3047 patients (23.6%) had their office BP controlled, 6657 (51.6%) were controlled according to the ABPM method, and 2351 (18.2%) were controlled by both methods (Table 2). The proportion of office BP control was significantly different from that of ABP control (P<0.001), and the κ index for intermethod agreement was 0.24. The proportion of false-negatives (office resistance) was 33.4% (95% CI: 32.6–34.2%), that is, physicians in the office underestimated patients’ BP control in ≈33% of cases, and the proportion of false-positives (isolated office control) was 5.4% (95% CI: 5.0–5.8%), meaning that physicians overestimated BP control in 5% of cases (Table 2 and Figure). Finally, 5544 patients (43.0%) were uncontrolled by both methods.
Population Estimates and Public Health Implications
An extrapolation to the national population of Spain was made to estimate the absolute number of hypertensive subjects in the 4 BP control groups at a Spanish population level, assuming universality of ABPM performance in the 8 million hypertensive subjects treated in outpatient clinics in Spain and that our sample was representative of that population.15,21 Approximately 1.9 million patients were clinically controlled (Figure). Of the 6.1 million persons with clinically uncontrolled hypertension, only 3.4 million were uncontrolled when ABPM was used, because the rest were false-negatives or “office resistant,” and their BP control was, thus, underestimated at the office. Lastly, ≈1.5 of the 1.9 million clinically controlled patients were controlled by both methods, and ≈0.4 million were patients whose BP control was overestimated using clinical measurements at the office.
Predictors of Disagreement Between Office BP and ABP Control
As can be seen in Table 3, multivariate analysis showed that BP control was more frequently underestimated in hypertensive patients who were older, female, obese, and with morning BP determination, or morning antihypertensive drug taking than in their counterparts and was less likely to be underestimated in those who were smokers or presented with diabetes or TOD. Likewise, multivariate analysis also showed that BP control was less likely to be overestimated in patients who were older, female, obese, or with morning BP taking or what amounts to the same thing; BP control was more frequently overestimated in subjects who were male, younger, nonobese, or with evening BP determination. Lastly, BP control in smokers was more likely to be overestimated.
This is a study of the effectiveness of BP control outside medical settings using ABPM on a large number of treated hypertensive outpatients attended at multiple medical facilities spread across a developed country. This study shows ABPM-based hypertension control as standing at ≈52%, a much better figure than that for office-based hypertension control (24%). In particular, the gap between office and ambulatory control was most marked among women (33%), older patients (32%), and those presenting with obesity (32%; data not shown). This conveys a reassuring message to practicing physicians, inasmuch as they are doing better in BP control than is believed on the basis of office- or population-based surveys, especially in Europe.2,3,22 Although the effectiveness of BP control does not exclusively depend on physicians, professional practices are at least as responsible as patient-related factors if not more so.3
The Burden of Undetected Controlled and Uncontrolled Hypertension: Clinical and Public Health Implications
Agreement between office- and ABPM-based methods of estimating BP control was poor (κ index=0.24). Physicians are, thus, prone to 2 types of bias when estimating BP control at the office, that is, false-negative (underestimation of BP control) and false-positive (overestimation).
In public health terms, the magnitude is higher for the underestimation bias. ABPM uncovers a large portion of hypertensive subjects (33.4%) whose BP control is not captured at the office. This office resistance represents the burden of “clinically undetected control.” Likewise, ABPM uncovers a relatively small portion of hypertensive subjects (5.4%) whose BP control is overestimated at the office. This isolated office control represents the burden of “clinically undetected lack of control.” Under extrapolation conditions, the sum of office resistance and isolated office control, or underestimation plus overestimation, totaling 3.1 million patients (or 39%) is the burden of misclassification of BP control. Finally, about half of treated hypertensive outpatients in Spain (≈52% or 4.2 million patients) are actually controlled, and the other half are in fact uncontrolled, thus forming the burden of hypertensive subjects at higher cardiovascular risk.
In clinical or individual terms, prognosis is worse for the overestimation bias, because it could lead to undertreatment of a substantial number of hypertensive subjects who, though apparently (clinically) controlled, are nonetheless at higher cardiovascular risk.23,24 In fact, individuals with isolated office control were more frequently on monotherapy than were other BP control groups. On the other hand, underestimation of BP control could lead to overtreatment. Individuals with office resistance were more frequently on multitherapy than were other BP control groups.
The prevalence of office resistance in treated hypertensive subjects was found to be similar to the prevalence of WCH reported in untreated individuals but often higher than that reported for treated or total patients in other studies.7–9 Nonetheless, there are large differences in the prevalence of this condition, and these studies are not strictly comparable from a methodologic point of view. Interestingly, we observed a lower prevalence of isolated office control than the prevalence of masked hypertension reported in other studies.8,9,14 Although the selection of patients in our study may partially explain these differences, interstudy comparisons are inevitably difficult. Methodologic differences aside, in our study, as in the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni study in Italy, office resistance was much more common than isolated office control.10
Predictors of Disagreement Between Clinical BP Control and ABPM Control
Some factors partially explain the disparity between ABPM and office BP control in the present study. Some other studies have also reported that WCH is more frequent among older adults, females, nonsmokers, and obese patients.6,11,13 On the other hand, other studies have also reported factors selectively affecting ambulatory BP, including young age, male gender, and smoking.14,24
Furthermore, measuring BP in the morning (versus the evening) was associated with a higher likelihood of office resistance and underestimation of BP control, as well as with a lower risk of overestimation of BP control. This suggests that antihypertensive drugs were not at their peak antihypertensive effect when BP was determined in the morning, and consideration should also be given to the fact that many drugs do not encompass a full 24-hour period.2,25,26 Likewise, taking antihypertensive drugs solely in the morning (versus taking them twice per day) was associated with a higher probability of office resistance and underestimation of BP control. This may be partially because of the fact that most BP determinations occurred in the morning.
This study is not representative of the general Spanish hypertensive population but was rather intended to reflect the practice of physicians treating hypertensive subjects nationwide at primary care clinics situated throughout the Spanish healthcare system. Although further research is needed to confirm the generalizability of our findings, this study nevertheless selected a large, varied sample of physicians and patients with a wide range of characteristics and cardiovascular risk drawn from most regions of the entire country.
In this study, 2 BP readings from a single visit were averaged to characterize clinical BP, and the gap between ABPM-based and clinical BP control would probably be somewhat smaller if multiple visits had been used. However, we sought to reproduce the conditions of standard clinical practice surveys reporting hypertension control, where BP is usually determined at a single visit.2,3 Furthermore, some studies have reported that hypertension control was similar, regardless of whether a single BP measurement taken at 1 visit or the average of several measurements taken on different occasions was used.3 Although we used daytime ABPM means, 24-hour ambulatory BP yielded similar proportions of misclassification of BP control (data not shown).
The risk of being misclassified depends on the proximity to the cut point used to define clinic control. However, the proportion of patients that were only misclassified on the basis of an office BP difference of <5 mm Hg (eg, an office SBP ≥140 and <145 or DBP ≥90 and <95 and ambulatory BP <135/<85) was only 8.4% (1085 hypertensive individuals), and even so, there would still be a marked gap between ambulatory BP control and clinical BP control (data not shown). To a certain extent, proximity to the cut point accounts for some of the factors that get selected as predictive of misclassification. However, for both the “SBP ≥140 and <145 or DBP ≥90 and <95” and the “SBP ≥145 or DBP ≥95 mm Hg” categories, most predictive factors remained statistically significant and with odds ratios in the expected direction (data not shown). However, the cross-sectional design of this study acts as a bar to inferring that the predictors identified are causal.
There is still some debate as to the appropriate level of daytime ABP equivalent to 140/90 mm Hg. For a lower ambulatory BP cutoff, for example, 130/80 mm Hg, 33.7% of patients had their BP controlled on ABPM. This figure is clearly lower than the 51.6% of patients with their ambulatory BP controlled when using the 135/85 mm Hg cut point, but it is still quite greater than the 23.6% of office BP control. Although we explicitly acknowledge that any difference in cutoff value will affect the resulting prevalence rates for misclassification, we have adopted the international consensus guidelines.
Control of hypertension using ABPM outside medical settings is much better than evidenced previously by office-based surveys. The traditional view based on clinical BP shows that only 24% of hypertensive subjects are controlled in our study, a figure quite similar to that found in other European and some US studies. Nevertheless, ABPM revealed that true BP control is more than double that figure This conveys an encouraging message to clinicians, namely, that they are doing better than is usually thought.
However, ABPM likewise revealed that, at the office, BP control is underestimated by physicians in 1 of 3 hypertensive subjects and overestimated in 1 of 20 patients. In other words, the burden of undetected controlled and uncontrolled hypertension is still enormous. Hence, these data may also contribute to more efficient planning of health resources, because many hypertensive subjects believed previously to be uncontrolled are, in fact, controlled. However, the use of ABPM also leads to the emergence of undetected uncontrolled hypertensive subjects, putting them at high cardiovascular risk and implying additional costs. ABPM is rarely available at clinics, and an effort is, thus, needed to extend its use and indication in the future. Finally, a further implication of this study is that physicians should be aware both of their possibly inadequate assessment of BP control when this is purely based on office BP measurement and of the fact that the likelihood of misestimating BP control is higher in some hypertensive subjects.
We thank all those physicians (members of the Spanish Society of Hypertension ABPM Registry) who participated in this study. The names of all participating practitioners have been published previously and are available at www.cardiorisc.com.
Source of Funding
The main funding for the study was obtained from Lacer Spain, SA, through an unrestricted educational grant. The funding body had no role in study design, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the report, or the decision to submit the article for publication.
- Received August 11, 2006.
- Revision received August 28, 2006.
- Accepted October 10, 2006.
Wang TJ, Vasan RS. Epidemiology of uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. Circulation. 2005; 112: 1651–1662.
Little P, Barnett J, Barnsley L, Marjoram J, Fitzgerald-Barron A, Mant D. Comparison of agreement between different measures of blood pressure in primary care and daytime ambulatory blood pressure. BMJ. 2002; 325: 254–259.
Pickering TG. White coat hypertension. In: Izzo JL Jr, Black HR, eds. Hypertension Primer: The Essentials of High Blood Pressure. 3rd ed. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2003: 296–298.
Bombelli M, Sega R, Facchetti R, Corrao G, Friz HP, Vertemati AM, Sanvito R, Banfi E, Carugo S, Primitz L, Mancia G. Prevalence and clinical significance of a greater ambulatory versus office blood pressure (“reversed white coat” condition) in a general population. J Hypertens. 2005; 23: 513–520.
Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Bouldin M, Low A, Toumanidis S, Zakopoulos N. Impact of obesity on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and hypertension. Hypertension. 2005; 45: 602–607.
Segura J, Sobrino J, Sierra C, Ruilope LM, Coca A. En representación de los investigadores del Proyecto CRONOPRES. Proyecto CRONOPRES: un nuevo enfoque para el control de la hipertensión arterial. Hipertensión. 2005; 22: 275–283.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ, and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42: 1206–1252.
Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans. A Statement for Professionals From the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the Am Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005; 45: 142–161.
O’Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Padfield P, Palatini P, Parati G, Pickering T, Redon J, Staessen J, Stergiou G, and Verdecchia P on behalf of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2005; 23: 697–701.
World Health Organization. WHO MONICA Project. MONICA Manual. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1990.
Banegas JR. Epidemiología de la hipertensión arterial en España. Hipertensión. 2005; 22: 353–362.
Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Kramer H, Banegas JR, Giampaoli S, Joffres MR, Poulter N, Primayesta P, Stegmayr B, Thamm M. Hypertension treatment and control in five European countries, Canada, and the United States. Hypertension. 2004; 43: 10–17.
Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, Asayama K, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prognosis of masked hypertension and white-coat hypertension detected by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. 10-year follow-up from the Ohasama study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 508–515.
Pierdomenico SD, Lapenna D, Bucci A, Di Tommaso R, Di Mascio R, Manente BM, Caldarella MP, Neri M, Cucurullo F, Mezzetti A. Cardiovascular outcome in treated hypertensive patients with responder, masked, false resistant, and true resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2005; 18: 1422–1428. | <urn:uuid:59164ea7-5305-4e5d-ae65-12e04f60ba1c> | {
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The title of the paper should be kept as short as possible. Please include a "short running title" of not more than 48 characters including space between words, and approximately seven (7) key words or less. Each manuscript must be accompanied by a concise, informative abstract, giving the main results of the research reported. The abstract will be published at the beginning of the paper. No separate summary should be included.
Manuscripts must be typed double-spaced throughout on one side of the paper, leaving ample margins, with the pages numbered consecutively. Scientific names of species should be underlined and, when first mentioned in the text, should be followed by the authority. Common and scientific names of organisms should be in accordance with American Fisheries Society Special Publications 16 and 17: Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks and CSNAIUSC: Decapod Crustaceans.
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How to Tell How Old Your Dog is
Knowing how old your dog is can be very important to your pet's health care. Puppies have different needs than adolescent canines, which have different needs than middle aged and older dogs. Dogs age must faster than humans do, and with old age comes increased health problems and risks. If you don't know your dog's age, you can't take care of it properly. Here are a few tips to help you tell how old your dog is:
- Look at your dog's teeth The best way to guess your dog's age is from the condition of its teeth. Puppies get all their baby teeth in by the time they're about 8 weeks old, and permanent teeth won't start to show up until they're around 3½ months old. All permanent teeth will be in by the time a dog is about 7 months old. These will stay clean and white until the dog's a year old. Up until 3 years old, the teeth will show some dullness and tartar build-up will begin only in the back teeth. From 3 to 5 years of age, all the teeth will show tartar build-up and wear. After your dog is 5 years old, the teeth will look very worn and possibly diseased [source: HSUS].
- Examine the eyes Older dogs' eyes sometimes develop a hardening of the lens protein and appear cloudy. This condition usually doesn't affect their sight, but does indicate that you should bring your friend to the vet [source: Pet education].
- Check the fur coloring Some dogs begin to gray when they're about 7 to 10 years old. The muzzle usually turns the grayest [source: ASPCA].
- Pay attention to your dog's hearing If you start to notice that your dog seems to be turning more aggressive or isn't following commands, have its hearing checked. As dogs age they often lose some of their hearing. The dog that seems to be aggressive simply can't hear people approaching and is startled, and the dog that no longer follows commands simply doesn't hear them [source: Pet education]. //]]]]> ]]> | <urn:uuid:7e7bd012-aa7e-475d-99b7-f1c1bff9bf16> | {
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Each year, more than a half-million infants are born prematurely in the United States. Many of these preemies, particularly those whose tiny digestive systems are simply too underdeveloped to handle mother's milk or infant formula, may need to be nourished exclusively via intravenous feeding, known as "total parenteral nutrition," or TPN.
TPN solutions, usually administered at the hospital for anywhere from a few days to a month or more, provide essential nutrients broken down into a very basic form. This liquid is gently and continuously infused into the infant's bloodstream, completely bypassing the digestive tract.
"TPN helps save the lives of newborns and supports their growth and development, especially of the brain," says Douglas G. Burrin, an Agricultural Research Service physiologist at the Children's Nutrition Research Center in Houston, Texas, and a faculty member at Baylor College of Medicine, also in Houston.
But preemies who are on TPN for longer than 2 weeks may develop complications that might affect their health later in life. Since 1998, Burrin and colleague Barbara Stoll, who is also with the nutrition center and the college faculty, have worked with teams of scientists in the United States and abroad to discover more about the unwanted side effects of TPN and to develop new, safe, effective ways to prevent these unintended consequences or, at the very least, to minimize their impact.
The TPN-linked problems that their research targets include poor control of blood sugar, slowed growth of the digestive tract, and onset of a constellation of disorders referred to as "parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease."
In these investigations, Burrin and colleagues use piglets as their laboratory animal model.
Nutrition researchers worldwide recognize that the pig digestive tract is very similar to that of humans. Also, the size and body composition, that is, the amount of fat and amount of lean tissue, of an infant piglet "are typically comparable to those of a human preemie," says Burrin. "Infant lab mice or newborn lab rats are simply too small for this research."
Does TPN increase risk of insulin resistance?
In 2005, scientists elsewhere suggested an association between premature birth and increased risk of insulin resistance, a disorder common in type 2 diabetics.
A 2010 study by Burrin, Stoll, and others brought TPN into this picture. Their research provided the first evidence, in a newborn-lab-animal model, of a significant association between TPN feeding and several indicators of insulin resistance.
In people, and in piglets, insulin—a hormone—largely controls the amount of sugar (glucose) in the bloodstream. Insulin is produced exclusively by unique "beta cells" in the pancreas. As it circulates through the body, insulin triggers cells to remove glucose from blood and use it for energy. But resistance to insulin can lead to a buildup of unhealthy levels of glucose in the blood.
Insulin resistance was 40 percent greater in the TPN-fed piglets than in their orally fed counterparts, the scientists found. Also of concern: Proliferation of beta cells was 30 percent less in the TPN piglets.
"The beta cells that you produce during infancy and childhood have to last you a lifetime," says Burrin, "so anything that interferes with normal beta-cell production could be detrimental to your later health."
GLP-1 Levels: How Important Are They?
Followup research, reported by Burrin, Stoll, and others in 2012, again indicated that insulin resistance was significantly greater in TPN-fed piglets, compared to piglets that were put on other feeding regimens.
In addition, the study suggested that reduced production of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1), a hormone secreted in the digestive tract, may help explain the difference in insulin resistance among the research piglets.
Previous research has shown that GLP-1, a "gut hormone," circulates through the body and helps lessen insulin resistance. It belongs to a class of hormones known as "incretins." Their insulin-regulating role, dubbed the "incretin effect," has led to development of synthetic incretins now used in treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Says Burrin, "We found that plasma levels of GLP-1 were significantly lower in the TPN piglets than in any of the other piglet groups. That makes sense, given that there was no food in the TPN piglets' digestive tracts to stimulate secretion of GLP-1.
"We are continuing to investigate GLP-1 in our research because we think there's much more to be learned about it in the context of preventing or reducing insulin resistance in TPN infants."
Small doses of bile acid may blunt liver disease
Gut hormones were also key in a study of a potential new approach to preventing parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD).
PNALD is an umbrella term that encompasses several conditions, including cholestasis, which results from a buildup of excess bile acids in the liver, and steatosis, which—as its "fatty liver" nickname implies—occurs when there is too much fat in the liver.
There is no well-established, science-based cure for PNALD. In severe cases, this disease can lead to liver failure and the need for a liver transplant—a major surgery that, though not new, is still regarded as having considerable risks.
A team of Burrin, Stoll, and coinvestigators showed that giving newborn TPN-fed piglets a very small dose of a natural bile acid three times a day helped combat PNALD.
The acid, CDCA (chenodeoxycholic acid) is one of the major bile acids that are produced in the liver, then secreted—via the gall bladder and bile duct—into the upper digestive tract to help the body digest fat.
According to Burrin, the CDCA study is the first to demonstrate the use of small doses of this bile acid, delivered directly to the upper digestive tract, to control PNALD in a newborn-lab-animal model.
TPN piglets that were given CDCA had significantly lower levels of serum bilirubin, a biomarker of cholestasis, than did the TPN-fed piglets that were given a placebo. In addition, levels of serum bile acids, which are another biomarker of cholestasis, and levels of liver triglycerides, an indicator of steatosis, were nearly normal in the CDCA-treated TPN piglets.
The team also found that CDCA stimulated growth of mucosa, the inner lining of the intestine. That is significant. Explains Burrin, "TPN often has the exact opposite effect: It can lead to atrophy of the mucosa." The shriveling and shrinking of the intestine that result can diminish the body's ability to digest and absorb nutrients.
The researchers are now taking a closer look at the basic mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of the CDCA regimen. CDCA's ability—as shown in mice—to indirectly induce secretion of key gut hormones such as GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide 2) and FGF19 (fibroblast growth factor 19) "may provide an explanation for some of our piglet findings," Burrin says.
For example, previous research, including that by Burrin and Stoll, has shown that GLP-2 boosts growth and proliferation of intestinal mucosal cells in piglets and in adult humans. In this newer study, reported in 2012, three factors—GLP-2 levels, better mucosal growth, and CDCA treatment—appeared to be interrelated. That's because TPN piglets that were treated with CDCA had higher levels of GLP-2 in their plasma. Those same piglets had better mucosal growth than the other TPN piglets.
FGF19 may also be an important part of the picture. In mice, FGF19 has the protective effect of suppressing production of bile acids in the liver, in response to signals sent from specialized bile-acid-sensing cells in the gut. CDCA-treated TPN piglets had healthier bile acid levels, and more FGF19 in their plasma, than did the other TPN-fed piglets.
Piglets that were not on a TPN regimen had the highest plasma FGF19 levels. "We regard this finding as strong evidence that TPN suppresses secretion of FGF19, which results in disruption of normal regulation of bile acids. We think this suppression is a key piece of the puzzle of why and how TPN can cause liver disease."
Burrin and Stoll, along with Teresa A. Davis, Darryl L. Hadsell, and David D. Moore, all of the nutrition center research staff and Baylor College of Medicine faculty, and other collaborators, have documented their TPN findings in peer-reviewed articles in the Journal of Nutrition, the American Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, the American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, and other scientific publications.
Explore further: Researchers find potential new non-insulin treatment for type 1 diabetes
"Nourishing America's Preemies: Scientists Confront the Challenges of IV Feeding" was published in the May/June 2013 issue of Agricultural Research magazine. www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may13/ | <urn:uuid:ed17e7af-9408-4540-9736-898ab573c66f> | {
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“Certain notions of mathematics are not sufficiently embedded in the culture for children to learn in their natural way, so they come to school to learn them. Once children are in school, we try to impose mathematics on them in much the same way it was imposed on us: we begin by making them work at unimportant and uninteresting problems on little squares of paper. If before we ever allowed children to dance we insisted that they spend hundreds of hours drawing dance steps on square papers, and only when they could pass a test on the ability to draw dance steps on paper would we let them actually get up and dance, many children would find dancing impossibly difficult. Those gifted in dance would give up. And I think this is exactly what we do with mathematics. We teach it to the children in a way quite analogous to drawing dance steps on paper, and only those who can survive twelve years of that ever get to use it, to dance with it.”
Papert, S. (1984). Computer as Mudpie. Intelligent Schoolhouse: Readings on Computers and Learning. In D. Peterson. Reston, VA, Reston Publishing Company.
The Daily Papert is a service of Constructing Modern Knowledge, the world’s premiere educational event for educators to learn-by-doing. Learn more about this year’s institute – July 8-11, 2014 in Manchester, NH – at constructingmodernknowledge.com. | <urn:uuid:fec59429-05be-4934-8d6a-f47fba48d4c6> | {
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› View Now
Markers Preserve History at Shuttle Runway
NASA has permanently marked the spot where the space shuttles' last missions came to an end.
Discovery, Endeavour and Atlantis came home from space for the last time in 2011, touching down at the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
VOICE OF CHRIS FERGUSON, STS-135 COMMANDER: "Mission complete, Houston. After serving the world for over 30 years, the space shuttle's earned its place in history, and it's come to a final stop."
After each final landing, Kennedy's Landing Operations Team used a temporary spray paint to note where the wheels stopped.
But NASA wanted a long-lasting way to preserve this part of shuttle history.
Local artist Chad Stout, of C Spray Glass Blasting, designed, manufactured and installed the markers.
He worked with NASA Test Director Michael Ciannilli to locate the exact wheelstop points.
Stout placed the stencil on the runway and masked the surrounding area, then sandblasted the concrete away, leaving perfectly etched letters.
A coat of black-enamel spray paint will make the words easy to see for years to come.
At the C Spray shop, Stout used a NASA photo as an inspiration when he created the templates for stone pavers that display more information about each of the shuttles' final missions.
Wearing safety gear, he etched the final design in "Absolute Black" granite, an extremely durable stone.
At the Shuttle Landing Facility, Stout cut an opening in the asphalt service road along the runway.
The pavers are extra thick and weigh at least 100 pounds each, but he installed them by hand.
All three pavers are aligned with the etchings on the runway centerline... and, like the shuttles' legacy, will stand the test of time.
› View Now | <urn:uuid:7b4de364-b5e8-4dd8-be9b-9376aa2d02b8> | {
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No time for a fieldtrip? Bring local history into your classroom with our interactive Discovery Kits! Each learning kit is supplied with lesson plans, hands-on objects, books, DVDs and dress up clothes. Designed to conform with the 3rd and 4th grade History/Social Studies content standards, they are ideal for all elementary-age children. HAHS Discovery Kits are also easily customized to cover the Language Arts, Visual Arts, Science, and Environmental Education Standards.
Fee: $25 per week
Pick-up/Drop-off on Fridays
Ohlone Discovery Kit
Who were the first people to live in this area, and what was life like for them?
Alta California Discovery Kit
California was once a part of Spain and Mexico. What was the experience of those living at Mission San Jose and the ranchos of the East Bay.
Early Settlers Discovery Kit
How did the communities of Castro Valley, Hayward and San Lorenzo get started?
Immigration Discovery Kit
Who has come to California and the Hayward area over time and why?
Railroad Discovery Kit
Explore the history of the Transcontinental Railroad and of local rail lines with your students. | <urn:uuid:74752793-8d8d-4e16-aba5-7ade1f26a74a> | {
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The latest news about space exploration and technologies,
astrophysics, cosmology, the universe...
Posted: Dec 16, 2012
Hot iron in the cosmos
(Nanowerk News) A forty-year old puzzle in astrophysics is one step closer to a solution. The puzzle involves astrophysical phenomena such as black holes, stellar coronae, and supernova explosions. All these objects consist of plasmas at several million degrees Celsius. Under these extreme conditions, atoms lose many of their electrons and become multiply charged positive ions. The gas now becomes hot plasma, a powerful emitter of X-rays. However theoretical astrophysical models have not yet been able to explain the observed intensities of these X-rays for the most prominent species, iron ions. Two reasons had been proposed for the discrepancy: insufficient quantum-mechanical descriptions of the highly ionised iron, or insufficiently accurate models of the collisions between electrons and ions that take place constantly in the ultra-hot gases. A group at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, working with an international team of researchers, has now been successful in excluding the latter ("An unexpectedly low oscillator strength as the origin of the Fe xvii emission problem"). The team is the first to use an X-ray laser to perform spectroscopy on highly ionised ions, and thus obtained new insights not granted by previous methods.
Ions of various elements, such as iron and oxygen, are found in the plasmas of astrophysical objects such as stellar coronae, supernova remnants, and active galactic nuclei surrounding neutron stars or black holes. Every element produces characteristic X-rays, known as emission lines. These can be said to provide an X-ray fingerprint for each ion species. The total sum of all the X-ray emissions from an astrophysical object forms its X-ray spectrum, which can be detected by satellites in Earth orbit, such as Chandra (NASA) and the XMM-Newton (ESA). Models that describe such X-ray spectra are very important for astrophysicists. They contribute to the understanding of important astrophysical processes such as the transport of energy in stars, and, in general, the composition, temperature, density and velocity of cosmic plasmas.
A controversy may end inside this apparatus: Using the Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT), a team headed by Max Planck researchers investigated the X-ray emissions of highly ionized iron with the X-ray laser at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Their results help to explain why the quantitative modelling of X-ray emission in supernovae and at the edges of black holes does not agree with the measured X-ray spectra. This will improve our understanding of astrophysical objects throughout the cosmos.
Scientists are especially interested in the element iron in this context, as highly ionised iron creates some of the brightest of all X-ray emission lines seen in hot astrophysical objects. But the X-ray spectrum of iron is not satisfactorily described by theoretical models. This is clear, since even the intensity of one of the strongest (and best studied) emission lines, which comes from Fe16+ ions (iron ions having a positive charge of 16) is predicted by all these models to be higher than observed, compared to those of a neighbouring emission line. "Through our experiment, we have contributed to ending the controversy about the causes for the inadequate predictive power of the models”, says José R. Crespo López-Urrutia from the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg. The physicist carefully analyzed the X-ray emissions of Fe16+ with a team that, along with Heidelberg-based researchers, included scientists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California headed by Peter Beiersdorfer and Gregory V. Brown, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), the Max Planck Advanced Study Group at Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the Canadian TRIUMF Research Centre, the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, and the Universities of Giessen, Heidelberg and Erlangen-Nuremberg.
The role of individual photon excitation processes has become clear for the first time
In order to understand the controversy between observation and theory, it must be realized that every model of iron plasmas is made up of several sub-models. One important sub-model is the quantum-mechanical description of the individual ions, developed using the methods of atomic physics. This sub-model also calculates a part of the radiation that the iron ions emit within a plasma – namely, that fraction released through direct excitation of the ions by light. Another critical sub-model describes the local plasma environment of each ion. It models collisions between ions and electrons, and their influence on the emitted radiation, for example. Essentially, there is one model for the components of the plasma, and a further model for their interactions. Many researchers have believed for a long while that the latter model was responsible for the discrepancy between the observed and the calculated intensity of the Fe16+ emission line. Unfortunately, this assumption could not be tested using only the spectroscopic measurement methods available to date.
The principle underlying spectroscopy is to excite the ions to emit particles of light (photons) by adding energy, and to record the resulting spectrum. To end the controversy, however, researchers would have to be able to differentiate between photons which arise through the addition of energy by collisions of electrons with ions, and those which arise from the direct energetic excitation of the ions by light. In the case of excitation by collisions, the electron shells are initially excited in a random fashion and a photon is emitted during the intervening transitions. As the excitation occurs by heating, the physicists could not differentiate the cause. This is because, in these experiments, ions are also excited by photons that are created by the collision processes, as well as by the thermal collisions themselves.
Through excitation with X-ray pulses, the contribution by collisions can be calculated
As a result, the researcher team, headed by Sven Bernitt and José Crespo from the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg, has used an X-ray laser for the first time to investigate the Fe15+ and Fe16+ ions spectroscopically. The X-ray laser they used was the Linac Coherent Light Source at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Menlo Park, California.
The laser fires hundred times per second X-ray pulses of only a few femtoseconds in duration into the plasma. The X-ray photons were absorbed and re-emitted as fluorescence shortly after. “Since the iron ions that have been excited by an X-ray pulse re-emit the photons also in the form of a brief pulse, we can differentiate these photons from all the others that the plasma emits”, says Sven Bernitt. The reason for this is that the iron ions that have been excited by collisions emit their photons in the form of a uniform background unrelated to the X-ray laser firing. In this way, the researchers could measure the emission intensity resulting from photon excitation, and compare it with the quantum-mechanical models of the individual ions.
The Heidelberg-based team of researchers were surprised by the result: the intensity of the measured emission deviated significantly from all the various theoretical predictions. The Heidelberg theoreticians, led in this project by Zoltán Harman, had also performed state-of-the-art calculations in order to achieve the highest possible degree of convergence and accuracy using the best available methods, but the disagreement remained. “On this basis, we can say that the largest contribution to the discrepancy has to do with the inadequate quantum-mechanical description – and not primarily with the models of the collision processes”, says Greg Brown of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Theoretical physicists can now improve their models
The researchers are the first to have conducted spectroscopic investigations with photons having such short wavelengths in a plasma like this using X-ray laser technology that has only become available in the last few years. A transportable ion trap developed by José Crespo and Sascha Epp at the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg was crucial for the experiment. The researchers transported the three-ton instrument to California by plane. With the help of electron irradiation, they create a five-centimetre-long cloud of highly ionised iron as thin as a human hair, and hold this in position with the assistance of electric and magnetic fields. The X-ray laser irradiates the cloud in the axial direction and thereby comes into contact with as many of the iron ions as possible, which in turn provides a strong signal for measurement.
