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Social media has a negative impact on young teens self estee
Transcript of Social media has a negative impact on young teens self estee
When teens get negative comments on their selfies their self esteem is lowered.
“They told me that my body was the wrong shape to be a model and that my skin wasn’t up to scratch. I was mortified,”
“While social media is not the cause of low self-esteem, it has all the right elements to contribute to it,”
Without a lot of likes it’s not good enough.
In today’s social networking, teens are worried about how many “likes” they can get, how many followers they gain and how many retweets they have, even though none of it matters.
Without a lot of “likes,” followers, or retweets, teens see themselves as “not good enough.”
social media set unrealistic beauty standards
· Women wrote more than 5 million negative tweets in 2014.
· Four out of every five negative beauty tweets from women were about themselves.
· Women are 50 percent more likely to say something negative (rather than positive) about themselves on social media.
However, some people say that
The media is not to blame for our body images.
But can we continue to blame the media for every negative thought girls have about themselves? Should we not instead be looking to and encouraging parents, teachers, community leaders, clubs and curriculums to stand in the gap and provide the positive role models that the media has failed to produce?
Yes, parents, teachers, community leaders, clubs and curriculums can teach teens stuff that the media has failed to produce but it won’t stop teens from believing things they read on the internet , or stop them from saying hurtful things to each other.
The media is not to blame for eating disorders.
The way I see it, disordered eating “comes from the outside” whereas eating disorders “come from the inside.”
Media does have an impact on teens and eating disorders, for instance if someone that is not so called "skinny" is scrolling through instagram and comes upon a thin girl in a bathing suit enjoying the beach, they are most likely going to feel like they need to lose weight so they can also look like that. | <urn:uuid:a395e8b7-0d49-40b1-9f39-14e236e165d8> | {
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Full Title: Atrophy of the Frontalis and Temporalis Muscle
Author: Karen Finlay
Date of Publication: July 26, 2017
Research Paper Text:
ATROPHY OF THE FRONTALIS AND TEMPORALIS MUSCLE
By: Karen Finlay
July 26, 2017
The facial muscles of mammals are very complex and variable. Even though a dog does not have the same range of facial expression as humans do, the muscles of the dog’s face are well developed. They consist of several layers and differ in size and insertion points from one breed to another, but the innervation of the facial muscles by the facial nerve is constant.
Distinguishing one facial muscle from another is difficult and results from a lack of distinct connective tissue sheaths (fascia) between the layers. Adjacent layers of muscle often join together in various ways, or they may become independent and create separate muscles, each with their own name. Dissimilarities of this sort make neat classifications and actions difficult to describe.
The frontalis muscle is a thin, superficial facial muscle that lays across the top of the head, roughly from ear to ear, spanning the midline. Miller’s Anatomy of the dog categorizes the frontalis muscle as one of the “rostral extrinsic” ear muscles. It attaches at the rostral edge of the scutiform cartilage (part of the external ear), extends to the forehead and attaches to the nasofrontal fascia and into the zygomatic process (the bony protuberance at the side of the cheek forming the base of the eye socket). The frontal muscle fixes and pulls the scutiform cartilage rostrally, helping to move the ear forward.
The frontalis muscle lays directly atop the temporalis muscle, the largest muscle in the head, which raises the mandible and contributes to the action of closing the mouth and chewing. Since it is difficult to isolate the frontalis from the temporalis muscle, it is not possible to palpate it independently from the underlying temporalis. The two muscles combined give the top of the head behind the eyes it’s shape and fullness. Although the frontal muscle is not one of the muscles directly involved in mastication, due to its location relative to the temporal muscle, it will be affected by movement of or damage to of the temporal muscle.
Atrophy of the muscles involved in jaw movement (including the temporalis) would be more notable than observing the healthy muscles. If these muscles atrophy, the result would be a very distinctly evident “hollow” on either side of the midline of the frontal bone and giving the eyes a sunken look. Although atrophy of these muscles can simply be symptomatic of aging (as with all muscles), an immune mediated disease called Masticatory Muscle Myositis (MMM) is often to blame. This disease causes inflammation of the muscles of the jaw and temples, causing pain and dysfunction. The disease normally starts with swollen muscles on the top of the head, quickly followed by progressive muscle atrophy making opening and closing its’ mouth difficult and painful, and eventually causing the dog to be unable to move its jaw.
Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog, 4th edition | <urn:uuid:819fa3cd-cf18-4710-bd82-830edfcab061> | {
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What conversations are we having with our children; about the birds and the trees and to stay away from drugs? Very smart! Let’s add finances and how to be financially responsible while you’re at it.
The most common question among parents is at what age to introduce the topic of money to young children. The answer is always as soon as they can learn to count. Think about it; every adult was once a child and whatever values that were instilled in us as children are the ones we are going to hold on to for rest of our lives. They do not call them formative years for anything.
The role of schools is very crucial however different from that of parents. Most will agree that some changes are overdue in the education system to accommodate and reflect the changes in today’s world but that would take years of research and red tape before it passes and is applied in schools. More practically, what do children need to learn about finance from their parent?
- Honest and hard work is the only way to earn a living. Install the virtue of legal and hard work (not child labor) in them by giving them chores around the house and rewarding them for their hard work.
- How to save: A good lesson in saving is for them to save first and spend what is left and not the other way around. Buy them piggy banks and open saving accounts for them and encourage them to be the ones to make deposits under your supervision.
- Be a good example: Those little eyes and ears are learning more from what you do than what you say. Make a smart decision with your money and they will learn as well.
- Goal setting: Saving is good but saving with a purpose is even better. Encourage your children to set saving milestones and to save up to buy the things they want.
- Reward their motivation: If they are saving up to buy a bike instead of asking you to buy it for them, reward their motivation by offering to pay for half if they can come up with the other half. Teach them to work for commissions rather than allowances.
- Introduce allowances: If your child is above the age of seven, allowances can be a great way to teach them about budgeting and boundaries. Have a conversation about their expenses, like school lunches, and give them their weekly allowance to manage. Monitor their spending habits and advise them accordingly. | <urn:uuid:5fa16fd9-f2bb-4de5-bfcd-4ee55680ac22> | {
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LONDON, England (CNN) -- There are around 200 known types of cancers. Some are far more widespread than others.
Australian Professor Ian Frazer has developed a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer and is working on a vaccine for skin cancer.
Cancer researchers are making significant breakthroughs in unlocking the complete genetic makeup of many common cancers.
Through extensive studies and research, they are understanding exactly how the rogue cells differ from normal cells, and modifying treatments so they work on just the cancer cells.
We take a look at some of the most common types of cancers plus some possible causes, treatments and developments.
Lung cancer develops when cells of the lungs divide and grow in an uncontrolled manner.
There are two types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The latter is more likely to spread further in the body in its early stages.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, according to the World Health Organization, with 1.2 million new cases every year.
Nearly all lung cancers arise because of smoking and men have always been more affected by lung cancer than women. However, a rise in female smoking worldwide has started reversing the trend.
Not all lung-cancer patients are suitable for surgery. Surgery on non-small cell lung cancers is more common than in small cell lung cancer, but can still only happen in a minority of cases.
Other options are radio therapy and chemotherapy.
In December 2008, scientists pinpointed a gene that protects against lung cancer. It is hoped the discovery of the role of the tumor suppressor gene -- LIMD1 -- may lead to new treatments and techniques to pick up the disease earlier. The disease is often not picked up until it has reached an advanced stage and many patients die within a year of being diagnosed.
Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the skin. It generally develops in the outermost layer of skin, so a tumor is usually clearly visible and easier to detect than most other cancers. Skin cancer is the most diagnosed form of the disease, surpassing lung, breast, colorectal and prostate cancer.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that usually starts within a mole or a dark spot on the skin. If found early, simple surgical treatment works well and usually leads to a cure, the British Medical Journal advises.
However they can spread quickly and are responsible for the majority of skin-cancer-related deaths.
It's not entirely clear why skin cancers develop, but according to the U.S. National Institute of Health, UV radiation from the sun is the main cause.
UV radiation is particularly harmful for children and teenagers and even a short exposure can lead to skin cancer much later in life.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis is made with a skin biopsy, under local anesthetic with an injection. Treatment depends on the circumstances of the cancer and the patient; including age, type of cancer and location. Treatments can include, amongst others, radiotherapy (radiation), chemotherapy (pills) and surgery.
Scientists have recently conducted experiments on "immune-priming,"-- using the patients' own immune systems to fight the skin cancer. This therapy is still relatively new, but has been shown to boost the immune system and thereby attack skin cancers and viruses.
The Australian scientist who developed a vaccine for cervical cancer, Ian Frazer, told Australia's Medical Research Congress in November 2008 that he is working on a skin cancer vaccine that could be available within a decade.
Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the breast tissue, leading to damage to the cells' DNA. This results in cell division and growth and eventually leads to the formation of a lump.
The malignant cells can then invade other organs where metastases (secondary lumps) may form.
Breast cancer is the most common in women, affecting one in nine women at some point in their lives.
The World Health Organization states that breast cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths, causing 502,000 deaths worldwide in 2005.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Women are encouraged to check their breasts regularly for any lumps or other irregularities, such as discharge from the nipple. General practitioners or gynecologists can also do physical checks.
To make a diagnosis, doctors can perform a mammogram or an ultrasound and take a tissue sample.
Once a lump has been identified as malignant, the most common treatments are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Interstitial laser thermotherapy (ILT) is a relatively new minimally invasive, laser surgery procedure that reduces the possibility of complications during and after an operation.
Prostate cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. It occurs when cells of the prostate mutate and begin to multiply out of control. These cells may spread from the prostate to other parts of the body.
Rates of prostate cancer vary widely across the world and are most common in Europe and the United States. It is least common in South and East Asia, according to the figures from Cancer Research UK. A quarter of all new cases of cancer diagnosed in British men are prostate cancers. Almost 60 per cent of prostate cancer cases are diagnosed in men aged over 70 years.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Prostate cancer is most often discovered by prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening and less commonly by physical examination through the rectum or by the appearance of symptoms.
Treatment options for prostate cancer depend on the age of the man, his health and the spread of the cancer. The most common treatments are surgery and radiation therapy.
Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes cancerous growths in the colon, rectum and appendix.
According to the WHO, colorectal cancer causes 655,000 deaths worldwide per year and is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the Western world
Risk factors and symptoms
According to the American Cancer Society, the following factors increase the risk for colorectal cancer:
• Age: Most cases occur in people in their 60s and 70s. Cases in people aged 50 or under are uncommon unless a family history of early colon cancer is present.
• Women who have had cancer of the ovary, uterus, or breast have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.
• A history of colorectal cancer in the family
Surgery is the primary treatment, while radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be applied depending on the patient, the tumor's stage and other medical factors.
If performed at a late stage or when the cancer has already spread, colorectal cancer is unlikely to be cured with surgery. | <urn:uuid:09a111eb-b159-40ce-8f61-6b093f469400> | {
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ELECTRIC POSTAL VEHICLE An electrically powered Postal vehicle, developed by NASA, is taken for a test drive through the hills. Included are shots of the men preparing the vehicle and scenic views of the car being driven
Date: 1970s - COLOR Source: Film: 16P Length: 00:01:32:00, With Audio
FIRST ELECTRIC CARS A red sports car is one of the first electric cars being designed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Its owner Wally Repel sits in the driver seat while computers at the lab record information taken from tests on the car. An interview with project manager Tom Barber. PLEASE NOTE: VIDEO & AUDIO OF NEWS ANCHORS & REPORTERS IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR LICENSING
Date: 1978 - COLOR Source: Film: 16P Length: 00:01:14:00, With Audio
OIL RIG AND TOYOTA HYBRID CAR Alternatives to ezpensive gasoline and oil are being sought. A worker handles the drilling of oil and the engine of the Toyota Hybrid, a car that runs both gasoline and electric batteries, is shown.
Date: August 16, 2005 - COLOR Source: Video: DV Length: 00:00:07:00, No Audio
SOLAR-POWERED ELECTRIC CARS Examples of electric cars using solar energy to power their batteries. A sportscar travels down a highway, a man plugs a recharging hose into his van, computer animation indicates how carports comprised of solar panels will be used to power electric cars. Also, a parking lot at Southern California Edison equipped with solar carports, and a company car drives down the highway.
Date: 1990s - COLOR Source: Video: BetaSP Length: 00:01:01:00, No Audio
eFootage is a premier HD, film and video stock footage archive (contemporary and vintage) specializing in news, industrial, and more.
We have over one million additional stock footage clips that we can search upon request.
A premier dv, film and video, digital and hd stock footage archive | <urn:uuid:03c15f81-b414-4cd2-acd8-a26029e26a43> | {
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Yonkers, NY — A study conducted by Consumer Reports shows that packaged salad greens may have bacteria that are common indicators of poor sanitation and fecal contamination.
The sample size consisted of 208 containers of packaged greens—all of which were within their use-by date—representing 16 brands purchased at stores in Connecticut, New Jersey and New York. Samples were tested for total coliforms and for other bacteria, including enterococcus, that are indicators of fecal contamination.
Industry experts involved in the study suggested that for leafy greens, an unacceptable level of total coliforms or enterococcus is 10,000 or more colony forming units per gram (CFU/g) or a comparable estimate. Thirty-nine percent of samples exceeded that level for total coliforms and 23% for enterococcus. Results varied widely among samples, even within the same brand, from undetectable levels of bacteria to more than one million CFU/g. Whether the greens came in a clamshell or bag, included “baby” greens or were organic made no difference.
Federal action limits exist for indicator organisms in water, raw meat, milk and some processed foods, but not produce, a topic of major concern for food safety.
Published in WholeFoods Magazine, April 2010 | <urn:uuid:40d67d8c-8c81-404c-a1ba-0688b0259b2a> | {
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1. Count the monkeys on the bed. 2. Write that number. 3. Tap and move 2 monkeys off the bed. 4. How many are still on the bed? Write the number sentence. 4.
I have used this same template for an activity that involves just singing and acting out the song. I have edited it for subtraction. | <urn:uuid:1c31de1b-55c0-42aa-9329-226cf4665430> | {
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- a vital, basic, decisive, or pivotal point: The crux of the trial was his whereabouts at the time of the murder.
- a cross.
- something that torments by its puzzling nature; a perplexing difficulty.
Origin of crux
SynonymsSee more synonyms for crux on Thesaurus.com
Origin of Crux
Examples from the Web for crux
The crux of the problem remains on this side of the Pacific.Obama and Xi Jinping Say They’ll Work Together to Save Environment
November 12, 2014
The crux of the matter is not the date of the next elections, but ensuring that elections are free, fair, and clean.Thailand: Into the Void
March 21, 2014
That, he says, is at the crux of why Pope Francis wants to train more exorcists.Vatican and Pope Francis Seek New Demon Exorcists
Barbie Latza Nadeau
January 8, 2014
And yet, despite the banter, the crux of the issue is the feasibility of it all.IVF for Just $300 Could Be a Reality Soon
Randi Hutter Epstein
August 31, 2013
The crux is new representation: of body, of proportion, of aesthetic ideals.Monsters of Fashion Exhibition Opens in Paris
February 20, 2013
"That 'somehow' is the crux, my dear Livia," said Mrs. Sinclair.The Cook's Decameron: A Study in Taste:
Mrs. W. G. Waters
Absolute and perfect union is possible only at the center, the crux, of Being.Sex=The Unknown Quantity
Here, in truth, lies the crux of the greatest problem of all.Socialism
At Skulltree was the crux of the situation, as Flagg had insisted, ragefully.Joan of Arc of the North Woods
This is the crux of the hypnotic dilemma and the answer is far from solved.A Practical Guide to Self-Hypnosis
- a vital or decisive stage, point, etc (often in the phrase the crux of the matter)
- a baffling problem or difficulty
- mountaineering the most difficult and often decisive part of a climb or pitch
- a rare word for cross
- the more formal name for the Southern Cross
Word Origin and History for crux
1814, "cross," from Latin crux "cross" (see cross (n.)). Figurative use for "a central difficulty," is older, from 1718; perhaps from Latin crux interpretum "a point in a text that is impossible to interpret," in which the literal sense is something like "crossroads of interpreters." Extended sense of "central point" is from 1888.
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T is for Transmedia
In recent years, transmedia has come into the spotlight among those creating and using media and technology for children. We believe that transmedia has the potential to be a valuable tool for expanded learning that addresses some of the challenges facing children growing up in the digital age.
Produced by the USC Annenberg Innovation Lab and the Joan Ganz Cooney Center, this paper provides a much-needed guidebook to transmedia in the lives of children age 5-11 and its applications to storytelling, play, and learning. Building off of a review of the existing popular and scholarly literature about transmedia and children, this report identifies key links between transmedia and learning, highlights key characteristics of transmedia play, and presents core principles for and extended case studies of meaningful transmedia play experiences. The authors hope that T is for Transmedia will incite conversation among diverse stakeholders including educators, entertainment industry executives, creative artists, academic scholars, policy makers, and others interested in the future of children's learning through transmedia.
(Note: this project arose from our Compelling Play Think & Do event.)
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The US has July 4, Norway has May 17, Russia has December 12.
Constitution day is a big deal in most countries around the world, with the public taking part in nationwide celebrations to mark some form of independence. But Denmark doesn’t really do that.
You might not realise it, but today is actually Grundlovsdag (Constitution Day) in Denmark – making it one of just two countries in the world, along with the the UK, which doesn’t have an official national day.
It is true that some folk are off work today, but there are no barbeques, flag-waving marches or firework displays that other countries use to mark their national days.
And here’s the reason, according to DR Nyheder.
As a nation, Denmark has never been occupied or colonised by other countries for a long period of time, so there’s no independence day – as is the case in the UK.
Furthermore, aside from south Jutland’s unification with Denmark in 1920, Denmark hasn’t been part of any large unification process, such as with Germany or Vietnam, to mention two examples.
Thirdly, Denmark hasn’t really endured any significant revolutions, such as was the case with France or China.
“It’s not unrealistic that we will get a national day – I think that Grundlovsdag will become the official national day,” Peter Yding Brunbech, a Danish historian, told DR Nyheder.
“I think that it’s never become an official national day because it’s still political. From the very beginning, Grundlovsdag became a day for political statements, which means it’s been politicised and not a natural time for a national day of celebration.”
1985 came close
In fact, perhaps the closest Denmark came to really collectively celebrating its Constitution Day was on 5 June 1985, when the national football team beat the Soviet Union 4-2 in a World Cup qualifier in Copenhagen – on what is considered one of the most important sporting moments in Danish history.
For now, however, June 5 simply marks the day when Denmark signed its constitution back in 1849. There’s no big party. There’s no togetherness. There’s no solidarity. The Danes don’t even have any national costume.
Is there something missing? Ah well, they’ll always have that day in 1985. | <urn:uuid:21e325a6-9914-435a-a0bc-d696c7889ecb> | {
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Written by Nate Birt & Tyne Morgan
Farmers, shippers worry about commerce with low Mississippi River levels
As Mississippi River levels drop, it’s no wonder farmers are getting a sinking feeling. "It’s a Superhighway 101," says Steve Launius, a producer who grows wheat, soybeans and corn in Washington County, Ill., near the Mississippi River. Producers are using the river more now than 20 years ago because of international demand for U.S. agricultural products, he says.
The drought-stressed river is threatening to halt barge traffic, putting a vital infrastructure vein at risk. It hasn’t been this low since the winter of 1988-89. During that time, the Mississippi River shut down in the St. Louis area for nearly 30 days.
So far this year, the U.S. Coast Guard hasn’t closed the river. But sinking water levels pose a major threat to barge traffic because they expose rock pinnacles, a group of which are located near Thebes, Ill., south of St. Louis.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is required to maintain a 9' channel depth for shipping. It hopes to meet that stipulation in part by removing the rock formations. While the Army Corps originally planned to do that by bringing contractors to perform blasting, further assessment revealed that mechanical removal would be the most effective and safest option. As the river drops, it’s a race against the clock.
The shipping channel must be at least 9' deep and 300' wide for barges to travel safely.
"If you ground on sand, that’s a problem, but if you rip open on a rock, that’s a serious issue, so we want to make sure we can keep commerce moving safely," says Mike Petersen, spokesman for the St. Louis branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
The rocks are left over from the blasting that happened during the 1988-89 drought. During that time, about 125,000 cubic yards of rock were removed from the river at Thebes and Grand Tower.
Pinnacle removal has gone better than expected, and the 10' deep channel of water is expected to facilitate shipping through at least the end of January, says Martin Hettel, senior manager of bulk sales with St. Louis-based AEP River Operations. Rain and snowfall in January contributed to the extra depth.
Each month, 8.8 million tons of agricultural goods and other products are shipped between St. Louis and Cairo, Ill.
"Economics is going to shut the river down," Hettel says. It would take 11,750 trucks per day or 3,000 rail cars per day to compensate for lost barge traffic, he says, and those quantities are impossible to achieve.
He thinks the Corps of Engineers should do more to help ensure the river stays open. One suggestion from Hettel and farm groups such as the National Corn Growers Association is to release water from the Missouri River.
Petersen says it’s not that simple. "Once it’s gone, it’s gone," Petersen says. "We can’t guarantee that it’s going to get replaced by next year because right now, forecasts say we’re going to have below-normal precipitation. We have to be very careful with what we do with our water."
Hettel says nearly 10,000 jobs could be in jeopardy in Illinois and Missouri if river traffic grinds to a halt.
"Add to that the dependency foreign countries have on our export products," Hettel says. "The grain that the farmer moves to the Gulf to go overseas, they need that for food. If we’re not reliable and can’t deliver, will they go to other countries such as South America to get their grains?"
Getting products where they need to go and the cost of shipping are two top issues for Goat Patterson, president of Osage Marine Services Inc. The St. Louis-based shipping company transports agricultural goods such as grains and fertilizer, along with other products, up and down the Mississippi.
While river levels in mid-January sat at -1.6' below normal stage at St. Louis, they are projected to fall to between -6.5' and -7' in mid-February. If that happens, shippers will be forced to load even less cargo to keep barges from scraping the river bottom.
"It doesn’t look very promising at all," Patterson says.
For farmers, depending on the severity and duration, it’s possible the economic repercussions of a long river shutdown could be greater than those of Hurricane Sandy, says Paul Rohde, vice president of Waterways Council, Inc. for the Midwest area.
"We need to make the best of a bad situation and figure out a way to keep the river navigable for as long as possible," adds Veronica Nigh, economist with the American Farm Bureau Federation. Closing the river to barge traffic would likely raise prices for producers. Fertilizer, for example, would go up 10% to 15%.
Corn, soybean and soft red winter wheat prices along the river are being affected, with farmers seeing drops between 15¢ to 30¢ per bushel as grain elevators either run out of storage space or fear doing so, Nigh says.
In mid-January, the Mississippi River level at St. Louis was -1.6' below normal stage. It is projected to fall to between -6.5' and -7' below normal stage in mid-February, which
would represent a low-water record for that location,
according to National Weather Service data.
Normally, corn comprises 75% of the total grain carried on the Mississippi.
There is also concern that exporters who have already sold soybeans for January and March might have to pay extra to ensure shipments reach their destination via rail or truck. That won’t hurt producers who’ve already sold grain at pre-negotiated rates, Nigh says, but it will affect the bottom line for grain-exporting companies.
The solution. The ultimate fix is moisture. "Without significant and sustained rainfall, this isn’t going anywhere anytime soon," Rohde says.
A balanced approach is needed to maintain the river’s flow, adds Illinois farmer Launius. Removal of rock formations and releases of water from upstream are all options to keep the river open for commerce, avoiding devastating economic impacts for the region and the agriculture industry.
For additional commentary, including videos and photos, of the Mississippi River situation, visit
You can e-mail Nate Birt at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:1e4935da-13f4-45d7-8079-8cb2f246ef2d> | {
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Since 1976, Wisconsin has allowed same-day voting registration. For the 2012 presidential election, 70 percent of eligible voters turned out; same-day registration is believed to have contributed to this.
Gov. Scott Walker voiced his idea of ending this opportunity and Rep. Joel Kleefisch, Sen. Alberta Darling, and Assembly Speaker Robin Vos have begun working on a bill to repeal same-day registration.
Walker cited same-day registration as a burden for poll workers. Poll workers have disputed this claim, expressing their support for same-day registration. Past arguments against same-day registration have pointed to potential voter fraud, but facts show there's no voter fraud problem in Wisconsin. Without same-day registration, Wisconsin would have to allow it to occur at DMVs. The Government Accountability Board said ending same-day registration would be a mistake: it places a financial burden on taxpayers. Same-day voter registration does exactly what it's supposed to do: make it easier for people to vote.
Who does this hurt? People who are unlikely to vote for Republicans. Students, renters, and impoverished individuals are believed to be the populations that would be most affected. Walker's own son registered to vote on Election Day.
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Hours after bedtime, do you find your little one wandering the hall looking dazed and confused? If you have a sleepwalking child, you’re not alone. It can be unnerving to see, but sleepwalking is very common in kids and most sleepwalkers only do so occasionally and outgrow it by the teen years. Still, some simple steps can keep your young sleepwalker safe while traipsing about.
Despite its name, sleepwalking (also called somnambulism) actually involves more than just walking. Sleepwalking behaviors can range from harmless (sitting up), to potentially dangerous (wandering outside), to just inappropriate (kids may even open a closet door and pee inside). No matter what kids do during sleepwalking episodes, though, it’s unlikely that they’ll remember ever having done it!
As we sleep, our brains pass through five stages of sleep — stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Together, these stages make up a sleep cycle. One complete sleep cycle lasts about 90 to 100 minutes. So a person experiences about four or five sleep cycles during an average night’s sleep.
Sleepwalking most often occurs during the deeper sleep of stages 3 and 4. During these stages, it’s more difficult to wake someone up, and when awakened, a person may feel groggy and disoriented for a few minutes.
Kids tend to sleepwalk within an hour or two of falling asleep and may walk around for anywhere from a few seconds to 30 minutes.
Causes of Sleepwalking
Sleepwalking is far more common in kids than in adults, as most sleepwalkers outgrow it by the early teen years. It may run in families, so if you or your partner are or were sleepwalkers, your child may be too.
Other factors that may bring on a sleepwalking episode include:
- lack of sleep or fatigue
- irregular sleep schedules
- illness or fever
- certain medications
- stress (sleepwalking is rarely caused by an underlying medical, emotional, or psychological problem)
Behaviors During Sleepwalking
Of course, getting out of bed and walking around while still sleeping is the most obvious sleepwalking symptom. But young sleepwalkers may also:
- be hard to wake up
- seem dazed
- be clumsy
- not respond when spoken to
- sit up in bed and go through repeated motions, such as rubbing their eyes or fussing with their pajamas
Also, sleepwalkers’ eyes are open, but they don’t see the same way they do when they’re awake and they often think they’re in different rooms of the house or different places altogether.
Sometimes, these other conditions may accompany sleepwalking:
- sleep apnea (brief pauses in breathing while sleeping)
- bedwetting (enuresis)
- night terrors
Is Sleepwalking Harmful?
Sleepwalking itself is not harmful. However, sleepwalking episodes can be hazardous since sleepwalking kids aren’t awake and may not realize what they’re doing, such as walking down stairs or opening windows.
Sleepwalking is not usually a sign that something is emotionally or psychologically wrong with a child. And it doesn’t cause any emotional harm. Sleepwalkers probably won’t even remember the nighttime stroll.
How to Keep a Sleepwalker Safe
Although sleepwalking isn’t dangerous by itself, it’s important to take precautions so that your sleepwalking child is less likely to fall down, run into something, walk out the front door, or drive (if your teen is a sleepwalker).
To help keep your sleepwalker out of harm’s way:
- Try not to wake a sleepwalker because this might scare your child. Instead, gently guide him or her back to bed.
- Lock the windows and doors, not just in your child’s bedroom but throughout your home, in case your young sleepwalker decides to wander. You may consider extra locks or child safety locks on doors. Keys should be kept out of reach for kids who are old enough to drive.
- To prevent falls, don’t let your sleepwalker sleep in a bunk bed.
- Remove sharp or breakable things from around your child’s bed.
- Keep dangerous objects out of reach.
- Remove obstacles from your child’s room and throughout your home to prevent a stumble. Especially eliminate clutter on the floor (i.e., in your child’s bedroom or playroom).
- Install safety gates outside your child’s room and/or at the top of any stairs.
Other Ways to Help a Sleepwalker
Unless the episodes are very regular, cause your child to be sleepy during the day, or involve dangerous behaviors, there’s usually no need to treat sleepwalking. But if the sleepwalking is frequent, causing problems, or your child hasn’t outgrown it by the early teen years, talk to your doctor. Also talk to your doctor if you’re concerned that something else could be going on, like reflux or trouble breathing.
For kids who sleepwalk often, doctors may recommend a treatment called scheduled awakening. This disrupts the sleep cycle enough to help stop sleepwalking. In rare cases, a doctor may prescribe medication to aid sleep.
Other ways to help minimize sleepwalking episodes:
- Have your child relax at bedtime by listening to soft music or relaxation tapes.
- Establish a regular sleep and nap schedule and stick to it — both nighttime and wake-up time.
- Make your child’s bedtime earlier. This can improve excessive sleepiness.
- Don’t let kids drink a lot in the evening and be sure they go to the bathroom before going to bed. (A full bladder can contribute to sleepwalking.)
- Avoid caffeine near bedtime.
- Make sure your child’s bedroom is quiet, cozy, and conducive to sleeping. Keep noise to a minimum while kids are trying to sleep (at bedtime and naptime).
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Wikipedia Image: Relief from a 3rd-century sarcophagus depicting a battle between Romans and Germanic warriors; the central figure is perhaps the emperor Hostilian / Depiction of the Menorah on the Arch of Titus in Rome.
Gladiators Part of the Zliten mosaic from Libya (Leptis Magna), about 2nd century CE.
Wikipedia Photo: Rondane National Park (Norwegian: Rondane nasjonalpark) is the oldest national park in Norway, established on 21 December 1962; Norwegian fjords; Norwegian Praise of Winter; Polar bears, credit National Geographics.
Wikipedia Image: The De Soto expedition; Romantic painting, created in 1847, envisions Hernando de Soto's 1541 encounter with the Mississippi River and the Indians who lived nearby. (Discovery of the Mississippi, by William H. Powell, Capitol Rotunda, Washington, D.C. - Ellen K. Coughlin. © The Chronicle of Higher Education)
Wikipedia Photo: Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Quebec
Wikipedia Image: Samuel de Champlain: Statue of Samuel de Champlain at sunrise (looking to the north-west; with a similar expressive face as traditionally Jacques Cartier's) ● Painting by George Agnew Reid, done for the third centennial (1908), showing the arrival of Samuel de Champlain on the site of Quebec City.
Wikipedia Painting: The Royal Prince and other vessels at the Four Days Fight, 11–14 June 1666 (Abraham Storck) depicts a battle of the Second Anglo–Dutch War.
Photo: Statue of Liberty; Manhattan, New York City, credit National Geographics; The Manhattan Bridge (completed 1909), spanning the East River between Brooklyn and Manhattan Island, New York City, credit: Larry Brownstein / Getty Images; Central Park, Manhattan, New York City, flanked by the apartment buildings of the Upper East Side, credit: © Bruce Stoddard—FPG International; New York city, Manhattan through a fish eye view, credit Victor Barajas Photography.
Wikipedia Image: A Map of New France Containing Canada, Louisiana in North America (According to the Patent granted by the King of France to Monsieur Crozart, dated the 14th of Sept 1712), credit Rare Maps.
Wikipedia Image: ● Lincoln Memorial; an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln - located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. across from the Washington Monument.
● The northern army led by George McClellan and the southern army led by Robert E. Lee met at Antietam Creek, Maryland in September, 1862. It was a bloody battle where 13,000 Confederates and 12,000 Union troops died in just one day. McClellan had hesitated to attack before the battle thus letting the southern troops regroup. Also, he had saved reserves and refused to use them at the end of the battle thinking that Lee was holding reserves for a counterattack, even though those reserves didn't exist. The Union victory stopped Lee's northward advance and was a turning point in the war.
● Battle of Antietam / Stone Bridge at Antietam Battlefield - Sharpsburg, Maryland
● First Battle Between Ironclads: CSS Virginia/Merrimac (left) vs. USS Monitor, in 1862 at the Battle of Hampton Roads.
● Although photography was still in its infancy, war correspondents produced thousands of images, bringing the harsh realities of the frontlines to those on the home front in a new and visceral way. The Atlantic.
Wikipedia Photo: "Casey at the Bat" © Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher.
Wikipedia Image: Canadian Pacific Railway, an eastbound CPR freight at Stoney Creek Bridge in Rogers Pass as seen in a 1988 photo by David R. Spencer; Canadian Pacific Railway bridge Mountain Creek, British Columbia, 1880-1890 by Norman Denley PA-066576, credit Library and Archives Canada.
Wikipedia Photo: Electric power lines and pylons, Michele Tantussi, Bloomberg. ● Environment Forum, Reuters. ● Willamette Falls
Wikipedia Photo: Bombing of Dresden in World War II; August Schreitmüller's sculpture 'Goodness' surveys Dresden after a firestorm started by Allied bombers in 1945.
USS Bunker Hill was hit by kamikazes piloted by Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa and another airman on 11 May 1945. 389 personnel were killed or missing from a crew of 2,600; Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa, who flew his aircraft into the USS Bunker Hill during a Kamikaze mission on 11 May 1945; Kamikaze Missions - Lt Yoshinori Yamaguchi's Yokosuka D4Y3 (Type 33 Suisei) "Judy" in a suicide dive against USS Essex. The dive brakes are extended and the non-self-sealing port wing tank is trailing fuel vapor and/or smoke 25 November 1944.
