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A letter arrives from Joe Smith. In it, he talks about a donation he is making to your playground project. Exactly what do you do with the letter?
First all of, realize that this letter is probably two kinds of items rolled into one. You may need to act on this letter in some way, such as calling him or writing back to him. His letter is an action item and needs to be handled as such. Throw it in your in-box until you either take the necessary action or make a note in your planner as to what action you need to take.
Now the piece of paper becomes a reference item. Just where do you file it? As a general rule, I file correspondence by the name of the person or organization who authored it. So, do I now label a folder “Smith, Joe” and file the lone piece of paper in it? If that were the case, I would soon have many folders each with only one or two pieces of paper.
The solution I have found is a single set of 26 folders labeled A through Z. The letter from Joe Smith is going to go in the back of the “S” folder. Should I need to put my hands on it again, I don’t need to wonder if I filed the letter in “P” for “playground” or “D” for “donations.” I simply ask who authored the letter, and I have my answer. Since Smith was the author, it will be in the “S” folder.
Notice that I said I would file the Smith letter in the back of the “S” folder. A study by
Filing the Smith letter in the back of the “S” folder is very quick, much quicker than filing it between “Si” and “Sn.” In addition, my chances of misfiling are slim when I file to the back of the folder. As we go through the year, the “S” file is chronological. What I receive near the beginning of the school year is towards the front.
What I receive towards the end of the year is near the back. To retrieve the Smith letter, I think, “About what point in the year did I receive the letter?” I then look towards the front, middle, or end of the folder depending on whether I received the letter towards the beginning, middle, or end of the year.
How important is it to save a particular letter? The answer is often unclear when you receive it. Six months down the road, you have a much better idea of whether a letter needs to be retained. For this reason, I err on the side of saving too much rather than not enough.
During the summer, I purge the 26 A-Z folders. I open the “A” folder and look at each piece of paper for about 2 seconds. The papers that look to be of lasting value are placed face down in one stack. Everything else goes in another stack. When we have finished with the “Z” folder, I am looking at a stack of papers maybe an inch in height that need to be saved. I label a folder “Correspondence 2004-2005” (or whatever the school year may be) and file that slim stack of papers. They will be retained permanently. What about the other stack, which measures about 3 feet tall? That is where a couple of big garbage bags come in handy. At the end of the process, I have 26 empty folders ready to start the process over again.
To review, your system has to be fast, it has to be fun, and it has to be easy enough you will actually use it. | <urn:uuid:1fd1fa07-00d5-4982-9842-73c7367902a0> | {
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A stellar mass black hole is a compact object with a mass greater than three solar masses. It is so dense and has such a powerful force of attraction that not even light can escape from it. That is why it cannot be observed directly, but only via the effects it produces, in the present case on its companion star, from which it “feeds”. In general, when matter falls onto a black hole is does so “quietly” by way of an accretion disk. However there are periods when this fall is violent, and “bursty”, producing a strong outburst of X-ray emission.
Binary systems composed of a star donating mass to a black hole are essential laboratories for the understanding of the most extreme physical phenomena in the Universe, such as those which towards the end of the life of a massive star lead to the formation of the black hole itself, or to a neutron star. Until now some 60 candidates for this type of black holes have been found in our galaxy, thanks to the detection of transient eruptions of X-rays, but only 17 of these have been confirmed. This is because of the difficulties in the way of studying the motion of the companion star round the black hole, which would allow us to infer its mass, and confirm the type of object.
Researchers have only a limited knowledge of the formation and the evolution of this type of objects, because of the small number of known binaries containing a black hole. That is why it is important to develop new strategies which will let us discover the “hidden” population of the galaxy, that is those objects which are “hibernating”, not in an active phase and so are not emitting X-rays.
The Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) researchers Jorge Casares and Miguel A. Pérez Torres have tested a novel technique measuring the brightness of these binary pairs with a combination of filters centred on the line of hydrogen alpha. The measurements give information about the intensity and the width of this line, which informs astronomers about the accretion disk around the black hole. In particular, the width of hydrogen alpha can be used as an indicator of the strength of the gravitational field, and so can be used as a diagnostic of the presence of a black hole. This technique could reveal, very efficiently, new black hole binaries in an inactive phase.
To show this the IAC researchers observed four systems with confirmed black holes using a set of special filters on ACAM, an instrument on the 4.2-metre (14-foot) William Herschel Telescope (WHT) of the Isaac Newton group of Telescopes at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, Garafía, La Palma, Spain. The results were then compared with direct measurements of the width of the hydrogen alpha line obtained with the ISIS spectrograph on the Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC) also located in La Palma. The result showed that it is practical to measure the width of the hydrogen alpha line using photometric techniques, which opens the door to a more efficient detection of inactive black holes in binary systems.
They estimate that an analysis of some 1000 square degrees (10%) of the zone of the galactic plane with this strategy should detect at least 50 new objects of this type, which is three times the currently known population. This search could also yield a detailed census of other galactic populations, such as short period cataclysmic variables, X-ray binaries containing neutron stars and ultra-compact binaries with period shorter than one hour.
Keep up to date with the latest news in All About Space – available every month for just £4.99. Alternatively you can subscribe here for a fraction of the price! | <urn:uuid:029709c8-824a-45d3-9a13-f5500dee52d7> | {
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Experts are warning that an outbreak of the tick-borne disease Babesiosis is of 'huge significance' to the health of pets as it threatens to spread throughout the UK. But what is Babesiosis and how can it affect our dogs?
Babesiosis is a malaria-like disease caused by the babesia canis parasite, which is spread by ticks. Like malaria, once contracted the parasite infects and replicates in the body's red blood cells, eventually leading to severe anaemia as the immune system rapidly attacks and destroys its own blood cells.
Symptoms of infection will vary, but look out for the following: lethargy or weakness, feverishness, jaundice, pale gums, brown or red urine, and discoloured stool. While the incubation period for Babesiosis is about two weeks, sometimes symptoms remain so mild that diagnosis might not be made for months. Therefore, if you have any suspicions at all, it is best to get your dog checked out by a vet.
Currently, four dogs have been confirmed as having the disease, with two requiring blood transfusions and another, sadly, having died. This is in Harlow, Essex, where all four dogs were walked on a similar patch of land. Since the outbreak, the local council has acted quickly to draw up maps for dog walkers highlighting which areas to avoid, but there is every chance that cats and foxes will come into contact with babesia canis as they pass through the same areas.
Although the disease is not thought to present a threat to either cats or humans, it is sensible to regularly treat all outdoor cats with a tick treatment to prevent them transferring their ticks to dogs. Despite experts predicting an inevitable spread of the disease, there are many things we can do to stall its progress and safeguard our pets.
Ticks can be found anywhere but they are more prevalent in rural and woodland areas. If you regularly walk your dog in these types of places, it is important to take the proper precautions. Ticks are difficult to spot, but once engorged with blood from having feasted, they are much easier to notice and remove.
If you happen to see a tick, grasp it close to the skin with a pair of tweezers or specialist removal tool and smoothly pull it out. Try not to puncture or break the tick as this can lead to infection. Once you have removed a tick, put it into a solution of alcohol before disposing of it.
Generally speaking, if a disease carrying tick is removed from the skin within 24-48 hours, the risk of transmission is reduced. If your dog has a particularly thick or long coat that makes it harder to notice ticks, use a hair dryer and focus your attention behind the ears, around the head, on the underside, between the toes and at the base of your dog's tail.
Admittedly Babesiosis is very worrying but it is important not to panic as transmission of tick-borne diseases can be prevented. If you regularly use a tick treatment and check your dog for ticks after every walk, you minimise the risk significantly. It is also important to bear in mind that the disease vector - the Dermacentor reticulatus tick - is uncommon in the UK, and not all ticks will carry the harmful parasite anyway.
VioVet stocks a range of tick-control treatments, from market-leaders Frontline and Fipnil, to the all-natural Biospotix range. We also sell tick removal tools and combs, as well as formulated shampoos. The Scalibor Collar for dogs offers great protection against ticks and other biting insects, as it contains a potent insecticide and repellent. If you have any concerns about Babesiosis or need advice, please comment below or email [email protected]
Written by: Hannah Dyball | <urn:uuid:1b860cf9-19f5-46f1-9e43-e798ef052cff> | {
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Mollusca: Slipper shell (Crepidula fornicata) preserved specimen.
Phylum: Mollusca, Class: Gastropoda, Order: Littorinimorpha, Superfamily: Calyptraeoidea, Family: Calyptraeidae, Genus: Crepidula, Species: C. fornicata. Binomial name is Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758).
Also known as common Atlantic slippersnail, boat shell, quarterdeck shell, and common slipper limpet (in Britain).
Image shown is of Slipper shells on a sea scallop
Medium-sized marine gastropod mollusc. Native to Eastern coast of North America, though widely distributed. Crepidula are usually intertidal though may also be found in estuaries and throughout the littoral zone. They are commonly found in piles with each addition secreting pheremones that alter the sex of the others in the pile. Specifically, the oldest and largest are female and are at the bottom of the pile. The newest additions are at the top of the pile and are male. For this reason, the term "sequential hermaphrodite" has been applied to this species.
Forensics Lab Supply Number 9860130.
Preserved Biological Specimens
Preserved Marine Specimens
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Climate tipping point may be very close
We're perhaps just decades away from the tipping point that could alter the planet irreversibly, an international group of scientists has warned.
Indeed, in some regions we may have passed that point already, leading to a permanent loss in the number of species and severe effects on human beings.
"The data suggests that there will be a reduction in biodiversity and severe impacts on much of what we depend on to sustain our quality of life, including, for example, fisheries, agriculture, forest products and clean water," warns Anthony Barnosky, professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley.
"This could happen within just a few generations."
The scientists want to see much better predictive models, and have launched the Berkeley Initiative in Global Change Biology, or BiGCB, a massive undertaking involving more than 100 UC Berkeley scientists from a wide range of disciplines.
"One key goal of the BiGCB is to understand how plants and animals responded to major shifts in the atmosphere, oceans, and climate in the past, so that scientists can improve their forecasts and policy makers can take the steps necessary to either mitigate or adapt to changes that may be inevitable," says Barnosky.
"Better predictive models will lead to better decisions in terms of protecting the natural resources future generations will rely on for quality of life and prosperity."
In a review in Nature, biologists, ecologists, complex-systems theoreticians, geologists and paleontologists from the US, Canada, South America and Europe argue that, although many warning signs are emerging, no one knows for sure how close Earth is to a global tipping point - or even if it really is inevitable.
"We may already be past these tipping points in particular regions of the world," says Elizabeth Hadly from Stanford University.
"I just returned from a trip to the high Himalayas in Nepal, where I witnessed families fighting each other with machetes for wood - wood that they would burn to cook their food in one evening. In places where governments are lacking basic infrastructure, people fend for themselves, and biodiversity suffers."
Studies of small-scale ecosystems show that once 50-90 percent of an area has been altered, the entire ecosystem tips irreversibly into a state very different from the original, with species extinctions and a loss of biodiversity.
Currently, to support a population of seven billion people, about 43 percent of Earth's land surface has been converted to agricultural or urban use, with roads cutting through much of the remainder. The population is expected to rise to nine billion by 2045; and current trends suggest that half Earth's land surface will be disturbed by 2025. To Barnosky, this is disturbingly close to a global tipping point.
"Can it really happen? Looking into the past tells us unequivocally that, yes, it can really happen. It has happened," he says. | <urn:uuid:c9b6db92-2fbb-4493-81bb-f9c2cd524dfe> | {
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San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 12th most populous city in the United States, with a 2008 estimated population of 808,976. It is one of the most densely populated cities in the United States and is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the larger San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.4 million people. The city is located at the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, with the Pacific Ocean to the west and San Francisco Bay to the north and east, and Daly City and Brisbane to the south.
In 1776, the Spanish established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi. The California Gold Rush in 1848 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After being devastated by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a liberal bastion in the United States.
Today, San Francisco is a popular international tourist destination renowned for its chilly summer fog, steep rolling hills, eclectic mix of Victorian and modern architecture and its famous landmarks, including the Golden Gate Bridge, the cable cars, and Chinatown.
Visit Wikipedia for more information about San Francisco, California. | <urn:uuid:df4a4c9c-3be3-489a-b449-f0bbad812ce2> | {
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|Year of Publication:||2015|
|Authors:||Liu, WH, Dai, XH, Xu, JS|
|Keywords:||China, gracillariidae, leafminer, Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae, review, Tischeriidae|
Influences of leaf-mining insects on their host plants: A review.— Leaf-mining insects are an herbivore group whose larvae live and feed inside plant leaves. Leaf mines are distinct marks on leaves and can provide much information on insect-plant relationships. Most leaf miners are monophagous or oligophagous. Therefore ecologists and paleontologists use them to study interactions and coevolution among plants, insects and natural enemies. There are many different types of leaf-mining patterns on plant leaves, which may have different impacts on host plants. Compared with ectophagous herbivores, leaf-mining insects should have unique influences on host plant characteristics, such as leaf morphology, leaf chemistry, plant physiology, plant growth and production. Obvious impacts include leaf asymmetry, callus formation, photosynthesis, and green islands. Types and degrees of such influences are varied for different leaf miner species or different host plant species. In turn, the change of plant features may have positive or negative impacts on oviposition and feeding of leaf-mining insects. Studies on plant responses to leaf-mining and the defensive mechanisms of plants are helpful in understanding the coevolution between leaf miners and their food plants.
You are here
Home » Influences of leaf-mining insects on their host plants: A review | <urn:uuid:bb9c220c-5119-4800-85ac-f808f43568ee> | {
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Mentioned as a substance for perfuming garments (Psalms 45:8) and beds (Proverbs 7:17). In Song of Solomon 4:14, it occurs in a list of the most precious spices. The most memorable use of aloes as a spice is in John 19:39: "There came also Nicodemus, he who at the first came to him at night, bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred pounds." This was an immense quantity and if the aloes bore any large proportion to the myrrh the mixture must have been purchased at a very high cost. The most difficult mention of aloes is the earliest where (Numbers 24:5,6) Balaam in his blessing on Israel exclaims-- - "How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob, Thy tabernacles, O Israel! As valleys are they spread forth, As gardens by the river-side, As lign-aloes which Yahweh hath planted, As cedar-trees beside the waters." + As the aloes in question grow in East Asia it is difficult to see how Balaam could have come to speak of them as living trees. Post (HDB, I, 69) suggests that they may possibly have been growing at that time in the Jordan valley; this is both improbable and unnecessary. Balaam need have had no actual tree in his mind's eye but may have mentioned the aloe as a tree famous over the Orient for its preciousness. That the reference is poetical rather than literal may be supposed by the expression in the next verse "cedar-trees beside the waters"--a situation very unnatural for the high-mountain-loving cedar. Yet another explanation is that the Hebrew has been altered and that 'elim, "terebinths" instead of 'ahalim, "aloes" stood in the original text. The aloe wood of the Bible is eaglewood--so misnamed by the Portuguese who confused the Malay name for it (agora) with the Latin aquila, "eagle"--a product of certain trees of the Natural Order Aquilariaceae, growing in Southeast Asia The two most valued varieties are Aquilaria malaccensis and Aloes agallocha--both fine spreading trees. The resin, which gives the fragrant quality to the wood, is formed almost entirely in the heart wood; logs are buried, the outer part decays while the inner, saturated with the resin, forms the "eagle wood" or "aloe wood" of commerce; "aloes" being the same wood in a finely powdered condition. To the Arabs this wood is known as `ud. It shows a beautiful graining and takes a high polish.