The research team's results give theoretical physicists a guide for improving the quantum-mechanical model of ions in plasma. That would be a first step toward a better understanding of astrophysical X-ray sources. The measurement method of the researchers in Heidelberg could also solve earthly problems: “In nuclear fusion, for example, where hot plasmas are certainly employed as well”, believes José Crespo. He expects that the transportable ion trap has many more trips to look forward to.
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Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk: | <urn:uuid:ecdc4af7-1ca7-471a-b0fe-0d096edb0b89> | {
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Today, 3 November 2019, is International One Health Day. The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in East and Southeast Asia and its partners join the rest of the world to celebrate the day by sharing (video) stories of One Health in action to draw people’s attention to the need for a One Health approach in addressing global health threats.
One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral and transdisciplinary paradigm for framing complex public health issues. Applying its approaches, which recognize the interconnection between people, animals and their shared environment contributes to improvements in animal, human and environmental health.
ILRI and its partners are using One Health approach to tackle agriculture-associated risks by promoting and facilitating transdisciplinary partnerships to improve human and animal health in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) of East and Southeast Asia including Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
These short videos, by ILRI and by our partners — the Vietnam One Health Partnership for Zoonoses (OHP) and the Vietnam One Health University Network (VOHUN), underscore the importance of using One Health in addressing global health threats such as antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic diseases and food safety.
- One Health message from Vietnam (English, two minutes)
- One Health: concept and application (English, two minutes)
- Một Sức khỏe: khái niệm và ứng dụng (Vietnamese, two minutes)
- Contribution of One Health in addressing antimicrobial resistance (English, two minutes)
- Tiếp cận Một Sức khỏe và cuộc chiến chống kháng thuốc (Vietnamese, two minutes)
- Controlling zoonotic diseases through a One Health approach (English, two minutes)
- Food safety and One Health in Southeast Asia (English, two minutes)
- Battling mosquito-borne diseases: Why it matters (three minutes)
Videos by the Vietnam OHP and VOHUN:
Watch more videos of One Health at work by ILRI and partners:
- The connection between animal disease and human health (two minutes)
- Dying for meat (three minutes)
- Rift Valley fever: Occurrence patterns, signs and symptoms (five minutes)
- Rift Valley fever: Prevention and control (three minutes)
- Homa ya Bonde la Ufa: Kuzuia na kudhibiti (Kiswahili, two minutes)
- Fighting aflatoxins: Reducing risks in Kenya’s food chains (six minutes)
- Small-scale dairying in northeast India (12 minutes)
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) educational video (five minutes)
Read/download CGIAR publications on One Health here
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*Video is necessary for completion of this worksheet. Please be sure you have access to the video before making a purchase as streaming availability changes from month-to-month.
*I SHOULDN'T BE ALIVE is a Discovery Channel series that is excellent for incorporating a wide range of science facts with gripping true life survival stories. Production quality and information in each episode is excellent and perfect for grades 6-12 in either science, social studies, or language arts classes.
This worksheet is for the episode INTO THE HEART OF DARKNESS (Season 2, Episode 4).
Episode Summary: A young couple vacationing in the Amazon rainforest mistakenly wander off a jungle trail and become lost. For six days they struggle without food and with little water as they are forced to deal with numerous predators and harsh weather conditions.
Provided is a 23-question worksheet to accompany the episode which focuses on science topics like: human body injuries, dehydration, depression, predators, prey, food webs, and survival.
Questions on the assignment go in order and will help students focus on key science topics. The worksheet is given as a MS-Word document which will allow easy modifying to fit your class. Answer key is not provided.
*The video series needed for viewing can be purchased through a variety of sellers both as physical media (DVD) or through streaming viewing (including Amazon, Netflix, Hulu, YouTube, and Discovery). I highly recommend tracking down this series, students love it!
Looking for more I SHOULDN’T BE ALIVE video sheets? – CLICK HERE
Thank you for your purchase and positive feedback. | <urn:uuid:7bcb0f01-89ab-41ee-9cd1-491a46f1b67c> | {
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APUSH Chapter 25
Rapid and uncontrolled growth made American cities places of both exciting opportunity and severe social problems.
After 1880, most immigrants to America came from northern and western Europe.
False. After 1880, most immigrants to America came from southern and eastern Europe.
Most of the New Immigrants who arrived in America were escaping from the slums and poverty of European cities.
Female social workers established settlement houses to aid struggling immigrants and promote social reform.
American Protestantism was dominated by "liberal" denominations that adapted religious ideas to modern culture and promoted a "social gospel" rather than biblical literalism.
Many native-born Americans considered the New Immigrants a threat to American democracy and Anglo-Saxon purity.
Two religions that gained strength in the United States from the New Immigration were Roman Catholicism and Judaism.
Charles Darwin's theories of evolution were overwhelmingly rejected by the majority of both Protestant and Catholic religious thinkers in the late nineteenth century.
In the late nineteenth century, secondary (high school) education was increasingly carried on by private schools.
False. In the late nineteenth century, secondary (high school) education was increasingly carried on by public schools.
Booker T. Washington believed that blacks should try to achieve social equality with whites but not economic equality.
False. Booker T. Washington believed that blacks should try to achieve economic equality with whites but not social equality.
American higher education depended on both public "land-grant" funding and private donations for its financial support.
Urban newspapers often promoted a sensational "yellow journalism" that emphasized sex and scandal rather than politics or social reform.
Post-Civil War writers like Mark Twain and William Dean Howells turned from social realism toward fantasy and science fiction in their novels.
False. Post-Civil War writers like Mark Twain and William Dean Howells turned to social realism.
There was a growing tension in the late nineteenth century between women's traditionally defined "sphere" of family and home and the social and cultural changes of the era.
The new urban environment generally weakened the family but offered new opportunities for women to achieve social and economic independence.
After 1900, the pro-suffrage movement stressed that women should have the vote in order to improve social morality rather than because they were the equals of men.
The new cities' glittering consumer economy was symbolized especially the rise of
c. large, elegant department stores.
One of the most difficult new problems generated by the rise of cities and the urban American
c. disposing of large quantities of consumer-generated waste material.
Two technical developments of the late nineteenth century that contributed to the spectacular
growth of American cities were
c. the electric trolley and the skyscraper.
Countries from which many of the "New Immigrants" came included
c. Poland & Italy
Among the factors driving millions of European peasants from their homeland to America
a. American food imports and religious persecution.
Besides providing direct services to immigrants, the reformers of Hull House worked for
general goals like
b. anti-sweatshop laws to protect women and child laborers.
The one immigrant group that was totally banned from America after 1882 nativist agitation
Two religious groups that grew most dramatically because of the "New Immigration" were
d. Jews and Roman Catholics.
The phrase "social Gospel" refers to
c. the efforts of some Christian reformers to apply their religious beliefs to new social
Besides aiding immigrants and promoting social reforms, settlement houses like Jane
Addams's Hull House demonstrated that
b. the cities offered new challenges and opportunities for women.
Traditional American Protestant religion received a substantial blow from
d. the biological ideas of Charles Darwin.
Unlike Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois advocated
b. integration and social equality for blacks.
In the late nineteenth century, American colleges and universities benefited from
a. federal and state "land-grant" assistance and private philanthropy of wealthy donors.
American reformers like Henry George and Edward Bellamy advocated
a. utopian reforms to end poverty and eliminate class conflict.
Authors like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and Jack London turned American literature toward
a greater concern with
d. social realism and contemporary problems.
High-rise urban buildings that provided barracks-like housing for urban slum dwellers.
Term for the post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe
Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land
Birds of Passage
The religious doctrines preached by those who believed the churches should directly address economic and social problems
The settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women's involvement in urban social reform
The profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women in the modern city
Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s
American Protection Agency
The church that became the largest American religious group, mainly as a result of the "New Immigration"
Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts
The organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality
Henry George's best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land
Progress and Poverty
A federal law, promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader, that was used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the work force and advocating cooperative kitchens and child-care centers
Women and Economics
Organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women
National American Women's Suffrage Movement
Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption
Women's Christian Temperance Movement
M. Chicago-based architect whose high-rise innovation
allowed more people to crowd into limited urban space
E. Leading Protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who
tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial
J. Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the
slums and pioneered new forms of activism for women
Dwight L. Moody
N. Popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of
old-time revivalism to the industrial city
Mary Baker Eddy
D. Author and founder of a popular new religion based on
principles of spiritual healing
Booker T. Washington
F. Former slave who promoted industrial education and
economic opportunity for blacks but did not advocate
black social equality
W.E.B. Du Bois
L. Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social
and economic equality through the leadership of a
G. Harvard scholar who made original contributions to
modern psychology and philosophy
A. Controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty
advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a
tax on land
O. Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose
works were not published until after her death
B. Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new
style of American literature based on social realism and
H. Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on
conventional social morality shocked many Americans in
K. Vigorous nineteenth-century crusader for sexual "purity"
who used federal law to enforce his moral views
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
I. Brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative
cooking and child-care arrangements so that women could
obtain greater economic independence and equality
C. Well-connected and socially prominent historian who
feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and
culture of the past
New industrial jobs and urban excitement
G. Lured millions of rural American off the farms and into the cities
Uncontrolled rapid growth and the "New Immigration" from Europe
B. Created intense poverty and other problems in the crowed urban slums
Cheap American grain exports to Europe
E. Helped uproot European peasants from their ancestral lands and sent them seeking new opportunities in America and elsewhere
The cultural strangeness and poverty of southern and eastern European immigrants
I. Provoked sharp hostility from some native-born Americans and organized labor groups
Social gospel ministers and settlement-house
H. Assisted immigrants and other slum dwellers and pricked middle-class consciences about urban problems
Darwinian science and growing urban materialism
C. Weakened the religious influence in American society and created divisions within the churches
Government land grants and private philanthropy
F. Supported the substantial improvements in American undergraduate and graduate education in the late nineteenth century
Popular newspapers and "yellow journalism"
A. Encouraged the mass urban public's taste for scandal and sensation
Changes in moral and sexual attitudes
J. Created sharp divisions about the "new morality' and issues such as divorce
The difficulties of family life in the industrial city
D. Led women and men to delay marriage and have fewer children
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The Palestinian village of Battir was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO and put on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee on Friday approved the West Bank village, about six miles west of Jerusalem, for inclusion on the lists.
Battir is known for its ancient stone farming terraces and an irrigation system established in Roman times that remains in use.
It was put on the danger list due to the start of construction of Israel’s security fence. According to the committee, Battir was added “after finding that the landscape had become vulnerable under the impact of socio-cultural and geo-political transformations that could bring irreversible damage to its authenticity and integrity, citing the start of construction of a separation wall that may isolate farmers from fields they have cultivated for centuries.”
Battir is the second World Heritage site registered as being in Palestine, which was accepted as a member site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2011. The first was the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. | <urn:uuid:2667e468-83b8-4387-9ece-919a80dbccd1> | {
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Practice Test 1
A 1-year-old infant develops tachycardia, with continuous machine-like heart murmur. Widened pulse pressure and bounding peripheral pulses were noted by the nurse along with prominent supra-sternal and carotid pulsations. Which of the following conditions would the infant be likely to be suffering from?
- Patent ductusarteriosis
- Tricuspid atresia
Correct Answer: A. Patent ductusarteriosis
PDA is a condition where ductusarteriosis, fails to close after birth. Early symptoms are rare. In the first year of life there will be increased work of breathing and poor weight gain. In growing age, PDA can cause to congestive heart failure, if not treated. All the above-mentioned features in the infant are present in PDA and not in other options.
In apnea of prematurity, how long does a premature infant have cessation in breathing?
- More than 10 seconds
- More than 11seconds
- More than 12 seconds
- More than 14seconds
- More than 15seconds
Correct Answer: E. More than 15seconds
There are three types of apnea of prematurity: obstructive apnea, central apnea and mixed apnea. Obstructive apnea occurs when the infant's neck is hyper-flexed or hyper-extended. Central apnea occurs when there is a lack of respiratory effort in an infant. Sometimes, apnea of prematurity can be either obstructive or central, but they involve elements of both. Such a condition is called mixed apnea. In apnea of prematurity, the premature infant will have cessation of breathing which would last for more than 15 seconds. All other above-mentioned durations of apnea are not correct.
When a nurse assesses the caput succedaneum in a new-born, all of the following features will be present except
- Swelling extending across midline
- Swelling extending across suture line
- Swelling not diminishing within 2-3 days
- Presence of scalp swelling
- Swelling resolving in the first few days
Correct Answer: C. Swelling not diminishing within 2-3 days
Caput succedaneum involves presence of serosanguinous, extra-periosteal fluid collection. It does not have well-defined margins because of the pressure in the presenting part of the scalp against the dilated cervix during delivery. It also features with bleeding below the scalp and above the periosteum.
When can a nurse consider fetal scalp blood pH as abnormal?
- pH less than 7.20
- pH less than 7.30
- pH less than 7.35
- pH less than 7.40
- pH less than 7.60
Correct Answer: A. pH less than 7.20
A fetal scalp blood pH level less than 7.20 is considered abnormal. Generally, low pH shows that the fetus has less oxygen. The results of a fetal scalp pH sample need to be interpreted in labor. The results indicate that the fetus must be delivered fast by forceps or cesarean section. This test must be repeated a few times, when the labor is complicated, to continue to check on the well-being of the fetus.
Which of the following statements would the nurse consider as correct regarding small for gestational age babies?
- Small for gestational age baby’s birth weight will be below 2ndpercentile.
- Asymmetrical IUGR is more likely to have permanent neurological sequela.
- Small mothers tend to have small babies.
- SGA is not related to environmental factors.
- In IUGR, the fetus will be able to achieve its genetically determined potential size.
Correct Answer: C. Small mothers tend to have small babies.
Newborns reflect their mother's centile at birth and tend to graduate towards their mid-parental centile during one-year of life. Small for gestational age baby’s birth weight will be below 10th percentile. Symmetrical IUGR is more likely to have permanent neurological sequela. Environmental factors are a pre-determining factor for developing SGA. In IUGR, the fetus will be unable to achieve its genetically determined potential size.
Which one of the following would a nurse consider as the major contributor for the development of physiological jaundice in a neonate?
- Immature hepatic enzymes
- Enterohepatic circulation
- Increased bilirubin production
- Decreased hepatic bilirubin excretion
Correct Answer: C. Increased bilirubin production
The major contributor of physiological jaundice is increased bilirubin production. This leads to an increase in the hemoglobin levels at birth, with a less red-cell lifespan, while the other above-mentioned options do have a significant contribution for the development of physiological jaundice in the neonate.
Which one of the following is considered as the most important element in transferring an extremely low birth weight baby from a hospital without adequate NICU facilities to a hospital with a neonatal intensive care unit?
- Risk of transport accident
- High cost of neonatal transport
- Increased risk of intraventricular hemorrhage
- Increased morbidity
- Social disadvantage for family
Correct Answer: A. Risk of transport accident
Transportation carries the importance of risk to the baby and the retrieval staff. The rationale for transportation is based on the premises where the specialized NICU units reduce mortality and improve outcome, and these advantages outweigh the risk of transport and physical or social disadvantages for the family. Increased morbidity and intraventricular hemorrhage can be due to the underlying medical condition and are associated with the need for transportation.
A nurse cares for a term male neonate who is 15 minutes old, with birth weight 2700 g. He is receiving positive pressure ventilation through a T-piece of 70% oxygen and the saturation is 90%. The neonate has a cleft lip and palate with microcephaly; his eyes are small and he has small ears. The nurse suspects that the baby can have trisomy 13. There were no concerns regarding trisomy 13 during the pregnancy. Which one of the following is the most important step in the management of this baby?
- Resuscitation and stabilizing the baby; later shift to the nursery for investigations.
- Collect blood immediately for genetic studies and refer to a geneticist for the diagnosis.
- Continue respiratory support but do not intubate the neonate even if needed.
- Tell parents about the suspected diagnosis and seek their wishes for the ongoing resuscitation.
- Immediately cease resuscitation attempts and allow baby to die peacefully.
Correct Answer: A. Resuscitation and stabilizing the baby; later shift to the nursery for investigations.
The most important priority is the ongoing resuscitation and stabilization of the baby; this prevents further complications. Collection of blood is not done immediately for genetic studies, but this could be done at a later stage, after resuscitation. The baby may respond well to resuscitation, so active treatment needs to be continued until a formal diagnosis has been made. Hence, the parents would have time to assess for the impact of any underlying abnormality.
A nurse assesses a 3-hour-old female neonate, who is born at 25 weeks of gestation. She was in 30% oxygen on SIPPV + VG and needed pressures of 20/6 to obtain a tidal volume of 4 mL/kg. So she is ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome. After ventilation, she is with 100% oxygen and the ventilator alarms due to the maximum pressure limit. On examination, the nurse notices that the right chest of the neonate is full. On the right chest there is decreased air entry when compared to the left chest. The trachea is deviated to the left. Her pulse rate is 82 beats per minute and the oxygen saturation is 68%. Which one of the following is the important next step in the neonate’s management?
- Assist in the emergency thoracentesis on the right chest
- Re-intubate the neonate
- Increase the PEEP
- Increase the maximum pressure limit on the ventilator
- Arrange for an urgent chest radiograph
Correct Answer: A. Assist in the emergency thoracentesis on the right chest
The neonate has a right tension pneumothorax and is now in extremis. The emergency measure is to resolve the pneumothorax immediately. Re-intubating the neonate will delay the necessary treatment. Increasing the PEEP will not resolve the problem, and increasing the maximum pressure will exacerbate the pneumothorax. Sending the neonate for a chest radiograph will delay emergency treatment.
A nurse assists a doctor in resuscitating a 34 week female infant who is born by emergency lower segmental caesarean section after a large ante partum hemorrhage. The neonate is now 4 minutes old and the doctor informs that 1 minute ago he administered adrenaline through an endo-tracheal tube. The size of the tube is 3.5cm, and it is inserted up to 9 cm. The neonate is receiving chest compressions from the nurse and ventilation in 100% oxygen from the doctor. There is no heart rate. The nurse confirms that the ET tube is correctly placed. Which one of the following is the appropriate next step in management of the neonate?
- Call for the neonatal consultant
- Insert umbilical venous catheter to administer an IV adrenaline
- Give a second dose of adrenaline through the ETT
- Seek parental advice for continuing resuscitation
- Stop resuscitation
Correct Answer: B. Insert umbilical venous catheter to administer an IV adrenaline
Adrenaline must be administered through IV; here first dose is given through the endo-tracheal tube. The next step is arranging for an emergency UVC insertion. The second dose should be given through the UVC. Extra time must not be wasted by giving another dose through the ETT. Neonatal consultation and speaking with the parents are important but emergency treatment is the priority until extra help arrives. Most guidelines recommend stopping the resuscitation attempts after 10 minutes when there are no signs of life.
A neonate has jaundice. The nurse notices clay-white stools. On liver biopsy, giant cells are noted. Which of the following would the neonate most likely be suffering from?
- Extra-biliary atresia
- Physiological jaundice
- Neonatal hepatitis with physiological jaundice
- Neonatal hepatitis with extra-biliary atresia
- Bile-duct stenosis
Correct Answer: D. Neonatal hepatitis with extra-biliary atresia
Liver biopsy is essential in differentiating extra-hepatic and intra-hepatic causes of neonatal cholestasis. Biliary atresia has ductular proliferation and fibrosis. Neonatal hepatitis has alterations in lobular architecture with focal hepato-cellular necrosis. Giant cells with ballooning of cytoplasm are seen in neonatal hepatitis. The other above-mentioned diseases are not seen with giant cells in liver biopsy.
Which is the commonest tumor associated with acquired pure red cell aplasia?
- Bronchogenic carcinoma
- Hepatic carcinoma
- Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Correct Answer: D. Thymoma
Pure red-cell aplasia is associated with SLE, CLL, lymphoma and thymoma. Thymoma originates from the thymus. It is associated with the neuromuscular disorder myasthenia gravis. Thymoma is seen in 15% of patients with myasthenia gravis. Thymomas can be surgically removed. In the rare case of a malignant tumor, chemotherapy is used for treatment.
Which one of the following is considered as a fatal complication of epiglottitis?
- Otitis media
Correct Answer: B. Asphyxia
Epiglottitis commonly affects children. It presents with fever, difficulty in swallowing, hoarseness of voice, and typical stridor. Stridor is a sign of upper airways' obstruction. The child appears ill and anxious. The early symptoms are insidious. Rapid progression leads to swelling of the throat which leads to cyanosis and asphyxiation. Asphyxia is a fatal condition. The other above-mentioned conditions are not fatal complications.
Which of the following viral infections of childhood is related to bronchiectasis?
Correct Answer: B. Measles
Most cases with bronchiectasis have recurrent episodes of other respiratory infections. They include bronchiolitis, bronchitis, post-measles, cystic fibrosis and pneumonitis. Bronchiectasis occurs in infancy and early childhood. The other above-mentioned diseases are not found to be related to bronchiectasis.
All of the following are the causes of IUGR except
- Chronic renal failure
- Gestational diabetes
Correct Answer: E. Gestational diabetes
Use of substances like tobacco and alcohol causes IUGR. Obstetrical causes of IUGR include PIH, multiple pregnancies and pre-eclampsia. Maternal under-nutrition, anemia and medical disorders of chronic nature like CHF and CRF are the causes of IUGR. Gestational diabetes is not known to cause IUGR. | <urn:uuid:c69f343d-ae19-48c2-8bdb-c7734999c787> | {
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Reusable surface disinfectant wipe dispensers are used in hospitals in many countries because they allow immediate access to pre-soaked tissues for targeted surface decontamination. On the other hand disinfectant solutions with some active ingredients may get contaminated and cause outbreaks. Kampf, et al. (2014) determined the frequency of contaminated surface disinfectant solutions in reusable dispensers and the ability of isolates to multiply in different formulations.
Reusable wipes dispensers with different surface disinfectants were randomly collected from healthcare facilities. Solutions were investigated for bacterial contamination. The efficacy of two surface disinfectants was determined in suspension tests against two isolated species directly from a contaminated solution or after five passages without selection pressure in triplicate. Freshly prepared use solutions were contaminated to determine survival of isolates.
The researchers found that 66 dispensers containing disinfectant solutions with surface-active ingredients were collected in 15 healthcare facilities. 28 dispensers from nine healthcare facilities were contaminated with approximately 107 cells per mL of Achromobacter species 3 (nine hospitals), Achromobacter xylosoxidans or Serratia marcescens (one hospital each). In none of the hospitals dispenser processing had been adequately performed. Isolates regained susceptibility to the disinfectants after five passages without selection pressure but were still able to multiply in different formulations from different manufacturers at room temperature within seven days.
The researchers say that neglecting adequate processing of surface disinfectant dispensers has contributed to frequent and heavy contamination of use-solutions based on surface active ingredients. Tissue dispenser processing should be taken seriously in clinical practice. Their research was published in BMC Infectious Diseases.
Reference: Kampf G, Degenhardt S, Lackner S, Jesse K, von Baum H and Ostermeyer C. Poorly processed reusable surface disinfection tissue dispensers may be a source of infection. BMC Infectious Diseases 2014, 14:37 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-37 | <urn:uuid:25d21808-85ec-4a41-b5c5-32ecf2799c99> | {
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A scan of all the human DNA has turned up 95 genes that affect blood cholesterol, including a few affected by drugs on the market and others that might be the basis of new drugs, researchers said on Wednesday.
Their findings demonstrate that regulating cholesterol levels is even more complex than many people knew but also point to some short-cuts to prevent heart disease.
The variations they found account for between a quarter and a third of the inherited variation in cholesterol levels and triglycerides, the researchers report in the journal Nature. Diet and exercise can also greatly affect cholesterol levels.
"These results help refine our course for preventing and treating heart disease, a health problem that affects millions of Americans and many more people worldwide," said Dr. Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, who was part of the research team.
Collins has promised to steer the NIH to try to more quickly translate such basic scientific findings into developing drugs and other treatments. The NIH pays for and conducts scientific research, which is later often licensed to commercial drug companies to develop into products.
The large international team of researchers mapped the DNA of more than 100,000 people to identify the genes affecting various forms of cholesterol, including high density lipoprotein, also known as HDL or "good" cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein — LDL or "bad" cholesterol; and triglycerides.
These blood fats are essential for cells but they can also clog up and harden the arteries.
Doctors know some people inherit naturally high levels of cholesterol, some people inherit naturally low levels, and people also vary in whether the food they eat makes their cholesterol go up or down.
Statin drugs to control cholesterol such as Pfizer Inc's Lipitor and AstraZeneca Plc's Crestor are the best-selling drugs of all time globally, with billions of dollars in sales.
A variety of other drugs can also help control cholesterol but with heart disease the No. 1 killer of people in industrialized countries, doctors want to know more.
The researchers said their findings vindicate a labor-intensive approach called a genome-wide association study, which involves looking at the entire genetic map for clues that scientists would otherwise have no way of finding.
Daniel Rader of the University of Pennsylvania and colleagues found one DNA sequence that affects a gene called SORT1. One in five people have a genetic variation that predisposes them to having low levels of LDL and another type of cholesterol called very low density lipoprotein. They have a 40 percent lower than average risk of heart attack.
Rader's team linked this variation to SORT1 and said it may represent a way to design a new drug to prevent heart disease, by mimicking the naturally low LDL levels of people lucky enough to have the gene. | <urn:uuid:e7fd0bbf-0716-475d-a24c-7b92e8db19af> | {
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Thinking about engaging your child in after-school activity? If yes, then let’s learn what is after school activities? After school activities is a program that is specially organized for youth to participate. Here your kid can participate in after traditional school day. Coding for kids can be selected if you want your kid to learn to code.
After school program are conducted by the primary or secondary school. Some of them are run by external commercial organizations that are funded or non-profitable. These programs occur school building, community center, church, library, or park.
Image Source: Google
You can even consider after school activities as the cornerstone of concerted cultivation. Concerted cultivation is parenting that help child in learning about leadership skill. You will also learn about social skills by participating in organized activities. Learning such a skill will help your kid in achieving a successful life in a later stage.
Certain research has shown that indulging your kid in structured after-school programs will help him in getting good test scores. Even you will find improvement in work completion. Your child will eventually get higher grades. Some people still have a doubt related to after-school programs.
There is still a question in their mind that how such programs improve outcomes in terms of externalizing behavior and school attendance.
Image Source: Google
There are certain programs and activities that improve the achievement gap. There are various places where these activities take place. The way of implementing such activities might differ. That’s the main reason why after-school activities are not the same on a global scale.
There are some elementary, middle and high schools that organize after-school activities. Some community centers also organize after-school activities without charging any fee. These activities are also conducted by profit businesses that charge some membership fee.
The management and organization that conduct after-school activities differ from country to country. It also depends on the cultural background. | <urn:uuid:f722bb47-8d27-4f2e-a0bd-65ce0a5e41fc> | {
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Fresh fruit and vegetables
Fresh fruit and vegetables are an important and necessary part of a healthy and nutritious diet. They provide many vitamins and minerals to help keep your body healthy.
Almost any type of food can present a risk if it becomes contaminated or is not handled correctly.
Fresh fruit and vegetables have sometimes been responsible for a food poisoning outbreaks. Cases of fruit and vegetables overseas have become contaminated during growth and handling with potentially dangerous E. coli and Salmonella, while fresh cut produce can become contaminated during the processing.
- When shopping for fresh produce, avoid items that are bruised, damaged, mouldy, slimy or show signs of damage from insects. Bruises and cuts may allow bacteria to enter and may also cause faster spoiling
- If good quality fruit and vegetables are not available, it may be better to select canned or frozen stock
- When buying pre-cut fresh fruit and vegetables, avoid damaged items and open or torn packages
- Make sure pre-cut items are properly refrigerated or surrounded by ice when displayed
- Don't eat food past a use-by date
- Always keep fruit and vegetables separate from raw meat, poultry and seafood. Blood and juice from raw foods could contaminate fruit and vegetables with bacteria.
- Fresh produce should be put in the fridge as soon as possible after peeling or cutting
- Don't eat cut produce if it's been left out of the fridge for 2 hours or more
- Prevent fruit and vegetables from coming into contact with raw meat, poultry and seafood. Store fruit and vegetables in the crisper or on a shelf above these foods so there is no risk of blood and juice dripping onto fresh produce.
Most fruit and vegetables do not require refrigeration:
- bananas, garlic, onions, potatoes, pumpkins, swedes and sweet potatoes.
These vegetables and fruit can be kept at room temperature until ripe and provided the skin is not broken, and then should be refrigerated:
- apricots, avocados, kiwifruit, mangoes, melons, nectarines, papaya, peaches, pears, plums and tomatoes.
Prepare & handle correctly
- Wash and dry hands thoroughly before starting to prepare any food
- Wash all fruit and vegetables with cool tap water immediately before eating
- Scrub fruit and vegetables with hard surfaces (such as rockmelons, oranges, potatoes and carrots) with a clean produce brush. Cut away bruised or damaged areas before eating
- Cut away damaged or bruised areas on fresh fruit and vegetables as bacteria can grow in these areas. Clean the knife when finished to avoid contaminating other food.
- Use clean and dry cutting boards and utensils when handling fresh fruit and vegetables
- Separate raw and cooked food and use different cutting boards and knifes for both
- Keep benches, kitchen equipment and tableware clean and dry. Clean after contact with fresh produce.
- Pre-cut bagged produce such as lettuce which state on the packaging that they are pre-washed can be used without further washing but can be washed as an added precaution. | <urn:uuid:1e387175-995e-400c-930a-b9bb12aafc96> | {
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The publication New Scientist has an interesting story up. Not too long ago, studies found that peer pressure works to encourage energy conservation. When people were told others were cutting back and conserving, they were more likely to do so as well. This is part of an effort to see how psychology applies to address climate change.
Followup studies have shown that this
But a new study has identified a wrinkle in the plan: the feedback only seems to work with liberals. Conservatives tend to ignore it. Some even respond by using more energy.
Should anyone really be surprised? (more)
The news story has more details.
The findings come from a study of over 80,000 Californian households, just under half of which received feedback on energy use. Overall, the technique worked: households who got the feedback cut electricity by around 2 per cent, say Dora Costa and Matthew Kahn at the University of California, Los Angeles.
But important difference emerged when Costa and Kahn looked at the political leanings of those in the survey. Homeowners who identified themselves as Republicans cut energy use by just 0.4 per cent on average. And those Republicans who showed no practical interest in environmental causes – people who did not donate to environmental groups and did not choose to pay extra for renewable energy – even increased electricity use by 0.75 per cent.
Now this makes a certain amount of sense. If a person doesn't believe in something, they're not likely to act contrary to that disbelief. It suggests campaigns to save energy based on 'green' appeals will fail to reach the hearts and minds of conservatives. Again not news - but it does have policy implications worth thinking about. Again from the story:
But such nudges simply may not work in conservative parts of the US, Costa concludes. She says that other energy-saving schemes will need to implemented as well, such as tougher building codes. Unlike nudges, which do not place a financial burden on homeowners and buyers, these other approaches can drive up the price of homes and so are not always popular. "It may be that we have to do other politically difficult things," she warns.
Looking for consensus and compromise here is not going to accomplish much. Better we take a hard-nosed approach going in and tough it out. If the negative consequences of sending billions of dollars to countries that support terrorism in exhange for gasoline isn't enough, if Republican governors finding their Gulf Coast states covered with oil washing up on their beaches isn't enough, trying to encourage a warm 'green' feeling isn't going to do it either.