German V1 flying-bomb and V2 Rockets - Preparations for a Salvo Launch of V-2 Rockets in the Heidelager near Blizna (Poland) (1944), credit German History in Documents and Images GHDI.
Eastern Front (World War II); Germans race towards Stalingrad. August 1942; Soviet children during a German air raid in the first days of the war, June 1941, by RIA Novosti archive; Soviet sniper Roza Shanina in 1944. About 400,000 Soviet women served in front-line duty units Caucasus Mountains, winter 1942/43; Finnish ski patrol: the invisible enemy of the Soviet Army with an unlimited supply of skis; Men of the German Engineers Corps cross a river which is swollen after the first autumn rains, to strengthen bridges linking the German positions on the central front in Russia. by Keystone / Getty Images. October 1942; Russian snipers fighting on the Leningrad front during a blizzard. Photo by Hulton Archive / Getty Images, 1943; German soldiers surrendering to the Russians in Stalingrad, the soldier holding the white flag of surrender is dressed in white so that there could be no doubt of his intentions, a Russian soldier is on the right of the photograph. by Keystone / Getty Images, January 1943.
Wikipedia Photo: An Agena Target Vehicle floats between the Gemini 11 spacecraft and Baja California, Mexico, while connected to the Gemini craft by a tether in September 1966. credit Arizona State University / NASA.
Wikipedia Photo: The Tupolev Tu-144 (NATO name: "Charger'") a supersonic transport aircraft (SST) at the time, one of only two SSTs to enter commercial service, the other being Concorde.
Wikipedia Photo: Weather Front System; Tornado near Anadarko, Oklahoma; North Dakota Tornado; F3 Category Tornado Swirls Across A South Dakota Prairie by Carsten Peter; A waterspout parallels a lightning strike over Lake Okeechobee in Florida, by Fred K. Smith, National Geographics, Extream Instability.
Wikipedia Photo: Tiananmen incident April 5th, 1976 (The incident occurred on the traditional day of mourning, and removal of the displays of mourning - The Gang of Four, ordered the Square to be cleared) ● Tiananmen Square protests of 1989; The “Unknown Rebel”, taken by Jeff Widener, 1989 ● A month before the crackdown, momentum was already gathering as thousands of students swarmed in the square on May 4, 1989 to call for greater freedom of speech and democracy, credit Peter Turley, Corbis.
Wikipedia Image: Preliminary Determination of Epicenters / Aleppo Syria; Anchorage, Alaska - March 28, 1964 Prince William Sound USA earthquake and tsunami; 8.9 Mega Earthquake Strikes Japan; Tsunami Swirls Japan's Ibaraki Prefecture March 12 2011. credit NOAA / NGDC, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, USGS, National Geographics.
Wikipedia Photo: United States Army private Bradley Manning was convicted in July 2013 of violations of the Espionage Act and other offenses, after releasing the largest set of classified documents ever leaked to the public.
Wikipedia Photo: Middle East satellite image, NASA. ● Camels are seen early morning on a beach in the Marina area of Dubai October 16, 2008. (Steve Crisp, Reuters) ● A portrait of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad burns during clashes between rebels and Syrian troops in Selehattin, near Aleppo, on July 23, 2012. (Bulent Kilic, AFP / GettyImages) ● Egyptians gather in their thousands in Tahrir Square to mark the one year anniversary of the revolution on Jan. 25, 2012 in Cairo Egypt. Tens of thousands have gathered in the square on the first anniversary of the Arab uprising which toppled President Hosni Mubarak. (Jeff J Mitchell, Getty Images) ● Black smoke rises above the Tehran skyline as supporters of Mir Hossein Mousavi burn tires and other material in the streets as they fight running battles with police to protest the declared results of the Iranian presidential election in Tehran, Iran, Saturday, June 13, 2009. (Ben Curtis, AP) ● The Iron Dome defense system fires to interecpt incoming missiles from Gaza in the port town of Ashdod, Thursday, Nov. 15, 2012. (Tsafrir Abayov, AP) | <urn:uuid:5c8e7ceb-c2d4-43bb-b113-1513c8d4e9a5> | {
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Alderman on City Council's energy and environment committee yesterday agreed that the city needs to ramp up efforts to recycle compact fluorescent light bulbs and teach the public about how to dispose of them safely.
“We’ve got to make more of a push to get this information out there without scaring people,” away from using the bulbs, says Ald. Leslie Hairston (D-5).
The bulbs have become increasingly popular because they last longer than traditional incandescent ones, and use less energy. Aldermen say they’ve been peppered with queries by constituents who’ve seen media reports focused on the public health effects of the bulbs’ mercury content.
Congress recently passed a new law that phases out incandescent bulbs beginning in 2012. Demand for places to recycle them is likely to increase quickly.
Aldermen Bob Fioretti (D-2), who says improper disposal of the bulbs down high-rise chutes is a growing problem, called for a coordinated city-wide approach.
“I’d like to see the public health department and streets and sanitation team up with environment and the non-profits on a comprehensive approach,” says Fioretti.
Most of the bulbs contain anywhere from 1.5 to 4 milligrams of mercury, and that amount is shrinking as the technology advances.
The U.S. EPA says that amount—less than one-one hundredth of the amount in an old fashioned thermometer--is barely enough to cover the tip of a ball point pen.
Still, it recommends recycling the bulbs in hazardous waste facilities to keep mercury from accumulating in landfills. It also urges precautionary measures if a bulb breaks.
While the EPA lists a detailed regimen to take in the event of a breakage, Brian Granahan, of Environment Illinois, says these can be distilled to a few basic steps: “Air out the room, don’t use a vacuum, which will spread the mercury around, and try to keep it off of yourself and your clothes—it’s pretty simple really.”
The city handed out over a million Energy-Star rated fluorescents over the past two years as part of its energy efficiency campaign.
Because fluorescents use 75 percent less energy and last ten years longer than standard bulbs, Department of Environment Commissioner Suzanne Malec-McKenna says they reduce carbon emissions and significantly cut down the mercury that gets into the environment from coal-burning power plants.
“We want to make sure that people understand that the environmental benefits far outweigh the risks,” said Malec-McKenna. “If handled properly, the risks to public health are minimal.”
Malec-McKenna said acknowledged that the city was “a bit behind the curve” on the public education issue, saying that public concern had ratcheted up just “within the past few weeks.”
In the first week of December, the environment department produced 1,000 brochures with tips for recycling bulbs and cleaning up after breakage and sent them to aldermen’s offices. It’s in the process of printing up another 50,000, said McKenna.
The brochure can be found on the department’s website.
Aldermen also called for sticking educational stickers on blue carts, coordinating a public information campaign with the city’s 350 blue cart recycling block captains, and requiring retailers who sell the bulbs to recycle.
Currently, Home Depot stores, IKEA and some ACE Hardware stores recycle the bulbs.
Several aldermen agreed that the issue is linked to expanding permanent sites for hazardous household waste beyond the city’s single Goose Island recycling facility, something Malec-McKenna called “an ongoing challenge” due to space and budgetary considerations.
“We need to look at that because once a month on a Saturday and those odd times during the week isn’t really cutting it,” says Ald. Hellen Shiller (D-46), referring to the Goose Island site.
Cory Jones, of the Sierra Club's Chicago Executive Committee, urged the city to get out in front on the issue.
"The future is already here," she says.
Jennifer Slosar is a Chicago-based freelance journalist. She covers environmental issues for the Daily News | <urn:uuid:69de156a-9a20-400c-8ece-06939c35b2d5> | {
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What may be the most valuable book in the world is on public display in New York City.
Known as the Bay Psalm Book, the 400-page volume of Bible verses was printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1640, and is considered the first book published in what is now the United States. The book was produced by and for a group of Puritans - English Protestants who were among the first European settlers in America.
Sotheby's auction house estimates the bid price for the Bay Psalm Book will range between $15 million and $30 million when it is sold in November. The book is on display at the auction house until Sunday.
The book being sold is in good condition - better than most of the 10 other copies known to exist, out of the original printing of 1,600.
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What is 1 + 3?
Equilibrium & LeChatelier's Principle
Add more reactant, shift...
Right (to use excess reactant)
Add more product, then shift...
Left (to use excess product)
Remove reactant, shift...
Remove product, shift...
3 stresses applied at equilibrium...
Concentration, pressure, temperature
3 means of affecting pressure of gaseous systems...
Concentration, volume of container, addition of an inert gas
Decrease the volume, then shift...
To the side with fewer number of moles to bring pressure back down
Increase the volume, then shift...
To the side with the greater number of moles to bring pressure back up
Increase or decrease the volume of the container for a reaction who has an equal number of moles on reactant and product side, then...
reaction will not be able to reach equilibrium
If you add an inert gas to a system at equilibrium, then...
no shift (because the inert gas only increases the total pressure of the system and has no effect on the partial pressures of the reactants or the products)
Endothermic, change in enthalpy is...
Exothermix, change in enthalpy is...
ENDOTHERMIC: If you add more heat, then shift...
Right (to use excess heat)
ENDOTHERMIC: If you remove heat, then shift...
Left (to replenish missing heat)
EXOTHERMIC: If you add more heat, then shift...
Left (to use excess heat)
EXOTHERMIC: If you remove heat, then shift...
Right (to replenish missing heat)
ax(squared) + bx + c = 0
stoichiometry and equilibrium (lots of product)
equilibrium (lots of reactant) | <urn:uuid:75ad9711-2e3b-48d9-8dd5-867f60de4575> | {
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Why there is more static electricity or static shock in winters?
Before answering the question: why there is more static electricity in winters? we first must understand, why does this happen and why do we get a static shock in the first place?
Actually, when you move across an insulator, such as a nylon or wood carpet etc., you collect the extra electrons from the surface.
These extra electrons get accumulated on the surface of your body and start building up an electric charge when the amount of electrons accumulated gets considerably high and then you come in contact with a conductor such as a metal doorknob, this charge will jump from your body to the conductor in order to neutralize itself. And in the process, your body will feel a jerk called static shock.
Now back to the main question why is static electricity and static shock worse in winters?
The reason is that air is an insulator. It is a collection of gases and is not a good conductor or radiator. Therefore it does not allow electrons to pass through it.
Water molecules present in the air allow the electrons to flow through it.
In warm weather, we don’t suffer many shocks because moisture in the air forms a very thin layer on the surface of objects around us, which conducts the static charge away when we touch anything.
Whereas during winters, humidity is less and thus air is dry. There are very less water molecules and thus electrons do not flow and start building upon your body, which ultimately results into shock.
And here is a fun fact: If you use a heater in winters, the situation may become even worse for you. Why, you ask? Because heaters suck the little amount of moisture present in the air, making the charge build-up process more intense and the chances of getting a shock is increased.
Watch the video given below for visual guide:
Read similar Articles: | <urn:uuid:3f891cf0-e436-4343-9df3-7721717dd962> | {
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Umbilical cord blood banking is the process of saving and storing cord blood at the time of birth for its therapeutic stem cells.
Umbilical cord blood banking is something you might want to talk to your doctor about before your baby is born. Cord blood is the blood in your baby's umbilical cord following birth that is usually discarded. However, some parents are now saving and storing cord blood because it has been found to be rich in stem cells.
Stem cells are the building blocks of the blood and immune systems. They can divide to become other types of cells. The stem cells found in umbilical cord blood and bone marrow can divide and become all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Stem cells are able to restore function to the blood-making system and immune system. This is especially valuable when the systems have been damaged by radiation or chemotherapy. In a stem cell transplant, patients with a marrow or blood disease (such as leukemia) first undergo chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to wipe out their diseased blood or marrow cells. Then, blood stem cells from a healthy donor are transplanted into the patient, where they grow and develop into healthy marrow and blood cells.
Stem cells are currently used in the treatment of nearly 40 life-threatening diseases including certain cancers (such as leukemia) and immune and genetic disorders. And researchers are now looking for ways to use cord blood to address medical problems such as stroke, heart disease, diabetes, and muscular dystrophy.
The blood collection process is easy and painless, and it does not interfere with the delivery or care of your newborn. (The collection process is essentially the same with a cesarean birth as it is for a natural birth.) After your baby is born, but before the placenta is delivered, your obstetrician or midwife cleans a 4- to 8-inch area of umbilical cord with an antiseptic solution and then inserts the blood bag needle into the umbilical vein. When the blood has been collected, the blood bag is clamped, sealed and labeled. The collection typically takes two to four minutes. Two tubes of maternal blood are also drawn at this time. The procedure is painless and noninvasive. There is no risk to you or your child.
The cells in your blood cord sample must then be processed and frozen within 48 hours by a laboratory specially equipped to handle umbilical cord blood banking.
Some parents choose to save and store umbilical cord blood so they will have a supply available in case it is ever needed by their child or a family member: Cord blood stem cells are a perfect match for the donor baby; they have 25 percent probability of being an exact match for a sibling, and can be potentially used for parents and grandparents. Others choose to save cord blood because of the possibilities that science might provide in the future. The blood can be collected only at birth and so many don't want to miss the opportunity. And some collect the cord blood and donate it to a public blood bank.
Umbilical cord blood donation is a new idea that is picking up after a slow start. Currently, there are just 11 public cord blood banks in the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) registry that accept donated cord blood. The NMDP website (www.nmdp.org) lists 10 non-NMDP centers around the country that also accept cord blood donations (but often only for related transplant recipients). The American Red Cross currently has seven active cord blood collection sites around the country, and The National Institutes of Health has committed $30 million to establish three national public donation banks.
Women who donate their cord blood can, theoretically, retrieve their own donation should they need it before the units have already been used by another individual who needs a stem cell transplant. Because donation is free, it is liable to be a more accessible option for many families. (But be aware that if your doctor charges a fee for drawing the blood, that will not be covered by the blood bank.) However, because cord blood donation is a newer stem cell option, donating is not available in all communities. If there is not a participating hospital in your community, you might want to try contacting a major university hospital or medical center in your local area to explore other options. Be sure to first check the NMDP's website for registered blood banks and more information about cord blood donations: www.nmdp.org; or call them at 1-800-MARROW2.
As the concept of umbilical cord blood banking becomes more popular and common, the methods of obtaining the blood will become more standardized and routine. But right now, here are some factors you should carefully consider.
The hospital where you deliver is unlikely to offer umbilical cord blood banking. You must make all arrangements yourself and supply your doctor with the collection kit. If you talk to your doctor well in advance of your baby's delivery about your interest in cord blood banking, he or she might be able to refer you to a reputable cord blood bank in your area who will give you all the information and collection equipment you need.
Not all umbilical cord blood banks are equal. The Federal government is in the process of developing industry standards for the collection, processing, and storage of cord blood, but at this time uniform regulations do not exist. You should, at the very least, make sure that the laboratory you choose is accredited by the American Association of Blood Banks.
There is no way of knowing at this time how long stored cord blood will last. One study out of Amsterdam produced viable cord blood stem cells from blood frozen for 15 years. But the "shelf life" of cord blood is still tentative.
In most cases, medical insurance companies do not pay for umbilical cord blood banking. This is an out-of-pocket expense that can be very costly. You will also pay an annual storage fee to the blood bank for storing the blood. If you choose to move the cord blood to a different blood bank, you'll have to pay preparation and shipment charges.
If you give birth to multiples and want to draw umbilical cord blood, each child needs his or her own collection—the only direct match is from the direct donor. This, of course, raises the cost. However, some cord blood banks offer discounts for multiples and for additional children the parents might have at a later time.
Find out who has access to the cord blood's hidden information-the diseases and genetic traits shared by both infant and parents. Ask questions about the bank's policy regarding screening cord blood and ask whether all identifiers are stripped from the blood samples in order to protect the donor's privacy. Many physicians will advise their patients against donating cord blood to a blood bank that retains patient identifiers.
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pregnancy and Childbirth © 2004 by Michele Isaac Gliksman, M.D. and Theresa Foy DiGeronimo. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit Amazon's website or call 1-800-253-6476.
© 2000-2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:c0deb00d-cc89-4c85-9571-2948be0f11ba> | {
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The purpose of AGES Initiatives is to promote and sustain the Church’s music ministry, using current and emerging technologies. One such initiative is to create tools and methods to support the execution of the Church’s music ministry in the parish. Imagine Parish Music Ministry “in-a-box,” everything a parish needs in liturgical texts and music to perform all its church services.
Seminary is where training for parish ministry takes place. It is no secret that the liturgical music learned and used at the Seminary is markedly different from what is typically used at the parish. The fact, however, that our bishops approve of what is taught and used at the Seminary has to be understood as their preference for it and their unspoken hope that the Seminary’s liturgical music experience will somehow be transmitted to the parish along with everything else future priests are learning in preparation for their ministry.
Virtual Instructor is a tool that seminarians can use as they learn church music and also as they perform the services during their time at the Seminary. Virtual Instructor accesses the AGES integrated digital library of liturgical texts and associated musical scores and audio recordings. It can be an app for iPad, as well as desktop and Web applications.
As a learning tool, Virtual Instructor can function in several ways. For example, the teacher can create a set-list of hymns to be studied and learned, whether as part of a class exercise or as homework. Virtual Instructor displays the selected texts for these hymns in whichever language or version desired. The interface provides the student direct access to the musical score of a selected hymn, in whichever notation or composition is desired. Furthermore, the interface links the score to an audio recording. Thus, through frequent listening and singing along, the student will learn to sing accurately and he quickly becomes proficient. Another way Virtual Instructor can function is to display an entire prepared service for any given day. The user can then study the text of each hymn, view the musical score, listen to the audio recording, and thus be prepared for a specific service.
The convenience provided by the integrated AGES library extends beyond the classroom to the Seminary chapel itself. Students are already using e-readers in church. Accessing the AGES library, such devices can function as Digital Chanters Stands (DCS) and Service Books. For the chant groups, the existing stands can be outfitted with monitors or simply made to accommodate portable devices. The worshipping students in the pews will no longer have to lug their personal library of service books to chapel, since the prepared service text and even music can be displayed on their e-reader. Everyone can have everything they need at their fingertips.
Finally, by implementing Virtual Instructor and DCS, the cost to the student for a liturgical library is decreased. Especially as regards the Greek texts and music, not only are the books expensive, but they are also not easily obtained.
As seminarians graduate and move on to real parish ministry, for which the Seminary prepared them, Virtual Instructor and Digital Chanter Stand can be taken to or found at the parish, where a similar music ministry can be implemented. These programs will contribute to mending the bridge between what is learned at Seminary and what is experienced in the parish. | <urn:uuid:47d9c2b5-9610-4006-804b-4c3a9465da78> | {
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The only disadvantage I can think of is when dealing with large numbers which will overflow when squared.
For example, in Java:
int x = Integer.MAX_VALUE / 1000000; //2147
int y = Integer.MAX_VALUE / 5000; //429496
System.out.println("x < y: " + (x < y)); //true
System.out.println("x*x: " + (x * x)); //4609609
System.out.println("y*y: " + (y * y)); //-216779712 - overflows!
System.out.println("x*x < y*y: " + (x * x < y * y)); //false - incorrect result due to overflow!
Also worth noting that is what happens when you use Math.pow() with the exact same numbers and cast back to int from the double returned from
System.out.println("x^2: " + (int) (Math.pow(x, 2))); //4609609
System.out.println("y^2: " + (int) (Math.pow(y, 2))); //2147483647 - double to int conversion clamps to Integer.MAX_VALUE
System.out.println("x^2 < y^2: " + ((int) (Math.pow(x, 2)) < (int) (Math.pow(y, 2)))); //true - but for the wrong reason!
Is it working? No, it only gave the correct answer because
y*y is clamped to
x*x is less than
x*x was also clamped to
Integer.MAX_VALUE then you would get an incorrect answer.
Similar principles also apply with floats & doubles (except they obviously have a greater range before they overflow) and any other language which silently allows overflows. | <urn:uuid:5673500e-7738-47f6-bd58-83e6538f982e> | {
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Todd Treichel is senior engineer for Orbital Technologies Corporation. ORBITEC makes a number of systems and components for real space projects, including propulsion and life-support equipment for space shuttle missions and the international space station.
Todd also works with local high school students to teach them engineering and science, and he used the AltimeterOne on a recent teaching project. The goal of the project was to teach the students about scientific measurements and statistical analysis. For the project, Todd and his students loaded the AltimeterOne into a high altitude pressure chamber and exposed it to varying degrees of vacuum, simulating altitudes all the way from see level to 29,500 feet (the published range of the AltimeterOne).
Into the Vacuum Chamber
The little AltimeterOne looks a little lonely in ORBITEC’s big vacuum chamber. The photos capture one data point taken at 29,420 feet, near the top of AltimeterOne’s service ceiling.
Todd and his students plotted the readout of the AltimeterOne versus the pressure in the chamber. Using the Standard Atmospheric Model to convert the vacuum chamber pressure to altitude, here’s how the readout of the AltimeterOne compares to the calculated altitude using their measurements.
That shows that the AltimeterOne is really doing a phenomenal job at measuring pressure and calculating altitude! | <urn:uuid:ad250f12-68ad-4ac5-9c98-12918e93b150> | {
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<label value="My name is ?name"/>
The effect will be that the ?name part of the attribute will be replaced by the value of the variable ?name. For instance, if the value of ?name is 'Jake', then the attribute value will be 'My name is Jake'. You can include multiple variables in one attribute if desired:
<label value="My name is ?name and my age is ?age"/>
This technique will work for any variable replacement in the action body, except for the uri attribute since that wouldn't be meaningful. Note that variable names must have a space after them as this is how the end of variable is determined. That is '?name?age' is considered to be a single variable with that name, not two variables together. To use two variables, place a space between them. It is sometimes useful though, to concatenate two values together without a space. This can be done simply by putting two variables next to each other in an attribute value separated by a caret (^).
<label value="?name" class="?gender^?nationality"/>
The caret is considered a separator between variables, however it will not appear in the output. It can also be used to separate a variable with normal text:
<label value="?name" class="?gender^german"/>
These last two examples have been setting the class attribute on a label. The effect will be that a label will have either the 'malegerman' or 'femalegerman' class. In a stylesheet, you could set properties for each of these classes such that different values appear differently without having to use multiple rules.
Although not common, you may also wish to insert a question mark or caret into an attribute value. To do this, just use two question marks or two carets in a row. For instance:
<label value="What is my name?? My name is ?name"/>
In this example, the label might be 'What is my name? My name is Jake'. Note that a caret only has a special meaning at the end of a variable, thus two in a row are only needed after a variable.
One last thing to point out is that since the only characters that can separate a variable are a caret, a space or the end of the attribute, this means that any other character is valid as a variable name. However, for readability, you should restrict variable names to letters, numbers and perhaps hyphens to separate words.
It may be desirable to have longer text wrap by placing it as the content of a
description element. This means that we want to do variable replacement as text, not as an attribute value. A special tag is used for this purpose, the
textnode tag. It has one attribute, the value attribute, which may use variable substitution like other attributes. However, the
textnode element is not copied into the generated content, but instead a DOM text node is created with the value of the value attribute as its contents. For instance, if the template contained:
The resulting generated content might be:
<description>View from the top of the tower looking east of the Doges Palace</description>
Note that the
textnode has been replaced with the substituted value attribute. Note that in Firefox 2 and earlier, a bug can make this appear to not work at times. Recall that the template builder doesn't load the datasource before processing a template. As the datasource loads, the query and rules are examined with the new data as it arrives. This causes rules to create matches as the data loads. However, variables determined from a binding are evaluated using a much simpler process. The bug is that this code path for bindings doesn't handle the textnode element properly. Thus, if you use a variable set in a binding, you must ensure the datasource is loaded before the template is built, or just rebuild the template. Another possibilty is to rearrange the RDF such that the values, in this example, the descriptions, are specified before the containers. This issue is fixed in Firefox 3 (Mozilla 1.9) and later. | <urn:uuid:1f2b77c6-aa4e-4033-92cc-345651bea63c> | {
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New findings that shed light on how genetic damage to muscle cell proteins can lead to the development of the rare muscle-wasting disease, nemaline myopathy, are reported March 15 in the Biochemical Journal.
Professor Laura Machesky and colleagues from the CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research in Glasgow, tested cultures of muscle cells that displayed mutations of the ACTA1 gene to determine how the mutations affected the biochemical pathways leading to the muscle damage seen in nemaline myopathy.
The ACTA1 gene controls the production of actin, one of the main structural proteins in muscle; mutations in this gene cause 15-20% of cases of nemaline myopathy, an inherited muscle wasting disease similar to muscular dystrophy. Around 140 different mutations of the ACTA1 gene can occur; around a third of these have been biochemically characterized to determine how they affect actin. The mutations cause a wide variety of defects in the biochemical behaviour of actin, but all cause defects in the structure of muscle cells leading to cell and tissue damage and wasting. The researchers discovered that not only do disease-causing mutations in actin lead to weakening of the cell's internal support system, but they also cause changes in the genetic control of other biochemical pathways such as the serum-response factor pathway (SRF). When actin binds to a protein called MAL (originally named megakaryoblastic leukaemia-1) in the cell's nucleus, it switches on the SRF pathway. Actin damaged by mutations doesn't bind properly and the SRF pathway isn't fully activated.
The SRF signalling pathway has a role in muscle development and maintenance. The presence of myopathy-causing mutant actin protein leads to alteration in the pathway that could promote muscle cell degeneration and death or interfere with normal growth and repair. The majority of ACTA1 mutants examined in this study altered the serum response factor signalling pathway, indicating that changes in this pathway may be a major factor in actin-based nemaline myopathy and that this area could be used to develop therapies for patients.
Nemaline myopathies are sometimes called rod body myopathies as the damaged proteins form abnormal thread-like rods, called nemaline bodies, in the muscle cells. There are a number of different types of rod myopathies and they affect both males and females. In the majority of cases (90%) the condition becomes apparent at birth or early childhood, although in very rare cases, it does not become apparent until adulthood. Rod myopathies are estimated to affect 1 in 50,000 individuals.
Commenting on the findings, Professor Machesky said, "More research now needs to be done to determine whether cells in patients have the same changes that we saw in cells in the laboratory. We used the drugs Jasplakinolide and Cytochalasin D, which target the actin-MAL complex, to reverse the effects of the mutant actin -- but these drugs are toxic at high levels as they also disrupt the actin filaments and thus the cell's structure. If they could be modified or used at low concentrations they may prove useful leads to drug development."
Marita Pohlschmidt director of research at the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign said, "Nemaline myopathy is a very rare condition that can be difficult to diagnose, because it is caused by a defect in one of several genes. The research presented in this paper is an important contribution to understanding what causes the muscle wasting in about a fifth of all people affected with this devastating condition. The results will be vital for the future development of treatments for those affected by nemaline myopathy."
- Visegrady et al. Myopathy-causing Actin Mutations Promote Defects in Serum Response Factor Signaling. Biochemical Journal, 2010; DOI: 10.1042/BJ20091641
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Longevity gene is defined differently around the world. Longevity means "long life". It has been shown that there isn't just "one" gene, but several (hundreds) of genes that control many factors of aging.
Some estimates are that there are up to 1,000 longevity genes. Researchers have found a region of a chromosome that they believe contains (some of) the genes responsible for longevity. There is a lot of genetic material that predisposes a very long life.
The human life span is largely determined by heredity. Within our code of genetic material, are instructions that specify the age which we cannot live past, even under the most condusive conditions. Many environmental factors (diet, stress, lifestyle) can contribute to diminishing that number.
Learn about how a raw and vegan diet help with your anti-aging pursuits.
We can estimate how long each of us is going to live based on factors such as gender, family disease, current health, exercise frequency, weight, lifestyle, crime rate and nutrition.
In Third World countries, the human lifespan is on average between
35 - 60 years old.
In First World countries, the average human lifespan is 77 - 81 years old.
Human longevity has increased dramatically over the last century. This is mostly due to advancements in health care, medicine, nutrition, hygiene, lifestyle and technology.
We now live about twice as long as our relatives did 200 years ago.
Super-centenarians are people who have reached at least 110 years old. There are 1,000 people documented worldwide who have reached this age.
Since birth registration has become standardized in many countries, this number has gone up and it is easier to document.
- A study with rats found that when they were given a restricted calorie diet, they lived longer. This was shown to be due to the increased life span of irreplaceable cells. High calorie intakes correlated to increased weight and therefore, higher instances of diabetes and heart disease. Caloric intake and
can affect a person's longevity.
- Another study found a gene variant that is associated with long life, also seems to contribute to improved mental function in old age (80 years and older). It is also related to less instances of dementia and Alzheimer's Disease.
- This same gene variant is linked with "good" and "bad" cholesterol. People with this specific protein run a lower risk of heart attacks and strokes because of their healthy cholesterol numbers.
10 Biomarkers of Aging That You Can Control & Alter
- Muscle Mass
- Basal Metabolic Rate
- Body Fat Percentage
- Aerobic Capacity
- Blood Sugar Tolerance
- Cholesterol / HDL Ratio
- Blood Pressure
- Bone Density
- Ability to Regulate the Body's Internal Temperature
These findings have been documented with 14 years of independent longitudinal studies and independent athletics and performance studies.
These factors may play a role in how our longevity gene(s) reacts and thrives under different body circumstances.
Researchers are continually dissecting the human genome to see how we might be able to increase and better our lifespan.
The one thing we do know for sure is that your genes play quite a large role in whether you will stay young longer into your twilight years, or whether you will need some sort of intervention.
Return from Longevity Gene to Answer My Health Question home page. | <urn:uuid:cd06dc89-ee4f-48d9-aba3-d23e5b7fdeeb> | {
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Here’s a passage that brings historians’ public value to life: “The only way to come to understanding is by knowing the history that has shaped us,” writes Jon Meacham in his evocative, The Soul of America (p. 259).
What Meacham asserts is profound. What appears to be new in America’s politics is often anything but. A more likely description, Meacham contends, is that it’s the newest episode of ‘America’s eternal struggle.’
“I’ve wondered why the next generation can’t profit from the generation before,” Meacham quotes a flummoxed Harry Truman. “But they it never does until people get knocked in the head by experience.” (p. 259)
So true: Live it and know it. But let’s wish it were otherwise. If Americans could actually learn from history and practice accordingly—especially now, living as we are, in the Age of Trump—we’d be so much better off as a nation.
But they don’t. And that’s what makes this book so important: Meacham tells many Americans ‘what they never knew.’
If history were truly our guide, then each and every time we scream—“Trump! There he goes again! –we’d appreciate what may be the most poignant passage of Meacham’s book: “And yet and yet—there is always an ‘and yet’ in American history.” (p. 103, bolding added)
America’s script, Meacham argues, is a constant yin and yang—of taking two steps forward (sometimes one) and one step back (sometimes two). He describes it as “the war between the ideal and the real, between what’s right and what’s convenient, between the larger good and personal interest” (p. 7).
Each American president engages in that very same struggle. For example, LBJ exerted moral leadership when he signed The Civil Rights Act—knowing full well that he was likely signing over the South to the Republican Party. Richard Nixon showed a very different temperament—and paid a steep price—when he conspired in Watergate.
Then there was Andrew Jackson, the president who took a Hobbesian view of the presidency (that is, every single day is a war). Jackson, whom Meacham describes as “the most contradictory of men,” ”spoke passionately of the needs of the humble members of society…and made the case for a more democratic understanding of power.” But he (also) “massacred Native Americans in combat, executed enemy soldiers, and imposed martial law” (p. 29), while constantly blaming others and expressing self-pity with regularity.
I’ve come to see Woodrow Wilson—once my presidential hero—in that contradictory way, too. Wilson led America during the era of suffrage triumph and argued vociferously for what eventually became the United Nations. But he also squelched free speech through The Sedition Act (1918) and was adamant about keeping African Americans out of government (they don’t have ‘the intelligence,’ he surmised).
Thank goodness we had activists then (as we have today) that got into Wilson’s face and fought him every step of the way. Alice Paul (my new hero) is one example.
But neither Jackson nor Wilson—add Nixon to that list, too—was a one-off. “If we expect trumpets to sound unwavering notes,” Meacham observes, “we will be disappointed. The past tells us that politics is an uneven symphony” (p. 103).
Consider this: for all the great things FDR did for America, keep in mind that he interred Japanese-, German-, and Italian-Americans during WWII. And he wouldn’t support anti-lynching legislation—despite Eleanor’s constant urging—concerned that he’d lose Congressional votes for his New Deal.
Of course, many of us would trade Wilson or FDR for Donald Trump in a heartbeat. Trump—an extreme version of the losing side of what Jon Meacham calls, “the battle for our better angels”—is the reason he wrote this book: “I am writing now,” Meacham scribes, “not because past American presidents have always risen to the occasion but because the incumbent American president so rarely does,” p. 13).
But staying true to the theme of this important book, Meacham doesn’t see Trump as unique. In many ways, he’s a 21st Century version of that damnable 20th Century figure, Senator Joe McCarthy.
It’s a valid comparison, too. “Our fate (as a society) is contingent upon which element—hope or fear—emerges triumphant,” Meacham writes (p. 7). Lincoln and Obama exuded hope. McCarthy and Trump peddled fear. That’s why—to better understand Trump—it’s advisable to learn more about McCarthy.
