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A new approach to the interpretation and possible prediction of earthquakes is being advanced by Columbia University researchers. Machine learning technology has been applied to a catalog of 46,000 earthquake recordings, each represented as energy waves in a seismogram, from The Geysers in California. The algorithms could distinguish different types of earthquakes from three years of earthquake frequency recordings.
Mapped changes in the waves’ frequency through time were plotted as a spectrogram, after which machine learning tools were applied to reduce each earthquake to a spectral fingerprint reflecting subtle differences from the other quakes. The fingerprints were sorted into groups by means of a clustering algorithm. The researchers observed that repeating patterns of earthquakes appear to match the seasonal rise and fall of water-injection flows into the hot rocks below, indicating a link to the mechanical processes that cause rocks to slip or crack, triggering an earthquake.
Comparing clusters against average monthly water-injection volumes across the site revealed a pattern. A high injection rate in winter, as cities send more run-off water to the area, was associated with more earthquakes and one type of signal. A low summertime injection rate corresponded to fewer earthquakes, and a separate signal, with transitional signals in spring and fall.
If the earthquakes in different clusters can be linked to the three mechanisms that typically generate earthquakes in a geothermal reservoir — shear fracture, thermal fracture and hydraulic cracking — it could be possible to boost geothermal power output. An improved understanding of reservoir mechanics would allow engineers to experiment with controlling water flows to create more small cracks, and thus, heated water to generate steam and eventually electricity. These methods could also help reduce the likelihood of triggering larger earthquakes at The Geysers and anywhere else fluid is pumped underground, including at fracking-fluid disposal sites.
The research is published in Science Advances. | <urn:uuid:817cbea3-b82a-4e54-846b-f80303c81503> | {
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Enjoy the Versatile Potato
They’re mashed, baked and roasted. We eat more of them, pound for pound, than any other vegetable.
And they grace dinner tables everywhere. So it’s time to embrace the potato.
Surprised? If so, it’s probably because potatoes get a bad rap. If they’re fried or topped with butter, cheese, bacon or sour cream, they quickly go from healthy to high-calorie and fat-filled. Plus, in today’s low-carbohydrate-diet world, some people fear that eating potatoes means gaining weight.
Not so, says family medicine physician Rachel Liebman, D.O., of Lehigh Valley Health Network. “Although potatoes are high in carbs, they provide healthy, complex carbs, which our bodies need to function.”
Peel back another layer and you’ll find that potatoes actually are nutritional superstars. “They naturally have no fat, salt or cholesterol,” says health network dietitian Jennifer Erie. They’re also a good source of fiber, and contain more potassium than any other fresh produce (including bananas). “That potassium promotes healthy blood pressure, electrolyte balance and normal muscle contractions,” Liebman says.
Potatoes contain 45 percent of the Daily Value for vitamin C, which strengthens your immune system. They also provide B vitamins that are essential for growth, development and a variety of body functions.
And here’s a hidden benefit—phytochemicals, compounds found in plants that may reduce the risk for certain types of cancer and other diseases. “These powerful immune-enhancing nutrients function like antioxidants, protecting the body from free radicals,” Erie says. Studies show that kukoamine, a particular phytochemical recently found in potatoes, could potentially help lower blood pressure.
What to look for
Inspect potatoes for signs of decay or damage. “They shouldn’t be bruised or soft,” Erie says. They also shouldn’t have sprouts or any green coloration.
The most common types
• Round or long white
Ideally, potatoes should be stored in a dark, dry place with a temperature between 45 and 50 degrees. Keep them away from sunlight. Do not store potatoes in the refrigerator; very cold temperatures will convert the potato’s starch into sugar, creating an undesirable taste.
Healthy potato prep
“Keep the skin on and scrub potatoes well with a scrub brush,” Liebman says. When making your favorite potato side dish, experiment with low-calorie additions. “Try using nonsalt spices to add flavor,” Erie says. Substitute low-fat toppings like salsa or low-fat yogurt for butter, sour cream and cheese.
Make those savory spuds healthy too
3 large baking potatoes, cut into ¼-inch thick matchsticks
2 tablespoons canola oil
½ teaspoon sea salt
Directions: Preheat the oven to 450 degrees. In a large bowl, toss the potatoes with the oil and ½ teaspoon salt. Coat a baking sheet with cooking spray and spread the potatoes in a single layer. Bake until golden and crisp, about 35 minutes. Remove the fries with a spatula and season with salt. | <urn:uuid:3f8ce610-038b-47a8-a2fc-7275560ca8e4> | {
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Here is a Brief Description of Our 1999-2000 Demonstration of
We have long been engaged in experiments relating
to time. Thus, our experiments that we use in this public demonstration
are also designed to assist us in our time experiments. Here
are the basics of our experiments that you see conducted here:
At an appropriate moment, a predesignated
person (a "tasker") writes something called a "target
specific." The tasker is the person who decides what our
viewers will look at when they remote view. What our viewers
look at is called the "target." The "target"
is defined by the "target specific," which is a written
description of the target. Our "time spin" on these
experiments is operationalized by having the target specific
written AFTER the remote-viewing sessions are conducted. If this
sounds odd, consider this....
It has long been noted in more than one psi
lab that it does not seem to matter whether or not a target specific
is written before or after the remote-viewing session is completed.
That is, if a remote viewer perceives a target, but that target
is not chosen until after the session is conducted, the accuracy
of the session seems to be about the same as with a situation
in which the target is chosen before the actual viewing takes
place. At The Farsight Institute, we have replicated these basic
results, and conducted additional experiments to widen our understanding
of the parameters involved. What we seek to do now is to add
an additional ingredient to our prior experiments, an ingredient
that involves public participation. In short, we want to know
if our past results are dependent on a certain psychic mind set
among our in-house participants. Or, from an opposite point of
view, we want to know if adding other onlookers and participants,
especially individuals who are skeptical or even hostile to the
general remote-viewing phenomenon, will affect the outcome of
the experiments. Remote viewing is a mental phenomenon where
ideas matter. In this case, we need to know how robust our time
experiments can be in the presence of a wide range of participant
The key question, from a skeptical public's
point of view, of course, is the independence of the person who
is choosing the targets. We are grateful for the assistance of
respected outsiders for this role. Individuals who help us are
making a significant contribution to our research efforts. Specifying
a target so that it works correctly with our remote viewing experiments
is not as simple as it might seem initially. It is essential
that our target specification procedures be completely comparable
across all of our experiments. Small variations in the manner
of target specification can produce profound variations in session
results, and to understand variations in results our controls
must not vary haphazardly. Choosing useful targets takes time
and careful thought.
The TASKING-POST Experimental Condition
When a target is written after remote-viewing sessions take place,
we call this a "tasking-post" experimental condition.
The key ingredient in such a situation is to allow the public
to verify that the remote-viewing sessions are not altered after
the target description is posted. In such a situation, each viewer
produces a typed transcript of his or her remote-viewing session.
The transcripts are then encrypted using the freeware version
of PGP (Pretty Good Privacy),
one of the leading encryption software programs. The viewers
keep their passwords secret until the target description is publicly
available. The encrypted session transcripts are available for
ftp download from this site. You (the onlooking participant)
can download the transcripts and hold them on your computer's
hard drive while you wait for the tasker to decide on the target
and to write the target specific. When the target specific becomes
available, we post it (without encryption) on this site for you
to see. We also at that time post scans of the original sessions
and both passwords that are needed to de-encrypt the session
transcripts. To de-encrypt the transcripts you double-click on
the files (on your hard drive, not our web site) from within
Windows Explorer and then enter the appropriate password. If you are using a Mac computer, you
will need to have PGP installed. An unencrypted
version is then saved on your hard drive that you can read with
Notepad or any word processor. You can then compare the transcripts
with the actual session scans to verify that they are correct
and unaltered. Then you can compare the session scans with the
target specific to see how well we did!
After the session transcripts are encrypted
by the viewers and made available to the public for download,
the tasker chooses a target and emails our Experiment Facilitator
with the target choice. The tasker attempts to specify fully
all three target aspects of the target as per our guidelines.
At this point, the tasker (and our Experiment Facilitator for
that matter) is blind to any information relating to the content
of the encrypted remote-viewing sessions. As long as the general
idea of the target matches our published
design parameters, the proposed target concept is accepted
by our Experiment Facilitator. The Experiment Facilitator then
examines the proposed target specific and either accepts it as
is or suggests nonfundamental syntactic changes to make the wording
of the target specific correspond with our experimental design.
This process ensures the independence of the outside tasker while
simultaneously maintaining the consistency of our target specification
The nature of an experiment:
As with all of our projects, this public demonstration of remote
viewing is an experiment for us, and we treat it much like our
other experiments. The main difference between this and our other
experiments is that we collect and analyze our results publicly
so everyone can watch us "in the laboratory," so to
speak. And as with all experiments involving new components,
there are no guarantees. We simply do our best and let you watch.
Indeed, we want you to watch; you are part of this experiment.
If we need to change things, we will, and again you will watch.
This public demonstration is for everyone in "real time,"
so to speak, and it is designed to be both educational and fun.
We hope you will join us in this adventure.
One final note, we would like to encourage
any scholars or academics working at universities or colleges
who would be interested in participating in our future public
demonstrations as taskers to contact
us, even if availability is only for a limited period of
time. A number of volunteers are needed. We give all participants
thorough instructions (as well as practice) on writing target
descriptions for use in this demonstration experiment. Participants
need only their own personal computer and a normal Internet connection.
To Everyone: Please be patient with the entire
process as we conduct our experiments. Do not look for immediate
miracles. This is a lively and long-term project. Come back often,
participate, discuss, and enjoy.
Click Here to go back to the main demonstration page. | <urn:uuid:3740b2da-6d1c-465d-ae36-ab76d5cf25d1> | {
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Minimum wage and spill over effects economics essay print employee panel data set for modelling each institution with wage-earners by the law. Read this essay on data wages wages and wages earners variable x1 - annual wage in invariably wage floors are set to be higher than what free market forces. Open document below is an essay on wages and wage earners data set from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. A recent article on bloombergcom last month illustrates the gap between high and low wage earners in data, use of surveys and article/balancing-the-pay-scale.
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The wages of top wage earners4 we update (a relative gain of the wages earned by 15 high wage earners) as the data in (economic policy institute. Wages and wage earners in the data set used wages essay the payment of wages act, 1936 introduction prior to 1936. Many employers pay the minimum wage for entry also many who benefit from the min wage are second income earners and therefore the for each data set. Salary comparison men versus women men have been the this research project will evaluate the wages and wage earners data setthe wages and view full essay. Median wages by state disparities between lower and higher-income earners only publicly released data set that reports median wages for. | <urn:uuid:b64e8973-9b31-4d52-8c3a-b8e076d543fa> | {
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While images for God are necessary, it is also true that all our images of God are inadequate because he is beyond both our images and our imagining. The most profound words spoken about God are the ones that remind us that we cannot speak about God. As soon as we say, “God is this,” we must also say, “God is not this.” But while this is true, it is also true that we can say certain things about God. We can discuss what we do not know, and we can discuss what we are discovering, and we can discuss what we hope to discover. This is what religious talk should be—a group of people who are telling stories about what they don’t know about. When we tell stories, we are making complicated images of the truth in order to make sense of what is mysterious, immense and awesome. We need images to talk about God for the same reason.
Since we need images for God, the best ones are the simplest and the oldest. They are the best because they are the least likely to be taken literally. If we call God “Father,” for instance, we know immediately that the image is not good enough because we think of our own hopeless, funny, and pathetic earthly fathers. The simplest and oldest images for God are also the best because they are the most universal and basic. The fact that every child in every home first knows the big, fuzzy, loud thing and then starts to laugh at his father’s face, is the simplest and most beautiful reason for calling God “the Father Almighty.” The Father is the first “Other” person most 50
of us get to know. (It takes Baby a long time to figure out that “Me” and “Mommy” are actually two different people.) Therefore what could be more simple and ingenious than to call the Ultimate Other “Father”? Jesus and the Jews say this image was revealed by God Himself. The feminist anthropologists from Missouri give a more expedient explanation. They theorize that, like all other simple people, the bearded patriarchs of a patriarchal culture cast God in their own image. The Jews were bearded mini-monarchs who sat around on cushions being waited on, so they perceived God as a bearded grandfather of them all, sitting on clouds being waited on.
This is a reasonable theory, and the history of religion shows that humans have a real tendency to create gods in their own image. (Why else would the savages of the South Pacific worship the Duke of Edinburgh?) But seriously, what if this reasonable theory is also just a mirror reflection of reality? Instead of God the Father being a reflection of our fathers, what if it were the other way around? What if our own existence from our father making love to our mother rests on the fact that the whole cosmos has an ever-loving Father? What if the big bang was a masculine explosion of delight, love and creative force on a cosmic scale? What if God implanted a seed of life into all things? If so, then he really is the father of all, and that minute and precious element we call “life” is a tiny droplet of God implanted by Divine power into each and every cell of creation. If this is so, then calling God 51
“Father Almighty” is not just an outmoded metaphor, but it is the very essence of his divine identity, an expression of his connection with all things living, and an indispensable description of who he was, and is and ever shall be.
Nevertheless the intelligentsia object to God being called “Father.” Could it be that, like all adolescents, they are going through a rebellious stage? Are they simply like the teenaged girl who is embarrassed when her father dances at a wedding? Do these father-phobes stomp their feet and slam their bedroom door, or do they just write a book about the evils of patriarchy? At the bottom of this entertaining dispute is the real objection to God being called “Father.” To suggest that God really is, in some sense, our Father is to say that he is not only a personal God, but he is de facto in a relationship with all those whom he calls his children.
Suddenly the question of God being personal or impersonal is not an academic debating point, but an explosive question of the heart. For if God is “the Father Almighty,” then I am faced with someone who cannot be ignored. An eternal force is easy enough to slight. A cosmic pudding is abstract and safe; but if the Force has a Face, then it may be looking at me, and if he is looking at me it is very possible he is looking for me. Therefore, when I say, “I believe in God the Father Almighty,” I am not simply stating a truth about God, I am taking a part and stepping on stage in the midst of a melodrama of cosmic significance.
If God really is “Father,” then I am in a relationship with him whether I like it or not. As Martin Buber has observed, this intimate commerce with an Other is what makes me who I am. Furthermore, I may as well cheerfully admit that, like any self-respecting adolescent, I am in a rebellious relationship with this Father. I may express the rebellion in furious rage. I may choose to ignore him in a sullen pout. Or I may choose the subtlest form of rebellion and become legalistic and pious. Finally, like the son in the famous story, I may simply choose to run away from that compelling paternal presence. In doing so, I join that dignified band of fugitives called the human race. To run away is perhaps the most honest and wholesome thing to do, and it is not wasted, for as all the great stories tell us—from the Wizard of Oz to the Prodigal Son—we must first run away before we can really turn toward home. | <urn:uuid:86dfb97d-a3ea-4079-8603-40e286350cf9> | {
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Misunderstanding is the error for which we generally blame to others. When one doesn’t understand what you say, it leads to misunderstanding. We always want to be right in the conversation, but it does not mean we can blame others for that.
In the communication process, there is always a sender and a receiver and a medium of conversation that can be by text also where you can’t show your feelings properly and that definitely lead to misunderstanding. You must be aware of what you are saying and whom. Before conveying your message to other, and to avoid misunderstanding, check your messages whether they are simple and easily understandable.
Here are some tips to avoid misunderstanding :
Never assume that you know what has been conveyed. Always ask questions and make it clear, what the other person said. It will make things clear to u and help to avoid misunderstanding.
Make your points clear by conveying your messages in short form. Sending long messages or using many words in a conversation will lead to misunderstanding. So, always say directly what you want to convey in minimum words or simple words this will avoid misunderstanding and will lead a healthy conversation resulting in a healthy relationship.
Listening with patience and trying to understand the sender’s message will help in avoiding misunderstanding. Active listening goes well beyond merely hearing what the other person is saying to understanding the message through requests for clarification and Para phrasing.
Make Sure Your Written Communications are clear
After conveying message to the receiver, just ask him whether he/she understood what you have sent or not?? This activity will take your extra time but will help to avoid misunderstanding.
Have Patience ….!!!
Enjoy a healthy and warm relation…!!!
Categorised in: Relationship | <urn:uuid:ce7b8574-4ade-429a-acea-cf0954562762> | {
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The UA in PDF/UA stands for Universal Accessibility which means that the PDF/UA documents you produce are compliant with ISO Standard 14289, the new international standard for Accessible PDFs. Why is this significant? There are approximately 25 million individuals in the US, 1 million individuals in Canada and over 30 million individuals in the EU that have difficulty reading bills, statements and other customer communications. A document that has been produced in the PDF/UA format contains a structured set of tags, and other features which will guide these customers’ assistive technology to present that document in the most accessible way possible.
Creating a roadmap
A PDF/UA document is a PDF file that provides specific optional content in order to make its content as accessible as possible to users that require assistance to “access” the content of these PDFs. Here are some of the major highlights:
- Content is tagged. The tags used describe what the content is, for example a heading, and the order of that content within the document – this is the roadmap that a user would follow so that they can be guided from the beginning of the document to its end.
- Graphical elements have a description provided so that a user can know what that element is.
- Tables have tags for their column headings and row headings so that the user can know what the values within the table represent.
- Fonts must be embedded
- The language of the document is specified
Like all PDFs, it is a document that will print and be viewed electronically uniformly across all platforms. It also contains metadata within the tags that may make such PDFs more suitable for archive and retrieval purposes and can be produced in such a way that it also conforms to the PDF/A standard for long term preservation of electronic documents.
The importance of PDF/UA documents is that they conform to the definitive standard for Accessible PDFs that the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) has published based on efforts of a global consortium of technology experts spanning almost a decade. What they have created is a concise, prescriptive guide to using the tagging and other content storage and organization technology in PDFs to document the hierarchy and structure specific to the contents for each document type. With this ‘roadmap’ to the contents inside the document when they receive it, your customers’ assistive technology will be able to present the contents to them in a logical order that enables comprehension.
How does PDF/UA help meet regulatory compliance?
There are many regulations that specify what your organization’s obligations are with regard to meeting the needs of people with disabilities. An obvious example is handicapped parking spaces – in the US these are often called ADA parking, where ADA stands for “Americans with Disabilities Act”. Other examples include ramps for wheelchairs, push buttons that automatically open a door, etc. All of these are required by the law.
Some of the relevant legislation that applies to accessibility includes:
- US: Americans with Disabilities ACT – Title 3 Public accommodations,
- US: Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act,
- US: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act,
- US: Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act – Access for People with Disabilities
- Canada: AODA (Access for Ontarians with Disabilities Act)
- Canada: Canadian Charter of Human Rights
- Canada: PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act)
- UK: Equality Act
- EU: European Policy on Disability and the Position of People with Disabilities - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; Article 21
- Plus many others
The spirit of these laws is that you must provide access to individuals with disabilities in a way that is as similar as possible to those who do not have a disability – and this access extends to the contents of your transactional documents.
The laws don’t tell you how to comply and CrawfordTech solutions provide options. When transactional documents are being produced, a filter can be created to divert and convert some of the documents to PDF/UA for subsequent electronic delivery to any desired segment of your customers using our Multi-Channel Customer Communications family of products. As PDF/UA is an Archival format , all or selected portions of the transactions can be archived in PDF/UA format assuring their compliance when they are retrieved. As an option, documents can be converted on an ad hoc basis. In any of these scenarios, Crawford Technologies can do the conversion with its licenced technology on site or at or DAS service bureau offsite.
Ready to support you
At Crawford Technologies we have spent a lot of time and effort representing the transactional document industry in the formation of this new ISO standard for accessible PDFs. We have been a member of the Canadian and US ISO committees for PDF/UA since 2009. As the only company representing the transactional documents industry on these committees, we ensured that the requirements for these billions of documents produced annually were properly considered. This standard will make the lives of people who have difficulty accessing documents easier and give them more independence overall - and we are proud to be a part of that. With the recent announcement of our PRO Transform Plus for PDF/UA product, we are the only company in our industry to provide Braille, Large Print, audio, e-Text and PDF/UA capabilities for customer communications. Having the ability to create all of these formats is mandatory in order to provide equal access to information for those with disabilities.
Learn more about our PRO Transform for PDF/UA
product for automated conversion of print files to accessible PDF.
Contact us today: | <urn:uuid:6755ab90-1e08-43b2-85bf-7862bb6dcada> | {
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There are many factors that can cause oily thinning hair in men and women. Some of the more common causes of this type of thinning hair include genetics, chemicals that are added to the hair, and stress. Other reasons, though not very common, that hair can become oily and eventually thin out are attributed to grooming and hair pulling, but they do attribute to this type of hair loss. Oily hair can be caused by an overproduction of the oil glands that are responsible for keeping the hair moisturized and healthy. Sometimes, the overproduction can clog the glands and also cause the hair to thin and eventually fall out.
Genetics and natural aging play one of the larger roles in oily thinning hair because a person's genetic makeup is responsible for how the body processes aging on a cellular level. This plays a large role in hair thinning and balding due to oily hair. There are many treatments that can help to reduce the hair loss and minimize excessive oiliness of the hair. Many people find that using special shampoos or conditioners for oily hair can work nicely to reduce the oil production and its effects on hair thinning.
Numerous people color their hair using hair dyes with harsh chemicals. This can cause hair to thin out because of chemical reactions with the dye's ingredients. Oil production can increase due to a chemical reaction that causes dryness in the hair. When the hair overproduces oil, the pores on the scalp can become clogged and cause the hair to loose viability. Oily thinning hair can be overcome if a person uses special hair treatments to counteract the chemical reactions that the hair dye causes.
There are also causes of oily thinning hair that are not so common but can be pretty strong contributors to this condition. One of the more serious conditions is called hair pulling or trichotillomania, which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes as a type of obsessive compulsive disorder. This disorder can cause oily thinning hair because people with this disorder are constantly activating oil production each time they pull hair from their scalps. Another related cause of this type of thinning hair is stress, which can be seen as physical or emotional stress that can exacerbate the condition.
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|Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum
|IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
||Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
||3.3 acres (13,000 m²) (3.12 federal)
||October 9, 1997
||500,000+ (in annually)
||Oklahoma City Nat'l Memorial Foundation & National Park Service
The Oklahoma City National Memorial is the largest memorial of its kind in the United States. It honors the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were touched by the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995. The memorial is located in downtown Oklahoma City on the former site of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, which was destroyed in the 1995 bombing.
The National Memorial was established on October 9, 1997, through the signing of the Oklahoma City National Memorial Act of 1997, by U.S. President Bill Clinton. It was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same day. The memorial is administered by Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation, with the National Park Service maintaining a presence at the memorial for interpretation purposes. The National Memorial Museum and the Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism are housed in the old Journal Record Building on the north side of the memorial grounds. The memorial was formally dedicated on April 19, 2000—the fifth anniversary of the bombing; the museum was dedicated the following year, on February 19, 2001.
The Oklahoma City bombing was a shocking act of terrorism that shook the nation. Destroying the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, it claimed 168 lives and left over 800 people injured. The Memorial's focus is to educate visitors about the impact of violence and to inspire hope and healing through lessons learned by those affected. The organizers and supporters of the memorial recognize the relevance of knowing history as a means of education toward a more successful future, one steeped in peace and goodwill. In that respect, the purpose of the memorial is to foster peace over pandemonium, hope over hatred, and cooperation in the place of conflict.
An aerial view of the destruction of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist attack that occurred on April 19, 1995, aimed at the U.S. government in which the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, an office complex in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was bombed. The attack claimed 168 lives and left over 800 people injured. It was the first major terrorist attack and until the September 11, 2001 attacks, it was the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil.
Shortly after the explosion, Oklahoma State Trooper Charlie Hanger stopped 26-year-old Timothy McVeigh for driving a vehicle that had no license plate and arrested him for that offense and for unlawfully carrying a weapon. Within days after the bombing, McVeigh and Terry Nichols were both arrested for their roles in the bombing. Investigators determined that they were sympathizers of a militia movement and that their motive was to retaliate against the government's handling of the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents (the bombing occurred on the anniversary of the Waco incident). McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. Nichols was sentenced to life in prison. A third conspirator, Michael Fortier, who testified against McVeigh and Nichols, was sentenced to 12 years in prison for failing to inform the U.S. government of his prior knowledge of the plans.
The attacks led to widespread rescue efforts from local, state, and federal and worldwide agencies, along with considerable donations from across the country. As a result of the destruction of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, the U.S. government passed legislation designed to increase protection around federal buildings and to thwart future terrorist attacks. Under these measures, law enforcement has since foiled sixty domestic terrorism plots.
The western Gate of Time.
Rescue Team 5 remembers the victims who died in the bombing.
In the months following the bombing, overwhelming support for the creation of a permanent memorial at the Murrah Building site was voiced. Oklahoma City's mayor, Ron Norick, appointed a task force of 350 members to explore the most appropriate way to memorialize those who died in the incident. The Memorial Mission Statement calls for a memorial that would "remember those who were killed, those who survived and those changed forever".
The Task Force determined there were three major components that should be met in the finished memorial:
- The creation of a symbolic outdoor memorial on the Murrah Building site and along NW Fifth in front of the building footprint.
- The creation of a Memorial Museum, a 30,000 square foot interactive learning museum to tell the story of April 19, 1995, and how the chaos turned to hope in the days following the terrorist attack.
- The creation of an organization—The Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), a living memorial to those affected by what happened in Oklahoma City. MIPT’s mission is to deter and prevent terrorism and to mitigate its effects.
In September 1996, the Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation was created from the families who lost loved ones in the bombing, survivors of the bombing, rescue workers and volunteers who participated in the rescue and recovery efforts, and community volunteers.
Design concepts for the outdoor memorial were solicited and 624 entries arrived from all 50 states and 23 countries. Following public display, the field was narrowed to five designs, with the final selection made in July 1997. The proposal created by Butzer Design Partnership then of Berlin, Germany, was chosen Designers Hans and Torrey Butzer with Sven Berg created the memorial.
On April 19, 2000, the Oklahoma City National Memorial was dedicated on the site of the Murrah Federal Building to commemorate the victims of the bombing. Annual remembrance services are held at the time of the explosion.
The Field of Empty Chairs,
east Gate of Time,
and Reflecting Pool
at the Oklahoma City National Memorial.
A closeup of the Field of Empty Chairs.
The Reflecting Pool
at the Oklahoma City National Memorial
After surviving the bombing, The Survivor Tree
elm became an emblem of the Memorial.
The Memorial Fence
and east Gate of Time
The Outdoor Symbolic Memorial consists of the following segments on 3.3 acres (13,000 m²), and can be visited 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
- The Gates of Time: Monumental twin bronze gates frame the moment of destruction—9:02—and mark the formal entrances to the Outdoor Memorial. 9:01, found on the eastern gate, represents the last moments of peace, while its opposite on the western gate, 9:03, represents the first moments of recovery. Both time stamps are inscribed on the interior of the monument, facing each other and the Reflecting Pool.
- The outside of each gate bears this inscription:
We come here to remember, Those who were killed, those who survived and those changed forever. May all who leave here know the impact of violence. May this memorial offer comfort, strength, peace, hope and serenity.
- Reflecting Pool: A thin layer of water flowing over polished black granite, the Reflecting Pool runs east to west down the center of the Memorial on what was once Fifth Street. Visitors who see their reflection in the reflecting pool are supposed to see "a face of a person changed by domestic terrorism."
- Field of Empty Chairs: 168 empty chairs hand-crafted from glass, bronze, and stone represent those who lost their lives in the tragedy. A bombing victim's name is etched in the glass base of each chair. The chairs represent the empty chairs at the dinner tables of the victim's family. The chairs are arranged in nine rows symbolizing the nine floors of the building, and each person's chair is on the row (or the floor) on which the person worked or was visiting when the bomb went off. The chairs are also grouped according to the blast pattern, with the most chairs nearest the most heavily damaged portion of the building. The westernmost column of five chairs represents the five people who died but were not in the Murrah Building when the bomb went off (two in the Water Resources Board building, one in the Athenian Building, one outside near the building, and one rescuer). The 19 smaller chairs represent the children killed in the bombing. Three unborn children died along with their mothers, and they are listed on their mothers' chairs beneath their mothers' names.
- Survivors' Wall: The only remaining original portions of the Murrah Building are the southeast corner, known as the Survivors' Wall, and a portion of the south wall. The Survivors' Wall includes several panels of granite salvaged from the Murrah Building itself, inscribed with the names of more than 800 survivors from the building and the surrounding area, many of whom were injured in the blast.
- The Survivor Tree: An American elm on the north side of the Memorial, this tree was the only shade tree in the parking lot across the street from the Murrah Building, and commuters came in to work early to get one of the shady parking spots provided by its branches. Photos of Oklahoma City taken around the time of statehood (1907) show this tree, meaning it is currently at least 108 years old. Despite its age, the tree was neglected and taken for granted prior to the blast. Heavily damaged by the bomb, the Tree ultimately survived after nearly being chopped down during the initial investigation, in order to recover evidence hanging in its branches and embedded in its bark.
- The force of the blast ripped most of the branches from the Survivor Tree, glass and debris were imbedded in its trunk and fire from the cars parked beneath it blackened what was left of the tree. Most thought the tree could not survive. However, nearly a year after the bombing, family members, survivors and rescue workers who gathered for a memorial ceremony under the tree noticed it was beginning to bloom again. In that instant the tree became a symbol of what the city had come through. Like the tree, the city had been bent and bowed but it had not been broken. The tree and the city survived. The Survivor Tree now thrives, in no small part because the specifications for the Outdoor Memorial design included a mandate to feature and protect the Tree. One example of the dramatic measures taken to save the Tree: one of the roots that would have been cut by the wall surrounding the Tree was placed inside a large pipe, so it could reach the soil beyond the wall without being damaged. A second example is the decking around the Tree, which is raised several feet to make an underground crawlspace; workers enter through a secure hatchway and monitor the health of the Tree and maintain its very deep roots.
- The inscription around the inside of the deck wall around the Survivor Tree reads:
"The spirit of this city and this nation will not be defeated; our deeply rooted faith sustains us."
- Hundreds of seeds from the Survivor Tree are planted annually and the resulting saplings are distributed each year on the anniversary of the bombing. Thousands of Survivor Trees are growing today in public and private places all over the United States; saplings were sent to Columbine High School after the massacre there, to New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007, and various times.
- The Memorial Fence: A ten foot tall (3.05 m) chain link fence was originally installed around the area that is now the Reflecting Pool and the Field of Empty Chairs to protect the site from damage and visitors from injury. The Fence stood for more than four years and became famous itself, with visitors leaving stuffed animals, poems, keychains, and other items there as tributes. During the construction of the Outdoor Memorial, 210 feet (64 m) of the Fence was moved to the west side of the Memorial, along the 9:03 side or the "healing" side. Visitors may still leave small items along and in the Fence; the mementos are periodically collected, cataloged, and stored. The remainder of the Fence is in storage.
- Rescuers' Orchard: A grove of Oklahoma redbuds (Oklahoma's state tree), Amur Maple, Chinese Pistache, and Bosque Elm trees are planted on the lawn around the Survivor Tree.
- Children's Area: More than 5,000 hand-painted tiles, from all over the United States and Canada, were made by children and sent to Oklahoma City after the bombing in 1995. The tiles are now stored in the Memorial's Archives, and a sampling of those tiles is on the wall in the Children's Area, along with a series of chalkboards where children can draw and share their feelings. The Children's Area is north of the 9:03 gate, on the west side of the Museum.
- And Jesus Wept: On a corner adjacent to the memorial is a sculpture of Jesus weeping erected by St. Joseph's Catholic Church. St. Joseph's, one of the first brick and mortar churches in the city, was almost completely destroyed by the blast. The statue is not part of the memorial itself but is popular with visitors nonetheless.
- Journal Record Building: North of the memorial is the Journal Record Building which now houses the Oklahoma City National Memorial Museum, which features numerous exhibits and artifacts related to the Oklahoma City Bombing. Also in the building is the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan think tank created shortly after the bombing by family members and survivors to spread knowledge of terrorism and its prevention.
- Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Plaza: Located just south of the Field of Empty Chairs, above the underground parking garage, is the raised Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Plaza. The plaza was an original part of the federal building, and contained garden and seating areas, as well as the second floor daycare's playground. Visitors to the Memorial may still access the plaza, and the flagpole from which flies the American flag is the original flagpole that was in place on April 19, 1995.
As part of the 10th anniversary commemoration of the bombing in 2005, the Reflections of Hope Award was established. The award honors a living person or organization whose works exemplify core beliefs of the Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation: "that hope can survive and blossom amidst the tragedy and chaos of political violence and that, even in environments marred by such violence, peaceful, nonviolent approaches provide the best answers to human problems."
The award recognizes those from around the world who work in the spirit of peace, going beyond the boundaries of politics, religion, race, or nationality, which are often the motivating factors of terrorism.
- ↑ Ted Ottley, License Tag Snag, Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- ↑ Tim Talley, April 17, 2006, Experts fear Oklahoma City bombing lessons forgotten, Union-Tribune Publishing Co. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Oklahoma City National Memorial, History and mission. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- ↑ Oklahoma City National Memorial, Reflections of Hope Award. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- Linenthal, Edward Tabor. 2001. The Unfinished Bombing: Oklahoma City in American Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195136722.
- National Park Service. Oklahoma City National Memorial. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- Oklahoma City National Memorial. Oklahoma City National Memorial. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
- Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation. 2005. 1995-2005, a Decade of Hope. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation. OCLC 153284124.
- Stein, R. Conrad. 2003. The Oklahoma City National Memorial. Cornerstones of freedom. New York: Children's Press. ISBN 9780516242057.
- United States. 2001. The National Parks: Index 2001-2003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. OCLC 53228516.
- Wright, Stuart A. 2007. Patriots, Politics, and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Cambridge studies in contentious politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521872645.
All links retrieved February 14, 2015.
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From 1845 to 1921, over 36,000 East Indians, mainly of the Hindu faith, were brought to Jamaica. Close to two-thirds of them remained. Following the abolition of slavery in the1830s, after failed attempts to source much-needed labour through bountied European immigration, the Jamaican Government turned to India and China. Indian labourers who had already proved successful in Mauritius, were therefore considered to be a good bet for survival in Jamaica.
They were, however, paid less than the ex-slaves and therefore originally lodged at the bottom of the society. Ironically, under the terms of their caste system, which valued light skin over dark, they in turn looked down on the ex-slaves. Relations between the two groups did not therefore begin on the best of footings.
The Indian Government took great interest in indentured labour. Recruiting depots were established in Calcutta and Madras and agents were paid significantly less, per recruit, than for a European labourer). The Government monitored recruitment, the terms and conditions of indentureship, and the guidelines for transport to Jamaica as well as eventual repatriation to India. Most Indians who signed onto indentureship did so with the hope of returning to their homelands with greater wealth and therefore better social positions. It even appointed a Protector of Immigrants in the country of indenture.
Unfortunately, as the Protector was never an Indian national, he tended to be more interested in the welfare of the employers than the labourers a sign that the programme would equal one of hardship for the labourers.
In order to sign onto an indentureship Indians were to appear before a magistrate, hold a government permit and fully understand the conditions of the labour contract. However, the contract was often explained in English and thousands of labourers simply put their thumb marks on the required line, without any true understanding of what awaited them following their journey across the sea. | <urn:uuid:50753a0c-930f-4d18-9941-635bdc2a2cb8> | {
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In Hamlet, how is evil manifested with forgiveness and/or atonement later prevailing over this evil?
2 Answers | Add Yours
That "[S]omething is rotten in the state of Denmark" is noted early in Act I of Hamlet by the officer, Marcellus. Indeed, there is much "evil that men do" [Julius Caesar]:
- The ghost of King Hamlet appears and tells his son that he has been murdered. Furthermore, he names his murderer:
The serpent that did sting thy father's life
Now wears his crown. (1.5.38-39)
- Queen Gertrude, Hamlet's mother has married her brother-in-law Claudius soon after her husband's mysterious death, an act that Hamlet perceives as base and incestuous:
O most pernicious woman!
O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain! (1.5.106-107)
- Polonius conspires with King Claudius to discredit Hamlet because the Danish people love him. So, Polonius tells Gertrude that her son is mad and he hids behind a curtain while Hamlet speaks to his mother. He also discredits Hamlet to Ophelia, his daughter, who loves him
OPHELIA My lord, he hath importuned me with love
In honorable fashion....
POLONIUS ....Ay, springes to cathc woodcocks. I do know,
When the blood burns, how prodigal the soul
Lends the tongue vows. (1.5.110-117)
In addition, Polonius manipulates Ophelia, coaching her on what to ask Hamlet and to report later to him.
- King Claudius enlists Hamlet's boyhood friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to talk with Hamlet; Gertrude offers them pay for their visit to Hamlet. Later, Claudius sends them with Hamlet to England in order to murder the prince. They take the bribe and agree,
And here give up ourselves in the full bent
To lay our service freely at your feet,
To be commanded. (2.2.30-32)
- Gertrude conspires with Polonius, allowing him to hide behind a curtain while she talks with her son Hamlet to determine what his thoughts are and if he is mad.
- After learning that Hamlet has killed "the fishmonger" Polonius, his son Laertes vows revenge and conspires with King Claudius, saying he will show himself in deed, being willing even to kill him in a church, "To cut his throat i' th' church" (4.7.124).
- Before the duel, Hamlet enters with "something dangerous" in him, his desire to avenge his father's murder and his loss of Ophelia, whom he loved. However, he apologizes to Laertes for the grief caused him, but Laertes insists that his honor must be satisfied.
I am satisfied in nature...
....But in my terms of honor
I stand aloof, and will no reconcilement....(5.2.218-221)
- As the duel begins, Claudius drops a poisoned pearl in the wine chalice. After Hamlet scores a point, Gertrude picks up the chalice to offer a toast to Hamlet. Seeing her, Claudius merely says, "Gertrude, do not drink"(5.2.293), but does nothing else to prevent her from drinking her death.
In the midst of this dangerous duel, there is the beginning of atonement
- After Claudius tells her not to drink, Gertrude turns to her new king and responds, "I will, my lord; I pray you pardon me" (5.2.268).
- After Hamlet is wounded by Laertes with the poisoned rapier, he tells Hamlet that when they exchanged swords in the scuffle afterwards, he himself has been wounded by the poisoned sword. As he dies, Laertes begs Hamlet to "exchange forgiveness" (5.2.308).