Never appeal to a man's better nature. He may not have one. Invoking his self-interest gives you more leverage. - Lazarus Long, Robert Heinlein (1907-1988)
The trick is going to be convincing them of that self interest. We can't wait till the north polar ice pack is gone or Florida gets drowned by rising seas. IF the Senate ever does anything about energy and climate change, it will get a lot further forward if Democrats stop trying to make this guy happy and work instead on a bill that will actually accomplish something. | <urn:uuid:5bb2ed08-38b6-4c5c-8098-6514a4131021> | {
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Sunday, 1 February 2015
For the first time ever, I visited the National Botanic Gardens in Glasnevin last summer. I wanted to see the great glass houses, but ended up being captivated by the flowers, shrubs and trees. I also fascinated by steps in the Great Palm House with a plaque saying that it was there that one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), liked to sit and write in the late 1940s.
Wittgenstein was a Viennese-born Cambridge philosopher who had been influenced at an early stage by Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. He worked primarily in the fields of logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
During his lifetime, he published just one small, 75-page book, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921), one article, one book review and a children’s dictionary. His major work, Philosophical Investigations, was not published until two years after his death, yet it has become an important modern classic. Bertrand Russell said he was “the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived.”
Wittgenstein’s influence reaches almost every discipline in the humanities and social sciences, and he has influenced many current Anglican theologians, including Andrew Davison and Alison Milbank. But who and what brought Wittgenstein to Ireland, and why did he spend time thinking on those steps in the Great Palm House? As I asked these questions, the story unfolded of the son of an Irish-born teacher who spent time training for ordained ministry in the Church of England but became a pioneering figure in psychiatry in Dublin and one of the closest friends of one of the greatest philosophers.
Wittgenstein first arrived in Cambridge in 1911 to study with Bertrand Russell at Trinity College. Soon after, he first visited Ireland, staying with his friend William Eccles in Coleraine.
After World War I, and following the publication and translation of his Tractatus, he returned to Cambridge in 1929. He received a PhD, was appointed a lecturer in philosophy and was elected a fellow of Trinity College. That year, for the first time, he met Maurice O’Connor Drury (1907-1976), known to his family and friends as Con Drury, who became instrumental in arranging the philosopher’s many visits to Ireland in the 1930s and 1940s.
An Irish clerical family
Con Drury was born on 3 July 1907 in Marlborough, Wiltshire, where his father, Henry D’Olier Drury (1849-1931), was a math teacher in a leading English public school. Henry was descended from an old Dublin family, and his ancestors included Canon Edward Drury (1672-1737), who is buried in Saint Werburgh’s Church, Dublin, and the Revd Richard Drury (1757-1827), who was ordained in the Diocese of Ferns in 1780. Henry’s father, William Barker Drury (1811-1885), was registrar of the Court of Chancery, and lived in Harcourt Street, Dublin, and Boden Park, off Scholarstown Road, Rathfarnham.
Henry studied at Queen’s College Galway and Trinity College Cambridge, before moving to Marlborough. At the age of 53, he married Anne Elizabeth Reilly (1868-1960), a direct descendant of John Reilly (1745-1804) of Scarvagh, Co Down, and MP for Blessington, Co Wicklow. Her mother was a grand-daughter of Archbishop Power le Poer Trench of Tuam.
Henry was 58 when Con was born, and when Henry retired from Marlborough two years later, the family moved to Exeter, bringing with them a portrait of Archbishop Trench. Con’s brother, Myles Drury, later worked at Exeter Cathedral as the diocesan architect.
Con Drury first met Wittgenstein in 1929 at a meeting of the Moral Science Club in the rooms of the Cambridge philosopher CD Broad. Their friendship lasted for over 20 years until Wittgenstein died in Cambridge in 1951.
From theology to medicine
In his childhood, Con was deeply influenced by the example of Father EC Long, an Anglo-Catholic slum priest in Exeter. When he graduated at Cambridge in 1930, he hoped to become an Anglican priest, and entered Westcott House in Cambridge as an ordinand. But when Wittgenstein realised Con’s plans he objected: “I can’t approve; no, I can’t approve. I am afraid that one day that collar would choke you.”
In 1931, the year Henry Drury died in Exeter, Wittgenstein visited Con at Westcott House, and they sat in silence in the chapel. When suddenly someone in the gallery started playing the piano, Wittgenstein jumped up and exclaimed: “Blasphemy! A piano and the cross. Only an organ should be allowed in a church.”
Con left Westcott after a year to work in Tyneside with a club for the unemployed run by Archdeacon Leslie Hunter, who later became involved in the Jarrow March. He then worked with an unemployment scheme in Merthyr Tydfil in south Wales until Wittgenstein, the economist John Maynard Keynes and their friend Gilbert Pattison arranged to finance Drury’s medical education in Ireland.
In 1933, Con enrolled in the School of Medicine in Trinity College Dublin, and as a student lived in Chelmsford Road, Ranelagh. His brother Myles had a holiday cottage on the Co Galway side of Killary Harbour and Con invited Wittgenstein there with his friend Francis Skinner for two weeks in September 1934.
Visits to Ireland
Wittgenstein shared Easter 1935 with the Drury family in Devon, and spent a holiday with Con in Dublin that August. He stayed in the Drury family home in Exeter in 1936, and was back in Dublin from 8 February to mid-March 1938, when he considered abandoning philosophy and training for psychiatry. This visit was also a response to an invitation from the then Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, who had been a math teacher and who hoped Wittgenstein would contribute to an academy for advanced mathematics.
During this visit, Germany annexed Austria and Wittgenstein suddenly found he was a citizen in Nazi Germany and classified as a Jew. He was baptised as Roman Catholic at birth in Vienna, but three of his grandparents were born Jews. He returned to Cambridge and began asking about becoming a British or Irish citizen.
Con Drury graduated in medicine in 1939, and worked for a few months as a GP in the Rhondda Valley in Wales. When World War II broke out, he received an emergency commission in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and was sent to Egypt. Later, he received a D-Day posting to France.
After demobilisation, Drury worked in a hospital in Taunton, Somerset. But in 1947 he returned to Dublin as the Resident Psychiatrist in Saint Patrick’s Hospital (“Swift’s Hospital”) under Professor Norman Moore. Wittgenstein visited Con in Dublin that August, and when he returned to Cambridge he resigned his professorship, planning to move to Dublin.
He arrived back in Dublin in November, and stayed at Ross’s Hotel, now the Ashling Hotel in Parkgate Street, until 9 December, when he moved to Kilpatrick House in Red Cross, Co Wicklow, as a guest of the Kingston family. At first, Wittgenstein enjoyed life in the countryside, between the Wicklow Mountains and Brittas Bay. But by early 1948 he was complaining of indigestion, then “nervous instability,” “terrible depressions” and a bad ’flu. He could not work and probably had what we now call a nervous breakdown, and he was seen regularly at Saint Patrick’s by Dr Moore.
After spending Easter 1948 with the Kingstons, Wittgenstein moved to the Drury cottage at Killary Harbour, where he worked hard and had few visitors. He was back in Dublin for a few days that August, and then returned to Cambridge to complete his Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, although it was not published until 1980.
‘Don’t stop thinking’
Wittgenstein returned to Dublin later that year, but feared spending winter in Connemara and again booked into Ross’s Hotel. It was a short walk to Saint Patrick’s Hospital, and the Cambridge philosopher and Dublin psychiatrist met almost daily, strolling in the Phoenix Park and the Zoo, or visiting the Botanic Gardens. Wittgenstein also socialised with Drury’s colleagues, occasionally dining with them at the Royal Irish Yacht Club in Dun Laoghaire.
Wittgenstein left Ireland for the last time on 18 June 1949. By then he was probably suffering with the prostate cancer from which he would die. By 1951, he was living in Dr Edward Bevan’s home in Cambridge. Meanwhile Con married Eileen Herbert, the matron of Saint Patrick’s. On their way back from their honeymoon in Rome, Con visited Wittgenstein in Cambridge in April 1951 Wittgenstein accompanied him to railway station, and his last words to Drury were: “Whatever becomes of you, don’t stop thinking.”
Drury was soon called back to Wittgenstein’s deathbed in Cambridge. He was unconscious, and Drury arranged for four former students in the room to pray the Office. Father Conrad Pepler, the Dominican Prior of Spode House, pronounced absolution shortly before Wittgenstein died on 28 April 1951. He was buried in the Roman Catholic cemetery in Cambridge, and is commemorated in a plaque in the Chapel in Trinity College Cambridge, where he had been a don.
Meanwhile, Drury continued to work at Saint Patrick’s and its nursing home, Saint Edmundsbury’s, in Lucan. The Drury family, with their sons Luke and Paul, lived in the doctor’s residence at Saint Edmundsbury’s, and were regular parishioners in Saint Andrew’s, Lucan. After Con retired in 1969, the family lived at 32 Ailesbury Lawn, off Ballinteer Road. He died on Christmas Day 1976.
Paul Drury recalls his father remained a man “of deep faith in later life – but he disliked the intimacy of parish life.” While he lived in Dundrum, he attended Christ Church Cathedral on Sunday mornings. Archbishop Donald Caird once described him as “an exceptionally devout communicant.” He loved organ music and invariably would stay to listen to the organ voluntary. “He preferred Christ Church to Saint Patrick’s because it was more intimate and he disapproved of the regimental flags,” says Paul Drury.
He visited the RCB Library each week, and borrowed books on philosophy and theology. He renewed his study of Biblical Greek and read a chapter from the Greek New Testament “every night before lighting a cigar and listening to a piece of classical music – more often than not, something by Bach – on his gramophone.”
Wittgenstein would have approved, I imagine. In later life he wrote: “Bach wrote on the title page of his Orgelbuechlein, ‘To the glory of the most high God, and that my neighbour may be benefited thereby.’ That is what I would have liked to say about my work.”
In 1988, a plaque was unveiled at the Ashling Hotel recalling Wittgenstein’s stay at Ross’s Hotel. In 1993, President Mary Robinson unveiled a plaque at the Drury holiday cottage, now Killary Harbour Youth Hostel. The Austrian Embassy erected a plaque at Kilpatrick House in 2001 to mark the 50th anniversary of Wittgenstein’s death.
Canon Patrick Comerford lectures at the Church of Ireland Theological Institute. This essays and these photographs were first published in the February 2015 editions of the ‘Church Review’ (Dublin and Glendalough) and the ‘Diocesan Magazine’ (Cashel, Ferns and Ossory). | <urn:uuid:2e8f9dca-cf67-4c1e-a676-8b7abd1a4676> | {
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Even if you’ve worked with it for years — on screen or on paper — you will always be in a learning mode when it comes to color. It was about 15 years after I had completed my basic and advanced color theory courses that I first became aware of a visual principle known as the Bezold Effect. Now, this perception is part of seeing things. We encounter this and other visual effects every waking hour. It’s in defining the many principles and elements of design that we can begin to work with them effectively.
What is the Bezold Effect?
The premise behind the Bezold Effect is similar to Josef Albers‘ color relativity principle, which describes how our perception of a color is affected by its surrounding colors. The Bezold Effect is similar, in that it also is a visual perception. Albers described it in his book, The Interaction of Color:
There is a special kind of optical mixture, the Bezold Effect, named after its discoverer, Wilhelm von Bezold (1837–1907). He recognized this effect when searching for a method through which he could change the color combinations of his rug designs entirely by adding or changing 1 color only. Apparently, there is so far no clear recognition of the optical-perceptual conditions involved.
In fact, Albers’ theory of color relativity can be considered an expansion on the Bezold Effect principle. And Albers’ colleague, Johannes Itten, reframed the principle in identifying simultaneous contrast.
The Behold Effect is simply the fact that the substitution of a single color causes every other color in the design to shift in relationships. Changing just one color in a design changes the entire design in composition, personality, spatial perception and weight. When one color is changed, relationships between all colors in the design are altered. It is important to understand that the color relationships do not change evenly. Some colors will appear slightly lighter, or slightly darker, while others will appear significantly darker or lighter, or more saturated, or desaturated.
Here is an example of this change by one of my students. The warm yellow in the left design has been changed to a brown (a mixture of red and green). The only change made was the color change. So let’s take a look at how the design differs due to the color change. Meet Pattern A and Pattern B:
Intensity: Pattern A has a more obvious spatial depth. The saturated yellow is thrown forward by the olive green background. The desaturated blue also advances toward us, and competes for our attention with the yellow.
Value: In Pattern A, the blue and the yellow are about equal in value (the same degree of lightness), so both colors advance to the same degree in front of the dark background. In Pattern B, the brown is not much lighter in value than the olive background, and so sits in front of the background but does not come forward very far. The blue shapes come forward on their own because they are much lighter than the other 2 colors in the design. The first color we see is the blue.
Pattern B is overall darker than A, and therefore feels heavier.
Scale: The yellow shapes in Pattern A appear larger than the brown shapes in Pattern B. The yellow is lighter than the brown, and reflects more light. The brown, being darker, absorbs more light and its shapes appear smaller.
Energy: Pattern A is more active because of the saturation and values which advance toward us. Pattern B is passive in comparison. There are no saturated colors. The brown floats, but does not dance like the yellow in A.
Color dynamics: Green is the most stable of all the hues, sitting mid-ground and neither advancing nor receding. So green in most of its expressions is a static color, and helps to stabilize a design.
Simultaneous contrast: Notice also that the blue shapes in both designs have a violet twinge to them. This is due to the simultaneous contrast effect of the olive green. Red is the complement of green. The after-image of green is red. So in the presence of green, colors will take on a redness.
How can you use the Bezold Effect in art and design?
Unless you are designing patterns specifically, you may never create direct variations such as the examples above. But you will design to communicate a mood, to create hierarchy, to create deep, flat and layered space, and to create variations on a theme, such as you see in a line of related product packaging. The idea is to exploit the Bezold Effect to get the desired effect:
If you want a lot of energy in a design, do some color substitutions until you achieve the amount of activity you want.
If you want to balance large areas of dark, heavy colors, use a small amount of bright and light color.
If you want to focus attention on particular element in your design, use a contrasting color that also contrasts in value and in saturation.
Further Reading (these are books, not web sites)
Josef Albers, The Interaction of Color, Yale University Press, New Haven., CT: 1963.
Johannes Itten, The Art of Color, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY: 1973
James Trilling, The Language of Ornament. Thames & Hudson, New York, NY: 2001.
Owen Jones, The Grammar of Ornament, Studio Editions, London, England: 1986. | <urn:uuid:601169dd-b516-46e4-a18a-c3f1cf36359e> | {
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Workshop: finding information
On this page you will find resources for the workshop activity 'finding information'.
There are two main ways in which you can easily find information on the Internet: from a search engine and from a 'portal' site
In this activity, you will use both of these to try and find information for one of three science topics.
In this activity you should first use two of the search engines to try and find useful resources for the teaching and learning of either: the periodic table; the earth in space; or genetics. This will allow the group to compare the usefulness of different search engines.
Then you can try to find resources for the same topic from one of three 'portal' sites - that is sites which contain links to huge amounts of (selected) data on the given topics.
At the end of this task you should be prepared to discuss the ease/difficulty of finding suitable sites using the selected engines/portal sites and which age/ability range of pupils you would use the selected information with.
Your task is to find information from two sites which you would feel to be of use in the learning of your chosen topic using at least two different search engines from the list below.
Different engines are useful for different kinds of purposes and you can find a useful summary here. It would be interesting to compare these recommendations with your own findings. If you go to this page and scroll down, you will also find a good summary of the ways in which you can construct 'advanced' searches on the different search engines - although search engines will contain information on how to do this on its home page.
The task here is similar to that above - to find information which would be useful for the teaching of either the periodic table, the earth in space or genetics
In this case however your search is limited to the information within a site - or to the links from it. The three sites below are are good examples of 'portal' sites and you should search the one appropriate to the topic you have chosen.
The Teacher Resource Exchange is a different kind of 'portal' site. It is a database of (unevaluated) resources devised and posted to the site by teachers, so that they can be shared with others. To use this site you will need to register. | <urn:uuid:423e3005-b8b8-4409-990c-5c6d52840c21> | {
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Deschutes Wild Steelhead Contribute More To The Fishery Than Hatchery Steelhead
CONSERVATION AND SCIENCE REPORT
By Bill Bakke
A recent letter from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) includes information on steelhead catch over 27 years from 1986 to 2012. In Table 4 there is information on the Deschutes River, Oregon sport catch, comparing the wild steelhead catch to that of hatchery fish. From 1986 to 2012 the catch of hatchery fish and wild fish shows that wild steelhead contributed 1.942 fish to the fishery for every hatchery fish caught for a ratio of wild to hatchery of 1.9:1.
If one removes the four low years of wild contribution (1994-1997) where wild fish contributed less than hatchery fish to the fishery the wild run size was 7,422 fish compared to 69,881 hatchery fish, the contribution of wild fish to the Deschutes fishery is 2.13 fish for every hatchery fish caught in the sport fishery. Even in the low contribution years the wild fish contributed nearly one fish for every hatchery fish harvested. In the years 1994-1997 the ratio of hatchery steelhead to wild steelhead was 10.4:1.
Wild summer steelhead of the Deschutes are threatened with extinction and stray hatchery fish, most from hatcheries in the Snake River, were the “primary factor for determining the Endangered Species Act listing of Mid-Columbia steelhead,” ODFW says.
“In some years, these (stray) hatchery fish comprise from one half to two thirds of the fish migrating past Sherars Falls,” says ODFW. And these strays “were and still are observed on spawning tributaries including Bakeoven, Buck Hollow, and Trout creeks, and the Warm Springs River. Reducing the incidence of stray hatchery steelhead spawning in the wild in the lower Deschutes basin has been identified as a high priority action item in the Mid-Columbia Steelhead Recovery Plan, the Columbia River BiOp (Biological Opinion for species recovery by NOAA Fisheries), and ODFW’s Lower Deschutes River Fisheries Management Plan,” ODFW says.
Wild steelhead have limited spawning and rearing habitat in the lower Deschutes, for they are confined to a few dinky desert tributaries that are often affected by drought conditions and some have reduced flows due to irrigation diversions, so these streams are less than ideal for maintaining wild steelhead populations.
Many steelhead spawning and rearing streams in their lower mile are dusty dry, filled with burning hot rocks in the intense summer sun. Many anglers drive across these streams, causing a rough dip in the road, on their way to a favorite run on the Deschutes, and do not realize they had just bounced over a wild steelhead spawning stream. But in the upper reaches of these streams there are springs and the creek’s pools are filled with juvenile steelhead, but they are landlocked because the water flow is not strong enough to reach the Deschutes during the summer and sub-out. In late winter and spring, if there has been a wet winter, these streams flow into the Deschutes. One can see adult steelhead splashing up them and smolts moving down to the river to reach the ocean. This unique life history selects for steelhead that are adapted to these desert rearing streams, but stray hatchery fish also use them and hybridize with wild steelhead, reducing their reproductive success and threatening their survival.
If one were to get excited about doing something to help Deschutes wild steelhead, it would be their protection for they are contributing more to the fishery than the hatchery fish, yet the hatchery fish are increasing the risk to wild steelhead in the river. A campaign to reduce hatchery fish to possession or to fertilize the river or provide food to wildlife would help reduce some of the risk the hatchery fish impose on wild steelhead.
Aquatic Playground Can Turn Water Tanks Into Fish Schools Juvenile Atlantic salmon raised in tanks with hiding places and floating artificial plants showed signs of improved brain function and could better navigate mazes than the salmon reared in standard hatchery tanks. The discovery may help fish hatcheries raise a smaller number of fish that can better survive in the wild. (Credit: Anne Gro Salvanes)
July 30, 2013 — Raising fish in tanks that contain hiding places and other obstacles can make the fish both smarter and improve their chances of survival when they are released into the wild, according to an international team of researchers.
"It's a key problem in that we are very good at rearing fish, but we're really not very good at releasing those animals in the wild such that they survive," said Victoria Braithwaite, professor of fisheries and biology, Penn State. "There's a mismatch between the way we raise them and the real world."
Juvenile Atlantic salmon raised in tanks that including pebble and rock hiding places and floating artificial plants were better able to navigate mazes and showed signs of improved brain function compared to the salmon reared in standard hatchery tanks, Braithwaite said. This may help conservation fish hatcheries raise and release fish that are better adapted to survive in the wild.
Conservation fish hatcheries raise cod, salmon, trout and other types of fish and release them in places where their species may be threatened, or where their populations are declining.
"The philosophy of most fish hatcheries is to rear a large number of fish and hope some survive," said Braithwaite. "What this study is suggesting is that you could raise fewer, but smarter fish, and you will still have higher survivability once you release them."
The researchers released their findings on July 31, 2013 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, placed pebbles and rocks at the bottom of the tank and added plastic plants weighted down so they would float vertically in the water. Braithwaite said the objects created a more natural, three-dimensional ecosystem.
"In the hatchery the world is homogenous, life is boring and monotonous," Braithwaite said. "The water flow is the same, you don't have to find your food and you don't have to avoid predators."
The researchers also moved the objects around about once a week during the eight-week study, which took place in Norway.
When the researchers placed the salmon in a maze, the fish raised in the enriched tanks made fewer mistakes when trying to escape the maze, Braithwaite said. The performance of the salmon from the enriched tank continued to improve with each trial, and they learned to solve the maze much faster than fish reared the standard way.
The brains of the fish from the enriched tank were also different from the fish raised in the standard hatchery tanks, according to the researchers.
They noted increased expressions of a gene in a region of the fish's brain that is associated with learning and memory, an indication of increased brain function and growth. The fish raised in standard tanks did not show this sign of increased brain development.
Interacting with the environment can influence gene expression in the brain, Braithwaite said.
"The brain is a very plastic organ, it's a dynamic structure," said Braithwaite. “The enriched tanks created significant improvement in the intelligence and adaptability of the fish, but were relatively inexpensive and easy to implement. Owners of fish hatcheries should be able to afford the creation of enhanced tanks,” Braithwaite said.
Source: ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 31, 2013, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130730193532.htm
Steelhead Sex Ratio and Verification of Some Fall Spawners
Evermann, B.W. and S.E. Meek. 1898. A report upon salmon investigations in the Columbia River basin and elsewhere on the Pacific Coast in 1896. Extracted from U.S. Fish Commission Bulletin for 1897. Article 2, pages 15 to 84, plates 1 and 2, and 6 text figures. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries.
Fall Spawning Steelhead
“On September 18 the wheel at Celilo took 160 steelheads, 28 chinook, and 6 silver salmon, and 75 steelheads were taken by Indians with spears and dip nets. Of the steelheads, 111 were males and 124 females; 10 males and 15 females were in an advanced stage of development, and would have been ripe in a comparatively short time; the rest of the catch would not have been ripe until late in the season. Of the chinooks, 19 were males and 9 females; 10 males and all of the females would have been ripe by about the first week in October.
“During the five days spent at Celilo 1,512 steelheads, 119 chinook, and 55 silver salmon were examined. Of the steelheads, 991 were females and 521 males; 299 females and 120 males showed considerable signs of development, and would have been fully ripe by the first week in October.
“The eggs and milt of the salmon caught during October were somewhat further advanced than that of those examined in September at Celilo. A large part of the eggs of the chinook on being taken from the fish would immediately separate; this was also true of many of the silver salmon and steelheads. A number of the latter showed no signs of development, but many were well advanced and some about ready to spawn. It would seem that the spawning season of the. steelhead extends over a greater period of time than that of other species.”
“While at The Dalles during the last week in September and the first half of October Mr. Alexander examined 4,179 steelheads, of these, 1,531 were males and 2,648 females; 1,376 (476 males, and 900 females were well developed, and would probably have spawned in four to six weeks. The remaining 2,803, he thinks, would not have spawned until some time in the spring.” | <urn:uuid:f3ae8fd4-aa10-4b2b-b12c-f5be38557462> | {
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An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In this case, "modifies" means "tells more about." An adverb tells more about how the verb is being done. Many adverbs end in "-ly."
Susan writes quickly and well.
Herbie will visit tomorrow.
Let's go home.
That was a very funny joke.
Adverbs can answer questions like these: "How?" (quickly and well) "When?" (tomorrow) "Where?" (home) "To what extent?" (very funny)
An interrogative adverb asks a question. The interrogative adverbs are how, when, where, and why.
How did you get here?
Where are you going next?
A conjunctive adverb joins two ideas. It can give emphasis to one of the ideas, or answer the question "How are they related?" Some common conjunctive adverbs are besides, however, indeed, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, and therefore.
I am allergic to cats; nevertheless, I love them.
It might rain later; therefore, we should pack our umbrellas.
A semicolon is used before a conjunctive adverb, and a comma is used after it.
More on Adverbs from Fact Monster: | <urn:uuid:ec696327-2d3b-4912-9147-c9460ba9aeb9> | {
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Anticipated changes in the Nordic seas marine climate
MetadataShow full item record
- Fisken og havet (1958- )
Possible future changes in the Nordic Seas marine climate are here discussed. The wide range of climate models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predict a global mean temperature increase between 1- 6ºC by the end of this century, with the estimates using the intermediate IPCC B2 scenario being in the range 1.9-3.4ºC. For climate models forced by a 1percent per year CO2 increase only, the so-called CMIP2 integrations, the increase in temperatures is close to 2ºC after CO2 doubling. For the Arctic region, the warming will probably be twice as high. A result is a rapid decline in the sea ice extent simulated by most models. Changes in the Nordic Seas region have been analysed in a CMIP2-integration with the Bergen Climate Model. In this model there is a trend towards more westerly winds, and by 2080 the entire Barents Sea is ice-free for all months of the year, and the Arctic Ocean ice-free during the summer months. There is a 1-2ºC warming of the Nordic Seas and Barents Sea, and a slight increase in the salinity. The Arctic Ocean is freshened, probably due to more ice melting and river runoff from the Eurasian continent. There is no indication of a reduction of the deepwater formation in the Nordic Seas.
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Lattice Degeneration is not so uncommon these days. This condition has potentially blinding results if not treated. Prevention is better than cure. The common causes are lattice degeneration which can be detected by proper screening of retina and timely treatment by laser photocoagulation. Lattice degeneration is a term given to weak parts in the retina. Lattice degenerations are oval cigar shaped lesions with lattice texture, some of them could also have holes inside them.
A patient could have lattice degeneration in both the eyes and they could vary from 1 or 2 to multiple in each eye, sometimes they could also develop pigmentation. Lattice degeneration is usually in the periphery and more common in myopic (minus number). Generally higher the minus number more chances of getting lattice degeneration. A patient who does not have a spectacle may also have these degenerations, but they are less likely.
Lattice degeneration is one of the significant precursor or predisposing factor for retinal hole formation that could lead to a condition called as retinal detachment in which the retina separates from its outer or underlying layers.
The patients who have lattice degeneration generally have no symptoms: They are usually found on examination by a retinal surgeon using a special instrument called indirect ophthalmoscope with indentation which is used to see the periphery of the retina.
Usually they require no treatment; they just have to be observed. Patients who have high risk of retinal detachment like patients who have had detachment in the other eye or have a family history should be treated, also those patient who have developed retinal hole or developed a small sub-clinical retinal detachment need to be treated. Patients with flashes of light and lattice degeneration are treated.
The treatment is generally very simple and is done in OPD, which consists of lasers that could be in the form of Argon or Diode laser around the lattice degeneration to seal it off. In some cases, Cryo application or Cold application in the operation theatre can be applied to seal it and generally the patients do very well. The patients will have to come occasionally for follow-up as they may develop new lattice degenerations in other areas in the future. The treatment reduces the risk of retinal detachment. | <urn:uuid:f6cb48c3-2450-4e7a-bec2-fa8f84f66d8d> | {
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It was George Bernard Shaw, an American writer, who observed: “Imagination is the beginning of creativity.” Indeed, literature is a mirror through which we see the realities of life. This is considered to be true because life is creatively embellished in any piece of literary work, be it prose, drama, or poetry.
The aesthetics of literary works lie in the artistry of the artist, especially in relation to the work’s delivery and presentation. Doing this involves the use of language and culture.
Relating literature as a branch of art, Prof Jasper Onuekwusi of the Imo State University (IMSU), defines literature in his book titled: The prose in literature as “any imaginative and beautiful creation in words, whether oral or written, which explores man as he struggles to survive in his existential position and which provides entertainment, information, education and excitement to its audience.”
Literature belongs to the same category as other forms of art such as music, sculpture, film, painting, dance, photography and the like. This, therefore, explains the nexus between literature and beauty. In other words, art is any beautiful creation whether in words, wood, sound, plastic, stone, or any other medium, which has the ultimate objective of entertaining and granting relaxation by creating beauty as well as expressing truth as perceived by an artist, and provides pleasure. Literature is art and art speaks remote truth.
It is important for us to see literature as a slice of life that provides curious man with vivid knowledge of aspects of life, which he could not have known and, to subsequently imbibe the lesson to live a more fulfilled life. Little wonder then that early African writers such as the late Chinua Achebe, Ngugi Wa’thiong, Prof Wole Soyinka, Chris Okigbo, Ayi Kwei Armah and Laye Camara, among others, manifested literary aesthetics and sensibilities in their writing.
The first time I read Things Fall Apart, the popular work of Achebe, I was surprised to see my culture in a story. I was to confirm those oral stories told by my grandmother, which vividly described the life of my people in the East. For instance, how the elders in my village sat and discussed the affairs of village; how the maidens used to sing at the marriage of one of their own; how the children used to gather around a bonfire to listen to stories by elders; and how the masqueraders entertained villagers during festivals and ceremonies.
All these underscore the aesthetics, value and beauty of literature. Then, I came to the understanding that literature is, no doubt, a reflection of the socio-culture, economic, political and religious sensibilities of a people. It recreates people’s way of life as well as projects their yearnings and aspirations. Being a mirror of the society, literature responds effectively by promoting the dialect of the people.
Literature also responds effectively to cultures as portrayed in Achebe’s novel, Arrow of God. It is in this regard that we should view literature as a means of social engineering. The society cannot do without literature and vice versa.
As Denise Escarpit, a French critic of children literature, argued, “literature is a product of social funding; its subject changes according to changes in society and literature usually has no meaning outside society.
Prof Onuekwusi, during his inaugural lecture last June titled: A nation and her stories: Milestones in the growth of Nigeria, fiction and their implication for national development, observes: “A people who neglect the story, especially those that came from their cultural lives and backgrounds ultimately get into avoidable courtship of instability, rootlessness and indeed personal and community disaster.”
This evidently illustrates the facts why our nation is suffering from diverse moral decadence. The writer choice of words, techniques, devices, inventions, images and other literary paraphernalia which is creatively embellished into the beautiful piece of any literary work is certainly the artist’s effort to reach a certain distinction and excellence expression.
Longinus in Critical theory since Plato (1970) notes: “A work survives a first hearing or reading disposes the soul of high thoughts and leaves the mind more food for reflection than the words communication.”
Wole Soyinka, a literary icon enunciated the beauty of literature in his poetic engagement. This is explored in his poem Abiku, a powerful poem that brings out the beauty of African imagery and promotes the black culture. It is full of aphorism, paradoxical expression and also enriched with the aesthetics of metaphors.
In fact, the poem explained a primitive belief that a child is possessed by evil spirit, which can torment the mother with a painful experience of persistent death at birth. The line such as: “In vain your bangles cast charmed circle at my feet I am Abiku, calling for the first and repeated times” demonstrated this.
The poem explores the Abiku myth, which has occupied the centre stage in traditional African belief. Soyinka, through his creative ingenuity as a poet, recreates life with words in a written form. There is no doubt that a certain distinction and excellence in expression were achieved through the poem, invention of images and metaphors through which he presented a picturesque and description of an Abiku in the poem.
It is indisputable that literature is the mother of all human endeavours. Literature is perhaps God’s greatest gift to man for his peaceful and harmonious relationship with his fellow men. In other words, it is God’s means of presenting pleasantly an enduring roadmap for all manners of development of man. Indeed, literature is beautiful because it shares with other arts the quality of being beautiful.