These aloes must be clearly distinguished from the well-known medicinal aloes, of ancient fame. This is a resin from Aloes socatrina, and allied species, of the Natural Order Liliaceae, originally from the island of Socotra, but now from Barbados, the Cape of Good Hope and other places. The "American aloe" (Agave americana) which today is cultivated in many parts of Palestine, is also quite distinct from the Biblical plant.
E. W. G. Masterman
These files are public domain. | <urn:uuid:f16ab069-f7a5-4551-9028-c8d233bb6b91> | {
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Britain In Palestine
THIS EVENT IS ARCHIVED
Date: 11 October 2012Time: 10:00 AM
Finishes: 15 December 2012Time: 5:00 PM
Venue: Brunei GalleryRoom: Brunei Gallery Exhibition Rooms
Type of Event: Exhibition
This exhibition will tell the story of what happened to Palestine and its people under the British mandate for Palestine. It will show how and why Britain got involved in Palestine, and the impact of British rule upon the country. Vivid and moving personal stories will portray the dilemmas of ordinary people caught up in the extraordinary circumstances of mandate-era Palestine featuring dramatic photographs, personal testimonies, important original documents, and poignant personal belongings that have survived from the time.
The exhibition will illustrate the experiences of British people who served in Palestine as colonial servants, Palestine Police and military servicemen. The reminiscences of these people and their families testify to the profound impression Palestine made on their lives.
Palestine became British territory after the First World War under a mandate from the League of Nations; from 1920 Palestine was ruled by a British High Commissioner reporting to the Government’s Colonial Office. Britain’s authority to rule was derived from a League of Nations mandate, written by the British and which included the controversial Balfour Declaration of 1917 which proffered British support for a Jewish National Home in Palestine. The ambiguities and the contradictions contained within the Mandate were to foster antagonism and resentment between Arabs and Jews in Palestine, which finally erupted into a full blown conflict when the British left in May 1948. The results of this conflict are still with us today. | <urn:uuid:29984733-232f-4146-9baf-a8bbbb3c0dec> | {
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Joke: Little Johnny's Chemistry teacher wanted to teach his class a lesson about the evils of liquor, so he set up an experiment that involved a glass of water, a glass of whiskey, and two worms. "Now, class. Observe what happens to the two the worms," said the professor putting the first worm in the glass of water. The worm in the water moved about, twisting and seemingly unharmed. He then dropped the second work in the whiskey glass. It writhed in pain for a moment, then quickly sank to the bottom and died. "Now kids, what lesson can we derive from this experiment?" he asked. Little Johnny raised his hand and wisely responded, "Drink whiskey and you won't get worms!"
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Follow us and get the Riddle of the Day, Joke of the Day, and interesting updates. | <urn:uuid:757ed391-0832-4040-905f-f1919f3c610c> | {
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In a geophysical survey energy is put into the ground and responses are measured. The responses depend upon the physical properties in the ground and the survey itself. The geophysical data can be used to generate images that convey geologic information and they can be further processed to yield information about the distribution of the physcial property. Geophysics is therefore useful if the connection between the geologic or engineering problem and the physical property is known. In this section we introduce some fundamental concepts and definitions about geophysical surveys, physical properties, terminology and provide examples that illustrate how geophysics can be used. | <urn:uuid:0e9f3297-d2c6-4448-9def-09400cd4a786> | {
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New report demystifies natural gas terminology
A new Congressional Research Service report cuts through the sometimes confusing language that describes the nation's endowment of oil and natural gas resources.
For example, the report explains the distinction between the nation's estimated 272.5 trillion cubic feet of proved natural gas reserves – an 11-year supply at current consumption rates – and the estimated 1,500 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered technically recoverable natural gas resource – a 60-year supply.
The report explains that many of the nation's high-quality, easy-to-produce oil and gas deposits have already been tapped, leaving more-challenging, less-profitable deposits to dominate future production. It also defines the differences between such terms as dry vs. wet gas, reserves vs. resources, proved vs. unproved reserves, conventional vs. unconventional resources and technically recoverable vs. economically recoverable resources.
"Current discussions of U.S. and global energy supply refer to oil, natural gas, and coal using several terms that may be unfamiliar to some," the report says. "The terms used to describe different types of fossil fuels have technically precise definitions, and misunderstanding or misuse of these terms may lead to errors and confusion in estimating energy available or making comparisons among fuels, regions, or nations."
The 25-page report from the nonpartisan Congressional Research Service is titled "U.S. Fossil Fuel Resources: Terminology, Reporting and Summary."
Posted: January 18, 2012 | <urn:uuid:eee12c85-ff96-44a5-b1f0-f744397d6f5e> | {
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Commanders should "endeavor with every art to divide the forces of the enemy," advised Renaissance philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli in The Art of War. Eastern hemlock trees (Tsuga Canadensis) are no military strategists, but they might also benefit from a divided enemy. Ecologists have found that trees infested by two competing invasive herbivores may fare better than trees hosting a single alien species.
Since the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) arrived in Virginia from Japan in the 1950s, the insect has devastated U.S. forests from Massachusetts to Georgia. The millimeter-long adelgid spends most of its life immobile on hemlock twigs, sipping sap and injecting saliva that may be toxic to the trees. Lacking natural predators in North America, adelgid infestations often kill a tree within 10 years. Thousands of hectares of hemlock forest in the eastern United States have died, a loss that is particularly severe because hemlock grows on rocky slopes where other trees cannot, plays a central role in forest nutrient cycling, moderates stream temperatures, and creates unique habitats with its drooping branches.
Still, the losses haven't been as bad as some ecologists feared. By the mid-1990s, "the hemlocks were supposed to just tank," says community ecologist Evan Preisser of the University of Rhode Island, Kingston. But New England still has some fairly healthy hemlock stands--even though another introduced insect that attacks the trees, the elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa), began to spread rapidly through the region in the mid-1990s. Preisser and entomologist Joseph Elkinton of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, wondered if it was more than coincidence that the trees' unexpected survival corresponded to the scale's spread.
The researchers introduced the insects to 20 previously uninfested trees in Massachusetts. To make the transfer, they enclosed 100 branches in mesh bags with hemlock clippings bearing scale, adelgid, both, or neither. Every 6 months for 2 years, they counted the insects and measured new growth on each branch. When the two insects occurred together, the density of each species ended up about 30% lower than when it had a branch to itself--a telltale sign that the two species were competing for resources. Branches with both pests grew about 25% more than those colonized by the adelgid alone, the researchers reported this month in Ecology. Both insects weaken trees by feeding on them, but if adelgid saliva is also toxic, it makes sense that branches were better off with fewer adelgids, Preisser says.
"I don't think the trees are in the clear if they have both insects," cautions David Orwig, a forest ecologist at Harvard University's Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts. He says the results could help identify hemlock stands urgently in need of chemical pest control--those with high adelgid density and few scales.
Insect ecologist Ian Kaplan of Cornell University adds that the research is novel because it calls attention to competition between invasive species, a phenomenon that can only become more important "as time goes on and we add more non-native species" to every ecosystem. | <urn:uuid:c06ad7bf-3568-46d9-98a0-a65769ec1e65> | {
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Arduino has helped many DIY developers create IoT projects. In a way, developers are solving a variety of real-world problems that need electronic hardware and software to solve them. Though hardware up gradation has its physical limitations, what could be done with software codes has limitless potential. With better programming skills, the size of programmes decrease and there is phenomenal increase in the efficiacy and execution.
Some precursors to Programming Arduino
- Arduino uses C/C++ for programming. It would be definitely an addon to brush up C/C++ programming skills
- Software programmers can get exposure to electronic circuits and a lot of knowledge on how the boards take instructions while its various components that help work in tandem
- The developer must have the understanding of network components or modules such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, NFC modules and Android component.
In this Video
The developer explains everything there is to know from the basic fundamentals of what a register is and how it could be used to further optimize Arduino code.
He also explains on what happens registers are set manually and unwanted codes are excluded. Further more this video gives you few simple steps where a 2632 bytes Arduino program is reduced in size to 682 bytes. | <urn:uuid:28a330db-33a1-4ff2-9016-2b8730708a9c> | {
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Nuclear and defense supplier General Atomics announced in February, 2010 that they would launch a 12-year ($1.7 billion) program to develop a new kind of small, commercial nuclear reactor in the U.S. that could run on spent fuel from big reactors.
The General Atomics reactor, which is dubbed EM2 for Energy Multiplier Module, would be about one-quarter the size of a conventional reactor and have unusual features, including the ability to burn used fuel, which still contains more than 90% of its original energy. Such reuse would reduce the volume and toxicity of the waste that remained. General Atomics calculates there is so much U.S. nuclear waste that it could fuel 3,000 of the proposed reactors, far more than it anticipates building.
The EM2 would operate at temperatures as high as 850 degrees Centigrade, which is about twice as hot as a conventional water-cooled reactor. The very high temperatures would make the reactor especially well suited to industrial uses that go beyond electricity production, such as extracting oil from tar sands, desalinating water and refining petroleum to make fuel and chemicals.
There was a presentation at the commission on America's Nuclear future (10 page pdf)
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on Reddit, or StumbleUpon. Thanks
How to Make Money | <urn:uuid:c908a8c8-d2e2-4782-a19a-20ceb7b33b0f> | {
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Underfloor heating, winemaking, aqueducts and road networks – the Romans brought many things with them when they arrived and settled in the Moselle valley over 2,000 years ago. Luxurious installations are to be found in the remains of the rural farmsteads. Some of them were almost palace-like in their dimensions and were decorated with splendid mosaics.
A famous example of Roman mosaic art is the gladiator and wild beast mosaic from the Villa at Nennig. Located on the right bank of the river Moselle, south of Trier, this gladiatorial pavement floor is one of the most important Roman artefacts north of the Alps. Protected by a dedicated building built about 150 years ago, and covering an area of roughly 160m2, the mosaic vividly portrays musicians, scenes of hunting and gladiatorial contests.
In the third century AD it once dominated the atrium (reception hall) of a large magnificent palace. Then it disappeared beneath the soil until it was discovered by a farmer in 1852. The excavations were able to reveal only a part of the once splendid and extensive grounds, namely the foundation walls of the imposing central building and several adjacent buildings. A coin of Commodus (struck ca. 192), found in the fine stone bedding under the mosaic during the excavations of 1960, dates the construction of the villa to the end of the second century or the beginning of the 3rd century A.D.
Walking around the interior of the building, the entire scene can be viewed from a gallery above: the central motif is the square depiction of a gladiator combat while the six octagonal medallions present further scenes from the world of the amphitheatre.
Fig. 1: Organist and horn player
The beginning and the end of the Roman games were often accompanied by music. The mosaicist has depicted the water organ (hydraulis), know in the ancient world since 300 BC. The 27 organ-pipes rest on a hexagonal podium which also serves to store water for the organ. The organist plays the keyboard situated behind the pipes. The curved horn, which is braced and supported on the shoulder of the player by a cross bar, is a cornu.
Fig. 2: Javelin thrower with leopard
The games usually began with venationes (beast hunts) and bestiarii (beast fighting) gladiators. Here the beast is wounded by the venator’s spear and tries to pull the javelin out. It succeeds only in breaking it in half. Delighted with his conquest, the proud venator received the acclamation of the crowd.
Fig. 3: Tiger and wild ass
Another variety of venatio consisted of pitting animals against animals. The Romans loved to see large and dangerous animals fighting each other. In this scene, a wild ass, laid low by blows from the tiger’s paw, has fallen to the ground. Standing proudly, the victor of this unmatched contest looks around before commencing his bloody feast.
Fig. 4: Lion with keeper
This scene depicts a lion, with only the head of the ass still is in his claws, being forcibly led away from the arena by his aged keeper. This was the first of the illustrated panels to be discovered in 1852.
Fig. 5: Three venatores and bear
In this panel, which is in the center of the mosaic, a bear has thrown one of his tormentors to the ground, while the other two attempt to drive the animal off by lashes from their whips. The venatores are wearing knee-breeches and very broad belts in addition to the leg wrappings. Later their clothing was reduced to the tunica.
Fig. 6: Combatants with cudgel and whip
The introduction to the gladiatorial contests consisted of a prolusio (prelude). The various pairs fought with blunted weapons, giving the foretaste of their skills. This scene depicts a contest between two combatants attacking one another with cudgels (short thick sticks) and a whip.
Fig. 7: The gladiators
In the afternoon came the high point of the games, individual gladiatorial combats. These were usually matches between gladiators with different types of armor and fighting styles, supervised by a referee (summa rudis). This scene represents simultaneously the highlight and the conclusion of the games. It depicts a combat between a retiarius, armed with trident and dagger, and a secutor, while a referee looks on.
Fig. 8: The inscribed panel
Following restorations in 1960/61 the following text was inserted: This Roman mosaic floor was discovered in 1852, reconstructed in 1874 and restored in 1960. The original medallion has been destroyed, perhaps intentionally, by later occupants of the villa.
The villa complex included a bath house with heated rooms, small pavilions and magnificent gardens. A two-storied colonnaded portico (140 m long) ran across the façade of the main building, flanked by three-storied tower wings with massive walls.
A necropolis laid to the south of the villa. Only one of the two tumuli survives. It is assumed to be the funerary monument of the owner of the villa, a small-scale copy of the tomb of Augustus in Rome.
I was struck by how well preserved the mosaic is. The great efforts in Nennig at preserving what remains of the Roman villa make for a fascinating visit. The Moselle Valley’s ancient Roman heritage has a lot to offer to tourists and scholars alike. More than 120 antique sights along the Moselle and Saar, the Saarland and Luxembourg are testament to the Gallo-Roman era north of the Alps (further information here).
Ausonius (310-395 AD), a Latin poet and tutor to the future emperor Gratian, wrote a poem called Mosella, a description of the river Moselle:
“What colour are they now, thy quiet waters? The evening star has brought the evening light, And filled the river with the green hillside; The hill-tops waver in the rippling water, Trembles the absent vine and swells the grape In thy clear crystal.” Mosella, line 192; translation from Helen Waddell Mediaeval Latin Lyrics ( 1943) p. 31.
More photos can be viewed from my image collection on Flickr.
Römische Villa Nennig
D. 66706 Perl-Nennig, tel. +49 6866 1329
April – September: Tuesday to Sunday 8:30 a.m. – 12 noon and 1 – 6 p.m.
October, November and March: Tuesday to Sunday 9 – 11:30 a.m. and 1 – 4:30 p.m.
Closed from December to February and on Monday
Sources: The Roman Mosaic at Nennig: A Brief Guide (n.d.) by Reinhard Schindler / Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome | <urn:uuid:583a9229-6791-4fc1-91e8-6e274395a5b8> | {
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Animal Airways publishes results from its recent research in international pet shipping, based on the first two quarters of 2010 Among the fascinating results; more than 4 million pets are transported by air annually, only 300,000 pets are shipped3, 2010 - Faculty members, foreign diplomats, businessmen, students, reporters & NGO workers have one thing in common when flying abroad; they will not leave without their family members and that includes their pets.