“He (McCarthy) exploited the privileges of power and prominence without regard to its responsibilities,” Meacham writes. “A freelance performer who grasped what many ordinary Americans feared,” McCarthy knew that “the country feared Communism…and he fed those fears…. A master of false charges, of conspiracy-tinged rhetoric, McCarthy could distract the public, play the press, and change the subject—all while keeping himself at center stage.” (p. 185)
Sound familiar? Well, there’s more. Even after McCarthy was disgraced publicly, polls showed that 34% of Americans still supported him (p. 201). And McCarthy’s primary advisor—Roy Cohn—later advised a young, New York real estate developer … named Donald Trump (p. 206).
What does Meacham’s work mean for independents? For an answer, I recommend reading the book’s conclusion, “The First Duty of an American Citizen” (p. 255-272). In it, he offers a recipe for response—and two of five ingredients speak directly to what it means to be Independent.
Respect facts and deploy reason: Being able to uncover facts, weigh facts, and come to a reasonable conclusion requires cognitive skills and stick-to-itiveness. It also requires the capacity to disassociate claims from claimants, especially claimants who masquerade as Pied Pipers. To do otherwise, Meacham writes, “is to preemptively surrender the capacity of the mind” (p. 268). The take-away message: think independently.
Resist tribalism: “Wisdom generally comes from a free exchange of ideas, and there can be no free exchange of ideas if everybody on your side already agrees with one another,” Meacham observes (p. 268). Put another way, ‘following the party line’ has costs—not only in terms of constraining the idea pool, but by infecting the public domain with (what I call) the politics of affiliation. To wit: you must go along to get along, especially if you want to get ahead in the party. The take-away message: act independently.
The bottom line is that Jon Meacham’s book is an important read—especially today. Yes, today is probably another chapter in what Meacham calls our ‘eternal struggle,’ but it’s an especially ornery one. To address it effectively, we must learn from the past. But that’s no small order in a society where a lot of folks don’t read much or at all; don’t engage in multifaceted political dialogue much or at all; and get a good share of their news (if not all of it) from friends, social media, and 24-hour ‘news’ networks.
Sadly, there isn’t a lot of depth, understanding, and perceptivity across America today. That makes it easy for the public to be duped, and duping opened the door for Donald Trump.
But duping doesn’t serve democracy—not the kind the Founding Fathers had in mind; not the kind you embrace; and not the kind America needs to be that “Shining City on the Hill” Reagan referenced during his valedictory (1989).
It would be a mistake, though, to conclude that the character of our nation rests solely—even primarily—on the back of the person in The White House. Meacham, among others (Ralph Waldo Emerson, too), believes that it rests with the character of the people (p. 40).
Character. Leading for the public good.
The time is now. The stakes are high. There aren’t alternatives, Eternal Struggle or not. | <urn:uuid:231bd4a2-103c-4cfa-8a43-bd7f20b31ecf> | {
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Researchers assume the move from the Middle East to India was accomplished mainly by men who arrived and married local women, possibly after their conversion.
The political activist who preserved German-Jewish history and received Germany’s highest honor loses battle with cancer.
Austrian-born performer studied in Israel before relocating to New York, remained tied to Jewish state throughout his life.
Almost half of Ashkenazim carry at least one of 38 genetic diseases, and our closest genetic relatives are Druze, Bedouin, Palestinians - and Italians.
Known as a larger-than-life figure with a penchant for tall tales, Weintraub left a lasting impression on the business - literally.
Founder of U.S.-based company says that anti-Jewish polemics can't hide the science proving that Jews did indeed originate from the region.
Is a baby created through a Jewish couple's sperm and eggs but carried to term by a non-Jewish surrogate halachically Jewish?
In blaming women for the Jewish community’s demographic woes, the famous American talk-show host did nothing to advance the roles Jewish women really need to fill.
The incidence of fatal genetic diseases is declining thanks to a technology-driven innovation: Matching by genetics.
Forget the genius genes or bookish culture hocus pocus. Jewish achievement in the sciences is a modern phenomenon, but the passions that drove it are now ebbing away. | <urn:uuid:4b288da8-9d25-478f-9d85-d2bea5e1aec5> | {
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The history of Mexico can be broadly divided into two eras: before and after the Spanish conquest that began with the arrival of Hernán Cortés in 1519. Prior to the arrival of the Conquistadors, Mexico was a collection of city-states that arose as formerly nomadic peoples developed agriculture, which allowed them to organize into sophisticated civilizations that eventually spread throughout Mesoamerica (the region including present-day Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Costa Rica).
This page summarizes the history of pre-Hispanic Mexico and the photos at the right offer the highlights of the various historical sites I have visited. The photos present the sites in roughly chronological order. For more detail (and more photos) about a particular site, visit one of the "Related Pages" listed below.
Among the earliest of the pre-Hispanic civilizations was the Olmec, who flourished from about 1500 to 600 BCE in the what are now the Mexican states of Tabasco and Veracruz. The Olmec developed mathematics, created a calendar based on observation of the planets, and are believed to be the source of many of the architectural, religious and cultural influences adopted by later Mesoamerican civilizations. By 400 BCE, the major Olmec sites had been destroyed.
As Olmec civilization declined, others arose in the highlands of Mexico. Around 500 BCE, the Zapotec people began building a religious center and capital at Monte Albán, in what is now the state of Oaxaca. At its height, about 500 CE, the city had a population of approximately 25,000 people. The Zapotecs also developed one of the earliest systems of writing in the western hemisphere. (There is some debate whether the Zapotecs or Olmecs first developed writing, but it is generally agreed that the writing developed in Mesoamerica is one of only four systems in history to develop independently of outside influences – the other systems being Sumerian, Egyptian and Chinese.)
Between 100 CE and 650 CE, the great city-state of Teotihuacán, about 25 miles northeast of modern-day Mexico City, rose to become a powerful and important cultural, commercial and religious center. At its height it had a population of about 125,000, making it one of the largest cities in the world at the time. Teotihuacán boasted many monumental structures, including the Pyramid of the Sun, which reached more than 200 feet high.
Meanwhile, in southern Mexico and Central America, the great Maya civilization entered its Classic period that lasted from about 250 CE to 900. During this time, the Maya built large religious centers at Tikal in Guatemala, Palenque in southern Mexico and Copan in Honduras that included ball courts, homes, and temples. They developed a hieroglyphic style of writing and recorded mythology, history, and rituals in inscriptions carved and painted on stone slabs or pillars known as stelae. In addition, the Maya developed a calendar that was the most accurate in the world until the development of the Gregorian calendar in 16th-Century Europe.
About 900 CE, the Maya centers in southern Mexico and Central America were mysteriously abandoned and some Maya migrated to Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. During this "Postclassic" period from 900 until the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Yucatán became the center of Maya civilization. During this period, Chichén Itzá, with the influx of Itzá traders and seamen from the south, developed into a large and vibrant city that supported some 35,000 people by the 11th century. Because Chichén Itzá shares so many architectural, religious and artistic influences with the Toltec capital of Tula, archaeologists long believed that the militaristic Toltecs had invaded and overwhelmed Chichén Itzá, bringing their architecture and religion with them. Most archaeologists, however, are now convinced that Tula was in reality one of many cities with which Chichén Itzá traded and that the common influences flowed along this trade route from Chichén Itzá to Tula.
Tula, about 50 miles north of present-day Mexico City, was the capital Toltec civilization that flourished between 900 CE and 1150. The Toltec civilization declined and eventually collapsed in the 12th century when they were overwhelmed by people from the north fleeing pervasive droughts.
A century later several Nahuatl-speaking tribes, led by the Mexica tribe, moved south into the Valley of Mexico and established what would become the Aztec Empire. According to legend, the Aztecs established their settlement on the site where they observed an eagle with a serpent in its grasp on top of a cactus. The eagle and the serpent are the state symbol of modern Mexico and are depicted on the nation's flag and currency. Mexico itself takes its name from the Mexica tribe.
As Aztec civilization grew, it established powerful military and civil organizations. Their capital, known as Tenochtitlán, was built in the middle of large lake on an island that could be reached by long causeways. Tenochtitlán grew from a small village of huts into a large city of adobe houses and stone temples. It is estimated that at the time of the Spanish invasion in the early 1500s, the city was one of the largest in the world and supported a population of about 200,000 people. As Aztec military strength increased, they extended their influence throughout the entire Valley of Mexico. By the 15th century, the Aztecs had become the preeminent power in central and southern Mexico. They controlled territory west to the Pacific Ocean, east to the Gulf of Mexico, and south nearly to the modern-day border with Guatemala.
One of the few pre-Hispanic civilizations to resist the Aztec juggernaut was the Purépecha (later called Tarasca by the Spanish) city of Tzintzuntzan in the modern-day state of Michoacán near the city of Pátzcuaro.
Part of the reason the warlike Aztecs extended into new territories was their insatiable need for a fresh supply of victims for human sacrifice to appease the Aztec gods of earth, sun and rain. Aztec priests offered the gods human hearts and blood from just-killed victims, who were often male prisoners captured in battle and brought to the top of a ceremonial pyramid for sacrifice. Aztec religion also included worship of the feathered serpent Quetzalcóatl, the god of wind and learning. According to Mesoamerican legend, the fair-skinned Quetzalcóatl had been deceived and disgraced by another god and departed to the east, promising to return in a certain year (one of 52 in the Mesoamerican 52-year calendrical cycle) and destroy those who worshiped his enemies. By the early 1500s, word of the arrival of the fair-skinned Spaniards in the Caribbean Sea reached the Aztec capital, triggering rumors that an angry Quetzalcóatl had returned to exact his revenge. As it happened, the Spanish arrived in the exact year foretold by the prophecy, a 1 in 52 (less than 2%) probability.
Several factors conspired to allow a small band of Spaniards to conquer the mighty Aztec empire. First, as noted, the Aztecs at first believed the Spanish represented the return of the vengeful god, Quetzalcóatl. Second, in broadening their empire, the Aztecs had created bitter enemies among the surrounding tribes, many of whom were easily persuaded to join the Spanish in their attacks on the Aztecs. Third, the Spanish had already established bases in the Caribbean, particularly in Cuba, that allowed them to launch expeditions into Mexico, confident that a short retreat would return them to safety if need be. Finally the Spanish had several weapons their adversaries lacked: guns, artillery, metal armor and, the most deadly of all, European diseases such as smallpox and measles to which the indigenous peoples of the New World had no natural immunity. In August 1521, Tenochtitlán fell after a long and brutal siege. The Spanish were firmly implanted in Mexico.
The Spanish systematically destroyed virtually all traces of Tenochtitlán and built what would become modern-day Mexico City in its place. Over the centuries, the lake was filled in and all that remains today of the mighty Tenochtitlán is a small excavation in the center of Mexico City known as the Templo Mayor. Pre-Hispanic civilizations were destroyed throughout Mexico (and later South America) and the local people were often forced into slavery. By some accounts, within the first 100 years of Spanish occupation, more than 90% of the indigenous population died from smallpox, measles or slavery in the mines. | <urn:uuid:1f944883-fa99-482a-aa13-3b9b7b739701> | {
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Thursday, June 14, 2012
Summer Fun With Math Packet
Activities include a 5-second dash, where your child will move like various animals, and see how far they can go in 5 seconds. Another activity involves creating a "giant" museum in which kids create scale models of everyday objects.
Click here to get the Mixing in Math Packet
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Patents form the basis of the pharma and biotech industry, also called the life sciences industry. They give companies an incentive to make large investments in risky drug development and innovations, which have the potential to be ineffective or to fail Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. More than 6,000 U.S. businesses spent $22 billion on biotech R&D in 2011, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). If an innovation succeeds, a patent gives the developer a time-limited monopoly to sell the invention, allowing them to recoup their investments and earn profits.
Is Human DNA Patentable?
This year, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear arguments in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., in which the court will address the question of whether human genes are patentable. The answer to that question could have profound implications for not only the biotech industry but health care as a whole.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) granted the first human DNA patent several decades ago. At least 42,000 genetic patents exist today, representing one fifth of known human genes. That estimate comes from a 2005 study in the journal Science and likely now outdated. Nonetheless, it is the estimate cited in an amicus brief for the Myriad case, and in other research.
Isolated DNA vs. DNA in Nature
Myriad Genetics holds patents on two types of isolated DNA – BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 – that are associated with much higher risks of breast cancer or ovarian cancer. Natural phenomena and laws of nature are not patentable under 35 U.S.C. 101, in the Patent Act. However, Myriad’s patents are based on the notion that by removing BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 from the human body, Myriad has created a patentable product that is different from naturally occurring DNA.
“The patents on the DNA give Myriad the exclusive right to look for variants of BRCA1 and BRCA2, even when using routine, conventional methods for isolating and sequencing,” says the petition for writ of certioari.
The petitioners in this case, mostly geneticists and physicians led by Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), say that Myriad’s exclusive right to test for BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 hinders research and access to care.
In an amicus brief siding with Myriad, Rosetta Genomics argues that gene patents encourage rather than stifle innovation and research, and that eliminating gene patents “may effectively kill the relatively new diagnostic and personalized medicine industries altogether…”
A district court rule against Myriad, but the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit reversed the decision. The Supreme Court last year asked the Court of Appeals to rehear the case. After the appeals court came to the same conclusions, the Supreme Court agreed to take it on. Arguments in the case have yet to be scheduled, but you can keep track of the developments on SCOTUSblog.com.
Mayo v. Prometheus
The Myriad case comes on the heels of another important patent case, Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. Prometheus Laboratories holds two patents on methods to administer drugs to combat autoimmune diseases, and to measure the level of those drugs in a patient’s blood. The Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision, ruled that the Prometheus methods did not add enough usefulness in applying natural laws to warrant patents.
SCOTUS Case Previews
This post is part of a short series of previews about upcoming Supreme Court cases that affect the pharma and biotech industry. Though Myriad is the most high-profile of the group, other important cases deal with the state tort liability for generic prescription drugs and the legality of pay-for-delay settlements, another patent-related case. | <urn:uuid:dffc57ec-0760-4bfe-8bf2-cf9513ec0230> | {
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The End of the Radio Trust
Since the 1890s, U.S. antitrust litigation had sought to protect consumers and competitors from concentrated business power and the rigged prices it often yielded. On Nov. 21, 1932, a consent decree signed at a U.S. district court in Delaware proved a "decisive step" in the efforts to enforce antitrust law.
The decree separated the Radio Corporation of America from General Electric Co. and Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., ending the lawsuit the Justice Department had brought against the radio trust in 1930 for monopolistic practices.
All parties had agreed that an antitrust trial would take four to six months, would be expensive and probably wouldn't turn out well for the defendants. The decree avoided trial and allowed RCA’s founders to assert that they had done nothing illegal, even as prosecutors affirmed that they had.
GE and Westinghouse were to dispose of one half of their stock in RCA to their common shareholders within three months and to divest the rest within three years. As the companies together held more than 51 percent of RCA stock, about 8 million shares, this resulted in full ownership reorganization.
The irony was that the federal government had created RCA after World War I. Leading officials, including then Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, had urged its creation to protect valuable wireless patents from foreign acquisition or infringement.
“Important military and naval considerations required that the [wireless] art should be permitted the fullest development to meet the demands of this country in time of war,” the Harvard Law Review wrote.
At first, RCA was simply a patent warehouse. The two electrical giants granted it rights to design and sell, but not to manufacture, radio equipment derived from wireless-related innovations. Only GE and Westinghouse would manufacture the equipment.
Until 1927, RCA couldn't license patents to other enterprises. It thus controlled 90 percent of radio-technology products. However, as complaints about monopolistic practices and fees mounted, its corporate owners relaxed the rule. By 1932, RCA shared patent information with about 43 manufacturers of radio-receiving sets and about 19 manufacturers of vacuum tubes.
After the reorganization, RCA would be able to manufacture and market on its own, GE and Westinghouse shareholders would receive RCA stock, and the pooled patents would remain available almost exclusively to U.S. developers. Users, for their part, could celebrate. They would no longer be subject to the high fees resulting from the close grip on radio patents.
The Harvard Law Review concluded that the decree was “a constructive piece of work, an excellent example of dealing with a difficult and complicated legal and business situation.”
(Philip Scranton is a Board of Governors professor of the history of industry and technology at Rutgers University, Camden, and the editor-in-chief of Enterprise and Society. He writes "This Week in the Great Depression" for the Echoes blog. The opinions expressed are his own.)
Read more from Echoes, Bloomberg View's economic history blog.
To contact the writer of this blog post: Philip Scranton at [email protected].
To contact the editor responsible for this blog post: Kirsten Salyer at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:4122f0a5-1ae7-4f23-98da-dd5ab480f8cf> | {
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Nowadays, there are many people who suffer from allergies. The only way to determine a person's allergy is to undergo an allergy test. You can find several tests that are used to determine what is allergic to someone. One of the most popular methods is a skin test. and you can even checkout at Online lab test like labwork365. They provide affordable lab test and blood test without insurance.
However, not everyone can do a skin test, and as an alternative they need an allergy blood test. Young people react better to a single prick compared to many skin tests around their backs and arms. In addition, there are people who undergo treatment who cannot perform skin tests, making allergy blood testing the best choice.
This can be used when someone has certain skin problems such as eczema. This consists of taking blood from an affected person to decide potential allergens. This test will only feel like normal, but laboratory technologists look for a variety of factors.
In blood tests, medical experts look for antibodies in the blood. These antibodies show that the body works against allergens. Allergy blood tests are as certain as skin tests, although they are very helpful.
One of the most common blood allergy tests that have been widely used is radio-allergosorbent or RAST. It looks for special antibodies called immunoglobulin's, which can be found in a greater range for people who have allergies or asthma.
The reason why most medical professionals prefer skin tests is because the allergy blood test will take several days to get results, and it is more expensive compared to the skin test. Nevertheless, an allergy blood test is an extraordinary and efficient choice for determining what a person is allergic to when a skin test cannot be completed. | <urn:uuid:d8c2e25a-64bd-47e9-88d1-babd26310248> | {
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HTML Unleashed PRE. Strategies for Indexing and Search Engines: The META tag
HTML Unleashed PRE: Strategies for Indexing and Search Engines
The META tag
Getting back to HTML, you might wonder what the syntax is for adding keywords to a document. Of course, the text of a page is the primary source of searchable material, but you may also need to add certain keywords without altering the page content. (Changing text color to make keywords invisible in the body of a document is a really ugly trick; please never resort to it!)
The META tag serves this purpose (as well as several other purposes). "Meta" is a Greek word for "over," and META tag was intended to carry all sorts of meta- information, that is, information about (or "over") information. You should understand that using META for specifying keywords is not an HTML convention, but only one of the widely accepted uses of the tag.
A META tag usually takes the following form:
<META name="..." content="...">
As you can see, the names of the META tag attributes are rather generic, which allows you to use the tag to express virtually any information that may be represented as a name-value pair. For example, you could use META tags to supply information about yourself (name="author"), the program you used to create the HTML file (name="generator"), and so on.
Here's how the META tag is used for introducing your document to search engines:
<META name="keywords" content="searching, search engines, keywords, HTML"> <META name="description" content="A description of major web search engines, spiders, and search-friendly HTML authoring">
These tags should be placed within the HEAD element. Keywords and phrases in the content of the tag with name="keywords" attribute can be separated by commas for better readability, although spiders usually ignore the separators. The maximum number of keywords depends on the search engine in question; for some of them, 25 words or 200 characters have been quoted as the upper limit.
Hopefully, the keywords thus specified will be added to the searchable representation of the document in the engine's database, and the description will be stored as the summary to be displayed for the document in a list of results (in the absence of a description, most search engines will take the first lines of text on the page).
Another use of the META tag is for excluding a page from spiders' attention. By adding the following tag,
<META name="robots" content="noindex">
you instruct any spiders that run into your page to bypass it without indexing.
However, not all spiders support this convention. A more reliable solution is to add a robots.txt file to the root directory of your web server, with a list of files that must be excluded from indexing. For example, your robots.txt might contain these lines:
User-agent: * Disallow: /dont_index_me.html Disallow: /hidden_dir/
With these lines, no robot will scan the dont_index_me.html document, nor any document from the /hidden_dir/. For more information on robots exclusion, refer to http://info.webcrawler.com/mak/projects/robots/exclusion.html.
Revised: Sept. 19, 1997 | <urn:uuid:b87fe9b3-7c22-4f8c-b4ef-59b025981d31> | {
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Dr. Ivette M. Diaz
Category Archives: Uncategorized
October 10, 2011Posted by on
by Ivette M. Diaz, DDS, at ABC123 Pediatric Dentistry
Treating children of all ages at ABC123 Pediatric Dentistry, Ivette M. Diaz, DDS, regularly provides her patients with dental sealants. Here she explains this simple procedure.
Thin plastic coatings applied to the grooves of the back teeth, dental sealants protect these teeth from tooth decay by keeping germs and food from being trapped in the chewing surfaces of the teeth. Many dentists recommend dental sealants for children when their permanent molars come in. Most children get their first molars around the age of 6, followed by the second set at about age 12. It is best to apply dental sealants soon after the teeth erupt, in order to head off any damage or decay.
Applying sealants is a painless process and does not require any drilling. First, the dentist cleans the tooth and applies a special gel to prepare the chewing surface. Then he or she washes and dries the tooth to ensure that the sealant adheres properly. Then, the dentist paints the surface of the tooth with the sealant material. Often, a hygienist or the doctor hardens the sealant with a special light, which takes about 30 seconds.
Sealants can only be seen from up close, and generally are only visible when a child opens his or her mouth wide. The sealant may feel slightly different to the tongue than the tooth did, but this difference is generally subtle, and most children get used to the sealants very quickly.
A dental sealant lasts between 3 and 5 years, and a dentist will check the sealants at dental appointments, reapplying them when necessary. Sealants work in conjunction with fluoride treatments, flossing, and brushing to keep a child’s teeth healthy and prevent decay. Sealants save time, money, and discomfort by preventing cavities before they occur, keeping teeth strong and clean. | <urn:uuid:6043fc54-ea73-43db-aa54-039ad3c4410b> | {
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The study – published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) – reports that compounds isolated from liquorice roots could have benefits for treating symptoms of diabetes.
The substances, which have a simple chemical structure, are not only found in liquorice root, but are also in the fruit of the Amorpha fruticosa bush – from which the potentially anti-diabetic compound derives its name.
“The health-beneficial effects are based on the fact that the amorfrutin molecules dock directly onto a receptor in the nucleus called PPAR-gamma,” explained Dr Sascha Sauer, who led the research project. The expert noted that PPAR-gamma plays an important role in fat and glucose metabolism.
“The binding of the amorfrutin molecules activates various genes that reduce the plasma concentration of certain fatty acids and glucose,” he said. “The reduced glucose level prevents the development of insulin resistance – the main cause of adult diabetes.”
However, the expert said that drinking liquorice tea or eating liquorice candy will not help to treat diabetes: “The concentration of the substances in the tea and liquorice is far too low to be effective.”
The team have therefore developed a special extraction processes to help obtain the amorfrutins from the plant in sufficient concentrations. They said the process could be used to produce amorfrutin extracts on an industrial scale.
“The amorfrutins can be used as functional nutritional supplements or as mild remedies that are individually tailored to the patient,” said Sauer.
“In view of the rapid spread of metabolic diseases like diabetes, it is intended to develop these substances further so that they can be used on humans in the future,” he added.
Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116971109
“Amorfrutins are potent antidiabetic dietary natural products”
Authors: C. Weidner, J.C. de Groot, A. Prasad, A. Freiwald, C. Quedenau | <urn:uuid:9b30bcda-e208-44fa-b5a9-dd65437b2db9> | {
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Dino jaws: Stegosaurs bite strength revealed
The first detailed study of a Stegosaurus skull shows that it had a stronger bite than its small peg-shaped teeth suggested.
The Natural History Museum’s Stegosaurus specimen, ‘Sophie’, has been compared with two plant-eating dinosaurs with similar skulls: Plateosaurus and Erlikosaurus.
All three had a large low snout and a scissor-like jaw action that moved up and down. Using computer modelling a team of scientists from Bristol, London, Manchester and Birmingham has shown these dinosaurs had different biting abilities.
As Prof Paul Barrett, dinosaur researcher at the Natural History Museum explains: 'Far from being feeble, as usually thought, Stegosaurus actually had a bite force within the range of living herbivorous mammals, such as sheep and cows.'
The finding means that scientists need to reconsider how Stegosaurus fitted into its ecological niche. For example it may have had a role in spreading the seeds of woody evergreen cycads.
Stegosaurus lived around 150 million years ago and needed to eat a lot of plants to sustain its large size. As grasses did not exist then, it would have fed on plants such as ferns and horsetails.
As Barrett, leader of the research team, comments: “Our key finding really surprised us: we expected that many of these dinosaur herbivores would have skulls that worked in broadly similar ways. Instead we found that even though the skulls were fairly similar to each other in overall shape, the way they worked during biting was substantially different in each case.”
Lead author Dr Stephan Lautenschlager, a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Bristol’s School of Earth Sciences, employed digital models and computer simulations to analyse the dinosaurs’ bites, using data from 3D scans of the skulls and lower jaws. He used engineering software to give the skulls the material properties that would match as closely as possible to the real thing, for example, using data on crocodile teeth to model those of the dinosaurs.
By attaching muscles to the models, he was able to examine the forces that the jaws could produce and the subsequent stresses on the skulls.
As computer power increases and software becomes more available, Lautenschlager thinks that we will see more modelling used in dinosaur research: 'Using computer modelling techniques, we were able to reconstruct muscle and bite forces very accurately for the different dinosaurs in our study. As a result, these methods give us new and detailed insights into dinosaur biology – something that would not have been possible several years ago.'
The Stegosaurus is part of the Museum’s collection of 80 million specimens, of which eight million are fossils. We are extremely grateful to the 70 generous donors, with particular thanks to Jeremy Herrmann, who made this iconic acquisition possible. Stegosaurs stenops has been named Sophie in honour of Jeremy’s daughter Sophie Herrmann.
Notes for editors
Further images are available at https://nhm.box.com/s/fnaf66vdo8bbrekfilwu3b7di8q327zf
Please note: images are for single use only to illustrate this press release and are not to be archived. All images © Stephan Lautenschlager
Lautenschlager, S., Brassey, C. A., Button, D. J., Barrett, P. M. Decoupled form and function in disparate herbivorous dinosaur clades. Sci. Rep. 6, 26495; doi:10.1038/srep26495 (2016) http://www.nature.com/articles/srep26495
For further information, please contact the Natural History Museum Press Office
Tel: +44 (0) 20 7942 5654 / +44 (0) 7799 690 151
The Natural History Museum welcomes more than five million visitors a year and is a world-leading science research centre. Through its unique collection and unrivalled expertise it is tackling the biggest challenges facing the world today. It helps enable food security, eradicate disease and manage resource scarcity. It is studying the diversity of life and the delicate balance of ecosystems to ensure the survival of our planet. For more information see www.nhm.ac.uk | <urn:uuid:a6fd2422-cc54-401a-a1ea-68bf646ce36d> | {
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The predicted continuation of strong drying and warming trends in the southwestern United States underlies the associated prediction of increased frequency, area, and severity of wildfires in the coming years. As a result, the management of wildfires and fire effects on public lands will continue to be a major land management priority for the foreseeable future. Following fire suppression, the first land management process to occur on burned public lands is the rapid assessment and emergency treatment recommendations provided by the Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) team. These teams of specialists follow a dynamic protocol to make post-fire treatment decisions based on the best available information using a range of landscape assessment, predictive modeling, and informational tools in combination with their collective professional expertise. Because the mission of a BAER team is to assess burned landscape and determine if stabilization treatments are needed to protect valued resources from the immediate fire effects, the evaluation of treatment success generally does not include important longer term ecological effects of these treatments or the fates of the materials applied over the burned landscape. New tools and techniques that have been designed or modified for BAER team use are presented in conjunction with current post-fire treatment effectiveness monitoring and research. In addition, a case is made to monitor longer term treatment effects on recovering ecosystems and to make these findings available to BAER teams. | <urn:uuid:7b5a5afc-62d1-4c2c-8927-d1f8901ae24c> | {
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Chapter Eight: New Uses for an Old Story
"We ought to make this Society a real power for Americanization and I am doing all that I can to bring it to the attention of the people," Dr. Burk wrote his wealthy neighbor E. B. Cassatt in 1920. To another contact, Burk spoke of the importance of Valley Forge "with its history, traditions and ideals in the development of the American citizen" and his expectation that his museum could foster "the development of a truer spirit of patriotism and devotion to the ideals of America." In yet another letter, he referred to his museum as a school, calling it "a school of history and patriotism for the American people." Dr. Burk was among the first to suggest that there might be new uses for the old Valley Forge story. Motivated by the nationalistic spirit of the 1920s and 1930s, a time when loyalty to the state was considered vital to America's interests, Burk echoed the voices of many other administrators of museums and historic sites in proposing that these institutions could be used to Americanize immigrants and their descendants, then sometimes derogatorily referred to as "hyphenated Americans."
It was one more thing that put Burk at odds with the park commission and other influential groups involved at Valley Forge. These people had developed a proprietary attitude about the place, and their actions reveal a kind of fear that such outsiders would somehow harm Valley Forge. In 1926, Israel R. Pennypacker wrote:
In 1928, the POS of A complained to the park commission that a group of Italians was holding an annual picnic at the park. Burk was on the commission at the time, and the minutes record his statement that the Italians were there at his invitation. The minutes also indicate that the suspicions of the other commissioners were not allayed. They directed the superintendent to arrest any "disorderly persons" at the next Italian picnic. That same year, the Italian Federation of the Sons and Daughters of Columbus was grudgingly allowed to use the park, provided they abide by the law. In 1933, the request of another Italian group was "granted after discussion, subject to inquiry by the Superintendent as to the nature of this Society, and the observance of the visitors of the rules of the park." In 1934, the fact that a member of a Polish women's alliance had placed a wreath at Washington's Headquarters was remarkable enough to be recorded in the park commission minutes.
Besides immigrants, Burk extended his Americanization program to younger Americans. In 1926, a teacher wrote to him when she discovered a form letter composed by Burk inviting youngsters to join the "Valley Forge Legion" and form "camps" at their schools, Burk described this organization as a junior branch of the Valley Forge Historical Society and called it "America's Americanization Association." The teacher objected to the group's badge of membership and its requirement that members pledge their allegiance to it. Such emphasis on uniforms and badges, she contended, had "an insidious and unconscious effect upon our children in the direction of making war a glorious thing."
This teacher's pacifist attitude was shared by many others as World War II loomed ahead in the late 1930s and Burk's successor, Dr. John Hart, attempted to use the Washington Memorial to further his own interpretive program, which was initially one of promoting peace. He established a peace committee and hoped to associate with other international peace organizations, such as that at Westminster Abbey. Hart's attitude changed dramatically after Hitler's blitzkrieg and the occupation of France by Germany. In 1941, he mounted a paper on the church bulletin board enumerating the faults of Hitler, and when a parishioner objected he publicly addressed his congregation—denouncing the Hitlerization of Germany, which had "destroyed the home, breaking every sanctity and tradition. Why do we wait?" he asked. "Why are we uncertain? Why does America not enter the war?"
Once America was at war, Hart used his position to drum up support. Volunteer workers gathered at the chapel to knit and sew garments for distribution by the American Red Cross. British comedienne Gracie Fields was invited to the chapel, where she sang "The Lord's Prayer," "Ave Maria," "God Bless America," and "There'll Always Be an England." In 1943, Hart dedicated an honor roll of parish men and women who had joined the armed forces.
Unlike the first two rectors at the chapel, the park commission did not consciously use Valley Forge as a soapbox before America's entry into World War II and were anxious that no other outside groups be permitted to do so. In 1939, a league of German war veterans in the United States planned to convene in Philadelphia and asked for permission to hold a memorial service at the Von Steuben statue at Valley Forge. The chairman of the park commission wrote the governor suggesting that he talk to the state department, saying, "We are loathe to permit a display of swastika flags, under existing circumstances, the nazi salute, heils, etc." The organization was informed that the park commission would not even permit a furled German flag, and in the end the German war vets simply drove around the park and conducted no ceremonies of any kind.
After America entered World War II, the park did join the Washington Memorial in making material contributions to the war effort. Reproduction cannon that had been cast in 1918 were donated to the nation's scrap metal drive. The commissioners put some of the park's acreage under cultivation but found that the state would not finance a project to raise beef cattle. The park became a training ground for the 102nd Artillery Brigade, the 59th Hospital Unit, and a group of cadets from Valley Forge Military Academy. The 601st Anti-Aircraft Corps of the Coast Guard Auxiliary used the park's observation tower as a lookout. The park struggled along with a reduced staff as employees resigned to enter the armed forces or essential war industries. Those who remained dutifully purchased war bonds and stamps.
There was no question that the park's administration supported the war effort, but at no time did those associated with the park use Valley Forge to actively promulgate a point of view. Instead, they cooperated in allowing the Valley Forge experience to be drawn on as a source of inspiration for Americans in crisis. A Valley Forge flagpole was formed from a red cedar that had stood near where the Virginia troops had camped. It was presented to President Franklin Roosevelt, together with a flag hand-sewn by the Betsy Ross Seamstresses of Philadelphia. The park commission honored the request of an army private that some ivy from Washington's Headquarters be sent to a cemetery in the Philippines so American soldiers from the Philadelphia area who had died there could be honored with a living link to Valley Forge.
On Evacuation Day in 1944, a radio program originating at Washington's Headquarters included an interview with Sergeant Al Schmid, a Marine who had distinguished himself at Guadalcanal, A script listed the questions Schmid would be asked and suggested how he might want to frame his answers. The replies were to be generally upbeat regarding military progress, but he was also to remind Americans that the struggle was not over and encourage them to make their own sacrifices by purchasing more war bonds. Dr. Hart connected the interview with the Valley Forge experience when he spoke of how Washington "gave unstintingly to the task of wresting independence from tyrants, often suffering hardship and calumny."