- Then, in atonement for the slaying of King Fortinbras while King Hamlet reigned, the prince of Denmark, Hamlet, hands his throne to the "delicate and tender prince," Fortinbras:
But I do prophesy th'election lights
On Fortinbras. He has my dying voice.(5.2.334-335)
Denmark's corrupt court is gone, replacedFortinbras.
In Hamlet, there are instances when Hamlet seems to be evil. In Act three, scene one, Hamlet and Ophelia have an interaction that portrays Hamlet as a cruel man. Following her father's instructions, Ophelia attempts to return the mementos of Hamlet's love. Hamlet becomes angry. He is cruel in his response:
I never gave you anything.
The conversation between Hamlet and Ophelia becomes more intense as Hamlet insults Ophelia, claiming he never loved her:
I didn’t love you.
Hamlet's actions are so cruel. He seems to be blatantly rude. No doubt, Hamlet appears to be evil in his words to Ophelia. Hamlet insists he never loved her. Then, he is boldly cruel as he instructs her to go to a nunnery and live her life as a nun. He does not want her. He even claims to be a wicked man:
We are wicked men, all, believe none of us. Take yourself a convent.
Clearly, Hamlet is behaving in an evil manner toward Ophelia. He curses her and tells her that he shall slander her if she decides to marry. Even though he knows she is pure, he threatens to slander her good name:
If you do marry, I’ll give you this curse for your
wedding gift: whether you as chaste as ice, as pure as
snow, you shalt not escape slander.
Ultimately, Ophelia takes her own life. In Act five, scene one, Hamlet is nearby the funeral procession when he realizes it is Ophelia who is dead. This scene seems to change Hamlet's evil attitude. He displays a loving attitude toward Ophelia. He claims to have loved Ophelia more than 10,000 brothers could have loved her:
I loved Ophelia! Forty thousand brothers
Couldn’t, even with all their quantity of love,
Make up my sum.
Clearly, Hamlet has a more forgiving attitude after Ophelia's death. Truly, Ophelia's death has humbled him.
At the end of the play, the change in Hamlet is obvious as he seeks Laertes' forgiveness. Before he fights Laertes, he makes it clear that he is not angry with Laertes. He seems to be forgiving in his display of emotion toward Laertes. Likewise, he asks Laertes to forgive him:
Give me your pardon, sir. I have done you wrong.
But pardon it, as you are a gentleman.
Clearly, Hamlet is seeking pardon for killing Laertes' father. Hamlet is apologetic for having a part in Ophelia's death. Hamlet makes atonement for the wrong things he has done. Laertes accepts Hamlet's act of love:
I receive your offered love like love,
And won’t do it wrong.
There is definitely a change in Hamlet. He is no longer obsessed with himself and his own personal hurts. Now, he can consider others. He appears to understand why Laertes would desire to kill him. He seems to be taking responsibility for Polonius’s death. No doubt, the shock of Ophelia’s death has changed him for the better.
As Hamlet is dying, he highly compliments Fortinbras and supports him as the new leader of Hamlet's kingdom, claiming that Fortinbras has his "dying vote."
Hamlet is no longer angry. His evil actions have subsided and he seems to be at peace with himself.
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Ketosis extends lifespan
Ketosis and ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are the small molecules that are produced by the liver when the body is in a state of ketosis. These can be readily used by the body and, most notably, the nervous system, and one of their functions is to spare lean tissue during ketosis, since with the burning of ketones, the body does not have to break down muscle in order to make blood glucose.
The state of ketosis is readily entered when severely restricting carbohydrates in the diet for just a short while; for instance, if someone goes on the Atkins diet, or generally keeps carbs below 50 grams a day. (If one exercises a lot or is otherwise physically active, one can eat more carbs, say up to 100 grams, and remain in ketosis.)
Ketosis extends lifespan in C. elegans
It turns out that in the roundworm C. elegans, one of the ketone bodies, beta hydroxybutyrate, extends lifespan: D-beta-hydroxybutyrate extends lifespan in C. elegans.
βHB supplementation extended mean lifespan by approximately 20%. … βHB did not extend lifespan in a genetic model of dietary restriction indicating that βHB is likely functioning through a similar mechanism. βHB addition also upregulated ΒHB dehydrogenase activity and increased oxygen consumption in the worms.
So, the ketone functioned similarly to dietary restriction, increased lifespan by 20%, and caused increased metabolism.
It looks like being in ketosis much of the time could be, gasp, good for you.
The probable future Nobel Laureate Cynthia Kenyon discovered that a mutation in insulin signalling in C. elegans caused radically increased lifespan. When she made that discovery, she herself went on a low-carbohydrate diet.
So, add all this to the evidence for the healthiness of a low-carbohydrate diet. | <urn:uuid:36ac9c2d-571e-43d2-beb8-10df0beb79db> | {
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GARY HINCKS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY GARY HINCKS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Jupiter from Io, artwork. Io, the third largest of the moons of the gas giant planet Jupiter (planetary limb at upper centre), orbits the planet at a distance of 422,000 kilometres. The gravity of Jupiter and other moons, create huge tides, powering Io's volcanoes (one erupting at left). These can eject sulphur over 100 kilometres into space. Hundreds of active volcanoes on Io make it the most geologically active body in the solar system. Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, has an equatorial diameter of 142,984 kilometres.
Model release not required. Property release not required. | <urn:uuid:7c9559a5-a506-4682-b375-f30566fe1f17> | {
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Turmeric is a flowering plant of the ginger family, and it’s used as a spice for many dishes. It is also a part of spice mixtures, including curry, and it gives it that beautiful, golden-yellow color.
Various species of the Curcuma genus have been known and used in medicine since at least the 19th century. In India, turmeric is widely used as a medicine and is known from accelerating wound healing and soothing indigestion.
But it’s not only alternative medicine doctors that are interested in turmeric. Turmeric started to get the attention of pharmaceutical companies when it was discovered that the substances contained in it have a potent antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Research is ongoing on the use of these substances in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and the results so far are positive.
But even if you are not dealing with any serious health problems, it’s a good idea to add more turmeric to your diet.
Here are the top 10 Health Benefits of Turmeric:
- Turmeric is a very strong antioxidant with a strong anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antiviral properties. Turmeric also has detoxifying and anti-cancer properties. Chronic inflammation leads to various diseases. Turmeric fights inflammation sometimes even better than anti-inflammatory drugs
- It has strong anti-cancer properties. Turmeric prevents the formation and proliferation of cancer cells. It sounds unbelievable, but turmeric basically searches for malignant cancer cells in the body and destroys them
- It boosts metabolism and is very helpful in fighting with obesity. It also prevents the accumulation of adipose tissue
- It is an extremely strong Due to its strong antioxidant properties, it removes harmful free radicals that damage the cells in the body. Also, it prevents premature aging of the body and protects against many lifestyle diseases
- Water with lemon and turmeric stimulates the liver to produce more enzymes that allow the liver to work more effectively in cleansing the body of toxins. In short, turmeric is a great detoxifier
- Turmeric is also beneficial to your heart because it reduces the level of bad cholesterol. Frequent eating of turmeric is an extremely effective method that protects against stroke and heart attack
- Because turmeric has strong antioxidant properties, it has beneficial effects on our brain. Older people living in India, where they eat a lot of turmeric, rarely suffer from Alzheimer’s disease
- Turmeric soothes skin disorders. Acne, psoriasis and Atopic dermatitis (AD) are associated with inflammation of the skin. Regular consumption of turmeric brings a significant improvement in the condition of the skin
- It blocks the secretion of histamine and limits allergic reactions. It will especially help people suffering from various allergies, skin diseases, and
- Turmeric improves your mood and can not only prevent depression but also cure it. In a famous experiment turmeric was compared with Prozac (widely used, and overused, antidepressant) and it turns out that both are exactly So, the next time you feel down you might try some turmeric instead of asking your doctor for another Prozac prescription.
As with everything, remember that moderation is the key to life. It’s almost impossible to overdose turmeric, and there are no dangerous side effects, but some people taking too much of it might experience stomach upset, nausea, dizziness, or diarrhea. | <urn:uuid:9e0181cb-29ae-4889-bec9-b9759b7a6088> | {
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There’s an old saying that when the going gets tough, the tough get going. And for many species, climate change is set to make things a whole lot tougher. The question on ecologists’ minds is, which species will be able to get going?
Plants are of particular concern, given that they tend to lack legs, making rapid migrations problematic. (There are a few notable exceptions, but they make tortoises appear speedy.) Ecologists have speculated that weedy species—which reproduce quickly and disperse widely—may not suffer as many consequences, but trees are not likely to be as fortunate. Two new studies in the journal Ecology Letters set out to test these hunches, and their results largely confirm what many had suspected.
Going to the weeds
Many species are already on the move as a result of climate change, and these migrations have a way of upending the previously established order. Species that both inhabit and define stable environments tend to be long-lived, large, and produce fewer, more successful offspring. Think trees, great apes, elephants, tigers, and so on. But when things go topsy-turvy, fast-growing, short-living, mass-reproducing species gain the upper hand. Weeds win, in other words.
And that’s just what the first study predicts. The researchers modeled a simple environment occupied by one hypothetical species with three very broad but heritable traits—dispersal propensity, reproductive capability, and competitive ability. As the researchers shifted the species’ suitable environment from one end of the modeled landscape to the other, individuals with the traits that allowed them to reproduce abundantly and disperse broadly did best on the expanding front. Those with the competitive trait did not fare as well.
These results not only suggest that weedy species will be favored in the future, but that individuals members of non-weedy species will be more successful if the have some weedy traits.
Long-lived species, such as trees, may not be coaxed north by the heat, but rather muscled out by scrappier types. The second study seems to confirm this notion. The authors chose not to forecast how species’ ranges will shift as the climate changes (that's notoriously difficult) or how they moved in response to past warming (not necessarily informative, given the rapid pace of current climate change). Instead, they closely analyzed the current geographic distribution of 102 eastern North American tree species.
Using records on 3 million trees from the US Forest Service, they calculated how much each species’ north-south distribution deviated from a bell-shaped, normal distribution using a special set of five statistical tools known as Huisman-Olff-Fresco models. The technique allowed the researchers to tailor their analyses to the peculiarities of each species’ geographic distribution. For example, if a species is more numerous in the north, the model will select a skewed distribution as the best fit.
As expected, the northern extents of most species’ ranges appear to be expanding, albeit in a restrained fashion. More dramatic was the shift north in abundance—within most species’ ranges, more trees were concentrated toward the northern end of the range. It’s a response that appears remarkably anthropomorphic. Imagine a hurricane evacuation: the majority of people will evacuate ahead of the storm, but will only travel as far enough to be safe. A minority will either remain until the last minute or choose to ride out the storm.
The results also imply many species’ southern extents are eroding, though the changing climate may not be to blame, at least directly. Rather, ecologists think plant ranges are limited at their southern extent by competition—species from northern regions simply cannot hold their ground against faster growing plants. Thus, the warmer temperatures are probably drawing better competitors northwards, and these will eventually crowd the existing tree species out of the area.
The end result will be smaller ranges for many tree species compared with today, according to the study. Trees that are numerous in the northern part of their range, such as American beech, red maple, and cork-bark oak, have the greatest potential to push north. But parts of the American Southeast will probably see some species, such as American beech, river birch, and shagbark hickory, disappear.
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The Moorish Warrior
William Merritt Chase
On View: American Art Galleries, 5th Floor, The United States on the World Stage, 1865–1930
This imposing painting demonstrates the cultural intersections that shaped the work of American artists in the post–Civil War era. William Merritt Chase learned this Realist style, with its rich brushwork, in Munich. He also learned how to invent scenes in the studio. This work was painted in Venice, where he found his model and purchased the props. The painting was commissioned by a German patron, who was attracted to the Middle Eastern subject matter that was increasingly popular as a result of European colonial interests in that region. Chase signaled his presence in this fictional scene with the smoldering cigar at the lower right corner.
Oil on canvas
59 3/16 x 94 7/16 in. (150.4 x 239.9 cm)
frame: 72 1/2 x 106 3/8 x 4 1/2 in. (184.2 x 270.2 x 11.4 cm) (show scale)
Gift of John R.H. Blum and Healy Purchase Fund B
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William Merritt Chase (American, 1849-1916). The Moorish Warrior, ca. 1878. Oil on canvas, 59 3/16 x 94 7/16 in. (150.4 x 239.9 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of John R.H. Blum and Healy Purchase Fund B, 69.43 (Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 69.43_SL1.jpg)
overall, 69.43_SL1.jpg. Brooklyn Museum photograph
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It is hard to miss when your pet dog suffers from bad breath — which is also called halitosis — most especially if you love to cuddle with them all the time. Bad breath is caused by the buildup of bacteria that produces foul odor in your dog’s mouth, lungs or gut.
When the foul breath of your dog is persistent, it means he needs better dental care or that maybe there is something wrong with his gastrointestinal tract, liver or kidneys. In almost all cases, halitosis must be investigated further.
Cause of bad breath in dogs
More often than not, canine bad breath is a result of gum or dental disease, and some dogs — with special attention to small ones — are prone to plaque and tartar. However, persistent foul breath may also be an indication of a bigger medical issue in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract or organs, or the respiratory system.
Determining the cause of your dog’s bad breath
The best person who can determine the cause of your pet’s bad breath is your veterinarian. You can bring your dog to the vet to get a physical examination and laboratory work. You should be ready to answer queries regarding your pet’s hygiene, diet, exercise habits, and general behavior.
When should your dog visit the vet?
In the event you notice that your dog’s breath suddenly has an unusual smell, then it is time that you consult your veterinarian. Below are some of the signs that your dog has a medical problem that needs treatment as soon as possible:
- Unusually fruity or sweet breath may indicate that your pet has diabetes, especially if he has been drinking and urinating more often than usual.
- Breath that smells like urine may be a sign of kidney disease.
- Unusually foul odor accompanied by lack of appetite, vomiting, and yellow-tinged corneas and/or gums may indicate a liver problem.
How is bad breath in dogs treated?
The treatment for your pet’s halitosis depends on the diagnosis of your veterinarian. If plaque is the cause of the foul breath, then your pup might need some professional cleaning. In case it has something to do with the diet, you might be required to change the regular food of your dog. But if the bad breath is caused by gastrointestinal or an abnormality in your pet’s liver, kidneys or lungs, you should talk to your vet about the options and steps you can take.
Preventing your dog from having bad breath
A lot of people think that bad breath in pups, specifically at a certain age, is already “given.” However, that is not the case. Rather, when you are proactive regarding your pup’s oral health, not only will it make your life and your pet’s life pleasant, it is also a form of preventive medicine. Below are some of the tips to prevent your dog from having foul breath.
- Bring your pup to the vet to have regular checkups to ensure that he has no underlying medical problem that may cause the halitosis.
- Make sure that your vet tracks and monitors the state of your pet’s teeth and breath.
- Give your dog only high-quality, easy-to-digest food.
- Provide your pup with well-researched treats specially created to improve breath odor.
- Give hard, safe-to-chew toys that allows your pet’s teeth to be cleaned using the natural process of chewing.
- Brush your pet’s teeth frequently — everyday is ideal. Make sure to use toothpaste specially made for dogs as human toothpaste can upset a canine’s stomach.
- Talk to your veterinarian about oral health products that are for home-use to know if there is a type he or she may recommend.
Keep in mind that these products only cover the foul breath of your dog and do not treat underlying medical issues.
read more how to choose best dog clippers at petful101.com | <urn:uuid:d6fedb11-20ab-46fd-ae0f-42e891184f05> | {
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Study: CO2 NOT causing climate change
Written by PSI Staff
New study shows that the trace gas CO2 found in the atmosphere cannot be shown to cause anything other than small changes in Earth’s surface temperature.
Independent climate researcher Jef Reynen has submitted a detailed study for open peer review at the independent science body, Principia Scientific International (PSI). Titled ‘CO2 Has Hardly Any Effect on Surface Temperate’, the study is presented for full open peer review. Reynen, who has a strong mathematics background and relies extensively on numerical analysis, has also helpfully provided herein a layperson’s guide to his paper, paraphrased below.
According to the paper’s findings climate changes are due to other physical phenomena – not carbon dioxide – and such changes have always taken place and will continue to do so despite the recent claims at the UN’s Paris climate summit (COP21) to ‘limit’ global warming to two degrees.
‘CO2 Has Hardly Any Effect on Surface Temperature‘ tells us, “Besides CO2 is not a poisonous gas, on the contrary, it has beneficiary properties for mankind because it is a fertilizer: if the concentration would become less than half of the present 400 ppm (0.04%) the vegetation on the planet would disappear, and consequently animals and human beings. In nursery greenhouses the concentration of CO2 is augmented in order to ameliorate the production of plants.”
As witnessed at the Paris climate summit (December 2015) the IPCC (International Panel of Climate Change) under the auspices of the United Nations, continues to promote the increasingly discredited view that traces of CO2 are causing a dangerous increase in the planet’s temperature.
In Paris UN lobbyists succeeded in persuading nearly 200 nations to agree to sign up to limit the use of so-called fossil fuels. Critics have condemned the UN agreement as anti-industrial and a curb on global wealth creation enjoyed for the last 150 years.
In earlier papers the author has discussed the matter using mathematical techniques programmed on a computer. In ‘CO2 Has Hardy Any Effect on Surface Temperature’ Reynen avoids use of the complex mathematics so that more people will consider the message, which focuses on clear, concise facts.
The so-called greenhouse effect, a misnomer
The bulk of the atmosphere consists of 80 % nitrogen N2 and 19% oxygen O2.
The remaining 1% are traces of other gases.
Gases consisting of molecules with three or more atoms are IR-active (infra red active): they absorb and emit IR-radiation, also called LW (long wave) radiation, related to not too high temperatures.
The sun at high temperature is emitting SW (short wave) radiation which is absorbed by the atmosphere and by the surface of the planet, and the heat is re-emitted as LW radiation.
In the so-called greenhouse effect it is assumed that the atmosphere with traces of IR-active molecules trap the heat of outgoing LW radiation.
A comparison is made with greenhouses in nurseries. That is a misnomer, those greenhouses stay warm because the glass roof is transparent to incoming SW solar radiation and the glass roof keeps the warm air inside the greenhouse.
Heat losses by convection are avoided due to the glass barrier.
Reynen, along with many scientists at Principia Scientific International (PSI) says the ‘greenhouse gas effect’ is a serious misnomer and we should henceforth speak about the atmospheric effect of traces of IR-active (infrared active) molecules.
A roof of chicken wire, not a single one but many layers of fine grids
As a demonstration, Reynen shows that by replacing the glass in a greenhouse by gauze, allowing convection, brings us closer to reality in the simulation of the play between surface and atmosphere. He says, “In particular when we take a stack of grids to model the IR-active trace gases in the atmosphere, convection can take place from the surface and at higher heights the IR-active molecules emit heat to outer-space.”
Reynen used a global annual mean heat balance as validated by defining input parameters from the data of the astronomer Ferenc Miskolczi who uses the two-stream formulation, en vogue in astronomy. But Ferenc Miskolczi does not interpret back-radiation as a heat flux nor the Prevost type of LW surface radiation. In fact Ferenc Miskolczi claims that the two values are about equal.
Reynen observes, “We found 79 W/m^2 LW surface flux, 60 through the window and 19 W/m^2 absorbed. We conclude that the stack model is validated by the data of Ferenc Miskolczi obtained by analyzing world wide weather balloon measurements using the spectroscopic line-by-line computer program HARTCODE. “
An important point which Ferenc Miskolczi has made is that a mono-chromatic model describes reality very well, because water vapor is the dominant IR-active trace gas with resonance frequencies spread over the complete spectrum.
That explains also why the mono-chromatic treatment in the present stack-model gives excellent results.
Ferenc Miskolczy concludes that CO2 hardly has any effect on the surface temperature.
Surface Temperature Sensitivity from CO2
In Reynen’s study, in order to take into account any possible effect of CO2, the sensitivity study of the surface temperature from CO2 is carried out on a model with a height of 30 km.
He says, “Indeed for the global annual mean heat budget a model with a height of 11 km or even lower is sufficient since anyhow the effect of CO2 is about 0.1% of the effect of water vapor, which will be confirmed by the results of a stack of 30 km high.”
Reynen insists his latest analysis is conclusive:
“because it is sufficient to argue that the influence of CO2 is less than 0.1% of the total effect of the IR-active trace gasses H2O+CO2; the concentration of CO2 is about 1% of the concentration of water vapor and in the spectrum CO2 resonance frequency is a single line and water vapor has resonance frequencies along the total spectrum, giving another factor 10 or more.”
As such the effect of CO2 is around 0.1% of that of H2O.
“We continue, however, to give a further sensitivity analysis by means of the stack model and evaluate the forcingCO2 in more detail,” adds the author.
The analysis gives results, which contradict explicitly IPCC authors.
PSI is inviting interested scholars to participate in the open peer review of Reynen’s compelling study. Here we have shown a simplified version helpful to the layperson. The earlier papers on the subject have been replaced by a kind of presentation around 10 slides. Reynen adds, “It is hoped that a broader group of people receives the message: CO2 is a fertilizer, it will give increased vegetation to feed the growing world population.”
Like an increasing number of scientists Reynen finds that the doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration from 400 ppm to 800 ppm will have no dangerous impact on climate. Here he gives an increase of the surface temperature of dTs = 0.032 C. A further increase towards the optimum of 1600 ppm, from the agriculture point of view, gives a surface temperature increase of dTs = 0.1 C.
In short, IPCC authors have misinterpreted the results of the spectroscopic computer program MODTRAN.
Instead, independent analysts such as Ferenc Miskolczi use the spectroscopic line-by-line program HARDCODE and find hardly any influence of CO2 on the surface temperature.
The author wants to thank in particular Claes Johnson who inspired him to write this paper. The author interpreted his ideas by writing Stefan-Boltzmann always for a pair of surfaces: it opens the concept of standing waves.
The efficient help of Hans Schreuder to edit and to host my papers on his site and give them a broader distribution is appreciated as well as the suggestions by the peer reviewers which Hans has called upon.
Thanks also to John O’Sullivan at Principia Scientific International for the publication of this paper.
or also in
or also in
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Subfamily: Hadrosaurinae (lacked the crest)
Subfamily: Lambeosaurinae (have a skull crest )
|Hadrosaur family tree|
Hadrosaurs are extinct dinosaurs that are commonly called the "duck-billed dinosaurs" due to their distinctive bill-like mouth shaped similar to those possessed by many waterfowl. Their name Hadrosaur means "big lizard" which is aptly applied as some varieties reached 50 feet in length and weighted upwards of 5 tons. They are perhaps best known for their varieties, such as parasaurolophus that possessed a pronounced cranial crest whose function remains mysterious.
They have been found in Asia, Europe and North America, but many species are poorly understood. A species from the genus Hadrosaurus was the first dinosaur found in North America (1858) from more than just isolated teeth, and in 1868 it became the first ever mounted dinosaur skeleton.
Hadrosaurs are found in abundance in the fossil record due to the size and durability of their bones. Most creation scientist interpret the existence of such fossils to mean that the organism was alive at the time of the global flood, which is described in the Biblical book of Genesis. Furthermore because the text says that all land animals were placed on Noah's ark, if correct the dinosaur was also included in their number, and became extinct very recently.
They were herbivores (plant eaters) with the front of the skull was flat and broad to form a beak that was ideal for clipping leaves. They were also equipped with strong jaws and teeth designed for grinding and crushing plant parts. Their teeth were diamond shaped and they had more than any other dinosaur (up to 2000) with new teeth constantly replacing those that were old and worn out. Although once thought to be semi-aquatic grazers that often fed on twigs, studies of stomach contents and teeth from several hadrosaurs suggests that they were primarily terrestrial browsers that fed largely on leaves and horsetails.
Hadrosaurs were bipedal/quadrupedal (walked primarily on two legs) with powerful hind legs and the bird-like hips similar to all ornithischians. They probably only walked on all four legs when browsing for vegetation. They also possessed strong backs that were reinforced with bony rods, and bird-like feet (ornithopods).
The Hadrosauridae is divided into two subfamilies (Lambeosaurinae, Hadrosaurinae). They are generally distinguished in that lambeosaurines (Lambeosaurinae) have the large cranial crests or tubes, and are smaller. The hadrosaurines (Hadrosaurinae) lack the cranial crests, and are larger.
Edmontosaurus was one of the largest hadrosaurs, measuring about 43 feet in length and weighing 3-3.5 tons. Fossils of well preserved specimens from Wyoming USA had been buried so quickly that the flesh did not have time to decay and a perfect impression of the skin remained. From these findings it is clear that they had no armor or scaly skin for protection, but instead their skin was much like a modern gila monster. Although they lacked the head crest, they had a flap of loose skin on the top of their head that they could inflate.
All Lambeosaurinae species have a head crest. A genus of this subfamily was named Corythosaurus ("Helmet Lizard") for its distinctive hollow, bony, crest atop its head that resembled a Corinthian soldier's helmet. The head crest was more prominent in males than in females and filled with a complex system of tubes. Their body measured approximately 35 feet long and up to 5 tons in weight. It had a beak, but the back of the jaws contained hundreds of small, interlocking teeth.
Parasaurolophus is a little known genus. Only a few have been found and all from North America. It was about 30 feet tall and probably weighed about 5 tons. Its name means "near crested lizard" referring to its prominent and unusually long crest that extended way out behind its head. It is best know for its elaborate cranial crest, which in some caused the skull to reach 5.2 ft in length (1.6 meters). Like other hadrosaurids, it was able to walk on either two legs or four. It probably preferred to forage for food on four legs, but ran on two.
Many hypotheses have been advanced as to the function of the cranial crest, but most have been discredited. The nasal passages extend into the crest, first into separate pockets in the sides, then into a single central chamber and onward into the respiratory system. The most widely accepted purpose for the crest has been sound amplification. In his 1992 book Dinosaurs by Design Duane Gish said “The function of this hollow, skin-covered spike-like crest is uncertain, but perhaps it helped to amplify sound.” Any vocalization would travel through these elaborate chambers, and probably get amplified. Scientists speculate that they could make loud, low pitched cries. The sounds might serve to alert others to the presence of food or a potential threat from a predator.
Recent CT-scanning has added further support for the theory that they served as vocal resonance chambers. The scans provided details of the shape of the mystery chambers, which are connected to the nasal passages and housed within what are often oddly-shaped bony protrusions extending above or behind the dinosaur’s head. In addition, the scans illustrated that Corythosaurus possessed a delicate inner ear that confirms that the dinosaurs could hear low-frequency calls. The researchers were also surprised to find that their brain possessed a large center associated with higher cognitive functions. It had previously been assumed by evolutionists that such capability had not yet evolved. “But now we see that they had the brain power”, said Lawrence Witmer of Ohio University.
Many believe the crest might have had several functions: visual display for identifying species and sex, sound amplification for communication, and perhaps thermoregulation. Other proposed they housed specialized organs such as salt glands or olfactory tissue providing much improved sense of smell. Since the hadrosaurs did not possess any protective armor like the ankylosaurs, some have suggested a defensive role. In 1991 Mace Baker stated that "the sounds they produced may have been so irritating to the other animals that they were left quite to themselves." Duane Gish suggested that the crest could have housed chemical glands that allowed it to throw a combustible mixture at enemies, which would spontaneously ignite when mixed with oxygen in the air (similar to the modern-day bombardier beetle). If true, the hadrosaur may have been one of the creatures described to have possessed fire-breathing capability in dragon legends, and similar in that respect to the Biblical leviathan described in the book of Job.
His snorting throws out flashes of light; his eyes are like the rays of dawn. Firebrands stream from his mouth; sparks of fire shoot out. Smoke pours from his nostrils as from a boiling pot over a fire of reeds. His breath sets coals ablaze, and flames dart from his mouth. Job 41:18-21
A hadrosaur tooth was recently discovered on James Ross Island, Antarctica (2000). Additionally, dinosaurs have been found throughout northern Canada from the Yukon Territory to the Queen Elizabeth Islands, as well as central Siberia, Alaska, and on Svalbard (north of Norway). These discoveries of dinosaurs near the ‘Mesozoic’ poles or at polar latitudes are now calling into question assumptions about dinosaurs, their habitats, physiology, and extinction. Of particular concern is how they could survive the cold and the long periods of darkness. It does not appears that any of the dinosaurs were specifically adapted to polar locations, since the fossils found at high latitudes are also found at lower latitudes.. According to a recent article in the journal Science:
|“||It is difficult to imagine how this community functioned if the temperatures were as low as the physical indicators suggest. No convincing explanation exists as yet for this apparent anomaly.||”|
It had previously been assumed that dinosaurs were tropical animals and cold-blooded (ectotherms), but scientists are now forced to question these assumptions and many assert that some were warm-blooded (endotherms). However, if dinosaurs were indeed warm blooded, it challenges the long held belief that their extinction was the result of a sudden climatic cooling due to meteorite or volcanic debris. It seems highly implausible that such a temperature change would affect dinosaurs capable of living in polar regions and not affect the cold-blooded reptiles that remain today. According to the U.S. Geological Survey: Paleontologists do not have the answers. The following quote from the U.S. Geological Survey
Further complications for standard climate models has come from indicators that polar latitudes during the time of the dinosaurs were once much warmer than today. Cold-blooded animals that cannot survive periods of cold have been found with dinosaurs in regions that are assumed to have been within the Arctic Circle. Tropical trees, such as Swamp Cypress and Breadfruit have been found in areas that should have been at freezing temperatures. In addition, sea floor drilling samples indicate that the Arctic Ocean (which is dark for half of the year) was as warm as 15°C during the ‘Late Cretaceous’.
Michael Oard, a creation scientist (meteorologist) does not believe the existence of polar region dinosaurs can be interpreted from within the secular (uniformitarian) worldview. In the 2006 issue of Journal of Creation, he put forth a hypothesis that the polar plants and animals did not live in these regions, but rather were transported there during the global flood.
- Hadrosaurinae by Wikispecies
- Lambeosaurinae by Wikispecies.
- Gish, Duane T., Dinosaurs by Design. Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1992. p38.
- Gish, p40.
- Hadrosaurid by Wikipedia
- Hadrosaurus by Wikipedia.
- Hadrosaur diet by Wikipedia.
- Gish, p39
- Corythosaurus by Wikipedia
- Parasaurolophus by Wikipedia.
- Gish, p39
- The Call of the Hadrosaur by Brian Thomas. Daily Science Updates, Institute for Creation Research. Oct 22, 2008.
- Baker, M., Dinosaurs. Redding, CA: New Century Books, 1991. p95.
- Gish, p82
- Polar dinosaur conundrum by Michael J. Oard. Journal of Creation 20(2):6–7, August 2006.
- Rich, T.H., Vickers-Rich, P. and Gangloff, R.A., Polar dinosaurs, Science 295, p. 979, 2002.
- Polar dinosaurs in Australia? by the U.S. Geological Survey
- Hadrosaur Soft Tissues Another Blow to Long-Ages Myth Daily Science Updates, Institute for Creation Research, May 12, 2009.
- Dinosaurs in Art: A Han Dynasty Flat Headed (Hadrosaurine)Dinosaur? by OOPARTS & ANCIENT HIGH TECHNOLOGY | <urn:uuid:1a772db3-60ad-495c-b1f3-1c7670616bfc> | {
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DARWIN'S fingerprints can be found all over the human genome. A detailed look at human DNA has shown that a significant percentage of our genes have been shaped by natural selection in the past 50,000 years, probably in response to aspects of modern human culture such as the emergence of agriculture and the shift towards living in densely populated settlements.
One way to look for genes that have recently been changed by natural selection is to study mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - single-letter differences in the genetic code. The trick is to look for pairs of SNPs that occur together more often than would be expected from the chance genetic reshuffling that inevitably happens down the generations. Such correlations are known as linkage disequilibrium, and can occur when natural selection favours a particular variant of a gene, causing the SNPs nearby to be selected as well.
Robert Moyzis and ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:a47259a4-9e53-492b-a2da-861f46f6650d> | {
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Welcome to Opole
Lying on the border of Upper and Lower Silesia, the city is the capital of its own voivodeship (province) called Opolskie. The region is known for an active German minority, one of the few communities of its kind to survive the war. They number about 100,000 and are represented in local government.
The first Slav stronghold was built here in the 9th century. In the 13th century Opole became the capital of its principality and was ruled by a line of Silesian Piasts until 1532, even though it was part of Bohemia from 1327. Later, Opole fell to Austria, then to Prussia, and after significant destruction in WWII returned to Poland in 1945. | <urn:uuid:828e0c2e-245a-4771-a6e2-b22e9699dd24> | {
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Since surfaces become irregular and debris from cartilage and meniscus gets released into the joint cavity of osteoarthritic joints, washing away this debris and attendant crystals, smoothing rough surfaces and repairing tears might help patients with disease. Such interventions are accomplished during an arthroscopy, when a fibre-optic endoscope and surgical instruments are inserted into the knee. While initial uncontrolled case series suggested that arthroscopy alleviated pain in patients with osteoarthritis, large randomised trials have suggested that arthroscopy has a limited role as a treatment of osteoarthritis.
As osteoarthritis develops, cartilage fibrillates release debris into the joint; degenerated menisci can sometimes tear and synovium can proliferate, perhaps in an attempt to clear the joint of the accumulating detritus that is part of the disease process. The origin of pain and discomfort in osteoarthritis is not well appreciated but it is likely that synovitis, which is triggered by phagocytosis of detritus released into synovial fluid itself, produces pain. Crystals that can be part of this debris can themselves induce inflammation. In addition, some of the irregularities in the joint surface can cause minor mechanical obstructions, which can hinder smooth joint excursion, thereby causing discomfort. This combination of factors would suggest that entering the joint and removing this debris along with crystals, synovitis and any other irregularities seen on the surface would perhaps make the patient feel better by lessening pain. Such procedures are called arthroscopies, and they have been advocated for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and other joints. The evidence on their efficacy is controversial, and this article reviews that evidence.
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a fibre-optic endoscope is inserted into the joint through a small incision. The surgeon makes a second incision through which to insert the surgical instruments to debride or resect areas within the knee by visualising under the scope. Various treatments can be delivered by arthroscopy, and different elements of treatment might well determine the efficacy of the arthroscopy in osteoarthritis. The possibilities include the following: (1) Washing the joint with saline to remove debris and crystals, which may be inducing pain and inflammation. (2) Debridement of torn menisci and removal of fragments of menisci or of other structures such as torn ligaments. (3) Resection of a proliferative synovium. (4) Excision and removal of loose articular cartilage fragments and smoothing over of cartilage lesions. (5) Removal or grinding down osteophytes that block full extension of the joint – an intervention rarely used in osteoarthritis studies. (6) Drilling of osteochondral lesions.
Evidence on efficacy of arthroscopy in osteoarthritis
For many years, arthroscopy was commonly performed to treat knee osteoarthritis – a process including lavage of the joint and debridement of roughened surfaces with removal of loose debris. Meniscal tears were often resected or repaired as part of this process. Uncontrolled case series suggested that arthroscopy was effective, with improvements lasting 1 year or more. In the largest and perhaps the most comprehensive of these studies, Aaron and colleagues studied 122 patients, of whom 110 were followed up. The Knee Society pain score, a global measure of knee pain, improved by 11.9 (out of a total of 50 points) on average. When defined as a postoperative pain score of greater than 30 points (higher scores connote better status), 65% of the patients had substantial pain relief. Improvement extended up to 36 months and was far more likely if the patients presented with relatively mild osteoarthritis (Kellgren and Lawrence Grade 2 versus Grade 3, for example) , had normal alignment and had preserved joint space. Those factors that tended to weigh against improvement with arthroscopy were the opposite of those that portended a good result – severe arthritis, malalignment and advanced joint narrowing. These findings and those of other case series, which reported, if anything, better results than this study suggested that arthroscopy had a therapeutic role in treating patients with knee osteoarthritis.
The first randomised trial evaluating arthroscopy was carried out as a comparative trial versus lavage, and its main goal was, in fact, to evaluate tidal lavage (large-volume lavage of the knee) as treatment for knee osteoarthritis comparing it with arthroscopy, which was thought to be a ‘gold standard’ treatment. There were no significant differences between the lavage group and the arthroscopy group at 3 or 12 months follow-up. However, the trial was small (only 32 patients in total) and may have been underpowered to detect differences suggested by the data; for example, assessments by patients suggested that there was more improvement in the arthroscopy than in the lavage group (e.g., 56% had improvement in pain score in the arthroscopy group at 12 months vs. only 43% in the lavage group). Physician-designated improvement was also more common in the arthroscopy group although not significantly so, but some of the outcomes were actually in contrast, with patient global assessment suggesting a better result for lavage than for arthroscopy at 12 months. Thus, this trial comparing lavage and arthroscopy arrived at indeterminate results with no significant differences between the two modalities of therapy. The small sample size precluded the detection of small and potentially clinically important differences .
These uncontrolled and early randomised trials formed the basis for a milestone randomised trial carried out, with arthroscopic surgery being compared with sham surgery . In this trial, 180 patients with osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: arthroscopic debridement (which consisted of all various elements of arthroscopy noted earlier, in addition to lavage); arthroscopic lavage alone (in this treatment group, unstable meniscal tears were resected but no other debridement was done); or sham surgery. This last treatment arm was novel and included three 1-cm incisions made to mimic the arthroscopic portals, noises and instrumentation that suggested arthroscopy was being performed, along with a stay overnight in the hospital. Patients were later found to be blinded with respect to whether they had undergone the procedure or not.
The Moseley trial results showed absolutely no efficacy of arthroscopic debridement or lavage versus sham surgery. Neither the unique outcome measure that was the primary measure in this study, the knee-specific pain scale score, nor the other, more widely accepted, secondary outcome measures showed any difference among the debridement, lavage or placebo surgery groups. No differences were seen even as much as 3 years after surgery, with follow-up being excellent. While small differences between debridement and placebo might not have been detected, given the modest sample size of the study (approximately 60 in each group), at no point in the follow-up did the debridement group do better than the placebo group on average.
There were a number of features unique to the Moseley trial that disconcerted readers about the generalisability of its results. First, the trial was performed at the U.S. Veterans Administration primarily in men. Second, all arthroscopies were performed by only one surgeon whose own practice techniques may have been relevant to the success or failure of the procedure. Third, prominent mechanical symptoms of osteoarthritis such as catching or locking were not ascertained and were not used as eligibility criteria for this trial, so that potential effects of arthroscopy on these symptoms were not characterised. Lastly, an unusual and novel pain evaluation was carried out with a newly developed knee-specific pain scale.