More than 4 million pets are transported by air annually as only 300,000 are shipped as cargo and the rest fly with their families on-board. An increase of 8%-10% is estimated within the next five years and that is due to an anticipated increase in both global tourism and relocation trends. According to Animal Airways' head veterinarian Dr. Eytan Kreiner: "by 2015 almost 4.5 million pets will fly annually when more than 500,000 will be shipped as cargo and that is due to straight rules and regulations required by certain countries and airlines insisting that pets imported and exported as cargo only".
The leading trend for pet shipment is global relocation (40%) and global tourism (45%), followed by military & security operations (8%) student exchanges (5%) and others (2%).
Within the flying scale dogs lead with 55% while cats follow with 40% and the rest are birds and ferrets with 5%.
North America leads in pets imports and exports (by 35%), followed by western Europe (28%), Latin America (10%) eastern Europe (10%), Asia (8%), Australia & New Zealand (4%), Middle East (3%), Africa (2%).
Preparations for international pet transportation can last from 4 weeks and up to 6 months. The process involves bureaucratic regulations and approvals, veterinarian treatment and guidance, airline approved kenneling, airway bill and more. The time parameter is based on: rules and regulations in departure point and destination point, airline rules and standards, pets' age, health conditions and more. Preparations for shipping a cat from USA to Canada can take up to a month while Preparations for shipping a dog from Canada to the UK can take up to 6 months.
Shipping pets internationally $680. The price begins with $300 and can easily reach $1000 and more. According to Dr. Kreiner: "money is not the main issue when it comes to shipping pets. People from all over the world treat pets as part of the family and will do what ever it takes to take pets along where ever they go". | <urn:uuid:8631c268-2ce0-418c-bcbc-4686623018ce> | {
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Due date: Thursday April 9th, 2015 by 11:59PM PDT.
This assignment is designed to help you get pbrt, the physically-based rendering system you will use throughout this course, set up and running on your machine, as well as teach you a bit about lighting design. Along the way, you'll familiarize yourself with the software by rendering several test scenes and reading the first few chapters of the textbook. The pbrt system has been developed and tested extensively on Linux, MacOSX, and Windows; feel free to use whatever platform you're most comfortable with.
Step 1: Building PBRT
Detailed instructions for setting up pbrt on various platforms are available here. For the remainder of this assignment, we'll assume that pbrt is correctly built and that the pbrt binaries are in your path.
Step 2: Rendering Your First Image
Once you have successfully compiled pbrt, you can render your first image. Download the Assignment 1 starter files here . From within the directory containing the scene file, render an image with the command:
After pbrt is done rendering, it will print statistics of the rendering process to the screen and output the image file
Congratulations, you've rendered your first image with pbrt! Convert it to a TIFF file using pbrt's
exrtotiff utility and then open it using any image viewing program. (Alternatively, you can view the EXR file directly using programs such as Photoshop or OpenEXR's
A correctly rendered image is shown at left in the figure above. In this scene, the camera is pointed directly at the model of a face. A single spotlight shines on the face from behind the camera and slightly off to the right, casting a hard shadow onto the wall behind the model. The location of the camera and spotlight are illustrated on the right.
Before you move on, please open
lighting.pbrt and read all the comments carefully. Try to understand the positions of the camera, the spot light and the head model. Keep in mind pbrt uses left-handed coordinate system. It is also highly recommended that you take some time to go over
Area Lights in
pbrt-v2/docs/fileformat.pdf before you start doing the assignment.
Step 3: Lighting the Scene
In this assignment you will manipulate the lighting in a simple test scene to create several images using pbrt. Try your best to imitate the provided renderings, using the illustrations as hints on where to position the lights.
Configuration 1: Spotlight From Below
First, we will move the spotlight so it points up at the face from below. Open the
lighting.pbrt scene file and find the description of the spotlight in the file. It should look like this:
LightSource "spot" "color I" [50 50 50] "point from" [-0.5 0 4.7] "point to" [0 0 0] "float coneangle"
By inspecting the the
"point from" field, we see that the light is located behind the camera and slightly off to the right. It is aimed at the center of the scene (the
"point to" field) where the model is located. Now, move the light so that it is pointed at the model from the position and orientation shown below. A simple change in lighting completely changes the mood of the portrait!
Configuration 2: Area Lighting From The Right
The light from a pbrt spotlight originates from a single point in space. Light originating from a single point in space results in hard shadows that photographers generally find visually objectionable. Area lights emit light from a large region in space, resulting in a softer lighting of the subject and the generation of shadows with penumbra. The pbrt scene file contains the following definition of an area light (commented out):
AreaLightSource "area" "color L" [10 10 10] "integer nsamples"
# use camera coordinate system (optional)
# adjust light source position
Translate 0 0 -2
Rotate 90 1 0 0
define the shape of the arealight to be a disk with radius 1.5
Shape "disk" "float radius" [1.5]
Light from this source is emitted from a disk of radius 1.5. The luminance (or energy) emitted by this light source is given by the value "L". Take out the spotlight from Configuration 1 and modify the area light definition above to produce an image similar to the one shown below.
You will notice an increase in rendering time when you enable the area light in the scene. This brings up an important point: sometimes you'll want to speed up the rendering process so that you can tweak a scene's properties more efficiently. The simplest way to do this is to decrease the size and quality of the rendered image. Notice that
lighting.pbrt is set up to render 300x300 images. To render smaller images, change
"yresolution" in the
Film definition in
Film "image" "string filename" ["lighting.exr"]
"integer xresolution" "integer yresolution"
Additionally, decreasing the number of samples (eye rays) that pbrt uses to compute the value of each output pixel will also speed up rendering. The
Sampler definition in
lighting.pbrt instructs pbrt to sample each output pixel using 4 rays.
Sampler "lowdiscrepancy" "integer pixelsamples"
We ask you to use at least 4 samples for your final hand-in images. However, while setting up your scenes you might wish to use only a single sample per pixel to reduce rendering time.
Configuration 3: Two Light Sources
Notice how the left side of the face is in shadow in Configuration 2. In fact, it is so dark that no detail is visible at all. A photographer might use additional lights to illuminate the subject more evenly. In this setup, a spotlight shines on the model at an angle from the left, and a reflecting surface is placed to the right, in order to reflect light back onto the dark side of the face and produce more even illumination. This second source of lighting on the model is referred to as fill lighting. One way to approximate this effect in pbrt is to use two light sources. Illuminate the model using a spotlight from the position indicated in the illustration below. Then use a large area light on the right of the model to give the effect of fill lighting on the dark side of the face. Render the scene with and without the fill lighting to observe the visual difference.
Configuration 4: Many Light Sources
In practice, photographers use many lights to illuminate a subject so that the resulting image conforms precisely to their preferences. Try to adjust the lighting conditions to recreate the scene below, in which four light sources are used to create a visually pleasing effect. Notice that in this example you will also need to move the position of the camera to view the model from a slightly different angle. The LookAt directive specifies the position of the camera in world space, the location the camera is pointed at, and the "up" direction of the camera. Camera settings are defined by the following two lines in the scene file:
LookAt 0 0 4.5 0 0 0 0 1 0
Camera "perspective" "float fov"
The following 4 images show the separate effect of the four light sources.
The main light is on the side of the face away from the camera.
The fill light is close to the camera on the opposite side from the main light.
The accent light shines toward the upper part from the back of the subject. Normally, it is used to highlight the texture of hair. In our case, we'll use it to accent our model's embarrassing lack of hair.
The background light separates the subject from the background. It is placed behind the subject and to one side, facing toward the backdrop.
Submission and Grading
This assignment will be graded on a credit/no credit basis. Credit will be given if the example renderings are reproduced to reasonable accuracy. Try your best to mimic the lighting configurations in the example renderings, but don't worry if your images aren't perfect matches. For example, for configuration 2 , you solution is acceptable as long as you put the light source to the left of the head model and manage to get highlight and shadow on the face. The important thing is that you become familiar with pbrt and manipulating properties of its scene files.
To submit your work, please send your username to
[email protected], and we will create a wiki page for you to write your report. This wiki page should contain:
1. Images you rendered in the steps above: one for configuration 1; one for configuration 2; two for configuration 3(with and without the fill lighting) and five for configuration 4(four for each single light source and one for all). You should render all these images at a resolution of 300x300, with at least 4 samples per pixel and at least 4 samples per area light source.
AreaLightSource in your pbrt scripts for each step.
3. A summary(in a few sentences) of the process you followed to develop the correct scene configurations. This summary might include problems you encountered with the pbrt build/installation process, steps you took to speed up the render/view/render process, other experimentation you performed, etc. | <urn:uuid:889bc195-b6b5-413e-b36b-03b3fb819516> | {
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Telehealth: When technology meets health care
From researching treatment options to emailing with your doctor, telehealth gives you the tools to better manage your health.By Mayo Clinic Staff
How many times have you heard it said that the Internet has transformed modern life? Indeed it's probably changed how you stay in touch with family and friends, purchase goods and services, and even search for information about health problems.
Are you using all of the telehealth tools available to manage your health?
What is telehealth?
Telehealth is simply using digital information and communication technologies, such as computers and mobile devices, to manage your health and well-being. Telehealth, also called e-health or m-health (mobile health), includes a variety of health care services, including but not limited to:
- Online support groups
- Online health information and self-management tools
- Email and online communication with health care providers
- Electronic health records
- Remote monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure, or symptoms
- Video or online doctor visits
Consider how people with diabetes could use telehealth to manage their health — all without having to leave home:
- Use a mobile phone or other device to upload food logs, medications, dosing and blood sugar levels for review by a nurse who responds electronically.
- Watch a how-to video on carbohydrate counting and download an application (app) for it to your mobile phone.
- Use the same app to estimate, based on your diet and exercise level, how much insulin you need.
- Send an email or text message to a nurse or diabetes educator when you have questions.
- Order testing supplies and medications online.
- Research the pros and cons of alternate treatments, such as insulin pumps.
- Get email, text or phone reminders when you need a flu shot, foot exam or other preventive care.
Interested in learning more? Check out the following ways technology can help you better manage your health.
An e-visit is a doctor's appointment you do online instead of in person. You type in your question or problem, usually through a progression of questions. Your message is sent to your health care provider, who reviews it and sends a response. You may receive a prescription for medication, a recommendation for a follow-up appointment or other advice. Your messages are secure — meaning no one else can see or read them. Visits can also take place in real time via a video conference.
E-visits can save you — and your doctor — time compared with office visits. They can be especially helpful for people in rural areas or those who don't have easy access to transportation.
Personal health records
A personal health record is a collection of information about your health that you control and maintain. If you have a shot record or a file of medical papers, you already have a basic personal health record. And you've probably encountered the big drawback of paper records: You rarely have them with you when you need them.
Electronic personal health record systems — often called PHR systems — remedy that problem by making your personal health record accessible to you anytime via a Web-enabled device, such as your computer, laptop, tablet or smartphone.
Having a personal health record can be a lifesaver, literally. In an emergency, you can quickly give emergency personnel vital information, such as a disease you're being treated for, medications you take, drugs you're allergic to, and how to contact your family doctor.
May 24, 2014
See more In-depth
- e-Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://health.gov/communication/ehealth/. Accessed March 25, 2014.
- Telemedicine defined. American Telemedicine Association. http://www.americantelemed.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3333. Accessed March 25, 2014.
- Slack WV. Patient-computer dialogue: A hope for the future. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2010;85:701.
- Adamson SC, et al. Pilot study of providing online care in a primary care setting. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2010;85:704.
- Chapman LS, et al. eHealth portals: Who uses them and why? American Journal of Health Promotion. 2010;24:TAHP1.
- Dixon RF. Enhancing primary care through online communication. Health Affairs. 2010;29:1364.
- What is a personal health record (PHR)? American Health Information Management Association. http://www.myphr.com/StartaPHR/what_is_a_phr.aspx. Accessed March 25, 2014.
- Health care delivery: Bringing value to the patient. Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.org/mcitems/mc2300-mc2399/mc2386-2401.pdf. Accessed March 25, 2014.
- Luptak M, et al. The care coordination home telehealth (CCHT) rural demonstration project: A symptom-based approach for serving older veterans in remote geographical settings. Rural Remote Health. 2010;10:1375.
- Health communication and health information technology. Healthy People 2020. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=18. Accessed March 25, 2014.
- Varkey P, et al. Telemedicine in the work site: A study of feasibility, and patient and provider satisfaction. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2008;14:323.
- Angstman KB, et al. Impact of e-consults on return visits of primary care patients. Health Care Management. 2009;28:253.
- Takahashi PY, et al. A randomized controlled trial of telemonitoring in older adults with multiple chronic conditions: The Tele-ERA study. BMC Health Serves Research. 2010;10:255.
- Lo B, et al. The impact of web 2.0 on the doctor-patient relationship. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2010;38:17.
- Chan M, et al. Smart homes: Current features and future perspectives. Maturitas. 2009;64:90. | <urn:uuid:68d42ccb-408b-4f53-b18d-62ee8139a3e5> | {
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(HealthDay)— Seniors need to take extra care with both prescription and over-the-counter medications, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns.
As people get older, many begin to take multiple medications. This can increase their risk for potentially dangerous drug interactions. Plus, keeping track of multiple medications and taking them exactly as prescribed can be a challenge, the FDA cautions.
"As a society, we have become reliant on pharmaceuticals to help us attain a longer and higher-quality life. It's a wonderful success of Western medicine," Rear Admiral (Ret.) Dr. Sandra Kweder, deputy director of the agency's Office of New Drugs, said in an FDA news release.
"The goal should be for each of us to access that benefit but respect that medicines are serious business. To get the most out of them, you should take them with great care and according to directions," noted Kweder.
One worry with medications is the natural changes that occur in the body with age. These changes may cause medication to be absorbed differently. If you have reduced kidney function, this could affect how some medications are broken down or excreted from your body, the FDA cautioned. Age-related changes in your digestive system can also affect how quickly medication enters your bloodstream.
"There is no question that physiology changes as we age. Many chronic medical conditions don't even appear until our later years," explained Kweder. "It's not that people are falling to pieces; some changes are just part of the normal aging process."
There are ways that older adults can ensure their safety when taking medication. The FDA provided the following tips to help prevent dangerous situations and potentially harmful interactions:
- Follow Doctor's Orders: It's important to take your medication as prescribed by your doctor. Do not stop taking your medication without talking to your doctor first - even if you feel fine. If you are experiencing unwanted side effects, talk to your doctor right away.
"Medication can't work unless you take it," Kweder noted. "For instance, medications that treat chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes typically only work when taken regularly and as directed. You have to take them continuously to maintain control over your condition."
It's also important to take the correct dose of your medication. Do not skip doses or take twice as much for a missed dose. The amount of medication you are prescribed is based on research reviewed by the FDA.
"Every medicine is really different and is dosed according to what's been tested," Kweder added.