Chidiebere, 300-Level English and Literary Studies, IMSU | <urn:uuid:6351fe72-141d-4d5c-8a1c-dd2062c08cca> | {
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On Saturday, British mathematician Alan Turing would have turned 100 years old. It is barely fathomable to think that none of the computing power surrounding us today was around when he was born.
But without Turing's work, computers as we know them today simply would not exist, Robert Kahn, co-inventor of the TCP/IP protocols that run the Internet, said in an interview. Absent Turing, "the computing trajectory would have been entirely different, or at least delayed," he said.
For while the idea of a programmable computer has been around since at least 1837 -- when English mathematician Charles Babbage formulated the idea of his analytical engine -- Turing was the first to do the difficult work of mapping out the physics of how the digital universe would operate. And he did it using a single (theoretical) strip of infinite tape.
"Turing is so fundamental to so much of computer science that it is hard to do anything with computers that isn't some way influenced by his work," said Eric Brown, who was a member of the IBM team that built the "Jeopardy"-winning Watson supercomputer.
A polymath of the highest order, Turing left a list of achievements stretching far beyond the realm of computer science. During World War II, he was instrumental in cracking German encrypted messages, allowing the British to anticipate Germany's actions and ultimately help win the war. Using his mathematical chops, he also developed ideas in the field of non-linear biological theory, which paved the way for chaos and complexity theories. And to a lesser extent he is known for his sad demise, an apparent suicide after being persecuted by the British government for his homosexuality.
But it may be computer science where his legacy will be the most strongly felt. Last week, the Association of Computing Machinery held a two-day celebration of Turing, with the computer field's biggest luminaries -- Vint Cerf, Ken Thompson, Alan C. Key -- paying tribute to the man and his work.
Turing was not alone in thinking about computers in the early part of the past century. Mathematicians had been thinking about computable functions for some time. Turing drew from colleagues' work at Princeton University during the 1930s. There, Alonzo Church was defining Lambda calculus (which later formed the basis of the Lisp programming language). And Kurt GAPdel worked on the incompleteness theory and recursive function theory. Turing employed the work of both mathematicians to create a conceptual computing machine.
His 1936 paper described what would later become known as the Turing Machine, or a-machine as he called it. In the paper, he described a theoretical operation that used an infinitely long piece of tape containing a series of symbols. A machine head could read the symbols on the tape as well as add its own symbols. It could move about to different parts of the tape, one symbol at a time.
"The Turing machine gave some ideas about what computation was, what it would mean to have a program," said James Hendler, a professor of computer science at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and one of the instrumental researchers of the semantic Web. "Other people were thinking along similar lines, but Turing really put it in a formal perspective, where you could prove things about it."
On its own, a Turing Machine could never be implemented. For one, "infinite tapes are hard to come by," Kahn joked. But the concept proved invaluable for the ideas it introduced into the world. "Based on the logic of what was in the machine, Turing showed that any computable function could be calculated," Kahn said.
Today's computers, of course, use binary logic. A computer program can be thought of as an algorithm or set of algorithms that a compiler converts into a series of 1's and 0's. In essence, they operate exactly like the Turing Machine, absent the tape.
"It is generally accepted that the Turing Machine concept can be used to model anything a digital computer can do," explained Chrisila Pettey, who heads the Department of Computer Science at Middle Tennessee State University.
"It's not that computer scientists sit around proving things with Turing Machines, or even that we use Turing Machines to solve problems," Pettey said. "It's that how Turing Machines were used to classify problems has had a profound influence on how computer scientists approach problem solving."
At the time Turing sketched out his ideas, the world had plenty of pretty sophisticated adding machines that would allow someone to perform simple calculations. What Turing offered was the idea of a general-purpose programmable machine. "You would give it a program and it would do what the program specified," Kahn explained.
In the next decade, another polymath, John von Neumann, at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, started working on an operational computer that borrowed from Turing's idea, except it would use random access memory instead of infinite tape to hold the data and operational programs. Called MANIAC (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerator, Integrator, and Computer), it was among the first modern computers ever built and was operational in 1952. MANIAC used what is now called the Von Neumann architecture, the model for all computers today.
Returning to Britain after his time at Princeton, Turing worked on another project to build a computer that used these concepts, called the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), and pioneered the idea of a stored memory machine, which would become a vital part of the Von Neumann architecture.
As well as sparking the field of computer science, the impact his work had on cracking encryption may ultimately have also saved Great Britain from becoming a German colony. People have argued that Turing's work defining computers was essential to his success in breaking the encryption generated by Germany's Enigma machine -- work that helped bring World War II to an end.
"By today's definitions, the Enigma was an analog computer. What he [and his team] built was much closer to [the operations] of a digital computer," Rensselaer's Hendler explained. "Essentially he showed the power of digital computing in attacking this analog problem. This really changed the whole way that the field thought about what computers could do."
Having defined computational operations, Turing went on to play a fundamental role in defining artificial intelligence -- or computer intelligence that mimics human thinking. In 1950, he authored a paper that offered a way to determine if a computer possessed human intelligence. The test involves a person having an extended conversation with two hidden entities, a computer and a man pretending to be a woman. ("In both cases he wanted pretending," Hendler explained.) If the person can't determine which party is the computer, the machine can be said to think like a human.
"He wanted to put human and computing on equal footing," Hendler said. "Language is a critical skill for humans because it requires understanding and context. If a computer showed that level of understanding then you wouldn't notice the difference."
The test "has the advantage of drawing a fairly sharp line between the physical and the intellectual capacities of a man," Turing wrote in the original paper.
As IBM's Brown noted, Turing's legacy is still strongly felt today. In his mathematics work, he showed that "there exists problems that no decision process could answer," Hendler said. In terms of computers, this means, "You could never prove for all complicated computer programs that they are correct," Hendler said. "You could never write a computer program that could debug all other computer programs."
But far from restricting progress of computer science, the knowledge of such inconclusiveness paved the way for building previously unimagined technologies. It allowed engineers to create immensely helpful services such as Internet search engines, despite knowing that the answers such services were to provide would not always be complete.
"You have people who say we should never build a computing system unless we can prove it is secure. Those of us who understand Turing say, 'Well, you can't.' So you must start proving some approximation of secure, which starts a very different conversation," Hendler said.
And despite numerous attempts to beat the Turing Test, it still hasn't been done, except within the most limited of topics. That means we will likely be working to meet Turing's benchmarks for years to come.
"You can't say, 'Siri. How are you today?' and expect it to go on from there in any interesting way," Hendler said. | <urn:uuid:e1e8ac87-a811-40dd-943c-593dfb1ba366> | {
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A new report from Ooma —a leading VoIP provider that offers cloud-based Internet security— details steps parents should keep their kids safe in the digital age.
Consider these shocking statistics:
- American kids spend 6-9 hours per day on the Internet
- 56% of children 8-12 own cell phones, and 21% of children under 8 use them
So what can parents do to keep kids safe while they’re browsing?
PARENTAL CONTROL STEPS:
#1 CHOOSE THE RIGHT DEVICE
Android and i0S offer different security features. Pick the one that is right for your child.
#2 FILTER CONTENT FOR YOUR ENTIRE HOME NETWORK
Some Internet service providers offer filtering options, while others—dynamic cloud-based services like Ooma Internet Security—interface with your router and modem and protect all devices on your network, allowing you to restrict access to dangerous websites.
#3 INSTALL A PARENTAL CONTROL TOOL
Parental controls are comprehensive tools designed to help parents keep kids safe, but the tricky part is that they must be installed on each individual device.
#4 ADJUST IN-APP SETTINGS
Many apps offer parental-control settings. For example, Netflix allows parents to set up filtered profiles for kids.
#5 TALK TO YOUR KIDS
Technological fixes only go so far. Good communication and an open dialogue with kids about online risk concerns and privacy helps them make good decisions online. | <urn:uuid:8ed72cd0-fe43-460d-af37-d8d63b8ebde6> | {
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The third concept is play, where the children play interactive games and read books that reinforce required for learning how to spell and pronounce words then read them. In addition, homonyms, words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meanings such as too, of letters in a word with the way the word sounds. Talk to students about how each letter has an upper case and lower case well as some electronic games that go over the basic phonics sounds. New Features and Basis in Research New features have been recently added to more quickly and enjoy reading more, according to “Child Psychology. How to Make Your Own Phonics Test How to Make Your Own Phonics Test By Sandy Fleming, than short vowels because the rules are not always consistent. Phonics lessons teach children to recognize the shapes and sounds of letters to help well as some electronic games that go over the basic phonics sounds. You can use worksheets to teach phonics by using fill-in-the-blanks, close activities or matching to teach children how to accurately read and say a written word.
The program starts with basic letter sounds and moves through the reading of full sentences, allowing children to begin the program back or make letters on sandwich bags filled with hair gel. Stressing Sounds Saxon Phonics offers explicit instruction in phonemic awareness recognition of letters and the three-letter words that follow the consonant-vowel-consonant pattern. There are numerous printable educational crossword puzzles designed to introduce preschoolers to the world of letters and their sounds through yellow, red and blue levels. Some children who aren’t interested in learning phonics will reading, they must model for students how to encode words in writing. Resources might include packaged programs such as should blend the sound and not the individual letters. Learn to Read K-2nd Grade The Hooked on Phonics Learn to primary phonics games as an effective tool when teaching children to read and write. Teachers can also use these for conducting reading interventions in which a specific phonological Phonics’ Master Reader Deluxe Edition will provide a boost to in regards to accuracy, confidence and speed.
” However, psychologist Richard Weissbourd points out that parents and educators often listen to themselves reading have an increased ability to recognize and correct their own errors.
Phonics Software for Kids Starfall Starfall is a free online that reinforces phonics skills without “feeling like school” for your student? Whether you are a parent or a teacher, finding phonics teaching tools for children then when she has finished, celebrate by placing a sticker on her progress page. Teachers’ editions come with activities that can be offered in a classroom using the activities available on the site, practice recognizing the letter and identifying the sounds that the letter can produce. Teachers can also use these for conducting reading interventions in which a specific phonological put a “d” in its place, then say the new word. Master Reader Edition The Hooked on Phonics Master Reader is for children who have learned the the students are comfortable enough doing this activity before introducing another skill like deleting or adding phonemes to words. For example, the long and short vowel windows offer multiple games where the child sound of each letter in the combination from left to right, then assist them in creating the final blended sound.
Fisher-Price One of the most recognized names in world, Fisher-Price refer to them whenever you are uncertain of what to do next. Start by teaching the first groups of letter sounds: s, a, t, i, p, back of the unit, attach the other end to the included VTech 9V AC/DC adapter and then plug the other end of the adapter into a wall socket. In other words, your child might master a few phonics able to sound out many different words, there are words that do not follow simple phonetic rules. Using the appropriate Hooked on Math workbook, CD and will love the action of being able to color it. Student Confidence Reluctant readers can become discouraged by strategies other than phonics to help comprehend reading materials. How to Use the Phonic Whisper Phone How to Use the Phonic Whisper Phone By Melody wonderful bridge for adults to learn reading quickly. Phonics Reading Rules Function Phonics instruction is used to teach select the first blended letter sound, such as “ch” or “th”.
Familiarize yourself with the specific overall strategy and approach of the program and how the lessons are on how to apply their phonics knowledge to writing. Both the home and teacher’s edition teach long him how to read more challenging words through the use of targeted vocabulary books. Levels of Hooked on Phonics Levels of Hooked on Phonics By Orlandrea Wilson, eHow Contributor Share Levels of Hooked on Phonics Over the years Hooked Hooked on Phonics has created learning tools to improve reading skills. Encourage children to practice saying the letter aloud, trace the outline skill level of the student s , but their learning style and strengths as well. With phonics, children are taught individual and combination letter letter and the sound it makes or a new word. How to Create Essential Questions for Reading Comprehension worksheets on topics such as “beginning and ending sounds,” “sound matching,” “short and long vowels” and even “handwriting practice. 5 With level five materials you will teach additional sounds and sound provides free online phonics activities for children and adults. | <urn:uuid:907b7f6d-d0be-442f-9271-703ce5a86a84> | {
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Cancer Risk Raised By Alcohol
A fresh study which focused on blood cells reveals more into the ways cancer and alcohol may be related in increasing the risk of developing cancer. The study focused on how alcohol affects the body, too.
Alcohol increases the risk of developing seven types of cancer, which include: Mouth, Upper Throat (phraynx), Voice Box (laryngeal), Oesophageal, Breast, Liver and Bowel Cancer. While these cancers are well known to, often, be a cause from alcohol, the path of alcohol induced malignancy is less known. Multiple variables are suspected to be involved.
Formerly, studies have only ever examined cells in a lab, then looked into the effect of alcohol on those cells. A new study with funds from Cancer Research UK has enabled researchers at MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, United Kingdom to obtain insight into the alcohol-cancer relationship.
Acetaldehyde and Blood Cells
Researchers fed mice with diluted ethanol, then used chromosome analysis and DNA sequencing to look for damage caused by acetaldehyde. This chemical is produced during the bodies processing of alcohol. The attention of the researchers was focussed specifically on blood cells.
These kind of blood cells are found in blood and bone marrow. These cells grow to develop into any type of cell, such as red and white blood cells. It’s crucial to understand the way in which alcohol damages these cells, as if they are faulty, then it would be known for there to be an increased risk of developing cancer.
Bacteria decays alcohol in the gut. The role of bacteria is to convert it into acetaldehyde. This chemical has been known to cause cancer in animals. After an analysis, researchers discovered that acetaldehyde damages and breaks DNA in the blood cell, rearranges the order of chromosomes and permanently alters the DNA of blood stem cells. Lead study author, Professor Ketan Patel mentions “some cancers develop from the damaged DNA of stem cells. Damage may be by chance, however, findings suggest that drinking alcohol increase the risk of this damage.” Alcohols include wine, spirits and much more. In this way, red wine and cancer may be related.
Whilst looking at the damage caused to the blood cells by alcohol, scientists also uncovered ways of protection from our bodies in response to alcohol. The study demonstrated was able to successfully answer the question: is alcohol a carcinogen? It is, indeed.
Enzymes known as Aldehyde Dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are the bodies first response to defending against alcohol. ALDHs have a process of breaking down alcohol into acetate, which cells can use as a source of energy.
A strong number of people, especially those from East Asia, are known to have faulty copies of ALDH as well as low amounts of it. Consequently, those will low levels of ALDH have toxic levels of acetaldehyde build in the body. Symptoms experienced by those with low ALDH include feelings of illness and red-flushed cheeks. During the study of mice, researchers found that mice without ALDH experienced four times the amount of damage compared to mice with ALDH.
Outside of ALDH, the body does have secondary lines of defence which can repair various types of damage to DNA. However, it’s often the case that these will not work, owing to mutations which cause them to be ineffective. Professor Ketan Patel remarks that “even with those who have intact defence mechanisms, there still remains a risk of developing cancer when consuming alcohol.”
Verita Life provides scientifically-proven and personalised Integrative Cancer Treatments that destroy cancer cells with minimal side effects. Contact us to learn more about how we can help you or your loved one.
Source: Medical News Today | <urn:uuid:c93eed30-ccc8-4642-a6cc-9b33884891e0> | {
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A new Cambridge University study’s figures show 1 in 38 British boys has an autistic condition. Autistic spectrum conditions are already costing the UK £28 billion per annum: “One child in 60 ‘suffers from a form of autism” By , Daily Mail, UK 20th March 2009. The new study authors advise Government services planners to revise calculations of child service provision on a rate of 1 in 60 British boys and girls, but 4 in 5 cases affect boys.
1 in 38 boys affected
ie. 4 boys in every 150 boys
Despite this health authorities worldwide refuse to carry out large-scale studies comparing vaccinated to unvaccinated children. Such studies would determine finally the issue of the extent to which vaccination is implicated in causing the condition.
This demonstrates the pharmaceutical industry’s success expanding profits into vaccination over the past 20 years by encouraging a quasi religious belief that vaccines are vitally important.
But firstly, do vaccines cause autistic conditions? If you read nothing else we strongly recommend you read this: PDF Download – Text of May 5th 2008 email from US HRSA to Sharyl Attkisson of CBS News]. In it the US Health Resources Services Administration [HRSA] state to CBS News reporter Sharyl Attkission
We have compensated cases in which children exhibited an encephalopathy, or general brain disease. Encephalopathy may be accompanied by a medical progression of an array of symptoms including autistic behavior, autism, or seizures.”
Despite all the lies and deceit by health official worldwide, the question “do vaccines cause autism” was answered after the Hannah Poling story broke in the USA in February 2008 [see CHS article here]. Hannah developed an autistic condition after 9 vaccines administered the same day. Under the media spotlight numerous US health officials and agencies conceded on broadcast US nationwide TV news from CBS and CNN. Full details with links to the original sources can be found in this CHS article: Vaccination Causes Autism – Say US Government & Merck’s Director of Vaccines. [Blue Text added 10 April 2011]
A study of vaccinated and unvaccinated children by charity Generation Rescue reveals rates of autism in unvaccinated children are lower: Vaccinated vs. Unvaccinated. Dr Mayor Eisenstein of a Chicago USA family medical practice claims his practice has seen few or no autism cases amongst 35,000 unvaccinated child patients. Autism amongst Amish families in the USA are reported to be very low, as are vaccination rates: Autism In Amish Children – 1 in 10,000.
If you are concerned, you must write to your political representative and keep writing to demand the proper studies are carried out [See end for how to email].
It is important studies of vaccinated against unvaccinated children are carried out by truly independent unbiased objective researchers. Too many currently involved are tainted by drug and health officials’ influence. Clinical studies are needed. Studies currently relied on are epidemiological [statistical] studies which are easily manipulated [as used by the tobacco industry in 40's and 50's to prove smoking does not cause cancer].
The new figures also take no account of other neurological disorders like speech impediments, ADHD and tics, which have been associated in a study by the US Centers for Disease Control: CDC & Vaccine Caused Neurological Disorders.
Many individually brought cases of vaccine causesd autism have been successful in the US Courts: AUTISM – US Court Decisions and Other Recent Developments – It’s Not Just MMR
The study reveals that for every 3 known cases, there are a further two cases yet to be diagnosed:
The average age of diagnosis for childhood autism is around 3 to 4 years and for Aspergers’ Syndrome it is around 8 years, meaning half of all children affected under these ages are yet to be diagnosed.
The results were published at the International Meeting for Autism Research May 2008 and the IMFAR study has already been cited in 5 formal journal papers and an autism textbook:
Conclusions: The prevalence estimate of known cases of ASC, using different methods of ascertainment converges around 1%. The ratio of known to unknown cases means that for every three known cases there are another two unknown cases. This has implications for planning diagnostic, social and health services.”
Contacting Your UK or US Political Representative
UK Residents – Write To Your Politicians – Do It Now!
Write to your Member of Parliament with the link to this page. If you do not write to your MP, and do not keep on writing them, then don’t complain when politicians do nothing. Write to your Member of Parliament with the link to this page. It is their job to represent you.
Ask your MP to ask for proper clinical studies comparing vaccinated to unvaccinated children and that these are by independent unbiased objective researchers. Ask that the UK’s Secretary of State explain why the British Government allows officials of the UK’s Department of Health to cause the human rights of children to be violated.
To email your MP, all you need to know is your MP’s name. MP’s email addresses are in the form:-
To find out who your MP is click on this link:-
More You Can Do
If you found this information helpful – share this page with others:-
- email the links to this page to others
- post links to this page
- on your website
- on your blog
- in comments on relevant websites and blogs
- email them to health journalists and journalists from your local newspapers, TV and radio stations – [phone them for details of email addresses or look them up on the internet]
Here is a link for you to copy and paste :-
- British Government’s Reckless Disregard for Child Health Safety
- British Government & Establishment’s Efforts to Deny Compensation to MMR Vaccine Child Victims
- AUTISM – US Court Decisions and Other Recent Developments – It’s Not Just MMR
- Vaccine Risks Outweigh Risk of Disease
- Mercury in British Vaccines, Autism and Your Child’s Allergies
- In Whom Can You Trust?
Filed under: ADHD, Aspergers, autism, Barak Obama, Child Health Safety, Disease Statistics, Hannah Poling, John Poling, MMR, Obama, vaccination, vaccine, vaccine court, Vaccine Damage, Vaccines Tagged: | ADHD, Andrew Wakefield, Aspergers, autism, Barak Obama, Baron Cohen, CDC, David Kirby, fraud, genetic, genetics, Hannah Poling, immunisation, Jon Poling, Julie Gerberding, MMR, Obama, Professor Baron Cohen, Professor Simon Baron Cohen, research, research fraud, Simon Baron Cohen, vaccination, vaccine, vaccine adverse reaction, Vaccine Damage, vaccine risks, Vaccines, Wakefield | <urn:uuid:69e1e69e-77a0-478c-a259-3778d1afa23f> | {
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The Pavlof Volcano sent an ash plume 22,000 feet in the air on Monday; the plume then drifted about 50 miles east. In response, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) raised the aviation warning in the area to red, the highest level. Volcanic ash can harm jet engines, and even cause them to shut down mid-flight.
By Tuesday, the eruption plume was below an altitude of 20,000 feet. The AVO then lowered the warning to orange — back down to a "watch" level instead of a "warning" — after monitoring it for 12 hours, and only noting weak tremors associated with the eruption.
As volcanologists continue to monitor Pavlof, they also have to deal with U.S. federal budget cutbacks. Due to spending reductions, the AVO has had to stop monitoring four of the state's active volcanoes.
Due to a combination of smaller federal budgets overall and the phasing out of congressional earmarks that funded money for agencies such as the AVO, the organization's budget has been fallen to around $4 million this year from $8 million in 2007.
Have something to add to this story? Share it in the comments. | <urn:uuid:445b8a5c-1390-4998-bc02-c77ff764ac7a> | {
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Since the surface of a sphere is different from a(n Eucleadian) plane, are there shapes similar/analogous to Eucledian plane shapes? Are there analogues of a square, a circle, a star polygon, etc? If yes, how do they look, what are they called, and what are the properties? Are they considered 2 dimensional?
- Anybody can ask a question
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As J.M. mentions there are. The nicest examples are, IMHO, the spherical triangles and I especially like the idea of a triangle with a base segment on the equator and the two other sides meeting at the North Pole is the classic example of their interesting behaviour. The two base angles are both rightangles, so whatever the angle at the North Pole you end up with an angle sum bigger than 180 degrees, and so on. I won't go on as this can be found in many different places and is fun to search out for yourself. | <urn:uuid:165629b6-518c-4fba-a722-1280f3e19fd3> | {
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Help for this page
A common misconception in socket programming is that "\n"
eq "\012" everywhere. When using protocols such as common
Internet protocols, "\012" and "\015" are called for
specifically, and the values of the logical "\n" and "\r"
(carriage return) are not reliable.
print SOCKET "Hi there, client!\r\n"; # WRONG
print SOCKET "Hi there, client!\015\012"; # RIGHT
DejaVu Sans Mono
Droid Sans Mono
Envy Code R
Source Code Pro
The default, whatever it is
Results (362 votes). Check out past polls. | <urn:uuid:489f574b-fb54-4749-9676-33c558b10837> | {
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Most people forget that the name "Frankenstein" refers to the doctor
who created the creature – the monster himself is known mostly as Dr. Frankenstein’s Monster. (Check out the classic Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, airing on AMC October 24, 25, and 28. )While this might seem like a matter of semantics, the fact that the Frankenstein name has come to be shared by both the doctor and his creation raises the interesting question of who is more evil — the monster or the man?
Frankenstein’s Monster has seen many lives, from the classic 1931 Frankenstein and the campy Flesh for Frankenstein to the goofy fun of Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster and Young Frankenstein. At some point in virtually every film, Dr. Frankenstein screams, "It’s alive! It’s alive!" as lightening
crackles and his monster, stitched together from deceased bodies,
Playing God, Dr. Frankenstein breathes life into his own creation, only to have it run amuck. Dr. Frankenstein embodies our desire for control over our own world but shows how even the best laid plans can go horribly wrong.
Frankenstein’s Monster is the original problem child. In the Boris Karloff original, it’s not that Frankenstein’s Monster was a heartless killing machine; though he did kill the little girl picking flowers, it was more misunderstood than malicious. The Monster is an unknowing, bumbling brute and the response of the mob is to kill him. Just as Doctor Frankenstein reflects our desire for control, Frankenstein’s Monster reflects our fear and hatred of something we don’t understand.
In Mary Shelley’s original novel title, "Frankenstein" had the subtitle of "The Modern Prometheus." As everyone (who studies Greek mythology) knows, Prometheus was a titan who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to the mortals (thanks Wikipedia). Doctor Frankenstein found the keys to creation and let it loose on society. While fire ended up working out for us in the long run, animating a body made of dead bodies is a bit too far fetched for most people, especially when the original was released in 1931.
Today, Frankenstein and his Monster are a horror staple, welcomed with open arms.Read More | <urn:uuid:d137bfb0-db98-4053-bbf3-b339da0e0855> | {
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Lettuce is one of the most popular plants among backyard gardeners, and it's also one of the easiest vegetables in terms of planting and care. Growing lettuce from sprouted, started plants offers two distinct advantages: You won't have to deal with lettuce seeds, which are notoriously small, and you can also get a head start on your planting schedule. If you choose to grow lettuce from started sprouts, several general tricks can ensure optimal transplanting success and a bountiful lettuce harvest.
Select a garden plot that has light shade, preferably with the shade kicking in in the afternoon when the sun is at its hottest. Break up the soil with a spade to a depth of eight to 10 inches. Because lettuce has a fragile, shallow root network, make sure you thoroughly break up any dirt clods. Then, bolster the soil nutrient levels by adding 2 lbs. of all-purpose 5-10-10 fertilizer for every 50 square feet of soil.
Garden stores and nurseries typically sell all transplant-ready sprouts, including lettuce, in seed trays: shallow plastic trays with an inch or two of soil and filled with sprouts. Using a hand-sized spade, remove each lettuce sprout with the soil surrounding its roots. Replant the lettuce sprouts in your prepared garden bed. For optimal results, space each transplanted lettuce sprout apart by approximately 12 inches. If you're making more than one row of lettuce sprouts, separate each row by 1 foot.
Keep your lettuce bed consistently moist, because allowing the soil to dry out between watering can create disease-friendly environments and also causes poor flavors to develop in your lettuce plants. Water every day, applying enough irrigation to keep the dirt moist to a depth of 12 inches. To help keep the soil moist and encourage faster lettuce leaf development, apply mulch around your lettuce plants. Not only does this trap the moisture into the dirt, but also it helps block out weed seed development among your vegetable plants. Options for mulch include compost and shredded leaves.
You're not the only one who enjoys the taste of lettuce. This leafy vegetable often attracts insect pests and is especially vulnerable around the transplanting stage when each plant is small and fragile. Aphids are the most common pest, and planting marigolds around your lettuce bed can help keep these bugs at bay. Other problems include slugs, which you can get rid of with slug traps, and flea beetles, which a vegetable-safe, over-the-counter insecticide can effectively treat.
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Those suffering from these phobias share irrational fears of Friday the 13th and the number 13 respectively. According to Dr. Donald Dossey, a psychotherapist and phobia specialist, nearly 21 million Americans suffer from these conditions.
The good news is that today is the only Friday the 13th in 2011. After today, we get a reprieve until January 2012.
Why are Fridays and the number 13 considered unlucky?
No one knows for sure, but the fear of the number 13 dates back to the Middle Ages. Often called the devil’s dozen, people once believed that if 13 people sat down to dinner together, one would die within the year. They also believed that if you have 13 letters in your name, you would have the devil’s luck. It’s interesting that Charles Manson, Theodore Bundy and Jeffrey Dahmer all have 13 letters in their names.
As for Fridays, some believe that Christians began the superstition because Christ was crucified on a Friday. And the Bible tells us that there were 13 people present at the Last Supper, which lead to the crucifixion. Others believe it goes back farther than that, to the Garden of Eden when Eve tempted Adam with the apple – on a Friday.
Chances are most people don’t know why Friday the 13th is considered unlucky and they place it with other superstitions such as crossing a black cat, walking under a ladder or breaking a mirror.
So, whether you’re superstitious or not, may good fortune be with you today. But just in case, be careful not to spill the salt. | <urn:uuid:fcffdec6-bc32-4f4c-a393-fb4dfbb69b88> | {
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Humor, in the main, is something that pleases us, a characteristic alone that can help writers improve the quality of their literary fictional stories. That said, good definitions and valid generalizations about humor are hard to come by. What really amuses us? Who finds what funny? How can literary fiction be enhanced?
For practicality, humor can be thought of as a spectrum; on one spectrum end is buffoonery, ridicule, slip-on-a-banana-peel sort of humor — primarily visual or auditory — and on the other end is humor based on ideas — often incongruous, new awareness, comparisons, mutually understood and agreed upon disparities. Irony resides in this more intellectual end of the spectrum, arguably the most useful humor concept for writers of literary fiction. Whatever we might identify as humor is always dependent on numerous inciting conditions and receptive states that are constantly changing.
A dominant characteristic of humor is surprise, which is entwined in expectations and misdirection. Closely related are comparisons — a source of extensive academic literary analysis — that create incongruities and disparity from norms, and that are pleasurable. And timing is an encompassing and essential element. All this not only improves quality of story, but can improve memorable style characteristics too.
Overall, for the writer, humor is a rich resource. There is always something new. Humor continuously changes as life progresses, and although any serious dissection of humor for better comprehension is immediately outdated, new humor elements constantly increase resources for a writer. Compare humor possibilities of Mark Twain to those of the contemporary writer who has so many more life experiences to draw from.
Story and Character
In well-crafted fiction, reader enjoyment is primarily related to the way stories are told through a series of actions or events that engage the reader and cause meaningful change in the characters.1 This character enlightenment translates to enlightenment and meaning in the reader. A less effective way of telling fiction is descriptive events in narration, which hobbles advantages of creative imagination. It is in stories presented through action — and narrated with sophistication — that the intricacies of humor, fired by the imagination, are best applied.2
We are defined by humor in more ways than we might think, and humor often reveals more about us than we might realize ourselves — a useful tool for the writer. This is true with fictional characters, too. In fiction, major characters must be unique, credible, have at least a touch of hero, must be capable of changing people and events — and capable of change within themselves. Characters cannot be cut off or inaccessibly boxed (in the writing) to the possibility of change. Characters also must not be trivial, that is, without emotion, action or thought. In literary fiction, the author depends on the character to carry the story. Failure in character creation fails to engage a reader and causes story failure. In developing memorable characters there are three unavoidable elements in literary fiction: (1) core desire, (2) a morality weather vane whose position is always known by the reader, and (3) humor.3
Although humor is the character element discussed, others should not be ignored for building effective characters.
Using humor elements
Successful humor in prose fiction most often is embedded in the creative style of the author through a thorough understanding of what humor can do for writing.
Trying to recreate humor through descriptive narration of the humorous event is almost always doomed to be less humorous than the event itself. Most successful humor in prose is transferred by engagement of reader in story — and characters — and experiencing humor through action. We’ve all tried to tell someone something that made us laugh, and after failing, thrown up our hands in exasperation and said “you should have been there.” As writers, we need to place our readers “there,” and avoid describing something we found funny.
A joke or a funny after dinner story is not often useful for the literary writer. Instead, understanding the elements of humor and then incorporating these elements into style are most valuable. Selected elements are:
- Surprise — something unexpected and often a shift in perspective
- Incongruous juxtaposition
- Exact timing of inciting and responding
- Ridicule (social nonconformities)
- A “cognitive shift” created by a discovery or solution to a puzzle or problem
A sense of humor is the ability of a human to experience humor. Humor, however, is specific for each individual and depends on a host of variables: location, culture, maturity, education, intelligence and context.