Because of the concerns about generalisability that were raised in the Moseley trial, a group of Canadian investigators, led by Kirkley et al. , undertook another randomised trial considering the efficacy of arthroscopy in a broader, more generalisable sample of patients with knee osteoarthritis. The study design varied from that of Moseley in that no sham surgery was included and the only active treatment that was evaluated was debridement with lavage. It was compared with no surgery, with all patients in both groups given conventional therapy, including optimised physical therapy. Many of the peculiarities of the Moseley study were resolved in this study by Kirkley et al. The specificities included: the predominance of women (63% of subjects) in the Kirkley study; the use of a well-validated, widely used outcome measure in osteoarthritis trials, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC); the characterisation and inclusion of mechanical symptoms in the knee; and the involvement of multiple surgeons, with an agreed upon treatment protocol that included lavage, debridement, synovectomy, excision of degenerative tears in the meniscus and of fragments of cartilage and excision of osteophytes that prevented full extension. Similar to the other published trials of arthroscopy, micro-fracture of chondral defects was not performed. Physical therapy was comprehensive and standardised.
The results showed no difference at 1 or 2 years between the group that was randomised to arthroscopy and that randomised to control. Not only was pain not improved by arthroscopy versus the control, but mechanical symptoms were not affected by treatment as well. Even though uncontrolled studies had suggested and even orthopaedic clinicians had suggested in letters after the Moseley study that the patients who benefited most were those with milder osteoarthritis, the Kirkley trial reported that in those with milder grade 2 disease, there was also no effect of arthroscopy on symptoms. A variety of secondary outcomes were evaluated, and these also showed no difference between arthroscopic treatment and placebo. In general, the Kirkley trial resolved any remaining issues about the efficacy of arthroscopy that had not been answered by the Moseley trial. It showed that, in general, there is no role for arthroscopy as a treatment of osteoarthritis.
The results of these well-done, randomised trials evaluating arthroscopy provide important examples of how randomised trial data are sometimes necessary to evaluate treatments that we trust to be effective. It is noteworthy that in both trials there was improvement over 1–2 years in all patients treated not just in those undergoing arthroscopy, and that may have been why the uncontrolled studies of arthroscopy were so favourable. The failure of arthroscopy to be effective suggests that all elements of that treatment are ineffective. Specifically, lavage, the washing out of the knee to get rid of debris and crystals, while it may have a temporary beneficial effect, clearly has no long-term effect. (This null result has been suggested by trials of lavage itself). Furthermore, removing debris at the surface of cartilage or even in the meniscus is unlikely to have any beneficial effect as is the surgical treatment of degenerative tears, especially those that are not unstable (unstable tears in older osteoarthritis patients are quite uncommon).
In an editorial accompanying the trial by Kirkley, a prominent orthopaedic surgeon (Marx) , asked whether arthroscopy should ever be done in patients with osteoarthritis. He suggested that in a patient with mild or no osteoarthritis and who has a clear-cut, acute injury involving twisting or other knee trauma and whose symptoms date clearly to that injury where a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates a remediable lesion likely due to the injury, arthroscopy is indicated and might be of great help to the patient. It is the more common scenario in patients with chronic osteoarthritis who usually have co-existent meniscal tears that arthroscopy is of no value.
In summary, arthroscopy, while shown to be promising in uncontrolled studies, has now been convincingly demonstrated to be inefficacious for the treatment of osteoarthritis. It should not be carried out to help patients with osteoarthritis, except perhaps if there is evidence of recent trauma and a symptomatic meniscal tear. | <urn:uuid:4679b597-c21f-42c9-845f-868bd87477a3> | {
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Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg makes a heartfelt appeal for action on The 1975’s latest album.
British band The 1975 have a history of opening each album with an eponymously titled refrain. The forthcoming album Notes on a Conditional Form, which is due for release in February 2020, continues the naming tradition but otherwise breaks the mould.
The band has partnered with Swedish activist Greta Thunberg, who makes a compelling case for climate action in a single dropped on Friday – a day after the UK reached an all-time temperature record for July.
Understanding climate change
Increased temperatures and severe weather create critical challenges for crop cultivation, economic and social security, and civilisation itself. Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns now carry more energy as a result of more heat being trapped in the earth’s atmosphere.
This heat would normally dissipate into space, leaving the earth’s climate system. But because of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, more heat is trapped. This trapped heat both warms the atmosphere and adds additional energy to the earth’s naturally occurring climate systems.
The more carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped, and the greater the impacts of climate change. The climate is already warmer and more violent because of climate change. The scientific consensus is that the climate can only sustain a 1.5 degree increase over pre-industrial levels (IPCC).
Carbon emissions now need to be eliminated by 2050 to prevent breaching this threshold. The challenge is significant, since the world currently burns about 100 million barrels of oil every day.
Impacts on coffee
Global warming is already having an impact on coffee production, with some traditional growing areas now too wet and warm to support coffee crops and many coffee farmers are actively working to mitigate the impacts.
Explore United BaristasThis seminar at Caffè Culture 2019 is designed to provide practical information on how coffee shops can build sustainable businesses. Find out more and register to attend for free >
It’s in the coffee industry’s self interest to take action on climate change.
The team at United Baristas have a longstanding interest in how the UK coffee industry can play its role. We have also been engaged in a project to identify how the coffee industry can best take action, which will be presented at Caffè Culture 2019.
Greta Thunberg’s speech
We are right now in the beginning of a climate and ecological crisis.Greta Thunberg, on The 1975
And we need to call it what it is. An emergency.
We must acknowledge that we do not have the situation under control and that we don’t have all the solutions yet. Unless those solutions mean that we simply stop doing certain things.
We admit that we are losing this battle.
We have to acknowledge that the older generations have failed. All political movements in their present form have failed.
But homo sapiens have not yet failed.
Yes, we are failing, but there is still time to turn everything around. We can still fix this. We still have everything in our own hands.
But unless we recognise the overall failures of our current systems, we most probably don’t stand a chance.
We are facing a disaster of unspoken sufferings for enormous amounts of people. And now is not the time for speaking politely or focusing on what we can or cannot say. Now is the time to speak clearly.
Solving the climate crisis is the greatest and most complex challenge that homo sapiens have ever faced. The main solution, however, is so simple that even a small child can understand it. We have to stop our emissions of greenhouse gases.
And either we do that, or we don’t.
You say that nothing in life is black or white.
But that is a lie. A very dangerous lie.
Either we prevent a 1.5 degree of warming, or we don’t.
Either we avoid setting off that irreversible chain reaction beyond human control, or we don’t.
Either we choose to go on as a civilisation or we don’t.
That is as black or white as it gets.
Because there are no grey areas when it comes to survival.
Now we all have a choice.
We can create transformational action that will safeguard the living conditions for future generations.
Or we can continue with our business as usual and fail.
That is up to you and me.
And yes, we need a system change rather than individual change. But you cannot have one without the other.
If you look through history, all the big changes in society have been started by people at the grassroots level. People like you and me.
So, I ask you to please wake up and make the changes required possible. To do your best is no longer good enough. We must all do the seemingly impossible.
Today, we use about 100 million barrels of oil every single day. There are no politics to change that. There are no rules to keep that oil in the ground.
So, we can no longer save the world by playing by the rules. Because the rules have to be changed.
Everything needs to change. And it has to start today.
So, everyone out there, it is now time for civil disobedience. It is time to rebel. | <urn:uuid:24f4f5cd-0045-4156-a200-2d408857bde7> | {
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give a guest lecture? sure 😊
oh, is it January already?
what I’m gonna do
- learn a new song (by ear!)
- figure out how to turn it into code
- find a bunch of sounds which sound (approximately) like the recording
- lay down a vocal track (maybe)
- make the whole process make sense to you guys
all in 45 minutes ⏲
what you’re gonna do
- help me choose the song
- be kind when I make mistakes
- clap politely at the end (even if I flame out)
what’s a producer?
is someone who makes songs happen
pop songs are characterised by:
- catchy hooks
- repetitive harmonic patterns (e.g. chord progressions)
- processed/synthetic sounds (lots of computers involved in the production)
programming as problem solving…
write a no. 1 hit
a series of pitched “events” over time
time (in beats), e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
pitch (in MIDI note numbers), e.g. middle C as 60, C# as 61, etc.
loudness (0 is silent, 127 is super loud)
extempore: a livecoding language
extempore is a programming language designed
for musical livecoding (written Andrew Sorensen
don’t worry about the syntax, I’ll explain enough for you to follow along
what did we learn?
pop music isn’t black magic, it’s a domain with lots of structure/patterns
computers/code are really useful for modelling/exploring this stuff
this is not AI, either | <urn:uuid:17010a3f-953b-41f2-971b-8b4075361e0d> | {
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GED Connection | Videos | Practice Tests | Online Learning Modules | Internet Activities & Quizzes |
Workbooks | Public TV Stations | Teacher's Guide |
Order Workbooks | Special Pricing
Wondering how to prepare for the GED Test? PBS LiteracyLink's GED Connection is a stand-alone multimedia learning system that helps adult learners advance toward their GED and improve skills needed at the workplace. Combining video programs, print, and online computer technology, GED Connection helps learners develop strategies and practice for success on the GED 2002 exam and beyond. If you register and create a home space now, you can save your work in your own online portfolio. The LiteracyLink Online Management System allows teachers to coach adult learners as they work online lessons, creating the first adult literacy Distance Learning system.
GED Connection combines
- 39 video programs, broadcast by Public Television stations or available as videotapes
- 3 student workbooks covering Reading/Writing, Social Studies/Science, and Math
- 5 interactive online learning modules, with practice tests, online activities and quizzes for each GED Connection lesson.
These integrated multimedia components work together to make studying for the GED easy for a busy adult who needs to work at his or her own pace.
Use GED Connection at home, at work, at the library, or your local adult education center. You can view the lessons on your local public television stations,
record these lessons, and use the videotapes to study at home. Many local adult education programs, community colleges, one-stop career centers, or libraries have GED Connection videos and books available,
with classes and teachers to help you, too. You can register for a free portfolio and use GED practice tests and quizzes with automatic scoring and feedback,
plus extensive learning modules for each of the five GED subject areas. Online teachers from several states are available to coach adult learners in virtual classrooms.
You can order GED Connection workbooksto use at home or ask for them at an adult education center or library near you.
Engaging documentary-style videos introduce content and give learners a chance to hear from experts in various fields. Students hear and see how the skills they are learning for the GED exam relate to work, home, and community life. All 39 half-hour programs are available on VHS tape, individually packaged with lesson-specific descriptions and time-coded listings for program highlights.
LiteracyLink practice tests are not the "Official Practice Test," but they were created from the same pool of questions provided by the GED Testing service. Half the length of the OPT, they were designed to help you plan how to use the GED Connection learning activities to improve your skills and knowledge for the GED test. The online practice tests are scored automatically and you will give you immediate feedback as to what was wrong and why.
How to Start with GED Connection Online Lessons
Start with a practice test to see what you know already and plan your study accordingly. Take the GED practice test #1 in each subject area before you begin the learning modules or the quizzes in that subject area. If you need help in that area, do that GED subject area module or one or more of the Internet Activites/Quizzes before you go on to take other practice tests.
After completing the Learning Module and/or the Quizzes, take practice test #2 in the same subject area to see how you improved. When you feel fairly confident in your skills in all five subject areas, you can register to take the GED test in your local area or take the "official GED practice test" to see if additional study is needed.
GED Online Learning Modules
Each Online Learning Module is an in-depth, interactive lesson designed to provide practice and develop GED test-taking skills. Each module has several units, and each unit contains a set of activities. The modules may take a week or more to complete. You can work on the lessons anytime, at any place convenient for you that has Internet access. You'll answer questions related to GED Test subject areas, and log on to websites to find and apply information needed to complete GED Connection exercises.
As you type your answers and save them, you are gaining writing practice and building a "portfolio" of work online. You can add to your answers, revise and change them, or redo the lessons if you wish. Your portfolio work will strengthen your skills and help prepare you for the essay portion of the GED.
GED Internet Activities/Quizzes
An online Activity and Quiz corresponds to each of the 39 GED Connection lessons and workbook chapters. As you visit activity websites, you'll gain practice reading content and answering the different kinds of questions that will be used on the GED test. The quizzes are scored automatically, and give immediate feedback.
Three full-color GED Connection workbooks & cover all five subject areas and provide lots of skill-building and test-taking practice
- Language Arts: Reading and Writing
- Science and Social Studies
Each workbook chapter corresponds to a video program and related online activities. Each workbook also contain a pretest and a practice test, to help students evaluate their GED readiness in that subject area, an answer key with explanations, a reference handbook with additional resources for GED preparations, a glossary, and an index.
Click the book cover to see a sample pdf workbook page.
You can order GED Connection workbooks online, or call KET at 1-800-354-9067.
Public TV Stations
The 39 TV programs are the foundation of GED Connection. Engaging documentary-style videos introduce content and give learners a chance to hear from experts in various fields. Students hear and see how the skills they are learning for the GED exam relate to work, home and community life. Watch them on a public TV station near you. Learners can tape them on a VCR to use at home. Each program is about a half-hour long and has a matching workbook chapter and an Internet Activity/Quiz. An orientation program introduces the basic concepts and ideas covered in the series, and explains how the videos, workbooks and online lessons work together.
You can log in, if you're not already, and enter your zip code in the box to find a public TV station airing GED Connection programs. Or find your station from our station map.
Designed as a comprehensive resource, this teacher's guide serves as a powerful tool to help teachers make effective, well-integrated use of video, print, and online components of LiteracyLink. In ample 3-ring binder format, this guide includes learning objectives, group activities and lesson plans for each workbook chapter.
You may be eligible for big savings on GED Connection, Workplace Essential Skills, or Pre-GED Connection. Iif any organization in your state holds a statewide lease for that series, be sure to ask when you call. We can also offer volume discounts on many products. | <urn:uuid:2704c098-140a-4bc0-915d-652cc3756ba0> | {
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Environmental legislation advice – thinning
Since the introduction of the Vegetation Management Act in 1999, legislation has reduced the ability of landholders to manage remnant vegetation on their property.
However, current amendments, including the self – assessable codes for clearing vegetation, have allowed landholders under certain guidelines to thin vegetation returning ecosystems back to its remnant condition. Other vegetation management activities under the self – assessable codes include clearing for environmental purposes, clearing for encroachment of natural grassland ecosystems, clearing for high value agriculture and clearing for pest management activities. CHRRUP Consultancy has extensive experience in providing the right advice on all matters dealing with environmental legislation including the VMA, NCA and EPBC and offers services to aid in ensuring compliance under current legislation.
Contact: Benn Knott 07 4982 2996
Posted on March 18th, 2016 | <urn:uuid:6e638b21-4a4e-4516-863a-6b76eb4873e0> | {
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Igor Sikorsky is credited with invented the world's first helicopter as we would recognise it. But the first record of a rotary winged craft dates back to the 4th Century in a book called "Pao Phu Tau" which describes a flying car kept in the air by spinning blades.
Sikorsky at the controls of VS-300
In 1480, Leonardo da Vinci drew his famous "airscrew" machine which could never have flown.
In November 1907, a Frenchman, Paul Cornu, became the first person to vertically ascend in a powered man-carrying rotary-wing aircraft. He went up 1.8 meters and he stayed aloft for 20 seconds. While it was in the air it had to be kept stabilised by men on the ground using sticks to stop it from going in whatever direction it wanted to !! The machine crash landed and was destroyed.
In 1923, Juan de la Cierva invented a machine that gave the pilot control over forward and vertical movement - this was a major advance in the development of helicopters.
The first practical helicopter was designed by Professor Heinriche Focke. It made its first free flight in June 1936. The machine consisted of the fuselage of a small biplane with two outriggers supporting to engines. The finished machine had impressive handling abilities which were filmed at the Deutschlandhalle Stadium in Berlin when the machine - FA15 - was flown by Hanna Reitsch. She claimed that she had had only three hours practice before making her historic flight. Reitsch became the toast of Nazi Germany.
In 1939, Igor Sikorsky built and flew his VS-300 in America. His machine had the familiar single main lifting engine and an engine mounted at the rear which gave the pilot directional control. The VS-300 had an open-plan cockpit.
However, the 1939 flights were with VS-300 tethered to the ground. In May 1940, Sikorsky made his first free flight and in 1941 he created a world record by keeping VS-300 in the air for 1 hour 32 minutes. One year later the Sikorsky R4 flew. It was the world’s first production helicopter and it went into service with the US Navy in 1943. | <urn:uuid:26aa5d68-3c8f-4ebf-b849-df72f2f2b900> | {
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In movies, they are shown as dark and dank places, full of bloodthirsty creatures lurking in unseen corners. Our perception of swamps, marshes and other such semi-aquatic habitats have always walked on the fear of the unknown. They have been as seen hot, humid, mosquito-breeding infestations, and not recognized for the richness of their ecosystem.
This mindset has led to the large-scale destruction and paving over of wetlands that dot our cities and countryside. The disappearing wetlands, part of our commons, has at long last set alarm bells ringing in conservation circles.
Wetlands are defined as areas of land that is either temporarily or permanently covered by water. They are neither truly aquatic nor terrestrial. Each wetland is ecologically unique. It recycles nutrients, purifies and provides drinking water, reduces flooding, recharges groundwater, provides fodder and fuel, facilitates aqua-culture, provides a habitat for wildlife, buffers the shoreline against erosion and offers avenues for recreation. But, wetlands across the country are threatened by reclamation by draining and filling, besides pollution, and are exploited for their natural resources, leading to the loss of biodiversity. “Wetlands are one of the most threatened habitats of the world. They are considered as wastelands in our country. This is pushing us towards an unperceived ecological crisis,” said B.C. Choudhury, scientist and former faculty member at the Wildlife Institute of India.
The situation is dire, according to environment ministry. “Research suggests that one-third of Indian wetlands have already been wiped out or severely degraded,” it said in a recent report.
India is a signatory to the Ramsar Convention (February 1982), an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The country has only 26 sites (see table) designated as wetlands of international importance, with a surface area of 689,131 hectares, whereas a much smaller country like the UK has 169 Ramsar sites.
Even these 26 sites are plagued by uncontrolled development and illegal encroachment. They include all of India’s largest and well-known lakes—Wular in Kashmir (fresh water), Sambhar in Rajasthan (salt) to Chilka in Orissa (brackish)—each one of them rapidly shrinking.
Pulicat Lake, India’s second largest lagoon bordering Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, is threatened by the Dugarajapatnam port project, which has already acquired 2000 acres of its area.
Kolleru Lake, the second biggest freshwater lake located in Andhra Pradesh, faces massive anthropogenic pressure. Almost 90% of the lake bed has been covered by fish tanks that have turned into a drain.
In Kerala, the Vembanad lake—said to be India’s longest lake and the largest in the state—is famous for the annu
When most wetlands in Kerala were reclaimed for various reasons, this unique ecosystem was protected, primarily by those who farm in the lake’s wetlands. But, land use changes and waste dumping are posing a major threat to the lake.
“The lake is an example of how unregulated commercial interests destroy a wetland. An airstrip is planned here. There is sand mining on the islands. Resorts have come up all over, and each resort has illegally netted off portions of the wetland,” said Neha Sinha, advocacy and policy officer, Bombay Natural History Society.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) study estimated that wetlands cover 7% of the earth’s surface and deliver 45% of its natural productivity and ecosystem services. Globally, 1.5-3 billion people depend on wetlands as a source of drinking water as well as food and livelihood security. These natural resources are estimated at $20 trillion a year. But despite the benefits, wetlands have been systematically destroyed by being converted to industrial, agricultural and residential use.
Nothing to show
Despite India having a National Wetlands Conservation Programme since 1985-86 that provided financial support for the protection of 115 wetlands in different states, there’s nothing to show for this on the ground.
Conservationists blame state governments for not being proactive and letting the issue slide. With no working plans being drawn up by the states, the Central funds are unused.
The environment ministry has outlined threats to the wetlands, which include habitat destruction and encroachments through drainage and landfill, overexploitation of fish, discharge of waste water and industrial effluents, uncontrolled siltation and weed infestation, and harmful fertilizer and pesticide runoff.
The vanishing wetlands did nudge the government into action earlier this year.
In February, the cabinet committee on economic affairs approved a proposal for the merger of the National Lake Conservation Plan and National Wetlands Conservation Programme, creating the National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-Systems, aimed at a more holistic framework for the conservation and restoration of lakes and wetlands.
The plan is to be operational during the 12th five-year plan that ends on March 2017 at an estimated cost of Rs.900 crore on a 70:30 cost-sharing basis between the Central and state governments (90:10 for the north-eastern states), with the bigger part of the money coming from the Union government. But apart from the announcement, there hasn’t been much by way of progress beyond that in terms of guidelines or the nodal agency under which plan will function.
The role of the wetlands is critical as a habitat for wildlife. For instance, they act as a refuge to thousands of migratory birds. Of the 465 important bird areas identified by BNHS and Birdlife International in the country, 125 are in the wetlands, all potential Ramsar sites and needing immediate protection.
Take the example of the Kawar Lake in Bihar. An oxbow lake, it’s the largest water body in the state and home to more than 20,000 migratory and local water birds. One of the three wetlands of Bihar identified under the wetland conservation programme of the environment ministry, it is threatened by illegal land sales and encroachments that are resulting in it shrinking.
Funds to the tune of Rs.31. 36 lakh earmarked by NWCP for the lake are lying unutilized in the state’s treasury since 1992, said Arvind Mishra, member, State Board for Wildlife, Bihar.
In neighbouring Jharkhand, Udhwa Lake is the state’s only bird sanctuary, comprising two inter-connected water bodies, Pataura and Berhale. Here, intensive agriculture is squeezing the life out of the lake. Whatever is left of the wetland is prey to encroachment for settlements, poaching of birds and illegal fishing.
Noupada, referred to as the salt bowl of Andhra Pradesh, is a 4,000-acre swamp adjoining the Telineelapuram bird sanctuary. This is considered the only remnant of the marsh ecosystem on the eastern coast of India and is home to communities that practice a unique and traditional style of inland fishing. It harbours a globally important breeding site for spot-billed pelicans and painted storks. About 150 of the pelicans and 250 of the storks breed here and scientists have also recorded nesting Olive Ridley turtles, an endangered species. However, the entire area is threatened by several projects, including the controversial Bhavanapadu thermal power project promoted by East Coast Energy Pvt. Ltd (ECEPL).
The Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat comprises of the largest seasonal saline wetlands and is also Asia’s largest flamingo breeding ground. This unique habitat is now threatened by a proposed massive road construction project.
“While the project proponent claims that the road is meant to facilitate mobility for the Border Security Force (BSF), our sources on the ground unequivocally assert that this project is nothing but a cover for promoting and expanding tourism in the region,” according to Conservation India, a wildlife conservation web site and a campaigner against the road project.
The threat posed by the project was outlined in a report by eminent conservationists M.K. Ranjitsinh, Divyabhanusinh Chavda and Asad Rahmani, deputed as experts by the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) to assess the situation.
“If the proposed road is allowed to be constructed, it would in all probability result in the abandonment of this breeding site and thus India would lose the only breeding site of flamingos, which in turn could spell doom to the population of these birds in the Indian subcontinent,” the report said. In her letter to the environment minister, another NBWL member, Prerna Bindra, said, “Importantly, too, were this road to come up, it will also destroy the sacred and unique mangrove forest of Shravan Kavadia. This Avicennia mangrove is one of its kind in the world. Located more than 100 km inland from the sea and completely landlocked, these Avicennia trees are enormous in stature, extraordinary for mangroves anywhere. Most importantly, such ecological devastation seems pointless given that there is accessibility by a perfectly viable alternate alignment.”
The fight over wetlands is a global one. In the US for instance, conservationists and local citizens have been battling developers and the sugar industry over the destruction of the Florida Everglades for decades.
All over India, it’s the same story—not a single wetland has been spared. While the monsoon breathes fresh life into the country’s wetlands, policy makers will hopefully wake up to the need to conserve this critical ecosystem. So far this year, India has recorded a good monsoon and by now the rain has replenished the wetlands, offering yet another opportunity to retain what we have before it’s destroyed. | <urn:uuid:d8babe9e-4ae9-47ac-8673-f58fdb763f65> | {
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Many times we don't tell people how much we appreciate them. A bird visited us for lunch a number of days in a row and took some food each day. One day after it had taken some food and left the bird came back and expressed its appreciation by singing a beautiful song. Correcting someone is much more effective if we are appreciating them a lot at other times.
So I thought I would talk this morning, a little bit about 'Appreciation'.
We have been getting some copies of e-mails coming from members abroad, going to the members of the Wailua Mission, verbalizing their appreciation for all the hospitality they received during their stay here for one or two weeks or more during our recent event. It is wonderful to see that because appreciation is something we often feel but don't often enough express. Somehow, it is just not that common, not in our social norm, to spend a lot of time verbalizing our appreciation for what others have done for us. So quite often, other people really don't know and feel the benefit of what we feel on the inside toward them. We haven't told them. So they don't get that. But it is important, a very important part of life.
I have a story to tell about a bird, this is a true story. We eat lunch in the court yard, seated on the ground and we used to serve right on top of the counter. So we have all the serving dishes there. One spring season there was a bird, I imagine the bird had young. The bird figured out when the food was out. The bird would come everyday at the same time, fly down, grab a little food, go away, come back a second time, grab a little food and fly away.
We began noticing this happening everyday. So we started putting out different little piles of food so it was easier, so the bird didn't have to go into our serving dish. We put out a little pile of food on the counter and the bird would fly down, grab the food and go away. Then, we realized the bird liked tofu. So we made sure whenever we made tofu, we put tofu in the pile and the bird would come down, grab the tofu and fly away and then come back again, grab the food and fly away.
One day the bird did that and then came back a third time and sang the most beautiful song. It just went on and on with this beautiful song. It was like expressing appreciation. It didn't have to come back and sing to us. There wasn't any food, it didn't want food. Just on its own accord, it came back and sat where it usually did, on top of the water faucet and sang this beautiful song of appreciation. At least, that is how it registered to me! So, whenever I think of appreciation I think of that bird.
It struck me that appreciation is such a beautiful expression of culture. It is also an important balance in life because life has its ups and downs. When we are up, we are fine but when we are down, we are not. When we are down, we can get discouraged, depressed, wonder how other people feel about us and go through moods and emotions. One of the factors which helps pull us out of that is, if we have been appreciated. If we feel others appreciate us, it is easier to pull ourselves out of those moods. But, if we don't feel appreciated, if we kind of feel isolated, by ourselves, then it can be hard to pull out of such a state of mind.
Appreciation helps everyone keep up, keep buoyant and handle the difficulties in life a little easier. Appreciation also relates to the idea of training someone or correcting someone. We are all in situation where that manifests. The most common situation is the parents and children. Parents are responsible for training the children. In the workplace, we may be a supervisor. We may have certain responsibilities for others under us and then we are in the same situation of training others. Of course a teacher in a classroom is in a situation similar to a parent, there is obviously training going on. We are molding the minds of a younger generation. In the monastery we have structures, kulam structures whereby the head of the kulam is responsible for training the individuals in the kulam. Sometimes we even have subgroups in the kulam, where there is an individual who is the most experienced, responsible for training others. So this idea of appreciation carries over into all training situations - parent-child, teacher-student, supervisor-supervised, talaivar-member of the kulam, applies to a guru, applies to any teacher, a music teacher, a dance teacher.
We need to balance praise and blame. We have to balance praise and blame. What does that mean? It means we need to verbalize the good qualities, the successes, towards our children, praise them when things go well, tell them how wonderful they are, tell them we love them. We need to praise our students. As a supervisor, we need to praise those who are supervised, when they do things well and encourage them, show them we care. A talaivar praises members of the kulams when they do things well. Then, the majority of impressions that have gone into the mind are one of praise, one that everything is going well, one that we are loved. When there is a need to correct and that is verbalized, it is taken well because the majority of impressions that we have between the two parties is one of praise, one of love, one of kindness. So an impression of correction for doing something wrong isn't a devastation, because that is not the majority of impressions.
But if we don't hit the right balance, you can see what happens. The mind gets filled up with too much correction and then it doesn't find the right balance. Correction goes in upon other correction and doesn't produce the desired result. The behavior doesn't change. It is just one more correction going in on to many corrections. So the idea of a correction isn't to tell someone they are bad or wrong. The idea is to change behavior, right? We want to change someone's behavior, if their behavior isn't right for some reason, it can be improved upon. So in order to motivate the person through correction, it has to go into a mind that is filled with praise. Even if a dance teacher only gives corrections, eventually the student will give up, saying, "This is impossible. I can't seem to do anything right."
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This short Java tutorial shows how to create a temporary file in Java.
When you call the static method createTempFile(), you can specify the prefix and suffix for the temporary file. The prefix must be atleast 3 characters. If the suffix is null, ".tmp" is used for suffix. You can also specify a third parameter for the directory. If you leave this parameter off, Java will place the temporary file in the correct location for your file system.
If the file cannot be created, the createTempFile() method will throw an IOException.
//Create temp file
File file = File.createTempFile("myprefix", ".tmp");
//Delete file when Java exits
catch (IOException ioe)
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Ensuring the Safety of Your Animal Companion’s Food
Although the FDA and the pet-food industry have issued repeated assurances that the pet food currently on store shelves is safe, the massive pet-food recall has expanded several times since it began in late March 2007. The recall included not only products containing contaminated wheat gluten but also products containing contaminated rice protein and contaminated corn gluten.
The government and pet-food industry failures that PETA has documented throughout the pet-food recall reflect the FDA’s decision to hand pet-food regulation to a nongovernmental body with no enforcement powers. This fiasco is a disturbing example of the government’s inability to protect consumers from tainted animal flesh.
For years, PETA has warned people of the risks associated with commercial pet food. The cheap pet foods that are sold in supermarkets are often made from dead, dying, diseased, or disabled animals who were deemed unsafe for human consumption. In all but a few states, it is legal to remove unusable parts from chickens and sell them to pet-food manufacturers.
Most pet foods contain the same hormones, pesticides, and antibiotics that are found in commercial meat products from factory farms.
What You Can Do to Protect Your Entire Family
- Take your family’s health into your own hands—and kitchen! It’s easy to prepare healthy meals for your entire family—humans and animal companions alike! Check out PETA’s factsheet on healthy meatless meals for dogs and cats for tips on cruelty-free food for your animal companions. Many cruelty-free and vegetarian pet foods are also available.
- Sign up to receive e-mail alerts from PETA to get more updates and tips on humane, healthy living.
- Check out the PETA Catalog for cruelty-free treats for your animal companions. | <urn:uuid:81146d9e-0bed-4764-9692-eae7ec07717c> | {
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(CN) – A new study suggests that modeling sports helmets after the skulls of woodpeckers may not be the whole answer to protecting athletes’ brains from injury.
The report, published Friday in the journal PLOS One, presents new findings on how the birds’ brains respond to pecking wood, and what that can teach us about brain injuries in humans.
While woodpeckers’ skulls are tough, they do not protect against the long-term build-up of tau, a protein associated with brain damage in humans. The question is, do they need to?
“There have been all kinds of safety and technological advances in sports equipment based on the anatomic adaptations and biophysics of the woodpecker assuming they don’t get brain injury from pecking,” said author Peter Cummings, a neuropathologist at Boston University.
“The weird thing is, nobody’s ever looked at a woodpecker brain to see if there is any damage.”
When the birds peck wood, they experience a force of 1,200 to 1,400 g’s – a measurement of the form of acceleration that causes a perception of weight. A force of 60 to 100 g’s can give a human a concussion.
Using bird brains from collections at the Harvard Museum of Natural History and the Field Museum, the team investigated how such collisions impact the brains of both woodpeckers and humans.
“The basic cells of the brain are neurons, which are the cell bodies, and axons, which are like telephone lines that communicate between the neurons,” said lead author George Farah, who worked on the project as a graduate student at Boston University. “The tau protein wraps around the telephone lines–it gives them protection and stability while still letting them remain flexible.”
At normal levels, tau proteins can be help stabilize brains cells. But a build-up of too much of the protein can disrupt communication from one neuron to another.
“When the brain is damaged, tau collects and disrupts nerve function – cognitive, emotional, and motor function can be compromised,” Cummings said.
Since an elevated level of tau can be a sign of brain injury in humans, the researchers decided to examine woodpecker brains for tau buildup.
The museums loaned bird specimens pickled in alcohol – red-winged blackbirds, which are not prone to head injuries, as a control, and downy woodpeckers for the experimental data – and the team removed the brains.
“The brains themselves were well-preserved, they had a texture almost like modeling clay,” Farah said.
The researchers took thin slices less than a fifth of the thickness of a sheet of paper of the brain tissue and stained them with silver ions to expose tau proteins. The woodpeckers’ brains had much more of the protein than did the blackbirds’ brains.
Though this level of buildup can be a sign of brain injury in humans, the team notes that it might not be for woodpeckers.
“We can’t say that these woodpeckers definitely sustained brain injuries, but there is extra tau present in the woodpecker brains which previous research has discovered is indicative of brain injury,” said Farah.
Cummings wonders why the birds would continue to peck wood if doing so causes them brain damage.
“The earliest woodpeckers date back 25 million years; these birds have been around for a long time,” he said. “If pecking was going to cause brain injury, why would you still see this behavior? Why would evolutionary adaptations stop at the brain?
“There’s a possibility that the tau in woodpeckers is a protective adaptation and maybe not pathological at all.”
While it is unclear whether tau buildups negatively impact woodpeckers, the team believes that their findings could help humans.
Cummings notes that the greater knowledge of the birds’ brains could help make helmets safer for kids, or provide insight into treating people who have developed Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s or other neurodegenerative diseases.
He asks, “If the tau accumulation is a protective adaptation, is there something we can pick out to help humans with neurodegenerative diseases?
“The door’s wide open to find out what’s going on and how we can apply this to humans.” | <urn:uuid:a281f78d-d128-4bdb-ae74-0d4f26e20876> | {
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The debate over health care costs often deals with systemic matters - redundant administration, competition for expensive high-tech diagnostic devices, fees for quantity of services rather than quality of care, unnecessary procedures, excessive drug prescriptions and so on. Often missing from the health care debate is a fundamental issue - health.
"'F' as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America's Future 2012," a report by the Trust for America's Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, demonstrates why it is crucial not only for the health of individuals, but for the health of the economy and the nation, for Americans to slow the obesity epidemic.
If obesity rates continue on their current trajectories, according to the report, 13 states could have adult obesity rates above 60 percent by 2030, 39 states could have rates above 50 percent, and all 50 states could have rates above 44 percent.
Mississippi would have the highest rate at 66.7 percent and Colorado would be lowest at 44.8 percent. Pennsylvania's rate would climb from the 28.6 percent recorded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2011, to 56.7 percent by 2030.
Obesity already has passed smoking as the nation's leading driver of disease and attendant health care costs. The direct cost of obesity-related diseases already is more than $150 billion a year nationally, not counting lost productivity and other indirect costs. If the study's projections were to prove accurate, the direct costs by 2030 could increase by as much as $68 billion per year.
Obesity is a direct driver of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, stroke, arthritis and several types of cancer.
The study also posed a scenario in which states' residents reduced their average body mass index - a measure of obesity based on height and weight - by 5 percent. In Pennsylvania, that would result in 366,995 fewer cases of type 2 diabetes, 312,456 cases of heart disease, 284,931 fewer hypertension cases, 163,746 fewer arthritis cases, and 28,162 fewer cases of obesity-related cancer. Instead of a 9.1 increase in health care costs, the state would realize a 7.1 percent savings.
But education and some policy can make a difference. Nutrition education and physical education should be protected in school budgets and the effort to improve school lunch nutrition should continue. The government can and should regulate food advertising aimed at children.
And as federal law makes health insurance available to more Americans, it also should make preventive care an even higher priority. | <urn:uuid:1c6117fc-4050-4806-a2c0-6772b8d2c206> | {
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Sergei Dankvert, head of Russian Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Control
In 2005 following an outbreak of bird flu, it became evident that the spread of the H5N1 virus could have severe consequences. Since that time, we have closely monitored every outbreak of bird flu around the globe. In 2005, we were able to predict that a further recombination of the virus would be particularly dangerous, generating a new form of human flu based on the fusion of human, swine and bird flu. The spread of such a new virus could be disastrous for humans.
A recombinant virus, H1N1, which incorporates genetic material from swine, human and bird flu originating in Asia, Europe and America has indeed emerged and is spreading to other countries and continents. Luckily, there are as yet no fragments of H5N1 in the new virus, and we are faced with a less dangerous form of the disease.
However, the effects of a new wave of the epidemic, expected in autumn, may be much worse. New mutations are possible that will make the virus more transmissible (human-to-human) and pathogenic ( more harmful). Currently people tend to believe that the virus is not very dangerous. Few become ill, and only those suffering from chronic lung conditions such as pneumonia, cancer or emphysema, risk dying from the flu. Yet, lung conditions are widespread both in Russia and worldwide.
Moreover, the flu arose here during summer when human immune systems work at their peak and the sun kills the virus. Currently the H1N1 virus is spreading mainly in the Southern hemisphere, where it is winter.
However, in the autumn we will experience rain and mud, and half of the people living in the Northern hemisphere will catch cold. This is when we expect the new wave of flu to hit. The consequences are hard to predict right now. The Northern hemisphere is far more densely populated than the Southern hemisphere, which provides fertile ground for the virus. Winters are also much colder.
The H1N1 virus affecting both swine and humans is spreading rapidly across South-East Asia, the locus of the bird flu (H5N1) epidemic. This increases the risk that a new virus will emerge that would combine the most dangerous features of its predecessors.
Cases of H1N1 transmission from human to swine followed by a spread of this `human' virus among swine were recorded in Canada and Argentina, and this indicates to us that people may contract the disease from infected pigs. Thus, humans and swine have become the transmission media for the same virus, H1N1.
At the first outbreak of the new disease, we immediately took measures to protect the population. We attempted to act judiciously to maintain the country's biological security while continuing to promote global trade. Despite restrictions, the volume of pork imports into Russia from the US actually rose. Unlike China or Ukraine, Russia did not impose indiscriminate bans but rather targeted the states that had been hardest hit and only during the rapid spread of the virus. We have been much more flexible than many other countries.