- Keep Track of Your Medications: It's a good idea to keep a list of all the medications you are taking. Be sure to record the dosage of these drugs. You should also write down how often and when you take your medications. It may also be helpful to give a copy of this list to a friend or relative in case of an emergency.
"You should know your medicines better than the doctor does," said Kweder.
- Do Your Homework: if you take more than one medication they can interact. That means one medication can interfere with how another medication works. Certain foods or alcohol can also affect medications you are taking. Some drugs may be potentially harmful if you have certain medication conditions.
It's important to read all the information that comes with your medications, including drug facts labels. Be sure to discuss any special instruction with your doctor. If you have more than one doctor, be sure to tell each one about all of the medications you are taking.
- Get a Medication Check Up: At least once a year, review your medications with your doctor. Confirm whether or not you still need to be taking each drug. You can also ask your doctor if a cheaper or more effective drug has become available.
More information: The U.S. National Institutes of Health provides more information on drug safety. | <urn:uuid:8274870e-4a9d-4836-9516-f8a9f4b4f08d> | {
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|Tenure||22 November 1617 -
26 February 1618
19 May 1622 - 1623
|House||House of Osman (by marriage)|
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
|Burial||Hagia Sophia, Istanbul|
Alime Sultan (fully Devletlu İsmetlu Alime Valide Sultan Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri; Ottoman Turkish: عالمہ سلطان, c. 1576 – c. 1623 ) (Alime meaning "learned, cultured or wise") was the wife of Ottoman sultan Mehmet III and the mother of Mustafa I. She was de facto co-ruler as the Valide Sultan from 22 November 1617 to 26 February 1618 and 19 May 1622.
Alime Sultan was born in 1576 to an Abkhazian notable, Akuc Bey, originally named Altunşah. She had a sister Feride. She was married to Mehmed III in 1589. In 1591 she gave birth to her son Ottoman Sultan Mustafa I. She was the maternal aunt of Ottoman Sultan Osman II's mother Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan. She was receiving 100 aspers a day during Mehmed's reign. Grand viziers Melek Ahmed Pasha and Ibşir Mustafa Pasha, and the statesman Abaza Hasan Pasha were the descendants of her father.
When Mustafa ascended the throne in 1617 she became the Valide Sultan as well as a regent and wielded a great power. She received 3,000 aspers although her mother-in-law Safiye Sultan was still alive. While she, as the wife of Mehmed III, had suffered the same obscurity as Handan Sultan, she was clearly able to command greater status as Valide Sultan than her fellow consort had. This was probably in large measure because she exercised power more directly, acting as regent for her mentally incompetent son as his mental condition unimproved and was a puppet controlled by her and her son-in-law, the grand vizier Kara Davud Pasha. Later, Mustafa was dethroned and his nephew Osman II ascended the throne due to Mustafa's mental conditions. Mustafa was sent back to kafes and Alime to the Old Palace. However, she received only 2,000 aspers during her retirement to the Old Palace between her son's two reigns; during the first months of her retirement Safiye was still alive, perhaps a neighbour in the Old Palace, receiving 3,000 aspers a day.
But later on 18 May 1622 Osman was again dethroned and the rebels, meanwhile, broke into the imperial palace and freed Mustafa from his confinement and acclaimed him as his master. Alime once again returned from the Old Palace and became the Valide Sultan. Some of the janissaries consulted with her about the appointments to be made and it was in fact her son-in-law, Kara Davud Pasha, who now become the grand vizier. The faction committed to the cause of Mustafa and her could not feel secure while Osman II was alive. Their uneasiness was well grounded, since some of the rebels wished to spare Osman, hoping no doubt to make no use of him for their own ends at some future date. Kara Davud Pasha had recourse, therefore to the last extreme measure on 20 May 1622, Osman II was strangled in the prison of Yedikule at Istanbul. She died in 1623.
- Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman dynasty
- Ottoman family tree
- List of Valide Sultans
- List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
- Line of succession to the Ottoman throne
- Ottoman Emperors family tree (simplified)
- List of consorts of the Ottoman Sultans
- "Turkey: The Imperial House of Osman". web.archive.org. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- Börekçi, Günhan. "Mustafa I." Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Ed. Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters. New York: Facts on File, 2009. p.409.
- Mahidevran Haseki ve Ailesi by Melike Chimay
- Mahfiruz Hatice Valide Sultan by Melike Chimay
- Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5.
Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan
Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan | <urn:uuid:1934fbe3-309b-4b68-bd34-75b2ae0a35a5> | {
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Lewis Cass, (born October 9, 1782, Exeter, New Hampshire, U.S.—died June 17, 1866, Detroit, Michigan), U.S. Army officer and public official who was active in Democratic politics in the mid-19th century. He was defeated for the presidency in 1848.
During the War of 1812, Cass rose from the rank of colonel of volunteers to brigadier general in the regular army. He was governor of Michigan Territory from 1813 to 1831. As secretary of war in President Andrew Jackson’s cabinet (1831–36), he directed the conduct of the Black Hawk and Seminole wars. For the next six years, he served as minister to France.
As a member of the U.S. Senate (1845–48, 1849–57), Cass became a leader of the 1846 bloc demanding the “reannexation” of all the Oregon country south of latitude 54°40′ N or war with England. He supported President James K. Polk’s administration during the Mexican War (1846–48) and opposed the Wilmot Proviso, an antislavery proposal applying to land acquired from Mexico.
In the 1848 presidential campaign, Cass was the Democratic nominee but was defeated by the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor. He served as secretary of state (1857–60) under President James Buchanan, but he retired from the post when the president refused to take a firmer stance against the secession of the Southern states. | <urn:uuid:c7844972-420a-45a8-89a2-77edccd57468> | {
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The first step in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease is for health-care professionals to get a full understanding of a patient's risk.
The Grain Foods Foundation explores popular carbohydrate-related myths and assumptions patients with diabetes have likely encountered.
Females are more likely to have suicide attempts; males are more likely to have completed suicides.
Help patients direct their energy into positive behaviors to manage their diabetes.
Clinicians should carve out self-reflection time, even if it starts with just 5 minutes a day of pure silence.
Begin to impart asthma information to young patients and/or their caregivers as early as possible.
Health practitioners need to be prepared, and help prepare patients for end-of-life discussions.
Clinicians are seeing more boys with eating disorders and/or complications related to inappropriate diets, supplement use and steroid use.
How should you answer when a patient asks, "What would you do if you were me?"
Obesity is a well known risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases but also for many types of cancer. | <urn:uuid:0b39a1ca-5482-4558-a1ca-fbf99edaa43c> | {
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Exactly 10 years ago, Palestinian gunmen barricaded themselves inside the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and waged a five-week battle with the surrounding Israeli tanks and soldiers. Now, the site widely held to be the birthplace of Jesus has become the center of a new political battle, this one pitting Palestinians against the guardians of the church, among others.
At issue is the Palestinian effort to have the ancient Basilica declared a World Heritage site by the U.N.’s cultural agency, Unesco, into which “Palestine” was voted as a full member state last October. The World Heritage designation might sound harmless enough, given that it spans more than 900 culturally significant sites ranging from the Grand Canyon to Moscow’s Red Square, and that its purpose is to preserve unique natural and man-made treasures. And the resultant cachet often boosts local economies by attracting tourists, although veneration of the Church of Nativity in Christianity already does that. “There is intense government interest in the [designation] process every year,” says a Western diplomat at Unesco. “This is a big deal.”
But the “big deal” in this instance is Bethlehem’s location at the heart of one of the Middle East’s most intractable conflicts. Israel has opposed designating the Church of the Nativity a World Heritage site. Already annoyed by Unesco’s implied recognition of Palestinian statehood, it believes that the Palestinians are using the bid as yet another symbolic step to bolster their cause amid the paralysis of the Middle East peace process.
On top of those objections come the doubts from religious leaders. In an April letter to President Mahmoud Abbas, the heads of the three denominations that have for centuries jointly cared for the ancient structure — the Greek Orthodox and Armenian Patriarchs, and the head of the Franciscan Church, which represents the Vatican in Jerusalem — declined to support Abbas’s effort. In the letter, a copy of which was shown to TIME this week, they wrote, “We do not think it opportune to deal with this request.”
The religious leaders do not spell out the full reasons for their opposition, but cite among their “minor” considerations the fact that “the operating conditions required by the statutes of Unesco, necessary to include it, do not exist.” That seems to refer to the Palestinians’ request that Unesco’s World Heritage committee treat the Bethlehem church as an “emergency” site, allowing them to jump the normal 18-month waiting period for consideration. Abbas wants the request to be considered next week, when the committee meets in St. Petersburg, Russia; the vote is expected on Monday. World Heritage emergency rulings are rare, usually taken when armed conflicts threaten the very survival of a particular site, for example the remains of the ancient Bamiyan Bhuddas in Afghanistan, which the Taliban blew up shortly before the Afghan War began. The Palestinians argued that the Church of the Nativity’s maintenance and restoration was suffering from the Israeli occupation of the West Bank. (Israel controls Bethlehem’s access points, while Palestinian police patrol inside of the city.) Perhaps as a sign of the delicate balancing act facing Church leaders along the fault-lines of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the religious leaders ended their letter to Abbas by saying, “We are confident, Mr. President, that we can still count on your understanding and once again thank you for your friendship and support.”
(PHOTOS: Pilgrims at the Church of the Nativity)
The bid to designate the Church as a World Heritage site may have less to do with Abbas’s “friendship and support” for its faith communities, than with Palestinian national goals. It marks the Palestinians’ first initiative as a Unesco member, and is clearly a test of their clout within the Paris-based body. Palestine, which doesn’t yet exist as a sovereign nation state, was nonetheless named as a full member-state of Unesco by a simple 107-14 vote among its membership, which (unlike the U.N. Security Council) does not give any country veto powers. In response, the U.S. Congress quickly blocked $80 million in U.S. funding to Unesco — about one-quarter of the organization’s budget.
Still, it’s far from clear that the Palestinians will win their push for World Heritage status of the church, as well as for the Old City of Bethlehem; their application is among 34 sites under consideration in St. Petersburg. Typically, the committee goes along with the recommendations of Unesco’s experts, who examine each site in advance, and present their findings. The Palestinians argued that among the threats to the Church of the Nativity is the incessant hordes of tourists who cram into the space every day of the year, in a chaotic jumble of tours. In their 11-page report, the experts agreed, saying that there is “the need for better management of visitors, as the exceptionally high number of people within the Church of the Nativity at any one time is impacting adversely on its conservation of the fabric.”
Yet, the experts also saw no reason for the Palestinians to skip the usual waiting process for World Heritage status, saying, “The nomination should be resubmitted for the normal assessment process.” That would require the Palestinians to submit a new application next February — for a vote in mid-2014. | <urn:uuid:ce733714-195f-4b7b-b896-870fc641f396> | {
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Summary Report for:
47-2061.00 - Construction Laborers
Perform tasks involving physical labor at construction sites. May operate hand and power tools of all types: air hammers, earth tampers, cement mixers, small mechanical hoists, surveying and measuring equipment, and a variety of other equipment and instruments. May clean and prepare sites, dig trenches, set braces to support the sides of excavations, erect scaffolding, and clean up rubble, debris and other waste materials. May assist other craft workers.
Sample of reported job titles: Construction Laborer, Construction Worker, Curb and Gutter Laborer, Drain Layer, Drop Crew Laborer, Helper, Laborer, Post Framer, Skill Labor, Union Laborer
Tasks | Technology Skills | Tools Used | Knowledge | Skills | Abilities | Work Activities | Detailed Work Activities | Work Context | Job Zone | Education | Credentials | Interests | Work Styles | Work Values | Related Occupations | Wages & Employment | Job Openings | Additional Information
- Control traffic passing near, in, or around work zones.
- Clean or prepare construction sites to eliminate possible hazards.
- Signal equipment operators to facilitate alignment, movement, or adjustment of machinery, equipment, or materials.
- Read plans, instructions, or specifications to determine work activities.
- Load, unload, or identify building materials, machinery, or tools, distributing them to the appropriate locations, according to project plans or specifications.
- Measure, mark, or record openings or distances to layout areas where construction work will be performed.
- Dig ditches or trenches, backfill excavations, or compact and level earth to grade specifications, using picks, shovels, pneumatic tampers, or rakes.
- Mix, pour, or spread concrete, using portable cement mixers.
- Tend pumps, compressors, or generators to provide power for tools, machinery, or equipment or to heat or move materials, such as asphalt.
- Erect or dismantle scaffolding, shoring, braces, traffic barricades, ramps, or other temporary structures.
- Provide assistance to craft workers, such as carpenters, plasterers, or masons.
- Lubricate, clean, or repair machinery, equipment, or tools.
- Position or dismantle forms for pouring concrete, using saws, hammers, nails, or bolts.
- Smooth or finish freshly poured cement or concrete, using floats, trowels, screeds, or powered cement finishing tools.
- Operate jackhammers or drills to break up concrete or pavement.
- Install sewer, water, or storm drain pipes, using pipe-laying machinery or laser guidance equipment.
- Operate or maintain air monitoring or other sampling devices in confined or hazardous environments.
- Mix ingredients to create compounds for covering or cleaning surfaces.
- Grind, scrape, sand, or polish surfaces, such as concrete, marble, terrazzo, or wood flooring, using abrasive tools or machines.
- Position, join, align, or seal structural components, such as concrete wall sections or pipes.
- Tend machines that pump concrete, grout, cement, sand, plaster, or stucco through spray guns for application to ceilings or walls.
- Spray materials, such as water, sand, steam, vinyl, paint, or stucco, through hoses to clean, coat, or seal surfaces.
- Apply caulking compounds by hand or caulking guns to protect against entry of water or air.
- Mop, brush, or spread paints, cleaning solutions, or other compounds over surfaces to clean them or to provide protection.
- Perform site activities required of green certified construction practices, such as implementing waste management procedures, identifying materials for reuse, or installing erosion or sedimentation control mechanisms.
- Apply weather-stripping to reduce energy loss.
- Computer aided design CAD software — Autodesk Revit
- Operating system software — Microsoft Windows
- Project management software — Oracle Primavera Enterprise Project Portfolio Management
Hot Technology — a technology requirement frequently included in employer job postings.