The huge number of visitors who trooped through Washington's Headquarters around V.J. Day was evidence that Americans found inspiration in the Valley Forge experience during World War II. The park superintendent reported that on August 15 and 16, 1945, some 3,500 people visited this historic house. Around Labor Day the same year, he recorded 8,700 visitors on a weekend when the site usually accommodated around 1,100, Valley Forge continued its inspirational role after the war's end when the name "Valley Forge" was given to a 27,000-ton aircraft carrier that went into service in 1946. Park officials attended its commissioning at a ceremony where Dr. Hart gave the invocation. Park commissioners also presented the Navy with a Revolutionary cannonball and a piece of iron that had been excavated from the forge site on Valley Creek so that this vessel could have a constant symbolic link with Valley Forge.
Dr. Hart was no doubt thinking that the Valley Forge experience could inspire the whole world when he suggested in 1945 that Valley Forge become the site of the new United Nations. In a letter to London, he mentioned the architectural element at his own chapel called the "Porch of the Allies," which he said had foreshadowed the current trend toward peace and unity. Hart contended: "An invincible inspiration awaits the United Nations on this ground. . . . Valley Forge is the place for the Parliament of Man." Hart's suggestion was rejected when the Philadelphia area in general was eliminated as being too close to Washington, D.C.
The end of World War II severed the tenuous alliance the United States had enjoyed with the Soviet Union, and America entered a period now known as the Cold War. The establishment of satellite states in Eastern Europe by Joseph Stalin, Soviet Premier and General Secretary of the Communist Party, pitted the Soviet Union against America and her Western allies in imposing a system of values on postwar Europe. Americans began to view Stalin as an aggressor bent on world domination. Fears were heightened when the Soviet Union developed the atom bomb in 1949, and many Americans came to believe that a vast, unseen conspiracy threatened their freedom and way of life. Americans grew even more fearful when the Soviets launched their satellite Sputnik in 1957 and there were widespread feelings of panic during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, followed by a wave of national pride when the Soviets backed away from a confrontation with the United States.
Because communism was regarded as a radical break with the past, Americans increasingly glorified their own history during the Cold War period. In his Mystic Chords of Memory, Michael Kammen speaks of Americans in the Cold War era drawing on history to teach democratic beliefs and thus enhance national security. Aggressive programs to bring visitors to places like Williamsburg, where they could appreciate the origins of modern concepts such as self-government, individual liberty, and opportunity, were established. The Cold War raised the question of whether Valley Forge park should also play a more active teaching role, and whether those in charge of the park should utilize the Valley Forge experience to foster patriotism and combat the threat of communism. A 1951 park commission report read:
The report mentioned the "educational value" of Valley Forge, describing it as "one of the best—if not the best—means at our disposal for neutralizing the insidious methods of Communism in the psychological war it is waging on us."
When the park hosted National Boy Scout Jamborees in 1950, 1957, and 1964, park commissioners probably believed they were advancing such laudable goals. Groups of Boy Scouts had been camping in the park on Washington's Birthday since 1913, and in 1950 officials of the Boy Scouts of America requested the use of Valley Forge for the first national jamboree to be held since 1937, when the approaching war had limited such activities. Although this would constitute the largest gathering ever held in Valley Forge up to that time, the park commissioners welcomed the Boy Scouts, acknowledging in the commission minutes their expectation that a stint at Valley Forge would be good for the general development of American youth.
Between June 30 and July 6, 1950, more than 47,000 Boy Scouts camped in the park, some directly on the sites of the eighteenth-century brigade encampments from their home states. They built "gateways" to serve as entrances to their sections, each one symbolizing something about the boys' geographic regions, such as the gateway replica of the Empire State Building built by Scouts from New York, and the gateway replica of the Golden Gate Bridge, identifying a California group. The boys attended classes on scouting skills and mounted massive pageants. They cooked their meals over charcoal burners, set up their own telephone system, post office, and bank, and dug holes for underground sewers and water pipes. Their presence at Valley Forge attracted an overwhelming number of sightseers and created bumper-to-bumper traffic when visitors stopped to photograph Valley Forge's second great encampment.
John M. McCullough reported daily on the gathering for the Philadelphia Inquirer, and his articles clearly reiterated that the jamboree really served the national cause of freedom, It was the largest youth gathering in the Western world to date, and a "ringing challenge and rebuttal to the appeal of Communism to world youth." It was not to be compared with a recent "sordid" Communist youth rally in Berlin, McCullough claimed, The American boys had come together voluntarily, and no one was making them goose-step. McCullough wrote: "American youth took up the challenge flung down in Berlin by the rejuvenated panoply of East German youth at the behest of their authoritarian masters—and hurled it back with a spectacle that had even veteran newspapermen and State Police clearing suddenly husky throats." He was particularly inspired by hearing thousands of Scouts pledge allegiance in unison, and by the spectacle they made one evening when they each lit candles honoring their freedom of worship and symbolizing enlightenment in a dark and frightening world.
The world became a little more frightening that very week when North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel, an issue that the jamboree's principal speakers, President Truman and General Eisenhower, both addressed. McCullough wondered whether Truman would use the occasion to make a policy speech, but his message was a cautious one advocating fellowship and human brotherhood and building a world of good neighbors. Eisenhower damned the invasion, to a roar of applause. Hinting at U.S. military intervention, he asked, "How can we doubt eventual success if we meet these issues firmly?" Yes, there would be a cost in the lives of young American men just like those gathered before him, but the alternative was an "enslaved world."
Once the jamboree was over, each boy took home some souvenirs: the candle he had lighted, a Valley Forge guidebook, and a package of dogwood seeds. About half the boys also took home a case of poison ivy. After the boys were gone, Pennsylvania's civil defense organizers studied photographs of the jamboree taken from the air to determine how well Valley Forge would serve as an evacuation area in case of atomic attack by the Soviet Union.
When the Boy Scouts held another national jamboree in Valley Forge in 1957, the intent was again to allow each boy to draw inspiration from the setting and learn to appreciate his freedom. A map issued to Scout leaders said: "It is the earnest desire of all jamboree leaders that each boy should go home inspired and filled with a deep appreciation of what this historic setting means to every American. Make it live in the hearts of your boys."
President Eisenhower, then in his second term, was unable to attend, and Vice President Richard Nixon arrived to address the boys. The Scouts cheered when the president of the Boy Scouts of America accidently introduced Nixon as President of the United States rather than Vice President. Nixon's theme was civil rights, not the Cold War. He stressed equal dignity among Scouts regardless of color or creed, and the importance of valuing an individual's achievements rather than his background.
The 1964 jamboree brought the Scouts back to Valley Forge for a third and final time. The purpose was once again to show the world a grassroots youth gathering in a free society. This time one of the points of interest was a pageant with a history lesson where a fictional Scout patrol took a trip through time, witnessing the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's Ride, the battles of Bunker Hill and Trenton, and finally the arrival in America of an ethnically diverse group in the shadow of a 20-foot Statue of Liberty.
By the mid-1960s, liberal intellectuals together with certain members of Congress and the media were questioning the old Cold War agenda, and the question at Valley Forge became whether the inspiration to be gained there was worth the trouble of letting nearly 50,000 young men live in the park for a week. A reader wrote to the question-and-answer column in the Valley Forge Historical Society's journal, asking, "Is not a Jamboree a desecration of Valley Forge? Is not the ground too sacred, historically, to be tramped upon by thousands of careless youths?" The park commission also recognized that the jamborees essentially closed the park to other visitors and created a "disturbance of turf" requiring major rehabilitation projects to bring the park scene back to normal. Indeed, a study done in 1979 reported that, more than any other postencampment park activity, the Boy Scout jamborees had had the greatest impact on subsurface remains. The Scouts had created their own remains which would have to be differentiated from earlier artifacts in all subsequent research. In 1979, one test pit was dug because a sensing device had been attracted by the presence of Boy Scout tent pegs. Further research revealed that these particular young men had pitched their tent directly on the fill of a genuine hut hole, which might have been truly inspiring to them had they only known it. The Boy Scouts were invited in 1969 but chose to convene elsewhere. And in 1971, a directive from the park commission's parent organization made it clear that Valley Forge was no longer considered appropriate for Boy Scout jamborees.
Did You Know?
Valley Forge has an active Friends group that advocates for the Park & serves as a voice for the community to the Park. The Friends of Valley Forge is actively raising an army of support by enlisting individuals and businesses to preserve the past, conserve for the future, and enjoy the Park today. | <urn:uuid:ecaa62a5-8c09-4432-af95-7519310db706> | {
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Wilfred Owen’s Contempt for War
By HAROLD PINTER
The following remarks were adapted during Mr. Pinter’s acceptance speech on winning the Wilfred Owen Award earlier this year.
The great poet Wilfred Owen articulated the tragedy, the horror–and indeed the pity–of war in a way no other poet has. Yet we have learnt nothing. Nearly 100 years after his death the world has become more savage, more brutal, more pitiless.
But the “free world” we are told, as embodied in the United States and Great Britain, is different to the rest of the world since our actions are dictated and sanctioned by a moral authority and a moral passion condoned by someone called God. Some people may find this difficult to comprehend but Osama Bin Laden finds it easy. What would Wilfred Owen make of the invasion of Iraq? A bandit act, an act of blatant state terrorism, demonstrating absolute contempt for the concept of International Law. An arbitrary military action inspired by a series of lies upon lies and gross manipulation of the media and therefore of the public. An act intended to consolidate American military and economic control of the Middle East masquerading–as a last resort (all other justifications having failed to justify themselves)–as liberation. A formidable assertion of military force responsible for the death and mutilation of thousands upon thousands of innocent people.
An independent and totally objective account of the Iraqi civilian dead in the medical magazine The Lancet estimates that the figure approaches 100,000. But neither the US or the UK bother to count the Iraqi dead. As General Tommy Franks of US Central Command memorably said: “We don’t do body counts”.
We have brought torture, cluster bombs, depleted uranium, innumerable acts of random murder, misery and degradation to the Iraqi people and call it ” bringing freedom and democracy to the Middle East”. But, as we all know, we have not been welcomed with the predicted flowers. What we have unleashed is a ferocious and unremitting resistance, mayhem and chaos.
You may say at this point: what about the Iraqi elections? Well, President Bush himself answered this question when he said: “We cannot accept that there can be free democratic elections in a country under foreign military occupation”. I had to read that statement twice before I realised that he was talking about Lebanon and Syria.
What do Bush and Blair actually see when they look at themselves in the mirror?
I believe Wilfred Owen would share our contempt, our revulsion, our nausea and our shame at both the language and the actions of the American and British governments.
Harold Pinter recently won the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. His writings can be read on his website: www.haroldpinter.org/ | <urn:uuid:fe24ce11-4cf3-4723-8828-7bc30eaeb70e> | {
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Repairing Communication & Hope
Jan 17, 2019 10:25AM
written by kayley howard | photos provided by the aphasia center of west texas
Think for a moment about all the things you do in your day that requires language to express yourself and understand others; saying good morning to your spouse, reading a recipe, looking up the weather report, responding to email, making a grocery list, or calling a friend. It is difficult to imagine your day without some form of communication, but this is a reality for individuals diagnosed with aphasia.
Aphasia is a communication impairment caused by a traumatic brain injury, typically a stroke. It affects a person’s expression and understanding of language, as well as the ability to read and write. The Aphasia Center of West Texas is a non-profit organization that connects people with aphasia to a vast network of resources and weekly support groups. It is a safe place for area residents to learn communication strategies and practical tips that help relieve the daily frustration of living with aphasia.
Kitty Binek, Executive Director of the Aphasia Center of West Texas, described aphasia, explaining, “It’s like going to a foreign country where we don’t read, speak, or write the language. We are certainly the same person when we get off the plane in that country, but we may not look as smart; we might have a difficult time communicating, revealing our competence, and maneuvering in their world.” Aphasia affects more than 2.5 million individuals in the United States and approximately one in every 250 people in the Permian Basin. Approximately one in three stroke survivors are diagnosed with this communication disorder. The Aphasia Center of West Texas, founded in 2002, is a privately-funded center that serves adult patients within the Permian Basin. The center is one of two independent aphasia centers in the state of Texas, the other center is located in Houston.
The Aphasia Center does not treat aphasia medically, but instead, provides a toolbox for members and their families to better navigate the difficult aspects of living with aphasia. “We are not a medical facility,” remarked Binek. “We are not in competition with other rehabs. We are all part of the continuum of care, yet the Aphasia Center addresses broader issues like maintaining friendships, environmental adaptations, personal identity, and returning to social activities.” After an aphasia diagnosis and traditional treatment, an individual needs a next step. Binek noted that the Aphasia Center has great partnerships with local hospitals and rehabilitation centers. “Thank God there’s the Aphasia Center where they can come and get a community, a life line of support, help and have fun,” Binek said. “Many speech pathologists love the Aphasia Center because they have something to offer their patients.”
" The Life Participation Approach" is a holistic approach proven to positively influence a person’s ability to re-engage in life’s interactions and activities in spite of aphasia." -Binek
The Aphasia Center uses a life participation approach to overcoming communication barriers. “What we do here is a social model of service that is overseen by medical professionals,” Binek stated. “They have been trained in what is starting to be recognized as best practices for people with aphasia, the Life Participation Approach to Aphasia.” Binek also explained that “The Life Participation Approach” is a holistic approach proven to positively influence a person’s ability to re-engage in life’s interactions and activities in spite of aphasia. This method looks at all parts of an individual’s life; the whole language environment, specifically their communication; it considers additional impairments or immobility; and it assesses their personal life, hobbies, feelings, and attitudes.
Programming Aphasia Center Conversation Group
The members of the Aphasia Center enjoy a variety of activities; gardening, cooking, book club, music, photography, debate, and computer lab, that allow them to practice adaptive communication techniques, develop meaningful friendships, and regain a level of control of their lives. “We don’t call them patients or clients,” explained Binek, “they are members because they purchase a membership. Much like you go to a gym for a physical workout, our members come here for a communication work out.”
Being in public, going to restaurants, museums, theaters, or shopping can be overwhelming and hard to navigate for someone coping with aphasia. The center hosts a monthly ‘out and about’ group activity that allows the members (with the safety net of a trained volunteer) to take their newly acquired tools and utilize them in the community. “It’s all about communication accessibility and accessibility to our community,” said Binek. “Our hope is that they will be able to gain the confidence they need to later go out and do it on their own.”
Programming Family Education
Not only does this therapy help members build communication confidence, it also has an educational component for the community. Liaisons are able to use these outings to advocate for people with aphasia and educate local businesses on how to best serve people with communication barriers, making our region more communication-accessible. “Awareness is such a big deal for us,” said Binek. “Aphasia is a tough word – if you can’t communicate, it makes it hard to advocate.”
Being in public - going to restaurants, museums, theaters, and shopping - can be overwhelming and hard to navigate for someone coping with aphasia.
The Aphasia Center of West Texas was the second independent aphasia center in the United States. It began with a small group of adults who, as a result of stroke, acquired aphasia. After being discharged from traditional speech therapy, they found themselves facing social isolation, boredom, and a dramatically changed life. Binek said individuals and community leaders saw a need for people to have a say, to have a voice, in their own lives despite their aphasia. They began to question if there was more to offer or if there was a service that could alter this diagnosis. In 2001, the Scarborough-Linebery Foundation, Midland Memorial Hospital Foundation, Manor Park and others joined forces in an effort to respond to the need for care for people coping with aphasia in West Texas.
Out & About with the Odessa Jackalopes hockey team
Nancy Anguish became founding board president in 2001; a board of directors was recruited in March of 2002; first members joined in October of the same year, and the organization achieved 501c(3) status by February of 2003. Soon after, the Abell-Hanger Foundation, Permian Basin Area Foundation and others invested in the idea of this non-profit organization. In 2013, after realizing the need for a resource for aphasia service providers, the Aphasia Center of West Texas helped birth a national organization called Aphasia Access. In 2015, it was launched at Boston University. Today, the center has approximately 30 active members but directly serves a total of 210 people, including family members. They have a staff that consists of two speech pathologists, two certified nursing assistants, a community and volunteer liaison, an executive assistant, and an executive director. Binek admits that their volunteers play a vast, committed role and are the bedrock of the Aphasia Center.
Aphasia Awareness Concert Volunteers-
" We feel really good about the respite aspect of how we are helping the family. I think that’s one of the biggest services we provide." - Kitty Binek
Along with the communication workout they offer to the individuals with aphasia, the center also provides respite for the family or caretakers directly involved. “We feel really good about the respite aspect of how we are helping the family,” Binek said, “I think that’s one of the biggest services we provide.” The Aphasia Center is meant to reengage individuals with aphasia into life as a whole. “Our hope is that they start to reengage in areas of life as they are given the tools and the communication techniques needed to access their world again,” Binek noted, “The aphasia is still there, it didn’t go away, but hopefully it’s a much smaller part of who they are. They are so much more than their aphasia. You don’t want them to be defined by it. Regardless of how much of their speech they get back, if we can give them their life back, then we have really done something.” †
For more information on the Aphasia Center of West Texas visit:
or call 432-699-1261 | <urn:uuid:24a860e8-a82d-418f-944e-401052359141> | {
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How Electrocardiograms Work - EKG Strips
To briefly summarize the components of a normal EKG strip, it consist of components which indicate electrical events during one heart beat. These waveforms are labeled P, Q, R, S, T and U.
P wave is the first short upward movement of the ECG tracing. It indicates that the atria are contracting, pumping blood into the ventricles.
The QRS complex, normally beginning with a downward deflection, Q; a larger upwards deflection, a peak (R); and then a downwards S wave. The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization and contraction.
The PR interval indicates the transit time for the electrical signal to travel from the sinus node to the ventricles.
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The EVOX uses the voice (VOX is Latin for voice) to map perception about specific topics like health, relationships, work or athletic performance; any aspect of life. Perception is the way you feel and think about something. Because we perceive more than we are aware of, perception is more often ‘felt’ rather than ‘thought about.’ After mapping the information, it then analyses that map, called a Perception Index, and creates a playback information packet that the body uses to bring perception to the level of awareness and allow it to be reframed. The EVOX is used to improve every aspect of human performance by facilitating a different way of seeing a circumstance, an opportunity, a problem, or a relationship.
We feel this is breakthrough technology that 80% of health issues will benefit greatly from.
Click image to enlarge
Click here to watch a video about EVOX technology.
*ZYTO scans do not diagnose or recommend treatments; they simply provide information that should be considered by a qualified healthcare professional in determining a course of action. | <urn:uuid:68397702-e271-478e-b706-14c2b4e280b5> | {
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‘So you are the politician who wants to undermine my acquired rights? Who does not legislate in favour of progress and equality? Who is not concerned about promoting measures aimed towards maternity protection? Well, you have definitely lost my vote in the upcoming elections!’. An allegation such as this one could have only been made by a British woman from the twentieth century onwards, since it was not until 1928 that equal suffrage was established in this country1.
Even though 1928 was the date when equality in this field was achieved, the fight for women’s suffrage began long before. The Victorian era was a rather active period with regards to this matter. In 1872, the formation of the National Society for Women’s Suffrage and the subsequent National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) attributed this campaign with a sense of a national movement.
It was in this context that this idea of “The New Woman” emerged.
“THE NEW WOMAN”
So what was exactly a “New Woman”? What made a Victorian lady a “New Woman”?
|Figure 1: Toilette|
by Jules James Rougeron, 1877
This revolution based on a change of mentality triggered an evolution on the image of women themselves. The “New Woman” was no longer submissive, neither to her husband nor to society. She was educated; an education meant a way of emancipation. Linked to this idea, she was independent, not only due to the change in the mindset, but also thanks to the introduction of a key element in women’s lives: the bicycle.
This picture is quite a representative image of a “New Woman”. Not only is she in possession of a means that allowed her to move about without the need nor consent of a husband, but in order to ride it she needed new clothing, far from the sumptuous and uncomfortable dresses ladies used to wear. This new look resembled more the clean and straight lines of men’s garments, achieving with this to make a statement on equality.
However, clothes were not the only point where women began to resemble men. Another sign of their growing power was smoking, which had been historically regarded as an immoral and inappropriate habit for women, and mainly attributed to prostitutes and disgraced women. Motherhood and sex became a controversial topic as well. This new independence and open-mindedness led women to acknowledge the fact that they were entitled to so much more than just raising children and mostly being sex slaves to their husbands. These new educated females had the power and the strength knowledge provides and they prioritized these new needs over their old traditional role.
Unfortunately, such a disruption in a male-dominated society was bound to attract both positive and negative reactions. Most men saw this movement as a threat and were not willing to accept a change that would put in jeopardy their comfortable lifestyle. Oddly enough, opposition also came from female writers such as Mrs Humphry Ward, who found feminism was a threat against marriage and motherhood4. However, one of the most notable cases of propaganda against “The New Woman” was Punch magazine.
PUNCH MAGAZINE: A FIERCE OPPOSITION TO “THE NEW WOMAN”
IN THE CAUSE OF OUR WORKING SISTERS
The first cartoon is a parodic ensemble of some of the features already mentioned: the two main figures in the middle are “New Women” in bloomers – the name of their characteristic new piece of clothing -, smoking and therefore being looked down upon by traditional, respectable Victorian women. Along those lines is designed the second one, which shows again how “normal” women did not support the new movement, and in a way how suffragettes were “a disease” for society.
FILLING UP THE CENSUS PAPER
FOND AND FOOLISH
Edwin (suddenly, after a long pause) ‘Darling!’
Angelina. ‘Yes, darling!?’
Edwin. ‘Nothing, darling. Only darling, darling!’
These satirize the new generation of men, young males who were not as narrow-minded as their parents or grandparents, and somehow accepted these new and powerful women as they were. This change of authority led to the representation of “New Women” as bigger in size, thus having a domineering physical presence.
This cartoon is probably the most satirical of all. Not only does it ridicule men by attributing this male character the traditional role of women yet still calling him “father of the family”, but it also ridicules “New Women” by making this female character so busy, yet her speech being on the great crochet question and she still is the “mistress of the house”.
“THE NEW WOMAN” IN LITERATURE
“The New Woman” was a relevant concept both in real life and as a cultural phenomenon. In literature, through the use of individual characters, writers addressed the attitudes of the Victorian society. Some of the most relevant representatives of this literary movement were Thomas Hardy, George Egerton, George Meredith, Sarah Grand and George Gissing.
Angelique Richardson’s Women Who Did5 gathers a series of short stories about “New Women” written by both male and female authors between 1980 and 1914. Hereafter will be discussed two of them: She-Notes (1894) and If I were a Man (1914), two relevant yet opposite examples.
She-Notes is a parody that Punch created mainly in response to George Egerton’s (Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright) writings. She was very interested in one of the key topics of the “New Women” movement, the freedom of exploration of female sexuality, rejecting the traditionally male-imposed purity. These allegations doomed her to be satirized by the magazine in this short story. It attacks Egerton’s work directly by having the trusted maid run away with her mistress’ lover, since the writer explored different kinds of relationships between women. However, the idea of intimate bonds between women of different social classes was quite distressing for the society of the time, especially because it deviated the attention from traditional heterosexual plots.
If I were a Man, on the other hand has a strong focus on gender inequality. It examines the thoughts of a woman who experiences what it feels like to be a man, and this leads to almost comical situations, for instance, when she encounters pockets for the first time with all the power their belongings give her. The humorous tone is also present due to the description of her at the beginning; she is described as ‘a true woman’, little, pretty and charming. Nevertheless, she manages to represent the ideals of a “New Woman” at the end, when she gives an excellent speech that refutes every sexist comment she hears and sets the path for the equality we are fortunate enough to enjoy today.
1 Parliament. “Living Heritage. Women and the vote.” UK Parliament. Accessed: 02/03/2016. Found at: http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/
2 Beeton, Isabella. Mrs Beeton’s Book of Household Management. London: S. O. Beeton Publishing. 1861. Print.
3 Dinlejko, Andrzej. “The New Woman Fiction”. The Victorian Web. Accessed: 04/03/2016. Found at: http://www.victorianweb.org/gender/diniejko1.html
4 Buzwell, Greg. “Daughters of decadence: the New Woman in the Victorian fin de siècle. British Library. Accessed: 10/03/2016. Found at: http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/daughters-of-decadence-the-new-woman-in-the-victorian-fin-de-siecle
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The first love of Apollo was Daphne 1, who refused him and fled, turning in her flight into a laurel-tree.
Apollo reaches Daphne 1 as she turns into a laurel tree. 0836: Apollo and Daphne. Painting by Giovanni Biliverti, 1576-1644. Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart.
Love disguised as Friendship
Leucippus 4, son of King Oenomaus 1 of Pisa and brother of Hippodamia 3, the wife of Pelops 1, fell in love with Daphne 1. In order to approach her, however, he decided not to court her openly, for she was believed to avoid the male sex. Instead he wore woman's clothes, and disguised as a maiden joined her, saying that he was a daughter of Oenomaus 1, and that he would like to share her hunting. And since Friendship is allowed to take steps that are alarming when taken by Love, Daphne 1 soon became fond of him, embracing him and clinging to him at all times. And so, because he was thought to be a maiden, surpassed all others in birth and skill in hunting, and besides was very gentle, he drew Daphne 1 into a close friendship.
Death of Leucippus 4
But Apollo, they say,
was also in love with the girl, and out of jealousy
and anger put into her mind to go swimming in the
river Ladon, in western Arcadia, together with the other girls. On their arrival to the river, they all began to strip, and when they noticed that Leucippus 4 was unwilling to do the same, they tore his clothes from him. Then, seeing he was no maid, they felt outraged and killed him with their spears and daggers, for, as they saw it, his friendship was as false as his love was forbidden.
Apollo insults Eros
How did Apollo fall in love with Daphne 1? This happened after a dispute with Eros. For the god of
the silver bow, seeing Eros bending his own bow said to him:
"What are you
doing with the arms of men, you wanton boy ? That
weapon befits my shoulders ... Be content with your
torch to light the hidden fires of love, and lay
not claim to my honours." (Apollo to Eros. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.457).
And to these words of one unexperienced in love, Eros replied:
"Your dart may
pierce all things else, Apollo, but mine shall pierce you; and by
as much as all living things are less than deity,
by so much less is your glory than mine." (Eros to Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.463).
Eros shoots against Apollo and Daphne 1
Having spoken thus, Eros, flying up to the peak of Mount Parnassus, shot an arrow with a sharp point of gold against the god, thus kindling his love. And taking a blunt dart tipped with lead, he smote the heart of Daphne 1, thus putting her to flight. This is how Eros, using
darts of opposite effect, causes hearts to burn
with pain and despair, or freeze with indifference
Effect of Eros' darts
Since that day Daphne 1 ignored all suitors, not caring for love or wedlock, and only wishing to enjoy perpetual virginity, while Apollo was, for the first
time, consumed by the flames of love. And love,
they say, is more powerful than the gift of
prophecy, for Apollo,
though possessing this gift, could not see that his
pursuit would be fruitless.
The heart cannot change
For the heart that has been pierced by Eros' blunt dart cannot be
conquered, even if the assailant were the son of Zeus, or he who inspires
all sciences and arts, or he who knows harmony and
turn it into music, or he who sees what is to come.
All this and more is Apollo, the greatest
healer of all, and yet unable to heal his own
heart, pierced by Eros with
the sharp golden point.
So when Daphne 1 saw Apollo coming towards
her, she had to escape. And it is said that while Apollo pursued her, she
implored to Zeus to
disappear from sight. And as her prayers were
heard, she was turned into a laurel tree. That was
all that remained of her, but Apollo broke a branch
from the tree, and placing it on his head declared:
cannot be my bride, you shall at least be my tree.
My hair, my lyre, my quiver shall always be
entwined with you, O laurel." (Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.556).
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Simple exercise to being teaching mindfulness to children. Can also be used for older people, but its intended for kids.
Ideal Group Size
Any size from one on one to larger group
Time For Exercise
Detailed Instructions If Needed
Ask the child or children to draw an object, like a chair, cup, animal, etc. Explain that this isn't a drawing test but a chance to notice things about the object.
Now ask them to re-draw the object and see whether they can identify additional features and details of the object to include in the second drawing. Usually the second drawing will have more detail.
Ask them to consider what it was like to spend time really looking at an object that they wouldn’t usually take the time to notice.
You can use additional questions to point out that we can see things but not really pay attention, or we can really look and notice things about what we are looking at. | <urn:uuid:90ff5674-6636-4935-88de-9e3ed0af0eb9> | {
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The Western Australian Power Dilemma
From 1984 gas-fired power generation had been gradually increasing its share of the electricity market in Western Australia (WA) starting at 1 per cent and rising to about 50 per cent by 2008. Had it continued on this trajectory, the WA power system would have made great advances in terms of cost and environmental efficiencies given the looming commencement of the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme in Australia from 2011. However, more recently the cost of natural gas has increased from $3/GJ to $7/GJ following the sudden collapse of the East Spar gas field in the North West Shelf. In this article, we analyse the impact of the gas price increase and demonstrate that despite being the most environmentally efficient conventional technology, natural gas combined cycle plant has been squeezed out of the market which in turn will increase forward electricity price risks to WA consumers through greater exposure to CO 2 pricing in the long run. Copyright 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/University of Adelaide and Flinders University.
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Volume (Year): 48 (2009)
Issue (Month): 4 (December)
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Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services. | <urn:uuid:8cfc9ca6-dacf-4184-83a4-2c7c86c005aa> | {
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Psychological contributions to sustainable development
By Rashmi Jaipal, PhD
This is an exciting time to be a psychologist at the United Nations (U.N.) as we are nearing the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, and the development of the post 2015 agenda is under way. Psychology has an increasingly important role to play in helping shape the future agenda. In 2000 the U.N. General Assembly committed to the MDGs (to eradicate extreme poverty, empower women) which resulted in an unprecedented global partnership to implement them. Now building on its momentum, there is a new commitment to develop Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the post 2015 agenda. This is a historic process — we are witnessing a shift in paradigm in the conceptualization of development, from seeing it mainly as economic growth, to conceptualizing it as healthy, human centered sustainable development.
Civil society at the U.N. is contributing to this new way of thinking, drawing on grassroots movements and research from academic disciplines, in particular the social sciences. As a result sustainable development (SD) is conceptualized as three overlapping dimensions, environmental, economic and social sustainability, with human welfare and well-being at its heart. A society cannot be sustainable unless it has incorporated social justice, economic welfare, as well as environmental protection, into its guiding principles. This conceptualization of development is possibly the most important thing happening on the planet right now that will affect the future for a long time to come, and psychology has an integral role to play in this process.
Psychology Day at the U.N. — Every year psychology organizations at the U.N. hold an event to educate U.N. audiences about applications and advances in psychology. The theme of this year's event was "Psychological Contributions to Sustainable Development: Challenges and Solutions for the Global Agenda." The topic of sustainable development was chosen given its urgency in today’s world, and because in the past year the U.N. General Assembly Open Working Group (OWG) of member states has been negotiating the formulation of the new framework for the post-2015 agenda with input from civil society. It is very important for psychology to make its contribution to this agenda, and to that end a psychology coalition at the U.N. has been doing major advocacy work with member states to bring mental health (MH) and well-being (WB) into their conceptualization of the SDGs. In tandem with this initiative, Psychology Day’s format was designed to appeal to missions and feed into the ongoing OWG process.
Left: Rashmi Jaipal, PhD, speaking at Psychology Day at the U.N. Right: The Seventh Annual Psychology Day at the United Nations focused on "Psychology’s Contributions to Sustainable Development: Challenges and Solutions for the Global Agenda."
How psychology can contribute to sustainable development is a relatively recent topic. One way in which psychology is relevant, is its application to repair some of the fall-out of unsustainable development e.g, disaster relief and psychological resilience building in the wake of natural disasters brought about by man-made climate change, or conflict reduction through nonviolent communication, trauma interventions and peace building in the wake of conflicts between ethnic groups or over extraction of resources.
Another significant way psychology can be relevant is as an indicator of unsustainable development. Health is at the center of sustainable development and a society is unsustainable if its economic and social systems and institutions are compromising mental as well as physical health.
A decrease in well-being, such as rising rates of stress related disorders, depression and suicide, dementias, chronic insomnia, attention deficit and short term memory problems, all point to unhealthy and in the long term, unsustainable aspects of the environment, especially for youth.
The concept of well-being was first discussed by the Bhutan Gross National Happiness initiative which referred to subjective well-being as central to sustainable development (Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2014). It pointed to the social and economic pillars of sustainable development, the social and economic environment we grow up in, which influences our well-being. Using psychology as an indicator reveals aspects of developed societies that are unsustainable in the long run, and suggests what pathways developing countries need to avoid when attempting to build societies based on human health and well-being.
This is extremely important as the SDGs are seen as applying more to developing countries that have to catch up in terms of their economic growth and productivity. However through the lens of psychology, the pitfalls and unsustainable aspects of materialistic, consumer driven, developed economies can be brought to light through problems in mental health and well-being. If a socioeconomic environment leads to a decrease in well-being, it is an indication that it needs to be changed through social policy legislation and economic reforms. Thus psychology can also be relevant to sustainable development by helping to shape social policies that foster mental health and well-being in both developed and developing countries.