This flexibility is exactly why our bilateral trade has not suffered. The US authorities recognised this fact themselves, although they applied considerable pressure to discourage any restrictions at all. They argued that the WHO did not recommend imposing bans and that Russia's limits were viewed negatively by American pork producers. Regardless of our positive feelings toward America, public health interests in Russia outweigh the commercial interests of American pork producers.
Many wonder why we imposed these restrictions when the World Health Organisation announced sometime in April or May that the pandemic, as well as the penetration of the disease into any country, could not be stopped. We clearly saw that Russia would not be spared and did not try to isolate the country from the rest of the world in order to avoid exposure. Being realistic, we set a practical goal: to postpone the spread of the epidemic into Russia until mass production of an H1N1 vaccine could begin. The longer we keep the virus outside Russia, the more likely it is that a treatment will become available and the population will suffer less during an outbreak.
We have achieved the goal and we are now confident that the H1N1 flu will not spread throughout Russia before a vaccine is available - actually, production has already been launched, but mass production will require at least four months, beginning only in late November.
Restrictive veterinary and medical precautions have already helped Russia gain almost three months on the epidemic. Moreover, no Russian business interests have been negatively impacted by the measures, as we announced the measures on our website. Trading companies do not deal with just one meat producer, but work with large companies that have dozens of factories throughout the USA.
The complications that did emerge resulted from a lack of trust on the part of American veterinary authorities, who spent considerable time debating what we considered to be petty issues instead of participating in a fruitful dialogue. This prompted us to take harsher measures. For instance, we initially banned the import of all meat from the States, as we had no information regarding health monitoring procedures for slaughterhouse employees. Meat preserves flu virus. If an infected person in the US sneezes on a steak, the virus will survive all the way to Russia.
Yet, instead of providing information, which would help us quickly analyse the situation and lift any unnecessary restrictions quickly, the American authorities insisted for two and a half months that there were no grounds to assume flu virus may be preserved in frozen meat. It was not until July, when President Obama was due to visit Russia, that the information was provided. Russian regulatory authorities were satisfied with the American health monitoring system and promised no further limits on poultry or beef. It was necessary to pressure American authorities to obtain information in the best interest of American meat producers.
We are committed to maintaining a dialogue with business, Russian and foreign alike, and our counterparts in countries exporting food to Russia.
America is no exception. During the last session of the International Epizootic Bureau in Paris we invited Russian and American meat producers to meet and suggested a round table with the US administration in order to explain the challenges we are facing and what measures are being taken by the Russian and American authorities.
The round table took place, but American officials offered little in the way of participation and left the meeting. Such was their reaction to the unanimity of both American and Russian businesses criticising American veterinary authorities for inefficiency and slowness. American businesses went as far as saying that it was easier for them to deal with the Russian veterinary watchdog than with their own regulators.
We also feel the performance of the American regulatory authorities was inadequate. Moreover, we have seen some foreign media reports alleging that the H1N1 virus emerged in California rather than Mexico. If that is true, the fact would make the American authorities look even less efficient.
One way or another, a pandemic appears to be on the horizon. A forecasted 60-70 per cent of the global population will contract this disease. Fatalities are expected to double from 200,000 to 400,000 people annually. The virus that is spreading now is predominantly located in the nasopharynx and airways. However, in congested groups of population, i.e. in hospitals, army units, or schools, the virus may be passed, generating a strain that is located in lungs and leads to pneumonia, the main cause of mortality during flu epidemics. If this happens, the death toll could reach millions.
Countries suffering from malnutrition and a relatively cold climate will be hardest hit. Thus, equatorial Africa is unlikely to be harmed, while for the North and South of Africa, with rainy seasons, rather low temperatures and malnurished populations, the impact could be disastrous. South-East Asia. Russia and Scandinavia are also in the risk group.
It should be borne in mind that if Russia's swine population is infected, the virus will further spread from swine to humans. This is particularly dangerous, given that nearly every rural household in Russia owns at least one pig.
As a matter of fact, thoroughly cooked pork is safe to eat, as the virus is killed within minutes at temperatures over 72 degrees. But raw steaks and pork barbecue may be dangerous.
Approaches to biological security vary from country to country. Russia and the UK, for example, have very different systems of veterinary control. Russia concentrates on prevention designed to contain the spread of infectious diseases and based on simple and natural bans: it is not safe to eat unwashed fruit or touch food with unwashed hands; infected animals must be isolated... We have been criticised for overly restrictive measures, but these bans are instrumental in supporting biological security. Incidentally, Russia had only six cases of foot-and-mouth disease, all of which were contained within the primary locus. The more liberal English, however, prefer the `wait and see' strategy. Wait and do nothing. We all know the outcome - in the past fifteen years Britain has been the locus of many dangerous infections, including foot-and-mouth disease, spongiform encephalopathy and blue tongue.
There is no doubt that the H1N1 pandemic will affect the global meat market. US pork consumption has already dropped by 18 per cent, while exports have fallen by as much as 30 per cent.
Having said this, we simply do our job, which is not an easy one. We live in an extremely open world, and this openness makes us more vulnerable. Hundreds of millions of tons of animal products and many millions of animals are transported in all directions, people are moving all across the globe, and diseases that affect both humans and animals are spreading. All this adds to our burden and prompts us to look for more effective and rapid solutions to new challenges.
Prepared by Vladislav Kuzmichev
All rights reserved by Rossiyskaya Gazeta.
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Daniel Hale Williams (18 January 1856 – 4 August 1931) was an American surgeon. He was the first African-American cardiologist, and is sometimes attributed with performing the first successful surgery on the heart. He also founded Provident Hospital, the first non-segregated hospital in the United States.
Williams is sometimes regarded as the first man to have performed cardiac surgery, though earlier surgeries on the pericardium were performed by Francisco Romero in 1801, Dominique Jean Larrey prior to 1842, and by Henry Dalton in 1891. Also in 1891, he started the Provident Hospital and training school for nurses in Chicago Illinois. This was established mostly for African-American citizens. In 1893 he repaired the torn pericardium of knife wound patient, James Cornish, the second on record. He performed this surgery at Provident Hospital, Chicago, on 10 July 1893, a hospital which he founded, and one of the few hospitals that welcomed African Americans. About fifty-five days later, James Cornish recovered the surgery successfully.
In 1893, during the administration of President Grover Cleveland, Williams was appointed surgeon-in-chief of Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C., another of the few hospitals that would admit African Americans. In addition to organizing the hospital, Williams also established a training school for African-American nurses at the facility. | <urn:uuid:74a0c180-cff9-4e74-8ddf-71f26d036689> | {
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Drugs made using unusual metals could form an effective treatment against colon and ovarian cancer, including cancerous cells that have developed immunity to other drugs, according to research at the University of Warwick and the University of Leeds.
The study, published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, showed that a range of compounds containing the two transition metals Ruthenium and Osmium, which are found in the same part of the periodic table as precious metals like platinum and gold, cause significant cell death in ovarian and colon cancer cells.
The compounds were also effective against ovarian cancer cells which are resistant to the drug Cisplatin, the most successful transition metal drug, which contains the metal platinum.
Dr Patrick McGowan, one of the lead authors of the research from the School of Chemistry at the University of Leeds, explains: "Ruthenium and Osmium compounds are showing very high levels of activity against ovarian cancer, which is a significant step forward in the field of medicinal chemistry.
Sabine H. van Rijt, lead researcher in the laboratory of Professor Peter Sadler in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Warwick, said:
"Most interestingly, cancerous cells that have shown resistance to the most successful transition metal drug, Cisplatin, show a high death rate with these new compounds."
Professor Sadler, at the University of Warwick, commented that he is "excited by the novel design features in these compounds which might enable activity to be switched on and off".
Cisplatin was discovered in the 1970s and is one of the most effective cancer drugs on the market, with a 95% cure rate against testicular cancer. Since the success of Cisplatin, chemists all over the world have been trying to discover whether other transition metal compounds can be used to treat cancer.
In this type of anti cancer drug transition metal atoms bind to DNA molecules which trigger apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in the cancerous cells.
The study is a collaboration between the universities of Warwick and Leeds and was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).
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Farmland is beginning to revert back to tropical forest in many countries. The NYT reports:
new “secondary” forests are emerging in Latin America, Asia and other tropical regions at such a fast pace that the trend has set off a serious debate about whether saving primeval rain forest — an iconic environmental cause — may be less urgent than once thought. By one estimate, for every acre of rain forest cut down each year, more than 50 acres of new forest are growing in the tropics on land that was once farmed, logged or ravaged by natural disaster.This could be a very positive trend.
“There is far more forest here than there was 30 years ago,” said Ms. Ortega de Wing, 64, who remembers fields of mango trees and banana plants.
The new forests, the scientists argue, could blunt the effects of rain forest destruction by absorbing carbon dioxide, the leading heat-trapping gas linked to global warming, one crucial role that rain forests play. They could also, to a lesser extent, provide habitat for endangered species.
The idea has stirred outrage among environmentalists who believe that vigorous efforts to protect native rain forest should remain a top priority. But the notion has gained currency in mainstream organizations like the Smithsonian Institution and the United Nations, which in 2005 concluded that new forests were “increasing dramatically” and “undervalued” for their environmental benefits. The United Nations is undertaking the first global catalog of the new forests, which vary greatly in their stage of growth.
The United States had a very similar experience. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, net forestland declined dramatically, but began to grow back in the earth 20th century. The United States has experienced net forest growth for most of the past century. Whole regions of the country that were largely denuded, including much of the northeastern United States. Areas in the east that are designated "wilderness" actually consist of second-growth forest on lands that had been cleared for farming. The shift of agriculture to the midwest combined with increases in agricultural productivity, along with other factors, including the displacement of draught animals with motorized vehicles and farm equipment, combined to facilitate dramatic forest regeneration with dramatic ecological benefits. | <urn:uuid:11ba485e-6b19-41f9-85eb-d1325dc9d350> | {
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The Four Day Work Week
(cc photo by Ed Yourdon)
The traditional 40-hour workweek is composed of five eight-hour days instead of four ten-hour days. But the historical reasons for that are fairly arbitrary, and trying to get firms to switch to a four-day workweek has long struck me as a relatively painless way to reduce gasoline consumption. Brad Plumer lets us know that the state of Utah actually tried this and had state employees take Friday off and work longer hours the other four days of the week. According to Scientific American the results were impressive:
For those workplaces, there’s no longer a need to turn on the lights, elevators or computers on Fridays—nor do janitors need to clean vacant buildings. Electric bills have dropped even further during the summer, thanks to less air-conditioning: Friday’s midday hours have been replaced by cooler mornings and evenings on Monday through Thursday. As of May, the state had saved $1.8 million. …
An interim report released by the Utah state government in February projected a drop of at least 6,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually from Friday building shutdowns. If reductions in greenhouse gases from commuting are included, the state would check the generation of at least 12,000 metric tons of CO2—the equivalent of taking about 2,300 cars off the road for one year.
Another variant of this, discussed by Aaron Newton, would be staggered four-day workweeks that could substantially cut down on traffic congestion (a smaller proportion of the population commuting on any given day) at the expense of reducing the gains in building energy efficiency. | <urn:uuid:900a7d52-8423-43df-ada2-44b031c92b87> | {
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Scientists visualise the scars left by heart attacks
These images show (A) a healthy heart and (B) a heart damaged due to a lack of oxygen during a heart attack.
As you can see, the microstructure of a heart changes after a heart attack (B). The scar (outlined area), is formed because of the tissue death caused by a local lack of oxygen, and the consistency of muscle cell arrangement compared to the healthy heart (A) is lost. This will affect how much blood the heart can pump into the body within one heartbeat.
The images taken by BBSRC-funded researchers at the British Heart Foundation Experimental Magnetic Resonance Unit (BMRU), University of Oxford, were generated by a special type of imaging technique that measures the motion and movement of water molecules in the heart tissue.
This new technology, that Dr Jurgen Schneider and his team have developed, could eventually allow doctors to be able to look at a 3D+T representation of the patient’s heart, zoom-in on any relevant detail (a coronary vessel blockage or a damaged part of tissue), assess treatment options, and predict outcomes for the specific individual before the patient even enters the operating theatre. Much of this vision is still far ahead. Nonetheless, this research is vital to its development.
Image credit: BHF Experimental MR Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford.
Read more: http://www.rdm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/jurgen-schneider
Read more on how BBSRC-funded scientists are trying to mend broken hearts: http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/health/2014/140214-n-helping-mend-broken-hearts.aspx | <urn:uuid:5b38a941-67c2-4933-95c5-d01a3959669c> | {
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Fainting goats were first discovered in Tenneesee around the mid 1880's. They became really popular because of their ability to faint. They don't really faint but they often appear to faint. They have a condition that makes their muscles relax slower than normal. This condition will cause them to get stiff and sometimes fall over. This condition also makes them easy to contain in a fence. This was a big advantage in the early days. Today this condition is also helpful when it comes time to handle these goats. A goat that has gotten stiff or has fallen down is easy to catch.
Another thing about the Fainting goats that is really important is that they are a small sized goat. Historically only 17-25' in height. They weigh around 60- 175 pounds. This is great because a small sized goat can't pull you around as easy. Better for children and even the elderly. Anyone can work with these goats because of their small size. They require less space, smaller barns, and less feed.
If you don't already have any Fainting goats you should consider them. They are fantastic. Remember that the true Fainting goats will FAINT, BE SMALL and MATCH THE BREED STANDARD. Anything else is not a pure Fainting goat.
Fainting goats require the same basics as other breeds require. They need a shelter that will keep them warm and dry. They need protection from the wind, rain, and snow. They need a shelter that has ventilation. They need a flooring such as hay or straw to help with absorption and even warmth. They will also need a place to get out of the sun. This can be the shelter or maybe plenty of trees.
Fresh water and plenty of it is also required.
The goats need plenty of browse available or if that isn't available they will need lots of hay. Many breeders also feed grain.
Good fences to protect them from predators are a must. The Fainting goats don't challenge fences like other breeds so they are easier to contain. Some breeders will use Livestock Guardian Dogs to protect their herd. Llamas and donkeys are sometimes used as well.
Free choice minerals will also be needed. Be sure to use one designed for goats and not sheep or cattle.
Lots of Tender Loving Care! | <urn:uuid:2e34146b-d6c9-495f-af6c-c4a263d26c73> | {
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You’re on the prow of an ocean-going ship, surveying your destiny. A crack of lightning. The sky opens and a single photo drifts down from the sky as if carried on a thread. It asks you, “What’s my aspect ratio?” and then runs madly into the night. What is aspect ratio and how should you size up this deranged photo? We asked the Photo Nerd for his thoughts.
Understanding aspect ratio is an important part of cropping, resizing, and ultimately printing photographs. It’s a key element to getting an image to fit to a specific shape.
Aspect ratio is jargon for shape. It’s a way to describe how the width of an image relates to its height. Don’t run away yet! If the concept was crystal clear we wouldn’t be here.
For now, just know that aspect ratio means shape. Let’s start off easy, with a square.
The height and width of squares are equal. For every unit of height (pixel, inch, centimeter, etc.) there’s an equal unit of width. This is a one to one relationship.
A square aspect ratio is expressed as 1:1. Wow, easy.
Wreck-tangles ruin everything
Just as we were getting along, rectangles come in and start making things all math-y. Rectangles don’t have equal sides; one is always longer than the other. If the image is twice as wide as it is high, then the ratio between width and height is two to one. This is expressed as a 2:1 aspect ratio.
2:1 isn’t a super common shape, but sticking two squares together is useful for conceptualizing and getting use to units of measurement.
What’s a more common aspect ratio?
A more common shape for image editing is 2:3, which you might sometimes see expressed as 3:2. The order of the numbers aren’t super important; it’s their relationship that matter. 2:3 and 3:2 are the same ratio.
If you’re wondering when we’re gonna talk about 4:6 because you’ve got a stack of 4 x 6 paper burning a hole in your printer, your days of wondering are over. A 4 x 6 print is a 2:3 aspect ratio. Doubling the units keeps the same shape and turns it into something more recognizable: 4:6, the shape of 4 x 6 prints.
4:5, 8:10, or 16:20? They’re the same shape!
Doesn’t anyone notice this? I feel like I’m taking crazy pills.
A quick scan of your old math textbook would remind you that 8 x 10 can be reduced to its lowest terms by dividing both of those numbers by two. What you end up with is 4 x 5. 4 x 5 and 8 x 10 are indeed the same shape: they’re different sizes in terms of prints, but as far as shape goes, they’re the same.
To illustrate this, the following image has been segmented into both 4 x 5 and 8 x 10 units of measurement.
What’s your point, Nerd?
Long story long, aspect ratio just a way to express the shape of a thing; to describe how height and width relate to each other. You can transpose the numbers, make ’em bigger or smaller. As long as they maintain the same ratio, you’re describing the same shape.
If you’re only concerned with shape, you can put all this newfound knowledge to work right away. Maybe you just wanna fit an image to your 16:9 television screen. To do that, just open up the crop tool select 16 x 9 in the dropdown, apply and save. BOOM you just earned a merit badge, hoss.
But say you care about the size of the image as well as the shape. That, my friends, will be the subject of the next post in this series. | <urn:uuid:26ca7d09-910c-4d7f-a4d9-aa3db18c7fdf> | {
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Our teeth deserve a medal. We put them through decades of chewing and grinding and bathe them in acid from foods and drinks. Because of the abuse our teeth take during our lives, some wear and discoloration may develop. Still, our teeth can last a lifetime with proper care. Despite the common myth, teeth don’t naturally become brittle…
Our teeth deserve a medal. We put them through decades of chewing and grinding and bathe them in acid from foods and drinks. Because of the abuse our teeth take during our lives, some wear and discoloration may develop. Still, our teeth can last a lifetime with proper care. Despite the common myth, teeth don’t naturally become brittle with age. You can take steps to keep your smile intact and beautiful throughout life longer. In this article, Knoxville dentist Dr. Jim Erpenbach provides tips on how to preserve your teeth.
What Wears Teeth
Foods high in sugar and starch pose the most common dental threat. The carbohydrates in these foods ferment, which causes bacteria to produce acid. Tooth enamel softens when exposed to the acid, which de-mineralizes enamel and leads to cavities. Excessive bacteria spawned from food particles and plaque buildup eventually infect gums if you don’t keep your mouth clean. Allowing bacteria to damage your teeth can quickly get out of hand. In fact, more than 80% of U.S. adults suffer from gum disease. Teeth grinding (bruxism) is another common problem that wears teeth. Stress, anxiety, or unconscious jaw clenching at night can wear down the surfaces of teeth and cause bite misalignment, or malocclusion, which contributes to TMJ disorder.
Lend Your Teeth a Hand
Keeping a diet that is low on sugary, starchy foods can help prevent tooth decay. However, any kind of food can stick between teeth and breed bacteria. Brush twice a day and floss daily to remove food particles, or, if you aren’t near a toothbrush, rinse your mouth with water after consuming sugary or acidic foods and drinks. Altering your dietary habits can also help your teeth stay strong. To satisfy your sweet tooth, chew sugarless gum. Chewing produces saliva, your natural mouth cleanser. As we age and our regular saliva production decreases, gum can continue to aid in fighting bacteria. Those with bruxism should wear a bite guard at night to minimize pressure and wear on teeth. If stress causes you to clench your teeth, consider stress relieving exercises. When you notice an extended period of teeth grinding, avoid hard foods to reduce friction on your teeth.
Schedule an Appointment with Your Knoxville Dentist
Regular checkups with your dentist greatly contribute to mouth health. Meet with Knoxville dentist Dr. Erpenbach routinely to prevent tooth decay and gum disease. Call 865-329-7815 to schedule an appointment at our 37919 dentist office. We welcome patients from Knoxville and the greater metropolitan area. | <urn:uuid:7e165c4c-f1c3-4fd7-a4cb-9d9ad95864a0> | {
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More than half of recent college graduates are unemployed or working in positions that do not make use of their education or skills, according to a recent report from the Associated Press. Median wages are lower than they were in 2000, and job prospects are reported to be the worst that they’ve been in more than a decade.
In 2011, 1.5 million people with bachelor’s degrees who were under the age of 25 were unemployed. This was about 53% of the population of people with bachelor’s degrees who were under 25 in the United States. That was the highest rate since the burst of the dot.com industry that impacted many new graduates around the turn of the century.
Underemployment is also a significant problem. Last year, more college graduates were employed as waitresses and bartenders than as engineers and scientists, for example.
The impact of the economy and job prospects is related to an individual’s education and desired occupational field. There may be more opportunities for college graduates with degrees in education , science and healthcare than for those with degrees in arts and humanities, for example.
Some economists believe that it may be time for a change in how high school graduates think of college. With the growing burden of student debt and the lackluster job market, it may be more important than ever for students to know what they want to study and how their education will help them get a job before they go to college.
Our Minneapolis bankruptcy lawyers understand the difficulties facing recent graduates. We congratulate the Class of 2012 and we send our best wishes for a better job market in which you can put your education to use and find the job that is right for you. | <urn:uuid:891a8eca-826d-4a0d-bbc0-8eb2c66de7ef> | {
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Part of Speech: Noun
Notes: Rudyard Kipling must have been the last English speaker to use today's word as anything other than a name. He did so in his poem, The Ballad of East and West, which begins: "Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet, Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat." The phrase, "never the twain shall meet," however, has found a permanent place among our idiomatic phrases.
In Play: The most famous play on this word was made by perhaps the greatest word-player of us all, Samuel Clemens. As a boy, Clemens rode steamboats up and down the Mississippi, where sailing was safe in water two fathoms or more deep. The river boatmen who checked the depth would call out "mark twain" to alert the captain when their two-fathom-long lines struck bottom. He took that phrase as his pseudonym, Mark Twain.
Word History: PIE dwo- "two", which underlies today's word, shows up in Russian and Serbian dva, German zwei, Latin duo, French deux, Spanish dos, Portuguese dois, Hindi do, and Nepalese dui. However, it also appears in words where you might not expect it: twilight, of course, is when the two lights (day and night) meet. The reason you can only be between two things (you must be among more than two) is the tween "two" in the preposition. Does it sound a little like twine, the string made by twisting two threads together? No wonder. Finally, doubt is the result of French twitching Latin dubitare "to waver", that's right, between two choices. (We are delighted that Larry Brady, the Stargazer of the Alpha Agora, is never of twain minds when he spots a curious word like this one, which he suggested for today.)
Come visit our website at <http://www.alphadictionary.com> for more Good Words and other language resources! | <urn:uuid:d585c3e7-abbf-45b4-9853-22227671d3ec> | {
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‘She’d been to Dresden, had stood before Giorgione’s Venere dormiente’
William Riviere, A Venetian Theory of Heaven, Sceptre, 1992
Also known as the Dresden Venus, Giorgione’s Sleeping Venus is in the collection of the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden,Germany.
Giorgione (Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco) was born around 1477/1478 in Castelfranco, Veneto. Although he was one of the most significant and collected artists of the High Renaissance in Venice, relatively little is known of his life. He died (possibly of the plague) in Venice in October 1510 at the age of just 32 or 33 years. There are now only a handful of paintings which are believed to be Giorgione. He is believed to have been apprenticed to Giacomo Bellini and was a contemporary of Titian, with whom he worked on the exterior frescoes of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi near the Rialto.
The Sleeping Venus was unfinished at the time of Giorgione’s death, and it is believed to have been completed by Titian. Like much of Giorgione’s work, there have been many debates regarding the attribution of this painting. It is generally believed that Giorgione created the nude, and Titan completed the landscape (the group of rustic buildings on the right is also included in Titian’s Noli me Tangere in London and in the Borghese's Sacred and Profane Love).
In 1843, restoration work on Sleeping Venus revealed a hidden cupid at Venus’ feet, holding a bird in his left hand and an arrow in his right.
It is generally believed that the painting was commissioned by Girolamo (or Jeronimo) Marcello in honour of his marriage to Morosina Pisani in 1507. The Venetian collector Marcantonio Michiel wrote that the painting was in the home of Jeronimo Marcello at ‘San Tomado’ (San Toma) in 1525. Michiel’s editor, Carli Ridolfi saw in the Ca’ Marcello over a century later in 1646. He wrote:
‘In Marcello’s house there is a lovely nude Venus sleeping, with Cupid at her feet holding a bird in his hand, which (cupid) was finished by Titian.’ The Venus is now alone in the landscape, for the Cupid was so badly damaged that it had to be effaced”.
In 1699, the work was acquired by French dealer Le Roy for King Augustus of Saxony. By 1707, it was listed in the Dresden inventory as ‘a Venus with an amoretto by Giorgione, Original”.
Note – I’m still trying to locate ‘Ca Marcello near San Toma’ where the work is believed to have originated.
In John Berendt’s City of Falling Angels, he describes meeting a present day Count Girolamo Marcello (who lives in a palazzo near the Fenice). The contemporary Girolamo Marcello was a friend of the Russian poet and writer, Joseph Brodsky, and Brodsky wrote ‘Watermark’ whilst staying at Ca’ Marcello. Brodsky also published two poems in his volume of poems, So Forth, In front of the Ca’ Marcello and Homage to Girolamo Marcello.
I’d appreciate any leads that readers may have about the Ca’ Marcello near San Toma. | <urn:uuid:3f517262-78b8-4565-b880-f91192cc7f1e> | {
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In 1990, a Stanford University graduate student named Elizabeth Newton earned her Ph.D. in psychology by studying a simple game in which she assigned people to one of two roles: “tappers” or “listeners.” Each tapper was asked to choose a well-known song, such as “Happy Birthday,” and tap out the rhythm of that song on a table. The listener’s job was to guess the song, based on the rhythm being tapped out.
Over the course of Newton’s experiment, 120 songs were tapped out. Listeners correctly identified only three!
But here’s what made the result worthy of a dissertation in psychology: Before the listeners guessed the name of the song, Newton asked the tappers to predict the odds that the listeners would guess correctly. They predicted 50 percent. Why were they off the mark?
If you are the tapper, it’s impossible to avoid hearing the tune in your head. If you’re the listener you can’t hear that tune — all you can hear is a bunch of disconnected taps, like a discombobulated Morse code. In the experiment, tappers could not understand why the listeners had to work so hard to pick up the tune. Wasn’t the song obvious? The problem is that tappers had knowledge — the song title — that made it very hard for them to imagine what it’s like to lack that knowledge. They couldn’t imagine what it was like for the listeners to hear isolated taps rather than a song.
That gap in understanding was the same challenge that faced the Jewish people who came out of Egypt. They had first-hand knowledge because of their own experience: They heard God, saw His wonders and experienced God’s presence. How then could they communicate that knowledge, the Divine melody of Judaism and its ideals of justice, righteousness and compassion, to the next generation who were not there?
The answer given by Moses is this: Just as the Jews were about to leave Egypt, Moses gathered them and spoke to them about children and the distant future, and their responsibility to share their knowledge with generations yet unborn.
“And when, in the distant future, your child asks you, ‘What does this mean?’ you shall say to him, ‘It was with a mighty hand that God brought us out from Egypt’” (Exodus 13:14).
Pass forward the memory of this moment to your children, said Moses. You have to teach children how to build a society unlike Egypt, based not on wealth or power, but on justice and compassion, the dignity of the individual and the sanctity of human life — a society that honors the word of God. You have to continually remind them of the lessons of history — “We were slaves to Pharaoh in Egypt” — because those who forget the bitterness of slavery eventually lose the will and the courage to fight for freedom.
Teach your children these things. But do not do so in a harsh way. Do it in an exciting way. Encourage your children to ask questions, make a Passover seder, and re-enact the Exodus by reliving the events each year as if they were happening now. In other words, re-create your “tapper” experience so the “listeners” will understand it. That is how each generation hands on to the next what it has heard, learned, and prayed for.
The most important statement in all of the haggadah says, “In every generation, each person must see himself as if he himself had come out of Egypt.” As we read the haggadah, we make the leap across time and turn past into present, saying “It is because of what God did for me when I went out of Egypt.” The “listener” becomes a “tapper” as the past lives on in us.
Ten years before the United Nations Partition Plan of 1947, an earlier plan was offered that would have given the aspiring Jewish state a meager parcel of land, militarily indefensible and economically not viable. David Ben-Gurion, head of what was then called the Provisional Jewish State, was unsure whether to accept that 1937 offer.
Ben-Gurion sought advice from Yitzhak Tabenkin, a founder of kibbutz movement. Tabenkin said he needed 24 hours to seek the counsel of two individuals. The next day, Tabenkin advised Ben-Gurion to reject the plan.
Who were his advisers?
Tabenkin responded, “I sought counsel from my grandfather who died 10 years ago, and my grandson who is not yet born.”
That recognition of the continuity between past, present and future should guide us on Passover, when it is our turn to “tap” and to “listen,” to make sure we understand the story, and then add our piece to it for generations yet to come. | <urn:uuid:65986fb8-e5b4-4139-81ab-1681fff804c7> | {
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Advertisements for nutritionally poor quality food were significantly more common on English-language television versus Spanish-language television, researchers reported.
Food advertisements in English-language children's television aired more than three times as often as ads on Spanish-language programming (3,179 versus 1,037), with significantly more fast food and other poor-nutritional-quality foods appearing in those English-language programs (P<0.05), according to Frances Fleming-Milici, PhD, of Yale University, and colleagues.
Despite the disparity in food advertising between English- and Spanish-language channels, English- and Spanish-speaking children were exposed to roughly the same amount of food advertisements across age groups, they wrote online in JAMA Pediatrics.
The authors noted that childhood obesity occurred in more than 10% of children ages 2 to 5 and reached nearly 20% among those ages 6 to 17 in 2009 to 2010. They added that youth-targeted television advertising was the primary route of promoting food and beverages to younger consumers, and that "more than 85% of these ads promote products high in saturated fat, sugar, and/or sodium."
They also noted that Hispanic youth have a higher prevalence of overweight versus whites (39.1% versus 27.9%) and higher lifetime risk for developing diabetes than whites and blacks. Prior research has also shown that Hispanic youths may watch more television and, as a result, consume more advertising for unhealthy foods.
The study is being published just as the World Health Organization's European office is calling for stricter limits on junk food advertising to children there.
"There is a strong link between TV viewing and obesity in children," Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, said in a statement Tuesday. "Recent data suggest that children become obese not just because they watch TV instead of being active, but also because they are exposed to advertising and other marketing tactics."
The study quantified the amount of food and beverage advertising Hispanic youth were exposed to on Spanish- and English-language television compared with the number of advertisements seen by non-Hispanic youth through data from a 2010 Nielsen panel on household viewing habits of Hispanic and non-Hispanic children 2 to 5 years old, 6 to 11 years old, and 12 to 17 years old.
Data were collected through a Nielsen database of surveys and panels from population samples that were "multistage, stratified area probability samples of U.S. housing units" and represented national broadcast and cable English- and Spanish-language television advertisements for food, beverage, and restaurant products for the three youth age groups.
Food, beverage, and restaurant advertisements were categorized as:
- Fast-food restaurants
- Breakfast cereals
- Other restaurants
- Prepared foods
- Snack foods
- Dairy products
- Fruit juices and noncarbonated beverages
- Carbonated beverages
- Baked goods
- Energy and sports drinks
- Fruits and vegetables
- Frozen and chilled desserts
- Carbonated diet beverages
Additional data included average time spent watching advertisements, number of advertisements watched, and time spent watching advertisements by language and Hispanic versus non-Hispanic group.
Hispanic children watched over 4,000 food and beverage advertisements on average in 2010, representing 11.6 to 12.4 commercials daily, though the majority were seen on English-language television.
Of any food, beverage, or restaurant advertisement category, fast-food restaurant commercials were the most commonly seen advertisement by language and age group.
By age group, the proportion of fast-food restaurant advertisements was significantly greater on Spanish-language television versus English-language television, though the raw number of ads were more than double that of Spanish-language television. For example, among preschool age viewers, there were 306 fast-food restaurant commercials on Spanish-language television and 685 on English-language television. However, this represented 29.5% of food advertising in that age category on Spanish-language television and 21.5% of food advertising on English-language television.
"Three product categories comprised approximately one-half of food ads viewed on Spanish-language television by Hispanic youth: fast food, breakfast cereals, and candy," they wrote, noting that fast food made up a significantly higher proportion of those advertisements.
Additionally, "Hispanic preschoolers viewed equal numbers of carbonated beverage ads in English and Spanish, even though they watched three-times as much English-language television," Fleming-Milici and colleagues noted.
The authors also wrote that, overall, Spanish-language television viewed by Hispanic youth contained fewer food and beverage ads per hour than English-language television -- an average of 2.7 to 2.9 ads per hour on Spanish television versus an average of 3.7 to 3.9 ads per hour on English-language programming.
The data also showed that youths who spoke predominantly Spanish spent greater amounts of time watching Spanish-language programming, while those who spoke a mix of languages or predominantly English watched much greater proportions of English-language programming. Additionally, Hispanic preschoolers watched 24 more minutes of television daily compared with non-Hispanic preschoolers.
The researchers also found that Hispanic preschoolers who only spoke Spanish watched an average of just over 4 hours of television daily, more than preschoolers who spoke Spanish and English equally (3 hours and 42 minutes) and those who spoke only English (3 hours and 35 minutes).
The authors concluded that the findings "demonstrate the need for additional commercial-free Spanish-language programming for young children."
They cautioned that the study was limited by lack of data on language preference and missing data on more recent advertising trends, which show, based on 2010 to 2011 data, that "ad spending on Spanish-language network and cable television increased by 13% to 21%."
The study was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Rudd Foundation.
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
- Reviewed by F. Perry Wilson, MD, MSCE Instructor of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Dorothy Caputo, MA, BSN, RN, Nurse Planner | <urn:uuid:4bfba4f0-6b43-440a-aa7a-94704fe4461c> | {
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Q. How accurate is the original Cameron Aurameter in locating oil and gas deposits?
A. There are at least three dowsing instruments that have a proven track record for locating oil and gas deposits over the years.
- Gyrating devices, such as the Pendulum
- The Petroleometer (the latter is no longer available today)
- The Original Cameron Aurameter.
For dowsing purposes, the combination of Pendulum and original Cameron Aurameter on assignments, both provide wholistic coverage, as the sources of oil and gas radiate spiral (rotating) fields of energy upwards. These emanations may be easily detected with a Pendulum. After the location(s) of subterranean source(s) have been determined, the Original Cameron Aurameter adds valuable dowsing input, enabling one to search for, and outline the size of anticlines, reef pinnacles, pools etc. The Aurameter, also alows one to guage intensities, pressures and estimate depths.
In addition, one may dowse to evaluate qualities and quantities; plus investigate the possible presence, and depths, of troubling subterranean water, which might adversely affect oil drilling operations at a potential recovery site.
The Original Cameron Aurameter is a five-fold dowsing instrument: working as a directional and depthing device; an upright (inverted) pendulum and gravity wand.
The Cameron Aurameter, also rotates downward as a gravity pendulum. Initially, I occasionally prefer to use one or more of several basic pendulums while working with an "oil witness" or actual "sample." The latter may be obtained from an already existing well at the location.
Verne Cameron's "Oil Locating" handbook" - described on our web site - describes his years of successful oil and gas dowsing discoveries using his invention: the Petroleometer, along with the Original Cameron Aurameter, in siting oil and gas deposits over a four decade period, prior to 1970.
Our Professional Aurameter is also excellent for this type of work. | <urn:uuid:13c4cb9b-0b2f-4ebc-ab0a-d2f8ba112f50> | {
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Changes You Can Expect as Your Dog Ages
Loss of Hearing
Your dog may experience hearing loss as he ages. Most people don't notice the first indications of hearing loss in a dog because the signs tend to be subtle. Dogs use many cues to interact with us besides their hearing—they watch us, they know our patterns (probably better than we do), and they continue to interact effectively. By the time you do notice, your dog may already have experienced considerable, irreversible hearing loss.
Don't despair if your dog can't hear as well as he used to. Many people successfully teach their dogs to respond to hand signals and light signals in place of voice signals. For instance, you could use a flashlight to call your dog in from the yard. Even in daylight he'll be able to see a flashing light unless he's also lost his vision to age. If you start teaching these new communication skills before your dog loses his hearing, all the better.
Eye and Vision Changes
Changes in the eye are also common in aging dogs. If your dog's breed, or one of his breeds if he's a mix, is prone to inherited eye disease, consider taking your dog to a veterinary ophthalmologist for a thorough eye exam once every year or two. Other changes are simply a normal function of aging or in some cases the result of injury or other diseases.
Nuclear sclerosis, a condition in which the lens looks cloudy, is common in older dogs. It has little or no effect on the dog's vision. People sometimes mistake nuclear sclerosis for cataracts, which do cause vision loss. If you are in doubt, check with your veterinarian. In fact, an ophthalmic examination should be part of your dog's regular geriatric checkup. If you notice changes in the way your dog's eyes look, or if he seems to have vision problems between his regular exams, take him for a checkup. Changes in the eye sometimes indicate other health problems.
Altering your pet will increase his chances of living longer and healthier. Neutering eliminates risk of testicular cancer and reduces the risk of prostate disease in males; spaying eliminates a female's risk of ovarian cancer and greatly reduces her risk of breast cancer.
Prostate disease occurs in approximately 80 percent of unneutered male dogs 8 years of age and older. Although prostate cancer is not common in dogs, an enlarged prostate can cause your dog problems with urination and defecation. A check of his prostate gland should be part of your older male dog's annual physical exam.
Cancerous mammary (breast) tumors are the most common tumors found in unspayed bitches. In fact, breast cancer occurs as frequently in dogs as it does in people. It is also common for nonmalignant fibrous tissue to develop in the mammary glands, causing them to harden. If your doggy girl is not spayed or was spayed after having one or more heat cycles, an examination of her mammary glands should be part of her annual check-up. You can also check for lumps during belly rubs—which you know she'll enjoy.
Possible signs of CCD include the following:
- Becoming confused or disoriented in familiar
- Inability to recognize familiar people and animals
- Forgetting housetraining
- Inability to pay attention
- Pacing, insomnia, or altered sleep patterns
- Staring at nothing
- Lower activity level
More than half of dogs over 10 years of age will experience some signs of canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), which is characterized by a number of behavioral changes ranging from confusion to changes in long-established behavior patterns. If you think your dog may have CCD, talk to your veterinarian. There are drugs now that can alleviate some of the symptoms, but it's important to rule out other problems first.