- Adjustable forks — Brick carrier forks; Forks
- Adjustable widemouth pliers
- Adjustable wrenches
- Air compressors
- Air samplers or collectors — Air monitoring equipment
- Asphalt finishers — Asphalt mops
- Bandsaw wheel — Bandsaws
- Belt conveyors
- Bituminous material distributors — Oil distributors
- Blades or tooth or other cutting edges — Stump cutters
- Blow torch — Liquid propane torches; Oxygen/acetylene torches; Torches
- Boring or sinking machinery — Electric boring machines; Hydraulic boring machines
- Burners — Kerosene burners; Smudge pots
- Caulking guns
- Cement pumping units — Concrete pumpers
- Chip Spreaders
- Cold chisels
- Combination pliers — Fencing pliers
- Compactors — Walk-behind compacting equipment
- Concrete mixers or plants — Concrete mixers
- Concrete spreaders — Laser screeds; Screeds
- Coring equipment — Coring machines
- Demolition equipment kits — Demolition saws
- Digital camcorders or video cameras — Remote pipe cameras
- Drain or pipe cleaning equipment — Robotic pipe cleaners; Sewer rodding machines
- Drilling machines — Drill presses
- Dump trucks
- Explosive initiators — Dynamite blasters
- Forklifts — Masonry forklifts; Rough terrain forklifts
- Gas detectors — Gas leak detection devices
- Gas generators — Generators
- Gin pole and accessories — Gin poles
- Graders — Motor graders
- Grinders — Hand grinders
- Hammer drills — Rotary hammers
- Hand sprayers — Stucco spray guns
- Hand trucks or accessories — Hand trucks
- Hazardous material protective apparel — Protective suits
- Hoes — Mortar hoes
- Hole saws — Hole cutters
- Hydraulic rock drills — Wagon drills
- Hydraulic truck cranes — Hydraulic booms
- Impact hammers
- Impact wrenches
- Instrument tripods — Tripods
- Kettle exchangers — Asphalt kettles
- Laser measuring systems — Laser guidance equipment for pipe placement; Laser measuring devices
- Leak testing equipment — Smoke testers
- Level sensors or transmitters — Transit levels
- Levels — Carpenters' levels; Laser levels; Spirit levels; Water levels
- Lifting hooks — Bale hooks
- Light trucks or sport utility vehicles — Pickup trucks
- Manlift or personnel lift — Bosun chairs; Manlifts; Swing chairs; Swing stages
- Measuring rods — Surveying rods
- Measuring wheels for distance — Measuring wheels
- Mowers — Mowing equipment
- Mud pumps — Mud jacks
- Paint sprayers
- Paving breakers — Pavement breakers
- Picks — Mattocks
- Pipe or tube cutter — Robotic pipe cutters
- Plasma arc welding machine — Plasma cutters
- Plaster or mortar mixers — Mortar mixers; Plaster mixers
- Plumb bobs
- Pneumatic drill — Air drills; Pneumatic drills
- Pneumatic hammer — Jackhammers
- Pneumatic sanding machines — Sandblasters
- Post hole digger — Post hole augers
- Power buggies
- Power chippers — Chipping guns
- Power drills — Electric drills; Hammer drills
- Power grinders — Bench grinders; Disc grinders; Pedestal grinders
- Power nail guns — Nail guns
- Power sanders — Floor sanders
- Power saws — Circular saws; Hydraulic track-guided wall saws; Reciprocating saws; Walk-behind saws (see all 13 examples)
- Power screwguns — Power screwdrivers
- Pressure or steam cleaners — Pressure washers; Steam cleaning equipment; Steam jennies
- Pry bars — Crowbars
- Pullers — Wire stretchers
- Punches or nail sets or drifts — Punches
- Remote reading thermometers — Temperature probes
- Rollers — Road rollers
- Rotary tiller mixers — Paddle mixers
- Safety harnesses or belts — Fall arrest systems
- Scissor lift or lift table — Scissor lifts
- Shielded metal arc welding or stick welding machine — Shielded arc welding tools
- Shoring equipment — Hydraulic speed shoring equipment
- Shotcrete spraying equipment — Guniting machines
- Skid steer loaders
- Sludge or sewage handling trucks — Sewer cleaner vactors
- Snowplow attachments — Snowplows
- Space heaters — Salamanders
- Sprayers — Weed sprayers
- Squares — Carpenters' squares
- Staple guns — Pneumatic staplers
- Stonemason hammer — Brick hammers
- Tampers — Earth tampers
- Tape measures
- Threading taps — Tappers
- Tongs — Brick tongs
- Track loaders — Crawler shovels
- Trenching machines — Trenchers
- Trowels — Tuck pointers
- Two way radios
- Vacuum cleaners — Ride-on vacuum cleaners; Sidewalk sweepers; Suction sweepers
- Vibratory plates — Vibratory plate compactors
- Water samplers
- Water trucks — Jet trucks for cleaning sewer lines; Water spraying equipment; Water tank trucks
- Welding masks — Welding hoods
- Wheel loaders — Loaders
- Wire and cable pulling device — Cable pullers
- Building and Construction — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
- Mechanical — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
- Administration and Management — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
- Public Safety and Security — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
- Mathematics — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
- Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
- Education and Training — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
- English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.
- Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
- Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
- Operation Monitoring — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
- Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents.
- Social Perceptiveness — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
- Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
- Manual Dexterity — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
- Arm-Hand Steadiness — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
- Multilimb Coordination — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
- Static Strength — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
- Control Precision — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
- Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
- Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
- Far Vision — The ability to see details at a distance.
- Stamina — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
- Trunk Strength — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without 'giving out' or fatiguing.
- Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
- Depth Perception — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
- Dynamic Strength — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
- Extent Flexibility — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
- Finger Dexterity — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
- Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
- Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
- Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
- Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.
- Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
- Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
- Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
- Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
- Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
- Performing General Physical Activities — Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of materials.
- Handling and Moving Objects — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
- Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
- Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
- Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or water craft.
- Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
- Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
- Controlling Machines and Processes — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
- Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
- Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.
- Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
- Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
- Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
- Processing Information — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
- Thinking Creatively — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
- Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
Detailed Work Activities
- Direct vehicle traffic.
- Clean work sites.
- Signal equipment operators to indicate proper equipment positioning.
- Review blueprints or specifications to determine work requirements.
- Move construction or extraction materials to locations where they are needed.
- Load or unload materials used in construction or extraction.
- Mark reference points on construction materials.
- Measure work site dimensions.
- Install plumbing or piping.
- Test air quality at work sites.
- Mix substances or compounds needed for work activities.
- Operate pumps or compressors.
- Compact materials to create level bases.
- Dig holes or trenches.
- Pour materials into or on designated areas.
- Spread concrete or other aggregate mixtures.
- Assemble temporary equipment or structures.
- Assist skilled construction or extraction personnel.
- Dismantle equipment or temporary structures.
- Clean equipment or facilities.
- Maintain construction tools or equipment.
- Position structural components.
- Smooth surfaces with abrasive materials or tools.
- Position construction forms or molds.
- Apply paint to surfaces.
- Apply sealants or other protective coatings.
- Clean surfaces in preparation for work activities.
- Finish concrete surfaces.
- Install green structural components, equipment or systems.
- Break up rock, asphalt, or concrete.
- Install masonry materials.
- Protect structures or surfaces near work areas to avoid damage.
- Remove worn, damaged or outdated materials from work areas.
- Install insulation in equipment or structures.
- Prepare explosives for detonation.
- Operate heavy-duty construction or installation equipment.
- Prepare hazardous waste for processing or disposal.
- Contact With Others — 76% responded “Constant contact with others.”
- Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets — 74% responded “Every day.”
- Face-to-Face Discussions — 63% responded “Every day.”
- Spend Time Standing — 50% responded “Continually or almost continually.”
- Outdoors, Exposed to Weather — 66% responded “Every day.”
- Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — 65% responded “Continually or almost continually.”
- Exposed to Contaminants — 55% responded “Every day.”
- Exposed to Hazardous Equipment — 66% responded “Every day.”
- Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — 67% responded “Every day.”
- Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions — 47% responded “Continually or almost continually.”
- Physical Proximity — 34% responded “Moderately close (at arm's length).”
- Spend Time Walking and Running — 43% responded “Continually or almost continually.”
- Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — 35% responded “Extremely important.”
- Very Hot or Cold Temperatures — 46% responded “Every day.”
- Telephone — 59% responded “Once a week or more but not every day.”
- Time Pressure — 34% responded “Once a week or more but not every day.”
- Work With Work Group or Team — 32% responded “Extremely important.”
- Freedom to Make Decisions — 46% responded “Some freedom.”
- Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — 40% responded “Important results.”
- Spend Time Bending or Twisting the Body — 42% responded “Continually or almost continually.”
- Frequency of Decision Making — 39% responded “Every day.”
- Structured versus Unstructured Work — 59% responded “Some freedom.”
- Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled — 44% responded “Every day.”
- Responsible for Others' Health and Safety — 39% responded “Moderate responsibility.”
- Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions — 31% responded “Once a month or more but not every week.”
- Exposed to High Places — 36% responded “Once a month or more but not every week.”
- In an Enclosed Vehicle or Equipment — 37% responded “Once a week or more but not every day.”
- Duration of Typical Work Week — 64% responded “40 hours.”
- Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling — 30% responded “About half the time.”
- Responsibility for Outcomes and Results — 31% responded “Moderate responsibility.”
- In an Open Vehicle or Equipment — 25% responded “Every day.”
- Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting — 44% responded “Every day.”
- Coordinate or Lead Others — 37% responded “Important.”
- Exposed to Hazardous Conditions — 31% responded “Every day.”
|Title||Job Zone Two: Some Preparation Needed|
|Education||These occupations usually require a high school diploma.|
|Related Experience||Some previous work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is usually needed. For example, a teller would benefit from experience working directly with the public.|
|Job Training||Employees in these occupations need anywhere from a few months to one year of working with experienced employees. A recognized apprenticeship program may be associated with these occupations.|
|Job Zone Examples||These occupations often involve using your knowledge and skills to help others. Examples include orderlies, counter and rental clerks, customer service representatives, security guards, upholsterers, and tellers.|
|SVP Range||(4.0 to < 6.0)|
Interest code: RC Want to discover your interests? Take the O*NET Interest Profiler at My Next Move.
- Realistic — Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others.
- Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.
- Attention to Detail — Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.
- Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.
- Integrity — Job requires being honest and ethical.
- Cooperation — Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured, cooperative attitude.
- Self Control — Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations.
- Stress Tolerance — Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations.
- Initiative — Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges.
- Persistence — Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles.
- Concern for Others — Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job.
- Adaptability/Flexibility — Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace.
- Leadership — Job requires a willingness to lead, take charge, and offer opinions and direction.
- Achievement/Effort — Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks.
- Social Orientation — Job requires preferring to work with others rather than alone, and being personally connected with others on the job.
- Support — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.
- Relationships — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service.
- Working Conditions — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions.
Wages & Employment Trends
|Median wages (2018)||$17.21 hourly, $35,800 annual|
|Employment (2018)||1,405,000 employees|
|Projected growth (2018-2028)||Much faster than average (11% or higher)|
|Projected job openings (2018-2028)||179,300|
|Top industries (2018)|
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2018 wage data and 2018-2028 employment projections . "Projected growth" represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2018-2028). "Projected job openings" represent openings due to growth and replacement.
Job Openings on the Web
Sources of Additional Information
Disclaimer: Sources are listed to provide additional information on related jobs, specialties, and/or industries. Links to non-DOL Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.
- American Subcontractors Association
- Associated Builders and Contractors
- International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
- Laborers' International Union of North America
- LIUNA Training and Education Fund
- National Center for Construction Education and Research
- Occupational Outlook Handbook: Construction laborers and helpers
- The Associated General Contractors of America | <urn:uuid:3d2269d6-7ce9-4bed-a78f-e6b322f38be9> | {
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On this day in 1401 Catherine of Valois (d. 1437) was born.
Catherine of Valois was the youngest daughter of King Charles VI of France and his wife Isabeau of Bavaria. She was born at the Hôtel Saint-Pol (a royal palace in Paris) on 27 October 1401.
Early on, there had been a discussion of marrying her to the Prince of Wales, son of Henry IV of England, but the king died before negotiations could begin.
In 1414, his successor, Henry V, re-opened discussion of the match, along with a large dowry and acknowledgement of his right to the throne of France.
Henry V went to war with France, and even after the great English victory at Agincourt, plans for the marriage continued. Catherine was said to be very attractive and when Henry finally met her at Meulan, he became enamoured. In May 1420, a peace treaty was made between England and France, and Charles acknowledged Henry of England as his heir.
Catherine and Henry were married at the Parish Church of St John or at Troyes Cathedral on 2 June 1420. Catherine went to England with her new husband and was crowned queen in Westminster Abbey on 23 February 1421. In June 1421, Henry returned to France to continue his military campaigns.
By this time, Catherine was several months pregnant and gave birth to a son named Henry on 6 December 1421 at Windsor. Her husband never saw their child. During the siege of Meaux, he became sick with dysentery and died on 31 August 1422, just before his 36th birthday.
Catherine was not quite 21 and was left a queen dowager. Charles VI died a couple of months after Henry V, making the young Henry VI king of England and English-occupied northern France. Catherine doted on her son during his early childhood.
Catherine lived in the king’s household, presumably so she could care for her young son, but the arrangement also enabled the councillors to watch over the queen dowager herself. Nevertheless, Catherine entered into a sexual relationship with Welshman Owen Tudor, who, in 1421, in France, had been in the service of Henry V’s steward Sir Walter Hungerford.
Tudor was most likely appointed keeper of Catherine’s household or wardrobe. The relationship began when Catherine lived at Windsor Castle, and she became pregnant with their first child there.
From the relationship of Owen Tudor and Queen Catherine descended Henry VII of England and the Tudor Dynasty. Tudor historians asserted that Owen and Catherine had been married, for their lawful marriage was a vital link in the argument for the legitimacy of the Tudor dynasty. | <urn:uuid:7b68e68e-8dd3-4e8f-bde4-bd44f97102f8> | {
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Antidepressant medications, also called antidepressive agents, are "mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (tricyclic antidepressant) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (second-generation antidepressant agents) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems."
- 1 Mechanism of action
- 2 Classification
- 3 Effectiveness
- 4 Drug toxicity
- 5 References
- 6 See also
Mechanism of action
Depression may be due to the monoamine-deficiency hypothesis, which is a "deficiency in serotonin or norepinephrine neurotransmission in the brain."
Tricyclic antidepressants are "substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system."
Heterocyclic antidepressants include trazadone and bupropion, and more recently, mirtazapine and nefazadone which are based on trazadone
Second-generation antidepressants are a "structurally and mechanistically diverse group of drugs that are not tricyclics or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, especially by inhibiting serotonin reuptake."
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
The effectiveness is antidepressants depends on the severity of a patient's depression. This relationship may be due to thedeclining effect of placebo among more severely depressed patients.
|American Psychiatric Association classification of severity||Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)||Number needed to treat||Clinical significance (NICE)|
|Mild to moderate||< 19||16||No|
|Severe||19 - 22||11||No|
|Very severe||> 22||4||Yes|
"The clinical response of our patients underscores the usefulness of mirtazapine in the treatment of the comorbid symptoms of weight loss, insomnia, and anxiety".
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Recurrence of illness after discontinuation
The recurrence risk for depression or panic was shorter if antidepressants were discontinued over 7 days or less.
- Anonymous (2015), Antidepressant (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Belmaker RH, Agam G (2008). "Major depressive disorder". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (1): 55–68. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra073096. PMID 18172175. Research Blogging.
- Anonymous (2015), Tricyclic Antidepressive Agents (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Katzung, Bertram G. (2006). “Antidepressant Agents”, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 10th. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. ISBN 0-07-145153-6.
- Anonymous (2015), Second-generation antidepressants (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Anonymous (2015), Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Lo B (2010). "Commentary: Conflict of interest policies: an opportunity for the medical profession to take the lead.". Acad Med 85 (1): 9-11. DOI:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c46e96. PMID 20042812. Research Blogging.
- First, Michael B. (2007). Handbook of Psychiatric Measures, Second Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-58562-218-4.
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Depression: Management of Depression in Primary and Secondary Care. London, England: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2004.