These considerations informed the focus of Psychology Day on informing U.N. delegates about an emerging trend in public administration, the use of behavioral science and industrial-organizational psychology, the science of work and human resource development, to design public policy. Psychology is stereotypically seen as being about mental health. Little is known by the general public about other branches of psychology such as behavioral science and how its use can encourage better choices and decision making in line with sustainable development.
This insight, also reflected in the new “behavioral economics,” is relevant to economists and public policy makers at the U.N., as it challenges the myth of the “rational man” hypothesis as a driver of the market place, and points to the ways people actually make decisions which are often nonrational. It also provides insights about how the environment and context can help provide conditions for better choices. It is becoming increasingly evident that governments can successfully use behavioral science to create policies and implement programs geared towards sustainable development. This is useful information about a generally lesser known branch of applied psychology, and of great interest for delegations at the U.N. working on the SDGs, who can also share this information with their own governments.
The keynote speaker, a senior policy adviser at the White House, spoke about how behavioral science is being applied to improve development strategies around the world, and how her team at the White House is using it to streamline government policy making and improve efficiency of implementation. The research showed how its application can have a ripple effect where small changes in policy design based on behavioral science principles can lead to larger outcomes for sustainable development. The panel that followed fostered a discussion among psychologists and U.N. delegates of how psychological research regarding climate change and human resource development can influence the current open working group process.
The feedback received from the target audience of U.N. delegates indicated great interest in this topic. Some wanted more information on the presentations to help them formulate their statements on SDGs for the next open working group session. A U.N. economist found it very relevant for economic policy development and wanted to further the discussion. And psychologists attending were interested to learn about this emerging trend in the application of psychology to good governance.
In many ways this was a groundbreaking session. As the deputy permanent representative of El Salvador on the panel stated, up to now in U.N. debates, psychology has not been seriously considered as relevant to sustainable development. But with programs like this that introduce psychology’s applications in a new way, there is a dawning realization of the very significant and wide ranging role psychology has to play. The coming together of U.N. delegates and psychologists to seriously consider the contributions of psychology to the SDGs is unprecedented, and is having an immediate effect on the open working group debates by complementing the advocacy initiative of the psychology coalition.
Psychology is an evidence-based social science that has a very broad scope. Since it has much to contribute in many areas it is time it was pressed into service. This is a call to recognize the value of psychology, not just as a means to heal the individual, but also to help build sustainable societies and a sustainable future.
Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). (2013). An action agenda for sustainable development: Report to the UN Secretary-General.
About the Author
Rashmi Jaipal, PhD, is a cross-cultural psychologist with the Center for Cultures and Communication at Bloomfield College, an NGO representative to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) for the American Psychological Association and was cochair of the Planning Committee for the 7th Annual Psychology Day at the United Nations. | <urn:uuid:d134bd1d-0e14-44f8-a00c-924684c8a2a7> | {
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One of the great accomplishments of human thought has been the development of Newtonian mechanics, our modern understanding of the role of inertia, acceleration, and gravity, the science of motion. As Newton acknowledged, his insights built on the work of many others. Galileo was one of the foremost. But the progression from Aristotle through Galileo to Newton was never as simple and direct as a relay race. Galileo himself was often mistaken, even more often misunderstood or misinterpreted. Complicating the task of understanding his role in this development is the fact that Galileo’s own understanding of motion evolved over the course of his life.
This volume explores many aspects of Galileo’s science of motion, how it was interpreted and used, and the role it played in the development of the modern understanding of motion. There are two dominant themes to this work. The first is the concept of the “mechanization” of our understanding of the world, a term that appears repeatedly in 17th century texts and that was driven into our modern interpretation of this era by E.J. Dijksterhuis’ now classic history of the progression leading to Newtonian mechanics, The Mechanization of the World Picture. Yet as Alan Gabbey argues in the first article of this collection, the term “mechanical,” applied to the science of Galileo and Descartes, is anachronistic. This word does not enter scientific self-description until Robert Boyle who first employs it in this modern sense in 1661. Sophie Roux counters that Descartes was very much aware of his approach as one of mechanization. She explores the self-contradictions and difficulties within Descartes’ attempt to provide mechanical explanations.
The other dominant theme is the conflict between the views and methods of Galileo and Descartes, what Dijksterhuis described as the conflict between “the modesty of mathematical-physical method and the arrogance of philosophical thought.” In his article, Floris Cohen identifies these approaches to scientific knowledge as “Alexandria-plus,” aimed at describing phenomena in mathematical terms, and “Athens-plus,” aimed at general explanations based on first principles. Cohen describes the difficulties Galileo faced in introducing his quantitative approach to scientific study and argues that the ultimate triumph of the Alexandrian-plus approach was not inevitable.
The next article delves into Galileo’s unpublished manuscripts, using them to demonstrate that Galileo’s understanding of motion was never clear and unambiguous. This is followed by an analysis of the work of Galileo’s students for a further expansion on Galileo’s own thoughts on motion. There are then separate articles on how Galileo’s work influenced that of Gassendi, Hobbes, Huygens, and Varignon. There is also a fascinating article on how the science of motion in its various 17th century manifestations played out in explanations of the tides.
In sum, this volume is accessible and interesting. It is not suitable as an introduction to the history of the development of the science of motion in the 17th century, but for those who know something of this story and are intrigued to learn more, it is a wonderful and thought-provoking collection.
David M. Bressoud is DeWitt Wallace Professor Mathematics at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. | <urn:uuid:b7613ae2-a585-40d2-a05d-33013d1ca72c> | {
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You can preserve your pets healthy by performing preventative care having a daily, weekly, and monthly preventative routine. A couple of minutes of your energy count its gold to possess healthy pets.
Taking proper care of a dog isn’t not the same as taking proper care of a more youthful child. Consciously or subconsciously you need to do check up on your son or daughter for general wellbeing.
Perform the same for the pets. To help you get began here’s an overview of suggestions regarding the best way to keep healthy pets:
Pet, comb, or brush your animal checking its fur and the body parts. If there’s anything which doesn’t appear normal, take notice of the unusual, note it, and proper it.
Feed and water your dog daily. Feed foods that are required for a proper pet and supply freshwater.
Observe your cats and dogs playing. Could they be happy and enjoying their activities.
– Bathe your pets with pet shampoos out of the box required for their breed.
– Formal schooling, exercising, or practicing dogs if you can to do this
-Give heart and flea medications.
Go to your vet and plan an agenda out of the box essential for your pets.
By preserve healthy habits on the daily, weekly, and monthly routine pets could be stored healthy for several years. Preventative take care of our pets is very vital that you prevent illness which requires medications or possible surgeries.
You can’t create a pet eat well. A dog relies upon you because the owner to achieve the responsibility of maintaining their own health with proper food, cleanliness, safety safeguards, and necessary checkups using the vet. | <urn:uuid:fc9a6079-a91d-4842-9619-185d991cc6bd> | {
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Something especially challenging about the English language is how much it seems to have changed in the past century. Those who are over 50 years old tend to be fairly aware of this, but my generation is reasonably clueless unless one has happened to read a lot of classic literature from before our time. Gender-neutral language, political correctness, and such thorny issues have transformed many words and phrases through the late 20th century.
One (less controversial) example is the word charity. Back in the day, it was reasonably synonymous with the word love. Either that, or their lexical ranges overlapped. Today, love is a relationship, and charity is doing nice things for people in need. Today, the big three Christian virtues are “faith, hope, and love.” Back then, they were “faith, hope, and charity.” One of the best ways to begin to understand the relationship between love and charity in pre-20th-century English-speaking Christianity is to compare the King James (1611) Bible with modern translations, especially if you’ve got some commentary from back then to help piece it together better. Chapter 12 of George Herbert’s A Priest to the Temple is entitled “The Parson’s Charity,” and is really helpful in explaining this whole love/charity thing.
Herbert writes, “the Country Parson is full of charity; it is his predominant element.” He then lists ten scripture references which state various perks of having charity. “To charity is given…”
- “…the covering of sins” (1 Pet. 4:8) – now translated as love
- “…the forgiveness of sins” (Matt. 6:14) – forgiveness yields forgiveness; see the next point
- ditto (Luke 7:47) – forgiveness is attributed to love
- “…the fulfilling of the Law” (Rom. 13:10) – now translated as love
- “…the life of faith” (James 1:26) – we would describe the following verse as charity today
- “…the blessings of this life” (Prov. 22:9) – now translated as generous or bountiful
- ditto (Psalm 41:1) – now translated as regarding the poor or weak
- “…the reward of the next [life]” (Matt. 25:35) – this verse describes what we could still call charity today
- “…the body of religion” (John 13:35) – now translated as love
- “…and the top of Christian virtues.” (1 Cor. 13) – now translated as love
So charity in George Herbert’s day was a broader concept than it is today. It includes brotherly love among equals (not just from the privileged to the needy), forgiveness in more than just monetary debt (considering the Lord’s Prayer), and a virtue or disposition or acted-out conviction that is ultimately more powerful than sin itself.
Herbert then goes on to give suggestions on how a Pastor should go about showing this charity to everyone. The general gist can be summarized as follows:
- Make sure there are no beggars or idle persons in his parish (using his bounty, persuasion, or authority, as needed)
- Helping the rich realize their duty to assist the poor
- Giving to the poor intentionally and generously, but not in such a way that they start expecting it like an inheritance (this means in particular being very personable in his giving so they get to know him better than they do his money or food)
- To those outside of his parish, he’s to be generous also, but with a little more discernment, since there’s less regular personal contact with them. In their case he might test them on their knowledge of the Lord’s Prayer, Creed, and Ten Commandments first, making a point of providing spiritual assistance along with the physical.
Funnily enough, after giving such a broad definition of charity/love at the beginning, George Herbert applied it in practice to almost the very narrow definition of charity that we know today. Clearly, generosity with friend & stranger (with our money, dinner table, or whatever) is a very important ingredient to loving our neighbor.
To wrap this up, perhaps I could observe that (in our modern words), charity needs to be loving. If we write a check to a good cause once a month and think nothing of it again, is that really Christian charity? What investment do we have in such giving? Granted, not everyone is able (or even called) to spend time with everyone they are charitable to, but can we really go to the opposite extreme and still call it charity proper to a Christian? | <urn:uuid:10d200cb-9b24-4308-b401-ef1a4a137345> | {
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The earliest Benedictine monastery established in the Duchy of Wurtemberg, situated in the Diocese of Augsburg about thirty miles north-east of the town of Stuttgart. Hariolfus, Bishop of Langres, was the founder, and the date of foundation was about 764, though there are a few authorities for as early a date as 732. In later times it became a royal abbey, a privilege which seems to have been conferred in 1011 by the Emperor Henry II, and afterwards confirmed by the Emperor Charles IV, in 1347. Some authorities date the granting of this privilege as late as 1555. This cannot be correct, for it is known that the superior of Ellwangen took his seat in the Diet among the princes of the country in 1500. The Benedictine occupation of the abbey came to an end in the first half of the fifteenth century. In 1460 it was changed into a college of secular canons under the rule of a provost. Ellwangen had many men of renown connected with it: the Abbots Lindolf and Erfinan, whom Mabillon speaks of as famous authors; Abbot Gebhard began to write the life of St. Udalricus but died before completing it; Abbot Ermenrich (c. 845), author of the life of St. Solus which may be found in the fourth volume of the "Acta Sanctorum" of Mabillon. Adalbero, a monk of this abbey, was made Bishop of Augsburg in 894. Abbot Lindebert became Archbishop of Mainz, as also did Abbot Hatton (891). St. Gebhard, Abbot of Ellwangen, became Bishop of Augsburg in 995. Abbot Milo about the middle of the tenth century was one of the visitors appointed for the visitation of the famous Abbey of St. Gall. Nothing is known of the property connected with Ellwangen during the period of its Benedictine history, but in the eighteenth century, after it had passed into the hands of the secular canons, its possessions included the court manor of Ellwangen, the manors of Taxstell, Neuler, Rothlein, Tannenburg, Wasseralfingen, Abts-Gmundt, Kockenburg near the town of Aalen, Henchlingen on the River Lein, and Lautern. Most of the ecclesiastical buildings still exist, though they are no longer used for religious purposes. Since the secularization they have been held by the State and used for state purposes.
APA citation. (1909). Ellwangen Abbey. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05392c.htm
MLA citation. "Ellwangen Abbey." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05392c.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Gerald M. Knight.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. May 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:7ebfc36f-d02a-45b9-a7b2-1c52048007af> | {
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Coordination and integration
Early childhood care and education is often the concern of several government sectors and usually these are education, social affairs and health. The multi-faceted nature of early childhood care and education gives rise to the challenge of effectively coordinating provision of policy development and implementation across the different sectors.
Coordination issues include coherent regulation, funding and staffing schemes and a common vision of care and education. Effective coordination must exist among sectors at both national and local level, and also between public and private establishments.
Cross-sectoral coordination is difficult, especially at the national level. It is one of the main challenges facing governments of both developed and developing countries trying to promote a holistic approach to early childhood. Responses vary and some countries have sought to remove the problem by integrating sectoral responsibilities into a single ministry.
Other countries divide sectoral responsibilities according to age range and services. For countries where the responsibility for early childhood is divided, policy and administration coherence are sought through coordination mechanisms (COMs). Generally, COMs are effective when they focus on a particular early childhood programme, target population or specific task but their role is limited in promoting a coherent overall policy and administrative framework across different sectors. | <urn:uuid:f533cc96-0718-4742-8c5c-188e05fd9b28> | {
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Villages established in valleys usually consisted of houses built on long and narrow plots of land.
There are various plans for eliminating brownfield sites in cities, but there are negative...
The huge dam built on the Colorado river in the US was named after a former American President.
Remarkable civil engineering works to continue the Netherland's centuries-long fight against the...
This animation demonstrates the main sources of air pollution: Agricultural, industrial and...
Machinery that pumps crude oil to the surface
The current global economy has evolved from private enterprise.
Pollution is the negative effect of human activity on the natural environment. | <urn:uuid:a03c6a5c-1835-4095-8923-2f26dbf76e89> | {
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Congo has long been the focus of resource exploitation. The first era of colonization in Africa, beginning in the mid-1880s, was most pronounced in this central African country. Belgium’s King Leopold brutalized the population in his quest for rubber and riches, leaving a legacy of natural resource exploitation by white Europeans in the heart of Africa.
Today, at the 50th anniversary of Congo’s independence, the country continues to be a source of wealth for the world, yet the Congolese people live in poverty. Like many African nations, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is suffering under this new era of neocolonialism, where natural resources belong not to those who live on the land but to those with power and access to global markets.
The pursuit of true independence and liberation in Congo will continue until foreign nations cease their policies of exploitation.
History of Violence
When Patrice Lumumba began agitating for independence in early 1960, there was great hope that Congolese people would benefit from the resources of their land, lifting the country out of poverty and into an era of prosperity. Instead, after nearly three months in office as Congo’s first elected prime minister, Lumumba was deposed in a coup and four months later killed in a plot orchestrated by the Belgian government with the complicity of the United States. Mobutu Sese Seko, a staunch opponent of communism, took power in a CIA-backed coup and became one of Africa’s most brutal dictators. He drove Congo — which he named Zaire — into ruin.
In 1996, Rwanda and Uganda invaded Congo and forced Mobutu to flee, while a new leader, Laurent Kabila, rose to power. Since then, eastern Congo has been mired in conflict, overrun by rebel groups and government militias, each of which seeks control of Congo’s vast wealth. It’s estimated that between 1998 and 2007, 5.4 million people died in DRC as a direct or indirect result of conflict. Meanwhile, the world has come to depend on minerals such as tungsten, tin, and coltan, used in electronics and sophisticated weaponry, which come primarily from the Congo. Western love for the Congo has always been for its resources, never its people, which explains the lack of any genuine interest in helping to build Congo’s state capacity.
Lack of transparency or regulation in the mining industry in Congo makes it nearly impossible to prevent the sale of conflict minerals in electronic products. And although many companies have expressed interest in disclosing their supply chain information, tracing which minerals come from the conflict zone in eastern Congo remains a significant challenge.
In the 110th session of Congress, Rep. Jim McDermott (D-WA) introduced the Conflict Minerals Trade Act “to improve transparency and reduce trade in conflict minerals,” and Sen. Samuel Brownback (R-KS) introduced the companion Senate legislation “to require annual disclosure to the Securities and Exchange Commission of activities involving columbite-tantalite, cassiterite, and wolframite from the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Also in May, Brownback was able to attach a related amendment into the Restoring American Financial Stability Act of 2010, which passed the Senate and is being reconciled with the House version of financial reform. While an admirable start considering the inadequate U.S. government attention paid to Congo, such legislation is only a small part of a more holistic policy shift needed to address the economic colonization of DRC.
America: Part of the Problem?
The United States can do much more to promote true security and prosperity in Congo. However, time and time again the United States has been part of the problem. In 2008, the United States was among a group of nations that negotiated the premature and hasty integration of former rebel forces of the Rwanda-backed rebel group, the National Council for the Defense of the People (CNDP) into the Congolese national army. These Rwandan troops, as part of the national army, today represent a serious threat to sustainable peace in eastern Congo.
Meanwhile, the U.S.-Rwanda relationship continues to be very problematic as far as peace and stability in Congo is concerned. From 2000 to 2009, the United States provided $1.034 billion to Rwanda when its government was occupying large territories in Congo and plundering Congolese resources. While Washington argues that it never intended to aid the Rwandan invasion in the Congo, U.S. financial support possibly helped the Rwandan government secure money within its budget to wage the deadly war.
As a senator, Barack Obama introduced legislation, ultimately signed into law in 2006 by President George W. Bush, that requires the U.S. Secretary of State to “withhold assistance made available under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961…other than humanitarian, peacekeeping, and counterterrorism assistance, for a foreign country if the Secretary determines that the government of the foreign country is taking actions to destabilize the Democratic Republic of the Congo.”
But it wasn’t the United States, ironically, that took action. Sweden and the Netherlands, after looking at the evidence of Rwandan involvement in the conflict in the Congo made available by a UN panel of experts’ report in 2008, threatened to withhold their financial support to Rwanda. This action, which drew international attention to the issue, held the Rwandan government accountable by requesting an immediate withdrawal of its troops from the Congo. Instead of following suit, the United States participated in the misleading and failed integration of former CNDP forces into the Congolese army. So far, the Obama administration shows no sign of implementing the legislation that Sen. Obama worked so hard to promote. The key to the U.S. relationship with Rwanda is rooted in access to Congo’s resources.
Congo as Heart
All governments must enact strict laws against the import of products that fuel conflict, use child labor, or otherwise support human rights violations in Africa. Companies should also be forced to pay fines and reparations to communities they have damaged in the creation of their goods.
But at the same time, and equally as important, governments must work to engage Africa in the global economy in a way that encourages human security. Although coltan and tungsten fuel deadly conflict in eastern Congo, they also provide local people with jobs and some means of income. The Congolese government, with the support of the international community, should ensure that those local people reap the true benefits of their labor, which requires strict attention to worker’s rights. In this way, Congo and the outside world can partner to advance resource sovereignty and local ownership.
Congo is the heart of Africa. Yet, after 50 years of political independence, it still does not beat on its own. Nor does it sustain the health of other African counties. Lumumba once famously said, “free and liberated people from every corner of the world will always be found at the side of the Congolese.” The liberation of Congo — which is a key part of the liberation of all of Africa — requires that people in countries that profit from Congo’s wealth stand in solidarity with those who rightfully own it. That means, most importantly, taking action as citizens and pushing governments to create more responsible policies toward central Africa regarding the use of its natural resources. | <urn:uuid:8f44a924-93ff-491b-92d0-d8c81d455beb> | {
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Air pollution triggers more heart attacks than using cocaine and poses as high a risk of sparking a heart attack as alcohol, coffee and physical exertion, scientists said on Thursday.
Sex, anger, marijuana use and chest or respiratory infections and can also trigger heart attacks to different extents, the researchers said, but air pollution, particularly in heavy traffic, is the major culprit.
The findings, published in The Lancet journal, suggest population-wide factors like polluted air should be taken more seriously when looking at heart risks, and should be put into context beside higher but relatively rarer risks like drug use.
Tim Nawrot of Hasselt University in Belgium, who led the study, said he hoped his findings would also encourage doctors to think more often about population level risks.
"Physicians are always looking at individual patients -- and low risk factors might not look important at an individual level, but if they are prevalent in the population then they have a greater public health relevance," he said in a telephone interview.
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes air pollution as "a major environmental risk to health" and estimates that it causes around 2 million premature deaths worldwide every year.
Nawrot's team combined data from 36 separate studies and calculated the relative risk posed by a series of heart attack triggers and their population-attributable fraction (PAF) -- in other words the proportion of total heart attacks estimated to have been caused by each trigger.
The highest risk PAF was exposure to traffic, followed by physical exertion, alcohol, coffee, air pollution, and then things like anger, sex, cocaine use, smoking marijuana and respiratory infections.
"Of the triggers for heart attack studied, cocaine is the most likely to trigger an event in an individual, but traffic has the greatest population effect as more people are exposed to (it)," the researchers wrote. "PAFs give a measure of how much disease would be avoided if the risk was no longer present."
A report published late last year found that air pollution in many major cities in Asia exceeds the WHO's air quality guidelines and that toxic cocktails of pollutants results in more than 530,000 premature deaths a year.
While passive smoking was not included in this study, Nawrot said the effects of second-hand smoke were likely to be similar to that of outdoor air pollution, and noted previous research which found that bans on smoking in public places have significantly reduced heart attack rates.
British researchers said last year that a ban on smoking in public places in England led to a swift and significant drop in the number of heart attacks, saving the health service 8.4 million pounds ($13 million) in the first year.
Tim Chico, a heart specialist at the University of Sheffield who was not involved in this research, said it would help health authorities focus on which are the most important triggers.
"However, what triggers the heart attack should be considered the "last straw." The foundations of heart disease that lead to a heart attack are laid down over many years," he said in an emailed comment. "If someone wants to avoid a heart attack they should focus on not smoking, exercising, eating a healthy diet and maintaining their ideal weight." | <urn:uuid:39f51939-6329-422b-951e-fc9cb0a09d9c> | {
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2 What is a paragraph They can be short They can be long A paragraph is a number of sentences grouped together which relate to one topic.They can be shortThey can be long
3 Four elements essential to a good paragraph UnityYour paragraph must focus on one topicOrderYour paragraph should be well organisedChronological orderOrder of importanceCoherenceThe sentences need to connect to each otherCompletenessIf the sentences are clear and you have supported your main idea, then your paragraph is complete.
4 DO NOTPresent a new ideaRepeat the same point over and over again
5 DO Indent the first line of a paragraph Use connective words My name is Vicky. I am23 years old and I am fromEngland. I am currently livingin Vietnam.Use connective words
6 Connective Words Addition of ideas Order of sequence Result Also In additionFurthermoreAnotherAs well asNot only thisOrder of sequenceFirstly/ Secondly etc..To begin withAfterAfterIn the endThenResultAs a resultThereforeSinceThat is whyHenceFor this reason
8 Beginning Topic sentence What is your favourite animal and why? A topic sentence tells the reader the topic and the point you are going to discussIt should be a general statementWhat is your favourite animal and why?My favourite animal is a dog because they show many important characteristics which can be helpful to a person…
9 Middle Body Support your point Make a point Dogs are very affectionate to their owner. They express love and affection through their body language such as wagging their tail. This can make us feel wanted and can improve our mood after a bad day.
10 End Concluding statement Sum up your point Answer the question My dogs have expressed many characteristics such as loyalty and affection, which has helped me through daily life. That is why they are my favourite animals.
11 A poor paragraph What is your favourite day of the week and why? Friday is my favourite day of the week. I like it because I get to spend the day at the beach. The weather in Vietnam is usually hot but sometimes it rains. I especially enjoy Friday afternoon because the beach is empty. There are a lot of tourists in Vietnam. On Friday I get the chance to spend time with my family as we are usually busy during the week. I am at my happiest when I am with my family.Topic sentence does not unify the paragraphThere is irrelevant informationPoints are not supportedNot coherent
12 A good paragraphFriday is my favourite day because I spend the day at the beach with my family. I especially enjoy Friday afternoons because the beach is empty. Therefore, we have the opportunity to play ball games without disturbing anyone else. We also enjoy the delicious seafood at the local restaurant and discuss our week and share stories. On Fridays, I am at my happiest because I get to relax at my favourite place whilst spending time with the people I love the most.
13 Who do you admire and why? PRACTICEWRITE ABOUT THE FOLLOWING TOPIC:Who do you admire and why? | <urn:uuid:860324db-a180-4194-81ae-649a478d3bd8> | {
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Learning major chords is the first part of learning chord theory. To fully understand the formation of major chords, you need to be familiar with the notes on the fretboard, as well as major scales. If you are lacking in those areas, it’ll be best to review them first, otherwise you won’t understand the video.
Let’s define what a major triad is; a triad are 3 notes either played together. A major triad is played using the 1st (root) + 3rd + 5th notes of a major scale.
TIP: You can find the 3rd and 5th notes in the scale by count up FOUR semi-tones to arrive at the 3rd, and then count up THREE semi-tones to arrive at the final note in the major chord, the 5th degree of the major scale.
Here are a couple of examples on how you’ll use the above to form major chords:
- To form an E major chord, first count out the E major scale, which is E-F#-G#-A-B-C#-D#-E. The first, third, and fifth notes are E-G#-B, which is our E major chord.
- To form an F# Major chord, first examine the F# major scale which is F#-G#-A#-B-C#-D#-E#-F#. The first, third, and fifth notes are F#-A#-C#, which is our F# major chord. | <urn:uuid:6ad55a2d-3855-4c97-8478-4e54dc753eb2> | {
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What is the difference between 'yoja ga', 'yoja nun', and 'yoja ui' or others? I think that 'yoja ui' is possessive, but I don't know when to use ga or nun or if there are other particles.
how to use subject/noun particles
October 10, 2012
October 11, 2012
Hi Jason, This lesson should help with how to use 가/이(ga/i) particles: http://members.rocketlanguages.com/lessons/972 As for the 는/은 (neun/eun) particles try reading this lesson: http://members.rocketlanguages.com/lessons/973 As for 의 (eui) you're right - it's possessive so 여자의 (pronounced yeoja-e) means "lady's". If you trouble with particles in general, try working your way through the Language and Culture lessons. There are plenty of examples and explanations. If you have any questions about them, just let me know. Good luck! | <urn:uuid:bf65968e-5c9f-43a5-a202-bf49477fb4ee> | {
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Alcatraz has a pretty well stocked history.
The relatively small island has been home to an important lighthouse, become a military fortification, and eventually a prison to hold the likes of Al Capone and George “Machine Gun” Kelly. It was occupied by ‘Indians of All Tribes’ in the 1960’s and today is a huge tourist attraction.
Through these reinventions, many of its old skins have been lost through the years as Alcatraz gets a new concrete layer and takes on a new role.
But researchers have discovered something amazing under one of those layers on the small island – tunnels and buildings dating back to the American Civil War.
“I was surprised for several reasons,” said one of the researchers, Binghamton University archaeologist Timothy de Smet.
“The remains of these historical archaeology features were just a few centimetres beneath the surface and they were miraculously and impeccably preserved. The concrete veneer of the Recreation Yard floor is incredibly thin and, in fact, in places sitting directly atop the architecture from the 1860s.”
The team didn’t actually go digging up the historic landmark – instead they used ground-penetrating radar, laser scans of the area, and analysed old maps from the time period to peer under the metaphorical hood.
“We also learned that some of the earthwork traverses were covered over with thin concrete layers through time, likely to decrease erosion on the rainy windy island,” de Smet explains.
“It was wonderful to find the history just beneath our feet that we can visualise for the public.”
So what exactly did they find?
“Remnants of buried structures including a ‘bombproof’ earthwork traverse and its underlying vaulted brick masonry tunnel and ventilation ducts were discovered to run east-west beneath the recreation yard,” the team writes in their paper.
“Alcatraz is less known in its former military role as a 19th century coastal fortification protecting the interests of a rapidly westward-expanding nation during the turbulent era of Manifest Destiny, the 1849 Gold Rush and the Civil War.”
These hidden tunnels and rooms are all that’s left of the military base on the 20 hectare (50 acre) island, a facility built to keep San Francisco safe from invasion.
Although historians had some idea of what had existed before the prison thanks to historical documents and limited artefacts, this study gives decisive details of what was actually there, shedding light on a part of Alcatraz that was relatively unstudied.
“This really reinforces what several historians and archaeologists had long suspected,” said one of the researchers and Alcatraz historian John Martini to PBS. “Up until this point, we had nothing to go on except for a few visible trace remains and maps – and a lot of suspicion.”
“On a small island, there’s only so many places you can build.”
The team thinks that these techniques could be used on other cultural landmarks across the world, with the added bonus that you won’t damage the historical structures.
“With modern remote sensing methods like these, we can answer fundamental archaeological research questions about human behaviour, social organisation and cultural change through time without costly and destructive excavation,” says de Smet.
“These results are significant in that they show how modern technology can be used to answer fundamental questions of archaeological importance.”
The research has been published in Near Surface Geophysics. | <urn:uuid:dd64e1a9-ea96-4a50-be46-a2bbd866cacc> | {
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A pond pump is an essential piece of equipment in a koi pond. It has one of the least glamorous roles to play, yet every healthy pond will be powered by a reliable pump. A pond pump has a most demanding job, working full time, 24 hours a day, and in most cases 365 days a year, often handling solid and undesirable matter in temperatures ranging from near freezing to perhaps over 25oC.
A good pump is one that is quiet, reliable, and easy to maintain and one that can almost be forgotten once installed. Often referred to as the heart of the pond, any pond pump (like our heart), must perform the most reliable function of a koi pond system. Because of its partnership with a pond filter, if a problem develops with a pump, then a problem is likely to follow in the pond's balance.
Why have a pump? One pump:- many roles:
As koi ponds are generally stocked with fish above what is natural and self sustaining, the balance of the pond and ultimately the health of the koi are completely reliant on a filter system, which in turn must be fed continuously by a pump. Besides the obvious tasks of trapping or removing solids, a filter also performs the function of breaking down toxic waste produced by koi. These beneficial bacteria require a steady flow of water to supply them with food and aerated water and to remove their by-products.
Should a pump malfunction, or its performance be reduced, then the colony of bacteria would deteriorate leading to a similar deterioration in water quality. Whenever a pond does experience pump problems, be they a complete breakdown or a drop in performance, then the vital role played by a pump is self-evident, when koi can be seen sulking or gasping at the surface.
An additional function for the pond's work horse is to circulate water through an ultraviolet clarifier. These algae-busting add-ons must be pump-fed to ensure that the unit runs at full-bore. Even though a UVC is not 100% efficient in flocculating all single celled algae in their first pass, their long-term relationship with a pump is essential for clearing green water.
If a large koi pond is fitted with a UVC, it is likely that all of the flow required for the filter will not pass through a potential 'bottle-neck' caused by a UVc or even a series of UVcs. For this reason, UVcs are often best run by bleeding off some of the flow from the main pump, or by using a smaller, completely dedicated pump for the UV.
Pumps can also be installed with a dual role of both water circulation and aeration, through the operation of a venturi. This is most applicable in a gravity-fed filtration system, where the chambers are installed alongside the pond, running at the same level as the pond. In the final chamber, where the water is at its cleanest, a submersible pump can return the water to the pond through the pond wall via a venturi. The pressure provided by the pump causes air to be drawn into the flow through the venturi, leading to Jacuzzi-like aeration of the upper layers of the pond. Besides performing the less glamorous functions of a pond, the pump can also perform aesthetic functions.
Although not as common in koi ponds as garden ponds, fountains can add another dimension to the life of a pond. With many different types of jet and fountain head to choose from, then there should be a fountain to satisfy your taste.
A more realistic role for a pump is to provide the life to a waterfall. More common in a koi pond that a fountain because of the need to use some of the spoil from the excavation as a feature, or to incorporate a pump-fed filter (which will in turn feed a waterfall). Either way, a waterfall requires a larger pump than if a water fall had not been installed.
There are two types of pond pump available to the pond keeper - the external or surface-mounted pump and the submersible pump.
1. External pumps.
External pumps are sited outside of the pond. They should not get wet and are ideally installed in a small protective pump house. Water is sucked from the pond through a rigid suction pipe and pumped through to an external filter. These pumps are often referred to as swimming pool pumps and are better suited to larger, more specialist situations where above-average turnover of pond water is required. They are essential if a sand pressure filter is required as part of the filter system as they are capable of pumping to high pressures. Consequently, external pumps form a very minor part of the mainstream pump market.
2. Submersible pumps.
Submersible or internal pond pumps are by far the most popular pond pump. They are extremely versatile, being available in a range of sizes to suit most applications from a tiny fountain pump for a self-contained water feature to a jumbo submersible pump for a koi pond, filter and waterfall. They are very straightforward to install and having been developed in a very demanding market are sold with lengthy guarantees.
Despite some initial resistance when electric submersible pumps were first introduced to the pond market, their design is uncompromising when it comes to safety and they have an excellent safety record. The only moving part in a typical submersible pump is the magnetic impellor assembly which is driven by an electromagnet which is situated within the main pump body. All of the electric components within the body of a submersible pump are safely encased in hard resin which is itself retained in a robust and water-tight pump body.
The majority of submersible pumps are mains powered (220-240v) and can be plugged directly a mains socket through a 'RCD' breaker as an added precautionary measure. Some pump manufacturers also produce low voltage pumps which take their current from a transformer. These reduce the risk of a large electric shock within the pond, but present an additional problem of finding a safe location for the transformer.
Things to consider before purchasing a pond pump.