Not all age-related behavior changes indicate CCD. Let's look at some of the more common changes your dog may experience.
Some older dogs show signs of aggression. In many cases, aggression is a reflexive response to pain. If your dog has lost his hearing or vision, he may be startled at times and snap. If he's not as spry as he used to be, he may fight back when he can't get away from something that's bothering or hurting him, such as a puppy or even a child. If your dog has a nervous system problem or is on certain medications, he may not know what he's doing.
The first step in solving the problem is to find its source. If your dog's behavior changes, take him in for an exam. If he's on medication, ask your vet if there could be behavioral side effects. If no medical cause can be found, consider talking to a qualified animal behaviorist who is familiar with canine geriatric problems. Ask your veterinarian for a referral.
Loss of Housetraining
Some older dogs have accidents in the house, even though they've been reliably housetrained for years. Some medical problems may directly affect the dog's ability to control elimination. Other problems make elimination painful and make the dog reluctant to go until he really can't hold it any longer, and he soils the house.
You can help your vet diagnose a medical problem. Write down as much information as possible about when accidents occur, including whether you're home, how often your dog needs to eliminate, his posture while eliminating, any sounds he makes that might indicate pain, unusual characteristics of the urine or stool, how much urine or stool your dog passed, and changes in your dog's food or water intake.
Sometimes the solutions to inappropriate elimination are easy. A ramp in place of stairs may make it easier for a dog who has trouble walking to get in and out. Medications help with some medical problems. If your dog needs to go more frequently now than when he was younger, see if you can arrange to get him out more often. If you can't figure out what to do, again, talk to your vet. Your buddy isn't the first old dog with this problem, and your vet may have some excellent suggestions based on the specifics of your dog's problem.
More on: Pets
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Getting and Owning a Dog © 2003 by Sheila Webster Boneham, Ph.D. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit Amazon's web site or call 1-800-253-6476. | <urn:uuid:927367f9-e56b-4d07-b467-17d3e053c132> | {
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Neglected apple trees offer less fruit, and the fruit they do bear is often poor in quality due to crowded branches and limited light in the canopy. Gardeners can revive an overgrown apple tree, but the process takes three years with two annual pruning periods. Do not attempt to prune an overgrown apple tree in one year. After all this hard work, gardeners will be rewarded with an increase in fruit production and better-tasting apples.
Locate any dead, diseased or damaged limbs on your overgrown apple tree in early spring, before the tree has begun growing for the season but after frost danger has passed. Dead limbs are hollow-feeling. Diseased limbs display physical blemishes and damaged limbs usually show cuts or bruises. These need to be removed immediately for the tree's health.
Prepare a 1:10 solution of bleach:water in a bucket. Dip your pruning tools in this. Cut away dead, diseased and damaged wood at the base. In between each cut, dip your pruning tools in the bucket to disinfect. Use anvil pruners for small limbs and lopping shears for those larger than 1-inch in diameter.
Cut away any interior limbs that compress other branches. This helps open up the canopy to produce air circulation. Remove these limbs by cutting them off at the base with lopping shears or with a pole saw if they're too thick to cut with lopping shears.
Trim down the height of your overgrown apple tree. Oregon State University suggests trimming a 20-foot apple tree by six to eight feet in the first year. Use a pole saw to cut back limbs and erect a ladder near your fruit tree to reach tall branches. Once you've reduced the height of your old tree, your first year pruning is complete.
Remove nearly all the vigorous new growth that is sprouting from the top of the tree over the summer. Leave only shoots that do not shade the lower limbs. Then wait until early spring to perform second year pruning.
Thin out shoots in the upper region of the tree during early spring of the second year. You can remove two more feet of overall height with your pole saw or leave the tree's height as-is.
Prune out old growth to space fruiting wood. Remove wood from crowded areas and weak growth that will not be able to hold a grown apple. Trim off any new shoots that grow upward rather that out. This completes second-year pruning.
Wait until summer then inspect growth at the top of the tree again. Clip off half of the developed shoots, leaving the slow-growing shoots and eliminating the vigorous ones. Then wait until the dormant period for third-year pruning.
Prune back the tree's long limbs by one to two feet, using your lopping shears. Cut back to a node or a swollen joint of the limb. At this point, your overgrown apple tree should be short, evenly spaced and significantly less dense than when you began. While your restoration program is over, continue to prune the apple tree every year during its dormant season. | <urn:uuid:3e8bb13b-4990-4ce4-9794-f4a5774c70a2> | {
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Support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data used for classification and regression analysis. (Wikipedia)
Well, there is no straightforward and sure-shot answer to this question. The answer depends on many factors like the problem statement and the kind of output you want, type and size of the data, the available computational time, number of features and observations in the data, to name a few. It is usually recommended to gather a good amount of data to get reliable predictions. However, many a time the availability of data is a constraint. So, if the training data is smaller or if the dataset has a fewer number of observations and a higher number of features like genetics or textual data, choose algorithms with high bias/low variance like Linear regression, Naïve Bayes, Linear SVM.
This paper conducts a comparative study of various learning models on Hate and Abusive Speech on Twitter dataset. The following script will install required Python packages. We do not provide the code for crawling text data. While creating the pickle file, you will need to create a python dictionary with the following structure: _dict[_id] [tweet_label, tweet_text, context_text]. If your dataset does not have context, fill '' as the third element of each instance.)
If the word'Machine Learning' baffles your mind and you want to master it, then this Machine Learning course is for you. If you want to start your career in Machine Learning and make money from it, then this Machine Learning course is for you. If you want to learn how to manipulate things by learning the Math beforehand and then write a code with python, then this Machine Learning course is for you. If you get bored of the word'this Machine Learning course is for you', then this Machine Learning course is for you. Well, machine learning is becoming a widely-used word on everybody's tongue, and this is reasonable as data is everywhere, and it needs something to get use of it and unleash its hidden secrets, and since humans' mental skills cannot withstand that amount of data, it comes the need to learn machines to do that for us.
In this article I will show you how to create your own stock prediction Python program using a machine learning algorithm called Support Vector Regression (SVR). The program will read in Facebook (FB) stock data and make a prediction of the open price based on the day. A Support Vector Regression (SVR) is a type of Support Vector Machine,and is a type of supervised learning algorithm that analyzes data for regression analysis. In 1996, this version of SVM for regression was proposed by Christopher J. C. Burges, Vladimir N. Vapnik, Harris Drucker, Alexander J. Smola and Linda Kaufman. The model produced by SVR depends only on a subset of the training data, because the cost function for building the model ignores any training data close to the model prediction.
It's never been easier to get started with machine learning. In addition to structured MOOCs, there is also a huge number of incredible, free resources available around the web. Familiarity and moderate expertise in at least one high-level programming language is useful for beginners in machine learning. Unless you are a Ph.D. researcher working on a purely theoretical proof of some complex algorithm, you are expected to mostly use the existing machine learning algorithms and apply them in solving novel problems. This requires you to put on a programming hat.
The world is an increasingly busy place, and scheduling that appointment with your doctor for a check up might be on the end of your to-do list. As new technologies enter into the world of health and medicine, it is becoming increasingly easier to check your own vitals to ensure you're living the healthiest lifestyle possible. Enter IEEE Member Yangong Zheng and the electronic nose technology being used to detect and diagnose diseases and disorders simply through the smell your body emits. Although the biological olfactory system was inspiration for this type of technology, an electronic nose does not physically look like or depict a human nose. "Artificial systems for noninvasive chemical sensing are commonly referred to as'electronic nose technology'," explains Zheng.
Machine Learning aims at automatically identifying structures and patterns in large data sets. In order to identify these patterns, algorithms often resort to standard linear algebra routines such as matrix inversion or eigenvalue decompositions. For example, support vector machines, one of the most successful traditional machine learning approaches for classification, can be cast to a linear system of equation, and then be solved using matrix inversion. Similarly, identifying the important signals in a data set can be done by identifying the leading eigenvalues and vectors of the data matrix, a method called principal component analysis. The large dimensionality of the vector spaces involved in these operations make their implementation at large scale very resource intensive, thus motivating the development of innovative methods to lower their computational cost.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential value of the machine learning (ML)-based MRI texture analysis for predicting 1p/19q codeletion status of lower-grade gliomas (LGG), using various state-of-the-art ML algorithms.MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this retrospective study, 107 patients with LGG were included from a public database. Texture features were extracted from conventional T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI images, using LIFEx software. Training and unseen validation splits were created using stratified 10-fold cross-validation technique along with minority over-sampling. Dimension reduction was done using collinearity analysis and feature selection (ReliefF). Classifications were done using adaptive boosting, k-nearest neighbours, naive Bayes, neural network, random forest, stochastic gradient descent, and support vector machine.
Two dimensional data is easier to visualize than 202 dimensional data. I don't normally leave my computer on 24 hours a day, but it has been hard a work, so it hasn't been off in days. Training a model can take some time, as I am finding out and while I've made progress on the resulting model, it's still not where I want it. Let's talk about what has been going on. If you recall, my post a few days ago covered what I've been up to these past few days. | <urn:uuid:81564dd3-0403-4c1b-90bf-b9aeae66b0be> | {
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THE HOME CHURCH OF GEORGE WASHINGTON
Both Truro parish and George Washington were born in 1732, and Washington’s connection with Truro Church began in 1735, when his father, Augustine Washington, became a vestryman, and it continued throughout his life, though during his later years, when services were seldom held there, he went to Christ Church at Alexandria.
When Washington was a boy he had to make a round trip of eighteen miles, frequently over extremely rough roads, when he wished to attend services. Yet he was a faithful attendant, at all seasons.
A number of the early rectors of Truro were welcome guests at Mt. Vernon. One of these, Charles Green, was a physician as well as a minister, as appears from the record that he was called to prescribe for Washington in 1757, when the young campaigner was so seriously ill, in consequence of hardships suffered on his western trip, that he said he had ” too much reason to apprehend an approaching decay.”
Five years after this illness Washington was elected a member of the vestry of the parish, and he was reelected many times. His record for attendance was unusual, in spite of his many outside engagements. During the years from 1763 to 1774 thirty-one vestry meetings were held. He was absent from eight of these, once on account of sickness, twice because he was attending the House of Burgesses, and at Ieast three times because he was out of the county. For a few months, in 1765, he did not serve, because, on the division of Truro parish, Mt. Vernon was thrown over the line into the new Fairfax parish. At once the new parish made him a member of its vestry, but when, in response to a petition which Washington helped to present, the House of Burgesses changed the parish line so that Mt. Vernon was once more in Truro parish, he resumed his service in the old church. There he maintained his connection with an official body noted for the fact that, at one time or another, it had eleven members in the House of Burgesses, two members in His Majesty’s Council for Virginia, as well as the author of the Virginia Bill of Rights and the Constitution of the State of Virginia, George Mason.
When it was decided that a new church building was needed, Washington was instrumental in settling the inevitable discussion as to site that followed. He made a map of the parish, showing where each communicant lived, and recommended that the building be placed at the centre of the parish, as shown by the map. His suggestion was adopted, and a site two miles nearer Mt. Vernon was chosen.
For the new church Washington himself drew the plan. He was also active in letting the plan and over-seeing the building operation. At an auction of pews, held in 1772, when the church was ready for use, he bought Number 28, next the communion table, for £10, while he paid £13 10s. for pew 30. Evidently he was thoughtful for the guests who frequently rode with him to service, either in the coach, or in the chaise that followed, or on horseback. When the Mt. Vernon concession.
Under date October 2, 1785, the diary of Washington tells of one of these processions, as well as of an interesting event that followed :
” Went with Fanny Bassett, Burwell, Bassett, Doct Stuart, G. A. Washington, Mr. Shaw and Nellie Custis to Pohick Church to hear a Mr. Thompson preach, who returned with me to Dinner. . . . After we were in Bed (about Eleven o’clock in the Evening) W Houdon, sent from Paris by Doct Franklin and W Jefferson to take my Bust, in behalf of the State of Virginia … . arrived.”
For many years Pohick Church was practically deserted, but there is evidence that services were held here in 1802. Davies, an Englishman, in his ” Four Years in America,” wrote :
” About four miles from Occoquon is Pohick. Thither I rode on Sunday and joined the Congregation of Parson Weims, who was cheerful in his mien that he might win me to religion. A Virginia churchyard on Sunday is more like a race-course than a cemetery; the women come in carriages and the men on horses which they tie to the trees. The church bell was suspended from a tree. I was confounded to hear ` steed threaten steed with dreadful neigh,’ nor was I less astounded at the rattling of carriage-wheels, the cracking of whips, and the vociferation of the gentlemen to the negroes who attended them; but the discourse of Parson Weims calmed every perturbation, for he preached the great doctrines of Salvation as one who has experienced their power; about half the congregation were negroes.”
This Parson Weems was no other than the author of Weems”‘ Life of Washington,” a readable but inaccurate biography that had a great vogue seventy-five years ago.
For many years Truro Church was desolate, and relic hunters made spoil of the furnishings. But since 1876 it has been open for services once more. | <urn:uuid:d68ad288-1391-4963-a970-7a7a5cf91317> | {
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Scientists have finally identified the mysterious source of X-ray emissions at the center of our galaxy's youngest supernova: Inside the remains of Cassiopeia A sits a baby neutron star surrounded by a thin layer of carbon.
Twenty times heavier than our sun and 11,000 light years away, Cassiopeia A was a dense star whose explosion was observed from Earth roughly 330 years ago. The supernova left behind a dense central core 12.5 miles wide that was first spotted in 1999 by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. But until now, astronomers hadn't come up with a model to explain the object's confusing X-ray emission spectrum. Previous attempts had come up with a stellar radius too small to be a neutron star, or a non-uniform surface temperature, which didn't make sense.
Now, combining data from two prior studies, researchers have discovered that Cassiopeia's X-ray emission pattern can be explained by the presence of a very young neutron star with a low magnetic field and an unusually thin carbon atmosphere.
Published Wednesday in Nature, the findings make Cassiopeia's core the youngest neutron star scientists have ever encountered.
"This discovery helps us understand how neutron stars are born in violent supernova explosions," astrophysicist Craig Heinke of the University of Alberta said in a press release. "This neutron star was born so hot that nuclear fusion happened on its surface, producing a carbon atmosphere just 10 centimeters thick."
Images: 1) A Chandra X-ray Observatory image of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A, NASA/CXC/Southampton/W.Ho. 2) A close-up of the same image, with an artist's rendering of the neutron star at the center of the remnant, NASA/CXC/M.Weiss. | <urn:uuid:fae466a6-c13b-4749-9128-f10573ed6c03> | {
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1. To prevent crime and disorder.
2. The power of the police to fulfil their functions is dependent on public approval.
3. Securing / maintaining approval of the public requires willing co-operation of the public in observance of laws.
4. The extent to which the public co-operate diminishes proportionately to the use of physical force.
5. Preserving public favour requires the absolute impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of individual laws.
6. Only use physical force when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient.
7. Maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public.
8. Strictly adhere to police functions and refrain from authoritatively judging guilt.
9. Recognise the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder.
Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, the first joint Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police, had the conception that the police force was; ‘unique in history and throughout the world because it derived not from fear but almost exclusively from public co-operation’.
So, if the police are failing society and loosing their consent surely our understanding and adherence to the nine principles must be deteriorating? If so, whose fault is it? I would argue that it is society itself who are in many ways responsible and, their opinion in turn drives government. So, perhaps there is a need for police reform?
In 2004, a Sunday Times article an American sociologist Charles Murray argued, because of public opinion, there was a case for retributive justice. The principle being that, the criminal justice system should “primarily punish criminals for the harm they have inflicted on their victims”. It went on to say, “reforming criminals or preventing further crimes by incarceration is secondary to that function”. Yes, there is a need to punish the ‘criminal’ however perhaps
Issue 228 of the Socialist Review in 1999 asked: Can the police be reformed? They thought not by saying, “we have a more militarised police force than ever. Just as successful reformism becomes a dream of the past, so does successful policing by consent”. Yes the publication has extreme left wing tendencies and, is often biased about the police, seeing us as protectors of the rich and punishers of the poor, so I can only agree with them to a point. The article also suggests that, “the police cannot be reformed in any fundamental way, unless there is a wholesale assault on society”.
“We believe it is vital if reform is to take place that it is carried out on a basis of service effectiveness not just financial efficiency. The public must be left with an improved, more effective force that is able to provide a better service”. Jan Berry, Chairman of the Police Federation of
The methodology of our government’s Police Reform programme has extolled the virtues of Neighbourhood Policing however, their target driven performance culture often precludes us from this ideal. The Police Federation also support the principle; “Community policing, today, is a political rarity: it is something supported by all three main parties, backed by both tabloids and broadsheets and, most important of all, demanded by the general public.
The inherent belief (perceived or actual) that our society is lawless has, in many ways been bolstered by public opinion which in turn, has been pumped up to a frenzy by media hype. Our society is not as lawless and criminal as some would have us believe. The Police in Britain often have major success in dealing with the ‘real criminals’ in our society, where we are actually failing the public is in the control of Anti Social Behaviour.
Anti-social behaviour is; any activity that impacts on other people in a negative way. Despite a 39% drop in the incidence of crime since 1995, anti-social behaviour remains a serious issue with around 66,000 reports of ASB made to authorities each day (Source: One day count of anti-social behaviour: September 10 2003).
The ASB issue, as recent media reports confirm, is a major problem in our society. Booze fuelled yob culture is taking over our streets, why is this? Simple, police resources do not and cannot meet actual demand. Our ability to cover the 24/7 response aspect of our remit has been seriously eroded. This is a direct consequence of the government Police Reform programme and its subsequent application by some Chief Constables.
Any Police Officer who joined the force ‘to provide a service’ fully understands the concept of Community Policing. This is the way we have always done our job, until the intervention of politicians that is! Yes, some of the more urban forces may have partially lost sight of the concept but in many ways, this in itself was due to demand. The demand that saw limited resources that only ever interacted with the social miscreants of society. However, to suggest a one size fits all reform process for Neighbourhood Policing Teams was fundamentally flawed. The actual establishment of many forces precludes success and, in many ways, has set them up for failure.
Where is the way forward? The government must stop interfering with police services, they must stop dictating procedure to the police, they must remove their target driven performance measurements after all, these targets and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are only there to adorn the CV of individual politicians or political parties. Police officers and their Chief Constables must be left to Police by Consent! | <urn:uuid:c59aa2fb-6f0b-4907-9bea-0a1a8a77692d> | {
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(also received standard)
Definition of received pronunciation in English:
The standard form of British English pronunciation, based on educated speech in southern England.
- Standard English at that time was British English with received pronunciation.
- We should remember that Gladstone had a strong Merseyside accent, and that received pronunciation is largely an artefact of the broadcast era.
- The Doctor is a scientist and an intellectual, and a lot of people seem to think you can only be those things if you speak with received pronunciation which, of course, is rubbish.
Definition of received pronunciation in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Most popular in the US
Most popular in the UK
Most popular in Australia
Most popular in India
Most popular in Pakistan | <urn:uuid:fe071775-dee7-4c51-9e59-69170b062b99> | {
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Bangladesh is one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in the world. It is situated on a lowlying delta, making its people vulnerable to extreme weather events and flooding. Helping the poorest people lift themselves out of poverty and respond to the challenges of climate change are focal areas of Australia’s support.
One of Bangladesh’s key development challenges is food availability within the context of increasing climate change. Low-lying areas and rainfed cropping systems in Bangladesh are negatively impacted by seasonal climate variability, reduced freshwater river flows, and increasing migration of seawater upriver and into groundwater systems. In addition, Bangladesh faces the problem of inadequate nutrition, derived from multiple factors, including differing consumption practices by different genders, variations in international markets and effectiveness of institutions. The National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction articulates the Bangladesh Government’s vision for growth through sustainable technologies that are profitable, job-creating and ecologically adaptable. It identifies the need for diversifying both crop and non-crop systems and developing agribusiness services.
Bangladesh has been an ACIAR partner country since the mid 1990s. Within the context of the Australia–Bangladesh country strategy, ACIAR’s focus lies on the achievement of MDG 1 (eradicating extreme poverty and hunger) through improved productivity of food grain crops. The past emphasis on ‘Rabi’ (winter season) crops such as pulses, wheat and maize is shifting towards a farming systems approach supporting broader food security issues. This approach includes research on conservation agriculture, farm mechanisation, saline land management and adaptation to climate change, particularly in rice–wheat and rice–maize systems. | <urn:uuid:3d6d28fb-81de-4604-b348-63c4dbdeef81> | {
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2000 September 12
Explanation: If you could have hovered above the Pathfinder mission to Mars in 1997, this is what you might have seen. Directly below you is the control tower of Sagan Memorial Station. Three dark solar arrays extend out to collect valuable energy, surrounded by light-coloured deflated airbags that protected Pathfinder's instruments from directly colliding with the rocky Martian surface. The left solar panel has ramps down which Pathfinder's rolling robot Sojourner started its adventure to nearby rocks. Sojourner itself is visible inspecting a rock nicknamed Yogi at 11 o'clock. Rocks cover the Martian surface, with Twin Peaks visible on the horizon at 9 0'clock. The distant sky is mostly orange. This image is a recently released digital combination of panoramic pictures taken by Pathfinder on Mars and a picture of a Lander scale model back on Earth. The Mars Pathfinder Mission was able to collect data for three months, sending back information that has indicated a wet distant past for Mars.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (USRA)
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA/GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U. | <urn:uuid:bce0e44c-3cfb-4140-b44d-3a26e595e312> | {
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The unity between a man and a woman in marriage is an expression of the spiritual relationship that God desires His creation to realize with Him. The first marriage occurred nearly 6,000 years ago in the Garden of Eden, in the area of the world that we now know as the Middle East. The first couple was Adam and Eve, and the Lord Jesus specified that it was male and female that God joined together in marriage for life. (Matthew 19:4-6)
Marriage has been practised as such in most cultures across geography and time. Marriage is a life-long commitment, and typically this involves a public ceremony (a wedding) in which vows are exchanged by the parties and before God. Approximately half of all traditional marriages in America end in divorce, many due to Facebook and other liberal activities.
Dinesh D'Souza wrote:
- Marriage requires a) two people who are b) of legal age and c) not closely related to each other who are d) one male and one female. Note that this definition excludes people who want to marry children, or guys who want to marry their sisters, or Muslims who want to take four wives, or that strange guy who wants to marry his dog.
Bill Bennett wrote:
- Based as it is on the principle of complementarity, marriage is also about a great deal more than love. That "great deal" encompasses, above all, procreation. The timeless function of marriage is childbearing and child-rearing, and the best arrangement ever developed to that end is the marital union between one man and one woman ...
What Bennett's words ultimately imply is that, in terms of the value of marriage to anything which stands outside of it, marriage is most principally for the production of additional marriages, and, thus, is a progressive type of scale-invariance such as the Mandelbrot fractal.
So, marriage is the most glorious kind of relation between human individuals because it alone is what most essentially defines humanity. The good of humanity is defined as an integration of all naturally enduring mutual benefits between all free individuals. But, all those benefits are created-and-sustained by the existence of marriage as that one relation for the preservation of which is invoked the most special legal recognition, because...
...Marriage not only historically is the very first form of human society, it is logically the most beautiful, perfect, simple, and potentially productive human institution possible.
Biblical marriage advice
1 Corinthians 7:1-16:
|“||Now concerning the things about which you wrote, it is good for a man not to touch a woman. But because of immoralities, each man is to have his own wife, and each woman is to have her own husband. The husband must fulfill his duty to his wife, and likewise also the wife to her husband. The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does; and likewise also the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. Stop depriving one another, except by agreement for a time, so that you may devote yourselves to prayer, and come together again so that Satan will not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. But this I say by way of concession, not of command. Yet I wish that all men were even as I myself am However, each man has his own gift from God, one in this manner, and another in that. But I say to the unmarried and to widows that it is good for them if they remain even as I. But if they do not have self-control, let them marry; for it is better to marry than to burn with passion. But to the married I give instructions, not I, but the Lord, that the wife should not leave her husband (but if she does leave, she must remain unmarried, or else be reconciled to her husband), and that the husband should not divorce his wife. But to the rest I say, not the Lord, that if any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he must not divorce her. And a woman who has an unbelieving husband, and he consents to live with her, she must not send her husband away. For the unbelieving husband is sanctified through his wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified through her believing husband; for otherwise your children are unclean, but now they are holy. Yet if the unbelieving one leaves, let him leave; the brother or the sister is not under bondage in such cases, but God has called us to peace. For how do you know, O wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, O husband, whether you will save your wife?||”|
Modern marriage licenses
In the present-day United States, "getting married" typically involves a marriage license issued by the state government or a subdivision thereof (e.g., a county). However, marriage licenses are nowhere mentioned in Scripture; in fact, they are a relatively recent innovation and originally applied only to marriages that were otherwise forbidden.
Definition of marriage
For Christians, marriage has traditionally been seen as "a union that takes its distinctive character from being founded, unlike other friendships, on bodily unity of the kind that sometimes generates new life." As such, marriage is the one and only form of companionship from which all other forms spring: it is the single irreducible core of society.
Modern history of marriage law
- 1724 - blacks, with permission of their slave owner, given the right to marry (formerly, under British law, only whites could legally marry)
- 1769 - women no longer considered property of their husbands
- 1899 - polygamy outlawed in the US
- 1967 - interracial marriage legalized in all states
- 1981 - rise of community property laws as men no longer seen as the sole owner of all marital assets
Attacks on the institution of marriage
Any society which has lessened the sanctity of marriage has perished, whereas those that have upheld the sanctity of marriage have endured. It has been argued that Ancient Rome's decline and its eventual fall in A.D. 476 were due in no small part to a growing tolerance of extramarital sex, particularly of homosexual acts, beginning in the Late Republic period ending in 27 B.C.
Since the middle of the 20th century, Liberalism has sought to dismantle the societal pressures that dissuade people from engaging in extramarital and premarital sex. Removing the stigma from these behaviors, creating no-fault divorce laws, exalting adultery as liberating, rejuvenating, and "stimulating", and especially the de-stigmatizing of homosexuality all weaken the institution of marriage.
A recent Newsweek article complained that Biblical figures have not provided good historical examples of marriage, noting that Abraham begat Ishmael by a maidservant and Jacob had two wives and had sons with both of their servants. The article also criticizes Jesus and St. Paul for remaining single.
- Marriage between the sexes is a covenant, not a contract. Since time immemorial, some men disposed of a wife (woman) after her childbearing years to pursue a younger female consort. God, being a defender of women, ordained marriage by his perfect will to protect women's rights and not allow a man (male) to abandon them to homelessness and poverty with no marketable job skills other than homemaking or child rearing. This however, is not the only reason the covenant of marriage evolved between the sexes.
- See also Perfect will of God vs Permissive will of God.
- Article 7, "The sacrament of matrimony"
- "Basic Beliefs," Southern Baptist Convention
- Albert Barnes, Matthew 19
- Matthew Henry, Matthew 19
- "Because there is a natural complementarity between men and women - sexual, emotional, temperamental, spiritual - marriage allows for a wholeness and a completeness that cannot be won in any other way. (Bill Bennett, The Broken Hearth, Page 197)
- Divorce is within the permissive will of God, Deut. 22:13; divorce however, is due to sin entering the world, which God is willing to redeem. God himself in fact is divorced from Israel (Jer. 3:8-14; see also Is. 54:5), or for that matter, all unredeemed sinners.
- Gay Rights vs. Democracy
- The Broken Hearth, Page 197)
- Scale-invariance as a unifying psychological principle; 1999
- Information on marriage licenses from Mercy Seat Christian Church
- Gay Marriage, Democracy, and the Courts
- Is there anyone left to defend traditional marriage?
- Form of Solemnization of Matrimony, an example of a traditional marriage service
- Civil marriage
- Marriage in the Unification Church
- Essay: The Irreducible Core of Politics | <urn:uuid:dceeb56b-bce8-4f9f-9c9b-e34e53c56d6a> | {
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eso0842 — Science Release
Beta Pictoris planet finally imaged?
21 November 2008
A team of French astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope have discovered an object located very close to the star Beta Pictoris, and which apparently lies inside its disc. With a projected distance from the star of only 8 times the Earth-Sun distance, this object is most likely the giant planet suspected from the peculiar shape of the disc and the previously observed infall of comets onto the star. It would then be the first image of a planet that is as close to its host star as Saturn is to the Sun.
The hot star Beta Pictoris is one of the best-known examples of stars surrounded by a dusty 'debris' disc. Debris discs are composed of dust resulting from collisions among larger bodies like planetary embryos or asteroids. They are a bigger version of the zodiacal dust in our Solar System. Its disc was the first to be imaged — as early as 1984 — and remains the best-studied system. Earlier observations showed a warp of the disc, a secondary inclined disc and infalling comets onto the star. "These are indirect, but tell-tale signs that strongly suggest the presence of a massive planet lying between 5 and 10 times the mean Earth-Sun distance from its host star," says team leader Anne-Marie Lagrange. "However, probing the very inner region of the disc, so close to the glowing star, is a most challenging task."
In 2003, the French team used the NAOS-CONICA instrument (or NACO ), mounted on one of the 8.2 m Unit Telescopes of ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT), to benefit from both the high image quality provided by the Adaptive Optics system at infrared wavelengths and the good dynamics offered by the detector, in order to study the immediate surroundings of Beta Pictoris.
Recently, a member of the team re-analysed the data in a different way to seek the trace of a companion to the star. Infrared wavelengths are indeed very well suited for such searches. "For this, the real challenge is to identify and subtract as accurately as possible the bright stellar halo," explains Lagrange. "We were able to achieve this after a precise and drastic selection of the best images recorded during our observations."
The strategy proved very rewarding, as the astronomers were able to discern a feeble, point-like glow well inside the star's halo. To eliminate the possibility that this was an artefact and not a real object, a battery of tests was conducted and several members of the team, using three different methods, did the analysis independently, always with the same success. Moreover, the companion was also discovered in other data sets, further strengthening the team's conclusion: the companion is real.
"Our observations point to the presence of a giant planet, about 8 times as massive as Jupiter and with a projected distance from its star of about 8 times the Earth-Sun distance, which is about the distance of Saturn in our Solar System ," says Lagrange.
"We cannot yet rule out definitively, however, that the candidate companion could be a foreground or background object," cautions co-worker Gael Chauvin. "To eliminate this very small possibility, we will need to make new observations that confirm the nature of the discovery."
The team also dug into the archives of the Hubble Space Telescope but couldn't see anything, "while most possible foreground or background objects would have been detected", remarks another team member, David Ehrenreich.
The fact that the candidate companion lies in the plane of the disc also strongly implies that it is bound to the star and its proto-planetary disc.
"Moreover, the candidate companion has exactly the mass and distance from its host star needed to explain all the disc's properties. This is clearly another nail in the coffin of the false alarm hypothesis," adds Lagrange.
When confirmed, this candidate companion will be the closest planet from its star ever imaged. In particular, it will be located well inside the orbits of the outer planets of the Solar System. Several other planetary candidates have indeed been imaged, but they are all located further away from their host star: if located in the Solar System, they would lie close or beyond the orbit of the farthest planet, Neptune. The formation processes of these distant planets are likely to be quite different from those in our Solar System and in Beta Pictoris.
"Direct imaging of extrasolar planets is necessary to test the various models of formation and evolution of planetary systems. But such observations are only beginning. Limited today to giant planets around young stars, they will in the future extend to the detection of cooler and older planets, with the forthcoming instruments on the VLT and on the next generation of optical telescopes," concludes team member Daniel Rouan.
Only 12 million years old, the 'baby star' Beta Pictoris is located about 70 light-years away towards the constellation Pictor (the Painter).
NACO is one of the instruments on ESO's VLT that make use of Adaptive Optics (AO). Such systems work by means of a computer-controlled deformable mirror that counteracts the image distortion induced by atmospheric turbulence (see e.g. ESO Press Release 25/01).
The astronomers can only see the projected separation between the star and the planet (that is, the separation projected on the plane of the sky).
"A probable giant planet imaged in the β Pictoris disk. VLT/NACO Deep L-band imaging", by A.-M. Lagrange et al., 2008, Letter to the Editor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, in press. (a PDF file can be downloaded here)
The team is composed of A.-M. Lagrange, G. Chauvin, D. Ehrenreich, and D. Mouillet (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de l'Observatoire de Grenoble, France), D. Gratadour, G. Rousset, D. Rouan and E. Gendron (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France), T. Fusco, and L. Mugnier (Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales, Chatillon, France), F. Allard (Centre de Recherche Astronomique de Lyon, France), and the NAOS Consortium.
Tel: +33 4 7651 4203
Tel: +33 4 7663 5803
Tel: +33 1 4507 7715
Tel: +49 89 3200 6222
Tel: +56 2 463 3123
About the Release
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A Swedish firm has come up with a brilliant - if slightly odd - idea for making one of Stockholm's tallest buildings energy neutral.
The plan is to turn the Söder Torn tower into the world's first "Strawscraper".
By covering the building in "piezoelectric straws" only a light wind would be sufficient to generate enough electricity to power the residential block.
An artists impression of what the building could look like
Belatchew Arkitekter, the firm behind the technology, said: "Piezoelectricity is created when certain crystals’ deformation is transformed into electricity.
"The technique has advantages when compared to traditional wind turbines since it is quite and does not disturb wildlife.
The tower would be lit up at night to create an intriguing effect
"What is usually considered to be the most static of all things, the building, suddenly comes alive and the construction gives the impression of a body that is breathing."
When the original tower was built it was supposed to be 40 storeys high but the project's architect quit leaving it a mere 24.
A wonderful illustration of how to topple a skyscraper
The hairy addition would mean the Söder Torn would be as high as its envisaged glory - if not quite how the original designers expected it to look.
What the tower currently looks like | <urn:uuid:d6d71dce-6db0-4c0f-a3b1-9d93c3cdafc0> | {
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(third-person singular simple present reloads, present participle reloading, simple past and past participle reloaded)
re- +"Ž load
reload - Computer Definition
(1) To load a program from disk into memory once again in order to run it. Every time users launch an application, they are reloading it. Contrast with "re-install." Re-install means performing the installation procedure over again from a CD or the Web. Reloading is common when the program crashes. Re-installing is much less common but necessary if program files have become unreadable due to damaged sectors on the disk or because files were accidentally erased or corrupted. This can also happen due to program error, in which the program erroneously writes incorrect data to some of its own configuration files.
(2) To download the Web page on screen once again to see if it has changed since the last time it was downloaded. See refresh. | <urn:uuid:541ffdb6-4773-4f5d-9c15-b5518eb180a2> | {
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Evaluating hail injury to soybeans.
Agronomy Bulletin 51 ─ Soybean Hail Damage
Hail storms can have varying impacts on soybeans each year. Accurately assessing the situation can help you estimate potential yield loss.
Factors to Consider
- Growth stage
- Leaf defoliation
- Stand loss
- Pod damage
- Crop insurance
- Allow recovery time. If applicable, contact your crop insurance agent and wait three to five days before assessing damage. Waiting allows for regrowth on healthy plants to help achieve a more accurate evaluation.
- Identify growth stage. Most agronomy professionals utilize the growth staging system developed by Iowa State University (ISU). For soybeans in the vegetative stage, the crop insurance industry counts the unifoliate node and all nodes above that have a fully developed trifoliolate leaf present (or missing). A trifoliolate leaf is considered fully developed when it unrolls and the leaflet edges no longer touch other portions of the leaf. Example: a plant with unifoliate leaves and a fully developed trifoliolate leaf at a node above the unifoliate is considered V2. This system typically results in one growth stage higher than the ISU system. For reproductive stages, all use the ISU system.
- Assess stand loss. Soybean fields should be evaluated after early season hail storms for a possible replant. For stand losses and pod damage later in the season, refer to the Soybean Loss Adjustment Standards Handbook.
- Estimate yield loss from leaf defoliation. Leaf defoliation can reduce yield by decreasing leaf area needed for photosynthesis. Estimate yield loss by calculating the percent of leaf area removed from the plant and/or leaf area that is no longer green. Remaining green leaf area, even if torn, should not be considered destroyed. Evaluate leaves on plants in multiple sites to get an accurate estimate of leaf area lost. Research shows that leaf area loss during vegetative stages of growth has minimal impact on yield. For indeterminate soybeans utilize Table 1. For determinate soybeans, refer to the Soybean Loss Adjustment Standards Handbook.
- Estimate damage to stems. To determine yield loss due to stem damage, evaluate both stems cut off and stems broken over. Refer to Table 2.
To evaluate soybean yield loss from hail, wait for the plant to show regrowth and consult your crop insurance agent before making any decisions. Once the growth stage is identified, estimate yield loss by combining losses from stand reduction, leaf defoliation and stem damage.
*If more than 65 percent of the nodes are cutoff or broken over, it is impossible to predict the percentage of loss that may result. Growing conditions following the damage will dictate the extent of recovery that may occur. | <urn:uuid:99470b99-4b5c-4391-8628-c3f4b5dbfbdb> | {
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April 23, 2015 Food & Nutrition
Nuts are a great way to compliment your diet. Full of fiber, rich in unsaturated fatty acids and a good source of antioxidants. Yet, few people take the full advantage of these small powerhouses. The average person in Europe and the US consumes only around 12 grams of nuts per day; and a large percentage of this comes from eating peanuts which are actually legumes.
The nut that surpasses all other nuts
Joe Vinson, PhD, chemistry professor from University of Scranton, analyzed different types of raw and roasted nuts. His study concluded that not only should we increase the consumption of nuts, but also that there is a nut that surpasses all its counterparts in terms of the health benefits.
According to Dr. Vinson’s research, walnuts are the champions amongst nuts. They rank better than pistachios, almonds, pecans, cashews, Brazil nuts, hazelnuts and macadamia nuts.
Vinson’s study, published in the journal Food and Function online, showed that walnuts have more antioxidant polyphenols and a higher antioxidant potency (the ability to stop oxidation of LDL or ‘bad cholesterol’) when compared to other nuts that were analyzed. Furthermore, antioxidants from walnuts are thought to be 15 times more potent than vitamin E, which is known as a strong antioxidant. Antioxidants destroy free radicals and in this way prevent cell changes that can lead to the development of serious disease (you can read more about the role of antioxidants in my previous article about the 9 amazing antioxidants for great health).
Here are some of the health benefits of eating walnuts:
- Walnuts have long been known to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers. They are one of the best foods to prevent clogged arteries.
- They minimize the signs of aging and they are also one of the top 10 foods against wrinkles.