- Raji MA, Brady SR (2001). "Mirtazapine for treatment of depression and comorbidities in Alzheimer disease.". Ann Pharmacother 35 (9): 1024-7. PMID 11573849.
- Serretti A, Mandelli L (2010). "Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis.". J Clin Psychiatry 71 (10): 1259-72. DOI:10.4088/JCP.09r05346blu. PMID 21062615. Research Blogging.
- Coupland CA, Dhiman P, Barton G, Morriss R, Arthur A, Sach T et al. (2011). "A study of the safety and harms of antidepressant drugs for older people: a cohort study using a large primary care database.". Health Technol Assess 15 (28): 1-202, iii-iv. DOI:10.3310/hta15280. PMID 21810375. Research Blogging.
- Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Ghiani C, Lepri B (2010). "Illness risk following rapid versus gradual discontinuation of antidepressants.". Am J Psychiatry 167 (8): 934-41. DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09060880. PMID 20478876. Research Blogging. | <urn:uuid:8a37be69-1245-46ce-9c27-20acd9881d76> | {
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- Compare and contrast the ideas of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.
- Describe the role that early anthropologists Sir James Frazer and Sir E. B. Tylor played in defining the concept of culture in anthropology.
- Identify the differences between armchair anthropology and participant-observer fieldwork and explain how Bronislaw Malinowski contributed to the development of anthropological fieldwork techniques.
- Identify the contributions Franz Boas and his students made to the development of new theories about culture.
- Assess some of the ethical issues that can arise from anthropological research.
- 2.4: ETHICAL ISSUES IN TRUTH TELLING
- As anthropologists developed more sophisticated concepts of culture, they also gained a greater understanding of the ethical challenges associated with anthropological research. Because participant-observation fieldwork brings anthropologists into close relationships with the people they study, many complicated issues can arise. Cultural relativism encourages anthropologists to show respect to members of other cultures, but there was a need to develop formal standards of professional conduct.
- 2.5: BACK IN THE COFFEE SHOP
- This chapter has looked at some historic turning points in the way anthropologists have defined culture. There is not one true, absolute definition of culture. Anthropologists respect traditions such as language; the development of self, especially from infancy to adulthood; kinship; and the structure of the social unit, or the strata of a person within their class structure; marriage, families, and rites of passage; systems of belief; and ritual.
Thumbnail: Maori warriors perform a Haka, meaning dance of welcome, for Secretary of Defense Leon E. Panetta during a Powhiri ceremony while visiting Auckland, New Zealand Sept. 21, 2012. The ceremony is an ancient Maori tradition used to determine if visitors came in peace or with hostile intent. Image used with permission (Publc Domain; Erin A. Kirk-Cuomo). | <urn:uuid:472c9870-871c-40ac-ad93-b3b575e28dcf> | {
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The $1.5 billion particle detector is to be mounted on the station for an extended series of physics experiments, including a search for the universe's mysterious dark matter. The spectrometer may also help scientists gain new insights into the nature of antimatter and the origins of cosmic rays.
The spectrometer had been scheduled to fly aboard the shuttle Endeavour to the International Space Station in July. But NASA says the 7-ton instrument's supercooled, superconducting magnet must be replaced with a different type of magnet to extend its lifetime from a few years to a decade. To do this, scientists need more time, and NASA has decided to rearrange the launch dates of its final three space shuttles.
The upcoming flight of the shuttle Atlantis remains on schedule for launch no earlier than May 14. But the July flight of the shuttle Endeavour carrying the spectrometer will now leapfrog the shuttle Discovery's launch, currently set for Sept. 16.
Endeavour's mission will now be launched no earlier than mid-November, NASA says.
NASA has the funds and the spending authority to fly the space shuttle until year's end if needed.
Scientists decided to replace the magnet in part because the Obama administration called for the extension of space station operations from 2015 to 2020. Without the switchover, the spectrometer would essentially have been a useless appendage on the station for more than five years. | <urn:uuid:6ed418fd-9ffc-40dd-a028-371e701eea90> | {
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Broaden Your Child's Mind with Encyclopedic Knowledge
Encyclopedic knowledge is an ability very young children can develop. Thanks to child development experts Glenn Doman and Dr. Makoto Shichida, their rapid flashing learning methods have proven that normal children (and those with learning challenges) can learn almost anything. Using this technique, your children can even develop rapid memory recall, increased vocabulary and more! That's because there's more focus on stimulating and strengthening right brain functions where massive amounts of information is stored and can later be recalled. Read more here. | <urn:uuid:c88c8b63-8eed-4451-92b9-c3613e6b7910> | {
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A crown (or cap) is a covering that encases the entire tooth surface, restoring it to its original shape and size. A crown protects and strengthens tooth structure that cannot be restored with fillings or other types of restorations. The most common type of crown for a primary (baby) tooth is a stainless steel crown. This crown will fall out when the baby tooth falls out. | <urn:uuid:5343da26-78ba-4f96-9c21-9c0be81b6e58> | {
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Recording wildlife is a crucial step in protecting species and habitats.
Why Record Wildlife?
Wildlife records are used locally to inform planning applications and can play a vital role in highlighting the biological history of a site.
When a site is proposed for development, wildlife records are used both by ecological consultancies and the local planning authority.
Radnorshire County Recorders
You can submit your records to as many different people and groups as you wish but here is the current list of all the Radnorshire Vice-County Recorders (VC43):
Amphibian & Reptiles Katie Gaisford [email protected]
Birds Pete Jennings [email protected]
Butterflies Chris Ledbury [email protected]
Dragonflies Bob Dennison [email protected]
Fungi & Lichen Ray Woods [email protected]
Invertebrates (excluding butterflies, moths & dragonflies) Phil Ward [email protected]
Mammals Sorcha Lewis [email protected]
Moths Pete & Ginny Clarke [email protected]
Plants Liz Dean & Sue Spencer [email protected]
The Local Environmental Record Centre is the Biodiversity Information Service for Powys and Brecon Beacons National Park (BIS).
BIS collate all the wildlife records provided by the county recorders and provide data for planning applications and Welsh Government requirements. You can submit your own wildlife records directly to their database and also view maps of various wildlife species recorded in Powys. SUBMIT A RECORD
Other Useful Numbers
Hedgehogs Howey Hedgehog Rescue www.howeyhedgehogs.co.uk
Kites Tony Cross [email protected]
Regional BTO Rep Carlton Parry [email protected] | <urn:uuid:3881ce4a-d084-42d1-a0f2-30364cec225a> | {
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For decades Japan has remained at or near the top of international assessments of student learning; and in the past decade, students in Japan have become more engaged in learning. However, the government aspires to improve learning outcomes even further. Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for Japan focuses on how Japan is reforming its education system not only to produce better learning outcomes, but to equip students with the skills they need to navigate through the unpredictable labour market of the future and to participate in society as active citizens.
This is the second in a series of reports examining how education systems are handling the challenge of preparing their students for a world of interconnected populations, rapid technological change, and instantaneous availability of vast amounts of information. Like the first volume, Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for the United States, this report presents examples from other countries with consistently high-performing education systems or countries that, by redesigning policies and practices, have been able to improve their education outcomes, as measured by the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the world’s most comprehensive and rigorous survey of students’ skills and attitudes towards learning.
- Publication Date :
- 29 Feb 2012
- DOI :
Policy Lessons from and for JapanClick to Access:
- Pages :
- DOI : | <urn:uuid:8021cfdd-b835-4d46-b286-d9924ee18b9c> | {
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Dietrich von HildebrandDietrich Richard Alfred von Hildebrand (12 October 1889 – 26 January 1977) was a German Roman Catholic philosopher and theologian.
Hildebrand was called "the twentieth-century Doctor of the Church" by Pope Pius XII. Pope John Paul II also greatly admired the work of Hildebrand, remarking once to his widow, Alice von Hildebrand, "Your husband is one of the great ethicists of the twentieth century." Benedict XVI also has a particular admiration and regard for Hildebrand, whom he knew as a young priest in Munich. The degree of Pope Benedict's esteem is expressed in one of his statements about Hildebrand: "When the intellectual history of the Catholic Church in the twentieth century is written, the name of Dietrich von Hildebrand will be most prominent among the figures of our time."
A vocal critic of the changes in the church brought by the Second Vatican Council, Hildebrand became vice director of Luigi Villa's ''Chiesa viva'' ("Living Church") and especially resented the new liturgy: "Truly, if one of the devils in C. S. Lewis ''The Screwtape Letters'' had been entrusted with the ruin of the liturgy, he could not have done it better." Provided by Wikipedia
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Solid-state relays are replacements for mechanical relays. Allowing you to control high-current / high-voltage loads with a much smaller control current. Changing to a solid-state relay allows for much faster switching times with no mechanical wear.
Resistive-Load Solid-state Relays are for applications with a resistive AC Load such as a heater or an incandescent light bulb , and they are triggered by an AC control Current .
Inductive-Load Solid-state Relays are for applications with an inductive AC Load such as a motor or an amplifier that has a high inrush current . Inductive-Load Solid-state Relays are triggered by an AC control Current .
If you are controlling an AC circuit that combines types, such as device with both a heater (resistive) and a Fan (Inductive) or if you are not sure of the type of load you are controlling, then you will want to use an Inductive relay, because Solid-state relays designed for inductive loads can easily handle resistive loads, but SSRs designed for resistive loads will fail when used with inductive circuits.
MOSFET-Load Solid-state Relays are for applications with a DC Load , and are triggered by a DC control Current .
See the entire family Here | <urn:uuid:d0018877-574d-4d4f-844e-cc300189aca1> | {
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"youre getting confused.. a char is not explicitly a byte"
So you really want to argue with the C++ Standard? It clearly states that a "char" must occupy 1 byte. It does not state the amount of bits a byte must represent but it does state the lowest possible number of bits per byte (8). If 8 was made standard, which it isn't, the standard would state something like:
"char, unsigned or signed, shall allocate only 8 bits.".
Sadly, it doesn't which means the number of bits per byte can vary with each system. | <urn:uuid:eb80fcf3-42ab-4deb-8075-a5d07684f041> | {
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It isn’t something that is present in modern medicine. My question is why not?
Maybe it’s too complicated to try and look at the big picture. Maybe with how specialized each doctor has become, somewhere along the way they lost their qualifications for everything besides their specific niche in the medical community.
There are 7 chakras. Modern medicine practitioners pay no attention to making sure our chakras remain in a line and remain balanced.
Yet, each chakra connects to a specific area of our body and manifests with physical properties.
Crown chakra – located at the top of the head with a physical association to the pineal gland, brain, and nervous system.
Third Eye Chakra – located between the eyes on the forehead with a physical association to the pituitary gland, eyes, and sinuses.
Throat Chakra – located in your throat with a physical association to your thyroid, respiratory system, teeth, and vocal chords.
Heart Chakra – located centrally above your heart with a physical association to your heart, thymus, lower lungs, and circulatory system.
Solar Plexus Chakra – located in your upper abdomen by your stomach with a physical association to your central nervous system, pancreas, liver, digestive tract, and skin.
Sacral Chakra – located roughly 2 inches below the naval with a physical association to your reproductive organs, kidneys, bowels, and immune system.
Root Chakra – located at the base of your spine with a physical association to your spine, rectum, legs, arms, and circulatory system.
So, what’s the connection?
If you think of how migraine manifests itself, the symptoms and pain are present in every chakra location. To start, it is a neurological disorder meaning it’s rooted in the nervous system and brain. A large portion of the pain is centered behind the eyes and often directly where the “third eye” is located. Pain also manifests in the teeth. As we transition from pain to other symptoms, the rest of the chakras fall in line as well. Relating to your heart, often blood pressure and heart rate are impacted and the circulation system in migraine patients doesn’t always work properly. In our abdomen, we find where our nausea and sensitivity to foods. With our reproductive system and bowels we connect the idea that hormones play a role and the regularly associated GI issues. And finally, the circulatory system comes full circle at our root chakra.
The point really isn’t about my chakra’s not being properly in line and that’s to blame for migraines, but more along the line that modern medicine ignores that migraine is a whole body condition with symptoms that manifest in multiple ways.
This is why massage therapy has still proven to be the most effective treatment for my migraines.
I sat this week in the doctors office because I may have finally unearthed what made my migraines change from a minor occurrence to a full blown interference in my life. Essentially, my knee injury from 2012 took roughly 3 years to heal. During those 3 years, I completely changed the way I walked and was overcompensating for my right knee. My final physical therapist worked with me to realign my hips and get me walking straight again. My theory was that in the time I was walking incorrectly, not only were my hips out of line, but perhaps so was my spine causing a minor shift in the vertebrae all the way up to the top potentially putting enough pressure on the C1 and C2 to serve as the initial trauma triggering my migraines.
Makes perfect sense to me. That injury was when I was a freshman in high school, by the end of junior year I had migraines.
But, my doctor seemed to think it was a coincidence because most migraines manifest between the ages of 17 and 24.
She quickly changed the subject and wanted to hear about my neck pain from my botox. Did a brief physical where she felt the alignment of my vertebrae and wasn’t able to tell if perhaps there was a slight curve.
And so, I’ll be going in to have a full x-ray of my spine to test for scoliosis.
She ended the appointment by suggesting I try another CGRP because she’s had patients with good success.
Plain and simple, my theory was simply that of coincidence, scoliosis is a separate minor concern, and I should try another medicine.
You’d think if scoliosis was a true concern, even mildly related to migraine, someone would have pointed it out before. Anyone from my massage therapists, to the chiropractor, to my general practitioner who looked over the chiropractor’s x-rays, to the physical therapist who was working on my neck. Each one had plenty of spinal examinations… Each one acknowledged that the top vertebrae or tense neck muscles could be contributing to the migraine pain.
So, yes I’ll get my x-ray and it could still allow me to see a spine specialist to identify if my knee injury may have been the initial trauma.
Yet no one has any idea for treating the whole.
No one wants to put together the reaction I had to the Botox that points to perhaps a misdiagnosis of chronic migraine… as Botox only treats a specific type of migraine. When I said this to my doctor, she explained that it didn’t matter what type of migraine I have, the treatments are the same… except they aren’t.
What if we focused on the whole picture. The migraines, the neck and upper back tension, the tender base of skull, the ringing in my ears, the higher than normal resting heart rate, the nausea, the way I pick at my cuticles, the fatigue, the insomnia, the vertigo, the consistency of injuries that don’t heal or don’t have a clear diagnosis, the severe allergies and constant mucus production, the constant dehydration, my sensitivity to heat and humidity…
If we looked at that whole picture, would we see something that isn’t simply “migraine”?
Are there symptoms that I don’t even know about? Or symptoms that haven’t presented themselves yet?
Clearly, treatments for migraine don’t work for me. At what point do we ask the question, what else could this be? Or do we accept that there’s simply a more severe version of migraine that just doesn’t respond?
It isn’t scoliosis, that’s one thing I can say with confidence.
But maybe it isn’t migraine either. | <urn:uuid:5122c12d-7548-433c-8391-b15f010d84be> | {
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A burn is a lesion caused by heat or any cauterizing agent, including friction, electricity and electromagnetic energy.