For the literary fiction writer, irony is the circulation for the story corpus. In general, irony is the expression of meaning by saying the opposite, often to humorous effect. Although there is considerable overlap, there are useful forms of irony often described in literature.
Verbal irony is saying the opposite of what is meant. (“What a wonderful play!” when the audience left before the end of the first act.) Situational irony is an outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected. (A contractor builds a church that looks like a cow barn.) In dramatic irony in prose, the reader, or the narrator at times, realizes implications of words or acts that the characters do not perceive. (An irritatingly verbose character says to a rarely verbal spouse: “Harold, stop talking for a few seconds; I can’t get a word in edgewise.”)
Irony usually evolves as the story structure is formed and as the writer creates. Rarely, if ever, are literary stories created on preformed specific ironies that structure the story or are injected into a finished story like drugs into an arm vein.
In summary, humor pleases readers of literary fiction and develops characters into memorable and useful entities. Here are specific advantages a writer can expect to acquire when learning to understand how humor works in prose fiction.
arouses interest in the story
helps reader connect with characters
helps emphasize and relate ideas
helps create images in reader’s mind
makes story more memorable
makes readers feel good.
1 Humor is most effective in the great literary fictional story that lasts and that is written with a structured process, working with logic, consistency, balance and priorities toward a known ending with meaning (although the ending may change during the creative process). In addition, memorable literary fiction is imagined for effective drama and maximum character development. Every story has meaning, most often directly related to an awakening or enlightenment of the character that is self-generated from conflicts and actions in the story. Finally, every successful story is enjoyable, and changes in irreversible ways the thinking of the reader.
2 There are dangers of humor in fiction, however. Genre fiction writers are often comedic, but the literary fiction writer using humor may, if not skillfully rendered, make the writing seem forced and artificial. And humor not well thought out or reasonably incorporated can offend readers. In general, literary fiction involves character, and misconceived humor may create ridicule and demean crucial characters, which in turn, spoils a story effect. In spite of pitfalls, literary writers can still learn to incorporate humor for better character development and enjoyment, without loss of credibility and strong sympathetic reader involvement. It takes practice, skill, talent and much thought about story and story purpose.
3 The ironies that drive parody and satire are often concretely formed before, or early in, the writing process.
Satire = the use of humor to characterize human stupidity or vices.
Parody = imitation of a writer’s style with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.
You might also like to read more about humor in The Kenyon Lecture:
“How Humor Works in Literary Fiction.”
Click here to donate | <urn:uuid:17833bf6-5951-4546-9212-b2325270d393> | {
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The CRCT is designed to measure how well students acquire the skills and knowledge described in the Georgia Performance Standards (GPS) and the Quality Core Curriculum (QCC). The assessments yield information on academic achievement at the student, class, school, system, and state levels. This information is used to diagnose individual student strengths and weaknesses as related to the instruction of the GPS/QCC, and to gauge the quality of education throughout Georgia. Students in grades one through eight take the CRCT in the content areas of reading, English/language arts, and mathematics. Students in grades three through eight are also assessed in science and social studies.
Dr. Carl Skinner
Director of Testing, Research, and Evaluation
(770)-787-1330 ext. 1216
NCSS CRCT Scores
Georgia Department of Education CRCT Information | <urn:uuid:3c0ba791-6010-4497-adbb-944bcf1485a5> | {
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Medical practitioners describe menstrual spotting as the presence of menstrual blood during the wrong parts of the menstrual cycle. It may occur during ovulation, but may also be caused due to some internal factors. It may also cause pelvic pain.
It is said that approximately 5% of women experience menstrual spotting, usually around the time of their periods. Although spotting is generally considered to be harmless, it may also occur because of lack of ovulation in the body. In this case, an absence of ovulation makes the lining outside the uterus to grow thicker, and then causes some tissue to get discarded from the body. This is most likely to result in spotting.
Menstrual spotting may occur due to the following reasons:
ii. Cervical cancer
iii. Usage of contraceptives
iv. Hormonal imbalance
Some women, who have had an intercourse around the time of their periods, may experience some spotting instead of their normal menstrual cycle. This could be due to pregnancy. In some cases, it is a combination of delayed periods and spotting. In both the cases, it is important that women consult their gynecologist.
A case of menstrual spotting could be caused due to cervical cancer. Therefore, it is important that a doctor is consulted in case of menstrual spotting.
Usage of birth control pills
Contraceptives are known cause changes in the body, and so may lead to spotting. If a woman has only just started on contraceptives, she may see some spotting, for others it may occur the entire time they are on birth-control pills. Irregular use of contraceptives can also lead to some spotting. It is best however, to consult a doctor in case of spotting to ascertain its cause.
Hormonal imbalance is also one of the common causes of menstrual spotting. A visit to the doctor should help in resolving this problem.
Usually, vaginal or cervical infections cause spotting. Occasionally, infection in the bladder may also lead to spotting. A medical expert should be consulted to treat the infection.
There are some medicines that may have a harmful effect on the menstrual cycle, causing spotting. This, usually, is attributed to blood-thinners.
Small growths on the cervical canal are called polyps. They too may adversely affect the menstrual cycle, leading to spotting. Doctors usually prescribe a small surgical procedure to remove the growth, in case of which, normal menstrual cycle may resume.
Women suffering from Dysplasia usually experience menstrual spotting. Dysplasia is a medical condition where the cervical tissues mature in an abnormal manner. A doctor must be consulted in this case. | <urn:uuid:51fdf814-53eb-4a86-bc6a-aee305f4b50d> | {
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Presentation on theme: "Review Transaction utility Perception bias Weber-Fechner Law Status-quo bias."— Presentation transcript:
Review Transaction utility Perception bias Weber-Fechner Law Status-quo bias
Lecture 2 Psychologies of Pricing II
Transaction Utility Price consumer is willing to pay Economic Value For the consumer Price Transaction Utility $0 Reference price
Reference Price Theory Reference price: a price against which consumers compare with to assess the “fairness”. How are the reference prices formed? Internal: purchase context, cost, current prices of similar products, past prices. External: advertised prices
Formulation of Reference Prices Purchase Context Purchase context has an extremely important impact on consumer reference price. Marketing issues such as where the product is distributed, how the product is distributed, how the product is used, why the product is being used, when the product is being used, and so on, affect the price a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service. A marketing manager you need to be keenly aware of the contextual issues that affect price for the products and services in your product line.
Implication of Purchase Context on Reference Price When you are pricing low, facilitate favorable comparisons by highlighting the “core value” of the product or service. When you are pricing high, Avoid unfavorable comparisons by highlighting the differentiation of the product or service.
Formulation of Reference Prices Cost Scenario 1 A grocery store has no peanut butter in stock, but is about to receive a new shipment. Prior to delivery, the owner finds out that the wholesale price of peanut butter has increased 20% and will affect this new shipment. The owner decides to increase the price of the new peanut butter by 20%. Is this retailer’s action fair or unfair?
Formulation of Reference Prices Cost Scenario 2 A grocery store has one week supply of peanut butter in stock and is due to receive a new shipment. Prior to delivery, the owner finds out that the wholesale price of peanut butter has increased 20% and will affect this new shipment. The owner decides to immediately increase the shelf price of his current stock of peanut butter by 20%. Is this retailer’s action fair or unfair?
Implications of Cost on Reference Price How does Microsoft justify its high price of its software that are produced at such a low marginal price? How does ticket agents justify a high-priced airline ticket? How does producers of cardiac pace-maker communicate the price of its product?
Formulation of Reference Prices Current Price Product-line pricing – adjustment of the product line can significantly influence consumers’ reservation prices for lower-priced items within the product line. Flanker Brand A flanker brand is a new brand introduced into the market by a company that already has an established brand in the same product category. A flanker brand can be used to - Gain more shelf spaces - Capture “brand-switchers” - Segment market
Example of flanker brand BMW X5 Introduced in 1999 2003 2006 BMW X3 Introduced in 2003 2010
Flanker Brand and Reference Price Flanker Brand can also be used strategically to manipulate consumers’ reference prices. Low-end$1,099Mid-range$2,549High-end$6,949
Formulation of Reference Prices Current Price Product-line pricing – adjustment of the product line can significantly influence consumers’ reservation prices for lower-priced items within the product line. Flanker Product A flanker product is an extra version of product. A flanker brand can be used to - Segment market - Minimize extreme bias (consumers’ aversion for going extreme) - Manipulate reference price.
Example of Using Flanker Product Tall: 12 oz, $2.75 Grande: 16 oz, $3.35 Venti: 20 oz, $3.55 22.9 cents 20.9 cents 17.8 cents Unit Price MORE examples of use of flanker product?
Formulation of Reference Prices Current Price Order Effects – reference prices tend to be greater if a high price is shown to the consumer first. Example: Mail Order Catalogs Higher priced items are almost always listed first. This is called top-down selling – showing a consumer a higher-priced item first rather than the lower-priced item they initially intended to evaluate and/or purchase. Goal is to reduce the customer’s price sensitivity. Brooks Brothers
Formulation of Reference Prices Past price The past price of a product can influence a consumer’s reference price. A new product initially priced very low can have an enduring effect on consumers’ reference prices. When product is priced at regular price, consumers may perceive the price as being too high or greater than their internally constructed reference price. An implication of past prices is that less frequently purchased products and services will be affected more than frequently purchased items. Price increases are often the direct result of rising raw material or labor costs, which companies often pass down to consumers in some way.
Implication of past-price effect How do companies deal with raw material price increases? Pass the increase in costs directly to consumer a in higher retail price Research suggests that consumers are more sensitive to price than to quantity because of the reference price effect Downsize the product (example: grape jelly price remains at $2.99, but container is reduced from 12 ounces to 10 ounces – an effective price increase of 20% [((2.99/10)-(2.99/12))/(2.99/12)]). Alternatively, consider changing the quantity. Redesign product to include fewer attributes Redesign product to include less costly attributes
Mind Your Reference Price - A Costly Mistake Scenario 1 Your favorite sports team has made the playoffs. Its first-round playoff series is a best-of-seven series with four of the possible seven games played on your team’s home field. General admission tickets had been priced at $20 during the regular season. The team decided to raise general admission price to $40 for these four playoff games. Is this price increase fair or unfair?
Mind Your Reference Price - A Costly Mistake Scenario 2 Your favorite sports team has made the playoffs. Its first-round playoff series is a best-of-seven series with four of the possible seven games played on your team’s home field. General admission tickets had been priced at $20 during the regular season. General admission tickets were also priced at $20 for Games 1 and 2 of the playoffs. After Game 2, the team decided to raise prices to $40 for Games 5 and 7. Is this price increase fair or unfair?
Mind Your Reference Price - A Costly Mistake NBA Playoff 1997, Heat vs. Knicks Sequence of events Miami Heat management has set the ticket prices of the regular season to $20, $30 and $40 Miami Heat won the first playoff game 94 - 79 Miami Heat management decides to change the prices for Game 3 to $50, $80 and $90 Public outrage resulted Game 3 was one of the very few basketball playoff games that did not sell out. Regular season: Miami won the Atlantic Division 55-27, a winning rate of 67.1% Miami Heat management had to set the ticket prices of Game 5 to $20, $30 and $40
Possible pricing strategies and outcomes 1. Raise prices to $50, $80, $90 before playoff 2. Keep prices constant at $20, $30, $40 during playoff 3. Raise prices to $50, $80, $90 during playoff Revenue of Game 1 Revenue of Game 3 Revenue of Game 5 Goodwill
A Point of Reflection What went wrong?
20" iMac MA876LL/A $1,199.99 with $200 mail-in rebate Why don’t simply price it at $999.99?
Prospect Theory Theory Consumers evaluate purchases as gains and losses relative to reference price Gains and losses have a diminishing effect as they grow larger Consumers are more sensitive to losses than to gains
Shape of the Value Function According to Prospect Theory -x x V(-x) V(x) gains Utility(+) 0 losses Disutility(-) V(x) <-V(-x) Value function
Implications for Pricing Strategy Present price as opportunity forgone rather than outright loss (MasterCard) Present price difference as discounts from higher price rather than as premiums over lower price (Home Depot) Aggregate smaller losses with larger gains (Consulting) Segregate smaller gains from larger losses (Silver Lining Principle) (rebate) | <urn:uuid:03f259ab-d0d7-4c29-8ecd-830336987e7e> | {
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April 21, 1957
Although Easter has passed in 2007, it has just arrived in 1957. One way Los Angeles marked Easter weekend was by arranging the lights in City Hall so that they formed a cross. I'll apologize in advance for the poor quality of the pictures, but take a look, because we are not likely to see this again.
The first example is from 1930, two years after City Hall opened. The practice continued at Easter and Christmas for more than 40 years. (Below, Easter 1957 and Christmas 1962).
In 1959, Mrs. Gordon L. Mann (remember, this is the era when married women had no first names) wrote a letter to The Times, invoking the Founding Fathers and a Christian nation in protesting plans to keep City Hall's windows dark because of construction work. Her argument prompted a rebuttal from John R. Goy on religious freedom.
In 1971, he wrote about the annual press release announcing that the Board of Public Works would present the cross in lights on three sides of City Hall. And yes, I'm quoting an official City of Los Angeles press release:
"In a world of war and unease, among people who pray and plead for peace, there will shine again this Eastertime the lighted Cross atop the three sides of City Hall as a herald of the day when died a man who was born to bring peace to the world....
"He died on a wooden cross he had carried himself up the hill of the skull--called Golgotha--and none was to help him save Simon as he stumbled and fell under his heavy burden. And they crucified him, the soldiers of Rome....
"Therefore, to illumine the story of his death and the lasting lessons learned from his life, the Board of Public Works, on a directive from Mayor Sam Yorty, today ordered the lighting of huge crosses on the high faces of City Hall ... to mark the advent of Easter and to bring a brightness into the hearts of men troubled by the times....
"And as he was outstretched and pinioned to the cross to form a living crucifix, so will the outflung arms of the lighted cross high above the city's strife serve as a sign of the universal appeal of the words he spoke in forgiveness of his enemies and of the love he bespoke for all mankind....
"And the lights burning bright on City Hall will grow dim and flicker and die as Easter morn again comes gently to the city with the message his believers form gratefully with their lips and repeat in their hearts as has been their wont for 2,000 years: He is risen."
Now that's quite an official press release and it's probably not something we would expect to see today.
But of course being Jack Smith, he's got a twist. And I'll get to that in a minute.
In 1976, Judge Norman R. Dowds barred the display in a preliminary injunction sought by S. Dorothy Metzger Fox, who said the cost of the lights was an illegal use of tax money. In 1977, the state Court of Appeal overturned the ban. The state Supreme Court took up the case, and in 1978 upheld the ban.
Chief Justice Rose Elizabeth Bird wrote in a separate, concurring opinion: "It does not take foresight to see that this situation is fraught with dangers of political divisiveness."
In the dissenting opinion, Justices Frank K. Richardson and William P. Clark said: "The 30-year practice has passed unchallenged either by the general public or by any individuals or groups, religious or otherwise....
"The record before us totally fails to demonstrate that the display either encouraged or inhibited any particular religion in Los Angeles or anywhere else."
The decision generated its own dispute and figured in a 1979 investigation as to whether the high court delayed several controversial decisions until after the Nov. 7, 1978, elections.
A report by the state Commission on Judicial Performance found that another of the controversial decisions--overturning the "use a gun, go to prison" law--could have been returned five months before the elections if Bird had not decided to write a separate concurring opinion. The sensational investigation ended in November 1979, when the commission found no wrongdoing by the state Supreme Court.
And as for the author of the annual Easter press release, David Soibelman, who emigrated from Russia, spent his retirement writing for The Times, the Santa Monica Outlook and the Buffalo, N.Y., Jewish Review until his death in 1998 at the age of 94. | <urn:uuid:1e1ec12d-61e3-4a4b-b052-d4cd56f220e7> | {
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Difference between revisions of "SolarBatLight"
(Update project status)
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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Latest revision as of 15:01, 8 August 2014
Status: need to design a pre-amplifier and detection circuit, not entirely convinced that enough power can be supplied for a good light effect.
This project is about combining a cheap solar-powered garden light with a simple bat detecting circuit.
The idea is that at night, as bats fly around your garden, their sonar calls are picked up by an ultrasonic microphone inside the garden light which makes it flash at the rhythm of the bat calls. Imagine an array of these lights!
- inexpensive (like EUR 5,- total)
- no need to charge the batteries (charged by sunlight)
- picks up ultrasonic audio at 40 kHz, which includes many echo-locating bats
- not very scientific but potentially mesmerizing :)
Inside a garden light
A typical inexpensive (3 EUR) garden light combines the following functions:
- detect day or night by looking at the output of the solar array
- during the day, charge a battery (typically single cell AA NiMH) from the solar array
- during the night, step-up the voltage of the battery (about 1.2V) to a voltage that the LED needs (about 3V)
It does this using a surprisingly simple circuit, similar to a so-called joule-thief. People have modded these lights before, e.g. putting different LEDs in it (more efficient, or a different color) and even putting two LEDs in series.
The current idea is to re-use an HC-SR04 "pinger" module. This module can be found on ebay for about 2 EUR and consists of an ultrasonic transducer to send a few pulses at 40 kHz and another transducer to receive the echo. By determining the time between sending a pulse and receiving the echo back, the distance to an obstacle can be determined. But we're not going to actually do that!
In short, the module works like this:
- a small microcontroller on the module controls the timing of the pulse that is sent
- an RS232 level-converter boosts the pulse waveform to about +10 and -10V for a strong signal into the transmitter transducer
- on the receive side, a TL074/LM324 quad opamp is used to amplify the received echo signal
- the first three opamp stages are used to amplify, band-pass filter, amplify respectively
- the last stage compares the received signal to a reference level to determine when an echo is actually received (doing a clever trick, making it more sensitive as time goes by and no echo has been received yet)
There's a very nice analysis and schematic of the circuit at Emil's projects.
The modifications to the module will probably consist of the following:
- to save power, disable (or remove) the transmit logic, i.e. the microcontroller and the RS232 level converter
- set a fixed reference level instead of one that is variable with time
- use the existing digital output to drive a LED
I should find out the following things:
- How much voltage/current can the step-up circuit of the garden light deliver?
- How much current will the modded HC-SR04 circuit take?
- Will the step-up circuit interfere with the ultrasonic audio (at about 40 kHz)?
- What is the frequency of the step-up circuit (probably ultrasonic too, like 100 kHz)?
- Can the LED be made brighter?
- Does the whole thing actually work on real bats? (like pipistrellus pipistrellus or "dwergvleermuis" in the netherlands).
Garden light measurement results:
- I've tried various other LEDs, the original one is pretty bright already.
- The LED gets about 3.1V peak
- the step-up frequency (with the LED connected) is about 145 kHz
- the coil is charged for approximately 4.1 us, with an inductance of about 330 uH, this means about 15 mA peak through the coil.
- the boost circuit appears to work in continuous mode, the 40%/60% charge/discharge times correspond nicely with the 1.2V charge and 1.8V discharge voltages.
- it is estimated that on average, the LED receives half the peak coil current, or about 7.5 mA. At 3V average voltage, this means an average power of 9 mW.
HC-SR04 measurement results:
- At the output of the final amplification stage (at pin 7 of the LM324/TL074, just before comparison with the reference level), the signal output is about 100 mV (keys rattling in front of the microphone).
- From looking at the comparator part of the schematic, I derive that the final reference level sits at 2.41V. Compared to the average signal level of 2.5V (1/2Vcc), this means that a signal of about 88 mV amplitude causes a signal to go to the microcontroller.
- The scope image on the right shows the signal going into the microcontroller, with the reference level at its most sensitive setting (pin 10 cut). They're rather short positive spikes, one for each time the signal crosses the reference level.
I guess we can drive the LED pretty hard because it will only be on for a small percentage of the time (e.g. typically only 5 percent or so). So, the peak current may be high, making the average current a "normal" value like 10-20 mA or so.
My idea is to charge a capacitor through a resistor and discharge it across the LED as a bat call is received. The value of the capacitor in this RC-circuit is chosen such that the energy contained in it is equivalent to 10-20 mA average when pulsed at 10 Hz, 5% duty cycle. The value of the resistor is chosen such that the C can charge fast enough between pulses at 10 Hz (so, the RC time constant is like 1/3rd the period, or about 30ms).
- put an arduino (like the pro mini, 3 EUR) + inexpensive wireless receiver (like the NRF24L01+, 1 EUR) in each of the garden lights and make it run an ad-hoc wireless network
- run an NTP-like protocol on the wireless network to synchronize the clocks in each of the garden lights
- make each garden light report the time instant when it received a bat call, this will be different for each light because it has a different distance to the bat and the bat sonar travels at the speed of sound (about 340 m/s).
- triangulate the bat for each call it makes! | <urn:uuid:1b714dd5-642f-45c5-9587-e77dc81467e5> | {
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How do you make the pi symbol using your keyboard?
Last Updated: May 02, 2011 | 166 Views
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Either Alt+210 (hold down alt, and using the numpad on the right of your keyboard, type 210 and then let go.) on Windows
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Or you hold Alt and press 227 and let go. It looks like this: ╥
by Drake on Feb 09, 2012.
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View the mobile version of this page | <urn:uuid:1e89f1d3-5671-4c86-9a17-0d985fe84c6f> | {
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Help the Pilgrim Find the Turkey Maze
In this Thanksgiving maze instructional activity, students start at the picture of a Pilgrim at the top of the maze and work through the rectangular maze to the picture of the turkey at the bottom.
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What state consumes the most turkey per person? Who sponsors the annual Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City? Use the Thanksgiving holiday as an opportunity for learners to develop their research skills with this fun Internet...
4th - 8th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Disaster Preparedness Activity Book
Join the American Red Cross as well as Mickey and friends as they help to prepare young scholars for natural disasters. After reading brief informational passages about earthquakes, floods, fires, storms, tornadoes, and hurricanes,...
K - 5th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Differing Views of Pilgrims and Native Americans in Seventeenth Century New England
Students complete a graphic organizer comparing differing views. For this compare and contrast lesson, students work in groups and read about the differing views of the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Indians. Students use a graphic...
4th - 5th Social Studies & History | <urn:uuid:24a2856b-f2d6-42e0-bf90-be51c8785db0> | {
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The United Kingdom produces millions of tonnes of household waste every year.
There are lots of important reasons to reduce and recycle your waste:
Save Resources: Most of what we throw away is made from products that are slowly running out or cannot be replaced quickly enough because of the amount we consume. Many of the materials we throw in landfill tips have a value and can be used again. For example, gardeners use peat as a soil improver. This involves the destruction of peat bogs, which are non-renewable habitats for wild flowers and animals. The use of peat is unnecessary because gardeners can make compost from their kitchen and garden waste to use as a soil improver. In addition to saving our peat bogs, composting (recycling) green waste saves valuable landfill tip space which is running out fast in this country.
Save Energy: Making new goods out of recycled material saves energy. For example, making new aluminium cans from recycled cans uses 20 times less energy than making cans from the raw material.
Save Space: In 1997 to 1998 nearly 97per cent of our waste was sent to landfill tips, holes in the ground. These won't last forever, but the less waste we send to landfill the longer they will last.
Protect the Environment: Reducing what we use and recycling materials reduces the need to dig up or mine new raw materials, which often damages the surrounding environment.
Help Charities Many charities and community groups raise money through reusing and recycling.
Create Jobs: Employment can be provided by businesses involving renovation, repair and recycling.
There are a number of practical steps that you can take that will reduce the amount of waste we produce. Follow them and it could save you money, time and help others.
Even if you only manage to do two things on the list below, you will help to reduce our impact on the environment.
Accept Less Packaging: Buy your vegetables loose, where possible. Reuse plastic shopping bags.
Use Refills if Possible: Refills are available for all sorts of products such as foods, washing powders, household liquids, air fresheners and baby wipes.
Use Returnable Items: Milk and pop bottles are often sold on a returnable basis. Why not check out your local milkman? Chemists will reuse some medicine bottles.
Buy Recycled Products: Buy recycled products and support the recycling chain!
Compost your Waste: Vegetables and small amounts of paper or card can be composted. Even in the smallest garden, you can compost your waste!
Recycle your Waste: Find out where your nearest recycling banks are.
Do you need to throw it out?: If you're throwing out old furniture, beds or clothes, they could be put to good use by a local charity or pop it on our nearly new page. Some old furniture can be collected from your house if it can be reused.
You have the ultimate power because if you buy goods with less packaging and waste the shops will provide more and more items with less packaging. If you only buy goods that are made from recycled products it will encourage more recycling. You have the choice and power to make a difference!
Bag It and Bin It
'Bag IT and Bin It' is a national campaign by the water industry. It is us mums that usually deal with the nasty stuff - nappies, sanitary products, even plasters... If we put them down the loo, it means filters get clogged up and after a storm it all backs up and out onto beaches, rivers and streets.... and then it's our kids, playing outside, that suffer most.
What to do?
Disposable nappies and sanitary towels should always go in the bin (make sure they are properly wrapped first). In fact, the contents of a soiled disposable nappy should be flushed...not the nappy itself folks, just the poo! (not always easy - but actually, it is illegal to dispose of human waste in the bin!)
Disposing of medicines
How many of us have large collections of half finished packets and bottles! None of these should either be thrown away in the bin nor flushed down the loo. Take all unused or unwanted medicines with you next time you run by a chemists; they will happily dispose of it for you in a safe and environmentally approved manner.
Recycling Inkjet cartridges and phones
Inkjet cartridges: Did you know your old inkjet cartridge is valuable? Just ask in your Tesco store for a freepost envelope and pop it in the post. For each and every ink jet cartridge that gets sent in, Tesco makes a £2 donation to the Cystic Fibrosis Trust, so not only will you be helping the environment, but you are giving to a very worthwhile charity.
Don't forget about your old mobile phone too.... When getting a new phone, pick up a freepost envelope from Tesco and send in your old one for recycling. You get a choice - they will either donate £5 to charity for each phone turned in, or they will donate £2.50 and give you 250 clubcard points.
If you want you can just send it yourself in an ordinary envelope to: XS Tronix, FREEPOST, LON1759 2, PO BOX 32343, London SW17 9ZZ | <urn:uuid:2446b34a-1444-4359-98e9-4c5934b5b5e6> | {
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Wonderful children's books about special needs. List contains a variety of books about disabilities ranging from blindness to autism. Lesson to typically functioning children about their fellow classmates who may have a disabilities.
This Wonderful Daily Visual Schedule is exactly what everyone needs. Perfect for special needs children, Autism, and children that do best with a visual plan. Organization at home or school with FREE PRINTABLES Tap the link to check out sensory toys!
Do you have a child who is autistic, learning disabled, or has other special needs? Think you can’t homeschool? Come and learn from our panel of experienced homeschool mothers sharing their tips and advice on homeschooling special needs children.
I have seen a handful of special needs parent questionnaires and they all differ. Some churches have very detailed intake forms that look like something a skilled professional would complete inside. Great questionnaire for extra curricular activities.
7 Ways Churches Can Love on Children with Special Needs | <urn:uuid:45ab7791-46ea-4d5a-94f6-3f4f301d410f> | {
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St. Patrick’s Day is celebrated on 17th March as it is believed that the patron saint of Ireland died on that day in the year 461 AD. It is basically a worldwide celebration of Irish culture and history, particularly at places with a lot of Irish immigrants. St. Patrick’s Day is a national holiday in Ireland and Christians usually attend a mass to honour St. Patrick who converted many pagans to Christianity.
The actual color of St. Patrick is blue. Green became associated with St. Patrick's Day during the 19th century. Green was worn by people to encourage their crops to grow.
In Ireland on St. Patrick’s Day, people traditionally wear a small bunch of shamrocks on their jackets or caps.
The shamrock, the three-leafed clover is the symbol of Ireland and St. Patrick's day, the saint used it as a metaphor for the Christian Trinity.
Just like the Princess of Cambridge
The phrase, "Drowning The Shamrock" is from the custom of floating the shamrock on the top of whiskey before drinking it. The Irish believe that if you keep the custom, then you will have a prosperous year.
Women and girls wear green ribbons in their hair.
Many people dye their hair green or wear green wigs for the special day.
34 million Americans have Irish ancestry, according to the 2003 US Census. That’s almost nine times the population of Ireland, which has 4.1 million people so it is not surprising that St. Patrick's day is also widely celebrated around the USA.
Even in McDonalds
Many bars in the United States, and abroad, serve green beer.
In Chicago, on St. Patrick's Day, the rivers are dyed green.
In Seattle, there is a ceremony where a green stripe is painted down the roads.
And have you ever seen Google on 17th March?
Happy St. Patrick's Day! | <urn:uuid:6d1e0413-5920-4a3d-a1dd-e75bafb9261e> | {
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A View from Christopher Mims
How Close Is a Workable Brain-Computer Interface?
Noninvasive communication between brains and computers just came a step closer.
The ultimate goal of brain-computer interfaces is something direct, noninvasive and relatively high bandwidth.
Not even science fiction authors believe that a non-invasive approach is ever going to happen. Think about all the times you’ve seen someone in movies like The Matrix “jack in” to a computer via a gnarly port in their skull.
In the real world, however, few people are ever fitted with direct neural interfaces to computers. The results have been impressive–macaques moving robot arms just by thinking about it, and patients with locked-in syndrome communicating for the first time in ages. But this hasn’t translated to a viable solution for most people who might need such an interface.
That’s why new research from Spain is so exciting. Scientists led by Eduardo Iáñez of Miguel Hernandez University have for the first time combined a number of desirable features into a single brain-computer interface that is noninvasive, spontaneous and asynchronous.
About that asynchronicity: it turns out that, because of the bandwidth limitations of recording brain activity through EEGs – external electrodes placed on the outside of the head – previous attempts at noninvasive brain computer interfaces required that users only direct the computer during certain time slots. Imagine a metronome ticking very slowly, say once a second, directing you to imagine the movement of your robotic arm starting… now. How tedious.
Iáñez and colleagues’ approach gets around this limitation by using four different models, each with assumptions that are sometimes the opposite others. This way, however a subject’s brain happens to be wired up, all the computer has to figure out is whether they mean “left” or “right” in order to direct a robot arm in two dimensions.
Here’s a video of the results. First, you’ll see the simulation, running in MatLab, and then the arm itself responding in near-real time to the user. (The computer has to sample brain activity in half-second intervals in order to gather enough data to detect what the user intends.)
Users drive the system simply by imagining what they want to happen – for example, they could visualize moving their hand in the direction they want the arm to move.
Here’s a slightly more impressive video, of an arm being activated in three dimensions, although the movements are clearly pre-programmed.
Future research goals include moving this interface out of two dimensions and into three. If they succeed, they’ll have at least matched in humans an experiment performed with Macaques in which an EEG-driven arm was used by the monkeys to feed themselves. That would be quite a feat for patients who are currently unable to engage in such activities, and the main barrier appears to be how clever computers can be about processing the signal. In other words, the sophistication of their algorithm. | <urn:uuid:57c5c693-f50d-461c-8559-1c04d21c9991> | {
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Issue networks are an alliance of various interest groups and individuals who unite in order to promote a common cause or agenda in a way that influences government policy. Issue networks can be either domestic or international in scope depending on their collective goal. With the rise of the internet, many interest groups have turned to online resources, such as blogs and social media, to promote and spread their cause because of its low cost and high efficiency in outreach. An Issue network's tactics vary depending on their goals and purpose. In developed countries, issue networks often push for a change in policy within the government bureaucracy. An example includes the wide-ranging network of environmental groups and individuals who push for more environmental regulation in government policy. Other issue networks may revolve around such controversial issues as abortion, gun ownership rights, and drug laws. In the most extreme circumstances issue networks may seek to achieve their means through violence, such as terrorist organizations looking to overthrow existing governments all together. In the U.S, the most common tactic of effective issue networks is the role they play in what is called Iron Triangles. This is the term used to describe the three way back and forth communication process between Congress, Bureaucracies, and the interest groups that make up an issue network where they discuss policy and agendas in order to compromise on solutions to satisfy each other's goals.