- They help with the brain function, which is interesting considering their brain-like shape.
- The antioxidant properties of walnuts help lower risk of chronic oxidative stress.
- The anti-inflammatory properties help lower risk of chronic inflammation.
- Walnuts are one of the top 20 foods to balance your hormones.
- Walnuts are one of the best foods to boost your mood.
How much walnuts to eat and how to eat them
One walnut provides you with a portion of healthy fats, proteins, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins B and C and makes for a perfect snack.
Dr. Vinson estimates that just 7 walnuts a day can give you the potential health benefits, so people don’t need to fear having to consume too large portions.
Walnuts are best consumed raw, research shows. Roasting, for example, reduces their effectiveness.
There are a lot of nutritional benefits of walnuts when consumed in whole form, including the skin. Researchers now know that approximately 90% of the antioxidants in walnuts are found in the skin. Some websites encourage you to remove the walnut skin—that outermost part of shelled walnuts because it can be slightly bitter, but it is recommended not to remove this antioxidant-rich part.
So why do people eat so little nuts?
Taking into consideration the wholesome benefits and potential nuts hold, it is surprising to see that only about 8% of the daily antioxidants in the average person’s diet come from nuts. Many still seem to be unaware how healthy nuts are and are worried about their fatty reputation. Dr. Vinson points out that fats from nuts are polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats that are healthy and important for the body’s function. They mustn’t be mistaken for the unhealthy fats that clog the arteries and are connected with chronic diseases and weight gain.
Nonetheless, the portions of nuts you consume on a daily basis should remain small. As mentioned before, a handful of walnuts will provide you with the much needed nutrients and bio-active antioxidants and will protect your body against various conditions.
How to select and store walnuts
- When you purchase whole walnuts that have not been shelled choose the ones that feel heavy for their size. Make sure their shells are not be cracked or stained, as often this is a sign of mold developing on the nut.
- Shelled walnuts are usually available in prepackaged containers or in bulk bins. If you purchase them from the bulk section, make sure that the store has a good product turnover to ensure maximal freshness. Whether purchasing walnuts in bulk or in a packaged container avoid those that look wrinkled as they indicate old age. It’s also a good idea to smell the walnuts if you can to ensure that they are not rancid.
- Walnuts are high in polyunsaturated fat, and that makes them extremely perishable. Shelled walnuts should be stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator, where they will keep for six months. You can also freeze them,where they will last for one year. Unshelled walnuts should preferably be stored in the refrigerator, although you can also keep them in a cool, dry, dark place where they will stay fresh for up to six months.
You can also find more information about the amazing health benefits of nuts and seeds, including delicious recipes, in my article below: | <urn:uuid:4b032e02-b97e-4c02-9c59-087a4cc27a41> | {
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The Senate of the 19th century was no rubber stamp. The politics of that period are known for their partisanship, and the judicial wars were no exception. Between 1789 and 1894, 22 of 81 Supreme Court nominees failed to reach the bench as a result of being either rejected, withdrawn, or left unacted upon by the Senate.The first Supreme Court nomination battle came in 1795, when George Washington chose John Rutledge as chief justice. When John Jay resigned in July 1795, Washington named Rutledge to succeed him using a recess appointment. But when it came time to confirm him, the Senate, although dominated by Federalists loyal to the president, refused to do so...
Many of Washington's successors... faced similar defeats. Andrew Jackson, for example, failed to win the appointment of his longtime associate Roger B. Taney in 1835... (Jackson successfully renominated Taney the following year.)
And so it went for the remainder of the century. John Tyler was thwarted by the Senate no fewer than five times. Nominees of Presidents Polk, Buchanan, Johnson, Grant, and Hayes all met significant resistance. Toward the end of the century, Grover Cleveland saw two nominees go down to defeat and a third insist his name be withdrawn before finally securing the appointment of his fourth choice, Edward White, to the bench.
From 1894 to 1968, the Senate rejected just one nominee, John J. Parker in 1930. Throughout these years, presidents enjoyed a relative free hand in making their choices—so much so that the Senate's more recent reassertion of its constitutional prerogative still strikes many contemporary observers as a departure from, rather than a reversion to, the typical historical pattern.
Only in the 1960s and early '70s did presidents begin to feel their autonomy again restrained. ... In 1967, Southern Democrats tried unsuccessfully to keep Lyndon Johnson from naming Thurgood Marshall to the court. Although Marshall's confirmation was never seriously in doubt, the passions raised during his hearings simmered.
The next year, Southern Democrats joined with Republicans to successfully filibuster Johnson's nomination of Abe Fortas, then an associate justice, to become chief justice. Johnson's other appointee at the time, Homer Thornberry (who had been poised to take Fortas' associate justice seat) was also kept off the bench.
But when Fortas resigned from the bench in 1969, Nixon saw two of his nominees to fill the seat—Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell—defiantly rejected. William Rehnquist, nominated for yet another vacancy the next year, endured intense scrutiny... Although he was confirmed, 26 Senators voted against him after protracted hearings.
So, history, as always, is a guide, and it tells us that this experience may not be all that aberational. I think that we always like to believe that what ever we are going through at the time is always either the best or worst it's ever been. In reality, it's just another part of the cycle. The nomination process will be interesting, but maybe not all that unusual.
But the decision to make Rehnquist chief justice in 1986 was divisive; seven more senators voted against his elevation than had opposed his initial appointment. The Bork nomination followed the next year, followed by the 1990 skirmish over David Souter and the 1991 donnybrook over Clarence Thomas. Thus, even though Bill Clinton steered clear of fights by vetting his Supreme Court choices with Republican leaders beforehand, his aversion to conflict didn't really change the broader post-Fortas pattern: Almost every vacancy that has arisen in the last 38 years has given rise to ideological jockeying if not outright combat. | <urn:uuid:06fa2330-f603-44f1-a529-4024d1b1fd67> | {
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Explore Japan on foot
Koyasan is a holy temple complex located on a mountain top, surrounded by cedar trees and mountain peaks. It is the center of Shingon Buddhism and one of the most important spiritual centers in Japan, with over one hundred temples.
One of the highlights of visiting Koyasan is walking through the Okunoin Cemetery. This cemetery lies in the middle of a forest of majestic cedar trees, and the roughly 200,000 graves contain some of the most famous figures in Japanese history. At night the roughly one mile path through the cemetery is lit by overhead lights and stone lanterns, and it makes for a wonderful evening stroll.
Our journey takes us through Japanese history from modern Tokyo to end near Kyoto, Japan’s capital for 400 years.View it Now
Walk along the ancient route as it passes through beautifully-preserved villages.View it Now
General info about Koyasan | <urn:uuid:0c8c35f2-e9f6-4b34-9df7-99e4f565203e> | {
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Depression glass - such a sad name for a product which was meant to be a cheap and cheerful bit of colourful retail therapy in difficult times. But of course, it was named after the Great Depression, those hard years in the early 1930s during which it was made.
With mass production techniques developed during and after the war, it became possible to mechanise completely the production of pressed or moulded glass. By piping the liquid glass into moulds, and using bright colours to disguise the poorer quality of the glass, over 35 pretty glass items could be produced per minute, and a 20 piece dinner service could be bought for $2 between 1930 and 1935.
Intricate patterns were produced using acid-etched moulds and colours included the ever popular green, red, blue, amber and yellow.
The Art Deco motifs and shapes which are so collectable today were not as popular at the time, so fewer were made. This makes them more desirable and more expensive today.
However, it is still possible find circular forms, parallel lines, chevrons and ziggurats in glass of the 1930s, and it is still one of the more affordable areas of Art Deco collecting.
The best pieces would have been the first out of the moulds on the production lines, so look for a sharp finish, great design and perfect condition.
Depression glass is an important part of American industrial history, with huge quantities being produced in the 1930s. Important factories included the Federal Glass Co. Fenton Art Glass, Hazel Atlas, Hocking (now the Anchor Hocking Glass Company - still active), the Indiana glass Company and the Jeanette Glass Co.
Depression glass was also made in Australia with the Crown Crystal Glass Company being the most important. They produced most of their Art Deco styles between 1934 and 1939 including the Harlequin pattern, shown in the green swirly bowl on this page.
A great deal of Amber glass was made in this period too, though for some reason its not as popular at the moment. I think my swirly, circular amber vase is gorgeous.
A great deal of glass was also made for the kitchen, with Pyrex having been invented in 1918, and revolutionising baking with the amazing durability of this material. Very early Pyrex glassware comes in bright red, the typical 1930s green and sunny yellow and there are some gorgeous Art Deco shapes. See my lovely yellow casserole dish, which has parallel lines all around and a lovely circular knob set into the lid.
Subscribe to Decolish News! Occasionally I will send out news on interesting Art Deco topics, special offers or let you know of a great collection or resource I've found on the web. You can be sure I will never give your email to anyone else, and you can unsubscribe at any time.
And join our Facebook Page so you never miss a thing! | <urn:uuid:a47eb51e-13e6-41d0-a6e3-7a8f91e67412> | {
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AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster -- The Wordtree. It's a reverse dictionary that, through a series of "branchings," takes you from an idea to a precise verb. An anthropologist named Henry Burger is the publisher. He says it's different from using a thesaurus, like Roget's, to find words with similar or opposite meanings. The Wordtree works on the slight differences between words.
BURGER: "For example, the difference between, let's say, 'escort' and 'chaperone' is probably something like 'respectable,' because chaperoning adds the moral implication to escorting. So The Wordtree would show escort on the E pages, 'escort and respectablize equal chaperone' -- by the way, there really is a verb, I didn't make that up, 'respectablize' -- then on the R page it would say 'respectablize while escorting equals chaperone.' On the C page, it would say 'chaperone equals escort and respectablize.' So we differentiate by the nuances, the opposite of Roget -- that's a brilliant book, I'm certainly not criticizing it."
AA: "Do you have any other examples of words with such nuancing?"
BURGER: "Surely. Take one like 'to enlarge and develop equals to grow,' 'to grow and to complete equals to mature.' And we've done this with the entire English language, the verbs, which represent actions. We've done this with the 21-or-so-thousand English verbs, so if you're looking for a precise word, you think of any part of the idea, look it up alphabetically and it presents a menu to you right there."
AA: Henry Burger is now at work on a second edition of The Wordtree, first published in 1984. He says it grew out of his work as an anthropologist, studying social engineering. He was trying to discover the factors that cause success or failure in sensitive situations, where opposing sides are bargaining and trying to convince the other side.
BURGER: "The government of, let's say, Peru wanted to move villages out of this area and they succeeded by doing the following. And I had about five-thousand summary sheets, about five-thousand cases of success and failure, and I was looking for principles. One day, when I felt I was pretty near the end of my knowledge there, I started spreading them out on a bed and they ran onto a second bed, and then they were -- enough were there that I felt I should be able to divine something from them.
"I looked at them and instantly it appeared to me that the successful method was a process, not a structure like corn or maize or a structure like some bureaucracy but the process let's say of persuading, the process of let's say moving, the process of razzle-dazzling. Whatever it was, the process name -- which in English is the transitive verb -- was the key to it, and once you do that, you overskip country names and food names and so on, you get a world of action."
RS: "So how do you hope The Wordtree is used in ... "
AA: "Who is using it already?"
RS: "Who is using it?"
BURGER: "A lot of large companies and government offices. We've had orders from Europe and so on. Probably the poor, downtrodden person who really needs it most cannot get to it, but at least his state library may well have it."
AA: Henry Burger is an emeritus professor of anthropology at the University of Missouri and publisher of The Wordtree, which, if you're wondering, is one-hundred-forty-nine dollars a copy.
And that's Wordmaster for this week. Our Web site is voanews.com/wordmaster. And our e-mail address is [email protected]. With Rosanne Skirble, I'm Avi Arditti. | <urn:uuid:0ea45768-68b3-4e7d-9cf4-e036e6c2c006> | {
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Can Man Destroy the World? Part I
Chapter 3, Mishna 19(a)
By Rabbi Dovid Rosenfeld
"Everything is foreseen, yet free will is given. The world is judged with
goodness, and all is according to the majority of deeds."
The first part of our mishna, according to Maimonides and others, addresses
one of the fundamental philosophical difficulties with the belief in an
omniscient G-d. "Everything is foreseen" implies that G-d knows the future
and every action man will do, whether good or evil, till the End of Days.
"Free will is given" implies that man is given the freedom to choose his
actions. Thus, our futures are in our own hands. We alone determine our
actions and are held accountable for their outcome.
The difficulty this raises -- one which has dogged great thinkers, both
Jewish and Gentile, throughout the ages -- is how can both principles
coexist. Do we truly have free will if G-d already knows which path we will
choose? We will expand on and discuss this fundamental issue G-d willing in
two weeks. First, however, I would like to discuss the concept of free will
According to Maimonides (Mishne Torah Hil' Teshuva Ch. 5), the concept of
free will is one of the great philosophical pillars of Judaism. The entire
concept of reward and punishment -- that G-d rewards us for our good deeds
and punishes us for our wicked -- is predicated upon the assumption that our
actions are under our own control. G-d does not force us to do good or evil.
He provided us with the Torah and mitzvos (commandments) to incline us
towards goodness, and He planted within us the temptation to sin and rebel.
But He does not and cannot force us -- neither by revealing Himself too
openly nor by punishing us too severely or immediately. For actions
performed without free will and the temptation to sin are empty of meaning.
And empty actions deserve no reward. And if there is no reward, there is no
reason for existence.
I would now like to paraphrase some of the key points of Maimonides'
discussion (ibid., 5:1-4; see
http://www.torah.org/learning/mlife/LOR5-2.html). The following is a loose
Unlike the belief of the fools of the nations and many unlearned Jews that
G-d or other heavenly forces such as the constellations predetermine whether
a person will be righteous or wicked, our fates are entirely in our own
hands. Every person can be as righteous as Moses or as wicked as Jeroboam.
We therefore bear full responsibility for our decisions and actions, and we
are rewarded and punished in kind. If predestination determined our futures,
G-d could not hold us responsible for our actions. We would be no different
from actors following scripts written for us and over which we had no
control. And further, it would have been meaningless for G-d to command us
in the Torah how we should behave, since we have no control over it anyway.
(Maimonides himself asserts elsewhere that each person has natural
inclinations which influence his behavior, and likewise family, friends and
neighbors exert a powerful influence. And certainly, when we are judged,
such mitigating factors are taken into account. But ultimately, we and only
we must stand trial for our deeds and own up to our mistakes.)
(As another aside, it's interesting to note that the concept of
predestination -- that whether or not we will be righteous and attain
salvation is predetermined before our births by G-d -- long preceded the
Protestant Reformation and John Calvin -- as we lay historians typically
associate it. (Maimonides was writing in the 12th Century.) Apparently, the
belief that our fates are out of our control has within it a strong
attraction. I may in fact not have a soul destined for heaven, but it is not
my worry. And more important, there is no reason I must behave in order to
The above discussion raises another issue. The following question has been
raised to me in the past, and there seem to be many people genuinely worried
about it: If man has free will, can he destroy the world? Our advanced(?)
civilization has certainly invented the weaponry to do the job with some
left over (not sure what we'd use it for). Now if G-d truly grants free
will, and He allows us to run and ruin our own lives any way we choose,
what's to stop us from destroying ourselves and the world in the process?
(We've certainly been able to drive many species to extinction -- most
certainly against G-d's will. Now how about the human race?)
But it does not seem so simple. Our tradition makes it clear that G-d
controls the direction of history as well as the events of our lives. The
Talmud writes: "Everything is caused by Heaven except for catching cold"
(Kesuvos 30a). The statement sounds flippant but the intention is really
quite clear. Virtually everything that happens to us is decreed in Heaven.
The one exception is the trouble we bring upon ourselves through our own
negligence. If we go out in the winter without a coat and catch cold, that
was not a Heavenly-ordained punishment to atone for our transgressions but
our own stupidity.
But let us ask further -- and this will introduce the true dilemma. Does
"Everything is caused by Heaven" extend to what other *people* do to us? If
another person -- who has his own free will -- decides to harm me, is G-d
behind that? On the one hand, free will should dictate that that person has
the ability to act as he pleases even if it adversely affects me. But if so,
G-d would seem to wield very little control over this world. Violence,
domestic abuse, terrorist attacks, the Holocaust -- most of the evils of
this world have been brought to us courtesy of man. Does free will imply
that man acts independently of G-d's will and control, bringing about evils
He did not decree?
Conversely, if G-d *does* control all events in this world -- since as
above, everything that happens to man short of catching cold is the will of
G-d -- would we have to say G-d is behind all the cruelty and destruction
man wreaks in this world? Does G-d *want* such tragedy to occur? Or perhaps
all such evil emanates from G-d Himself, the controller of all things; man
is merely G-d's agent to perpetrate the terrible evils He intended for His
hapless subjects. (And perhaps this would even exonerate the wicked -- who
are merely carrying out G-d's will.)
Well, we seem to be caught between that proverbial rock and hard place. If
we do not want to ascribe all the suffering in this world to a merciful and
loving G-d, the world becomes an ugly, godless place indeed. We would have
to say man's free will has wrenched the world out of control, that the many
manmade tragedies mankind suffers are pointless "accidents" -- not a part of
G-d's plan at all. Man hurts innocents not deserving of punishment on G-d's
Divine scales. And G-d is perhaps watching helplessly as man, exercising his
free will, injures, maims and destroys, undermining the many good plans G-d
has for mankind.
And even further, what of G-d's many promises of the eventual advent of the
Messianic era and End of Days? We have literally scrolls-full of prophecies
testifying to it. Yet perhaps man is corrupting and destroying G-d's world
right under His Divine nose? Maybe man will literally destroy G-d's world
via nuclear holocaust and G-d's prophecies will never be realized? Or at the
very least, exercising the dark side of his free will, man will make the
world unworthy of ever attaining salvation? We seem to be doing a heckuva
job of that already today.
But what is the alternative? That all the evils of the world are willed by
G-d? What a cruel and ghastly image of our Creator emerges! Are these our
only alternatives -- that a kindly G-d watches helplessly as malicious man
corrupts and destroys His world, or that G-d Himself is in control, and if
so He is not (G-d forbid!) as kindly and loving as our tradition teaches?
Well, I seem to have typed myself into one nice corner this week! Yes, G-d
willing, I hope to answer all of this -- or at least present a cogent and
logical approach of the Jewish view on all the above. But I've begun to
exceed the bounds of what a typical audience can handle in one week (even an
audience as wise and insightful as Pirkei Avos subscribers). Please hang in
there... One more week! ;-)
Text Copyright © 2009 by Rabbi Dovid Rosenfeld and Torah.org. | <urn:uuid:d06133fd-bb3a-47ea-a7bb-00ccecb1a080> | {
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The Civil War in the Shenandoah Valley
provided by A Heritage Enterprise-Your History Connection
Civil War Railroads in the Shenandoah Valley
Map of the B & O Railroad at the Time of the Civil War
From Jefferson County west to Brady's at the mouth of Patterson's Creek, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad runs on the south side of the Potomac River in what is now West Virginia (the Potomac is outlined by blue and the railroad in yellow). This route was one of the Union's main supply lines to Wheeling on the Ohio River and on to the west. Stonewall Jackson was one of the Confederates who realized the importance of disrupting this vital Union supply line. Gen. Jackson realized that at the mouth of three Hampshire County valleys - the Cacapon, the South Branch and Patterson's Creek - the railroad was on Confederate territory. His tactical training told him that these three rivers and their wide valleys were highways for his soldiers to use in lightning strikes at the B&O.
Jackson decided he must to destroy this vital supply line and so he embarked on the Romney Campaign in early 1862. He decided to make Romney on the South Branch River his base of operations for a campaign to destroy the railroad as it passed through Confederate territory.
For the most part the campaign was a failure; however, it was the bitter cold winter weather and political wrangling in Richmond that caused Jackson to abort the campaign. For the rest of the war Romney was considered important to the Union strategy, because it guarded the approaches to the B&O as it made its way along the Potomac River.
Return to the War in the Shenandoah Valley
Contact Hal SharpeThank you for visiting my Shenandoah Valley pages.
Pease come back and visit again! | <urn:uuid:fa07ec15-c063-43f0-8939-f2df1ac1cdbc> | {
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Tuesday, the American Academy of Pediatrics released the long-awaited update to its 1999 policy statement on media use by children younger than two. I am amazed that with 12 years to work on it, the AAP labored so mightily and brought forth such a mouse.
To be sure, there are valuable insights in the report -- particularly regarding background TV and the value of play, as well as the admonition that media makers not market hoped-for educational outcomes to anxious parents.
Still, despite using the term "media" in the title and throughout, there is the barest of nods to the changes in the technology environment since the original policy statement came out in 1999 ("From built-in DVD players in minivans to smart cell phone technology, today's children have more access to electronic media than those of any previous generation"). The new statement could have been written in 2001, and lost on someone's desk until last week.
In the press conference to present the new statement (captured on video by 360KID's Scott Traylor and posted here), Dr. Ari Brown said that there wasn't enough research to write about interactive digital media; however, this was just moments after she admitted that the 1999 statement was based on "limited data and cautionary principle." They could have -- and should have -- at least discussed the new world of many screens and the affordances of touchscreen devices in particular, and raised issues to be studied and addressed on both the positive and negative sides.
Not surprisingly, the AAP statement has been portrayed in the press as black and white: "It's official, to protect baby's brain, turn off TV" and "Educational TV for Under 2s Could Stunt Their Development."
Even the AAP's official "Tweet" of the study was "AAP says babies and toddlers should learn from play, not screens." They didn't say "learn from play more than screens" or even "learn from play, limit screens." This is despite the fact that the statement itself makes frequent reference to the variability in children's development and the possibilities that learning does occur under certain circumstances.
Wouldn't this have been a wonderful opportunity to acknowledge that children and families live diverse lives filled with many things? One section of the AAP report is headlined "A Good Use of Time?" That concept is meaningless outside the context of what else children and their parents are doing: is the child surrounded by books, does the family live in a neighborhood that is safe for outdoor play, does the child get quality day care, is the baby also given open-ended toys or art supplies, and so on. (Not to mention, who among us could withstand the scrutiny of whether every minute of our time was best spent!)
My wife, a teacher, has long wanted to produce a poster showing a group of diverse children -- all sizes, all shapes, all colors -- with the tagline "they don't' learn alike, either." The same is true for children's media -- not all screens and not all content are created equal. Surely, when a child enters a pediatrician's office, he or she is treated uniquely, so why has the AAP reaffirmed its 12-year-long monolithic view of children, families and media? | <urn:uuid:4bbae14f-d1b7-4167-a3c9-c3047166a947> | {
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An easy craft to make children think about things to be grateful for in their lives.
A printed template of a turkey. There are plenty on the internet if you search - I used one that I found here http://www.teachers.net/gazette/NOV02/printable.html.
Different coloured feather shapes cut out of card.
Children colour in and cut out the turkey shape. They then write on the card feathers something that they are thankful for, eg good friends, nice food, a warm house, a lovely teacher, etc. The stick the feathers on the turkey to make a tail. | <urn:uuid:9de2cc0a-cd9d-4038-8546-81c407a5845a> | {
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Marie Madeleine Jarret de Verchères is a heroine of Canada whose mighty deeds have been largely forgotten over time. The daughter of French aristocrats who had settled in Verchères (now part of Quebec, Canada), Madeleine grew up in a fort along the St. Lawrence River.
In October of 1692, Madeleine and her younger brothers, Louis and Alexander, were at the Verchères fort. Their father was away from the fort and their mother had just gone to Quebec on business, taking her younger children with her. Most of the men in the fort were out working in the fields, and many of the fort’s soldiers were standing guard over them. The fierce Iroquois, a tribe of Native Americans who hated the French, had been attacking French settlements during this time and it was unwise for settlers to go outside their colonies alone or without arms.
October 22, 1692, began calmly and quietly, as had the day before. But it was not to remain quiet. Midmorning had barely arrived when a large band of Iroquois braves suddenly attacked the fort. Most of the male settlers were killed where they worked in the fields, and the guards died similarly. As the oldest member of the Verchères family present in the fort, Madeleine assumed command of the people there. She closed the fort’s gates and told her younger brothers and an old soldier, who had remained inside the fort due to his age, to take up arms and prepare to defend the settlement.
Rushing to the blockhouse powder room to get a gun, Madeleine found that there were two other soldiers, whose duties had kept them in the fort, in the powder room already. To her horror and disgust, she learned that at least one of the soldiers was preparing to blow up the powder room in order to destroy the fort. This was to prevent the Iroquois from getting inside the colony, where they would kill them and the remaining settlers – almost all of whom were women with infants and young children.
Madeleine gave the two soldiers a furious scolding, reprimanding them harshly for their cowardice in despairing of their situation. She ordered the two out of the blockhouse, then got the gun and powder she had come for and left. She directed the defense of the fort, her only forces being her two brothers, the old soldier, and a few other able settlers. The little group stood off the Iroquois until help arrived from Montreal a week after the siege began.
Some reports and retellings of Madeleine de Verchères’ story say that she did not sleep for the first two days of the siege. They also say that she went about her warrior’s duties with a pleasant smile and attitude to keep up the courage of the other women in the fort, who were not only afraid for their lives and the lives of their children but were also grieving for their husbands and sons who had been slain in the fields by the Iroquois.
At the time of the attack Madeleine de Verchères was fourteen years old.
Madeleine de Verchères fades from history after this event. Little is known about the rest of her life other than the facts that she was awarded a pension by the French crown for her heroism and that she married a man named Pierre Thomas Tarieu de la Pérade in 1706. It is said that Madeleine again showed her strength of character by saving her husband’s life in 1722 when he was assaulted by an Indian. It appears that her marriage remained childless.
She died August 8, 1747, and a statue of her stands in Verchères, the only reminder of the fourteen year old colonial girl who led the defense of her family’s settlement – and won.
May she never be forgotten!
Until next time!
The Mithril Guardian
Encyclopedia Americana: Vol. 28, 2002, page 16.
Madeleine Takes Command by Ethel C. Brill. | <urn:uuid:8a3d32a4-c6fc-401f-ae41-587695ac9648> | {
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If it were up to me, my children would only have one Easter basket, but so many people like to bring them to our Easter brunch that we ended up with ten this year. Ten! It’s great that the boys are so loved, but: What to do with all those baskets?
I’m pretty sure a garage sale is in order, but until then, we’re having lots of fun with Montessori-inspired activities. Sorting objects is an important skill which teaches discrimination, counting and an eye for detail. Here are some activities we’ve done using the props the Easter Bunny left behind.
Sandpaper Number Egg Sort
I placed the sandpaper numbers 0-9 next to the baskets and Max filled them with the correct number of eggs. (This is really an enlarged version of the Montessori Spindle Box, but the variation brought fresh energy.)
Egg Size Sort
Max divided the eggs into small, medium and large. Then he counted them and we placed the correct number on each basket.
Egg Color Sort
This one is easy for the little ones. Every basket gets one color of egg. It reinforces color sorting, but also the variations in shades and patterns prompted a lot of discussion with Max. Does this look more orange or brown? This egg is yellow with blue ducks, where does it go? Problem solving and discriminating thoughts are important milestones.
Egg Shape Sort
This activity introduced geometric solids to our understanding of shapes. Max sorted spheres and ellipses.
After all this, Max wanted more sorts. Does anyone else have some great ideas? | <urn:uuid:aa416ac6-dd78-4f86-ba4d-6abf02fc1445> | {
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A study published by the JAMA Internal Medicine found that more than 70 percent of Americans consume more than the recommended daily amount of sugar. Sadly, most of us are addicted to sugar, which happens to be hidden in most of the foods and drinks we consume. Added sugar can cause a whole array of problems that can be short term as well as long term. If you are experiencing health problems, lowering your sugar intake may be one of your best options. Below are 6 truths about the ugly side of sweets.
Refined sugar has no nutritional value and it is recommended to consume as little as possible. The first step in eliminating sugar is from drinks such as soda, juice and mixed alcoholic drinks. Because of the large amounts of sweetener in these drinks, it can make them very addictive and hard to quit drinking.
Harms your liver
Sugar can be just as damaging on your liver as alcohol and lead to fatty liver disease. When you consume too much fructose, your body becomes insulin resistant resulting in various problems that can cause disease.
One study done in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that participants who ate the highest levels of added sugars showed the biggest increase in bad cholesterol levels and triglyceride blood fats and the lowest levels in the good cholesterol levels.
Leading cause of obesity
In America, sugar is one of the leading culprits of obesity. It is estimated that 80 percent of food products in the U.S. contain added sugar. The best way to lose weight and lower your risk of obesity is to eliminate all processed foods and drinks.
Bad for your teeth
It should be a no-brainer that sugar is bad for your teeth. You may remember growing up having the dentist tell you as a kid to eat less candy to prevent cavities. As an adult, we know it’s not only candy that will cause cavities, but sugar that is found in your favorite drinks and everyday foods as well. Best way to sustain healthy teeth and gums? Cut the processed and refined sugar.
Can lead to type 2 diabetes
When your body is consuming too much sugar, your glucose levels become too high, which can be toxic to the body. When this happens, your body has a harder time producing enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels normal. This can then lead to type 2 diabetes.
According to the National Cancer Institute, acupuncture can be used as a complementary therapy in system management of cancer-related symptoms such as side effects to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, boosting blood cell count and improve natural killer cell activity.
The National Institutes of Health have confirmed that there is evidence acupuncture is effective in postoperative care, chemotherapy, nausea and vomiting.
In a study done by Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, researchers found in a randomized placebo-controlled trial, acupuncture was proven effective for cancer patients with a variety of chronic pain and aiding in pain management. Acupuncture is found to have positive results as a complementary method to pain relief.
Acupuncture is a non-invasive treatment that works by addressing the body as a whole to release any blockages or stagnations in the body’s natural energy flow.
Researchers from the Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine at MD Anderson Cancer Center found massage therapy to significantly reduce the pain of cancer and chemotherapy treatments, more so than conventional care.
Many cancer patients who receive chemotherapy report adverse side effects such as nausea, pain, muscle aches, weakness and fatigue. When these patients are treated with massage therapy, however, both the frequency and severity of these symptoms begins to subside. It doesn’t take many sessions before patients experience a positive improvement in their symptoms. While the study mentioned above lasted for seven weeks, many patients report an improvement in their symptoms after just a single session of massage therapy.
Lymphedema, a swelling in the arms or legs, is common among patients who have received treatment for breast cancer. Manual lymphatic therapy works by using a light touch to help move fluid out of the tissues. Although lymphedema is not curable, it can be manageable with lymphatic drainage treatment.
The lymphatic system is essential for overall health. This system absorbs fluid, toxins and waste from tissue where it can pass through lymph nodes to be filtered. Lymphedema happens when the lymphatic system is blocked. The drainage therapy can help release these blockages to let fluid flow as it should.
Natural Ways to Help Stay in Cancer Remission
Diet can be a huge factor for staying healthy during cancer remission. You want to treat your body as best you can to prevent cancer from coming back. Boosting your immunity is essential for keeping your body’s defense working as it should.
Berries are a no-brainer. Filled with cancer-fighting antioxidants, make sure you’re getting your daily dose of blueberries and raspberries to help prevent cancer from growing. Green tea is another must. This tea contains antioxidants that can help prevent cancer. Try drinking at least one cup a day. Make sure to be eating whole grains and leafy green vegetables as well to keep an overall healthy diet.
Stay away from environmental toxins
Environmental toxins are everywhere, sometimes in places we wouldn’t expect. It’s important to be aware of these toxins and avoid them when possible. Avoid radiation, tobacco smoke and direct sun as much as possible. Be aware of pesticides found in food. Make sure to buy organic produce and wash it thoroughly before eating. Avoid plastic water bottles that are made with BPA and choose a reusable BPA-free bottle instead.
Maintain a healthy weight/exercise
Maintaining a healthy weight and staying active is always important, but especially is important for those who have had cancer. By keeping your body active, you are keeping your immune system in check as well. If you feel you need to lose or gain weight after you cancer treatment, consider a year-long plan to get back to what is healthy for you. As for exercise, start off slow. Just by adding a 20-minute walk into your day you can start ramping up your immune system. Exercise is also great for mental health and wellbeing as well as staying in physical shape.
Don’t forget about your mental health
Cancer can be very traumatic, and so can treatment. You may have lingering feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression from the experience. If you feel anxious about the cancer returning, consider joining a support group or talking to a professional. Yoga and meditation have also been proven to help lower stress and anxiety. Your mental health is just as important as your physical and should be addressed. | <urn:uuid:93164bd1-b284-49f3-ae3b-f0d7c6908464> | {
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Abarim Publications' online Biblical Hebrew Dictionary
The verb סבא (saba') means to imbibe or even "heavy drinking" according to HAW Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (Deuteronomy 21:20, Isaiah 56:12, Nahum 1:10).
The two derivatives of this verb are:
- The masculine noun סבא (sobe), meaning a drink (of an alcoholic beverage).
- The masculine noun סבא (saba), meaning drunkard. This word occurs only in Ezekiel 23:42, and only in plural. The King James Version actually invented a people here, the Sabeans, but later scholars assume that a meaning of drunkards is probably what was intended. | <urn:uuid:5b5cd259-0b9d-490e-8b43-6b56a06e302b> | {
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The recent commentary by representatives of Senior Scientists and Policymakers for the Bay regarding poultry waste regulations was wrong in many ways ("No more half-measures," June 18).
They are correct that more people and their pollution will stress our environment. More people will reverse the progress that agriculture is making. TheU.S. Environmental Protection Agencyreports that agriculture has made tremendous progress in reducing nutrient contributions to the Chesapeake Bay. Urban and suburban sectors are getting worse.
They are wrong to describe agriculture's programs as a "voluntary, collaborative approach." They imply that there are no Maryland rules for the proper use of animal manures and fertilizers, but they know better. Maryland's 1998 law created far-reaching requirements for farmers — among America's most restrictive. Ask any farmer. They are not "mostly voluntary" as claimed.
Some area states do not have a strong program like Maryland, but this group wants readers to think that Maryland has a weak program. The facts don't support that allegation.
They mistakenly claim that agriculture lags behind other sectors in reducing pollution. Throughout the watershed, agriculture has reached about half of its 2010 pollution reduction goal. Not good enough, we agree. But the urban/suburban sectors went backward. Whose record is better, agriculture achieving nearly 50 percent of the goal or urban/suburban going backward by 90 percent?
They mention progress being made by sewage treatment plants, but they fail to mention the volume of human waste that escapes through leaking pipes before reaching the plants. They fail to mention the 1.4 billion gallons of escaped wastewater reported to the state last year.
They call for chicken manure to have the same "disposal" rules as human sewage. Chicken manure does not contain the toxins, household cleaning products, unused medications, man-made steroids, reproductive hormones, oil and grease and other products often disposed of through sinks or toilets. No wonder human waste needs more treatment.
Farmers are making improvements, and the Chesapeake Bay is benefiting. On-the-farm pollution prevention practices installed today might not show benefits for several years, but they will eventually. The current course of action is working. Let's not drive already heavily regulated farms out of business. Without farms, water quality would be even worse.
Andrew McLean, Centreville
The writer is president of Delmarva Poultry Industry, Inc. | <urn:uuid:8a79cc9c-fb2d-4f85-8a6d-7acaec5cf018> | {
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Imagine that you are one of the characters in this picture. Write a letter to a loved one describing the battle. Include details such as the emotions you experienced as you went into battle.
- Why are they fighting?
- What time of day is this?
- Imagine you are the cloaked figure. How do you feel?
- Where is this happening?
- What will happen next?
- Make a display in class of books set in a fantasy world, for example The Narnia books or The Hobbit.
- Use these simple instructions to make your own sword.
- Use chalk pastels to make your own version of this picture. | <urn:uuid:95600a42-b906-4c71-b944-3c318b8ec1b3> | {
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For Thyroid Awareness Month let’s discuss the thyroid and why it is so important. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland that sits at the base of the throat. It secretes hormones that are vital in the function of virtually every organ in your body. Thyroid hormone is also critical in metabolic functioning. We begin to have symptoms when the thyroid malfunctions in two ways: by over functioning or under functioning.
When your thyroid is under performing as in hypothyroidism, you may feel tired, have a modest increase in weight, have cold intolerance, have constipation and just generally feel sluggish. Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism can be slight or severe, depending on the magnitude of thyroid hormone disfunction. Sometimes, severe disfunction combined with trauma or strong medications can lead to coma. If you have symptoms, it is best to speak with your health care provider sooner rather than later. A simple blood test can diagnose a problem. Medications are used to supplement the natural thyroid hormone, T3 and T4, which will be checked frequently until stable. Sometimes this may take some time to get right.
When your thyroid is over functioning as in hyperthyroidism, you may feel the exact opposite as in hypothyroidism. You may feel anxious and have emotional lability. You may feel weak, lose weight, notice a fine tremor or palpitations, be intolerant of heat and perspire more. Diagnosis is made with a simple blood test and treatment options vary depending on severity. In rare instances, hyperthyroidism can lead to life-threatening disorders.
There may be reason to have imaging studies done in cases of enlargement or nodules of the thyroid. If suspicious nodules are found, biopsies are usually obtained to assist in diagnosis of cancer. Not all nodules are cancerous and sometimes they can just be monitored without intervention.
It is important to be open and honest with your health care provider with any concerns you may have. Early intervention can prevent you from living with uncomfortable symptoms.
For more information, visit thyroid.org. | <urn:uuid:ba0bd858-bfb0-4e72-88f2-5aa3b535174f> | {
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JONATHAN M. DAVIS, the twenty-second governor of Kansas, was born in Bronson, Kansas on April 27, 1871. His education was attained at the University of Kansas and at the University of Nebraska; however he left school due to the death of his father. Davis entered politics in 1900, serving as a member of the Kansas House of Representatives, a position he was reelected to in 1908 and 1910. He also was elected to the Kansas State Senate in 1912. Davis won the 1922 Democratic gubernatorial nomination, and was sworn into the governorship on January 8, 1923. During his tenure, an improved road bill was authorized, taxes were cut, utilities were controlled, prohibition and women's suffrage were endorsed, increased funding was secured for veterans' pensions, banking procedures were limited, and the chancellor of the University of Kansas was fired. The day after his gubernatorial term ended, Davis was prosecuted twice on bribery charges, but was found not guilty of all charges. After several unsuccessful bids for elective office, Davis retired from public service. Governor Jonathan M. Davis died on June 27, 1943, and was buried at the Bronson Cemetery in Bronson, Kansas.
Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. 2, Westport, Conn.; Meckler Books, 1978. 4 vols. | <urn:uuid:2f12e5a4-36eb-4585-99e4-31fe371b3817> | {
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PCB Design schematic
Before you even begin to lay out your PCB, you MUST have a complete and accurate schematic diagram. Many people jump straight into the PCB design with nothing more than the circuit in their head, or the schematic drawn on loose post-it notes with no pin numbers and no order.
This just isn’t good enough, if you don’t have an accurate schematic then your PCB will most likely end up a mess, and take you twice as long as it should. “Garbage-in, garbage-out” is an often used quote, and it can apply equally well to PCB design. A PCB design is a manufactured version of your schematic, so it is natural for the PCB design to be influenced by the original schematic.
If your schematic is neat, logical and clearly laid out, then it really does make your PCB design job a lot easier. Good practice will have signals flowing from inputs at the left to outputs on the right. With electrically important sections drawn correctly, the way the designer would like them to be laid out on the PCB. Like putting bypass capacitors next to the component they are meant for. Little notes on the schematic that aid in the layout are very useful.
For instance, “this pin requires a guard track to signal ground”, makes it clear to the person laying out the board what precautions must be taken. Even if it is you who designed the circuit and drew the schematic, notes not only remind yourself when it comes to laying out the board, but they are useful for people reviewing the design.
Your schematic really should be drawn with the PCB design in mind.
It is outside the scope of this article to go into details on good schematic design, as it would require a complete article in its own right. | <urn:uuid:74491413-be9c-47fb-bcfb-a0abab8865b8> | {
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A monoclonal antibody that was known to be effective against the fatal Hendra virus is now known to protect against the closely related Nipah virus too -- the basis of the 2011 movie "Contagion" -- a highly infectious and deadly agent that results in acute respiratory distress syndrome and encephalitis, person-to-person transmission, and greater than 90 percent case fatality rates among humans. The results of the study, conducted by a team of Federal and university scientists, will appear in Science Translational Medicine online: "Therapeutic Treatment of Nipah Virus Infection in Nonhuman Primates with a Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody." The full study will be available following the release of the embargo at 2 p.m. June 25, 2014.
The collaborative research team members are from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU), the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) and Galveston National Laboratory (GNL), the National Institutes of Health (NIH''s) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), and the National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH.
Nipah virus and the closely related Hendra virus are naturally found in Pteropid fruit bats (flying foxes). They are considered emerging viruses and are capable of causing severe illness and death in a variety of domestic animals and humans.
In experiments carried out in non-human primates at the GNL in Galveston, Texas, where there is a high-containment facility for working with live Nipah virus, the team of researchers, under the direction of Thomas W. Geisbert, Ph.D., professor, in the Department of Microbiology, UTMB and study corresponding author, demonstrated that administering a human monoclonal antibody therapy after exposure to Nipah virus protected the animals from disease.
"Previously, our team showed that this same antibody therapy could protect nonhuman primates from a deadly Hendra virus infection, but here we have shown for the very first time, that not only does this antibody protect against Nipah virus infection, but remarkably can do so even when given the therapy much later after infection and when the animals show clinical signs of disease. What this means is that as far as people are concerned these latest findings strongly suggest that a real potential treatment for Nipah virus infection is at hand," said Christopher C. Broder, Ph.D., professor of Microbiology at USU and also study corresponding author.
It was earlier work at USU and NCI, supported by NIAID that isolated and characterized the monoclonal antibody known as m102.4. The antibody attacks a critical component of Nipah and Hendra viruses and blocks their ability to infect cells. Antibodies - proteins found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates - are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize viruses and bacteria.
"This recent success of the antibody therapy against Nipah virus disease in a nonhuman primate is a key step towards its development as a therapeutic for use in people," according to Dr. Geisbert.
"There are no other effective therapeutic options for Nipah virus infection," according to Dr. Broder. "Indeed, because of data now reported here, and from our previous work with this antibody in Hendra virus experiments, there was sufficient interest for the Queensland government in Australia to initiate a phase I clinical safety trial with m102.4 that is set to commence later this year."
Nipah virus and Hendra virus, members of the paramyxovirus family, are highly infectious agents that emerged from flying foxes in the 1990s to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh and India.
"There are currently no licensed and approved vaccines or therapeutics for prevention and treatment of disease caused by these viruses for humans or livestock," said Dr. Geisbert. "This human monoclonal antibody is the first effective antiviral drug against Nipah virus and Hendra virus that has a real potential for human therapeutic applications."
The human monoclonal antibody, m102.4, is protected under issued and pending patents in many countries around the world. | <urn:uuid:50343722-84ca-4ebf-897b-e530e47dd68c> | {
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To the Ten: Rounding Numbers
Round and round they go, these numbers need to be rounded up! In this worksheet your child will need to round all of the numbers to the nearest ten. After looking at the numbers your child will need to round the number and write it. Is the 48 closer to 40 or 50? After he completes this exercise your child will have gained practice with rounding numbers. | <urn:uuid:514b8f8e-718d-449a-952a-e872f3ba0cf3> | {
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What is space-time "made out of"? A thread in another forum about the definition of "nothing" got me thinking. I know matter is composed of molecules, which are composed of atoms, which are composed of electrons, neutrons and protons, which are composed of quarks, etc ... But what about space-time itself? Since in General Relativity space-time is said to be curved, it must exist as a thing in some way. If mass or matter is thought of as "clumps" in space time, and matter is composed of clumps of atoms and so forth, does "empty" space, i.e. space with no rocks, gas or dust clouds, etc .. just a vacuum, contain sub-atomic particles as well, just perhaps not as bunched together? And I also understand that in our universe matter is neither created nor destroyed, only rearranged. Was all the matter in the universe created in the Big Bang, or was it already there, and the Big Bang merely changed its form? | <urn:uuid:158bfe95-1f09-4f86-9283-bad41414fc6f> | {
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The essence of the diet consists of crushing food into small portions, keeping it healthy, gradually increasing the calories consumed. Every day, the calorific value should increase by 200-300 units. To arouse appetite, half an hour before a meal you need to drink a glass of vegetable or fruit juice. This will lead to an increased secretion of the secretion of the mucous glands of the stomach. After eating, you need to exclude physical activity, exercise and stay at rest, so that "fat gets tied up."
Diet menu for weight gain
The diet menu for weight gain should preferably contain proteins and carbohydrates, food intake should be at the same time, with intervals not exceeding 3 hours. It is also necessary to drink plenty of water and walk in the fresh air. There are many variants of diets with different approaches to the problem, developed by nutritionists. Here are some of them:
- protein diet for weight gain: includes foods rich in protein - dietary meat (rabbit, chicken, turkey); meat broths; white fish meat, as well as tuna, salmon; whole milk and sour-milk products; egg white; hard cheeses, cottage cheese; beans, nuts. The diet is suitable for young people who lead an active lifestyle. Its duration is 2 weeks, it can be resorted to once a year;
- high-calorie - food, the total daily calorie content of which is 2.5-3 thousand tons. Calories. It consists of a nutritious breakfast, as options: milk porridge with butter, raisins, dried apricots, a sandwich with butter and cheese, coffee; omelette with bacon, vegetables, a sandwich with sausage, tea with a biscuit or a bun. A few hours later - a second breakfast with vegetables, can be mashed potatoes or peas, pancakes; lunch includes the first dishes on meat broth, meat or fish, garnish; on a snack you can give preference to protein cocktails; for dinner is suitable garnish with meatballs, sausages and vegetable salad, a sandwich with butter for tea. Before going to bed, you can drink kefir with a biscuit or cottage cheese with sour cream, cocoa with a bun;
- carbohydrate - consists of foods rich in carbohydrates. Some of them burn slowly: rice, buckwheat, potatoes, beans, nuts, others are quickly absorbed: honey, sugar, fruit. Optimal for the body combination of 65% and 35% respectively.
, , ,
Diet for rapid weight gain
Diet for rapid weight gain does not mean unlimited intake of any high-calorie food. A good effect can be achieved only by balancing the diet. The best option is when the daily ration contains 50% carbohydrates, 35% protein, the rest fats. Another obligatory condition is the crushing of food intake by 5-6 times. In such a diet should be present porridge on milk with the addition of nuts, honey; vegetable salads, dressed with sour cream or mayonnaise; the first dishes on broths; fried or stewed meat, fish; sandwiches with butter; cheese and fatty cottage cheese.
, ,
"Energy diet" for weight gain
"Energy diet" (ED) is a man-made product that contains all the necessary macro- and microelements for replacing several meals. His homeland - France, was developed for professional athletes, in the consumer market since 2003. In order for the ED to "work" for weight gain, it must be added to the usual meals. In one portion contains 450kcal. Following the program of eating ED, you can get an additional 900-1500kcal to the daily ration. The variety of these products is quite extensive: a cocktail, an omelette, soup, bread, pasta, porridge, dessert, coffee, cappuccino. In total, the blends contain 15 tastes, there are sweet and salty, but they can be varied by adding their own. The instruction for the preparation of ED products involves the use of 1.5% milk. For one portion of the dish, a measuring spoonful of a mixture and 200ml of milk is sufficient. To get soup, milk can be replaced with broth, and a cocktail - kefir. It is very important to accompany this diet with an abundant drink (at least 2 liters per day), as well as physical activity.
, , , ,
Diet Mila Jovovich for weight gain
It is very important for Hollywood stars to be able to quickly drop or gain weight in order to get the desired role. The diet for Mila Jovovich was developed by the well-known nutritionist Ozi Garcia, based on the daily use of prunes and allowed her to gain 3kg weight in a week:
The first and fifth day:
- breakfast - 2 boiled eggs, 2 pieces. Prunes, grapefruit, coffee;
- dinner - vegetable soup, a slice of bread with bran, 2 nuts, 8 pieces. Prunes, tea (everywhere green) without sugar, orange;
- dinner - fried fish (100g), boiled egg, tea.
The second and sixth day:
- breakfast - 40 g of cheese, prunes 3pcs, coffee;
- dinner - borsch, bread, boiled beef, 2 pieces. Almonds, green tea;
- dinner - vegetable salad, 4 pieces. Prunes, tea.
Third and seventh days:
- breakfast - a sandwich with cheese and ham, coffee;
- lunch - chicken broth with rusks, two boiled potatoes in a uniform, one tomato, 3 prunes, tea;
- dinner - a glass of milk with a loaf of bran, 5 prunes.
- breakfast - oatmeal or corn flakes with milk (200 g), 4 prunes, coffee;
- dinner - Ukrainian soup, one cucumber and tomato, tea;
- afternoon snack - freshly squeezed grape juice, 5 pieces. Prunes;
- dinner - a sandwich with ham and cheese, 50 g raisins, 6 pieces. Prunes, tea.
Winter diet for weight gain
In winter time, people often complain about the appearance of excess fat reserves, which means that it's time for thin to take advantage of this feature of the cold season. Indeed, motor activity in winter is reduced, to protect from cold, there is a need for more caloric food. In addition, nutrition should include vitamins and trace elements to create an immune barrier for colds and infections. The winter diet for weight gain consists of meat, fish, poultry, fruit.
Due to their seasonal high prices, fresh vegetables are replaced with blanks for the winter - sauerkraut, salted cucumbers and tomatoes, frozen vegetables. Portions should be small, but the frequency of their reception increases to 5 times a day. The main meals are soups with meat and mushroom broth, garnishes of cereals and baked potatoes, rice and semolina milk porridge, tea and coffee with milk. For snacks is suitable fatty yogurt or yogurt with cookies.
Diet of sumo for weight gain
Watching this kind of struggle, you wonder how it could have arisen among a nation not inclined to fullness. Statistics argue that the harmony of the inhabitants of Japan is due to age-old traditions: the energy value of a daily diet of the average Japanese is 1200 calories, which is half that of Europeans.
To set the weight of a sumo, not only a diet is provided, but also a special daily routine with intensive training to preserve fat stores. It would seem that there are contradictions in this, because physical stress leads to weight loss. The fact is that the Sumo wrestler's day begins with hours of training on an empty stomach. This leads to mandatory overeating during lunch and slowing down metabolic processes. Besides, the sumoids drink alcoholic beverages during the meal: beer, sake, thereby adding calories and causing intensive production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Then follows a 3-4 hour sleep, during which calories turn into fatty deposits. After the next training athletes have supper and go to bed.
Thus, meals are taken only twice a day. The diet is made up so that the wrestler gets up to 20 thousand. Calories per day. Provide a caloric content of fatty meat, fish, shrimp, large portions of rice, vegetables with different sauces. For 2-3 years of such a diet, the sumoist gains up to 200kg of weight. This can not but affect the duration of their lives. With an average 82 years in the country, they have 60-65 years. Therefore, their way of gaining weight is not recommended for use, but some elements can be tried.
Banana diet for weight gain
A banana diet for weight gain is the use of a banana as an auxiliary food product, i.e. Banana dessert is connected to the main menu, or as additives in cereals, fritters, pies, cakes, etc. To eat up between the main meal, a banana cocktail with milk is a very tasty and satisfying drink: a glass of milk with one banana is beaten with a blender; kefir or yogurt with its addition; dried fruit. Athletes with the help of a banana diet increase muscle mass: the basic diet remains in force, but the fruit is added to various desserts, cocktails.
Diet for weight gain for children
The causes of childish thinness are different. This can be hereditary leanness, excessive mobility of the child, and possibly the manifestation of the disease (diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, metabolic disorders, psychological problems). Therefore, before using a diet for weight gain in children, it is necessary to consult a pediatrician. If pathologies are identified, the doctor will send the treatment to a source of poor appetite. If there are no health problems, it is the parents' turn to make efforts. It is necessary to increase the number of meals, the baby has a small stomach and he can not accommodate a large amount. It is necessary to teach children small portions, but not less than 5-7 times a day, encouraging snacks as well.
Cultivating healthy, useful, but at the same time tasty food, we set a good example for the child, instill a tradition that, perhaps, will take root in his family. The diet should include nutrient-rich foods. A growing organism needs proteins (eggs, meat, fish, legumes), starchy carbohydrates (bread, potatoes, cereals, pasta), a lot of vegetables and fruits, milk products. You can not do without fats of vegetable origin. For salad dressing, it is good to use olive, linseed unrefined oils. Fats are also found in nuts, avocados. So favorite desserts can be made from flour with the addition of bran or oatmeal, there are ready-made products on sale.
A child should drink enough fluids, but only after a meal, otherwise he will not have an appetite. Sweet soda water or other similar drinks should become taboo on your table, chips and cakes for frequent consumption are excluded.
The diet for weight gain in adolescents should be combined with regular physical exercises, tk. They increase appetite, with their help muscle mass is increased, and this is much more useful than accumulation of fatty deposits. This approach should work, because he can transfer a teenager from the category of "Hilyak" to the category of "sports" boy or girl.
, , , , , , ,
Diet for weight gain for the ectomorph
Ectammorphs are people who have a lean or lean body, a narrow bone, but with energetic and quick habits, those who are called "baits". No matter how much they eat, they can not get better. But there is a diet for weight gain for the ectomorph. It is made so that 30% of the daily calories fall on proteins, 50% - on carbohydrates and 20% - on fats. The number of meals should be increased from 5 to 12 times, and the volume of drinking water should be at least 3 liters.
It is also important to calculate how many calories to consume daily. The definition formula has the following form: the body weight is multiplied by 30 plus 500, according to this figure, the energy value of the products is selected and in the proportions mentioned above. By adding physical progressive loads to this approach, it is possible to achieve an increase in muscle mass.
Diet for weight gain for endomorph
Endomorphs are people with a spherical figure, wide in bone, with large fat deposits in places where they are not needed: on the shoulders, waist. They do not need to gain excess weight, and it is important to adjust your figure, build up a dry muscle mass. In the diet of such people, protein should be present daily (30% of all calories), since it is used for muscle building. From fats you need to get into the body up to 40% of calories, and in equal parts contained in mono-, polyunsaturated and saturated fats. With carbohydrates should be careful, use them only after training. Diet for endomorphs means taking meals every 3-4 hours, a large number of vegetables in the diet, compulsory fish oil (1g per percentage of fat). As the weight decreases, its dose decreases.
Diet for weight gain for a week
There are formulas for caloric calculation of food taking into account the growth, weight, age, gender and the coefficient of physical activity of a person. But common for both women and men is 5-6 meals a day, the predominance of carbohydrates (mostly complex), a large amount of liquid (2-3 liters), physical exercise. The average weight gain should be half a kilo per week. If this figure is less, then add the calorie content of the meal, if it is exceeded, reduce it; make correction, revising the menu.
, ,
Diet for weight gain for men for a week
Diet for weight gain a man for a week provides more fat and protein than a woman. It can be this:
- breakfast - dense, with a meat dish (meatballs, cutlets, fried chicken) with garnish, you can have oatmeal or millet porridge on milk, coffee with milk, a sandwich with white bread, butter and cheese;
- second breakfast - cocoa with milk, a sandwich with a loaf, butter, sausage or ham;
- dinner - vegetable salad dressed with sour cream, rich soup or borsch, second course (meat or fish with garnish), compote of dried fruits;
- afternoon snack - vegetable salad with the addition of pieces of hard cheese, poured with olive oil;
- dinner - an omelette with a slice of ham, salad or boiled pasta with grated cheese.
Diet for weight gaining a girl for a week
An approximate diet for weight gaining a girl for a week can look like this:
- for breakfast: oatmeal with raisins, nuts and honey, a croissant with coffee;
- for the second breakfast: fresh fruit, juice;
- for lunch: salad of vegetables with sour cream, soup, spaghetti with cheese or fish;
- for a snack: a sandwich with fish or yogurt with fresh vegetables;
- for dinner: meat with garnish, vegetables;
- before going to bed: kefir or a cup of milk.
For rapid weight gain, women are offered an hourly diet. The essence of this diet is to make snacks in addition to the basic meals every two hours. Portions in this case should be small, so that the food is well absorbed. To eat up, fruits, curds, yoghurts and bread, bread and sandwiches are suitable.
Diet at home for weight gain
All listed products and diets for weight gain are easy to apply at home. Working, it is difficult to withstand the frequency and frequency of meals. Also contribute to weight gain after-dinner rest. What you can eat, follows from these recommendations. What categorically you can not eat? It is not necessary to eat food with "empty" calories: sweet drinks, sweets, cakes. | <urn:uuid:4b50a00b-d0e6-43a2-afbd-7206df488e0e> | {
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We live in a time, when everyone claims to know what the Constitution means, and generally, it seems, the Constitution is read to support their own vision of what ought to be, and ought not to be, good laws. And, more and more, constitutional activists--people who seek to change the current reading of the Constitution--marshal the central argument that we must look to the original intention of the founders.
And so periodically, I thought it would be stimulating to bring forward some of the key essays of Madison, Jay, and Hamilton, the great Federalists. You can find the Federalist Papers on line, and interpret them for yourself. Today, an introduction to the Federalist Papers Number 1.
Federalist 1, signed Publius, but authored by Alexander Hamilton, whose face graces the ten dollar bill, was the nations first Secretary of the Treasury after adoption of the Constitution. Hamilton represented the views of those in the nation who believed that a fractured confederation of quasi-independent states lacked the ability to manage the nation's economy. They saw the nation's commerce failing in comparison to greater national powers, such as France and England, and contended that depriving the national government of the ability to manage and foster economic growth would ultimately lead to decline and failure of the American nation. For Federalists, the economic unity was critical to the nation's survival and growth.
Federalist Number 1, then, is an introduction to the remaining federalist papers, the essays which more than any other secondary documents, assist us in understanding the ideology of the Constitutional founders. In Federalist Number 1, Hamilton recognizes that opponents of the new constitution would argue that a strong national government would be a threat to liberty and freedom. But he challenged that view: in fact, he argued that a weak national government, one that lacked the power to unify the nation and assure its economic and political strength, was actually a greater threat to liberty:
Some may challenge our efforts to create "the energy and efficiency of government" and stigmitize those efforts "as the offspring of a temper fond of despotic power and hostile to the principles of liberty," he wrote. But, argued Hamilton, crippling the national government's ability to solve national problems was actually a greater threat to liberty.
An over-scrupulous jealousy of danger to the rights of the people, which is more commonly the fault of the head than of the heart, will be represented as mere pretense and artifice, the stale bait for popularity at the expense of the public good. ....the vigor of government is essential to the security of liberty....Moreover, Hamilton urged, it is often the people who claim to be champions of individual liberty, and through those efforts, seek to cripple a strong national government and nation state, who turn out to lead their country to despotism.
History will teach us that the former [that is, "the specious mask of zeal for the rights of the people" ] has been found a much more certain road to the introduction of despotism than the latter [that is, forbidding appearance of zeal for the firmness and efficiency of government], and that of those men who have overturned the liberties of republics, the greatest number have begun their career by paying an obsequious court to the people; commencing demagogues, and ending tyrants.That brings us to the end of Federalist Number 1, in which Publius (Hamilton) proposed "a series of papers to discuss the following interesting particulars:-The utility of the UNION to your political prosperity-The insufficiency of the present Confederation to preserve that Union-The necessity of a government at least equally energetic with the one proposed to the attainment of this object-The conformity of the proposed Constitution to the true principles of republican government-Its analogy to your own State constitution-and lastly, The additional security which its adoption will afford to the preservation of that species of government, to liberty and to property. | <urn:uuid:1c368258-b0b2-4566-93a4-2bd2938542d1> | {
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How can Instructional Design be visual as well as engaging?
My dad used to explain astronomy to me using salt pots and oranges. The orange generally represented the sun, whilst the salt pots, ketchup bottles and whatever else was on the kitchen table stood in for planets and comets. He would then make them all ‘orbit’ each other, enlisting my help when he ran out of hands and demonstrating why the moon seemed to change size each night, or how a solar eclipse worked. Despite the side effect of my food often going cold as I turned forks into astronauts, I remember much more about distances between planets than I do about the floodplains I was forced to study in class. I am sure that this is mainly due to the teaching style – getting directly involved with a demonstration and seeing how my actions changed the situation was much more engaging than making notes from a PowerPoint presentation.
e-Learning has been using this ‘show, don’t tell’ approach for a long time. However, although scenarios and interactions go a long way to involving the learner in the course, I think we need to pay greater attention to the different styles of learning. You’re probably familiar with Fleming’s VAK/VARK model of three ‘types’ of learners: visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. He makes the argument that some learn best through visual aids such as diagrams, others through discussion, and other by physically carrying out tasks. Although I think this is too ‘neat’ a categorisation of learners, as a mixture of learning types is more stimulating than a single format, I find this model useful for considering all the different elements that make up a good course.
Most e-learning caters for visual and auditory learners, by using graphics, providing discussion points and sometimes including a narrator. The part that I would like to focus on in this blog is the neglected ‘kinaesthetic’ element – or what my dad was using to teach me about stars. Obviously we are restricted in this element by our medium: we are not in the room with our users, so we can’t provide tactile learning such as carrying out an experiment. The scenario based approach goes someway to making the learner feel as though they are involved in the process, but I think that there is more that can be done to really immerse them in the course.
We can create virtual kinaesthetic learning in different ways. My school sometimes used a computer based experiment program, which worked in a similar way to the Science Kids website. It let the user change elements of an experiment (such as the voltage of a battery in an electric circuit) and see what the result would be. It created a safe, realistic environment where you could learn by trial and error, and had the gratifying benefit of watching your results ‘happen’ in real time. It was also a lot of fun! These kinds of interactive graphics can be used in courses that cover systems training, to show the consequences of actions in an impactful and memorable way. For example, an interactive simulation where the user had to check safety requirements on a van (with onscreen consequences if the right process was not followed) highlights the importance of following procedure and shows the learner the impact their actions can have.
I also think that we can learn from this fantastic video that explains the fourth dimension using paper cut-outs and an apple (I think the creator may subscribe to the same school of thought as my dad). Again, visual representation allows a very complex subject to be explained in a way that the average person can understand. This technique could easily be translated to an animation, but why not take it further? One of the concepts dealt with here is only being able to see something on your own plane of reality – this could be demonstrated by placing the user’s avatar on a specified plane, and asking them to try and identify objects that exist in different dimensions from what they can see in front of them. As the video demonstrates, this is impossible!
So I would advocate giving the learner more control over scenarios in e-learning. This takes a bit of courage from both instructional designers and clients – to create a truly memorable, behaviour changing course you have to allow people to get things wrong, and learn from their mistakes. The design also needs to be striking to create the desired impact – although, as my dad’s orange simulations showed, they don’t have to be overly complex! | <urn:uuid:1965842f-8e5d-4f49-8d2d-868fe7aef158> | {
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1. Ask your students to sit down in pairs. If you are working with an odd number of students, three students will sit together.
2. Provide your students with a grid.
3.To decide who goes first, students will have to make an addition of the number of letters of their name and surname. The one with the highest number will start.
VARIATION: You can provide your students with this alternative grid. Depending on the color of the square where they write the letter, they will have the possibility of doubling or tripling the points for that letter, as well as doubling the points of the word.
FOLLOW UP: Once your students have finished playing, ask them to fill in each square that is left with a random letter. When all the grid is full of letters, each pair will exchange their grid with another pair's grid. Now the scrabble has turned into a wordsearch!
6. Students will take turns to play. If a student can't think of a word in around 30 seconds, he or she will miss his or her turn.
7. When there is not more space in the grid or students can't think of more words, they will add up all the points.
8. The student who gets more points will win. | <urn:uuid:5307f20c-6ed7-4813-9ced-f5ddc4584f9f> | {
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Questions about issues in the news for students 13 and older.
With the increasing pressure on schools to prepare students for high-stakes tests, and a growing dependence on Google and gadgetry for quick answers, is creativity endangered?
Do schools provide young people with enough opportunities to be creative?
Room for Debate recently asked a panel to respond to a similar question, “Is Creativity Endangered?” Cecilia Conrad, the vice president for the MacArthur Fellows program at the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, offered this response:
Reports of the death of American creativity are an exaggeration. The hyperloop, Google Glass, nano-pharmaceuticals and mind-controlled robotic legs are all examples of its continued vitality.
That said, people with innovative and cutting-edge ideas have likely spent much of their lives swimming against the tide.
Creativity flourishes at the intersections of traditional disciplines, but traditional means of assessment often marginalize individuals working to define new and unique fields of endeavor. From the high-stakes tests in K-12, to the academic tenure clock, to the economy’s focus on short-term return on investments, American society’s reward structures tend to discourage unconventional thinking and limit risk-taking….
Students: Tell us …
- How often does your school encourage you to do something creative? To design, invent and imagine new ideas? Tell us about a creative activity or project you have worked on.
- Do you think schools provide young people with enough opportunities to be creative? Why?
- Are you a creative person? In what ways?
- How important do you think creativity is for success? Why?
- The Room for Debate piece begins with the statement: “Critics have lamented the ‘creativity crisis’ in recent years …” Do you agree with those critics? Do you think America is facing a “creativity crisis?” Explain. | <urn:uuid:b18c6a57-50de-4946-bb76-b3a6716bcb4c> | {
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- Historic Sites
The Famous Cyclorama Of The Great Battle Of Atlanta
There have been few more desperate fights than the one in which John B. Hood vainly tried to block the invasion of the South
February 1956 | Volume 7, Issue 2
The Cyclorama of the Battle of Atlanta is here reproduced, complete and in color, for the first time in any magazine. AMERICAN HERITAGE is indebted to the Department of Parks of the City of Atlanta for its courtesy in granting permission for this publication; to Mayor William B. Hartsfield, to Mr. George I. Simons, general manager of the Department of Parks, and to Mr. C. F. Palmer for their kind assistance; and to Mr. Wilbur G. Kurtz for his expert advice on the battle.
The three great fights for Atlanta, fought in 1864 between the Federal army under General William T. Sherman and the Confederate army under General John B. Hood, took place as shown on ihe map above. The area of the second of these combats, the Battle of Atlanta proper-the battle depicted in the Cyclorama—is shown in yellow.
The Cyclorama itself is a continuous painting, mounted on the inside walls of a circular hall. The five successive segments, reproduced on the following pages, are shown above, disconnected but in proper relationship to each other. Fitted together, they form a continuous panorama as an imaginary observer in the center might have seen it.
The great Battle of Atlanta was a spectacular and destructive fight which proved nothing in particular and which took place largely because the Confederate government in Richmond decided that whoever commanded Rebel troops in Georgia ought to get in and fight.
The government’s attitude is understandable. The month of July, 1864, was drawing toward a close. Ever since May 4, a powerful Union army led by William Tecumseh Sherman, a hard man who believed in making war rough, had been moving irresistibly down into Georgia from Tennessee, striking toward the heart of the South. This army had by no means been having everything its own way; it had had to fight for more than seventy days, it had left dead and wounded men dotting the clearings and thickets all the way north to the Tennessee line, and it had never yet been able to win a clear-cut victory over its Confederate opponent.
Nevertheless, it had never stopped moving. It was in the suburbs of Atlanta shortly after the middle of July, it was more than 100,000 strong, and as far as anybody in Richmond could see it was not likely to stop until it had swallowed Atlanta. Both North and South, there was general awareness that a Federal capture of Atlanta would come close to deciding the war.
The Confederate army opposing Shernian had been commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston—a graybearded, peppery, winsome little soldier who was an exceptionally able strategist but who was perhaps just a little too well aware that it would be extremely dangerous for him to risk an all-out battle against a Federal army which contained some 25,000 more fighting men than his own army contained. To Johnston, the recipe for victory was to fade back, to delay, to evade a decisive encounter—and, in the end, to stall Sherman off until war-weariness might finally persuade the North to quit trying to conquer the South.
With hindsight, it is possible to see that Johnston may have had the correct idea. The Federal government was approaching a presidential election which—in the summer of 1864—Abraham Lincoln, believed that he would lose. To lose that election, as men saw it then, would quite possibly be the same as to lose the war itself. To win it, Lincoln needed a decisive victory that would convince the millions in the North that the winning of the war was in sight. This victory nobody had been able to give him—neither Grant, slugging it out with Lee in front of Richmond, nor Sherman, maneuvering against the canny Johnston. To evade the decisive encounter until some chance of terrain and location provided a clear opportunity for Confederate victory was Johnston’s guiding thought, and from the vantage point of ninety years later it is easy to see that he may have been entirely right.
Wartime governments, however, are not blessed with hindsight, and they cannot appraise their problems from a ninety-years-alter viewpoint. All that Jefferson Davis and his cabinet could see was that Sherman continued to advance into Georgia and that the army which opposed him was not making a stand-up, lastditch fight to stop him. Davis peppered Johnston with letters asking him what he proposed to do. Yet this was of no help, johnston and Davis were bitter personal antagonists, for no reason much more complicated than a basic incompatibility of temperament; and Johnston would reply, with icy courtesy, that he would have to be governed by circumstances and would fight, at last, when he saw a chance to win.
So Davis’ patience finally ran out, and on July 17 he removed Johnston from command and put John B. Hood in his place. | <urn:uuid:a4113aab-a9e4-4f73-a821-4e3fd2737078> | {
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The General Slocum, owned by the Knickerbocker Steamship Company, was a sidewheel passenger ship that took harbor excursions around New York city. The General Slocum, captained by Captain William H. Van Schaick, employed 21 crew members to look after as many as 4,700 passengers.
On Wednesday, June 15, 1904, the ship had been chartered for $350 by the St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church in the German district Little Germany, Manhattan. Over 1,300 passengers, mostly women and children, boarded the General Slocum.
Eyewitness reports say the ship fire started in several areas, perhaps the work of an arsonist. One location was a paint locker filled with flammable liquids and another was a cabin filled with gasoline.
The ship did not hold fire drills by their crew, or with their passengers. This day, most of those aboard were women and children who could not swim. They relied heavily on the life jackets, and that was a mistake.
When the captain finally realized his ship ablaze, instead of stopping at several opportunities, he continued his course. Van Schaick would say at trial he was trying to use the wind to blow out the flames, when instead it fanned the flames, and accelerated the growth of the fire.
The life jackets, were useless, purchased from the Nonpareil Cork Works company were defective, second-grade products. They had been filled with granulated cork, instead of large, solid core pieces, one on each side, and brought up to proper weight by the inclusion of iron bars inside the jackets. The ship's dry-rotted fire hoses fell apart when the crew attempted to use them to put out the fire.
Only 321 passengers survived, and only two crew members died. Van Schaick immediately fled the ship on a nearby tug, leaving passengers to fend for themselves. As a result of his negligence, 1,019 passengers died, along with two of his crew.
Seven people were indicted by a Federal grand jury after the disaster: the Captain; two inspectors; and the president, secretary, treasurer and commodore of the Knickerbocker Steamship Company. Only Captain Van Schaick was convicted.
Van Schaick was found guilty on one of three charges: criminal negligence, failing to maintain proper fire drills and fire extinguishers.
The jury could not reach a verdict on the other two counts of manslaughter. He was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. He served only three years in Sing Sing and was pardoned by President Taft.
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Development of an Evapotranspiration Index from Aqua/MODIS for monitoring surface moisture status.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Terrestrial evapotranspiration is a critical process for the energy and hydrologic partitioning at the land surface. We have developed an estimation method of the evaporation fraction, the energy budget equivalent of the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration, for use with the Aqua/MODIS sensor. The method normalizes the radiometric surface temperature with normalized difference vegetation index to infer changes in the land surface sensible/latent energy partitioning, and is computed every eight days globally. We tested the algorithm using Terra/MODIS datasets from the year 2000. Potential applications for the evaporation fraction include water resources management, mapping vegetation stress and wildland fire risk.
© 2003 IEEE
K. Nishida, R. R. Nemani, J. M. Glassy and S. W. Running, "Development of an evapotranspiration index from Aqua/MODIS for monitoring surface moisture status," in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 493-501, Feb. 2003. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2003.811744 | <urn:uuid:2727580c-3fe6-474d-8409-599cacc507d8> | {
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Heart failure symptoms can worsen suddenly or slowly over weeks. Either way, worsening of symptoms is known as an exacerbation or decompensation. It's important to know the signs of an exacerbation and what to do if you notice these changes. The more familiar you become with the symptoms of heart failure, the easier it will be to notice if they're getting worse or new symptoms are appearing.
Here are the most common signs of a heart failure exacerbation and what to do. All of these symptoms are important to take seriously; some are reasons to call the doctor, while others are reasons to call 911 or go to the emergency room. If you catch the worsening of symptoms early enough, sometimes changing a medication and/or making dietary changes can get things under control without a visit to the doctor.
Shortness of breath
Any noticeable change in breathing is important to pay attention to. Keep track of all changes, such as waking up in the middle of the night short of breath or difficulty breathing while lying down. Easiest to notice are changes in daily routine, such as more shortness of breath while resting or doing simple tasks such as getting dressed. Some people may report more severe symptoms -- feeling like they're drowning, for example. Alert the doctor to these changes.
Make weighing your loved one part of his or her daily routine, and write down the results. If there's a change of more than a few pounds over a week, call the doctor. Recording daily weights, and recognizing an increase in weight over a short period of time -- even if small (say 3 pounds in 3 days) -- can trigger you to make changes and avoid a full-blown exacerbation.
Swelling legs, feet, or abdomen
This may be accompanied by pain or discomfort. The veins in the neck may also bulge. You may notice that you can't get your loved one's shoes on or that pants are too tight around his or her abdomen. Sometimes fluid buildup in the abdomen leads to stomach symptoms, including nausea, loss of appetite, or constipation. A rapid increase in swelling is important to bring to your doctor's attention right away.
Coughing or coughing up sputum
More severe or more frequent coughing is a sign of worsening heart failure. The cough may be dry or may bring up frothy phlegm with a pinkish or reddish color. The cough may only come when the person is lying down. Wheezing may also be a symptom of worsening heart failure. Call the doctor if this is occurring.
An increase in heart rate or a "skipped" or irregular heartbeat, known as arrhythmia, is a sign of a heart failure exacerbation. It may feel like the heart is racing or pounding, and this can be accompanied by dizziness. Call the doctor about any changes in heart rhythm.
If you notice increasing tiredness or weakness, pay attention to the details such when it happens and which activities are being curtailed. Fatigue alone isn't reason to call the doctor, but if it worsens suddenly or accompanies other symptoms above, make the call.
Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room for any of these signs:
Fainting or losing consciousness
Chest pain that lasts longer than 15 minutes despite rest
Dizziness or mental confusion
Severe, constant shortness of breath
It's important to recognize that symptoms of a heart failure exacerbation vary from person to person. One person's symptoms may be a swollen belly and no leg swelling, while another has severe shortness of breath and no other symptoms. Some people just get profoundly fatigued. Over time, pay attention to your loved one's typical symptoms during an exacerbation, so you're prepared to recognize them and act quickly. | <urn:uuid:4f567c23-8035-4771-8105-ff0740bbfcec> | {
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Weber’s body of serigraphs, airbrush stencils and watercolors document Alberta’s transformation from depression-era wild west to urban and industrial growth. His work records wilderness areas as well as the human impact on the variety of landscapes found in Alberta: glaciers and mountains, a Sundance among the Peigan, pumpjacks and grain elevators, wildflowers, and a multitude of views of city life.
George Weber was born in Munich, Germany in 1907. He was SFCA trained as a draughtsman, wallpaper design and display. In the late 20's, sensing the dangerous political climate developing in Germany, he decided to immigrate to Canada. George first worked as a wallpaper designer in Toronto; where, in the early 1930’s, he also studied composition, color, and commercial silkscreen techniques at the Ontario College of Art. He then came west, settling in Edmonton. George attended night classes at the University of Alberta and the Banff School of Fine Arts (1951) for life classes and watercolor techniques under Jack Taylor and Janet Middleton. George was a founding member and president of the Edmonton branch of the Society of Canadian Painter-Etchers and Engravers (CPE); he was a member of the Society of Canadian Painters in Water Color, the Canadian Graphic Society, the Edmonton Art Club, the Federation of Canadian Artists (FCA), and the Northwest Printmakers (Seattle). Among his numerous exhibitions were the Western Print Exhibit (1957, Hart House, Toronto) and one-man exhibitions at the Edmonton Art Gallery. The first serigraph selected as an honorary membership print for the CPE was Weber’s Inkaneep Reserve in 1954. In 1976 George received the Edmonton Historical Board’s Recognition Award for his series of sketches and watercolors of Edmonton historic buildings and sites.