There are three degrees of burns: First degree burns have only redness, swelling and pain involving only the epidermis. Second degree shows redness and blisters involving both the epidermis and the dermis. Third degree affects the entire thickness of the skin and underlying muscle tissue, subcutaneous fat, and bone is destroyed often with much scarring. Second degree burns, if extensive, and third degree burns need immediate medical care. Go immediately to the hospital emergency room. A doctor's office usually is not equipped to handle this type of emergency.
See the doctor with second and third degree burns, however, with third degree burns emergency medical attention should be the preference. Debridement and/or skin grafts may be necessary in third degree burns. Never put ointments, salves, butter or oils on burns, especially second and third degree burns. Do not break blisters, they will heal faster and with less chance of infection when the lymph fluid in the blister is allowed to do its job. If burns are caused by hot tar, wax, melted plastic, melted clothing, etc., use ice water to harden the substance for easier removal. Put cold applications on the burn site at once to reduce pain and swelling. Cover open areas with clean dry cloth to minimize bacterial infection. On first degree burns, aloe vera (may be applied to second or third degree burns after healing begins) or baking soda mixed with olive oil applied to the area will promote healing and prevents scarring in most cases. Elevate the burn site to prevent swelling, watch for signs of infection; odor, pus, or extreme redness. Protect from sunlight. Tannic acid may be used for surface (1st degree) after they have started to heal. Tannic acid is found in many herbs: sumac leaves, sweet gum, white oak bark, beriberi leaves, and blackberry leaves (these herbs may be used as a tea or as a wet cold compress). See the doctor for second and third degree burns.
Potassium, 99 mg. per day, is needed to replace potassium loss.
Vitamin C plus biofavonoids, 3,000-6,000 mg. in divided doses during the day, is essential to healing.
Vitamin E, 600-1,600 mg., is needed for healing and to prevent scarring.
Zinc, 30 mg. per day, is needed for healing of tissues.
Selenium, 200 mcg. per day, aids tissue elasticity.
Vitamin A emulsion, 100,000 IU daily for a month then 25,000 IU, is needed for tissue repair.
Calcium with magnesium and vitamin D, 1,500 mg. calcium and 750 mg. and 400 IU vitamin D daily.
Germanium, 200 mg. per day, helps circulation and healing of tissues.
- Aloe vera
- Balsam fir
- Beriberi, leaves
- Blackberry, leaves
- Cattail, common
- Chestnut leaves
- Clintonia, (bluebeard lily)
- Daffodil, bulb
- Elm, slippery
- Flax (Linseed oil)
- Ginger root
- Hound's Tongue
- Irish Moss
- Labrador tea
- Oak, white, bark
- Pigweed (lamb-quarters)
- St. John's wort
- Sesame seeds
- Solomon's seal
- Strawberry, Indian
- Sumac, leaves
- Sweet gum
- Tamarack (black larch)
- Witch Hazel bark
Fluid loss in burns is extremely high. Fluid intake must be increased as much as is tolerable with the patient. Diet in second and third degree burns is very important. High protein, for tissue repair, and 5,000-6,000 calories per day is needed for healing | <urn:uuid:80761802-c0f3-4768-b058-eb536e992d4d> | {
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was formerly known as Switzers. In the early days of the diggings, the township stood on the crown of Carnie's Hill, not more than a mile from the present township. Plenty of gold was won in the early days from Waikaia, including Whitcombe and Old Man Range, together with Welshman's and Campbell's Gullies. Nowadays mining in the district is confined chiefly to dredging. The settlement is about thirteen miles from Riversdale, with which it is connected by a daily mail coach service. There are several large stations in the countryside, but of late closer settlement has been the order of the day, and there are now a good many farmers in the neighbourhood. Waikaia township is situated on the banks of the Waikaia river, which is crossed by a bridge at the settlement. The Waikaia is a tributary of the Mataura, which it joins about six miles north-east of Riversdale. The district is well-watered, not only by the Waikaia river, but by numerous creeks, including Dome, Garvey burn, Muddy creek, and Gow's creek. Most of these join the Waikaia, to the south of the township. The settlement is the principal one in the Waikaia riding of the county of Southland, and the riding has a population of 1,709. The township itself, in 1901, had 230 residents, while there were fifty-nine additional in the Waikaia Valley; for many years, however, in the early days, it maintained a digging population of 2,000 souls. The railway from Riversdale has been authorised by Parliament, and the formation of the line was constructed as far as the Mataura river some years ago. Some very fine views of snow-capped mountains are seen from the township, including East Dome, Middle Dome, and West Dome; the former two are, respectively, 4,350 feet and 4,826 feet, in height. Waikaia has a Stipendiary Magistrate's Court and police office, an Athenaeum, and library, two public halls, a public school, a Presbyterian church, three hotels, three general stores, two butchers' shops, three bootmakers' shops, a bakery, and two blacksmiths' shops. Weekly visits by an officer of the National
Bank at Gore are made on Thursdays. The postal and telegraph departments have been represented in Waikaia since 1879. The dredging industry has developed rapidly since 1903, and in November, 1904, eight dredges were working, two were in course of construction, and two were closed down. More than one of these dredges had been successful in winning weekly returns of over 200 ounces of gold. Local government in the early days was under the Waikaia Road Board, but is now administered direct by officers of the Southland County Council. The Maori name of the district is said to mean rippling water, and as applied to the river, it is very appropriately descriptive—like most of the Maori place names. The land on the river's banks, and at the base of the hills is mostly of good quality, though in some parts of the plain, it is shallow and shingly. There is a considerable extent of farming on the flat between the Nokomar Gorge, sixteen miles distant, and along the river's banks, towards Upper Waikaia. There are several pretty lakes in the locality of Waikaia, notably Blue Lake and Gow's Lakes. They are embosomed in mountain recesses, or on rugged terraces. Snow-capped peaks are constantly visible, almost all the year round. | <urn:uuid:871eb989-f537-4cbf-b5d2-2c005b4eea28> | {
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Crossed Wandering Eyes
Crossed Wandering Eyes, or Strabismus, is a failure of the two eyes to maintain proper alignment and work together as a team. If you have strabismus, one eye looks directly at the object you are viewing, while the other eye is misaligned inward (esotropia, “crossed eyes” or “cross-eyed”), outward (exotropia or “wall-eyed”), upward (hypertropia) or downward (hypotropia).
Strabismus can be constant or intermittent. The misalignment also might always affect the same eye (unilateral strabismus), or the two eyes may take turns being misaligned (alternating strabismus). To prevent double vision from congenital and early childhood strabismus, the brain ignores the visual input from the misaligned eye, which typically leads to amblyopia or “lazy eye” in that eye. According to the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, approximately 4 percent of the U.S. population has crossed eyes or some other type of strabismus.
What causes strabismus in children?
In young children, the two most common types of strabismus are accommodative esotropia, where the eyes cross due to excessive farsightedness, and infantile esotropia, where children are born with the tendency to cross their eyes. Strabismus in children is less commonly caused by head trauma and diseases that affect the brain or nerves that go to the eye, such as tumors, hydrocephalus (water on the brain), or cerebral palsy.
What are the complications of strabismus in children?
In any childhood strabismus, amblyopia may occur. Often called lazy eye, amblyopia occurs when the brain shuts off the image in one eye long enough that the vision is permanently decreased. In most cases, this condition is easily improved if treated early. (See amblyopia topic page)
What causes strabismus in adults?
Strabismus in adulthood may be simply due to decreased control of a prior tendency for eye wandering that the brain had always controlled previously. Other causes may include head trauma, diseases that affect the nerves (such as multiple sclerosis), long-standing high blood pressure or diabetes, or aneurysms in blood vessels supplying the brain or a tumor. Since some of these rare but potential causes can be quite serious or even life-threatening, a sudden onset of double vision in adulthood should prompt an immediate eye exam. | <urn:uuid:9500c10c-21a1-4144-be7e-777ee276fd26> | {
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What is Tooth Sensitivity?
Provided by Colgate
Tooth sensitivity is tooth pain due to a wearing away of the tooth's surface or gum tissue. The most common cause of sensitive teeth in adults is exposed tooth roots due to receding gums. Because these roots are not covered by enamel, thousands of tiny channels leading to the tooth's nerve center (pulp) are exposed. When heat, cold or pressure touches these channels, you feel pain.
Ignoring your sensitive teeth can lead to other oral health problems. This is especially true if the pain causes you to brush poorly, making you vulnerable to tooth decay and gum disease.
If you've ever felt a painful sensation in your teeth after drinking or eating hot or cold food and beverages, you've experienced tooth sensitivity. And you're not alone. It's a condition that affects one out of four adults, often coming and going over time.
First and foremost, tell your dentist or hygienist.
Sensitive teeth can usually be treated successfully. Your dentist may prescribe a brush-on fluoride gel or a fluoride rinse. You can also try low-abrasion toothpastes with formulations made especially for sensitive teeth. Ask your dentist which anti-sensitivity products are right for you.
Be careful to brush properly or you can cause your teeth to wear away, making them sensitive. Overzealous brushing, the clasp of a partial denture, and braces can also lead to abrasion (loss of tooth surface).
|Receding gums expose root surface to heat, cold and pressure.||Open channels lead to pulp and cause pain.| | <urn:uuid:2722746d-c958-4f41-9a06-e3c13b87668c> | {
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Definition of Opposite Angles
When two lines intersect, four angles are formed. The angles that are directly opposite to each other are called Opposite Angles.
More About Opposite Angles
- Opposite angles are also called vertically opposite angles.
- Opposite angles are always non-adjacent.
- When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, 8 angles or 4 pairs of opposite angles are formed.
Example of Opposite Angles
Among these angles, ∠1 and ∠3, ∠2 and ∠4 are opposite angles.
Video Examples: Vertical or Opposite Angles
Solved Example on Opposite Angles
Ques: Find the pairs of opposite angles in the given figure.
Choices:A. (a, b), (c, d), (e, f), (g, h)
B. (a, e), (b, f), (c, g), (d, h)
C. (a, c), (b, d), (e, g), (f, h)
D. (a, d), (b, c), (e, h), (f, g)
Correct Answer: C
Step 1: When two lines intersect, four angles are formed. The angles that are directly
opposite to each other are called opposite angles.
Step 2: From the figure, two lines PQ and RS are cut by the transversal TU forming eight angles.
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Students construct rectangles with a fixed perimeter. How many different rectangles can you make? (Whole number for side lengths) What is the area of each of your rectangles? Which one has the largest area?
Calculate the perimeter and area of rectangles using familiar metric units. ACMMG109
Length, width, area, perimeter
About the Lesson
Students construct rectangles with a fixed perimeter. Suppose the perimeter is 12cm, what side lengths are possible, using whole numbers? For each of the possible rectangles, which one has the largest area? What if the perimeter was changed to 16cm? Which one of these has the largest area? Can you generalize this solution?
Documents include Teacher notes, curriculum content, worksheets, assessment tasks and solutions. | <urn:uuid:0c7b8559-35bc-4553-91a3-0daaa78867df> | {
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- By Dana Sparks
Genetic Makeup and Diet Interact with the Microbiome to Impact Health
A Mayo Clinic researcher, along with his collaborators, has shown that an individual’s genomic makeup and diet interact to determine which microbes exist and how they act in the host intestine.The study was modeled in germ-free knockout mice to mimic a genetic condition that affects 1 in 5 humans and increases the risk for digestive diseases. Mayo Clinic gastroenterologist and first author of the study Purna Kashyap, M.B.B.S., says, “Our data show that factors in the differences in a host’s genetic makeup — in this case genes that affect carbohydrates in the gut — interact with the type of food eaten. That combination determines the composition and function of resident microbes.” Dr. Kashyap is also a collaborator in the Microbiome Program of the Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine.
Changes in microbial membership or function as demonstrated in this study may, in turn, foster a “digestive landscape” that can promote inflammatory conditions such as Crohn’s disease.The findings appear in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Read news release. | <urn:uuid:c644d6c9-07ca-4bb2-bc1c-365071e276b0> | {
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The Queensland government last week introduced a bill to parliament that, when passed, will make voter identification a prerequisite for casting a ballot. This is a first for Australia and follows several American states and other western nations.
For state polls, Queensland voters will need to present a current driver’s license, passport, recent public utility bill or an ID card issued by the government, such as a Medicare or seniors’ card.
Queensland has witnessed many firsts in Australian politics: electing the first Labor government and the only member of the Communist Party (Fred Paterson), and also becoming the only state to abolish its Upper House in 1922. Electoral reform is also something of an Australian tradition, including pioneering the secret ballot.
Conspiracies about voter fraud abound, but how real a problem is it? Coalition frontbencher Malcolm Turnbull suggests there may be a problem, observing recently that “the current system is fraught with errors”:
…there are a large number of people who … go to the polling place and say they are someone else.
Most of them are doing so honestly – they are doing so on behalf of a friend who is away or who is sick.
Advocates for voter ID laws claim to be concerned with making elections fairer. While this has a degree of inherent logic in it, electoral experts argue that the instances of voter fraud are “overstated”. An Australian government green paper released in 2009 found similarly, while the Australian Electoral Commission’s website notes that since major electoral reforms in 1983, the Court of Disputed Returns has not voided any election on the basis of fraudulent voting.
Even the Queensland government’s own discussion paper indicates that voter fraud was not an issue in past Queensland elections and that the introduction of voter ID laws could be “considered a disproportionate response to the risk”. So why was it included in this bill? And what will it actually mean for the state and the nation?
Many first world countries also use a form of voter ID laws, including Canada, the United States, Germany and the Netherlands. It has its uses, providing a degree of integrity to elections in emerging democracies, where fraud is undeniably more prevalent.
Some of the more serious criticisms of voter ID laws comes out of the US, where usually poor, black citizens risk being disenfranchised because of difficulties in obtaining suitable ID. While 34 states in the US now have a form of voter ID laws, locals are pushing back. In Texas, a photo ID law was blocked by the federal court which found “it imposes strict, unforgiving burdens on the poor”. In other states such as South Carolina, the law has been watered down over time as a result of court challenges.
In the US, voting is not compulsory, and disabling a person’s right to vote (particularly if they aren’t likely to vote for the party who is imposing voter ID laws), makes the job of political parties in “getting out the vote” that much easier. A judge sitting in the United States Court of Appeal recently admitted he was wrong in his earlier support for the measure, and now believes that instead of preventing voter fraud, voter ID laws:
…suppress the vote by denying people who have a legitimate entitlement to vote access to the ballot box.
In Canada, there has also been some controversy surrounding voter ID laws and Muslim women needing to remove their niqab or burka to prove their identification before being able to cast a ballot.
Queensland has a poor track record of electoral reform. Prior to the Fitzgerald Inquiry and the changes that occurred as a result (including the establishment of an independent electoral commission), large scale misconduct existed at the most senior levels of the police force and politics.
Governments (both Labor and Liberal) used the electoral system as a way of shoring up support. In 1922, the Labor Party stacked the Upper House with a group of men – later known as the “suicide squad” – who voted to abolish the Legislative Council.
Electoral systems were also changed in order to benefit the party in power at the time. Malapportioned electoral districts were the norm. The community of Wugal Wugal experienced the only true gerrymander the state has seen, when the government-appointed commissioners removed their right to vote in their own electorate of Barron River, and placed them in the Labor electorate of Cook.