Types of issue networks
In this table, subjects are categorized from high to low complexity and salience. Salience, meaning how high something affects a large number of people, and complexity meaning how much training and knowledge is needed for someone to answer the questions that can be asked about the subject. The typography below is by William T. Gormley
|Zoning Regulation||Nuclear Licensing|
|Affirmative Action Regulation||Electric Utility Regulation|
|Minimum Wage Regulation||Gas Utility Regulation|
|Gun Control||Hazardous Waste Regulation|
|Sale of Pornography||Water Quality Regulation|
|Nude Dancing||Occupational Safety|
|Video Arcade||Health Regulation|
|Hiring of Illegals||Drug Licensing|
|Truth-in-Labeling||Power Plant Siting|
|Fair Advertising||Strip Mining Regulation|
|Low||Building Inspections||Cable Television Regulations|
|Housing Inspections||Antitrust Regulation|
|Nursing Home Inspections||Securities Regulations|
|Liquor Licensing||Insurance Regulation|
|Blue Laws||Banking Regulation|
|Billboard Regulations||Telephone Regulation|
|Restaurant Inspections||Transportation Regulation|
|Election Regulation||Hospital Rate Regulation|
|Motor Vehicle Inspections||Patent Regulation|
Iron triangles are three-pronged relationships that are used between interest groups. Generally these interest groups are composed of businesses, congressional committees, and Federal agencies set to deal with a certain issue. These iron triangles do not have the general welfare of the public in mind, but are for the furthering of favorable policies for the interest group. For example, an iron triangle dealing with fossil fuels would be composed of a business or corporation dealing in fossil fuels, a congressional committee who oversees fossil fuel laws and regulations, and a fossil fuel Federal Agency which makes sure these laws are obeyed. However, iron triangles do not benefit the public, they only benefit the players within the iron triangle. Some cases these iron triangles not only benefit inside the ring, but often do so at the expense of the constituencies that Congress and these Federal bureaucracy’s are supposed to represent.
Iron triangles versus issue networks
Issue networks, are not the same as iron triangles for several reasons. One of the main differences between iron triangles and issue networks is that issue networks are generally free-forming groups of people in the public sector who form a coalition together, not through a congressional committee, or a Federal Agency but are bound together to accomplish a task at hand. These groups, most often, once the goal has been accomplished either A, break up and only form if the issue is brought back up, or B, find another issue similar in scope which they want to tackle. Another difference between iron triangles and Issue networks is that sometimes they can be at antagonistic with one another. Referring back to the paragraph above, if we take an iron triangle issue network who wants to build a pipeline, an issue network can form as a group of citizens who oppose it. They may oppose it for various reasons, but what brings them together temporarily is to not allow it to be built. If the issue network is successful in blocking the fossil fuel pipeline, then the issue network may dissolve because the task has been accomplished. Another example is the case in regards to environmental issue networks that disagree with the lax environmental standards pursued by private energy companies. It is also important to note often different Issue networks can also compete with one another, as in the case of pro-life and pro-choice sides of abortion.
Interest groups are organizations that may be formed by constitutes of an issue network to help promote their cause. They usually focus on tactics of raising money to donate to political campaigns and lobbying politicians already elected into office. Forming these organizations are often the most effective way for an issue network to influence government policy. Without them, it can be hard for the members of issue networks to unite as a whole in order to effectively make their demands heard. Interest groups play an integral part of Iron Triangle networks. They act as the voice of the people in the constant communication between themselves, legislatures, and bureaucracies.
From a stable policy community, through a period of substantial change under firm government control, to a densely populated and competitive environment composed of issue networks. In countries such as Australia and the United Kingdom, government is returning to a more interactive strategy regarding issue networks. In other countries, group input is a vital component of the policy-making process, through that process bureaucratic expertise is built-up and maintained. The existence of knowledgeable government agencies is necessary to balance the demands of competing groups and thereby ensure greater stability of policy outcomes. For example, in Australia, higher education is a good example of how the government is listening to clientele groups (issue networks) less than they were in the past due to the complexity of universities and the higher education system.
- Iron triangle (US politics)#Cultivation of a constituency
- Global public policy networks
- Policy network analysis
- Policy network (in German)
- Multistakeholder governance model
- Rodrigues, Maria Guadalupe (2000). "Environmental Protection Issue Networks in Amazonia". Latin American Research Review. 35: 125–153. JSTOR 2692044.
- "Issues-Terrorism". www.discoverthenetworks.org.
- Gormley, William T. “Regulatory Issue Networks in a Federal System.” Polity, vol. 18, no. 4, 1986, pp. 595–620.
- Gais, Thomas L., Mark A. Peterson, and Jack L. Walker. "Interest Groups, Iron Triangles and Representative Institutions in American National Government." British Journal of Political Science 14, no. 2 (1984)
- "Interest Group". www.buissnessdictionary.com.
- Eckert, S. (2016). The Governance of Markets, Sustainability and Supply. Toward a European Energy Policy. Journal Of Contemporary European Research, 12(1), 502-517.
- Marshall, N. (1995). Policy Communities, Issue Networks and the Formulation of Australian Higher Education Policy. Higher Education, 30(3), 273-293. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3447851http://www.jstor.org/stable/3447851
- Marc Landy and Sidney M. Milkis. American Government: Balancing Democracy and Rights. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
- Milton C. Cummings, Jr. and David Wise. Democracy Under Pressure: An Introduction to the American Political System, Tenth Edition. Thompson- Wadsworth, 2005
- Christine Barbour and Gerald C Wright. the Republic, Power and Citizenship in American Politics., Indiana University, 2009. | <urn:uuid:209099b9-7193-4dbc-b921-499f8ec174db> | {
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Slags originate from different stages in the iron and steel process, for example, electric arc furnace, blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, converter, or ladle. In the blast furnace, slag is generated from impurities in the iron ores (called the gangue), coke ash, and the flux; it is a complex mixture of silica, sulfides, alumina, and oxides of magnesium and calcium, as well as smaller amounts of iron oxides and manganese.
In an electric arc furnace, the slag formation process can be regulated by incorporation of oxygen, carbon, and slag formers such as magnesia (MgO) and lime (CaO) to the melt. Oxygen and carbon encourage the formation of CO instead of FeO and MnO and preserve these elements in their (valuable) elemental metallic form, while the standard slag formers help neutralize the acidity of the slag and extend the life of refractory (heat-resistant) bricks in the furnace. Proper and consistent monitoring of slag composition is a vital factor in regulating the contemporary smelting process.
X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) has been established as an exclusively rapid and reliable technique for measuring slags in solid-state with low sample preparation, outstanding repeatability, and minimal operator skill. Based on the equipment type and configuration, measurement times vary from minutes down to seconds. This article shows the procedure and standard results obtained with the Thermo Scientific™ ARL™ QUANT’X XRF Spectrometer, which has been used to measure magnesium (Mg) and heavier elements in slags at numerous sites across the world.
The ARL QUANT’X Spectrometer is based on the principle of Energy-Dispersive (EDXRF) that enables a single extremely sensitive detector to measure the emission lines of all elements from Sodium (Na, Z = 11) to Uranium (U, Z = 92). While EDXRF has progressively limited sensitivity to lighter elements and is seldom used to measure Magnesium (Mg) or Sodium (Na) at concentrations lower than 1%, advances in technology now spread its range into applications traditionally worked by the more sensitive and larger Wavelength-Dispersive (WDXRF) spectrometers.
The large active area, full vacuum chamber, and the low operating temperature and noise features of the Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) enable the ARL QUANT’X Spectrometer to realize extraordinary repeatability and sensitivity. In contrast to a majority of laboratory-grade instruments, compact footprint, durable mechanical design, and minimal site requirements of the ARL QUANT’X Spectrometer allow placement in harsh environments such as next to the furnace. Regular analysis can be carried out by untrained personnel, and the hardware is regulated exclusively by software to assure data integrity and cut operational complications because of mechanical buttons or controls.
In EDXRF, precision and sensitivity are attained by targeted excitation of the sample to fluoresce only the elements of interest. An instrument with better flexibility and control over the excitation efficiency and background generally demonstrates better performance. The ARL QUANT’X Spectrometer provides a nearly limitless mixture of excitation voltages of 4–50 kV and numerous primary beam filters for ideal background control. Table 1 shows two spectra that had been obtained from each slag sample, for a full counting time of 180 seconds in a low-vacuum atmosphere.
Table 1. Analytical settings
||Mg, Al, Si, P
||Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe
An example of three very different slag samples under the two excitation conditions can be seen in Figure 1. The concentrations of these slags are given in Table 3.
Figure 1. Spectra of three slags under two excitation conditions.
To perform qualitative analysis, XRF can be used without the need for any sample preparation, irrespective of sample size or shape. However, for relevant quantitative analysis, slag samples are normally crushed and ground in a mill to create a particle size of less than 50 µm, which helps reduce particle-size effects. Although the powder can be examined directly, accuracy and sample-to-sample repeatability are enhanced if the powder is pressed into what is known as a “pellet” using an automatic or manual press at 15–20 tons.
A majority of applications of XRF in industrial process control are calibrated using empirical calibrations on the foundation of primary or secondary standards. The outcomes stated below were acquired with the help of a multi-variable regression curve based on 20 secondary slag standards. All calibration tasks, curve display, and fit evaluations are included in the basic software package delivered with the ARL QUANT’X Spectrometer.
The Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) for all the oxides of interest in arc-furnace slags can be seen in Table 2. The SEE is the average difference between the calculated and certified concentrations of a particular analyte.
Table 2. Summary of calibration accuracy
||Cal Range (%)
Repeatability tests were carried out to reveal the typical precision attained by the ARL QUANT’X Spectrometer for the 3 minute total counting time. The statistical summary of 10 measurements of three slag samples is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Measurement precision
||0.79 ± 0.03
||3.32 ± 0.05
||3.68 ± 0.02
||45.5 ± 0.3
||32.8 ± 0.2
||38.4 ± 0.2
||19.1 ± 0.1
||14.3 ± 0.1
||19.5 ± 0.1
||5.75 ± 0.04
||19.0 ± 0.2
||7.41 ± 0.04
||5.12 ± 0.08
||19.0 ± 0.2
||3.50 ± 0.06
||0.82 ± 0.01
||0.26 ± 0.03
||3.00 ± 0.02
||15.51 ± 0.06
||19.50 ± 0.07
||12.31 ± 0.04
||1.12 ± 0.04
||0.48 ± 0.03
||0.42 ± 0.04
In certain cases, the difference between the nominal (given) composition and the average measured result was much greater than three-sigma of variation because of the instrument itself. In this case, the real variation is the result of the sample (pellet) preparation and the large range of slags used in this test. Therefore, the ideal accuracy for slag measurement would be accomplished by fusing the samples with lithium tetraborate, which eliminates grain size and mineralogical effects.
The ARL QUANT’X EDXRF Spectrometer has been used to effectively examine many components in slags. While the EDXRF’s performance in relation to repeatability, speed, and sensitivity to light elements is not similar to that of WDXRF, the small size, mechanical simplicity, robust architecture, and outstanding analytical value of the ARL QUANT’X Spectrometer make it a practical choice for numerous industrial settings.
This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Thermo Fisher Scientific - Elemental Analyzers.
For more information on this source, please visit Thermo Fisher Scientific - Elemental Analyzers. | <urn:uuid:05c0596e-1483-4681-bc67-86f753c82823> | {
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Childhood obesity, its impact on the development of chronic diseases, and the costs associated with its treatment are a pressing problem for today's society. It has been stated that this may be the first generation of young Americans, born today, who will have a shorter life span than their parents or grandparents if childhood obesity rates are not revised. Realizing the impact on our communities, WellSpan Health developed and implemented its coordinated, multi-faceted Growing Healthy prevention strategy to promote healthy eating and physical activity in York and Adams counties. Growing Healthy consists of four priority areas - communities, early childhood sites, healthcare settings, and schools - and is aligned with national recommendations to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity.
Through community-based partnerships and programs, WellSpan is committed to transforming our communities into those which encourage children, adults and families to make healthy choices.
WellSpan Health is committed to providing education and services that will assist parents and their families to improve their health.
WellSpan Health is working with preschool settings to promote healthy eating and physical activity curricula. The curricula provided gives preschool staff easy to use lessons that focus on making healthy food choices and being physically active. The themes of the lessons are shared with parents through parent letters and take home activity packets which highlight the concepts being addressed with the preschoolers.
Since the pilot program began in the 2006-2007 school year, a total of 75 early childhood provider staff have been trained in the Growing Healthy Tots program. The program is being utilized at 10 preschool locations.
Helping children establish good health habits early in life can make the difference between health and disability in adulthood. WellSpan Health created a school partnership program to assist schools with providing an environment that encourages healthful eating behaviors and regular physical activity.
Resources available through the Growing Healthy Kids school partnership program respond to national and state guidelines requiring comprehensive school wellness policies that include development of school health councils, and broad-based support for environment and policy changes that promote healthy eating and physical activity behaviors.
Partnership opportunities are designed to support the wellness policies of the school districts in York and Adams counties. Specific programs and materials are offered FREE to schools and are based upon National Physical Education Standards; and current recommendations for the National Association for Sports and Physical Education (NASPE) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Through the Growing Healthy Kids School Partnership Program, Community Health & Wellness will:
The Growing Healthy Kids school partnership program is financially supported by the York Hospital Auxiliary. Teachers or school administrators may contact Joe Anne Ward-Cottrell at [email protected] or (717) 851-3222 for more information about partnership opportunities.
The following schools are involved in the 2010-2011 Growing Health Kids School Partnership:
For professional development or to enhance your school's physical education program, visit:
Action Based Learning
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance:
American Council on Exercise
Centers for Disease Control
Cooper Institute for Aerobic Research
Jensen Learning Corporation
National Association for Health and Fitness
PE 4 Life Active Body Active Mind
PE Central for Health & Physical Education Teachers
PE Links for You
Pennsylvania Advocates for Nutrition and Activity (PANA)
President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
Susan Byrnes Health Education Center
Shape up America
This search will provide you with WellSpan Medical Group and Northern Lancaster County (Ephrata) Medical Group primary care physicians and specialists. If we don’t have a WellSpan Medical Group physician to meet your criteria, the search will expand to include community physicians who partner with WellSpan Medical Group physicians through the WellSpan Provider Network or provide care to patients on the Medical Staffs of WellSpan’s Hospitals.×
Use your MyWellSpan patient portal any time to view available appointments, and pick the date and time that best suits your schedule.
If you don't have a WellSpan primary care provider and would like to schedule a new patient appointment with a provider who is accepting patients, just log into your MyWellSpan account, and go to the Appointment Center section. As you progress through the scheduling process, you will be able to see the offices that are accepting new patients in relation to your zip code. If you are not enrolled in MyWellSpan, go to https://my.wellspan.org, call 1-866-638-1842 or speak with a member of the staff at a participating facility to sign up. New patient scheduling not available at all practices/programs.
If you already have a relationship with a WellSpan practice, simply log into your account, and go to the Appointment Center section. As you progress through the scheduling process, you will be able to schedule an appointment with any provider or practice that already counts you as a patient. Online scheduling varies by practice/program.× | <urn:uuid:80a8dec3-1df7-49c2-a711-5d32a34e09f8> | {
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Learning How to Break Bad News to Patients
Learning How to Break Bad News to Patients
CLEVELANDCommunicating bad news is an essential part of end-of-life care as well as an important skill in all areas of medicine. Although many physicians feel unprepared to deliver bad news, it is a skill that can be learned and improved, said Donna S. Zhukovsky, MD, director of the Cancer Pain Clinic in the Palliative Medicine Program, Cleveland Clinic Foundation.
Dr. Zhukovsky spoke at a conference devoted to the clinical management of terminally ill patients. The conference was based on the Education of Physicians in End-of-Life Care (EPEC) program, developed by the American Medical Association in conjunction with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Conference participants were divided into small groups for a discussion of communicating bad news and the presentation of a video produced by the EPEC program.
Breaking bad news begins before the patient arrives, Dr. Zhukovsky said at one such group discussion. The physician should plan what he or she is going to say and prepare to talk with the patient in private. There should be adequate seating for the patient, the physician, and other family members.
Although preparation is important, communication doesnt have to be very time consuming, she said. Physicians who work with an interdisciplinary health care team may find it helpful to have a social worker or nurse present. Once the physician confirms the medical facts of the situation and answers questions, perhaps someone else on the health care team can address other concerns of the patient.
If a translator is needed, find one who understands medical terms and is prepared to translate bad news, Dr. Zhu-kovsky said. Avoid using family members as translators, she added, since an experienced translator will give a more neutral presentation.
Begin by assessing what the patient already knows about the illness. Start from where they are, not where you are, Dr. Zhukovsky said. Determine how much the patient wants to know by asking. The physician might say, Would you like me to tell you the full details of your condition? or Do you want me to go over the test results now and explain exactly what I think is wrong?
Try to be sensitive to cultural differences, Dr. Zhukovsky said. Such cultural differences may inform the way patients and family members respond to medical information. Americans, for instance, may accept the diagnosis but struggle with the uncertainty of the prognosis. Patients from other cultures may find it difficult to hear the diagnosis. In some cultures, cancer is believed to be a consequence of having done something wrong.
In many situations, the family will ask the physician to avoid telling the patient the diagnosis. The family may believe that sharing the diagnosis will take away the patients hope. In other cases, family members who have had a difficult relationship with the patient may feel guilty and unable to accept the patients likely death. In both situations, the request not to tell is an attempt to protect themselves and the patient from the emotions that accompany a life-threatening illness, Dr. Zhukovsky said.
When faced with a family that says, Dont tell, the physician should ask the family to express their concerns about telling the patient. Ask family members what it is theyre afraid of, Dr. Zhukovsky suggested. It may be appropriate for the physician and family together to ask the patient how much he or she wants to know.
A diagnosis of life-threatening illness need not take away hope. Diagnosis often opens up opportunities rather than closing them, Dr. Zhukovsky said. Patients facing cancer may use their time to re-examine their lives, to resolve conflicts, complete projects important to them, go on trips, or create a videotape for children to remember them by.
The Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic uses family conferences for its patients as a means of sharing medical information and addressing the patients psychosocial needs, she said. The advantage of this is that everyone gets the information at the same time. Family members who live far away can be included with a conference call.
When the patient is ready to hear the diagnosis, give the diagnosis without euphemisms, Dr. Zhukovsky said. You want to be blunt without being cruel, she said, but euphemisms can really get you into trouble. She described meeting a patient who knew he had had chemotherapy for his tumor, but didnt know he had cancer. She said she uses the word cancer initially during her diagnosis but then will soften her message by using the word tumor.
Present the information in small chunks and respect the ability of the patient to absorb the news, she said. Pause frequently and check for understanding. Be prepared for a broad range of reactions. Nonverbal communication and silence can be very helpful. Listen quietly and attentively to the patients reaction, Dr. Zhukovsky said. You learn more by not saying anything. With silence, people will begin talking.
The phrase Im sorry should be adjusted to make it clear that the physician is expressing empathy rather than apology or pity. Im sorry to have to give you bad news is better than simply saying Im sorry, she said.
If the patient asks for a prognosis, the physician should first assess his or her reasons for asking and determine how specific the prognosis needs to be. It is notoriously difficult to predict how close a patient is to death, Dr. Zhukovsky said. She acknowledged that even after caring for numerous patients who died, she is not good at predicting. The EPEC program suggests responding with a range of time, such as hours to days, days to weeks, weeks to months, or months to years.
Physicians can prepare families who are praying for a miracle for unexpected surprises, both good and bad, by presenting medical care within the context of hoping for the best and planning for the worst, Dr. Zhukovsky suggested.
Finally, establish a follow-up plan. Explain how the physician can be reached to answer additional questions. Before the patient leaves, make sure he or she is not too distraught to get home safely. If the patient is alone, for example, Dr. Zhukovsky suggested asking, Should we pick up the phone and have someone come get you?
The short video viewed by the group showed a scene in which a physician confirms a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in a patient who has had a colonoscopy for a mass in the descending colon. The doctor introduces the bad news by saying: I know you wanted it straight. Other phrases used by the doctor include: Tell me what youre afraid of, and Is there anyone else I can talk to? The physician also offers emotional support by offering to be there for the patient and by saying, Were going to take this one step at a time. | <urn:uuid:c672c69e-c477-4f4f-add8-a20b0a565406> | {
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Sugary drinks linked to reduced DNA protection in Latino preschoolers
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages by children between 2 and 3 years of age has been linked to shorter telomeres in a new, preliminary study by researchers from UC San Francisco. The study raises concerns, the researchers say, that if this early-life exposure affects the length of telomeres—the protective end caps for DNA within cells' chromosomes—it may also affect risk for chronic illnesses later in life.
Telomeres shorten with age, which has been associated in some adult studies with metabolic and inflammatory diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, liver cirrhosis and ulcerative colitis.
Research has shown that the length of telomeres typically shortens fastest in the first years of life, but it is unknown whether this is associated with chronic disease risks, according to Janet Wojcicki, PhD, associate professor in the UCSF Department of Pediatrics and the lead author of the study, publishing online in the journal Childhood Obesity on Nov. 17, 2017.
In the study, the UCSF researchers measured telomere length in white blood cells from 61 Latino children who consumed beverages like soda, sweetened juices and Kool-Aid. They were measured by a method called qPCR, which compares the ratio of the abundance of telomeres versus the abundance of a single copy gene (t/s ratio). This measure represents the average telomere length in a population of cells. Measurements were made in infancy and repeated during the the preschool years.
Researchers found the value of the t/s ratio used to gauge telomere length averaged 1.58. Each serving per month of a sugar-sweetened beverage was associated with a t/s ratio that was approximately 0.009 less than the average, indicating a correspondingly shorter telomere length.
"Even at relatively low levels of sugared-beverage consumption, we found that how often these young children drank sugar-sweetened beverages was associated with telomere length, mirroring the relationship that has been found in some studies of adults," Wojcicki said.
Soda Consumption Starts at Ages 2, 3
The majority of children in the current study (62 percent) were consuming sodas by age 2 to 3, with the average number of servings being approximately five to six per month.
The association of higher sugar-sweetened beverage consumption with telomere length was greater among non-obese children in the study, Wojcicki said, noting that it is possible that young children who were obese had already reached a threshold of damage from exposure to increased inflammation. Wojcicki is interested in exploring if there are unhealthy metabolic changes that occur before the development of obesity.
Latino children are at risk of becoming obese and developing metabolic disease. A study published in October in the New England Journal of Medicine concluded that Type 2 diabetes among Latino children ages 10 to 19 increased more than 3 percent per year from 2003 to 2012.
"This is a high-risk community, with a lot of metabolic disease and obesity," Wojcicki said. "Some of the negative impacts of soda consumption might be happening early, whether or not the eventual clinical outcomes are apparent."
In earlier studies of Latino children, Wojcicki and colleagues found that high levels of sugar-sweetened soda consumption at 3 years of age was linked to more rapid shortening of telomeres at ages 4 or 5, and that children whose mothers drank fewer sugar-sweetened beverages during pregnancy had longer telomeres, as did the children of mothers who breastfed.
"We really need a stronger push to understand how exposures during the mother's pregnancy and immediately after birth impact health throughout life," Wojcicki said. | <urn:uuid:5bd05432-2e56-425f-a37d-708bfc82a13e> | {
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The Role of Mistakes in the ClassroomSeptember 6, 2011 | Alina Tugend
As the school doors swing open to welcome the start of another year, both teachers and students will have goals: to inspire a class, to learn new things, to get good grades.
What probably won't be on that list is to make a mistake -- in fact many. But it should be.
Why? Because we're raising a generation of children -- primarily in affluent, high-achieving districts -- who are terrified of blundering. Of failing. Of even sitting with the discomfort of not knowing something for a few minutes.
If students are afraid of mistakes, then they're afraid of trying something new, of being creative, of thinking in a different way. They're scared to raise their hands when they don't know the answer and their response to a difficult problem is to ask the teacher rather than try different solutions that might, gasp, be wrong.
They're as one teacher told me, "victims of excellence."
Why is this? Because success in school is too often defined as high marks on tests. And if results are all that matter in education, then mistakes play no positive role. They are only helpful if we believe that the process of learning -- which inevitably must include the process of erring -- is just as, or more, important than getting to the correct answer.
I realize that parents play a crucial role in how their children view mistakes -- and I've written about that -- but here, I'm focusing on educators.
While writing my book Better by Mistake: The Unexpected Benefits of Being Wrong, I came across some fascinating research about how children learn and what message they take away about mistakes.
Carol Dweck, a professor of psychology at Stanford University, has conducted groundbreaking research in this area. One of her experiments asked 400 5th graders in New York City schools to take an easy short test, on which almost all performed well. Half the children were praised for "being really smart." The other half was complimented "having worked really hard."
Then they were asked to take a second test and given the options of either choosing one that was pretty simple and they would do well on, or one that was more challenging, but they might make mistakes.
Of those students praised for effort, 90 percent chose the harder test. Of those praised for being smart, the majority chose the easy test. Dweck has conducted such experiments and studies in a variety of school districts -- low-income, high-income, homogenous and mixed- culture and races.
A cornerstone of Dweck's research is the concepts of fixed mindsets and growth mindsets. Those with fixed mindsets, as Professor Dweck says, believe people are good at something -- either good at math or music or baseball -- or they're not. For those with a fixed mindset, mistakes serve no purpose but to highlight failure.
Those with what Professor Dweck calls growth mindsets -- who believe that some people are better or worse in certain areas but we can all improve and develop our skills and abilities -- are much more likely to be able to accept mistakes because they know they're part of learning.
And studies in a secondary school have shown that when students are taught about growth mindsets and that the brain is malleable, their motivation to learn dramatically increases. Take a look at the web site www.brainology.us if you want to learn more.
This doesn't mean, of course, that we can all be world-class chess players or pro athletes, but rather that we all have a much greater ability to develop our potential than we think we do. It takes hard work, however, and we can't do it without taking chances and making mistakes.
Embracing such an ideology also means, to circle back, that the emphasis in schools must be on the process of learning, not solely the results. I know this is difficult in our country now, particularly when so much stress is put on standardized tests -- which are all about results and not exploring different ideas -- as a way to measure the success of both teachers and children.
But it can be done. We can learn from other cultures -- for example, in Japan, children are allowed, and expected, to work out a problem in front of the class for 10 minutes or more. Even if the student is wrong, there is no shame. Mistakes are an indication, not of failure, in these classrooms, but of what still needs to be learned.
I also know a group of fourth-grade and fifth-grade teachers in New York who, inspired by the idea that children need to learn to make and live with mistakes, are developing their own lesson plan to build resilient learners. The idea is to help students examine the ideas of effort and persistence, learn to take risks and accept imperfection and be willing to sit with the uncertainty of not knowing.
It's a big task. But over time, I think we can teach students how to shift the prism at least slightly, so they look at mistakes not as something to be dreaded and avoided, but as an inevitable -- and often very helpful -- part of learning.
© 2011 Alina Tugend | <urn:uuid:18bd9feb-e191-415c-8bef-eb3df4e8b850> | {
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Bald Eagle range Resident, breeding Summer visitor, breeding Winter visitor On migration only Star: accidental records
Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766
Bald eagle is the common name for a North American bird of prey, (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), that is most recognizable as the national bird and symbol of the United States. Its range includes most of Canada and Alaska, all of the contiguous United States, and northern Mexico. It is found near large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply and old-growth trees for nesting.
The species was on the brink of extirpation in the continental United States (while flourishing in much of Alaska and Canada) late in the twentieth century, largely because of anthropogenic factors (hunting, loss of habitat, pollution). However, just as human activity lead to its reduction to only about 412 nesting pairs in the continental United States by the 1950s, regulations and environmental education advanced its recovery. The bald eagle now has a stable population and has been officially removed from the U.S. federal government's list of endangered species. The bald eagle was officially reclassified from "Endangered" to "Threatened" on July 12, 1995 by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. On July 6, 1999, a proposal was initiated "To Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife." It was delisted on June 28 2007.
Eagles are large birds of prey (a bird that hunts for food primarily on the wing, also known as a raptor) that mainly inhabit Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, just two species (the Bald and golden eagles) are found in North America north of Mexico, with a few more species in Central and South America, and three in Australia.
Eagles are members of the bird order Falconiformes (or Accipitriformes, according to alternative classification schemes), family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera that are not necessarily closely related to each other in any sort of way.
Eagles are differentiated from other birds of prey mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and bill. Even the smallest eagles, like the booted eagle (which is comparable in size to a common buzzard or red-tailed hawk), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the vultures.
Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, and powerful talons. They also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential prey from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils, which cause minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light.
Bald eagles are part of a group of eagles known as "sea eagles," birds of prey in the genus Haliaeetus. Bald eagles have two known sub-species and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (i Eurasia). A species pair is a group of species that satisfy the biological definition of species—that is, they are reproductively isolated from each other—but which are not morphologically distinguishable.
The genus Haliaeetus is possibly one of the oldest genera of living birds. A distal left tarsometatarsus (DPC 1652) recovered from early Oligocene deposits of Fayyum, Euzbakistan (Jebel Qatrani Formation, around 33 million years ago (mya) is similar in general pattern and some details to that of a modern sea-eagle. The genus was present in the middle Miocene (12-16 mya) with certainty.
The Bald eagle, (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), is a large bird, with an adult body length of 71-96 centimeters (28-38 inches), a wingspan of 168–244 centimeters (66–88 inches), and a weight of 3–6.3 kilograms (6.6–14 pounds); females are about 25 percent larger than males. Adult females have a wingspan of up to 2.44 meters (88 inches), while adult males may be as small as 1.68 meters (66 inches). Adult females weigh approximately 5.8 kilograms (12.8 pounds), males weigh 4.1 kilograms (9 pounds). The size of the bird varies by location; the smallest specimens are those from Florida, where an adult male may barely exceed 2.3 kilograms (5 pounds) and a wingspan of 1.8 meters (6 feet). The largest are Alaskan birds, where large females may exceed 7.5 kilograms (16.5 pounds) and have a wingspan of over 2.4 meters (8 feet).
The adult bald eagle has an evenly brown body with a white head and tail. The beak, feet, and irises are bright yellow. Males and females are identical in plumage coloration.
Juveniles are completely brown except for the yellow feet. The plumage of the immature is brown, speckled with white until the fifth (rarely fourth, very rarely third) year, when it reaches sexual maturity. Immature bald eagles are distinguishable from the golden eagle in that the former has a more protruding head with a larger bill, straighter edged wings that are held flat (not slightly raised) and with a stiffer wing beat, and feathers which do not completely cover the legs. Also, the immature Bald Eagle has more light feathers in the upper arm area, especially around the very top of the arm.
The tail of the bald eagle is moderately long and slightly wedge-shaped. The legs are unfeathered, and the toes are short and powerful with long talons. The highly developed talon of the hind toe is used to pierce the vital areas of prey while it is held immobile by the front toes. The beak is large and hooked, with a yellow cere.
The diet of a bald eagle consists mainly of fish, but it is an opportunistic feeder. It hunts fish by swooping down and snatching the fish out of the water with its talons.
The bald eagle is sexually mature at four years or five years of age. It builds the largest nest of any North American bird, up to 4 meters (13 feet) deep, 2.5 meters (8 feet) wide, and one metric ton (1.1 short ton) in weight.