Before buying a pump, there are a number of vital pieces of information required to be able to make the ideal purchase.
1. The volume of the pond (including the filter system)
It is recommended that a pond system's complete volume is turned over at least once every 2 hours. For example, if a pond has a volume of 3000 gallons, a pump capable of pumping 1500 gallons per hour would be suitable. However, most performance data provided by pump manufacturers will relate to performance in an ideal, blanketweed-free environment where restrictive pipework is not a problem. The work that a pump has to achieve in pumping water outside the pond, say to a filter and waterfall, will also have serious implications for the choice of the pump.
2. Work or 'head' that a pump has to achieve.
As soon as a pump has to move water vertically, the flow rate is reduced. The vertical distance between the water's surface and the delivery height of the pipe is described as the 'head' with the greater the head, the lower the pump turnover. For example, if a pond has a volume of 3000 gallons, and requires a turnover of 1500 gallons per hour, if that same pond has a waterfall that is 3 feet high, then a suitable pump would be one that provides a turnover of 1500 gallons per hour (minimum) at 3 feet of head. This will mean choosing a larger pump than you may have first expected.
Furthermore, for a waterfall to look realistic, with the full channel width covered in flowing water, sufficient water must be delivered by the pump to the top. A flow of 500 gallons per hour is usually required for a waterfall 6" wide and if a pump is not able to deliver this flow, then a waterfall will be a rather disappointing trickle rather than a cascading flow.
The advice when choosing a pump is the same when considering the size of a pond or filter: Always be inclined to opt for the largest one possible as it will provide your koi with a superior environment in the long run. A greater flow rate can easily be reduced, but if the pump is too small for the job, a new pump will have to be purchased.
3. Metric or imperial - Are you comparing like with like?
A factor of trading in the EU is that pump flow rates and volumes are more often measured and described in litres and minutes rather than gallons and hours. This can cause problems when comparing the performance of similar pumps, especially if your mental arithmetic is called into action in a busy aquatic shop! Be prepared to convert gallons to litres and vice versa when comparing the performance of a number of pumps. 1 gallon = 4.54 litres
4. The effect of pipework on flow rates.
Variations in pipework between different systems will have a profound effect on pump performance.
When piping water from a pump to a filter, use as few elbows as possible, tending towards the use of sweeping bends in flexible hose if possible. This will reduce the friction of the water in pipework, maintaining pump performance. Always use the pipe diameter as recommended by the pump's manufacturer (even if reducing hose-tail adaptors are provided with the pump) as deviating from the ideal diameter will also reduce pump performance.
5. Power consumption.
As a pump is likely to be used continuously (especially as more koi ponds become heated), the running cost is a significant consideration when pricing up a pump for a particular task. Power consumption is measured in Watts with a greater figure relating to a power-hungry pump. The wattage will not always relate to the overall performance of a pump as efficiencies in design and construction can enable some lower wattage pumps to outperform pumps with larger motors. The difference in running costs over the lengthy lifespan of two different pumps could amount to the price of a new pump.
As a measure of how reliable (and competitive) pond pumps have become, most pumps are now sold with a free extended warranty of anything up to 3 years. With standard maintenance and the use of correct pipework so as not to produce high back pressures, then even these lengthy guarantees should easily be exceeded. Pumps are more likely to be temperamental if they are regularly switched on and off rather than used continuously and problems can also occur with pumps becoming blocked with debris or blanketweed, choking the impellor and leading to a burn-out.
Most pumps are fitted with foam or perforated plastic pre-filters to prevent impellors from becoming blocked, but these can reduce pump performance even when only partially blocked. More recently, pumps that will handle solids up to 10mm have become available on the market which are ideal for traditional weed-free koi ponds. Where a pump is situated in the final pump chamber of a gravity-fed system, then pump blockages should not be a problem.
7. Other desirable features
Many submersible pumps are fitted with additional safety features. Float switches are a safety back-up which prevents pumps from burning out should they run dry. Should the water level within a pump chamber drop, then the change in angle of the float switch will cause the pump to switch off. An additional safety feature found in many pumps is a thermal cut-out which also switches the pump off should it over heat. This will also protect the pump should it run dry.
In summary, a pump is an essential part of a koi pond system and it is crucial that it is purchased with a specific pond volume and head in mind. Many come with lengthy guarantees and efficient motors, which over a lengthy lifetime, could actually pay for the price of a pump compared with the running costs of alternative pumps.g costs of alternative pumps.
Article Categories ... A to Z | Blanketweed | Koi seasons | Fish health | Water quality | Fish food | New pond care | Equipment | Koi queries | Emergencies | Water testing | Koi answers | Pond aeration | Algae control | All articles list | Blanketweed | How to choose equipment | Pond filtration | Koi Feeding | Goldfish | Pond medication | Koi varieties breeding | 10 steps to a great koi pond | Fish handling | Links to Expert Koi and Goldfish Pond Articles | Article summaries | Preformed liners | Hozelock UK pumps | Blagdon UK pumps | Oase pumps UK | Lotus pumps UK | Solar pumps | Draper UK pumps | Heissner UK pumps | Pond filters & UVCs | Fish food | Fish & water chemicals | Pond vacuums | Water features and kits | Pond & garden lights | Pond nets & netting | Pond tools and clothing | Pond accessories | Pond books | Pond plants and planters | Koi farming | | <urn:uuid:42859447-d08f-4807-927a-a0733e47de40> | {
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How is your maths today?
Let's assume you need to find out if you have liver cancer.
Assume the test for liver cancer gives false-positives (that is, the test is positive, but you don’t have cancer) 10 percent of the time, and false-negatives (the test is negative, but you do have cancer) 20 percent of the time, and the general risk of having liver cancer is one percent.
The test comes back positive. How likely is it that you actually do have liver cancer?
If you’re like most people, your answer will be staggeringly wrong, because humans are extremely bad at estimating risk using just their brains. The answer is you’re only 7.04 percent likely to have liver cancer. How close were you?
This is a very simple example. Most of the more important decisions we could make in our lives or careers involve many more variables, less certainty about the data, and are generally much messier. Does having a lot more data to work with help?
Monash University recently hosted a gathering of some of the leading users of so-called ‘big data’ at its Clayton campus in Melbourne. Attendees from the likes of Telstra, ANZ, Coles, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection and Walmart each shared how they use data analysis to help make decisions.
One attendee grandly declared that we are in “an age of evidence based decision making.”
Monash alumnus Suja Chandrasekaran, now global chief technology and data officer at Walmart, said the US retail chain used to reserve the term “big data” for datasets larger than 100TB, but have now abandoned the term altogether and simply call everything ‘data’.
In fact, Walmart are interested in more than just data they generate, but “all the data relevant to Walmart”, no matter the source.
There was a general consensus on the day that analytical decision making requires specialist skills.
Professor Geoff Webb, from the Faculty of Information Technology at Monash, told how he came to work with “one of Australia’s largest retailers” a few years ago. The retailer stored a year of purchase history data, he said, and wanted to find out “if someone buys lingerie, what else do they buy?”
They did some data mining, and discovered that people who buy lingerie also buy confectionery.
Emboldened, they went looking for more interesting correlations. People who buy women’s outerwear also buy confectionery. What about men? Yep, them too. In fact, 95 percent of all customers buy confectionery.
The organisation had successfully discovered something banal and obvious using expensive, complicated tools. “It was at that stage that they decided they needed some professional help,” said Prof. Webb.
“You can collect all the data, but unless you really know what questions you want to ask, it’s going to be pretty pointless,” said Greg Turner, program manager for multichannel at Coles.
Once you have the data, and people who know what they’re doing, “What they might predict,” said Prof. Webb, “is limited primarily by their imagination.”
The Department of Immigration and Border Protection primed their imaginations with a question, according to First Assistant Secretary Gavin McCairns: “How do you risk assess six million air arrivals annually?”
The department wanted to reduce this complexity down to a simple traffic light output of red, amber, or green. And they wanted to make those calculations in real time. It used the Open Source statistical language R to build a working prototype in just six weeks.
Walmart’s sophistication has extended to the point that the retailer is looking at machine learning systems to propose prices based on analysis. Again, the final price will depend on whether human beings agree with them.
Monash university researchers are testing a similar system to advise surgeons on the best locations for radiotherapy ‘pellets’ for treating prostate cancer. Humans still have the final say, but algorithms provide coldly rational advice.
Good people is one thing, but there was strong agreement from all speakers that organisational culture is an important part of deriving business value from data analysis.
“You must have a safe-to-fail culture," said Patrick Eltridge, Chief Information Officer at Telstra.
“You’ve got to get to the point where you understand that the experimentation is the work. It’s not something you do before you do a business case to run a project to do the work.”
Eltridge cautioned about expecting instant results from a sudden interest in data and analytics.
“You can’t just dive into this space and get all of this for free, all at once, because a bunch of executive sponsors have read a couple of books. It’s a build-up of capability and culture and practice and learning that takes time.”
Correction: Originally the example at the start of this piece posited a scenario in which false negatives occured 25 percent of the time. For the answer to be 7.5, that number should have been 20. Kudos to the readers that did their sums and proved us wrong! | <urn:uuid:6969c86e-fcbb-4653-a023-60e784ca22ae> | {
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What science fiction writers get wrong is at least as important as what they get right, argued legendary physicist Lawrence Krauss in his talk at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Chicago. In particular, H.G. Wells predicted the atomic bomb — but he made a crucial error.
According to Red Orbit, Krauss talked about H. G. Wells' novel The World Set Free, "which is often quoted as a prophetic book":
The novel was published in 1914 and anticipated the development of atomic weapons that would be used in war. Decades before they became a harsh reality in the modern world — and perhaps influencing some of the scientists who created the real weapons — the novel coined the term "atomic bombs."
"Nevertheless not only did Wells' continually burning atomic weapons bear no resemblance to the engines of destruction in the real world," Krauss emphasized, "he thought it would unite the world into one society whereas we are painfully aware that it hasn't changed human thinking, except to divide the world into nuclear haves and have-nots."
"Nevertheless it is instructive, and fun, to compare the 'science' of science fiction with that of the real world," said Krauss, who also is the director of the Origins Project at ASU. "Rather than dwelling on things that don't work, it is fun to explore closely related things in the real world that might work." | <urn:uuid:5d951a1b-d190-46c1-be89-eba0f94f2685> | {
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their application to tissue engineering and disease modeling have great potential to change current medical practices. Current research is largely focused on devising efficient virus-free protocols to produce large numbers of iPSCs. Direct delivery of proteins obviates the risk of mutagenic insertion and enables more accurate control of the highly sensitive reprogramming process. However, cell-penetrating peptide methods currently provide reprogramming efficiencies that are too low for clinical use. The microfluidic delivery technology proposed has demonstrated its ability to deliver proteins at high efficiencies to human fibroblasts and it eliminates the need fo chemical modification or the use of exogenous compounds. Moreover, preliminary results indicate that the technique can be developed into a universal delivery method capable of delivering a range of macromolecules to different cell types underserved by current technologies. The current prototype is capable of delivering high throughput rates of 10,000-20,000 cells/s and can yield up to 1 million delivered cells per run. This combination of single-cell level control and macro-scale throughput places this device in a unique position relative to existing delivery methods.
Aim 1 : The mechanism of protein delivery and cell recovery will be investigated to better understand the system and direct its optimization. Preliminary results indicate macromolecular delivery occurs through a pore formation mechanism. To validate this hypothesis, model fluorescent macromolecules and proteins will be used in experiments designed to control against endocytosis and image membrane pores directly. Results will be used to develop a predictive model of the delivery system and conduct optimization studies to improve delivery efficiency, uniformity and cell viability. The design of future device generations will be guided by the gained mechanistic understanding and will aim to incorporate features such as coupling with electroporation. A streamlined version of the system will also be developed for use in collaborating laboratories.
Aim 2 : The intracellular delivery method will be optimized for protein-based reprogramming of fibroblasts to iPSCs. The robust delivery capabilities of the device will allow studies on the biological aspects of the reprogramming process itself, such as the optimal combination of transcription factors to produce maximum reprogramming efficiency and identification of the role of individual factor in the overall process Moreover, the device will be used to investigate potential improvements by combining other macromolecules, such as microRNA and mRNA, with protein-based reprogramming. In addition to reprogramming applications, such a high throughput microfluidic device platform capable of delivering a range of macromolecules with minimal cell death could enable unprecedented control over cellular function. Hence, in the future, it can be implemented in studies of disease mechanisms, identification of macromolecular therapeutic candidates, stem cell differentiation, and diagnostic applications with reporter cell lines.
We propose to investigate and optimize a recently developed a novel, microfluidic, intracellular delivery device capable of seemingly universal delivery of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, sugars, peptides) to different cell types. The systems robust capacity for protein delivery to human fibroblasts will be deployed in cell reprogramming studies to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Delineating the mechanism of action will enable one to predict and control delivery quantities with high accuracy, thus facilitating optimization studies to improve our understanding of reprogramming dynamics and thereby greatly increasing efficiencies.
|Sharei, Armon; Poceviciute, Roberta; Jackson, Emily L et al. (2014) Plasma membrane recovery kinetics of a microfluidic intracellular delivery platform. Integr Biol (Camb) 6:470-5| | <urn:uuid:66d980cb-60b5-4f42-8e67-95e76cce41ee> | {
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- George E. Buker
Waldo, Samuel (22 December 1696–23 May 1759), land speculator and military officer, was born in England, the son of Jonathan Waldo, a merchant, and Hannah Mason. In 1700 the family moved to Boston, Massachusetts. He attended Boston’s Latin School and also learned German at home from his mother. Waldo married Lucy Wainwright in 1722; the couple had six children.... | <urn:uuid:b7414973-afce-4a75-b7db-a7387b4a4cf9> | {
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Sea and Land Breezes describe the wind that blows onshore from sea to land during the day and blows offshore in the evening.
Why do I care? During the summer, the sea breezes are stronger than in winter because of the large temperature differences between land and ocean water that time of year. The fronts caused by the sea breezes along the coast can provide a trigger to daily thunderstorm activity in coastal areas, particularly along the peninsula of Florida.
A sea breeze describes a wind that blows from the ocean inland towards land. This breeze occurs most often in the spring and summer months because of the greater temperature differences between the ocean and nearby land, particularly in the afternoon when the land is at maximum heating from the sun.
During the day, the sun heats up both the ocean surface and the land. Water is a good absorber of the energy from the sun. The land absorbs much of the sun’s energy as well. However, water heats up much more slowly than land and so the air above the land will be warmer compared to the air over the ocean. The warm air over the land will rise throughout the day, causing low pressure at the surface. Over the water, high surface pressure will form because of the colder air. To compensate, the air will sink over the ocean. The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze strength will vary depending on the temperature difference between the land and the ocean.
At night, the roles reverse. The air over the ocean is now warmer than the air over the land. The land loses heat quickly after the sun goes down and the air above it cools too. This can be compared to a blacktop road. During the day, the blacktop road heats up and becomes very hot to walk on. At night, however, the blacktop has given up the added heat and is cool to the touch. The ocean, however, is able to hold onto this heat after the sun sets and not lose it as easily. This causes the low surface pressure to shift to over the ocean during the night and the high surface pressure to move over the land. This causes a small temperature gradient between the ocean surface and the nearby land at night and the wind will blow from the land to the ocean creating the land breeze.
At certain locations, converging sea breezes can cause thunderstorms during the afternoon. On the peninsula of Florida, winds are blowing easterly (from the east) off the Atlantic Ocean and westerly (from the west) off the Gulf of Mexico. This causes sea breezes to converge towards the central part of the peninsula. The air rises, forming clouds, precipitation, and potentially, thunderstorms. These sea breezes are very beneficial to the climate of Florida and along the East Coast. On occasion, these sea breezes are not strong enough and do not converge inland over Florida. When this happens, forest fires are then at risk of occurring if the proper conditions exist with no relief from precipitation due to the sea breezes.
Figure B. Temperature variations throughout the day. (Image from University of Wisconsin-Madison).
At locations near the ocean, temperature variations throughout the year can be very small, or at least smaller than locations farther inland throughout a 24-hour period. Inland areas warm up greatly during the afternoon while the sun is shining down, but they also cool down quickly at night after sunset. More water vapor exists in the air around locations near large bodies of water which absorb much of the moisture from the surrounding water. These locations will warm up during the day, but will remain cooler in comparison to other locations farther inland and will keep the temperature at a comfortable level. During winter, the locations near the large bodies of water will remain milder than surrounding inland areas. During the summer, the sea breezes keep these locations cooler than other locations farther inland. Figure B shows a comparison between the temperature of cities around water and cities farther inland using only the proximity to water as a variable on the daily temperature.
Want to learn more?
Links to National Science Education Standards:
7th grade science: 7.E.1.5 : Explain the influence of convection, global winds, and the jet stream on weather and climatic conditions.
Earth Science: EEn.1.1.4 : Explain how incoming solar energy makes life possible on Earth. | <urn:uuid:7ed78c24-1582-4f72-b810-c0dec3e3da3f> | {
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The resilience of a 300 year old Morton Bay Fig has been celebrated by the planting of a new rainforest reserve around it by a group of Landcare volunteers and members of the indigenous community.
The enormous tree, on Maria and Gerhard Baden’s property at Rose Valley, was blown down in 2016.
It was thought dead until their playing grand-daughters discovered the new growth.
The Resurrection Fig, as it is now dubbed, is now surrounded by five hundred native plants grown from seeds gather in local rainforests.
“A grant from the Illawarra Trust has enabled Landcare Illawarra to collect seeds from 150 rural properties,” says Richard Scarborough, Project Officer for the organisation.
“We are now able to restock land with the original species of the area, which have been cross-bred for resilience.”
In the last 10 years, this has allowed Illawarra Landcare to support around 110 planting projects on rural land.
Some projects are associated with bush regeneration works, but others are dual purpose plantings in paddocks to create windbreaks and shelterbelts for livestock, as well as habitat and food resources for wildlife.
After the planting was done, Aunty Joyce Donovan gave a touching Welcome to Country and oversaw a Smoking Ceremony.
She spoke of the good times and bad that the tree would have seen during its 300 years.
“It would have been surrounded by cedars, and figs are traditionally known as birthing trees and their bark was used for food covering.
“It would have also witnessed so much grief and trauma, with aboriginal people being removed and forbidden to hunt for their food and use their language.
“Through us coming together and doing the Smoking we can help with the healing.”
If you are interested in joining Landcare, please contact Neil McLaren 0400 363 570 or [email protected] | <urn:uuid:36b3d88a-6b2f-498d-85b5-2ad7dbeb2542> | {
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LONDON — Oscar Pistorius made history last month when he became the first double-amputee to compete at the Olympics.
While the South African “Blade Runner” didn’t make the medals podium, it’s probably only a matter of time before Pistorius or another disabled runner triumphs.
Many experts predict Paralympians will soon be outperforming their able-bodied counterparts, thanks in part to future developments in prosthetics.
The Paralympic Gamesbegin today in London with the opening ceremony and finish on Sept. 9.
“We’re already at the era where prosthetics can outstrip human performance,” said David James of the Centre for Sports Engineering Research at Sheffield Hallam University. “With the developments being made in things like powered knees and ankle joints, athletes will soon be flying down the track.
“It’s possible Paralympic athletes could one day run faster than Usain Bolt.”
Bryce Dyer, an engineering design expert focusing on elite sport at Bournemouth University, said the breakthrough made by Pistorius will spur other disabled athletes to go even further, perhaps using more advanced prosthetics. Dyer added that it’s up to sports federations on where to draw the line on prosthetics that enhance performance.
Pistorius’ blades were deemed not to give him any advantage over able-bodied runners by sports officials, even though some experts argued otherwise. But more advanced prosthetics could indeed give Paralympians an unfair edge, raising questions over what they will be allowed to use in the future.
“The technology will only improve,” Dyer said.
The blades currently being used don’t give Paralympic runners the same amount of energy able-bodied runners get from their legs — the athletes are powered only by their hamstrings or hip flexor muscles, as opposed to the additional power a regular runner gets from his or her thigh, calf and ankle.
“In the future, you might see nanotube technology that could produce the same structure as in a biological leg and give you the same amount of energy,” said Philippa Oldham, head of manufacturing at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
Still, it’s unclear how much these high-tech prostheses will help ordinary people who need artificial limbs. Prosthetics in the Paralympics are the product of thousands of dollars of research and designed for a very specific purpose: improving sports performance. Their benefits may trickle down to the general population, but much of what is showcased at the Paralympics is restricted to elite athletes.
Bruce McLelland, an engineer who has an artificial leg, said the prosthetics used at the Paralympics are “a world away” from what he uses. McLelland has a normal artificial leg for everyday use and another one for swimming. He said his legs incorporate some of the design of the running blades, including being made of carbon fiber so they are lightweight while also being strong and flexible.
“The blades are great if you’re going to go running, but they would not suit everyday life,” he said.
Pistorius’ blades are designed for sprinting at high speed so it’s very hard to stay still on them without rocking.
“They also don’t really fit well into your normal trouser legs,” McLelland said.
McLelland said he usually watches the Paralympics to see the newest prosthetic technology, noting different designs in various sports, like the artificial legs used by badminton players, which are thicker than the running blades since they must be strong enough to allow athletes to jump sideways and quickly change direction.
“I think having that kind of flexibility in my prosthetic would be great,” he said.
In wheelchair sports, some countries including Britain and Japan have partnered with car companies to ensure the wheelchairs will one day be available on the mass market. To give athletes an edge in sports like wheelchair rugby and basketball, the chairs are now more agile and lightweight. That’s also an advantage for ordinary wheelchair users.
Still, McLelland said his artificial leg, even if it is somewhat outdated, is just fine.
“I’m very happy with it and haven’t noticed anything detrimental,” he said. “But then again, I’m not trying to break any world records.”
Notice about comments:
The Post and Courier is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere in the site or in the newspaper. We ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point. | <urn:uuid:7fa14d6b-4065-40f5-bea0-1302d05814e2> | {
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Appropriate curriculum for gifted students must be qualitatively different from the regular school program. As the governing board and staff of Coolidge Unified School District are committed to the encouragement of excellence and optimal talent development among gifted students, the district has developed a comprehensive program of educational interventions to meet the needs of our gifted students.
The Governing Board of each school district has developed a scope and sequence for the identification process of and curriculum modifications
Gifted education provides a variety of instructional techniques that encourage and enable learners to reach their full potential. An effective gifted education program provides appropriate services for students who require differentiated educational programs beyond those normally provided through the regular school program. Enrichment and accelerated learning opportunities meet the cognitive and affective needs of gifted children. Comprehensive gifted education will meet the varied needs of all types of giftedness including intellectual, creative, artistic, and academic excellence.
“Gifted education” means appropriate academic course offerings and services that are required to provide an educational program that is an integral part of the regular school day and that is commensurate with the academic abilities and potential of a gifted pupil. Arizona Revised Statute § 15-779
The philosophy of the Coolidge Unified School District includes providing a challenging and multi-dimensional teaching approach that encourages higher order thinking skills in the provided academic curriculum. CUSD understands that “gifted students are gifted all day, not just for a small segment of that day.” Building from this understanding, we are committed to providing continuity of services in grades k through 12.
The goals of the district gifted education program are:
Students with exceptional abilities and talents exist in all cultural and linguistic groups, in all economic levels, in all geographic areas of the state, in all domains of intelligence and in groups of individuals who also have disabilities. The official definition of "gifted child" is available in Arizona Revised Statute 15-779.
"Gifted pupil means a child who is of lawful school age, who due to superior intellect or advanced learning ability, or both, is not afforded an opportunity for otherwise attainable progress and development in regular classroom instruction and who needs gifted instruction or advanced supplemental services, or both, to achieve at levels commensurate with the child's intellect and ability." (A.R.S. 15-779)1
Although each gifted student is unique, gifted students do have some characteristics in common. They usually are swift and efficient learners, may make intuitive leaps, quickly sense patterns in information, ask themselves questions about perceived patterns in order to understand them, and form connections among stored concepts and related bits of new information to modify their existing knowledge base. In their area of interest, they are able to construct clear mental maps that organize concepts efficiently; they are able to think flexibly about new possibilities, and they thrive on questions and problems that have a wide range of possible answers instead of those that have one correct answer.
Gifted students develop asynchronously. This means that they are intellectually advanced in one or more areas, yet may have difficulties or be very average in other areas. Their motor skills may or may not match those of other same age children. The same is true for social skills. In addition, social skills may be advanced. Young gifted children progress through developmental milestones more rapidly, and sometimes prefer to associate with older children or adults who are more likely to understand their vocabulary and the complexity of their ideas.
One important point is that gifted students of the same age are not alike. There are differences between moderately gifted, highly gifted, and profoundly gifted students that may require as much curriculum differentiation within the group as is necessary between moderately gifted students and their non-gifted peers. Program modifications for gifted students must be sufficiently varied and flexible that these students receive challenging learning experiences and appropriate resources.
In the Coolidge Unified School District, as of 2008-2009 school year, there are 167 students who are identified as gifted and who participate in the Gifted Education program. Of the 167 students, 83 or 49.70% are males and 84 or 50.30% are females. 103 or 61.68% are Caucasian; 38 or 22.75% are Hispanic; 13 or 7.78% are African American; 10 or 6.00% are American Indian and 0% are Asian.
Coolidge Unified School District uses the Cognitive Abilities Test to determine eligibility for gifted services. During school year 2009-2010, the district will identify a second state approved assessment to students of the district.
Testing is available three times during the 2009-2010 school year as mandated by the Department of Education Gifted Services.
Testing will be in the fall, winter, and spring.
In alignment of Arizona State Gifted Education Guidelines, any of the following persons who are familiar with the students’ abilities, potential performance, and past records may make testing referrals:
Formal evaluation may begin only after the gifted services teacher has received written approval from a student’s parent or guardian. Every effort will be made to provide information in home languages other than English, in accordance to the diverse population of the districts. The Gifted Program Specialist and site teacher of the gifted to each school site will address characteristics of gifted children in the same training. District wide gifted training will address the characteristics of gifted children. A student must wait for a period of at least 12 months before retesting.
Once a student has qualified for the program, the Gifted Services will mail a placement form, along with an informational letter, home. Services can only begin after the parent has completely filled out and signed the placement form.
Students transferring into the district who have been in a gifted education program in their other district will receive individual evaluation through review of transfer records. These students must meet the same criterion as students in CUSD to participate in the gifted program.
The district will provide dates and timelines through newsletters and made available through printed material at each site’s front office. Testing will occur in a group setting unless other arrangements have been made.
Coolidge Unified District uses the Cognitive Abilities Test Form 6, a State approved test for the identification of gifted education students. .
Students who do not qualify when tested within the district must wait twelve months for an opportunity to retest.
Please fill out out the permission form below if you are interested in having your child tested for the Gifted Education Program.
Test Administration and Description
The Cognitive Abilities Test Form 6 will serve as the district’s primary assessment tool. At kindergarten, first grade, and second grade, test items are read aloud to students who choose answers in a multiple-choice selection of pictures. There are two subtests per battery. Each battery requires approximately one hour, with breaks between the subtests. At grades three – twelve, this test consists of three batteries, each requiring approximately one hour.
The Cognitive Abilities Test Form 6 evaluates student-reasoning skills in the following areas:
All parents will receive notification, in writing, of their child’s testing results. This information will also go in each student’s cumulative file for future reference or for students transferring to another site or school district. For each qualified student, the designated classroom teacher, the site gifted education teacher, and the parent will meet to determine the Gifted Education Plan for each individual student. Students may also be included in the planning meeting. Once a student qualifies for services, no further testing is required.
Coolidge Unified School District understands that a continuum of services must exist for gifted learners. Services are available on a continuous basis from the point of identification through high school graduation. Students receive services through cluster groupings provided by the classroom teacher with the assistance of the gifted education specialist in the preparation of challenging programs for each individual gifted student.
At the middle school level, students have many academic and extra-curricular options from which to choose. Some options include honors courses in Language arts, Mathematics, National Junior Honor Society, Gear Up, mentoring opportunities, etc. During grades nine through twelve, students will encounter several academic challenges such as Interactive Television courses, Advanced Placement courses and Summer Gifted Camp. Various levels of services are available to match the needs of gifted learners by providing different learning options. Gifted services supplement and build on basic academic skills and knowledge learned in regular classrooms at all grade levels to ensure continuity as students progress through the program. The use of flexible groupings of gifted learners, as described below, is an integral part of gifted education programming.
In addition, placement decisions take into account the needs of students with disabilities or English Language. School district personnel will provide academic and personal/social guidance or counseling services related to learning opportunities for gifted students, and their parents.
Designated Cluster/Gifted Classroom Teachers K-8 will serve gifted education students and work towards a gifted endorsement. These teachers will: | <urn:uuid:afc26579-bba8-4d35-8d38-12892ffc7bdf> | {
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:: operator in OCaml is used to create head tail lists.
[1; 2; 3;]
Can also be written as:
1 :: (2 :: (3 :: ))
And in fact, the AST of the first example is a nested data structure joined with the
You can read more about lists here
The first way is convenient, but the second way is important because lists are pattern matched with the
let pat_match_func numbers = match numbers with | first_number :: rest_of_numbers -> # do something with first number | <urn:uuid:10113e63-c5de-4e44-9218-92c0aec6ade3> | {
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225 years ago this month, the Constitutional Convention adopted the U.S. Constitution. Its Bankruptcy Clause was a quiet but crucial component of a much stronger national government.
Most people know that the U.S. Constitution refers explicitly to bankruptcy. The provision is short and sweet. Included among a long list of legislative powers given to Congress in Article 1 of the Constitution is the power “to establish… uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States.” (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 4.) Here’s some of the exciting (if you are at all historically inclined) backstory.
The Bankruptcy Clause Goes Right to the Heart of the Constitution’s Purpose
Back when we were kids we learned in school that before we had the Constitution, our new country floundered during its first few years under the loose Articles of Confederation. Each state acted pretty much as a sovereign country, with its own money, independent militia, and laws regulating trade with other states and even with other countries. There was no national court system and no executive branch to enforce the acts of Congress. The national government had no power to pass laws on interstate commerce, including on bankruptcy.
At the heart of the issue at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and during the following year and a half of its ratification by the states was how strong of a national government to create. During colonial times and under the Articles of Confederation each colony or state could have its own laws of bankruptcy and insolvency, creating intense confusion and conflict among them. A national government with power over interstate commerce would sensibly avoid these problems by providing a bankruptcy law uniform among all the states.
Bankruptcy Almost Left Out of the Constitution
And yet the initial draft of the U. S. Constitution did not contain any reference to bankruptcy. Then towards the end of the Convention the issue went to a committee, which recommended the addition. The clause was adopted by the Convention by a vote of 9 states against one. “The only vote against was by Connecticut, with… concern that bankruptcies could be punished by death [!!], as was still the law in England. Connecticut also had a comprehensive bankruptcy law of its own, which it wanted to preserve free of federal control.” (From “A Brief History of Bankruptcy Law,” by Prof. Charles J. Tabb.)
In the next blog: what The Federalist Papers, 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to convince readers to ratify the Constitution, say about the Bankruptcy Clause. | <urn:uuid:f528141e-1851-4ccc-8b09-39ebe8481116> | {
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The History of Track and Field Essay
949 Words4 Pages
Track and Field events, also known as athletics, have progressed a great deal since their birth in Olympus, around the ninth century B.C. More athletes and more nationalities compete in Track and Field than in any other Olympic sport. Athletics is one of the largest attractions at the Modern Olympics, drawing in huge crowds of spectators and creating interest at summer Olympics. Track and Field events have come a long way since the Ancient Greek Olympic games. Many events and techniques have been revised, added, or eliminated since the original Greek Olympics. The Olympic motto, “Citius, Altius, Fortius” is describing the Track and Field events in Latin. The Latin means “ Faster (Swifter), Higher, Stronger,” and indicates the running,…show more content…
In the data, which is available from that period, it has been shown that the number of footraces was no more than six or seven per Olympic Games. This has changed greatly in the modern Olympics. The winner of these Ancient Olympic races would be rewarded with an olive branch crown. Another type of footrace, called the hoplite, was introduced rather late in the history of the Ancient Olympics. The race was of about two “stades” undertaken while wearing battle armor composed of round shields and plumed helmets. Racing over hurdles was not at all part of the Greeks’ knowledge during the Ancient Olympics. It was established later in the modern Olympic trials.
Another Track and Field event is the long jump. This event differed very greatly from the jumping we see today. The jumpers would have a running start and be holding weights in their hands for momentum purposes. The use of the weights, which were swung about during the run and jump, caused the jumper to have a much larger distance than the athletes of the modern Olympics. In fact, the ancient jumping events are highly controversial because of the ludicrous records found about the distance of the jumps in ancient Greece. One record states that a contestant jumped 55 feet. The modern record for the running long jump is near 30 feet and it seems to many track and field experts that it would be quite impossible for anyone to jump 55 feet, even with the help of an impetus. Some | <urn:uuid:65addcbf-dbaf-493a-9bd3-3b0ebe1f47b7> | {
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It Takes How Much Water to Grow an Almond?!
Why California's drought is a disaster for your favorite fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
California, supplier of nearly half of all US fruits, veggies, and nuts, is on track to experience the driest year in the past half millennium. Farms use about 80 percent of the state's "developed water," or water that's moved from its natural source to other areas via pipes and aqueducts.
As the maps above show, much of California's agriculture is concentrated in the parts of the state that the drought has hit the hardest. For example: Monterey County, which is currently enduring an "exceptional drought," according to the US Drought Monitor, grew nearly half of America's lettuce and broccoli in 2012.