George single-handedly furthered fine art serigraphy (Latin term for silkprint - silk screening), particularly in western Canada. As early as 1948 he lectured at the University of Alberta, Edmonton on the adoption of the silkscreen process and in 1950 and 1951 led workshops on the process at the Edmonton Art Gallery. Many well-known Alberta artists took classes from him in the 1950's through the University of Alberta. George imported handmade Japanese and European fine art papers (for printmaking) for the benefit of local printmakers. One of the highlights of his career was in 1985 when his serigraph Moraine Lake was chosen by Canada Post to commemorate the centennial of Banff National Park. Besides Weber's talent as a printmaker, many collectors treasure his watercolors and preliminary sketches of diverse ranchland, parkland, forest, and prairie of Alberta as well as the interior and coastal areas of British Columbia.
George’s works are in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa), Alberta Foundation for the Arts, Arts and Letters Club (Toronto), Glenbow Foundation (Calgary), the C.P.E. Permanent Print Collection (Toronto), Imperial Oil, Dominion Foundries and Steel Ltd., and the Society of Canadian Painter-Etchers and Engravers.
Our gallery represents the Weber Estate. | <urn:uuid:30ba71bf-a1aa-4f02-b8ac-4238b51aac0f> | {
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The Visual System—The Eye
Lecture no. 12 from the course: Understanding the Brain
Taught by Professor Jeanette Norden | 29 min | Categories: The Great Courses Plus Online Science Course
This lecture investigates how the eye works in concert with the brain. Far from taking a picture of the external world, the eye actually transmits information primarily about edges and contrast to the brain. From this limited input, the brain constructs the visual world we experience in all its complexity and detail. | <urn:uuid:a131778d-b3a2-4e05-b80b-c4aeef5f35c6> | {
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Twenty Years of Worms
You may not know it, but just yesterday, we celebrated a very sad milestone in the world of computing. On November 2, 1988, the first Internet based worm was released to the public. The worm wasn’t really intended to do any damage, as it was just there to try and find out how many computers were using the Internet. If only they were all that harmless!
As you all know, worms have become a daily threat for many computer technicians and home users. For 20 years, they have been bothering us and they probably will for many more to come. Everyone should use this holiday to stop and check for worms and other viruses that may be looming around on your computer. I know I’m going to. Until next time, stay safe out there, my friends! | <urn:uuid:c0dcaf46-cd84-4677-b5de-b4eb94e3db4f> | {
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Inferring is a difficult critical thinking skill that all readers need to develop in order to deepen their understanding of written literature. Scaffolding skills are essential in order for students to build their understanding. Utilizing picture books or illustrations will help build this essential skill. Furthermore, this strategy can easily be used for ELL students! Clicking on the image below will connect you to a lesson plan that can easily be used in the middle grades as well. Also, the lesson plan utilizes a fantastic book “The Mysteries of Harris Burdock” by Chris Van Allsburg to be used for student practice! | <urn:uuid:a7552e6f-1fe8-42bd-88bb-9cc767ef928e> | {
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It’s almost impossible to know where to start. Jules Verne wrote so many books and there were thousands of translations on top of his French language editions. You could drop £29,000 on the first edition of Cinq Semaines en Ballon (Five Weeks in a Balloon), Verne’s first book from 1863, but we are assuming that price-tag is beyond most budgets.
There are 65 novels, including the posthumously published ones, around 20 short stories and a handful of non-fiction books to browse through. It could be argued that his three best known books are Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1869), Around the World in Eighty Days (1873), and A Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1864) although From the Earth to the Moon (1865), The Mysterious Island (1875) and Michael Strogoff (1876) are also very popular.
The science fiction genre owes much to Verne, who was a generation and the English Channel apart from H.G. Wells. Verne died in 1905 and Wells in 1946. Many of the fantastic things Verne envisioned came to reality. The Frenchman had an uncanny knack for seeing things that would be developed in the near future, such as submarines, skyscrapers and spacecraft. From the Earth to the Moon mirrors the Apollo moon landing mission in many ways, including a three-man crew blasting off from Florida. Apart from science fiction, Verne also wrote many memorable adventure novels such as Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon and The Archipelago on Fire.
You will encounter the French first editions, and first US and British editions of the translations, illustrated editions – and also pirated editions. You will find countless novels bound in pictorial cloth (reds, greens and blues particularly) and gilt titles. You will see dozens of adventure scenes on the covers. Anything signed by Verne is very scarce these days.
1. The Lottery Ticket - £3,350
One of Verne’s most scarce books – this copy with grey cloth had an inscription dated 1886.
2. Kéraban-le-Têtu - £3,150
First illustrated edition, translates as Keraban the Inflexible for English editions. Dated 1887.
3. From the Earth to the Moon - £1,850
Scribner’s 1884 edition translated by Louis Mercier and Eleanor E. King. Purple cloth.
4. From the Earth to the Moon - £1,725
First official US edition – there was an earlier pirated edition.
5. A letter from Jules Verne to Pierre-Jules Hetzel - £1,650
A brief letter from Verne to his publisher about the manuscript for Paris in the Twentieth Century. Verne wants to hear his verdict but Hetzel will refuse to print it.
6. A Journey to the Centre of the Earth - £1,475
Blue cloth with gilt. Scribner’s first edition from 1874.
7. L'Île Mystérieuse - £945
An undated copy but probably around 1906. Bound in buckram with gilt lettering.
8. The Works of Jules Verne (15 vols) edited by Charles F. Horne - £940
Bound in green cloth. One of 600 numbered sets signed by registrar R. G. Lancaster
9. From the Earth to the Moon - £930
Green cloth with 80 wood engravings by Montaut, Neuville and Bayard.
10. The Green Ray - £860
First British edition from 1883. Bound in patterned endpapers with an ornate pictorial cloth. | <urn:uuid:01e130e0-fc1e-4400-ab4f-a87c6ffb9531> | {
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What: Smart Highway
Where: Oss, Noord-Brabant
Who: Daan Roosegaarde and Heijmans
Source: Smart Highway
The intelligent and interactive roads of tomorrow
Smart Highway is an innovative concept for smart roads of tomorrow. A programme of innovation that links a different way of looking at things with innovative ideas that apply the opportunities offered by new technologies in smart ways.
Drivers on the N329 road in Oss in the Netherlands are now being guided by glow-in-the-dark road markings. The N329 is being used to pilot the concept, which is the result of an intensive collaboration between builder and developer Heijmans and designer Daan Roosegaarde. The themes sustainability, safety and perception are key to the concept and are manifested in the newest technologies in energy and light. Glowing Lines is aimed at increasing visibility and safety.
Glowing Lines uses luminescent paint that is charged by solar energy during the day and then glows for up to 10 hours when it gets dark. This means that the road markings have higher visibility than those using standard paint, whilst still not requiring electricity.
Electric Priority Lane
Induction charging offers electric cars the possibility to charge themselves while driving. Electric priority lanes stimulate sustainable transportation.
Temperature-controlled marking lights up and becomes transparent again, depending on temperature. The marking warns road users when the road deck can be slippery. Drivers experience direct interaction with the road deck.
Interactive lighting is controlled by sensors: it only turns on when traffic approaches. It is a sustainable and cost-saving alternative to continuous lighting. Interactive lighting can also provide speed guidance.
Van Gogh bicycle path
Innovative bicycle path with a unique design comprising thousands of sparkling stones, creating patterns that charge during the day and emit light during the evening. The Van Gogh bicycle path makes use of the light-emitting techniques of the Smart Highway concept. An interplay of light and poetry and a modern interpretation to Vincent van Gogh. Cultural heritage and innovation merge in this new, public landscape. | <urn:uuid:5710cfb0-5e96-482a-be40-7da98eb87562> | {
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An equal temperament is a musical temperament, or a system of tuning, in which every pair of adjacent notes has an identical frequency ratio. As pitch is perceived roughly as the logarithm of frequency, this means that the perceived "distance" from every note to its nearest neighbor is the same for every note in the system.
In equal temperament tunings, an interval – usually the octave – is divided into a series of equal steps (equal frequency ratios between successive notes). For classical music, the most common tuning system is twelve-tone equal temperament (also known as 12 equal temperament), inconsistently abbreviated as 12-TET, 12TET, 12tET, 12tet, 12-ET, 12ET, or 12et, which divides the octave into 12 parts, all of which are equal on a logarithmic scale. It is usually tuned relative to a standard pitch of 440 Hz, called A440.
Other equal temperaments exist (some music has been written in 19-TET and 31-TET for example, and 24-TET is used in Arabic music), but in Western countries when people use the term equal temperament without qualification, they usually mean 12-TET.
Equal temperaments may also divide some interval other than the octave, a pseudo-octave, into a whole number of equal steps. An example is an equal-tempered Bohlen–Pierce scale. To avoid ambiguity, the term equal division of the octave, or EDO is sometimes preferred. According to this naming system, 12-TET is called 12-EDO, 31-TET is called 31-EDO, and so on.
String ensembles and vocal groups, who have no mechanical tuning limitations, often use a tuning much closer to just intonation, as it is naturally more consonant. Other instruments, such as some wind, keyboard, and fretted instruments, often only approximate equal temperament, where technical limitations prevent exact tunings. Some wind instruments that can easily and spontaneously bend their tone, most notably double-reeds, use tuning similar to string ensembles and vocal groups.
The tuning continuum of the syntonic temperament, shown in Figure 1, includes a number of notable "equal temperament" tunings, including those that divide the octave equally into 5, 7, 12, 17, 19, 22, 26, 31, 43, 50, and 53 parts. On an isomorphic keyboard, the fingering of music written in any of these syntonic tunings is precisely the same as it is in any other syntonic tuning, so long as the notes are spelled properly—that is, with no assumption of enharmonicity. This consistency of fingering makes it possible to smoothly vary the tuning (and hence the pitches of all notes, systematically) all along the syntonic tuning continuum—a polyphonic tuning bend. The use of dynamic timbres lets consonance be maintained (or otherwise manipulated) across such tuning bends.
- 1 History
- 2 General properties
- 3 Twelve-tone equal temperament
- 4 Rational semitone
- 5 Other equal temperaments
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
The two figures frequently credited with the achievement of exact calculation of equal temperament are Zhu Zaiyu (also romanized as Chu-Tsaiyu. Chinese: 朱載堉) in 1584 and Simon Stevin in 1585. According to Fritz A. Kuttner, a critic of the theory, it is known that "Chu-Tsaiyu presented a highly precise, simple and ingenious method for arithmetic calculation of equal temperament mono-chords in 1584" and that "Simon Stevin offered a mathematical definition of equal temperament plus a somewhat less precise computation of the corresponding numerical values in 1585 or later." Both developments occurred independently.
Kenneth Robinson attributes the invention of equal temperament to Zhu Zaiyu and provides textual quotations as evidence. Zhu Zaiyu is quoted as saying that, in a text dating from 1584, "I have founded a new system. I establish one foot as the number from which the others are to be extracted, and using proportions I extract them. Altogether one has to find the exact figures for the pitch-pipers in twelve operations." Kuttner disagrees and remarks that his claim "cannot be considered correct without major qualifications." Kuttner proposes that neither Zhu Zaiyu or Simon Stevin achieved equal temperament, and that neither of the two should be treated as inventors.
One of the earliest discussions of equal temperament occurs in the writing of Aristoxenus in the 4th century BC.
Vincenzo Galilei (father of Galileo Galilei) was one of the first practical advocates of twelve-tone equal temperament. He composed a set of dance suites on each of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale in all the "transposition keys", and published also, in his 1584 "Fronimo", 24 +1 ricercars. He used the 18:17 ratio for fretting the lute (although some adjustment was necessary for pure octaves).
Galilei's countryman and fellow lutenist Giacomo Gorzanis had written music based on equal temperament by 1567. Gorzanis was not the only lutenist to explore all modes or keys: Francesco Spinacino wrote a "Recercare de tutti li Toni" (Ricercar in all the Tones) as early as 1507. In the 17th century lutenist-composer John Wilson wrote a set of 30 preludes including 24 in all the major/minor keys.
Henricus Grammateus drew a close approximation to equal temperament in 1518. The first tuning rules in equal temperament were given by Giovani Maria Lanfranco in his "Scintille de musica". Zarlino in his polemic with Galilei initially opposed equal temperament but eventually conceded to it in relation to the lute in his Sopplimenti musicali in 1588.
The first mention of equal temperament related to Twelfth root of two in the West appeared in Simon Stevin's manuscript Van De Spiegheling der singconst (ca 1605) published posthumously nearly three centuries later in 1884. However, due to insufficient accuracy of his calculation, many of the chord length numbers he obtained were off by one or two units from the correct values. As a result, the frequency ratios of Simon Stevin's chords has no unified ratio, but one ratio per tone, which is claimed by Gene Cho as incorrect.
The following were Simon Stevin's chord length from Vande Spiegheling der singconst:
|TONE||CHORD 10000 from Simon Stevin||RATIO||CORRECTED CHORD|
|ditone and a half||7491||1.0594046||7491.5|
|tritone and a half||6674||1.0594845||6674.2|
From 1450 to about 1800, plucked instrument players (lutenists and guitarists) generally favored equal temperament, and the Brossard lute Manuscript compiled in the last quarter of the 17th century contains a series of 18 preludes attributed to Bocquet written in all keys, including the last prelude, entitled Prelude sur tous les tons, which enharmonically modulates through all keys. Angelo Michele Bartolotti published a series of passacaglias in all keys, with connecting enharmonically modulating passages. Among the 17th-century keyboard composers Girolamo Frescobaldi advocated equal temperament. Some theorists, such as Giuseppe Tartini, were opposed to the adoption of equal temperament; they felt that degrading the purity of each chord degraded the aesthetic appeal of music, although Andreas Werckmeister emphatically advocated equal temperament in his 1707 treatise published posthumously.
J. S. Bach wrote The Well-Tempered Clavier to demonstrate the musical possibilities of well temperament, where in some keys the consonances are even more degraded than in equal temperament. It is reasonable to believe[weasel words] that when composers and theoreticians of earlier times wrote of the moods and "colors" of the keys, they each described the subtly different dissonances made available within a particular tuning method. However, it is difficult to determine with any exactness the actual tunings used in different places at different times by any composer. (Correspondingly, there is a great deal of variety in the particular opinions of composers about the moods and colors of particular keys.)
Twelve tone equal temperament took hold for a variety of reasons. It conveniently fit the existing keyboard design, and permitted total harmonic freedom at the expense of just a little impurity in every interval. This allowed greater expression through enharmonic modulation, which became extremely important in the 18th century in music of such composers as Francesco Geminiani, Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach and Johann Gottfried Müthel.
The progress of equal temperament from the mid-18th century on is described with detail in quite a few modern scholarly publications: it was already the temperament of choice during the Classical era (second half of the 18th century), and it became standard during the Early Romantic era (first decade of the 19th century), except for organs that switched to it more gradually, completing only in the second decade of the 19th century. (In England, some cathedral organists and choirmasters held out against it even after that date; Samuel Sebastian Wesley, for instance, opposed it all along. He died in 1876.)
A precise equal temperament is possible using the 17th-century Sabbatini method of splitting the octave first into three tempered major thirds. This was also proposed by several writers during the Classical era. Tuning without beat rates but employing several checks, achieving virtually modern accuracy, was already done in the first decades of the 19th century. Using beat rates, first proposed in 1749, became common after their diffusion by Helmholtz and Ellis in the second half of the 19th century. The ultimate precision was available with 2-decimal tables published by White in 1917.
It is in the environment of equal temperament that the new styles of symmetrical tonality and polytonality, atonal music such as that written with the twelve tone technique or serialism, and jazz (at least its piano component) developed and flourished.
The origin of the Chinese pentatonic scale is traditionally ascribed to the mythical Ling Lun. Allegedly his writings discussed the equal division of the scale in the 27th century BC. However, evidence of the origins of writing in this period (the early Longshan) in China is limited to rudimentary inscriptions on oracle bones and pottery.
A complete set of bronze chime bells, among many musical instruments found in the tomb of the Marquis Yi of Zeng (early Warring States, c. 5th century BCE in the Chinese Bronze Age), covers 5 full 7 note octaves in the key of C Major, including 12 note semi-tones in the middle of the range.
Zhu Zaiyu (朱載堉), a prince of the Ming court, spent thirty years on research based on the equal temperament idea originally postulated by his father. He described his new pitch theory in his Fusion of Music and Calendar 乐律融通 published in 1580. This was followed by the publication of a detailed account of the new theory of the equal temperament with a precise numerical specification for 12-TET in his 5,000-page work Complete Compendium of Music and Pitch (Yuelü quan shu 乐律全书) in 1584. An extended account is also given by Joseph Needham. Zhu obtained his result mathematically by dividing the length of string and pipe successively by
, and for pipe diameter by
(still in tune after 84/12 = 7 octaves)
According to Gene Cho, Zhu Zaiyu was the first person to solve the equal temperament problem mathematically. Murray Barbour said, "The first known appearance in print of the correct figures for equal temperament was in China, where Prince Tsaiyü's brilliant solution remains an enigma." The 19th-century German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz wrote in On the Sensations of Tone that a Chinese prince (see below) introduced a scale of seven notes, and that the division of the octave into twelve semitones was discovered in China.
Zhu Zaiyu illustrated his equal temperament theory by construction of a set of 36 bamboo tuning pipes ranging in 3 octaves, with instructions of the type of bamboo, color of paint, and detailed specification on their length and inner and outer diameters. He also constructed a 12-string tuning instrument, with a set of tuning pitch pipes hidden inside its bottom cavity. In 1890, Victor-Charles Mahillon, curator of the Conservatoire museum in Brussels, duplicated a set of pitch pipes according to Zhu Zaiyu's specification. He said that the Chinese theory of tones knew more about the diameter of pitch pipes than its Western counterpart, and that the set of pipes duplicated according to the Zaiyu data proved the accuracy of this theory.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2011)|
In an equal temperament, the distance between each step of the scale is the same interval. Because the perceived identity of an interval depends on its ratio, this scale in even steps is a geometric sequence of multiplications. (An arithmetic sequence of intervals would not sound evenly spaced, and would not permit transposition to different keys.) Specifically, the smallest interval in an equal-tempered scale is the ratio:
Scales are often measured in cents, which divide the octave into 1200 equal intervals (each called a cent). This logarithmic scale makes comparison of different tuning systems easier than comparing ratios, and has considerable use in Ethnomusicology. The basic step in cents for any equal temperament can be found by taking the width of p above in cents (usually the octave, which is 1200 cents wide), called below w, and dividing it into n parts:
In musical analysis, material belonging to an equal temperament is often given an integer notation, meaning a single integer is used to represent each pitch. This simplifies and generalizes discussion of pitch material within the temperament in the same way that taking the logarithm of a multiplication reduces it to addition. Furthermore, by applying the modular arithmetic where the modulus is the number of divisions of the octave (usually 12), these integers can be reduced to pitch classes, which removes the distinction (or acknowledges the similarity) between pitches of the same name, e.g. 'C' is 0 regardless of octave register. The MIDI encoding standard uses integer note designations.
Twelve-tone equal temperament
In twelve-tone equal temperament, which divides the octave into 12 equal parts, the width of a semitone, i.e. the frequency ratio of the interval between two adjacent notes, is the twelfth root of two:
This interval is divided into 100 cents.
Calculating absolute frequencies
To find the frequency, Pn, of a note in 12-TET, the following definition may be used:
In this formula Pn refers to the pitch, or frequency (usually in hertz), you are trying to find. Pa refers to the frequency of a reference pitch (usually 440Hz). n and a refer to numbers assigned to the desired pitch and the reference pitch, respectively. These two numbers are from a list of consecutive integers assigned to consecutive semitones. For example, A4 (the reference pitch) is the 49th key from the left end of a piano (tuned to 440 Hz), and C4 (middle C) is the 40th key. These numbers can be used to find the frequency of C4:
|1580||Vincenzo Galilei||18:17 [1.058823529]||99.0|
Comparison to just intonation
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2011)|
The intervals of 12-TET closely approximate some intervals in just intonation. The fifths and fourths are almost indistinguishably close to just.
In the following table the sizes of various just intervals are compared against their equal-tempered counterparts, given as a ratio as well as cents.
|Name||Exact value in 12-TET||Decimal value in 12-TET||Cents||Just intonation interval||Cents in just intonation||Error|
|Unison (C)||1.000000||0||= 1.0000000||0.00||0|
|Minor second (C♯/D♭)||1.059463||100||≈ 1.06666…||111.73||−11.73|
|Major second (D)||1.122462||200||= 1.1250000||203.91||−3.91|
|Minor third (D♯/E♭)||1.189207||300||= 1.2000000||315.64||−15.64|
|Major third (E)||1.259921||400||= 1.2500000||386.31||+13.69|
|Perfect fourth (F)||1.334840||500||≈ 1.33333…||498.04||+1.96|
|Augmented fourth (F♯/G♭)||1.414214||600||= 1.4000000||582.51||+17.49|
|Perfect fifth (G)||1.498307||700||= 1.5000000||701.96||−1.96|
|Minor sixth (G♯/A♭)||1.587401||800||= 1.6000000||813.69||−13.69|
|Major sixth (A)||1.681793||900||≈ 1.66666…||884.36||+15.64|
|Minor seventh (A♯/B♭)||1.781797||1000||≈ 1.77777…||996.09||+3.91|
|Major seventh (B)||1.887749||1100||= 1.8750000||1088.27||+11.73|
|Octave (C)||2.000000||1200||= 2.0000000||1200.00||0|
Seven-tone equal division of the fifth
Violins, violas and cellos are tuned in perfect fifths (G – D – A – E, for violins, and C – G – D – A, for violas and cellos), which suggests that their semi-tone ratio is slightly higher than in the conventional twelve-tone equal temperament. Because a perfect fifth is in 3:2 relation with its base tone, and this interval is covered in 7 steps, each tone is in the ratio of to the next (100.28 cents), which provides for a perfect fifth with ratio of 3:2 but a slightly widened octave with ratio of ≈ 517:258 or ≈ 2.00388:1 rather than the usual 2:1 ratio, because twelve perfect fifths do not equal seven octaves. During actual play, however, the violinist chooses pitches by ear, and only the four unstopped pitches of the strings are guaranteed to exhibit this 3:2 ratio.
For any semitone that is a proper fraction of a whole tone, exactly one equal division of the octave lets the circle of fifths generate all the notes of the equal division while preserving the order of the notes. (That is, C is lower than D, D is lower than E, etc., and F♯ is indeed sharper than F.) The number of divisions needed for the octave is seven times the number of divisions of a whole tone minus twice the number of divisions of the semitone. The corresponding fifth spans a number of divisions equal to four whole tones minus one semitone. Hence, for a semitone of one-half of a whole tone, the corresponding equal temperament scheme is 12-EDO with a fifth of seven divisions. A semitone of one-third of a whole tone corresponds to 19-EDO with a fifth of eleven divisions.
12-EDO is the equal temperament with the smallest number of divisions that allows for a rational semitone to preserve the desired properties concerning note order and the circle of fifths. It also has the desirable property of making the semitone exactly one-half of a whole tone. These are additional reasons why 12-EDO became the predominant form of equal temperament.
While each rational semitone corresponds to only one equal temperament, the reverse is not the case. For example, both a semitone of one-seventh, and a semitone of eight-ninths both use 47-EDO, which is the smallest number of divisions that has two different semitones. However, they have different values for the fifth, as a semitone of one-seventh uses a fifth of twenty-seven divisions while a semitone of eight ninths uses a fifth of twenty-eight divisions.
Other equal temperaments
5 and 7 tone temperaments in ethnomusicology
Five and seven tone equal temperament (5-TET Play (help·info) and 7-TET Play (help·info) ), with 240 Play (help·info) and 171 Play (help·info) cent steps respectively, are fairly common. A Thai xylophone measured by Morton (1974) "varied only plus or minus 5 cents," from 7-TET. A Ugandan Chopi xylophone measured by Haddon (1952) was also tuned to this system. According to Morton, "Thai instruments of fixed pitch are tuned to an equidistant system of seven pitches per octave ... As in Western traditional music, however, all pitches of the tuning system are not used in one mode (often referred to as 'scale'); in the Thai system five of the seven are used in principal pitches in any mode, thus establishing a pattern of nonequidistant intervals for the mode." Play (help·info) Indonesian gamelans are tuned to 5-TET according to Kunst (1949), but according to Hood (1966) and McPhee (1966) their tuning varies widely, and according to Tenzer (2000) they contain stretched octaves. It is now well-accepted that of the two primary tuning systems in gamelan music, slendro and pelog, only slendro somewhat resembles five-tone equal temperament while pelog is highly unequal; however, Surjodiningrat et al. (1972) has analyzed pelog as a seven-note subset of nine-tone equal temperament (133 cent steps Play (help·info)). A South American Indian scale from a preinstrumental culture measured by Boiles (1969) featured 175 cent seven tone equal temperament, which stretches the octave slightly as with instrumental gamelan music.
5-TET and 7-TET mark the endpoints of the syntonic temperament's valid tuning range, as shown in Figure 1.
- In 5-TET the tempered perfect fifth is 720 cents wide (at the top of the tuning continuum), and marks the endpoint on the tuning continuum at which the width of the minor second shrinks to a width of 0 cents.
- In 7-TET the tempered perfect fifth is 686 cents wide (at the bottom of the tuning continuum), and marks the endpoint on the tuning continuum, at which the minor second expands to be as wide as the major second (at 171 cents each).
Various Western equal temperaments
31 tone equal temperament was advocated by Christiaan Huygens and Adriaan Fokker. 31-TET has a slightly less accurate fifth than 12-TET, but provides near-just major thirds, and provides decent matches for harmonics up to at least 13, of which the seventh harmonic is particularly accurate.
In the 20th century, standardized Western pitch and notation practices having been placed on a 12-TET foundation made the quarter tone scale (or 24-TET) a popular microtonal tuning.
29-TET is the lowest number of equal divisions of the octave which produces a better perfect fifth than 12-TET. Its major third is roughly as inaccurate as 12-TET, however it is tuned 14 cents flat rather than 14 cents sharp.
41-TET is the second lowest number of equal divisions that produces a better perfect fifth than 12-TET. Its major third is more accurate than 12-ET and 29-ET, about 6 cents flat.
53-TET is better at approximating the traditional just consonances than 12, 19 or 31-TET, but has had only occasional use. Its extremely good perfect fifths make it interchangeable with an extended Pythagorean tuning, but it also accommodates schismatic temperament, and is sometimes used in Turkish music theory. It does not, however, fit the requirements of meantone temperaments, which put good thirds within easy reach via the cycle of fifths. In 53-TET the very consonant thirds would be reached instead by strange enharmonic relationships. A consequence of this is that chord progressions like I-vi-ii-V-I won't land you back where you started in 53-TET, but rather one 53-tone step flat (unless the motion by I-vi wasn't by the 5-limit minor third).
Another extension of 12-TET is 72-TET (dividing the semitone into 6 equal parts), which though not a meantone tuning, approximates well most just intonation intervals, even less traditional ones such as 7/4, 9/7, 11/5, 11/6 and 11/7. 72-TET has been taught, written and performed in practice by Joe Maneri and his students (whose atonal inclinations interestingly typically avoid any reference to just intonation whatsoever).
2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 are denominators of first convergents of , so 2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 twelfths (and fifths), being in correspondent equal temperaments equal to en integer number of octaves, are better approximation of 2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 just twelfths/fifths than for any equal temperaments with less tones.
1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 29, 41, 53, 200... (sequence A060528 in OEIS) is the sequence of divisions of octave that provide better and better approximations of the perfect fifth. Related sequences contain divisions approximating other just intervals.
Equal temperaments of non-octave intervals
The equal-tempered version of the Bohlen–Pierce scale consists of the ratio 3:1, 1902 cents, conventionally a perfect fifth and an octave, called in this theory a tritave ( play (help·info)), and split into a thirteen equal parts. This provides a very close match to justly tuned ratios consisting only of odd numbers. Each step is 146.3 cents ( play (help·info)), or .
Wendy Carlos created three unusual equal temperaments after a thorough study of the properties of possible temperaments having a step size between 30 and 120 cents. These were called alpha, beta, and gamma. They can be considered as equal divisions of the perfect fifth. Each of them provides a very good approximation of several just intervals. Their step sizes:
- alpha: (78.0 cents)
- beta: (63.8 cents)
- gamma: (35.1 cents)
Alpha and Beta may be heard on the title track of her 1986 album Beauty in the Beast.
- Musical acoustics (the physics of music)
- Music and mathematics
- Microtonal music
- Piano tuning
- List of meantone intervals
- Diatonic and chromatic
- Electronic tuner
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- Kenneth Robinson: A critical study of Chu Tsai-yü's contribution to the theory of equal temperament in Chinese music. (Sinologica Coloniensia, Bd. 9.) x, 136 pp. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH, 1980. DM 36. p.vii "Chu-Tsaiyu the first formulator of the mathematics of "equal temperament" anywhere in the world
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- Fritz A. Kuttner. p. 200.
- Galilei, V. (1584). Il Fronimo... Dialogo sopra l'arte del bene intavolare. G. Scotto: Venice, ff. 80–89.
- J. Murray Barbour Tuning and Temperament p8 1951 Michigan State University Press
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- Giacomo Gorzanis, c. 1525 - c. 1575 Intabolatura di liuto. Geneva, 1982
- "Spinacino 1507a: Thematic Index". Appalachian State University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- John Wilson, 26 Preludes, Diapason press (DP49, Utrecht)
- in "English Song, 1600–1675, Facsimile of Twenty-six Manuscripts and an Edition of the Texts" vol. 7, Manuscripts at Oxford, Part II. introduction by Elise Bickfoer Jorgens, Garland Publishing Inc., New York and London, 1987
- "Scintille de musica", (Brescia, 1533), p. 132
- "Van de Spiegheling der singconst, ed by Rudolf Rasch, The Diapason Press". Diapason.xentonic.org. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
- Thomas S. Christensen, The Cambridge history of western music theory p205, Cambridge University Press
- Gene Cho, The discovery of musical equal temperament in China and Europe – Page 223, Mellen Press
- Gene Cho, The discovery of musical equal temperament in China and Europe – Page 222, Mellen Press
- Thomas S. Christensen, The Cambridge history of western music theory p207, Cambridge University Press
- Thomas S. Christensen, The Cambridge history of western music theory p78, Cambridge University Press
- "Lutes, Viols, Temperaments" Mark Lindley ISBN 978-0-521-28883-5
- Vm7 6214
- Di Veroli, Claudio. Unequal Temperaments: Theory, History and Practice. 2nd edition, Bray Baroque, Bray, Ireland 2009, pp. 140, 142 and 256.
- Moody, Richard. “Early Equal Temperament, An Aural Perspective: Claude Montal 1836” in Piano Technicians Journal. Kansas City, USA, Feb. 2003.
- Helmholtz, Hermann L.F. Lehre von den Tonempfindungen… Heidelberg 1862. English edition: On the Sensations of Tone, Longmans, London, 1885, p.548.
- White, William Braid. Piano Tuning and Allied Arts. 1917, 5th enlarged edition, Tuners Supply Co., Boston 1946, p.68.
- Owen Henry Jorgensen, Tuning (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991)
- The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective, Zhang Zhongpei, Shao Wangping and others, Yale (New Haven Conn)and New World Press (Beijing),2005
- The Formation of Chinese Civilization, 2005 (opt cit), the Eastern Zhou and the Growth of Regionalism, Lu Liancheng, pp 140 ff
- J. Murray Barbour Tuning and Temperament p55-56, Michigan State University Press 1951
- "有关"七平均律"新文献著作的发现" [Findings of new literatures concerning the hepta – equal temperament] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. "'Hepta-equal temperament' in our folk music has always been a controversial issue."
- "七平均律"琐谈--兼及旧式均孔曲笛制作与转调" [abstract of About "Seven- equal- tuning System"] (in Chinese). "From the flute for two thousand years of the production process, and the Japanese shakuhachi remaining in the production of Sui and Tang Dynasties and the actual temperament, identification of people using the so-called 'Seven Laws' at least two thousand years of history; and decided that this law system associated with the flute law."
- "Quantifying Ritual: Political Cosmology, Courtly Music, and Precision Mathematics in Seventeenth-Century China Roger Hart Departments of History and Asian Studies, University of Texas, Austin". Uts.cc.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
- Science and Civilisation in China, Vol IV:1 (Physics), Joseph Needham, Cambridge University Press, 1962–2004, pp 220 ff
- The Shorter Science & Civilisation in China, An abridgement by Colin Ronan of Joseph Needham's original text, p385
- Gene J. Cho "The Significance of the Discovery of the Musical Equal Temperament In the Cultural History," http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XHYY201002002.htm
- J. Murray Barbour, Tuning and Temperament Michigan University Press, 1951 p7
- "The division of Octave into twelve Semitones, and the transposition of scales have also been discovered by this intelligent and skillful nation" Hermann von Helmholtz On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological basis for the theory of music, p 258, 3rd edition, Longmans, Green and Co, London, 1895
- Lau Hanson, Abacus and Practical Mathematics p389 (in Chinese 劳汉生 《珠算与实用数学》 389页)
- Date,name,ratio,cents: from equal temperament monochord tables p55-p78; J. Murray Barbour Tuning and Temperament, Michigan State University Press 1951
- Cordier, Serge. "Le tempérament égal à quintes justes" (in French). Association pour la Recherche et le Développement de la Musique. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- Morton, David (1980). "The Music of Thailand", Musics of Many Cultures, p.70. May, Elizabeth, ed. ISBN 0-520-04778-8.
- Myles Leigh Skinner (2007). Toward a Quarter-tone Syntax: Analyses of Selected Works by Blackwood, Haba, Ives, and Wyschnegradsky, p.55. ISBN 9780542998478.
- Sethares compares several equal temperament scales in a graph with axes reversed from the axes here. (fig. 4.6, p. 58)
- "665edo". xenoharmonic (microtonal wiki). Retrieved 2014-06-18.
- "convergents(log2(3), 10)". WolframAlpha. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
- Three Asymmetric Divisions of the Octave by Wendy Carlos
- Cho, Gene Jinsiong. (2003). The Discovery of Musical Equal Temperament in China and Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
- Duffin, Ross W. How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony (and Why You Should Care). W.W.Norton & Company, 2007.
- Jorgensen, Owen. Tuning. Michigan State University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-87013-290-3
- Sethares, William A. (2005). Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale (2nd ed. ed.). London: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 1-85233-797-4.
- Surjodiningrat, W., Sudarjana, P.J., and Susanto, A. (1972) Tone measurements of outstanding Javanese gamelans in Jogjakarta and Surakarta, Gadjah Mada University Press, Jogjakarta 1972. Cited on http://web.telia.com/~u57011259/pelog_main.htm, accessed May 19, 2006.
- Stewart, P. J. (2006) "From Galaxy to Galaxy: Music of the Spheres"
- Khramov, Mykhaylo. "Approximation of 5-limit just intonation. Computer MIDI Modeling in Negative Systems of Equal Divisions of the Octave", Proceedings of the International Conference SIGMAP-2008, 26–29 July 2008, Porto, pp. 181–184, ISBN 978-989-8111-60-9
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- "Fractal Microtonal Music", Jim Kukula. | <urn:uuid:84d66380-cbe8-44f2-aa52-7d43b15bf335> | {
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In cancer cells, genetic errors wreak havoc. Misspelled genes, as well as structural variations—larger-scale rearrangements of DNA that can encompass large chunks of chromosomes—disturb carefully balanced mechanisms that have evolved to regulate cell growth. Genes that are normally silent are massively activated and mutant proteins are formed. These and other disruptions cause a plethora of problems that cause cells to grow without restraint, cancer’s most infamous hallmark.
Long-read sequencing enabled the team to reconstruct in great detail “the history of how the HER2 gene gets massively amplified” in HER2-positive breast cancer cells, says Dr. Schatz. “The process, which really surprised us, is anything but simple.” The top rectangle shows a 2 million base-pair segment of chromosome 17 occupied by the HER2 gene (also called ERBB2). A small segment of the gene, already massively amplified, breaks off and fuses with chromosome 8 (lower rectangle). On that chromosome, parts of the gene are copied as many as 1000 times, with various segments jumping around within the chromosome (green arcs). “This shows why we want to identify HER2-positive patients as early as possible, to prevent the kind of chaos that we register here cumulatively,” says Schatz.
This week, scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have published in Genome Research one of the most detailed maps ever made of structural variations in a cancer cell’s genome. The map reveals about 20,000 structural variations, few of which have ever been noted due to technological limitations in a long-popular method of genome sequencing.
The team, led by sequencing experts Michael C. Schatz and W. Richard McCombie, read genomes of the cancer cells with so-called long-read sequencing technology. This technology reads much lengthier segments of DNA than older short-read technology. When the results are interpreted with two sophisticated software packages recently published by the team, two advantages are evident: long-read sequencing is richer in terms of both information and context. It can, for instance, make better sense of repetitive stretches of DNA letters—which pervade the genome—in part by seeing them within a physically larger context.
The team demonstrated the power of long-read technology by using it to read the genomes of cells derived from a cell line called SK-BR-3, an important model for breast cancer cells with variations in a gene called HER2 (sometimes also called ERBB2). About 20% of breast cancers are “HER2-positive,” meaning they overproduce the HER2 protein. These cancers tend to be among the most aggressive.
“Most of the 20,000 variants we identified in this cell line were missed by short-read sequencing,” says Maria Nattestad, Ph.D., who performed the work with colleagues while still a member of the Schatz lab at CSHL and Johns Hopkins University. “Of particular interest, we found a highly complex set of DNA variations surrounding the HER2 gene.”
In their analysis, the team combined the results of long-read sequencing with results of another kind of experiment that reads the messages, or transcripts, that are being generated by activated genes. This fuller picture yielded an extraordinarily detailed account of how structural variations disrupt the genome in cancer cells and sheds light on how cancer cells rapidly evolve.
Schatz, Adjunct Associate Professor at CSHL and Bloomberg Distinguished Associate Professor at Johns Hopkins University, and McCombie, a CSHL Professor, say it is “essential to continue building a catalog of variant cancer cell types using the best available technologies. Long-read sequencing is an invaluable tool to capture the complexity of structural variations, so we expect its widespread adoption for use in research and clinical practice, especially as sequencing costs further decline.”
Source – Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | <urn:uuid:714ed813-6444-4ef9-99f7-81ad5bded237> | {
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