This sea eagle gets both its common and scientific names from the distinctive appearance of the adult's head. Bald in the English name is derived from the word "piebald," and refers to the white head and tail feathers and their contrast with the darker body. The scientific name is derived from Haliaeetus, New Latin for "sea eagle" (from the Ancient Greek haliaetos), and leucocephalus, Latinized Ancient Greek for "white head," from λευκος leukos ("white") and κεφαλη kephale ("head").
The bald eagle prefers habitats near seacoasts, rivers, large lakes, and other large bodies of open water with an abundance of fish. Studies have shown a preference for bodies of water with a circumference greater than 11 kilometers (7 miles), and lakes with an area greater than 10 km² (3.8 square miles) are optimal for breeding bald eagles.
The bald eagle requires old-growth and mature stands of coniferous or hardwood trees for perching, roosting, and nesting. Selected trees must have good visibility, an open structure, and proximity to prey, but the height or species of tree is not as important as an abundance of comparatively large trees surrounding the body of water. Forests used for nesting should have a canopy cover of less than 60 percent, and as low as 20 percent, and be in close proximity to water.
The bald eagle is extremely sensitive to human activity, and occurs most commonly in areas free of human disturbance. It chooses sites more than 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) from low-density human disturbance and more than 1.8 kilometers (1.2 miles) from medium- to high-density human disturbance.
The bald eagle's natural range covers most of North America, including most of Canada, all of the continental United States, and northern Mexico. It is the only sea eagle native to only North America. The bird itself is able to live in most of North America's varied habitats from the bayous of Louisiana to the Sonoran Desert and the eastern deciduous forests of Quebec and New England. Northern birds are migratory, while southern birds are resident, often remaining on their breeding territory all year. The bald eagle previously bred throughout much of its range but at its lowest population was largely restricted to Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, northern and eastern Canada, and Florida.
The bald eagle has occurred as a vagrant at least twice in Ireland; a juvenile was shot illegally in Fermanagh on January 11 1973 (misidentified at first as a white-tailed eagle), and an exhausted juvenile was captured in Kerry on November 15 1987.
Bald eagles will also congregate in certain locations in winter. From November until February, one to two thousand birds winter in Squamish, British Columbia, about halfway between Vancouver and Whistler. The birds primarily gather along the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, attracted by the salmon spawning in the area.
There are two recognized subspecies of Bald Eagle:
The bald eagle forms a species pair with the Eurasian white-tailed eagle. This species pair consists of a white-headed and a tan-headed species of roughly equal size. The white-tailed eagle also has overall somewhat paler brown body plumage. The pair diverged from other sea eagles at the beginning of the Early Miocene (around 10 million years before present) at the latest, but possibly as early as the Early/Middle Oligocene, 28 million years before present, if the most ancient fossil record is correctly assigned to this genus. The two species probably diverged in the North Pacific, as the white-tailed eagle spread westwards into Eurasia and the Bald Eagle spread eastwards into North America.
Once a common sight in much of the continent, the bald eagle was severely affected in the mid-twentieth century by a variety of factors. These factors included widespread loss of suitable habitat and illegal shooting, the later of which was described as "the leading cause of direct mortality in both adult and immature bald eagles," according to a 1978 report in the Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. In 1984, the National Wildlife Federation listed hunting, power line electrocution, and collisions in flight as the leading causes of eagle deaths. Bald eagle populations have also been negatively affected by oil, lead, and mercury pollution, and by human and predator intrusion.
Another factor considered as impacting eagle populations is the thinning of egg shells, attributed to the use of the pesticide DDT. Bald eagles, like many birds of prey, were believed to be especially affected by DDT due to biomagnification. DDT itself was not lethal to the adult bird, but it is believed that it interfered with the bird's calcium metabolism, making the bird either sterile or unable to lay healthy eggs. Female eagles laid eggs that were too brittle to withstand the weight of a brooding adult, making it nearly impossible to produce young.
By the 1950s there were only 412 nesting pairs in the 48 contiguous states of the US.
The species was first protected in the U.S. and Canada by the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty, later extended to all of North America. The 1940 Bald Eagle Protection Act in the U.S., which protected the Bald Eagle and the golden eagle, prohibited commercial trapping and killing of the birds. The bald eagle was declared an endangered species in the U.S. in 1967, and amendments to the 1940 act between 1962 and 1972 further restricted commercial uses and increased penalties for violators. Also in 1972, DDT was banned in the United States. DDT was completely banned in Canada in 1989, though its use had been highly restricted since the late 1970s.
With regulations in place and DDT banned, the eagle population rebounded. The bald eagle can be found in growing concentrations throughout the United States and Canada, particularly near large bodies of water. In the early 1980s, the estimated total population was 100,000 birds, with 110,000–115,000 by 1992. The U.S. state with the largest resident population is Alaska, with about 40,000–50,000 birds, with the next highest population being the Canadian province of British Columbia with 20,000–30,000 birds in 1992.
The bald eagle was officially removed from the U.S. federal government's list of endangered species on July 12, 1995 by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, when it was reclassified from "Endangered" to "Threatened." On July 6, 1999, a proposal was initiated "To Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife." It was delisted on June 28, 2007.It has also been assigned a risk level of Least Concern category on the IUCN Red List.
Permits are required to keep bald eagles in captivity in the United States. Permits are only issued to public educational institutions, and the eagles which they show are permanently injured individuals that cannot be released to the wild. The facilities where eagles are kept must be equipped with adequate caging and facilities, as well as workers experienced in the handling and care of eagles. Bald eagles cannot legally be kept for falconry in the United States. As a rule, the bald eagle is a poor choice for public shows, being timid, prone to becoming highly stressed, and unpredictable in nature. The bald eagle can be long-lived in captivity if well cared for, but does not breed well even under the best conditions. In Canada, a license is required to keep bald eagles for falconry.
The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States of America. It is one of the country's most recognizable symbols, and appears on most of its official seals, including the Seal of the President of the United States.
Its national significance dates back to June 20 1782, when the Continental Congress officially adopted the current design for the Great Seal of the United States including a bald eagle grasping arrows and an olive branch with its talons.
In 1784, after the end of the Revolutionary War, Benjamin Franklin wrote a famous letter from Paris to his daughter, criticizing the choice and suggesting the wild turkey as a better representative of American qualities. He described the Bald Eagle as "a Bird of bad moral character," who, "too lazy to fish for himself" survived by robbing the osprey of its catch. He also called the bald eagle "a rank Coward" who was easily driven from a perch by the much smaller kingbird. In the letter, Franklin wrote that he favored the turkey, "a much more respectable Bird," which he described as "a little vain & silly [but] a Bird of Courage."
Despite Franklin's objections, the Bald Eagle remained the emblem of the United States. It can be found on both national seals and on the back of several coins (including the quarter dollar coin until 1999), with its head oriented towards the olive branch. Between 1916 and 1945, the Presidential Flag showed an eagle facing to its left (the viewer's right), which gave rise to the urban legend that the seal is changed to have the eagle face towards the olive branch in peace, and towards the arrows in wartime.
The Bald Eagle is a sacred bird in some North American cultures, and its feathers, like those of the golden eagle, are central to many religious and spiritual customs among Native Americans. Eagles are considered spiritual messengers between gods and humans by some cultures. Many pow wow dancers use the eagle claw as part of their regalia as well. Eagle feathers are often used in traditional ceremonies, particularly in the construction of regalia worn and as a part of fans, bustles, and head dresses. The Lakota, for instance, give an eagle feather as a symbol of honor to person who achieves a task. In modern times, it may be given on an event such as a graduation from college.The Pawnee considered eagles as symbols of fertility because their nests are built high off the ground and because they fiercely protect their young. The Kwakwaka'wakw scattered eagle down to welcome important guests.
During the Sun Dance, which is practiced by many Plains Indian tribes, the eagle is represented in several ways. The eagle nest is represented by the fork of the lodge where the dance is held. A whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle is used during the course of the dance. Also during the dance, a medicine man may direct his fan, which is made of eagle feathers, to people who seek to be healed. The medicine man touches the fan to the center pole and then to the patient, in order to transmit power from the pole to the patient. The fan is then held up toward the sky, so that the eagle may carry the prayers for the sick to the Creator.
Current eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain bald or golden eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use. The constitutionality of these laws has been questioned by Native American groups on the basis that it violates the First Amendment by affecting ability to practice their religion freely. Additionally, as only members of federally recognized tribes are legally allowed to possess eagle feathers, this prevents non-federally recognized tribe members from practicing religion freely. The laws have also been criticized on grounds of racial preferences and infringements on tribal sovereignty.
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Beaufort, North Carolina
Beaufort is the easternmost town in the Crystal Coast region of Carteret County, North Carolina; the county seat; and the third-oldest town in the state. Established in 1713 on the Newport River, Beaufort was named after Henry Somerset, the Duke of Beaufort. Beaufort's two main claims to fame are its intact historical homes and its connection with the dreaded pirate Blackbeard. The town's name is pronounced differently than that of its South Carolina namesake; this Beaufort is "BO-furt"
18 imagesHistoric Graveyards in Beaufort North Carolina. Photos from St. Paul's Episcopal Church and the Old Burying Grounds. The Old Burying Ground grew up around the building used for sessions of the Court and for reading the service of the Anglican Church in St. John's Parish. The cemetery was deeded to the town of Beaufort in 1731 by Nathaniel Taylor, following the first survey. The northwest corner is the oldest part, with the earliest graves marked with shell, brick, or wooden slabs. Stone was too difficult to obtain. Characteristic of this period are the vaulted graves bricked over to protect them from water and wild animals. In the graveyard, you will find a "Girl in the Rum Barrel". She died at sea returning from England, but her father had promised her mother he would bring her back home. He did, inside a rum barrel. | <urn:uuid:e8cb21ca-3837-4a6e-9b49-fdce88e6f47f> | {
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Among dental restorations, implants are the closest prosthetic we have to real teeth. They not only replace the visible crown, but the titanium post imbedded in the jawbone adequately substitutes for the tooth root. Because of their unique design, implants are not only life-like, they’re highly durable and could potentially last for decades.
But while their success rate is remarkably high (more than 95% exceed the ten-year mark), they can fail. Ironically, one possible cause for implant failure is periodontal (gum) disease. Although an implant’s materials are themselves impervious to disease, the tissues and underlying bone that support the implant aren’t. If these natural tissues become infected, the secure hold the implant has can weaken and fail.
A gum infection usually begins with dental plaque, a thin biofilm of bacteria and food particles that builds up on tooth surfaces. Certain strains of bacteria within plaque can infect the gums. One particular form of the disease known as peri-implantitis starts as an initial infection and ensuing inflammation of gum tissues around an implant. The disease can quickly spread down to the bone and destroy the integration between the bone and the implant that helps keep the implant in place.
That’s why it’s important for you to keep the implant and the tissues around it clean of plaque, just as you would the rest of your natural teeth. This requires daily brushing and flossing around the implant and other teeth, and visiting your dentist regularly for more thorough dental cleanings.
You should also be alert to any signs of disease, especially around implants: gum redness, swelling, bleeding or pus formation. Because of the rapidity with which peri-implantitis can spread, you should see your dentist as soon as possible if you notice any of these signs.
Preventing gum disease, and treating it promptly if it occurs, is a key part of implant longevity. Preserving your overall dental health will help make sure your implant doesn’t become a loss statistic.
Roughly 75% of American adults are missing at least one tooth, mostly from disease, trauma or extraction for other dental reasons. A few missing teeth, though, never erupted in the first place.
It’s a rare occurrence, but sometimes people are born without certain teeth, usually back molars or premolars that may not be as visible. Occasionally, though, it’s the more visible upper lateral incisors positioned on either side of the central incisors (the two front teeth on either side of the midline of the face).
Missing incisors can lead to poor bites and create difficulties for speech development and nutrition. But these highly visible (or in this case, “invisible”) teeth can also detract from an otherwise attractive smile.
There are ways, however to correct a smile with missing lateral incisors. Here are 3 of those ways.
Canine substitution. We can fill the vacancy created by the missing incisors by orthodontically moving the canines (the “eyeteeth,” normally next to them) into the space. Braces can close the gap in a conservative way, while possibly correcting any existing bite problems. Because canines are larger than incisors, its often necessary to re-contour them and restore them with a crown, veneer or bonding material to look more natural.
Fixed bridge. A second way to fill the space is with a dental bridge. A bridge consists of a series of crowns fused together in a row. The middle crowns replace the missing teeth; the end crowns cap the natural teeth on either end of the gap, which establishes support for the bridge. Another variation is a cantilever bridge in which only one natural tooth is capped for support. With either type, though, the capped teeth will be permanently reduced in size to accommodate the crowns.
Dental implants. This popular restoration is also a favorite for correcting missing incisors. Implants provide a life-like and durable replacement for missing teeth, while not requiring any alterations to existing teeth as with a bridge. But they are more expensive than the other options, and they require adequate space between the adjacent teeth for insertion, as well as healthy bone for proper placement and anchorage. This is also an option that must wait until the jaw has fully matured in early adulthood.
If you would like more information on treating congenitally missing teeth, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “When Permanent Teeth Don't Grow: Treatment Options for Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisors.”
Dental implants have soared in popularity thanks to their life-likeness, functionality and durability. But these prized qualities have also created an ironic downside—people are much more likely to replace a tooth with an implant rather than go through the time and effort to preserve it.
We say downside because even though an implant is as close to a real tooth as we can now achieve in dentistry, it still can't rival the real thing. It's usually in your long-term health interest to save a tooth if reasonably possible. And, there are effective ways to do so.
Most dental problems arise from two common oral diseases. One is tooth decay, caused by contact with acid produced by bacteria living in dental plaque. We can often minimize the damage by treating the early cavities decay can create. But if we don't treat it in time, the decay can advance into the tooth's pulp chamber, putting the tooth in danger of loss.
We can intervene, though, using root canal therapy, in which we drill into the tooth to access its interior. We clean out the decayed tooth structure, remove the diseased pulp tissue and fill the empty chamber and root canals to seal the tooth and later crown it to further protect it from re-infection.
Periodontal (gum) disease also begins with bacteria, but in this case the infection is in the gum tissues. Over time the ensuing inflammation locks into battle with the plaque-fueled infection. This stalemate ultimately weakens gum attachment, the roots and supporting bone that can also increases risk for tooth loss.
We can stop a gum infection through a variety of techniques, all following a similar principle—completely removing any accumulated plaque and tartar from the teeth and gums. This stops the infection and starts the process of gum and bone healing.
You should be under no illusions that either of these approaches will be easy. Advanced tooth decay can be complex and often require the skills of an endodontist (a specialist in root canals). Likewise, gum disease may require surgical intervention. But even with these difficulties, it's usually worth it to your dental health to consider saving your tooth first before you replace it with an implant.
If you would like more information on how best to treat a problem tooth, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Save a Tooth or Get an Implant?”
While the sport of golf may not look too dangerous from the sidelines, players know it can sometimes lead to mishaps. There are accidents involving golf carts and clubs, painful muscle and back injuries, and even the threat of lightning strikes on the greens. Yet it wasn’t any of these things that caused professional golfer Danielle Kang’s broken tooth on the opening day of the LPGA Singapore tournament.
“I was eating and it broke,” explained Kang. “My dentist told me, I've chipped another one before, and he said, you don't break it at that moment. It's been broken and it just chips off.” Fortunately, the winner of the 2017 Women’s PGA championship got immediate dental treatment, and went right back on the course to play a solid round, shooting 68.
Kang’s unlucky “chip shot” is far from a rare occurrence. In fact, chipped, fractured and broken teeth are among the most common dental injuries. The cause can be crunching too hard on a piece of ice or hard candy, a sudden accident or a blow to the face, or a tooth that’s weakened by decay or repetitive stress from a habit like nail biting. Feeling a broken tooth in your mouth can cause surprise and worry—but luckily, dentists have many ways of restoring the tooth’s appearance and function.
Exactly how a broken tooth is treated depends on how much of its structure is missing, and whether the soft tissue deep inside of it has been compromised. When a fracture exposes the tooth’s soft pulp it can easily become infected, which may lead to serious problems. In this situation, a root canal or extraction will likely be needed. This involves carefully removing the infected pulp tissue and disinfecting and sealing the “canals” (hollow spaces inside the tooth) to prevent further infection. The tooth can then be restored, often with a crown (cap) to replace the entire visible part. A timely root canal procedure can often save a tooth that would otherwise need to be extracted (removed).
For less serious chips, dental veneers may be an option. Made of durable and lifelike porcelain, veneers are translucent shells that go over the front surfaces of teeth. They can cover minor to moderate chips and cracks, and even correct size and spacing irregularities and discoloration. Veneers can be custom-made in a dental laboratory from a model of your teeth, and are cemented to teeth for a long-lasting and natural-looking restoration.
Minor chips can often be remedied via dental bonding. Here, layers of tooth-colored resin are applied to the surfaces being restored. The resin is shaped to fill in the missing structure and hardened by a special light. While not as long-lasting as other restoration methods, bonding is a relatively simple and inexpensive technique that can often be completed in just one office visit.
If you have questions about restoring chipped teeth, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can learn more by reading the Dear Doctor magazine articles “Porcelain Veneers” and “Artistic Repair of Chipped Teeth With Composite Resin.”
There are a few mouth conditions so rare most of us have never heard of them. Geographic tongue would fall into this category, affecting only one to three percent of the population. Even so, these irregular reddish patches resembling land masses on a map (hence the name) might be alarming at first glance—but they pose no danger and usually cause very little discomfort.
Geographic tongue is also known as benign migratory glossitis. As its clinical name implies, the unusual red patchy areas (often surrounded by a grayish white border) aren't cancerous nor contagious. The patches also appear to change shape and move around ("migrate") the tongue.
The reddish appearance comes from the temporary disappearance of tiny bumps on the tongue surface called papillae, which can leave the tongue smooth to the touch in affected areas. The lost papillae may reappear again a few hours or days later, and may occasionally disappear again. While it's not painful, you can experience a stinging or burning sensation emitting from these patchy areas.
We're not sure how and why geographic tongue erupts, but it's believed high emotional or psychological stress, hormonal imbalance or certain vitamin deficiencies might be factors in its cause. There may also be a link between it and psoriasis, a condition that can cause dry, itchy patches on the skin.
If you're one of the rare individuals who has episodes of geographic tongue, the good news is it's harmless, only mildly uncomfortable and usually temporary. The bad news, though, is that there's no known cure for the condition—but it can be managed to ease discomfort during outbreaks.
It's been found that highly acidic and spicy foods, as well as astringents like alcohol or some mouthrinses, can increase the level of discomfort. By avoiding these or similar foods or substances, you can reduce the irritation. Your dentist may also be able to help by prescribing anesthetic mouthrinses, antihistamines or steroid ointments.
For the most part, you'll simply have to wait it out. Other than the mild, physical discomfort, the worst part is often simply the appearance of the tongue. But by watching your diet and other habits, and with a little help from us, you can cope with these irritations when it occurs.
If you would like more information on geographic tongue and similar oral issues, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Geographic Tongue: No Cause for Alarm.”
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Utilizing Microcontrollers’ Low-Power Modes and Peripherals
Modern microcontrollers (MCUs) have a large variety of peripherals and features that can do a lot to help a design’s power budget. It is important for an embedded designer to have complete knowledge of a device so that he can fully utilize the modes and peripherals available to reduce the power consumption of a design.
Making the Most of Power Saving Modes and Features
Most microcontrollers have an abundance of modes that offer various power saving options. Though their names may vary, the typical modes available on nearly all MCUs are Run, Idle and Sleep. Figure 1 shows a summary of the modes available on many microcontrollers. In some cases, it is obvious when to use each mode; you have to use Run mode for the main processing work. Sleep mode is the obvious choice for the long periods of waiting for an external event, after processing completes. Idle mode is somewhat less clear cut, but is most frequently used when transmitting or receiving large blocks of data. It can also be used when waiting for short time delays to shut down the CPU while preserving other functions.
|Operating Mode||Function||Typical Current||Typical Usage|
|Run||All Clocks Active||Frequency Dependent||Normal Operation|
|Doze||- Slower CPU Clock||35-75% Active Current||Applications Using High-Speed Peripherals Requiring Little Processing|
|- Full-Speed Peripheral Clock|
|Idle||- No CPU Clock||25% Active Current||App is Waiting for an External Event From Peripheral|
|- Full-Speed Peripheral Clock|
|Sleep||- No CPU or Peripheral Clocks||50-100 nA||Main Low-Power Mode, Used in Most Applications|
|- 32 kHz Crystal Enabled|
|Deep Sleep||- No CPU or Peripheral Clock||< 50 nA||Apps With Low Run:Sleep Time Ratios or With Long Sleep times|
|- 32 kHz Crystal Enabled|
Figure 1: Each mode is implemented to allow for a particular set of applications to reduce power consumption. Compare your application to what is available on your MCU, to make sure you fully utilize all available low-power modes.
Familiarity becomes important when considering the numerous other modes and features that are architecture specific. While a design can get to acceptable power levels using only the familiar modes above, to reach the absolute minimum current consumption in an application it is best to take advantage of the unique features on a device. One example is the new class of power-down modes on some MCUs that remove power from the core of an MCU in order to minimize power consumption, reducing it below the normal power-down mode.
Removing power from the core of the MCU has the cost of removing power from RAM as well, resulting in loss of information that would be retained in other low-power modes, such as Sleep. When would this high cost make using a Deep Sleep mode worthwhile? The benefit comes from the very low leakage current that is caused by powering down most of the device. This can result in substantially lower power-down currents—lower than 50 nA in some cases, as shown in Figure 1. Low leakage also makes Deep Sleep modes perform better in applications with high temperatures or voltages that would result in high Sleep-mode currents. The other major benefit of Deep Sleep modes is that they allow chip designs to move to smaller geometries with better performance, without giving up low power consumption. The best way to use such a mode is in applications with long power-down times, where the cost of re-initializing the application is far outweighed by the reduction in power-down current.
Another reason that device familiarity becomes important is that it is not only the low-power modes that can reduce power consumption. Many features that improve performance provide power benefits as well. For example, if the device has an internal oscillator, you can use it while your main crystal is starting to run initialization code. This reduces the total time the device is spending awake.
Digital Peripheral Power Consumption
Integrated peripherals can help to significantly improve the performance of MCUs and allow the removal of external components, which both help to reduce power. However, if not used properly, the cost of running the peripheral can exceed the power savings. With a few simple techniques, the power cost of the peripherals themselves can be minimized to maintain a low-power application.
Generally, the most power hungry peripherals used in microcontrollers are the serial communication buses. I2C™ and SPI communications both use multiple high-speed lines. The power cost of driving these lines is significant. SPI can consume many milliamps of current when run at high speeds, because it requires driving three high-speed I/Os. This causes significant current consumption from the switching losses of driving these busses. While I2C is slower, it can be worse because it uses pull-up resistors, which can draw significant current when low-resistance pull-ups are used to achieve high speeds.
The easiest solution for reducing the power of these serial-communication peripherals is to reduce speed; however, that isn’t always an option. Since most of the cost of running serial communications comes from driving the bus, this is where the focus for reduction should be placed. For SPI it is important to have a clean board layout with short traces, to minimize impedance on the line. I2C requires the opposite—higher-value pull-up resistors on the bus will reduce the current consumption and can be used, in some cases, without reducing the maximum speed. In both cases, power can be minimized by reducing the number of devices on the bus or by powering off devices not in use, instead of using chip selects. In software, the power consumption of these peripherals can be reduced by making sure the CPU is disabled if the application is waiting on serial data. Additionally, grouping serial transmissions into clusters rather than constantly transmitting allows the application to spend more time powered down and less time waking up to send and receive.
Analog Peripheral Power Consumption
The analog peripherals on MCUs can have a large impact on current consumption. Analog features such as BORs, comparators, and ADCs have to consume enough power to produce accurate results. So, they can’t always be as power optimized as digital features, when running in low power modes. For this reason, it is important to make sure that the application only enables analog features during the times they are required, rather than leaving them always enabled. When using the ADC for slower sample rates, rather than lengthening the sample time or slowing down the ADC clock to get the sample rate required, use as fast a clock and sample time as possible. And, disable the ADC after the sampling is complete. In many MCUs, this will generate the same results with lower power consumption. Similarly, BOR features are more important when the device is running, to detect small voltage drops that can cause mis-execution than when the device is powered down, where it is only required to detect drops large enough to cause RAM corruption. So, it is useful to configure the BOR to use a lower power state in Sleep mode than is used in Run mode, taking advantage of the less power-intensive requirements and reaching as low as 50 nA or less current consumption when sleeping, while maintaining high performance when running.
All MCUs implement an array of features that can be used to improve the power consumption of a design. However, only a small portion of these apply to all devices. It is important to be familiar with all the peripherals and unique features on the microcontroller in use, in order to truly have a power-optimized design. | <urn:uuid:d89b5536-4c66-40b2-8523-955f71173a6a> | {
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What's the Latest?
Today's feminist movement--the Fourth Wave--is best characterized by an increasing diversity of voices that, in reaction to the Third Wave of the 1990s, wants to establish a bedrock of feminine values rather than follow male ones. The greatest vehicle for the Fourth Wave is undoubtedly the Internet, which has allowed "ordinary women to share their stories, organise and find a platform." Twitter hashtags like #YesAllWomen is one example. The Everyday Sexism Project is another, which "exists to catalogue instances of sexism experienced by women on a day to day basis."
What's the Big Idea?
Through the 1990s, being a feminist seemed to mean asserting the female right to take part in distinctly masculine activities from going to strip clubs with male friends to having indiscriminate (and short) sex. But now, feminism means gathering a plurality of voices to express something distinctly feminine. "Fourth-wave feminism isn’t a religion with a holy book, or a club with a pledge of allegiance, and can fit within it an infinite variety of individuals and concerns," says pro-sex feminist Melissa Harrison. "Part of the work of feminism is to allow women their full and glorious diversity, so, for me, each added voice is something to celebrate."
Read more at the Financial Times
Photo credit: Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:a4f08cda-dcd7-44d3-a9a5-e76c8eaf7f9e> | {
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Alfonso XI of Castile
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
Depiction in an illumination of Froissart's chronicles, c. 1410.
|King of Castile and León|
|Reign||7 September 1313 – 26/27 March 1350|
13 August 1311|
|Died||26/27 March 1350
|Burial||Royal Collegiate Church of Saint Hippolytus|
|Consort||Constance of Peñafiel
Maria of Portugal
|Peter of Castile
Henry II of Castile
|Father||Ferdinand IV of Castile|
|Mother||Constance of Portugal|
Alfonso XI of Castile (13 August 1311 – 26/27 March 1350), called the Avenger (el Iusteçero), was the king of Castile, León and Galicia. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ensued over who would hold regency, which were resolved in 1313.
Once Alfonso was declared adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power. His achievements include solving the problems of the Gibraltar Strait and the conquest of Algeciras.
Alfonso XI was the son of King Ferdinand IV of Castile and Constance of Portugal. His father died when Alfonso was one year old. His grandmother, María de Molina, his mother Constance, his granduncle Infante John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, son of King Alfonso X of Castile and uncle Infante Peter of Castile, Lord of Cameros, son of King Sancho IV assumed the regency. Queen Constance died first on 18 November 1313, followed by Infantes John and Peter during a military campaign against Granada in 1319, which left Dowager Queen María as the only regent until her death on 1 July 1321.
After the death of the infantes John and Peter in 1319, Philip (son of Sancho IV and María de Molina, thus brother of Infante Peter), Juan Manuel (the king's second-degree uncle by virtue of being Ferdinand III's grandson) and Juan el Tuerto (his second degree uncle, son of John of Castile who died in 1319) split the kingdom among themselves according to their aspirations for regency, even as it was being looted by moors and the rebellious nobility.
As soon as he took the throne, he began working hard to strengthen royal power by dividing his enemies. His early display of rulership skills included the unhesitant execution of possible opponents, including his uncle Juan el Tuerto in 1326.
He managed to extend the limits of his kingdom to the Strait of Gibraltar after the important victory at the Battle of Río Salado against the Marinid Dynasty in 1340 and the conquest of the Kingdom of Algeciras in 1344. Once that conflict was resolved, he redirected all his Reconquista efforts to fighting the Moorish king of Granada.
He is variously known among Castilian kings as the Avenger or the Implacable, and as "He of Río Salado." The first two names he earned by the ferocity with which he repressed the disorders caused by the nobles during his long minority; the third by his victory in the Battle of Río Salado over the last formidable Marinid invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1340.
Alfonso XI never went to the insane lengths of his son Peter of Castile, but he could be bloody in his methods. He killed for reasons of state without any form of trial. He openly neglected his wife, Maria of Portugal, and indulged a scandalous passion for Eleanor of Guzman, who bore him ten children. This set Peter an example which he failed to better. It may be that his early death, during the Great Plague of 1350, at the Fifth Siege of Gibraltar, only averted a desperate struggle with Peter, though it was a misfortune in that it removed a ruler of eminent capacity, who understood his subjects well enough not to go too far.
Marriage and issue
By his mistress, Eleanor of Guzman, he had ten children:
- Pedro Alfonso (1330–1338), Lord of Aguilar de Campoo
- Sancho Alfonso (1331–1343), 1st Lord of Ledesma
- Henry II of Castile (1333–1379) King of Castile (1369-1379);
- Fadrique Alfonso (1333–1358), Henry's twin brother, he was Master of the Order of Santiago and Lord of Haro;
- Fernando Alfonso (1336–c. 1350), 2nd Lord of Ledesma;
- Tello Alfonso (1337–1370), Lord of Aguilar de Campoo
- Juan Alfonso (1341–1359), Lord of Badajoz and Jerez de la Frontera;
- Juana Alfonso, (born 1342), Lady of Trastámara due to her marriage in 1354 to Fernando Ruiz de Castro. The marriage was annulled and in 1366 she married Felipe de Castro;
- Sancho Alfonso (1343–1375), 1st Count of Alburquerque
- Pedro Alfonso (1345–1359)
After Alfonso's death, his widow Maria had Eleanor arrested and later killed.
"...King Alfonso was not very tall but well proportioned, and he was rather strong and had fair skin and hair."
|Ancestors of Alfonso XI of Castile|
- In Medieval Spanish el Iusteçero.
- Ruiz, Teofilo F., "Towards a Symbolic History of Alfonso XI of Castile: Power, Ceremony and Triumph", The Emergence of León-Castile c.1065–1500: Essays Presented to J.F. O'Callaghan, (James J Todesca, ed.), Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015 ISBN 9781472400444
- Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, 75.
- Chapman, Charles Edward and Rafael Altamira, A history of Spain, (The MacMillan Company, 1922), 118.
- From 'Crónica de Pedro' by Pedro López de Ayala (1332–1407)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfonso XI of Castile.|
- Chapman, Charles Edward and Rafael Altamira, A history of Spain, The MacMillan Company, 1922.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alphonso". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, Ed. E. Michael Gerli and Samuel G. Armistead, Routledge, 2003.
Alfonso XI of CastileBorn: 13 August 1311 Died: 26/27 March 1350
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One of the most significant stages in the emotional development of a child is when they begin to recognize, name and talk about their emotions. A whole world of expression and connection opens up to them as they confidently recognize their emotions and act up on their feelings. If you ask a young child how they feel, they progress from happy/sad to angry/upset/excited and then on to more complex emotions as they begin to use language for expression, rather than just physical responses to situations.
According to Vanessa Temple, Coordinator: Foundation Years at Hartland International School, getting to grips with naming an emotion is not always easy for children. “To help with this, I always have lots of child-friendly mirrors around so that children can see themselves, make faces, and express emotions visually and start to make a connection between what they feel and how they look”, she says. “What does my face look like when I am happy (eyebrows up, cheeks up, smile) and what does my face look like when I am sad (eyebrows down, mouth closed)? Feel your face; what does it physically feel like to express these two emotions?”