When it comes to water use, not all plants are created equal. Here's how much water some of California's major crops require:
Jay Lund, a water expert at the University of California-Davis, says that water problems mean that agriculture may soon play a less important role in California's economy, as the business of growing food moves to the South and the Midwest, where water is less expensive. Production rates for thirsty crops like alfalfa and cotton have already diminished significantly in the last few years. Between 2006 and 2010 alone, the amount of land irrigated for cotton fell by 46 percent.
In addition to farms, the drought affects municipal water supplies. There is so little water this year that some places are in danger of running out—and the little that is left could soon become undrinkable because of the high concentration of pollutants.
So how are Californians doing on water conservation? Here's how some cities stack up: | <urn:uuid:9e5fde9a-ebfd-42ac-9097-0220406a87ed> | {
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Current US policies are not enough to give nuclear power a leading role in climate protection. Although policies would promote a 15% increase in nuclear power capacity by 2030, American energy use overall would grow by 19%, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 16%.
The data comes from the US Energy Information Administration's (EIA's) Annual Energy Outlook 2008, which projects the effects of current energy policies to 2030 using the National Energy Modeling System. The report makes it clear that future US administrations must affect fairly radical changes in energy policy if they truly wish to control CO2 emissions.
Past editions of the report have been noted as sceptical about the possibilities for nuclear power in coming years, but this edition's reference scenario puts nuclear at a total capacity of 114.9 GWe in 2030 - up from 100.2 GWe now. The increase includes 2.7 GWe of power uprates at existing reactor units, plus 17 GWe of new nuclear build, and 4.5 GWe of retirements.
The projection of 15% growth in nuclear by 2030 is 33% higher than that in last year's report, but still compares less favourably to an overall growth in energy use of 19% as other energy sources grow faster. Under current policies, some 40% of new power plants are expected to be coal-fired; non-hydro renewables more than double.
Compared with these sources, nuclear power's growth rate looks essentially flat, apart from a small step change around 2018 which the EIA links to the helpful financial measures of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which also help renewables. The USA's second major source of low carbon electricity after nuclear, hydro, is not expected to grow.
The EIA puts forth two more scenarios based on low and high energy cost conditions, each of which vary from the reference case by 4% in generic cost of energy.
In the low energy cost scenario, natural gas suffers from its comparatively high fuel overheads while nuclear power benefits most and grows by an extra 10 GWe compared to the reference case.
The high-cost scenario sees the larger capital costs of renewables and nuclear hold those sources back, with 17% less renewable additions and no new nuclear at all until 2030. Under this scenario, natural gas grows fastest and takes 43% of new capacity due to its short plant construction times.
All the analyses foresee US CO2 emissions growing steadily. EIA did not think carbon capture and storage technologies would come into use without new policies and thus did not include them in the Outlook. Although the US fuel mix would shift to reduce carbon intensity, CO2 emissions would be expected to rise 16% from 2006 to 2030. Nevertheless, this increase is less than half that predicted in 2007's report. | <urn:uuid:f3bc2dd9-2666-4274-b3a3-233cc95defa9> | {
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A bachelor’s degree is a post-secondary degree awarded after completed 120 credits. It usually takes eight semesters to complete a Bachelor’s degree. While completing an undergraduate course, candidates have to study general courses and chose a major specific subject. A Bachelor’s degree can also be called a baccalaureate in certain countries.
Technical drawing programs focus on the necessary skills to create accurate technical drawing and design documents. In addition to practical work to improve artistic skills, students also study the technical side of design, learning how to annotate technical drawings for effective use as guides in the creation process.
The Degree of Technical Architecture is the only one that is imparted in Galicia that qualifies for the exercise of the regulated profession of Technical Architect. The p
The Degree of Technical Architecture Is the only one that is taught in Galicia that qualifies for the exercise of the regulated profession of Technical Architect. The period for this training is four years.
Why study the degree
This degree has numerous professional outlets, not only in Spanish territory but also in the international arena.
A part of the reactivation of our economy involves the rehabilitation of existing architectural heritage and the creation of efficient new buildings, which is why it is necessary to train professionals well trained to practice as technicians and leaders of the building process.
Construction, in all its aspects, absorbs a large part of the workforce of technicians and workers, both in construction companies of all sizes and in companies of auxiliary industries.... | <urn:uuid:3b7c7d1d-5d7f-42db-9863-4acf327f0a22> | {
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Today we’ll start looking at a branch of math called Decision Theory. It uses the types of things in probability and statistics that we’ve been looking at to make rational decisions. In fact, in the social sciences when bias/rationality experiments are done, seeing how closely people make decisions to these optimal decisions is the base line definition of rationality.
Today’s post will just take the easiest possible scenarios to explain the terms. I think most of this stuff is really intuitive, but all the textbooks and notes I’ve looked at make this way more complicated and confusing. This basically comes from doing too much too fast and not working basic examples.
Let’s go back to our original problem which is probably getting old by now. We have a fair coin. It gets flipped. I have to bet on either heads or tails. If I guess wrong, then I lose the money I bet. If I guess right, then I double my money. The coin will be flipped 100 times. How should I bet?
Let’s work a few things out. A decision function is a function from the space of random variables (technically we can let be any probability space) to the set of possible actions. Let’s call our set of actions where corresponds to choosing tails and corresponds to heads. Our decision function is a function that assigns to each flip a choice of picking heads or tails, . Note that in this example is also just a discrete space corresponding to the 100 flips of the coin.
We now define a loss function, . To make things easy, suppose we bet 1 cent every time. Then our loss is cent every time we guess wrong and cents if we guess right. Because of the awkwardness of thinking in terms of loss (i.e. a negative loss is a gain) we will just invert it and use a utility function in this case which measures gains. Thus when we guess wrong and when we guess right. Notationally, suppose is the function that tells us the outcome of each flip. Explicitly,
The last thing we need is the risk involved. The risk is just the expected value of the loss function (or the negative of the expected value of the utility). Suppose our decision function is to pick every time. Then our expected utility is just . This makes sense, because half the time we expect to lose and half we expect to win. But we double our money on a win, so we expect a net gain. Thus our risk is , i.e. there is no risk involved in playing this way!
This is a weird example, because in the real world we have to make our risk function up and it does not usually have negative expected value, i.e. there is almost always real risk in a decision. Also, our typical risk will still be a function. It is only because everything is discrete that some concepts have been combined which will need to be pulled apart later.
The other reason this is weird is that even though there are different decision functions, they all have the same risk because of the symmetry and independence of everything. In general, each decision function will give a different risk, and they are ordered by this risk. Any minimum risk decision function is called “admissible” and it corresponds to making a rational decision.
I want to point out that if you have the most rudimentary programming skills, then you don’t have to know anything about probability, statistics, or expected values to figure these things out in these simple toy examples. Let’s write a program to check our answer (note that you could write a much simpler program which is only about 5 lines, has no functions, etc to do this):
import random import numpy as np import pylab def flip(): return random.randint(0,1) def simulate(money, bet, choice, length): for i in range(length): tmp = flip() if choice == tmp: money += 2*bet else: money -= bet return money results = for i in range(1000): results.append(simulate(10, 1, 0, 100)) pylab.plot(results) pylab.title('Coin Experiment Results') pylab.xlabel('Trial Number') pylab.ylabel('Money at the End of the Trial') pylab.show() print np.mean(results)
This python program runs the given scenario 1000 times. You start with 10 cents. You play the betting game with 100 flips. We expect to end with 60 cents at the end (we start with 10 and have an expected gain of 50). The plot shows that sometimes we end with way more, and sometimes we end with way less (in these 1000 we never end with less than we started with, but note that is a real possibility, just highly unlikely):
It clearly hovers around 60. The program then spits out the average after 1000 simulations and we get 60.465. If we run the program a bunch of times we get the same type of thing over and over, so we can be reasonably certain that our above analysis was correct (supposing a frequentist view of probability it is by definition correct).
Eventually we will want to jump this up to continuous variables. This means doing an integral to get the expected value. We will also want to base our decision on data we observe, i.e. inform our decisions instead of just deciding on what to do ahead of time and then plugging our ears, closing our eyes, and yelling, “La, la, la, I can’t see what’s happening.” When we update our decision as the actions happen it will just update our probability distributions and turn it into a Bayesian decision theory problem.
So you have that to look forward to. Plus some fun programming/pictures should be in the future where we actually do the experiment to see if it agrees with our analysis. | <urn:uuid:75825379-86f0-4117-a5ad-b162000d9163> | {
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Washington Post: NASA's Curiosity rover found evidence of an ancient lake on Mars.
Scientists have known that the young Mars was more Earthlike than the desert planet we see today, but this is the best evidence yet that Mars had swimming holes that stuck around for thousands or perhaps millions of years. (It would have been very chilly — bring a wet suit.)
Scientists had announced this year that they’d found signs of an ancient, fresh-water lake within Gale Crater, but the new reports provide a much more detailed analysis, including the first scientific measurements of the age of rocks on another planet. The research suggests that Martian winds are sand-blasting rock outcroppings and creating inviting places to dig into rocks that may retain the kind of organic molecules associated with ancient microbes. | <urn:uuid:6e76f876-3e10-459c-b748-a2e63b9fb5c9> | {
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Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin
UNESCO has been taking action in the Congo Basin since 2000 in order to improve the conservation and the management of natural World Heritage sites, those already inscribed as well as those which have the potential for inscription.
The two programs being implemented - Biodiversity Conservation in Regions of Armed Conflict: Protecting World Heritage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Central Africa World Heritage Forest Initiative (CAWHFI) – rely on the World Heritage Convention to reinforce and to promote the protected areas in the region through the sustainable management of the whole ecological landscape.
Congo Basin’s forests
The forests of Central Africa represent the world’s second largest area of tropical rainforest after the Amazon and distinguish themselves by their outstanding biodiversity and high level of endemism. The conservation of the Congo Basin’s forests is essential for its 30 million inhabitants who depend on the countless environmental products and services that the forests provide. The region also plays a central role in climate regulation and carbon sequestration.
The central African humid forests, covering an estimated surface area of roughly 1.6 million km², constitute one of the world’s most important area of natural heritage.
8 natural sites of the Congo Basin, recognized for their Outstanding Universal Value, are inscribed on the World Heritage List.
5 States Parties
These 8 World Heritage sites are in 5 States Parties: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon.
5 sites have been placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger; all of them are in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
14% of the surface area of humid forest block in Central Africa has been designated as protected.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre’s action in the Congo Basin
Two programs aiming at enhancing the conservation of the Congo Basin’s natural heritage are coordinated in the Special Projects Unit of the World Heritage Centre.
Biodiversity Conservation in Regions of Armed Conflict: Protecting World Heritage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Supporting the conservation of Congolese sites which already have World Heritage status, but have been inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
Central Africa World Heritage Forest Initiative (CAWHFI)
Identifying new potential World Heritage sites through a landscape approach and improving the management standards of these sites so that they can meet the criteria for inscription on the World Heritage List. CAWHFI’s activities are targeting three transborder landscapes in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo and Gabon. | <urn:uuid:dfbb76d5-d6ce-4339-8e07-04d0b83a1bd7> | {
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UNAIDS Report Says Heterosexual Sexual Contact Main Cause for HIV's Spread in China
December 8, 2009
The rate of HIV infections attributed to heterosexual sex tripled in China between 2005 and 2007, according to the UN's recently released "2009 AIDS Epidemic Update." Of new infections in China, 40 percent were acquired heterosexually, 32 percent homosexually, and most of the remainder were through drug use. Drug use was previously the main infection route, but last year health authorities said sex overtook it as the chief mode of infection. "We need to ensure resource allocation is responding to that change," said Michel Sidibe, UNAIDS' executive director. HIV/AIDS was designated the top killer among infectious diseases in China for the first time last year, possibly due to improved surveillance.
11.24.2009; Elaine Kurtenbach
This article was provided by CDC National Prevention Information Network. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update. | <urn:uuid:6d55b340-8818-4884-bbf0-3ac5e1e195dc> | {
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Some examiners have recently expressed concern that some teachers are allowing their students to create a relatively small small number of investigation pages. In one case an HLA student completed only about 50 pages over the two years and chose half of this number to be assessed in the final examination.
Perhaps predictably, this student did not do very well.
As is so often the case, its a quality vs. quantity issue.
Obviously it serves very little purpose if students just produce a lot of mediocre pages; but they still need to use the book – to investigate and compare art and artists, explore techniques, concepts, ideas etc.
Some teachers set a required number of pages at regular intervals – a typical amount is to aim about 20 x A4 pages in four weeks, or 10 x A3, because many students will benefit from having a set target, and, even if the quality is not great, at least they are producing something.
Once the book gets turned in, teachers can start to explain what is going well and what is not going well, and it becomes much less hypothetical.
Its true that there are many ‘unselected’ pages – but I don’t think it would be possible for a student to create 30 or 40 really strong pages unless he/she has gone through a process that involved the creation of the 100 or so that do not get chosen.
There is obviously a big conceptual, intellectual and cognitive learning process that goes on in the book, in addition to and integrated with the learning through experimentation, painting, trial and error, experimenting, making mistakes, etc.
And of course some students really take to the workbook, and spend as much time on a single page as others might on a painting: the pages become mini-works of art in themselves.
These students may well be option B. | <urn:uuid:a13c238f-be58-4b68-91e6-d055c7acf7aa> | {
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wash; the hieroglyphs are coloured yellow in the outer row of the colonnade,
and blue in the inner row. The pavement of the colonnade is in perfect
preservation : it measures 68 ft. long by 14 ft. wide.
The ramp leads up to the central doorway of the temple, of which the
original finely polished red granite threshold, measuring 9 ft. by 5 ft.,
was discovered in position. The socket in which the door turned is
clearly seen in the photograph (fig. 5), and also the side-run or channel
by which the door could be bodily removed from the socket and replaced.
The gate was no doubt a trilithon of red granite like that, still existing,
of the XVIHth Dynasty temple.
The ramp and threshold must give us the main axis of the temple, and
so enable us to judge of the extent of the pillared hall on the platform, of
which the column-bases, some with the lower portions of the columns
standing, have been found. The best preserved of these is 9 ft. high.
They are small and thin, measuring about 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter : the
bases are 4 ft. across. Each bears the royal label of Mentuhetep. There
seem to have been eight rows of columns on either side of the central
axis of the hall: the intercolumuiation is very narrow, measuring only
7 ft. from centre to centre.
This pillared hall was enclosed by a stout wall of white limestone. Of
this only the two lowest courses of blocks remain at any point. The wall
was originally decorated with coloured reliefs, of which a hundred or more
fragments were found scattered iu the debris above the platform. A few
of the more perfect specimens have been brought to England, and were
exhibited in the annual exhibition at University College, London, in July
last. They have not yet been distributed to museums, as they were
brought to England only on a conditional permit, which precludes distri-
bution until the work of excavating the temple is entirely and thoroughly
completed. The specimens were selected in order to illustrate the different
styles of work found in the temple. These vary greatly in merit, some
fulfilling our traditional idea of the rude work of the Xlth Dynasty, while
others are of very fine work, like the best of the Xllth Dynasty. These last
may well have been executed by Mertisen, a sculptor who is known from his
funeral stela in the Louvre (0. 14) to have flourished in the reign of
Nebkherura, and his school. The subjects are those appropriate to the
funerary chapel of a king : scenes relating to his coronation, processions
of warriors and magnates, among whom the captain ^ (jfi, Kheti,
and the ^ or judge JJJj (j, Beba, seem to have been among
the most prominent; scenes of boat-building and cattle-numbering, etc. | <urn:uuid:2b537c29-14a5-4182-a655-12de7a5afe13> | {
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Intentional Parenting Family Movies
Talking and Playing for Growth With . . .
Moral-Ethical Emphasis — Responsibility; Respect; Caring.
At a Glance — Age: 5 - 8; MPAA Rating -- G; Drama; 1995; 89 minutes; Color; Available at Amazon.com.
Description — Babe was born in a dark and cavernous building on a factory farm. Jammed together in pens, he and his family and all the other pigs saw the light of day only when trucks came to take them to the slaughterhouse. At a young age, Babe has the good fortune to be selected as a prize for a raffle at the county fair. He is won by Farmer Hoggett, a tall, eccentric man who raises sheep. At Hoggett Farm, the resident female sheepdog takes care of the motherless piglet. Babe becomes a friendly, caring animal, who defies all odds and shows that he can do anything he sets his mind to . . . and he is determined to herd sheep.
Benefits — "Babe" is a great film for kids of all ages, teaching important lessons about friendship, perseverance, and the benefits of being a nice person. It's filled with many different animals and shows life on a small farm from the animal's point of view.
For more suggestions about how intentional parents can use family movies to foster verbal, social and emotional learning and teach lessons in character education, see Ideas for Talking and Playing Using Family Movies.
TALKING FOR VERBAL, SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
After Babe, which animal in the movie is your favorite? Why is that?
If you could have any of the animals in the movie as a pet, other than Babe, which would you choose? Why?
→ Always encourage your child to form opinions and to share them.Where were the big trucks taking the pigs?
How did Babe wind up at Hoggett Farm?
→ Just talking with your child fosters verbal, social and emotional learning.Would you like to work with animals when you get older? What would you like to do?
→ Young children love Story Time.
DISCUSSIONS BASED ON THEMES IN THE MOVIE
Select questions appropriate for your child.
1. If Babe had acted like Rex, if he had not respected the other animals and if he had not been kind to them, what would Babe's life have been like? Talking About It — He would not have been able to herd sheep because they would not have done what he asked them to do. Since he would not have had a job at the farm, he would have ended up as Farmer Hoggett's Christmas dinner. Nor would Babe have been friends with all of the other animals. At the end even Rex was his friend.
→ When a parent takes a concept from the movie seriously, a child will start thinking about the lessons of the film. Often, it only takes one comment to start a child's mind going.2. Let's see if we can describe what Babe is like. Talking About It — He's peaceful, respectful and kind. He's a great friend and helps out whenever he can. Babe believes in himself. He doesn't stop, even when he is told he can't do something. (It was his determination that allowed him to win the sheep herding competition and earn the admiration of everyone, animals and people alike.) Although many of the animals around Babe think only about themselves, Babe is a great friend and genuinely cares about others. He always practices the Golden Rule.
→ The Golden Rule is basic to morality and ethics. Here is a modern formulation of the Rule. Have your child memorize this or another version. Repeat it to your child often when a decision about how to act must be made: "In every situation, act toward others in the same way that you would want others to act toward you." Show your child how to apply it in his or her own life. Let your child see you apply the Rule in decisions that you make.)3. Before Babe, no one had even thought that a pig could herd sheep. When Babe first tried to herd sheep, no one believed that he could actually do it. What does Babe's success tell us? Talking About It —That just because other people think something is impossible and no one has done it before, is no reason to give up your dream. If you try hard, there's no telling what you can do!
(If your child is at the age when he or she has started thinking about what to do as a grownup ask, "Why do you want to be a . . . .?" Really listen to what your child has to say. You might want to share some dreams that you had when you were a kid. See what things your dreams have in common. Take your child to the library and check out books on his or her areas of interest. Remember, a child's ideas about what to be as an adult will change many times.)4. Some characters in the movie had big dreams. Let's talk about some of them and how they tried to make them come true. Talking About It — Babe wanted to be a sheepdog. Ferdinand wanted to be a rooster. Farmer Hoggett wanted to have a prize winning sheepdog. By practicing and never giving up, they were able to work toward their goals and accomplish them.
→ Don't feel obligated to cover everything in this Guide. One or two questions are all that some children will tolerate. However, if your child watches the movie more than once, on each occasion start a new conversation or pick a new activity. This will enhance verbal development and increase the number of lessons your child takes from the film.5. Fly told Babe that "Sheep are inferior, you need to insult them, bite them". But Babe was able to get the sheep to do what he wanted even better than Fly or Rex just by being polite and asking. What does this tell you about hitting or kicking? Talking About It —Violence doesn't solve anything. If someone has a toy that you want to play with, you should ask politely to borrow it. Hitting or fighting with friends usually doesn't get you what you want.
→ Talk to your child about ways to deal with violence and fights. If someone is trying to pick a fight with them, they should walk away and tell a teacher or an adult. It is important to be the better person and deal with problems in a non-violent manner. Talk about appropriate ways to express frustration: with a letter, or a sit-down talk, or even a painting or drawing. Hitting, kicking, screaming and fighting not only do not get you what you want, but they also get you in trouble.6. Ferdinand, the duck, knew something that no other animal on the farm knew. What was it? Talking About It — If a farm animal is not a house pet or doesn't have a job on the farm, like herding sheep, making milk, growing wool on its body, or announcing the morning, that animal will either be sold away or killed for the farmer's dinner.
→ You can talk about a movie at any time: right after it is over, in the car on the way to school, during quiet time, or before bed.7. The actor who played Farmer Hoggett, James Cromwell, stopped eating meat after he made this movie. He came to understand that animals have feelings, too. Eating meat means that an animal with feelings has to be killed. Mr. Cromwell started to apply the Golden Rule to animals. For some people this means not eating meat or using any animal products (vegetarians and vegans). They believe that even if eating meat tastes good to us, it's not good for the cow, the lamb, the pig, or the chicken who was killed. Vegetarians and vegans find plenty of food to eat that isn't made from killing. Some people don't want to stop eating meat, but they can still help some animals by eating meat less often. Other people try to only eat meat that is raised on farms that let animals roam free so that at least the animal has a good life before it is slaughtered. However, this meat is more expensive than meat from farms that are run like factories. Ask what your family should do to help animals like Babe, Maa and cows on the farm. Talking About It — The answer to this question will be individual to each family. There are thousands of tasty and nutritious vegetarian and vegan recipes on the Internet. Eating less meat is good, not only for the animals but for our health, and for the environment. TeachWithMovies.com is proud to be a Character Counts Six Pillars Partner. Character Counts promotes ethics education through the Six Pillars of Character.
PLAYING FOR GROWTH
2. Obstacle course — Babe learned how to act like a sheepdog and he practiced with Farmer Hoggett for the big competition. Set up an obstacle course in the backyard (or create one at a park, using existing benches, trees, slides, etc). Take chairs, pillows, balls, hula-hoops, whatever you have available, and create a path that gets kids jumping, crawling, tiptoeing and using their bodies. Talk about how Farmer Hoggett trained Babe (and Rex) with a "training course". Time each child and record the times. Compare how much faster they are after a couple of tries!
3. Take a trip to a Farm Sanctuary — If there is a farm sanctuary near you, head down for a visit. Call ahead and schedule a tour. Talk to the caretakers about the unique characteristics of each animal. Find out their names and what must be done to take care of them. You'll be surprised at what you and your child will learn.
Stories are essential tools for verbal development, social-emotional learning, and character education. Intentional parents can use family movies as a basis for storytelling.
Repeat the story of the movie at bedtime, on a rainy day, or at any quiet time. Let your child correct you if you make a mistake and, better yet, encourage your child to tell you the story. Both of you can invent new adventures for Babe and his friends. Your child's imaginative and verbal capacities will be enhanced if you invent new characters and create situations that are not in the movie. To learn more about enhancing growth and development through stories told to children, go to How to Tell Bedtime Stories . . . Any Time.
Here is a story to read to your child. If you read it at bedtime and your child falls asleep before you are finished, complete the story some other time.
Once upon a time, on a farm not so far from here, a farmer named Jack lived with his wife and two children, Lucille and Jack, Jr. The children loved to watch the movie "Babe" and they watched it four or five times. Bailey, the sheep dog, would watch it with them while he babysat the kids.
Talking and playing based on family movies is an excellent way to enhance verbal skills and foster social and emotional learning. It's also a great opportunity for character education and increases communication between parent and child. When fathers and mothers make entertainment an engine for their child's growth and development, they are practicing intentional parenting at its best.
Check out TWM's Index of Guides to Talking and Playing for Growth. For all of the TeachWithMovies.com indexes, click here.
This web page was written by James Frieden and Lauren Humphrey. It was first published September 10, 2007. The story was revised on March 25, 2008. The reference to the book was added on August 21, 2008. © 2007 & 2008 by TeachWithMovies.com, Inc. All rights reserved. DVD covers are shown by permission of Amazon.com. TeachWithMovies.org®, TeachWithMovies.com®, Talking and Playing with Movies, and the pencil and filmstrip logo are trademarks of TeachWithMovies.com, Inc. | <urn:uuid:3bd8a8e1-8b04-44a4-bb95-89abde5e2520> | {
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Corals may have developed a preference for consuming plastic bits, putting them at risk of being choked by the indigestible materials, a study has found.
Scientists have long known that marine animals mistakenly eat plastic debris because the tiny bits of floating plastic might look like prey.
The study of plastic ingestion by corals by researchers from Duke University in the US suggests there may be an additional reason for the potentially harmful behaviour.
Visual cues, such as a resemblance to prey, do not factor into the appeal because corals have no eyes, researchers said.
“Corals in our experiments ate all types of plastics but preferred unfouled microplastics by a threefold difference over microplastics covered in bacteria,” said Austin S Allen, a PhD student at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment.
“This suggests the plastic itself contains something that makes it tasty,” said Allen.
“When plastic comes from the factory, it has hundreds of chemical additives on it. Any one of these chemicals or a combination of them could be acting as a stimulant that makes plastic appealing to corals,” said Alexander C Seymour, from Duke’s Marine Robotics and Remote Sensing Center.
Further research will be needed to identify the specific additives that make the plastic so tasty to corals and determine if the same chemicals act as feeding stimulants to other marine species, researchers said.
Microplastics, tiny pieces of weathered plastic less than five millimetres in diameter, began accumulating in the oceans four decades ago and are now ubiquitous in the marine environment.
They pose a major threat to foraging sea animals, including many species of birds, turtles, fish, marine mammals and invertebrates.
Since plastic is largely indigestible, it can lead to intestinal blockages, create a false sense of fullness or reduce energy reserves in animals that consume it.
“About eight per cent of the plastic that coral polyps in our study ingested was still stuck in their guts after 24 hours,” said Allen.
The biological effects of most of these compounds are still unknown, but some, such as phthalates, are confirmed environmental estrogens and androgens – hormones that affect sex determination.
Researchers conducted their two-part study using corals collected from waters off the North Carolina coast.
In their first experiment, they offered small amounts of eight different types of microplastics to the corals to see if the animals would eat the bite-sized bits versus other similarly-sized items offered to them, such as clean sand.
“We found that the corals ate all of the plastic types we offered and mostly ignored sand,” Allen said. | <urn:uuid:7eb103c7-c65a-432b-ab73-8d7003567ee1> | {
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Researchers sought to determine how much has changed since the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology first reported on sexual harassment two decades ago.
While many suicide prevention techniques are effective, others have not been proven to be beneficial.
Overweight and obese participants subjected to a stressful situation exhibited greater levels of IL-6 compared with normal-weight participants.
Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with higher ADHD risk, but the association was stronger for females.
Moderate evidence shows improvements in anxiety, depression and pain with mindfulness meditation.
Three-quarters of opioid-dependent individuals use oxycodone or hydrocodone.
Teenagers often give vague answers when asked about sensitive topics like substance abuse or suicide.
Instead of motivating weight loss, exposure to bias because of weight may increase a person's risk of becoming or remaining obese.
Discussions about the female body should focus not just on looks, but also the amazing things the body can do.
Rigorous smoking cessation counseling models can be effective in certain clinical settings.
Reflexology uses subtle pressure on specific muscle areas of the feet or hands to stimulate blood flow and nerve impulses that then trigger the release of endorphins and retained toxins.
Many patients are so overwhelmed with the day-to-day activities of life that health takes a back seat.
More attention to risk-benefit ratio of antipsychotics for patients with AD needed to inform federal nursing home regulations.
Dehydroepiandrosterone may help ease anxiety and depressive symptoms, and medication-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenics.
Bullying can begin as early as kindergarten, and it can affect all children regardless of race, gender and socioeconomic status. | <urn:uuid:657d790b-e6b3-4771-845c-604ec7e270ef> | {
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Low-Power is Life Saver for Medical Electronics Devices
Low-Power is Life Saver for Medical Electronics Devices
by Steve Kennelly, Microchip Technology Inc.
Designers of portable medical devices face unique challenges. Their chosen field is known for regulatory scrutiny, protracted design and life cycles, and a need for unparalleled robustness in the finished product. In addition, design objectives that are common to all electronics can have special significance when it comes to medical devices. For example, low power consumption is always an objective for designers of portable electronics. Less power means a smaller and lighter battery, which enhances portability. In a medical device, more portability can make a huge difference in a patient’s quality of life. It’s even possible that a patient’s life may directly depend on battery life. In this article, we will show how designers can exploit a microcontroller (MCU) to reduce the power requirements of medical devices.
Voltage and Battery Life
Static power consumption is an important figure-of-merit for an MCU in low-power applications. Some MCUs featuring advanced processing technology draw less than 50 nano-amps in sleep mode. To be useful in a variety of low-powered designs, it is important that an MCU operates with a wide range of power supplies. For instance, if Alkaline batteries are used, it is common to specify 1.8V operation because the end voltage on each cell is 0.9V and two cells are typically used in the application. Selecting an MCU that operates over a wide voltage range can extend the operating life of a portable device. However, the MCU's operating voltage range isn't the only deciding factor. The entire system's operating voltage range must be considered, including the peripherals on the MCU. If a single peripheral in a system consumes most of the power, reducing the MCU’s power will have little impact on the total system power consumption.
Peripheral Power Switching
A cardinal principle in the power management of portable embedded systems is to enable the MCU to control the power used by both internal and external peripherals. When you are designing your portable medical device, determine the required physical modes or states and partition the design to shutdown unwanted circuitry. Selecting the right MCU from among the many different vendors can help you eliminate external components and reduce costs. As previously mentioned, an MCU that operates over a wide range of voltages can add versatility to your system design.
As an example of minimizing total system power consumption, consider an MCU-based, data-recording medical monitor device, which comprises a sensor, an EEPROM and a battery (see Figure 1). In practice, the sensor could be measuring temperature, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, glucose concentration, or any number of other quantities. This medical device is intended to monitor a patient over a period of several hours or more. In this example, the MCU takes a sensor reading every two seconds, scales the sensor data, stores the data in external EEPROM memory and awaits the next sensor reading. If power consumption were not a consideration, the EEPROM, the sensor and its bias circuit could all be powered up all the time. However, since this is a portable medical device, efficient use of the available power source is important. So, what could be done to save power in a system like this? The answer lies in having the MCU shut down these peripherals under program control when they are not required. As shown in Figure 1, designers can use the MCU’s I/O pins and a few bytes of code to power the EEPROM and the sensor, when required. Because the I/O pins of the selected MCU can source up to 20 mA, additional components are not needed to switch the power.
MCU Power-Management Modes
A popular method of saving power in embedded applications is by putting the MCU to sleep periodically, at times when the system’s demand for the MCU’s resources is low. In our example, the system is taking measurements every two seconds. If the time required to actually perform the measurement and store the result is 11mS, then the MCU can sleep for 1989mS between measurements. The longer the MCU can be allowed to sleep, the lower the average power consumed by the application will be. The system’s MCU is awakened either through an interrupt or by the expiration of a watchdog timer. It is important to make sure that the watchdog time-out duration is appropriate for the application. Typically, this works as follows: if the application requires the MCU to process a data sample once every fixed time period, then the watchdog timer should wake up the MCU once in the required time period. Using this feature requires the selection of an MCU that supports the appropriate watchdog period.
Calculating Total Average Power Consumption
Using a technique called power budgeting, we will show how designers can estimate current consumption and battery life in an application. Again, consider Figure 1 and follow through the various modes of the data-recorder application: sleeping, sensor warm-up, sensing, scaling and storing. Analysis of the process loop allows us to determine the time spent in each mode during each cycle. Then, current-consumption numbers for each device are taken from the respective device’s data sheet, as provided by the manufacturer. Multiplying the total current required in each mode by the duration of that mode yields the amount of charge consumed in that mode during each loop cycle. From Table 1, it follows that each loop cycle of our data-recorder application takes 2000 ms and requires a total charge of 18.8 e-6 Amp Seconds. Using the Table 1 data, we can derive an average current of 0.009 mA as below:
Average Current (mA) = Total Charge (Amp * Sec) /Total Time (Sec)
= 18.8 e-6/2000 e-3 = 0.009 mA
Peak Current = 2.048 mA
Table 1: Power budgeting calculations for the medical data-recorder application; using typical datasheet values for current consumption for the components used in Figure 1.
This article showed how, by using the latest MCUs, designers can implement power-management techniques and reduce power consumption in the design of electronic medical devices. Minimizing power consumption in medical devices cuts heat generation and enables the use of smaller batteries. This, in turn, increases the operating lifetime of the device, improves patient compliance and reduces physical size.
Steve Kennelly has been with Microchip Technology since 1999 and leads the Medical Products Group, which addresses the specific needs of the medical device industry. He has more than 20 years of experience in program-management, marketing, sales and applications-engineering positions and holds a Bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Arizona State University.
Note: The Microchip name and logo, and PIC are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. | <urn:uuid:c463cafb-a156-4518-a392-1922383f613c> | {
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Often, data is much easier to process if it is arranged into sorted order. Imagine how difficult it would be to use a dictionary if the words were not in order! Sorting is a fundamental computer operation. It is important for preparing data for other operations.
This chapter explains the concept of sorting and shows one of the common sorting algorithms, insertion sort. The next chapter shows another sorting algorithm.
The first few chapters in this section illustrate sorting algorithms by sorting arrays of integers. This is done to show how the algorithms work using simple data. Usually the data to be sorted is more complicated.
Is the following list of integers in sorted order? If not, sort the list into ascending order (smallest element on the left) by clicking and dragging. | <urn:uuid:ae64f6ab-858f-448a-a8e5-b3cda6768f02> | {
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- Development & Aid
- Economy & Trade
- Human Rights
- Global Governance
- Civil Society
Sunday, January 20, 2019
Fabíola Ortiz interviews ALBANEIDE PEIXINHO, coordinator of Brazil's National School Meals Programme
RIO DE JANEIRO, Mar 20 2013 (IPS) - Providing school meals for 45 million children is a remarkable achievement for Brazil. But the programme faces specific difficulties, as well as the generic problems plaguing any national plan in this vast country of more than 192 million people.
Brazil’s National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) has evolved from the strictly welfare-oriented approach it had when it was created 58 years ago, into a multi-purpose development strategy with educational goals and a focus on stimulating local economies. IPS sat down with its coordinator, Albaneide Peixinho, to discuss its accomplishments and challenges.
Q: The PNAE has existed since 1955. How has it progressed since then?
A: Nowadays it is based on several principles, like the human right to adequate nutrition and the aim of ensuring food and nutritional security by means of free and universal provision for all children and adolescents enrolled in the public education system.
And also on equity and the constitutional right to school meals as a way of guaranteeing equal access to food.
The PNAE is part of the federal government’s Zero Hunger strategy, which encompasses 30 programmes designed to fight the causes of hunger and contribute to eradicating extreme poverty.
The government’s social vision was a key factor in the dramatic fall in poverty in this country, and it was reflected in the PNAE, which since 2003 saw its funding increased by 300 percent and its services expanded to middle-school students.
At the same time, the requirement that the programme must purchase produce from local family farms gives it an important role in reducing social inequality.
Q: What has it achieved?
A: The PNAE was created simply as assistance to some schoolchildren. Now it reaches 45 million students in basic education for the 200 days of the school year. Over the years it has accumulated experience and has taken on an ever wider scope, promoting improvement in educational indicators, economic and social development and social participation in health care, by teaching good eating habits.
The 1988 constitution guaranteed the right (to free school meals) of all pupils enrolled in primary schools. As of 1994, the programme which previously was centralised, with a governing body that drew up menus, bought food and distributed it throughout the country, was converted into a locally managed programme governed by means of agreements.
Since 1998 it has been further improved, for example by insisting on respect for the eating habits and the farming preferences of each locality, and the creation of school nutrition councils as oversight bodies, with representatives of parents, students, teachers, the community and the executive and legislative branches.
One of the main legal frameworks is law 11,947 of 2009, which stipulates that at least 30 percent of the resources of the National Education Development Fund be devoted to buying food produced on family farms, as well as providing the school meal service to all primary education students, including both children and adults.
Q: What problems does the programme face?
A: There are difficulties that are specific to the programme, and others that are inherent to any programme covering the whole of Brazil: the size of the country, the varied agricultural activities in the different regions, and the low productive capacity of family agriculture when it comes to supplying demand.
Other problems include differences in local customs, the different nutritional needs of students, lack of infrastructure to store, transport and prepare meals, a lack of space to set up school lunchrooms, as well as challenges in developing ongoing food and nutritional education that is intrinsic to the educational process.
There is also “competition” between the meals offered by the school and canteens or bars selling sweets, fizzy drinks, salty or fatty snacks, the “favourites” of children and adolescents. A 2009 resolution restricts the amount of fat, sugar and salt in PNAE meals.
Q: And what challenges does the programme intend to address?
A: We plan to carry out a thorough assessment of the nutritional needs of students and match them with adequate nutrition that they find acceptable, as well as with the farming culture and diets of every locality. Another challenge is finding professionals who are well-trained in this field.
Q: Is it possible to reach all primary schools, at federal, state and municipal levels?
A: The programme serves all schools that have formed their own school nutrition council and have hired a nutritionist. In 2012 there were 161,670 such schools, 83 percent of the total.
Q: How are the menus drawn up?
A: They need to be drawn up according to age range, type of school and the hours students spend in school. When two meals are served, at least 30 percent of daily nutritional requirements should be provided. In schools with a full-day curriculum, the minimum is 70 percent. (In Brazil, many schoolchildren attend either the morning or the afternoon shift.)
Q: Has it been demonstrated that school meals improve scholastic performance?
A: There is a variety of evidence on the role of nutrition in neurological, cognitive and intellectual development in childhood. Proteins, calcium, iron, iodine, zinc, vitamins and fish oils fulfil essential functions, as shown by different studies.
The school environment favours the formation of habits. Habits are formed from birth, by means of family customs and those taught by society – at school, in social circles and by the media – up until adult life, when along with symbolic aspects they set the pattern of individual and societal consumption.
The PNAE encourages eating fruits, vegetables and pulses and prescribes food hygiene control, precepts that lead to an adequate supply and healthy intake. The earlier these habits are learned, the greater the probability that they will be continued in adulthood.
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Would you consider a $20.00 contribution today that will help to keep the IPS news wire active? Your contribution will make a huge difference. | <urn:uuid:e844eb9d-467d-464d-98e3-9b7c2ec75d48> | {
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Colorado Birding Trail a (nearly) statewide network for birders
05/07/2013 12:01:00 AM MDT
05/07/2013 09:23:21 AM MDT
A Streak-backed Oriole — a rare sighting — that brought birders from around the country to Colorado in 2007. (Karl Gehring, Denver Post file)
allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Screech-Owl/id" target="_blank"> Western Screech-Owl, Great-tailed Grackle and Eurasian Collared-Dove.
A birder studies the prairie sky on the plains east of Flagler. (Michael Seraphin, Special to The Denver Post)
The Colorado Birding Trail's name is a bit of a misnomer: There's no trailhead, and the overall project is more comparable to the state's scenic byways than to hiking trails.
Think of the Colorado Birding Trail ( ColoradoBirdingTrail.com) instead as a network of hundreds of sites where visitors can watch birds, yes, but also other wildlife — sometimes in quite unexpected places.
Did you know that one of the state's biggest bighorn sheep herds — about 70 head — winters right off the road in southeast Colorado's Cottonwood Canyon, (the one a few miles from Campo) near the Oklahoma border?
"It's one of the prime bighorn sheep-viewing spots in the state, and most people don't know it exists," said John Koshak, the region's watchable-wildlife coordinator at Colorado Parks & Wildlife.
"We call it the Colorado Birding Trail, but like most birding trails, it's really a wildlife and birding trail. So 'birding trail' is the moniker. But 'Colorado Wildlife and Birding Trail' doesn't just roll off the tongue."
Work on the Colorado Birding Trail project began in 2000, about six years after Texas created its celebrated Great Texas Coastal Birding Trails program.
Koshak worked with the state transportation department, members of local Audubon Society chapters, farmers, ranchers and other community members to pinpoint promising birdwatching sites.
Nearly three-fourths of Colorado has been mapped so far — southeast Colorado, southwest Colorado and northwest Colorado. (Watch the website for announcements about the northeast Colorado quadrant.)
How does it work? Visit the website and choose a region. Koshak likes the Comanche Trail in southeast Colorado, especially Picture Canyon, with its rimrock canyons reminiscent of Utah's Canyonlands.
Site locations are on a map sprinkled with green and red pinpoints. Green means public land. Red means the site is on private land, usually a farm or ranch, where a visit requires advance permission.
Here's a sampling from the Colorado Birding Trail network, with some of the birds spotted frequently on each trail:
Comanche Trail: Southeast Colorado, south of Lamar and just north of the Oklahoma panhandle. Canyonlands terrain, and the prairies and hills commonly associated with the Colorado plains. Look for Mississippi Kite, Lewis' and Ladder-backed Woodpeckers, Lesser Prairie Chicken,
Two Western grebes drift on Meredith Reservoir in Crowley County. (Michael Seraphin, Special to The Denver Post)
Snow Goose Trail: Southeast Colorado, north of Lamar and east of Colorado Springs. Lots of mostly man-made reservoirs mean lots of waterfowl, including plovers, sandpipers, cranes, egrets, Snow Goose, Ross' Goose, and non-water birds like Dickcissel, Ferruginous Hawk, and Burrowing Owl (and where there are Burrowing Owls, expect rattlesnakes).
Greater Prairie Chicken Trail: On the plains east of Denver and Greeley are namesake Greater Prairie Chicken, and also Northern Cardinal, Wild Turkey and Cassin's Sparrow.
Spanish Peaks Trail: South of Pueblo and La Junta, with lots of sites along the Highway of Legends just west of Trinidad, look for Greater Roadrunner, Pinyon Jay, Prairie Falcon, Golden Eagle, Mountain and Western Bluebird and Three-toed Woodpecker.
Headwaters Trail: Along the Arkansas River, south of Leadville and north of Salida, look for Bald Eagle, Pine Grosbeak, White-tailed Ptarmigan and Brown-capped Rosy-Finch.
Black Swift Trail: North of Durango and south of Ouray, look up at cliff faces for the eponymous and notoriously difficult-to-spot Black Swift, Golden-crowned Kinglets
, Pied-billed Grebe and Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Fruitgrowers Trail: Sprinkled near Black Canyon of the Gunnison, southeast of Grand Junction and near Paonia State Park, look for Sandhill Crane, Bewick's Wren, American Bittern and Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Claire Martin: 303-954-1477, [email protected] or twitter.com/byclairemartin
Happy (birding) trails
For new birdwatchers and veterans adding to their life lists, the Colorado Birding Trail network offers sites on public and private lands where visitors can spot birds and other wildlife.
Ute mountain/mesa verde birding festival
Wednesday-Sunday, Cortez Cultural Center, Mancos Public Library and other locations in Mesa Verde County, Arizona and Utah; 970-565-1151
Events include a lecture by Mark Obmascik, author of "The Big Year," birding trips on the Dove Creek Trail (a part of the Colorado Birding Trail), Old Spanish Trail, Dolores River Canyon, La Plata River and other locations.
Registration for the festival is $10 per day or $5 per lecture, and $50 for the five-day festival. Additional fees for some trips. | <urn:uuid:92fdf5b7-4c5c-4f55-8505-734263a9d76b> | {
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At a time when many school systems begin classes around the world, many poor children in some parts of the world may be staying home for any number of reasons. One, it seems, is a lack of transportation to get the children to a school that may not be near their homes. That's where a project called "Lotus Pedals" steps in in Cambodia. It is a program administered by Lotus Outreach International that, among other things, provides sturdy bicycles to a group of poor children so they can travel to their school.
Public secondary schools are few and some are a considerable distance from the students in Cambodia and India and Lotus Outreach says that is usually the greatest hurdle for children to continue their education. Spokesman for the program, Glenn Fawcett, Executive Director of Field Operations says there are usually more primary schools than secondary schools in some of these poor regions. So, he says, "when a student finishes sixth grade, they may find themselves faced with a trip of 2, 6, 8, 10, 30, 40 kilometers away from the nearest secondary school."
Mr. Fawcett adds that most parents don't have the resources to send their children those distances to school. The San Diego, California based Lotus Outreach International has scholarship programs "in a number of provinces right across Cambodia with 761 girls already in these programs." Those girls get bicycles to help them get to and stay in school, among other benefits of the scholarship programs. Mr. Fawcett says his organization concentrates on girls because girls are "far and away getting less educational opportunities than boys" in these regions.
Fawcett says the situation in India is very similar to that in Cambodia, but has additional problems, including a dropout rate of about 50 percent. He says the key to poverty reduction is just getting a basic education. That's why, he says, that in the most rural areas of India Lotus Outreach is working on "mobilizing communities and pushing the education authorities to provide the basic amenities for schools, such as toilets."
Secondary schools in India are, as in Cambodia, sometimes a long way from communities forcing families to keep their children at home. "In India," he says, "it's worse than in Cambodia because of the very traditional families will not send their girls out of their sight." In a Muslim district in India, Lotus Outreach has begun "the Blossom Bus", in which a parent chaperone rides the bus to deliver village girls to school each day, one way around the reluctance of parents to allow their girls to attend schools.
Why concentrate on educating girls? Mr. Fawcett says there are several studies that show that girls who continue their education will not only have an enhanced salary capacity, but are more likely to invest that income back into their own community. So, educating girls is a greater community resource and becomes a very powerful and strong thing. That, says Glenn Fawcett, is what educators call the "girl effect". | <urn:uuid:d2ad3ee4-cb69-4e92-be34-0c51e52b2650> | {
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Priority area 3: Protected areas .... achieving quality
Much of the Global Protected Areas Programme’s efforts in the past have focused on the need to build capacity to manage protected areas effectively. Management effectiveness assessment itself has grown to the point that assessments are being undertaken using a multitude of methods in nearly every country and national governments have committed in Decisions of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to expand the degree to which Management Effectiveness Assessment is applied. The assessments themselves yield important information about the challenges that protected area managers face in addressing weaknesses, including the need for more advice and guidance on new and emerging topics, like dealing with climate change or restoration, but also what kinds of skills managers need when responding to the weaknesses that are identified.
But assessing management effectiveness using these methods is not enough to address the core question: Are protected areas achieving a sufficient quality of management that they actually meet their objectives. Many governments and agencies are asking IUCN to provide the basis for an independent measure of whether protected areas are achieving quality standards, that can be used for rewarding effective management or for stimulating further investment in addressing the weaknesses that have been identified.
This the focus of GPAP’s priority, to facilitate the development of a new international standard for the minimum level of achievement that all protected areas should attain in order to meet their objectives. This standard is being referred to as the IUCN Green List of Well-Managed Protected Areas. Realising that this standard needs to meet the needs of users and be built from the ground up, IUCN WCPA, together with some national partners and other agencies is currently piloting the application of the IUCN Green List, with a view to being able to provide more concrete proposals for its launch at the 2014 6th World Parks Congress in Sydney, Australia.
Fisherwomen in an ecotourism project in Central America.
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To improve job prospects and gain a competitive edge, many accountants further their education by getting a Certified Public Accountant licensure. CPAs are responsible for many of the same duties as non-certified accountants, such as examining financial statements, computing taxes owed, preparing tax returns and inspecting the books. However, CPA certification allows the accountant to prepare audited and reviewed financial statements that can later be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Not only does this improve employability, but it also can increase starting salaries.
In 2011, all accountants averaged $70,130 a year, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Because high salaries can skew this number, median wage is often a better reflection of earnings. Half of accountants earned $62,850 a year or less. Both of these figures reflect the salaries of all accountants, regardless of experience or professional designation. First-year CPAs often earn different pay than those without a certified license.
A 2012 survey conducted by Robert Half Finance & Accounting, a national financial recruiter, found that first-year accountants earn $35,250 to $42,750 a year at small companies. But with a professional certification, salaries increase by an average of 5 to 10 percent. In this situation, a CPA can expect to earn $37,013 to $47,025 a year. Those at midsize companies earn $39,375 to $51,700 a year, while those at large companies earn even higher salaries, averaging $41,738 to $54,450 a year.
Besides certification, the type of accounting can affect salaries. Cost accountants, for example, often command higher salaries than general accountants. The same can be said for tax accountants. At a midsize company, a first-year CPA specializing in cost accounting can earn $42,000 to $53,900 a year, according to Robert Half Finance & Accounting. At a large company, salaries increase to between $43,878 and $56,650 a year. a CPA in tax accounting, on the other hand, averages $43,577 to $56,100 a year at midsize companies and $44,888 to $58,850 a year at large companies.
As with almost any job, location also affects salaries — sometimes even more so than certification or type of accounting. In the District of Columbia, for example, salaries for all CPAs are 30 percent higher than the national average. Those working in Chicago also fare better than most, earning salaries almost 23 percent higher than average, according to Robert Half Finance & Accounting. A CPA in Louisville, Kentucky, however, earns a salary about 10 percent less than the national average. These variances are a reflection of the cost of living in these regions. Companies must pay higher salaries to match higher living standards.
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: Accountants and Auditors
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook – Accountants and Auditors
- Robert Half 2012 Salary Guide Accounting & Finance
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Below is a list of Writing Ideas to help you with your biography.
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Why were you home at this time? Were you not called up? Were you too young or too old? What was your situation at that point in time? Did you wish that you could have gone to fight?
What was it like at home? How was life different because of the war?
If any loved ones fought in the war, how did you feel when they left? Were you scared? Did you think that you would never see them again or did you feel that they would return? What actually happened?
Did any of your loved ones die because of the war? Who? Did you know how he or she died? When did you find out about their death?
In general, what did you and others initially think about U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War? Did you support U.S. involvement in Vietnam? Did your ideas change over time? Why? What influenced your thoughts?
Many people protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Were you involved in the protests? What did you do to protest the war? Go to rallies? Burn draft cards? Why did or didn't you protest?
When did the war end for you? When the peace treaty was signed in 1973? When a loved one came home? Describe that day.
What was it like when your friends and family finally came home? Had they changed in ways you didn't expect? Had you changed in ways they didn't expect? What was hardest to adjust to once they got back? What was easiest?
Did it take a long time for life to return to normal? Did it ever? Was it easy to put it all behind you and get on with your life or did you have to struggle? Why? | <urn:uuid:23a864a7-c9e8-4ec5-aebd-f2a09be5bf5f> | {
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Culture, Processing, Nutrition, Health, and Warnings
A neatly packaged chocolate bar is the end result of a long and delicate process that typically starts on a small family farm in a tropical country.
Looking at a cacao tree it’s hard to imagine that the world’s favorite treat starts out here. It’s a really funny-looking tree. It has colorful, rugby ball-shaped pods which sprout from the trunk and hang on the branches. The pods are so big it looks as if they defy gravity, jutting straight out of the trunk and suspended from the tree’s thin branches.
But inside these pods is where chocolate magic begins. Each pod houses about 40 cacao beans, also called cocoa beans. The beans are covered in sticky, white, sweet tasting pulp which looks odd but actually is critical to the ultimatedevelopment of the bean’s flavor.
NUTRITIONAL FACTS ON RAW CACAO BEANS
According to Bettercancersolutions.com, cacao seeds have a variety of important minerals. With raw cacao seeds, you get magnesium, copper, iron, phosphorus, calcium and potassium. Magnesium is needed for muscle function and is particularly associated with the heart muscle. Phosphorous and calcium are needed for the healthy growth and maintenance of bone, while copper is essential for many biochemical reactions. Potassium is also essential for muscle health and is an important part of cellular function. Sulfur compounds are also found in cacao beans. This mineral is needed for healthy skin, hair and nail growth.
Polyphenols are substances that may have beneficial health effects. A study published in “Basic Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology” in December 2008 showed the cardiovascular effects of cacao-derived polyphenols. Rabbits were fed a standard diet or a diet with cacao liquor. The study found that after six months, rabbits with the cacao-enhanced diet saw decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. Cacao was not found, however, to change the lipid profile in the animals. Ingestion of raw cacao may provide polyphenols, however, cacao is not approved as a cure or treatment for hypertension or other heart conditions.
Cocoa Beans Benefits
Cocoa beans are known to have more than 300 healthful compounds. Some of these include, phenylethylamine, theobromine, and many polyphenols, like flavonoids. Cocoa beans also contain many vitamins and minerals as well as healthy doses of potassium and copper, which support cardiovascular health, and iron, which transports oxygen through the body. Calcium and magnesium is also found in cocoa beans, which are necessary in order for all the major organs to function properly.
Cacao beans, better known as cocoa beans, first appeared in the Amazon basin, and grow only in moist, warm and shady climates. Cocoa beans are primarily grown in Africa, Asia and, Central and South America. Cacao beans are produced by the plant Theobroma cacao, which translated, means “food of the Gods”. That is a good name for them, given the numerous health benefits provided by them. Listed below are the many health benefits of cocoa beans:
Health Benefits of Cocoa and Dark Chocolate
by Frances Bekele
Cocoa products can be very nutritious if not produced with large quantities of sugar and calorie-rich fillers. Chocolate is not high in cholesterol. Cocoa and its components (cocoa solids and cocoa butter) are not recognised as a source of trans fat in the diet. A 50g milk chocolate bar provides 10 percent of the UK Estimated Average Requirement of energy, 9 percent of protein, nearly 22 percent of calcium, more than 10 percent of iron and 25 percent of riboflavin, (for moderately active males 19–49 years) (COPAL website: http://www.copal-cpa.org/chocolate.php).
Chocolate is reputedly the richest source of the mineral magnesium, essential for mental health and heart function. The seeds are rich in copper, sulphur and Vitamin C.
Cocoa has been shown to have numerous health benefits: | <urn:uuid:d5661846-3848-4f6d-91ad-c78b76864bbf> | {
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I am David Ridle, Skagit Farmers Supply Country Stores Agricultural Products & Services Consultant. Recently I’ve received several calls regarding Buttercup, Ranunculus sp., in pastures and hayfields. Folks are concerned because Buttercup has multiple impacts, i.e., the plant is both invasive and moderately toxic.
Creeping buttercup's competitive growth crowds out other plants, especially in wet soils. One plant can spread over a 40 square foot area in a year. Creeping buttercup also depletes potassium in the soil and so can have a detrimental effect on surrounding plants. Because creeping buttercup can tolerate heavy, wet soils, it can be a particularly bad problem on well-watered lawns, wet meadows and poorly drained pastures. In addition to invading wet grassy areas, creeping buttercup is reported as a weed of 11 crops in 40 countries.
Fresh buttercup plants are toxic to grazing animals, who can suffer from salivation, skin irritation, blisters, abdominal distress, inflammation, and diarrhea. Fortunately, buttercup has a strong, bitter taste so animals generally try to avoid it if more palatable forage is available. Also, the toxin protoanemonin is not very stable and loses its potency when dry, so buttercup is not generally toxic in hay. Unfortunately, livestock occasionally develop a taste for buttercup and consume fatal quantities. It is safest to keep populations of buttercup under control on grazed pastures and offer plenty of healthy forage.
To get rid of buttercups in your pasture or hayfield is a two step process; spray to kill the existing buttercups and improve the conditions that favor grass production.
1. For selective control of Buttercup in grassy conditions such as pastures and hayfields, use the herbicide MCP Amine plus an adjuvant (wetting agent) such as Class Act. Spot treat rate is 0.25 pint MCPA to 3-4 gallons of water. Per acre rate is 2-3 pints MCPA. Use 1.25 cups Class Act to three gallons of spray mixture or 2.5 gallons of Class Act to 100 gallons of water. READ AND FOLLOW ALL LABELS. Haying restriction: Do not harvest treated area for hay until 21 days after treatment. Two or three treatments may be necessary to control Buttercup due to weed seed soil bank and the ability of mature plants to recover.
2. Improve conditions for grass by fertilization, overseeding, liming and not over-grazing. Reduce soil compaction by aerating and avoid trampling when soils are wet. Consider fertilizing during the first half of September, ahead of the fall rains. If the stand is thin, overseeding is best accomplished mid September to mid October with a large seed species such as perennial ryegrass (pastures) or festulolium (pastures and hayfields). Harrow to establish good seed to soil contact. Lime is generally applied in the fall and is added to improve the ability of grass to compete against Buttercup and other weeds such as moss. For best results, soil test every 3-5 years to accurately determine what soil nutrients and amendments are needed. | <urn:uuid:dee2842f-46ff-4ce7-82bd-e64d4753e954> | {
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Cogeneration plants supply both power and thermal energy using a single fuel. They run on a single fuel source, such as natural gas or diesel.
For every unit of power generated, the plant also generates two units of heat. This heat is usually wasted as exhaust in a standard electricity generation plant. But in a cogeneration plant, the heat can be used to heat the building or to provide hot water.
Cogeneration systems can be set up to serve one building or multiple buildings. They also use less water to generate power than conventional electricity generation plants.
Trigeneration systems are very similar to cogeneration systems. They can supply power and heating just like a cogeneration system, and they can also provide cooling.
In a trigeneration system, some of the generated heat is used in conjunction with an absorption chiller to supply building air conditioning systems.
Like cogeneration systems, trigeneration systems can be set up to serve one building or multiple buildings. They also use less water to generate power than conventional electricity generation plants.
Embedded Energy Networks
Embedded networks can be established where electricity infrastructure is privately owned and managed.
They have proved highly effective in shopping centres, high-rise and broad-acre residential developments and commercial/industrial parks.
Embedded networks are established to physically aggregate the energy consumed within a complex to a single metered point. Sub-meters measure tenants’ and common area consumption using the latest in smart interval metering technology.
This type of high-quality, certified sub-meter is used by local network service providers (LNSP) all around Australia, and meet the stringent metrology code imposed on all providers operating in the national electricity market (NEM).
Embedded networks commonly involve the following key participants:
- Tenants – these consumers have selected to purchase electricity from either the embedded network or from the national market via a registered energy retailer.
- Common Area – these meters record the energy consumed for public light and power and any mechanical services.
- Gate Meter – one or sometimes multiple meters record the total energy consumed within the embedded network.
- Embedded networks facilitate the energy on-selling process whereby energy is purchased at a discount at the gate meter and sold to the tenants within the network, again at a discounted rate. | <urn:uuid:7dd5af8c-c778-4a25-87f8-f73c5089b471> | {
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So we'll have three reaction engine types in Hard Space:
1) Fusion torches - used by starships and fast interplanetary ships. Can maintain constant acceleration/deceleration at high G (typically 1-G). Highly destructive exhaust. Ships with fusion torches use chemical (or ion? or plasma?) thrusters for fine maneuvering (such as docking) where a fusion torch would be too dangerous. Such ships do not land, at least not in most cases but can "dock" with smaller asteroids. Unobtanium (i.e. physically possible but we don't know how to build them yet) but not handwavium.
2) Closed-cycle gas-core fission rockets ("Nuclear Lightbulbs") - used by slower interplanetary craft and interface craft not intended for atmospheric use. Much safer than fusion torches while providing significantly better performance and endurance than chemical rockets. Such ships can land on airless worlds if they have a standard - rather than distributed - hull. Realistic.
3) Chemical rockets - used almost exclusively for atmospheric craft, as well as for fine maneuvering on ships with fusion (or even fission?) rockets. Inefficient but safe. Can land anywhere if they have a streamlined hull and can fly like an airplane if they have a lifting body. Realistic.
By the way, do fusion rockets necessarily mean shipboard fusion reactors? Or are they "simpler" to make (as this is not very fine-controlled fusion)? I have the potential vision of ships with fission reactors and fusion-torch rockets...
I am also going to research Paul Elliott's Orbital: 2100 rules (which are OGL) regarding reaction drives...
Your Fusion drive wouldn't be a power plant as such, it would use magnetic fields etc, to compress a stream of hydrogen (tritium?) to make it fuse and create the exhaust velocity you need for acceleration.
HOWEVER, once the plasma is flowing, it will create a magnetic field of its own. That magnetic field can be tapped to generate electricity (just wrap the exhaust tube with conductive wire like copper). It slightly reduces the velocity of your exhaust, but probably not significantly. This type of power plant, which can only work when the plasma drive is operating, is called a Magneto-Hydrodynamic Drive (MHD) and is explained in 2300.
So, I would expect that ships with plasma drives, have an MHD built into them, so that when the torch drive is operating, the fission reactor can be placed in standby - thus extending its life quite a bit. The fission plant is then powered up when the torch drive is shut down. So your Maneuver Drive provides power when it is being used, and your Power Plant produces energy when the M-Drive is idle.
My friends call me Richard. You can call me Sir.www.XmasDragon.com | <urn:uuid:7274c516-037d-450d-9ef8-8c505b218e65> | {
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Extra MMR Vaccine Helped Prevent Mumps in Outbreak – 11/6/2012
November 6, 2012 -- Giving kids and teens in a New York community a third dose of the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine likely helped halt a mumps outbreak in late 2009 and early 2010, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
U.S. guidelines call for kids to get two doses of the MMR vaccine, one at age 12-15 months and the other at 4-6 years. But as evidence from the Orange County, New York, community shows, mumps can spread in very close quarters even when most young people have received both recommended doses.
Read the full story:ReutersElsevierNews Release | <urn:uuid:7aa7879d-9a7e-4702-a6eb-26fe27ab9dcb> | {
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Date: September 27, 2010
Creator: Luther, Linda
Description: Electronic waste (e-waste) is a term that is used loosely to refer to obsolete, broken, or irreparable electronic devices like televisions, computer central processing units (CPUs), and computer monitors. There are various issues of concern with regard to e-waste disposal and recycling. This report looks at issues specifically related to its export for recycling. Particularly, it discusses documented impacts to human health and the environment that have been tied to unsafe recycling practices in developing countries, as well as issues that have motivated certain stakeholders to divert e-waste from landfill disposal and, hence, increase recycling. It also provides an overview of various factors necessary to understand why e-waste disposal has become a concern in the United States, and it also discusses waste management requirements in the United States.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department | <urn:uuid:dc0cdb66-2e15-4b63-a57b-07645054f3fc> | {
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Both determinism and non-determinism are useful. The question is which one you use for which purpose.
Determinism is generally useful for expanding a short secret to a long one. For example, you may keep a short random secret and use it to generate a long keystream that you can XOR against messages for encryption and decryption (such as described in the RFC quote). When one string is generated deterministically from another, then the derived string is considered no more secure than the original since knowing the original allows the derived one to be calculated.
Non-determinism is generally used to generate a random value that no one else knows (yet). If you need to generate a key and don't want someone else to guess it, you need a non-deterministic (or at least something that we feel is close enough to non-deterministic) process. If you instead used a deterministic one, then the output no stronger than input and the problem hasn't been solved since you need an strong input. Somewhere in the derivation chain you need something strongly non-deterministic so that the output can't be guessed.
Generally, cryptographic keys are derived non-deterministically and then the cryptographic operation (such as encryption or signing) performed by them is deterministic. (At least, you can think of it as being deterministic, technically it's still supposed to be randomized in some way.)
One last piece of the puzzle: In practice, non-deterministic random number generators accumulate non-deterministic entropy and use that to seed a deterministic process that generates output. This is because non-deterministic entropy is relatively hard to come by and it generally needs to be compressed/whitened before being output. The output was generated deterministically from a non-deterministic source, so it is considered non-deterministic itself.
All of that is a very high overview and is light on details, but the concepts are necessary to understand recent issues on
So what happened with
SecureRandom provides random output for things like key generation, so it needs to be non-deterministic.
SecureRandom keeps an internal random state that it deterministically generates output from, and that internal state is supposed to be non-deterministic. So although the output is deterministically derived from an internal seed, when the seed is non-determinstic we consider the
SecureRandom output to be non-deterministic.
SecureRandom also allows the user to provide their own input seed as well.
SecureRandom had a bug where the internal state, if not seed was provided by a user, was automatically filled from a random source like
/dev/urandom, but it was done improperly. The amount of random data actually used was much smaller than it should have been. Not having enough random input lead to cryptographic problems.
Another problem was that when a seed was provided by the user to
SecureRandom, that seed would override the existing internal state. This meant that if the user called
SecureRandom without seeding it they got deterministic output from a non-deterministic source, but if they provided a seed then they got deterministic output from their own input and their input (very likely) wasn't strong enough to be cryptographically strong itself. I don't think this behavior was a bug, but it was changed anyway to prevent innocent misuse. The fix was to add the seed to the internal state, rather than to use it to replacing the state.
SecureRandom was used without a seed, the output was supposed to be non-deterministic, but it was based on too few non-deterministic bytes to be secure. When a seed was provided, the output only depended on the seed which was behavior that might confuse developers who thought a custom seed would add to the internal state rather than replace it. | <urn:uuid:5f6a5142-6302-4f33-8e52-6a65953e4132> | {
"date": "2019-09-17T23:16:39",
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"url": "https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/11260/why-is-sharing-the-seed-and-using-securerandom-deterministically-so-bad/11264"
} |
Individual Instruction — personified by the image of a tutor working one-on-one with a student — is the gold standard in education. Tutoring is superior instruction because it allows students to work at their own pace while the tutor is constantly monitoring progress and is available whenever a student needs help or guidance.
This type of teaching is especially important in the formative years (kindergarten to grade three) when children first encounter the world of formal education, and are most susceptible to learning difficulties. Early failures, if unobserved or otherwise unaddressed, become fissures in the students’ foundations for learning. They are very difficult to repair and almost always compromise further educational development.
Unfortunately, individual instruction is not the Continue reading “2017 – 2018 Certified Learning Report” | <urn:uuid:deb87197-9f3f-4583-84a0-10a64f70b9ef> | {
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"url": "https://structureofintellect.com/tag/structure-of-intellect/"
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Thanks to the earthquake, the Japanese have been forced to do a lot of something they usually avoid at all costs: burying their dead. Japan’s Buddhist traditions dictate that bodies should be cremated, and the ashes stored in family tombs; burial is outright illegal in many places. But with the death toll expected to climb to more than 20,000, and kerosene in short supply, there are simply too many bodies to burn, Reuters reports.
Instead, towns have been forced to resort to digging mass graves. Some bodies will be exhumed and cremated later, but others are unidentified or badly damaged. In one city, school gyms have been turned into makeshift morgues for these bodies, with relatives shuttled between them to find loved ones. In another, a study is being conducted to ensure the graves don’t affect fresh-water tables. “Burials are so rare here that we need to find a place to do this,” one official explained. | <urn:uuid:467939e5-e59d-4263-bd07-f41a48625769> | {
"date": "2017-07-21T13:08:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
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"int_score": 3,
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"url": "http://www.newser.com/story/114773/japan-resorts-to-mass-graves.html"
} |
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