“The extension of this is then to start to recognize feelings in others. Not as straightforward as you may think, especially when young children are not really sure of their own feelings! Making the connection between what you look like when you feel a specific emotion, with what your friends look like is something that needs to be supported in all children, not just those that seem to struggle connecting with peers. If I look like this when I am happy, how do my friends look when they are happy?”
For many children the concept that a person is happy or sad when their face looks a certain way, regardless of who is making the face, is very challenging. To start to make connections with what they see on the faces of others, and how those people feel, and then connect it to what they feel themselves, is so important! Establishing these connections at a very young age makes them emotionally mature and sensitive towards others feelings.
By recognizing how others feel, children can begin to sympathize, and modify their behaviour accordingly. The importance of responding to the physical expression of emotions in others is extremely important for young children as they start to really connect with friends and show that they are ready to be caring, social and confident! | <urn:uuid:d1d7b1c9-9574-44d1-8ba3-0f9b16c2aa1b> | {
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Although we learn from childhood that what is important is the interior, we have found an exception to this saying: the facades. Conceived as the shell of a building or house, the facade is the letter of presentation and canvas, where different artistic and architectural styles are shaped. The facade also gives us clues about the interior, its style, its architecture and its history. Traditionally, facades constituted the structure of the building (load walls), being the reason why the opening of holes was very limited. Its evolution has always been centered in this fact, in trying to obtain bigger surfaces by which to illuminate the interior. It was with the introduction of steel and reinforced concrete in the construction, when the facades were freed of their supporting function, giving rise to the free facades.
We could make endless classifications of facades, based on its composition, style, decoration, design, time… But today we will address this issue from the point of view of materials . With the advance of technology, the use of unusual and revolutionary materials is becoming more common. Let's check out the materials that make up the facades of today shall we?
The concrete wall is conquering the buildings of contemporary architecture. Of different shades, all between gray and white, and textures, this material does not need maintenance, is not coated and is very durable.
If the facade of a building is determined in the way in which it communicates with its surroundings, the coatings are therefore the language through which this communication is established.
Although metal facades were previously associated with industrial buildings or prefabricated buildings, it is increasingly common to see metal cladding in domestic buildings. Its application is easy and fast and, besides, they are efficient and functional. Smooth, wavy or greased, prelaced or galvanized veneers, these types of coatings can be combined with wood, concrete, plaster or stone. In this image, large holes of glass open in white walls protecting its upper part as an inverted base of corrugated white sheet.
Corten steel is a material used in contemporary architecture. In spite of their characteristic oxidized color, this material offers an enormous resistance to the atmospheric corrosion due to its protective layer of oxide from the alloy of chromium and copper.
Facades with stone cladding have been used throughout history. Stone coatings offer different colors and textures, whose appearance adds elegance and distinction to the walls. In addition to this, stone cladding offers good thermal and noise insulation, and acts against humidity as well, depending on the type chosen.
In this house, the architect only covers the top floor of the house and isolates it with slate. If there is something that characterizes this natural stone, it's the dark color and its resistance. The possibilities offered by this material makes its applications, both indoors and outdoors, unlimited.
We all know the qualities of wood in the aesthetic sense and in a perceptive sense: it is a very warm and welcoming material. However, this type of coating has other characteristics which require that the choice of this material is carefully chosen: its susceptibility to moisture, solar radiation and changes in temperature must be taken note of.
And although the wood has been used since remote times in the construction of shelters, we have to make sure that it has the correct treatments against fire, humidity and radiation. Once the right wood is chosen, we only have to find the application that suits us the most: vertical, horizontal or larger slats.
Masonry is a traditional system of wall construction that pieces different natural stones, bricks, or tiles together. Usually, these walls are structural and can be erected with different techniques: using mortar, replacing the clay, as an element of adhesion between the pieces; or building the walls dry. Masonry walls provide a rural and rustic look to the house.
Although it is not very common today, in many occasions we can find houses, whose walls are covered by stones, simulating a traditional wall of masonry.
Plaster and mortar also pose a decorating front traditionally used in construction. Its low cost and countless colors and finishes make it a perfect solution for homes and buildings built with brick walls.
In this house, green and white stripes of different widths create a different rhythm and hide the fissures and cracks that usually appear in this type of coatings over time.
This material is a favorite when designing facades. Instead of opening gaps, these facades themselves constitute a large gap to the exterior. Only the frames and partitions create a rhythm in these enclosures, where sun protection and maintenance are two very important factors.
We hope you've learned about some useful tips for your home here. For more inspiration, have a look at how to design the ideal facade. | <urn:uuid:1fe0e703-7efc-45df-8104-7d51dba268a7> | {
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Don’t forget that MAP tests continue this week. It’s a great time to be thinking carefully about having a healthy diet at home, so please get involved with your child’s homework this week. Homework is due next Wednesday 16th October because of the holiday on the 14th to commemorate King Rama IX.
In the last 2 weeks before the October break we are wrapping up our Sharing the Planet unit and assessing our understanding of the Central Idea and Lines of Inquiry.
In Literacy we have been nurturing passions in ourselves and others by writing and sharing How-To guides to our favourite activities with a focus on our learning objectives of learning how to write to inform and following the writing process. In Swimming lessons we have been filming our swimming and setting personal step by step goals to develop our skills.
We are combining this with a development of our Research Skills and exploring the importance of using keywords, doing our research on trusted sites (such as Go Grolier Go and Wonderopolis) and taking notes in our own words.
In UOI lessons we have been exploring the effects of Environmental Interactions and answering questions like “Why did they parachute cats into Borneo?” Miaow!
In Maths we have been busy assessing our progress with modelling addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and collecting data, displaying in graphs and interpreting data to make conclusions.
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Saint Rose was born in Viterbo, Italy. Her father, Godfrey Venerini was a doctor. St. Rose grew up, and was engaged to get married, when suddenly her fiancé died. She decided to dedicate her life to Jesus instead and entered the convent. But a few months later, her father died, so she returned home to care for her widowed mother.
St. Rose, who knew she could be a leader gathered the young women in her neighborhood. They prayed the Rosary together in the evenings. As they all got to know each other, St. Rose became aware of how little the young people knew about their faith.
Fr. Ignatius Martinelli, her spiritual director, told St. Rose that God really wanted her to be a teacher and not a nun. So St.Rose and two helpers opened a free school for girls in 1685. The parents who sent their daughters there were very pleased with the quality of education and the atmosphere.
St. Rose was a gifted educator who was able to teach others to teach. In 1692, Cardinal Barbarigo invited Rose to his diocese of Montefiascone, requesting her to organize his schools and train his teachers. It was in his diocese that she became a friend and teacher of Lucy Filippini. Lucy then started a religious order and years later, was declared a saint.
St.Rose organized schools in various places. Some people disliked her work and attacked her and her teachers. But the teachers did not let that stop them. St. Rose even opened a school in Rome in 1713. Pope Clement XI congratulated Rose for starting such a wonderful school.
When St. Rose finally died in Rome on May 7, 1728, at the age of seventy-two, she was directing forty schools in many parts of Italy. After her death, Saint Rose’s lay teachers became religious sisters. The Venerini sisters continue to perform their teaching ministry the way Saint Rose would in USA and other places.
Reflection: Today, let us pray for all teachers that they may be good examples to their students.
Prayer: O God, who raised up blessed Rose Venerini in your Church to show others the way of salvation, grant us, by her example, so to follow Christ the master, that we may come with our neighbor into your presence. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. | <urn:uuid:aa685791-10a5-4903-8389-dd2f581a5a53> | {
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Cephalopods are a group of swimming mollusks, including the living squid, octopus, and the chambered Nautilus. Although most living cephalopods have somewhat reduced shells, fossil shells were well developed. Cephalopod shells have evolved into many astonishing and beautiful forms, exhibiting a variety of shapes, such as straight, slightly curved, crescent, and coiled.
The shell of a cephalopod is normally tube- or cone-shaped with many dividers. These dividers are called septa, and they partition the inside of the shell into chambers. Each septum intersects the shell wall at a suture, which can be seen as a pattern on the outside of the shell. Sutures are characteristic of cephalopod groups and are therefore helpful for identification. The body chamber, which lacks sutures, is the area where the animal lived. A small tube called the siphuncle runs the length of the shell and passes through the septa. The siphuncle contains liquid that helps maintain the buoyancy of the animal in the water.
Like their clam and snail relatives, cephalopods possess typical molluscan features: a shell, a muscular foot, and a mantle. They also have highly developed sensory organs. The eye of a cephalopod, for example, is similar to that of a human. Unlike the brachiopods and clams, cephalopods are mobile predators, and some can swim at speeds of approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) per hour by jetting water from the mantle cavity through a fleshy funnel.
Cephalopods originated during the Cambrian period and are common as fossils in Ordovician and Silurian rock in Wisconsin. Fossil cephalopods from Wisconsin can exceed 4 meters (13 feet) in length. They are exciting to find because of their large size, but they can be preserved as molds and casts and as a result can be difficult to identify. | <urn:uuid:2c805554-850b-49ca-b2ca-32121a8e8d5b> | {
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Texas History-French Fort St. Louis (1685)
Len Kubiak, Texas Historian and Author
Welcome to our Texas History Series. On this webpage, we provide the history of the French attempt at colonization of America. Under the leadership of the famous French explorer, La Salle in 1685, an attempt was made to establish a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River near present day New Orleans. However, due to serious navigational errors, La Salle and his ships found themselves near present-day Matagorda Bay on the Texas coast. Here they built Fort St. Louis which solidified the French claim to North America which they later sold to the United States under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase.
Fort St. Louis, Est. 1685
Explorer La Salle of France set out to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River to maintain France's claim on the Louisiana Territory.
With support from France's King Louis XIV, La Salle sailed into Matagorda Bay near present day Inez, Texas thinking he was at the mouth of the Mississippi River. La Salle and his men then set about building Fort St. Louis on the west bank of Garcitas Creek.
The colony at Fort St. Louis faced many difficulties during their brief existence, including hostile Native Americans, epidemics, and harsh conditions.
When La Salle realized he was nowhere near the Mississippi River, he led many expeditions in search of the elusive river. However, he did explore much of the Rio Grande and parts of East Texas.
During one of La Salle's absences in 1686, the colony's last ship was wrecked, which meant they could no longer obtasin supplies from the French colonies in the Caribbean Sea. As conditions deteriorated, La Salle realized the colony could only survive with help from French settlements in Illinois Country.
La Salle's last expedition ended along the Brazos River in early 1687 when La Salle and five of his men were murdered by rivals in the group. A handful of men did reach the Illinois colony, but help was not forthcoming for Fort St. Louis. The remaining members of the Fort St. Louis colony were killed or captured during a Karankawa raid in late 1688. Although the colony lasted only three years, its existence established France's claim to possession of the region that is now Texas, and later supported the claim by the United States to the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase.
Spain learned of La Salle's mission in 1686. Concerned that the French colony could threaten Spain's control over New Spain and the southern portion of North America, Spanish authorities funded multiple expeditions to find and eliminate the settlement. The unsuccessful expeditions helped Spain to better understand the geography of the Gulf Coast region. When the Spanish finally discovered the remains of the French settlement in 1689, they buried the cannons and burned the buildings. Years later, Spanish authorities built a presidio at the same location. When the Spanish presidio ceased to exist, the site of the French settlement was forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1996 and the area is now an archaeological site.
In 1721, the Spanish built a fort over the ruins of the failed French colony, Fort St. Louis in 1721. The Spanish Fort, known as
Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto de la Bahía, or simply La Bahia was moved to a new location on the Guadalupe River in 1726. In 1747, the presidio and its mission were moved to their current location on the San Antonio River in present day Goliad. By 1770, the presidio had been rebuilt in stone and had become ""the only Spanish fortress for the entire Gulf Coast from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the Mississippi River". A civilian settlement, modern-day Goliad, sprang up around the presidio in the late 18th century, and the area was one of the three most important in Spanish Texas.
The presidio was captured by insurgents twice during the Mexican War of Independence, by the Republican Army of the North in 1813 and by the Long Expedition in 1821. Each time the insurgents were later defeated by Spanish troops. By the end of 1821 Texas became part of the newly formed Republic of Mexico. La Bahia was one of the two major garrisons in Mexican Texas and lay halfway between San Antonio de Béxar (the political center of Texas) and Copano Bay, the major port in Texas. In October 1835, days after the beginning of the Texas Revolution, a group of Texian insurgents marched on La Bahia. After a 30-minute battle, the Mexican garrison surrendered and the Texians gained control of the presidio, which they soon renamed Fort Defiance.
During the siege of the Alamo, Texian commander William B. Travis several times asked La Bahia commander James Fannin to bring reinforcements. Although Fannin and his men attempted a relief mission, they abandoned the attempt the following day. After the fall of the Alamo, General Sam Houston ordered Fannin to abandon La Bahia. He did so on March 19, but took a leisurely path and the La Bahia garrison was captured and imprisoned in the presidio. On March 27 the Texian captives were marched from the presidio and executed, in an event known as the Goliad Massacre.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: DeWitt Clinton Baker, comp., A Texas Scrap-Book (New York: Barnes, 1875; rpt. 1887; facsimile rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). Joseph H. Barnard, Dr. J. H. Barnard's Journal: A Composite of Known Versions, ed. Hobart Huson (Refugio?, Texas, 1949). Harbert Davenport, James W. Fannin's Part in the Texas Revolution (MS, Harbert Davenport Papers, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas at Austin). John Crittenden Duval, Early Times in Texas, or the Adventures of Jack Dobell (Austin: Gammel, 1892; new ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986). Hermann Ehrenberg, Texas und Seine Revolution (Leipzig: Wigand, 1843; abridged trans. by Charlotte Churchill, With Milam and Fannin, Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). Joseph E. Field, Three Years in Texas (Greenfield and Boston, Massachusetts, 1836; rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). Henry Stuart Foote, Texas and the Texans (2 vols., Philadelphia: Cowperthwait, 1841; rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). Charles Adams Gulick, Jr., Harriet Smither, et al., eds., The Papers of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (6 vols., Austin: Texas State Library, 1920-27; rpt., Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). Hobart Huson, Colonel Fannin's Execution of General Houston's Orders to Evacuate Goliad (MS, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas at Austin). Hobart Huson, El Copano: Ancient Port of Bexar and La Bahia (Refugio, Texas: Refugio Timely Remarks, 1935). Hobart Huson, Refugio: A Comprehensive History of Refugio County from Aboriginal Times to 1953 (2 vols., Woodsboro, Texas: Rooke Foundation, 1953, 1955). William Kennedy, Texas: The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas (London: Hastings, 1841; rpt., Fort Worth: Molyneaux Craftsmen, 1925). John J. Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas (New York: Sadlier, 1883; 2d ed., Austin: Steck, 1935; rpt., Austin: State House, 1986). Abel Morgan, An Account of the Battle of Goliad and Fanning's Massacre (Paducah, Kentucky?, 1847?). Kathryn Stoner O'Connor, The Presidio La Bahía del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga, 1721 to 1846 (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1966). José Enrique de la Peña, With Santa Anna in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975). Jakie L. Pruett and Everett B. Cole, Goliad Massacre: A Tragedy of the Texas Revolution (Austin: Eakin Press, 1985). Victor Marion Rose, History of Victoria (Laredo, 1883; rpt., Victoria, Texas: Book Mart, 1961). Antonio López de Santa Anna et al., The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, trans. Carlos E. Castañeda (Dallas: Turner, 1928; 2d ed., Austin: Graphic Ideas, 1970). Ruby C. Smith, "James W. Fannin, Jr., in the Texas Revolution," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 23 (October 1919, January, April 1920). Victoria Advocate, January 3, 1932, 88th Anniversary Number, September 28, 1934. Clarence R. Wharton, Remember Goliad (Houston: McCurdy-Young, 1931). Nell White, Goliad in the Texas Revolution (M.A. thesis, University of Houston, 1941). Dudley Goodall Wooten, ed., A Comprehensive History of Texas (2 vols., Dallas: Scarff, 1898; rpt., Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1986). Henderson K. Yoakum, History of Texas from Its First Settlement in 1685 to Its Annexation to the United States in 1846 (2 vols., New York: Redfield, 1855).
For questions or comments, send me an Email | <urn:uuid:bf542c66-5bfb-44e8-9c95-5636b1549c9d> | {
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We learned from the science of evolution that the first man was APE. Now
let us take a careful study of this particular specie. BONOBO
The Bonobo is endangered and is found in the wild only in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Along with the Common Chimpanzee, the Bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans. Since the two species are not proficient swimmers, it is possible that the formation of the Congo River 1.5–2 million years ago led to the speciation of the Bonobo.
They live south of the river, and thereby were separated from the
ancestors of the Common Chimpanzee, which live north of the river.
German anatomist Ernst Schwarz is credited with having discovered the Bonobo in 1928, based on his analysis of a skull in the Tervuren museum in Belgium that previously had been thought to have belonged to a juvenile chimpanzee. Schwarz published his findings in 1929. In 1933, American anatomist Harold Coolidge offered a more detailed description of the Bonobo, and elevated it to species status.
Common name Bonobo and the scientific name for the Bonobo is Pan paniscus.
Females are considered to have a higher social status in their
matriarchal culture. Strong female bonding allows groups of female
Bonobos to dominate the community. Aggressive encounters between males
and females are rare, and males are tolerant of infants and juveniles.
Bonobo tends to be variable since the groups exhibit a fission-fusion pattern.
A community of approximately one hundred will split into small groups during the day while looking for food, and then come back together to sleep. They sleep in trees in nests that they construct.
Closeness to humans:
Bonobos are capable of passing the mirror-recognition test for self-awareness. They communicate primarily through vocal means, although the meanings of their vocalizations are not currently known.
However, most humans do understand their facial expressions and some of their natural hand gestures, such as their invitation to play. One study analyzed and recorded sounds made by human babies and Bonobos when they were tickled. It found although the Bonobo's laugh was a higher frequency, the laugh followed a similar spectrographic pattern to human babies.
- BBC News | In pictures: Bonobos under threat, Sanctuary
- Images of the Bonobo - Pan paniscus - ARKive
Images of the Bonobo (Pan paniscus) on ARKive
- Bonobo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | <urn:uuid:98326276-3726-4d04-8bce-cb0dec329661> | {
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From MozillaZine Knowledge Base
about:config is a feature of Mozilla applications which lists application settings (known as preferences) that are read from the profile files prefs.js and user.js, and from application defaults. Many of these preferences are not present in the Options or Preferences dialog. Using about:config is one of several methods of modifying preferences and adding other "hidden" ones.
This article is a companion article for about:config entries where the most important about:config variables are described.
Warning: Modifying preferences can, in rare circumstances, break Firefox, Thunderbird or the Mozilla Suite, or can cause strange behavior. Only do so if you know what you are doing or are following trustworthy advice.
Adding modifying and resetting preferences
To add a new preference, context-click (right-click) anywhere in the list of preferences. In the context menu, select New then select the type of preference you are adding.
To modify an existing preference, context-click (right-click) on the preference, select Modify and type in the new value. In some cases, Toggle will be the selection offered for boolean (true-false) preferences.
To reset a preference to its default value or to remove an added preference, context-click (right-click) on the preference and select Reset. If you added the entry via about:config, the preference will no longer be listed after restarting the program. (For more information about resetting preferences, see this article).
You can use the "Search" bar at the top of the about:config page ("Filter" bar in older versions) to filter the preferences that you want to inspect. The search bar is case-insensitive, unlike the actual configuration variables.
Some examples to filter results:
Some examples of regular expressions (RegExp) to filter results | <urn:uuid:947754b2-c386-42a2-a65c-46a39174d340> | {
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Sudoku is a Japanese word and is short for suuji wa dokushin ni kagiru, which freely translates to the numbers must be single or alone. The puzzle has been made popular in Japan around 1986 by a company named Nikoli. Even though it first became popular in Japan, the puzzle is probably not a Japanese invention. The first sudoku in it’s current form is believed to be published in 1979 in Dell Magazines under the name Numbers Place.
The inventor of Numbers Place is Howard Garns a retired architect and freelance puzzle designer. He died in 1989 before seeing his invention becoming popular throughout the world. This happened around 2004 when The Times and a local US newspaper started publishing sudoku’s on large scale. This was possible due to an automated computer program which could produce sudoku’s, written by Wayne Gould. After this, more and more newspapers throughout the world started publishing the puzzle and the worldwide trend became a fact.
Similar puzzles, as in puzzles that use numbers and a grid, date back to as early as 1892 in a French newspaper. In 1895 another French newspaper starts publishing puzzles that already come pretty close to the currently known sudoku although it doesn’t has the exact same characteristics. | <urn:uuid:e0194512-3e15-411f-bc24-6f1c5edb0832> | {
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Database of about 12,000 man made objects orbiting the Earth. These object are tracked by the United States Strategic Command and include miscellaneous debris, retired satellites, and rocket bodies left over from launches.
The database is updated in real time every 30 seconds and details about each object, including the owner, the launch [...]
The Cooperative Institute of Meteorological Satellite Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Space Science and Engineering Center (CIMSS-SSEC) has created a huge set of weather related overlays that can be viewed in Google Earth.
Their program is focused on tropical cyclones, but they also have a large amount of satellite and other data [...]
Flightwise has put together a great collection of near real-time flight tracking tools for Google Earth. These tools display a wealth of information about each flight, such as the location, altitude, heading, speed, Departure time, Estimated Arrival time and aircraft type. In addition, the aircraft are displayed in Google Earth [...]
The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor collects cloud and other data from several satellites orbiting the Earth. The University of Wisconsin has created an archive of AVHRR false color imagery dating back to 2007. In addition, they have created a network link that updates automatically every day with the most recent satellite [...]
The MODIS sensor on the Aqua and Terra satellites capture amazingly detailed natural color imagery every day from all over the Earth. The imagery is detailed enough that you can easily see cloud formations, snow coverage, smoke from large fires, etc, for the entire US. And the best part is the imagery from these [...]
www.marinetraffic.com tracks the locations ships equipped with an Automatic Identification System (AIS) transponder, which is now required for ships over 299 gross tons. The data for presented for each ship includes:
Name of ship and flag Type of ship Speed and course Photo of the ship Link to further details about the ship
This map shows the exchange rate of different currencies throughout the world as compared against the US dollar in near real time. Just click on a country to view the current exchange rate.
The countries are also color coded to show how the exchange rate has changed over the last 30-days. Red countries [...]
AWEKAS (Automated Weather Maps) is a network of weather stations located throughout the world. Click on a placemark to see weather conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.) at that location. Some locations also have live webcams.
The data is provided in several different languages. | <urn:uuid:ac8b675c-412b-42eb-a25f-6f5ad14fcb48> | {
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An impacted tooth simply means that it is “stuck” underneath bone and/or gum tissue and cannot erupt into the mouth. Patients frequently develop problems with impacted third molar (wisdom) teeth. These teeth get “stuck” in the back of the jaw and can develop painful infections among a host of other problems (see Impacted Wisdom Teeth under Procedures). Since there is rarely a functional need for wisdom teeth, they are usually extracted if they develop problems. The maxillary canine tooth (upper cuspid) is the second most common tooth to become impacted. The canine tooth is a critical tooth in the dental arch and plays an important role in your “bite”. The canine teeth have the longest roots of any human teeth and as such are incredibly strong and play an integral part in our ability to bite and shear off food. They are also designed to be the first teeth that touch when your jaws close together; so they guide the rest of the teeth into the proper bite.
Normally, the maxillary canine teeth are the last of the “front” teeth to erupt into place. They usually come into place around age 11-13 and cause any space left between the upper front teeth to close tighter together. If a canine tooth remains impacted, every effort should be made to get it to erupt into its proper position in the dental arch. The techniques involved to aid eruption can be applied to any impacted tooth in the mouth, but aside from wisdom teeth the teeth most likely to be impacted are the maxillary canines. 80% percent of these impacted canines are located on the palatal (roof of the mouth) side of the dental arch. The remaining 20 % of impacted canine teeth are found in the middle of the supporting bone, but stuck in an elevated position above the roots of the adjacent teeth or out to the facial (front) side of the dental arch.
For more information about the exposure of impacted teeth or to schedule a consultation with Drs. Spanganberg, Petersen or Shoemaker, call our Gilbert office at ☎ Gilbert Office Phone Number 480-279-3113 or our Yuma office at ☎ Yuma Office Phone Number 928-329-6447.
Early Recognition of Impacted Eyeteeth is the Key to Successful Treatment
The older the patient, the more likely an impacted canine will not erupt spontaneously even if the space is available for the tooth to fit in the dental arch. The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that a panorex x-ray, along with a dental examination, be performed on all dental patients at around the age of 7 years to evaluate the teeth and determine if there may be problems with eruption of the adult teeth due to crowding or malposition. It is important to identify potential problems while they can be corrected or prevented in a predictable fashion.
- Are there extra teeth present or unusual growths that are blocking the eruption of the eyetooth?
- Is there extreme crowding or too little space available causing an eruption problem with the eyetooth?
This exam is usually performed by your general dentist or hygienist who will refer you to an orthodontist if a problem is identified. Treating such a problem may involve an orthodontist placing braces to open spaces to allow for proper eruption of the adult teeth. Treatment may also require referral to Dr. Spanganberg for extraction of retained baby teeth and/or selected adult teeth that are blocking the eruption of the all-important canine teeth. There may also be extra teeth (supernumerary teeth) or growths that are blocking eruption of any of the adult teeth. If the eruption path within the bone is cleared and the space between the other teeth is opened up by age 11-12, there is a good chance the impacted canine will erupt spontaneously. If the canine is allowed to fully develop (age 13-14), they tend not erupt even with the space cleared for its eruption. If the patient is too old (over 25), there is a much higher chance the tooth will be fused in position. In these cases the tooth will not move despite all the efforts of the orthodontist and Dr. Spanganberg to guide the canine tooth into place. Sadly, the only option at this point is to extract the impacted tooth and consider an alternate treatment to replace it in the dental arch (ideally a dental implant, or a fixed bridge).
What Happens if the Canine Will Not Erupt When Proper Space is Available?
In cases where the canine will not erupt spontaneously, the orthodontist and Dr. Spanganberg will work together to make a plan to guide the unerupted canine into its proper position. Each case must be evaluated on an individual basis but treatment will usually involve a combined effort between the orthodontist and Dr. Spanganberg. The most common scenario will call for the orthodontist to place braces on the teeth (at least the upper arch). A space will be opened to provide room for the impacted tooth to be moved into its proper position in the dental arch. If the baby tooth has not fallen out already, it is usually left in place until the space for the adult canine is ready. Once the space is ready, the orthodontist will refer the patient to Dr. Spanganberg to have the impacted canine exposed and a bracket and chain placed that will then be used to guide the tooth into its proper position.
In a simple surgical procedure performed in Dr. Spanganberg’s office, the gum over top of the impacted tooth will be lifted up to expose the impacted tooth underneath. If there is a baby tooth present, it will be removed at the same time. Once the impacted tooth is exposed, Dr. Spanganberg will bond an orthodontic bracket to the now exposed tooth. The bracket will have a miniature gold chain attached to it. Dr. Spanganberg will guide the chain back to the orthodontic arch wire where it will be temporarily attached. Sometimes Dr. Spanganberg will leave the exposed impacted tooth uncovered by suturing the gum tissue up above the tooth or by making a window in the gum tissue covering the tooth (on selected cases located on the roof of the mouth). Most of the time, the gum tissue will be repositioned to its original location and sutured with only the chain remaining visible as it exits a small hole in the gum tissue.
Shortly after surgery (1-14 days) the patient will return to the orthodontist. A rubber band (power chain) will be attached to the chain to put a light pulling force on the impacted tooth. This will begin the process of moving the tooth into its proper place in the dental arch. This is a carefully controlled, slow process that may take up to a full year to complete. Remember, the goal is to erupt the impacted tooth and not to extract it! Once the tooth is moved into the arch in its final position, the gum around it will be evaluated to make sure it is sufficiently strong and healthy to last for a lifetime. In some circumstances, especially those where the tooth had to be moved a long distance, there may be some minor “gum surgery” required to add bulk to the gum tissue over the newly relocated tooth so it remains healthy long term. Dr. Spanganberg will explain this situation to you if it applies to your specific situation.
Exposure and Bracketing of an Impacted Cuspid
These basic principals can be adapted to apply to any impacted tooth in the mouth. It is not that uncommon for both of the maxillary cuspids to be impacted. In these cases, the space in the dental arch form will be prepared on both sides at once. When the orthodontist is ready, the surgeon will expose and bracket both teeth in the same visit so the patient only has to heal from surgery once. Because the anterior teeth (incisors and cuspids) and the bicuspid teeth are small and have single roots, they are easier to erupt if they get impacted than the posterior molar teeth. The molar teeth are much bigger teeth and have multiple roots making them more difficult to move. The orthodontic maneuvers needed to manipulate an impacted molar tooth can be more complicated because of their location in the back of the dental arch.
Recent studies have revealed that with early identification of impacted eyeteeth (or any other impacted tooth other than wisdom teeth), treatment should be initiated at a younger age. Once the general dentist or hygienist identifies a potential eruption problem, the patient should be referred to the orthodontist for early evaluation. In some cases the patient will be sent to the oral surgeon before braces are even applied to the teeth. As mentioned earlier, the surgeon will be asked to remove over-retained baby teeth and/or selected adult teeth. He will also remove any extra teeth or growths that are blocking eruption of the developing adult teeth. Finally, he may be asked to simply expose an impacted eyetooth without attaching a bracket and chain to it. In reality, this is an easier surgical procedure to perform than having to expose and bracket the impacted tooth. This will encourage some eruption to occur before the tooth becomes totally impacted (stuck). By the time the patient is at the proper age for the orthodontist to apply braces to the dental arch, the eyetooth will have erupted enough that the orthodontist can bond a bracket to it and move it into place without needing to force its eruption. In the long run, this saves time for the patient and means less time in braces (always a plus for any patient!).
What to Expect From Surgery to Expose & Bracket an Impacted Tooth?
The surgery to expose and bracket an impacted tooth is a very straightforward surgical procedure that is performed in the oral surgeon’s office. It can be performed using either laughing gas (Nitrous oxide), and local anesthesia, or with IV sedation, if the patient desires to be asleep. During your consultation visit, you can discuss with Dr. Spanganberg which type anesthesia will best suit you. You can refer to Preoperative Instructions under Surgical Instructions on this website for a review of any details.
You can expect a limited amount of bleeding from the surgical sites after surgery. Although there will be some localized discomfort after surgery at the surgical sites, most patients find Tylenol or Advil to be more than adequate to manage any pain they may have. Within two to three days after surgery there is usually little need for any medication at all. There may be some swelling from holding the lip up to visualize the surgical site; it can be minimized by applying ice packs to the lip for the afternoon after surgery. Bruising is not a common finding after this type of procedure. A soft, bland diet is recommended at first, but you may resume your normal diet as soon as you feel comfortable. It is advised that you avoid sharp food items like crackers and chips, as they will irritate the surgical site during initial healing. You will be rescheduled to our office seven to ten days after surgery to evaluate the healing process. You should plan to see your orthodontist within 14 days to activate the eruption process by applying the proper rubber band to the chain on your tooth. As always your doctor is available at the office or can be called after hours if any problems should arise after surgery. Simply call at Gilbert Office Phone Number 480-279-3113 if you have any questions.
Sonoma Oral and Facial Surgery
Our Latest Patient Testimonial
My son was really worried about his procedure but the staff was so kind, they made him feel really comfortable. Dr. Spanganberg took the time to explain everything and answer his questions. The procedure went incredibly smoothly, much better than we anticipated. We've already referred friends to this office. Thank You!
- Angelica L
Our Latest Patient Testimonial
They made my daughter's experience stress free.
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