Later, Tony Fitzgerald would note that:
It has not always been obvious that the Electoral Commissioners were independent of the government…[t]he commissioners did not report to parliament, but to the premier.
Many Queenslanders fought long and hard for electoral reform in the years leading up to the Fitzgerald Inquiry. It is these memories that ought to prod Queensland to query the rationale for voter ID laws.
Australia has a long tradition of democratic innovation. Despite their flaws, universal franchise and compulsory voting remain the best protection against abuse. Of particular concern is how voter ID will affect Indigenous communities, the poor and the homeless. No matter how many forms of ID will be permitted, it is easy to imagine that on voting day, many otherwise eligible voters will not have their ID.
When change is mooted to something as important as the electoral system, the first question should be: what is the possible hidden agenda? One possible answer to this is removing compulsory enrolment and voting in the longer term. This will be easier to argue for when voting numbers decline – and in an era where many are already feeling disconnected from their governments, voter ID laws just might see to that. | <urn:uuid:8bce5770-0a3d-4080-918c-372712182109> | {
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Today, to gain a greater understanding of modern day Greece, Year 5 held their very own EU referendum! After learning about the European Union (and both sides of the remain/ leave argument!), we played the EU trade game. This game involves working in groups as a 'country' to try and make as much money as possible (by creating different sized shapes). Each country started with different resources, and they quickly realised the need for trade and cooperation. Throughout the activity, we voted on whether people could move countries freely (a unanimous yes!), rules for trade and ensuring each country played by the same rules and who decided these rules. By the end of the game, we were much more informed as to the pros and cons of remaining in the EU as we considered the positives and negatives of our decisions. To end with, each person used all of the information available, as well as their experiences to vote remain or leave. We decided that no matter which way we voted, the most important thing was to consider ALL of the information fairly to make our own minds up. | <urn:uuid:2d1835e4-30b2-463d-8ea3-e840a5aadbc5> | {
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Evaluating armorials (III) – Comparing armorials
In the first two parts of this series on evaluating armorials, many mistakes regarding coats of arms and legends have been discussed. This third part deals with the topic of comparing different armorials, and in this process the incorrect coats of arms prove to be quite useful. Comparing armorials can be important for several reasons. As we have seen in Steen Clemmensen’s previous blogposts, it is not uncommon to find variations of the same coat of arms in different armorials. By comparing their depiction in these armorials, one can gain insights on the various appearances of a certain coat of arms and maybe be able to seperate the correct from the incorrect depictions. Furthermore, many armorials are partly copies from other armorials. Comparing them is an important research technique to increase our limited knowledge on topics as the production of armorials, the heraldic knowledge of their makers and the relation between different armorials.
Armorials as non-verbal documents
Detailed identification and documentation for all or most items is nice to have when comparing armorials, but it is not necessary. In essence, an armorial is just a non-verbal document like a pack of cards or a frieze on a wall. Kings, Queens and Jacks may be drawn differently, and spades and hearts may change colours, but all will instantly recognize the 52 cards (excluding Jokers) ready for a game of cards and understand the meaning and value of each card.
So the individual items of an armorial (blazoned or painted, with or without legends) can be regarded as cards, but the stack is much larger, and the possible variations of each item infinitely greater. The easiest way to compare items in different manuscript is to use a placeholder (a code, usually the number in the sequence, the family name, and a letter to indicate the appropriate variant of the arms) to represent each entry. When comparing arms, one ought to be able to explain whatever differences there may be among concordant items, i.e. similar items occupying similar places in the compared sequences.
What to do when comparing armorials depends partly on their size. In a rough break-down, less than a hundred is a very small armorial, 100-500 a small, 500-1000 medium–sized, above 1000 large, and above 2000 a very large armorial. Most of the armorials dated before 1350 were fairly small, usually featuring a few hundred arms rather than thousands. As such, it is fairly easy to get an overview of their contents and composition. In the Late Middle Ages, larger armorials became common, made up of many segments taken from different sources (or observations made at different times, if one prefers to leave that option open). With more than 3000 items placed in some 50 or more segments, which might be disordered, getting an overview takes some effort – and establishing possible relations to other armorials becomes rather complicated. Many modern editors and commentators were, not surprisingly, usually content with listing references to seals and items in other armorials, where arms and legends were more or less similar to the item in question.
There are a couple of fundamental differences between evaluating a family’s or a person’s use of arms and comparing armorials. For the former even minute details could arguably be of vital importance and one would use many forms of evidence besides armorials, not least seals and decorations on and in buildings and on furniture and utensils. For comparing armorials, only the arms in the set matters and many details are essentially irrelevant. Of course, it is nice to know whether a certain coat of arms and/or a certain title is specific for one person at one time. But it is only nice, not necessary. It helps dating a manuscript and may shed light on the knowledge of the collator or compiler, but the key question in comparing is whether two items are sufficiently similar to warrant a place in the concordance.
Noting an unusual coat of arms or a certain combination of items may provide a hint of similarity between armorials. Markers like a very unusual, often imaginary, coat of arms, e.g. a lion with human head and a Jew’s hat (Judas Macchabeus), or a lion sitting on a throne holding a sword (Hector of Troy), are strong evidence of a relationship. It would be unlikely for two individuals to independently create such a figure for the same person, unless the story behind it gives a natural lead, e.g. with canting arms. Remarkable mistakes or otherwise unknown combinations of legend and arms are other forms of strong markers. Personal arms specific to one individual may be used as a weak or soft marker and as supporting evidence.
Crests are generally of little value in comparing armorials. They may change with time or be rendered with different details, if at all present. Many armorials do not have crests on the shields. When such armorials are used as sources, the copyist may add crests from a different source, as did the Bergshammar-compiler in several segments.
Evaluating and comparing drawing and painting styles is the province of specialist art historians, and falls outside this commentary. Nonetheless, the reader of an armorial will benefit from knowing a little of the terminology and elements used in assessing and describing pictures as well as coats of arms.
The next and last post in this series is a case study of the Grünenberg armorial, in which many elements that have been discussed in the previous posts come together.
Notable exceptions are Jan Raneke: Bergshammarvapenboken, Lund 1975, Léon Jéquier: l’Armorial Bellenville, Cahiers Héraldiques, vol. V, Paris 1983), and J-C. Blanchard: l’Armorial d’André de Rineck, Paris 2008.
Raneke Bergshammarvapenboken (note 1), items 818-915, fo.68r-72r, Flanders, most of the arms were copied from the Toison d’or and some crests added later from items in the Gelre with similar arms | <urn:uuid:7bafc71d-0ce8-44ff-95c8-be5a12c526da> | {
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What would you do if you saw someone at a party, in a class, or at your job touching women without their consent and making them uncomfortable? Do you know what you would say? What if you spoke up but they ignored you? What if they got mad? What if they grabbed you?
Recently at U-M, a group of students had to face just that question, and they worked together to recognize, intervene and interrupt the problem. You can read their inspiring story here.
Unwanted touching is fairly common, but very few of us have ever practiced what to do or say in response. It’s one thing to think about it, but quite another to stand up, raise your voice, and tell someone their behavior is not okay with you. Even though it feels good to speak up, it takes some practice.
It can help to know that it’s normal to feel confused when we see something dangerous, offensive or inappropriate in a social setting. We might tell ourselves “That can’t really be happening!” or “No one else is doing anything, maybe I’m overreacting.” In fact, these reactions are so common that social psychologists have labeled them the Bystander Response.
So what can you do? One way to prevent the bystander response is to practice speaking up and setting boundaries ahead of time. And it also helps to have some emergency skills prepared, just in case things get out of hand. This term, U-M students can practice these skills and strategies at free Personal Safety Education workshops. You’ll learn creative, realistic, and simple techniques for noticing bad behavior and interrupting it safely.
Personal Safety Education workshops are sponsored by the Dean of Students Office and U-Move. Register here for sessions at the CCRB. Or, if you know someone who lives in a co-op, members of the Inter-Cooperative Council can watch for special sessions coming soon to the ICC Ed Center, Minnie’s, and the North Campus Rec Room. | <urn:uuid:81f6704a-a68f-4148-99f0-c4dc0093a294> | {
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The salivary glands produce saliva, a liquid compound which moistens the mouth, protects teeth from decay, and aids in food digestion. The salivary glands are located in and around the mouth. The major salivary glands are called the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. They all secrete saliva via ducts into the mouth. The parotid secretes saliva through Stensen’s duct near the upper back molar teeth; the submandibular gland drains via Wharton’s duct into the front portion of the floor of the mouth below the tongue; and the sublingual through multiple un-named ducts into the floor of the mouth. There are also are hundreds of tiny glands called minor salivary glands which are located in the lips, cheek and other linings of the mouth and throat. These do not drain through a duct bit rather directly into the oral cavity. Problems will occur when the salivary ducts that drain saliva into the mouth, or the glands themselves, become blocked.
Some common symptoms of salivary gland disease include:
- A lump under the tongue, in the cheek, or under the chin
- Foul-tasting discharge into the mouth
- Swelling of the face in front of the ear
- Swelling during eating
- Decreased gland moisture
- Dry mouth
- Tooth decay
Some common disease processes within the salivary glands include:
- Sialolithiasis, the formation of stones within the glands
- Sialadenitis, a bacterial infection of the glands
- Fatty infiltration due to diabetes or alcohol abuse
- Salivary gland cysts
- Obstruction of the salivary ducts by mucus or salivary calculi, or stones
- Tumors of the glands, both benign and malignant. Two thirds of parotid tumors are benign. Fifty percent of submandibular tumors are benign as well.
Infections of the parotid gland are associated with dehydration or malnutrition, and are most frequently seen in elderly debilitated patients. Medications associated with a side effect of dry mouth, other ongoing chronic illnesses, and exposure to radiation or cigarette smoke can be factors as well.
In the evaluation of salivary gland disease, Dr. Rejowski will assess the risk factors and medical history involved, will perform a thorough examination of the patient’s head, neck, and oral cavity, and, if needed, obtain further information through blood tests, CT or MRI scans, or fine needle aspiration biopsy.
A patient experiencing sialolithiasis may pass small stones without medical intervention. If the stone is too large, surgery will most likely be performed to either remove the obstruction or the gland itself.
Antibiotics are prescribed for bacterial infections, which are usually staphylococcal in origin. For a viral infection the usual treatment is rest with oral replacement of fluids until the infection clears.
Surgical removal of the gland is required for the treatment of salivary gland tumors. The identification of the facial nerve, which runs through the parotid and submandibular gland, is paramount. Radiation treatment may also be recommended after surgery for malignant tumors. This is typically administered four to six weeks after the surgical procedure to allow adequate healing. | <urn:uuid:09fd014f-c62f-491b-b7ee-f3ab7a637ed7> | {
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Grand Valley State University has many talented faculty working in the field of data analytics. We offer courses and programs in the field of data analytics as well as more general courses of study that address our students’ need to understand how “Big Data” is transforming our everyday life, and what role they will play in shaping its future. Click here for a sampling of "Big Data" projects currently underway at Grand Valley.
“Big Data” refers to the sharp increase of the size, arrival rate and complexity of data that is being generated and collected by business, government, non-profits and other organizations. The rapid increase in data will create new opportunities that will transform many fields of study, such as business, health, the sciences, and politics. It will also create new challenges as organizations try to learn how to store, manage, analyze, and preserve our ever-increasing bodies of data. “Data Science” or “Data Analytics” is the name of the academic area that studies “Big Data,” but different disciplines have their own terminology for it, such as “business intelligence,” “marketing analytics,” or “information management.”
The effects of big data are profound. Everything from tracking disease across the world, managing cities and crisis situations, employing marketing techniques to specify individual consumers, targeting business solutions, and winning elections are just a few of the ways that our society has been changed by big data. And the most obvious affect is the ethical implications of all of this - questions of privacy and ethical use. | <urn:uuid:4a58d2cb-0b20-4f54-82f9-a8bdc82e7dc8> | {
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Together with a national health service and maintenance of employment, a universal children's allowance was one of the three pillars of the welfare state set out by William Beveridge (below) in his seminal 1942 report.
The symbolism of George Osborne's announcement cannot be overstated. Since 1946, when the first family allowance order books became valid, mothers have received a weekly payment from the state for at least their second child – irrespective of family income.
The case for a universal family allowance was made as early as the 1920s by social reformers such as Eleanor Rathbone, who saw it as a way to alleviate poverty in big families.
The family allowance was introduced at a rate of five shillings for each child after the first – Beveridge had wanted eight shillings – and was paid direct to the mother after a protest led by Rathbone and a free Commons vote overturned initial plans to pay the father.
Jim Griffiths, the Labour minister who led implementation of Beveridge's reforms, was later to describe the initiative as "one of the best investments the state ever made".
For more than 30 years family allowance was paid in harness with child tax allowance. This enabled governments to claw back increases from taxpayers, although the "wallet-to-purse" transfer was thought to have lost votes among male workers and to have cost the then Labour government dear after 1968, when it more than doubled the family allowance but cut the tax break.
Between 1979 and 1981, however, both the family allowance and child tax allowance were replaced by child benefit, paid for all children. It was so popular for its simplicity that before the 1987 general election John Major – then Tory social security minister – issued an assurance about its continuance as a universal, non-means-tested payment.
Until now the greatest threat to the benefit has been erosion of its value through below-inflation increases.
In 1977, however, Labour under Jim Callaghan had cold feet about the switch from family allowance/child tax allowance to child benefit and postponed the plans. Callaghan was eventually shamed into an about-turn by the leaking of cabinet papers through the Child Poverty Action Group director, Frank Field, now a Labour MP advising David Cameron. | <urn:uuid:b1b900f4-2f25-4865-b459-091c7a899661> | {
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Although Idaho is currently a Republican stronghold, it was not always that way. The Democratic Party had a strong presence in the original Idaho territory. This was in part due to the small but significant Mormon minority in the state voting in bloc for the party (yes, Mormons were mostly Democrats in the late 19th century).
TBR Research presents insights and excerpts from peer-reviewed scholarship.
However, in order to receive statehood, members of the Democratic Party in Idaho (as well as members of the Republican Party) had to distance themselves from Mormons in order to convince Congress to grant them statehood (as Congress was anti-Mormon at the time). The original Idaho state constitution, which Congress had to approve, prohibited Mormons from voting. Essentially the Democratic Party had to choose between catering to a loyal and significant voting bloc in the party and statehood. The Democratic Party chose statehood.
In Territorial Governor George Shoup’s call for the Idaho Constitutional Convention in 1889, he made it clear that there were several significant political and financial benefits for Idaho becoming a state. With respect to political representation, if Idaho became a state, residents could vote in presidential and vice presidential elections. They would also have at least one House representative and two senators. While they had a territorial representative to Congress, the representative could not vote. In addition, territorial governors and judges were presidential appointments. If Idaho became a state, residents would have more control over who represented them in local politics.
Perhaps more importantly, though, there were several financial benefits to statehood. According to Governor Shoup’s estimates, the Treasury only gave Idaho $28,000 a year to run the territorial government. However, if Idaho were a state, Congress would contribute about $3.5 million a year to the state (with a large portion of those resources being allocated to the establishment of a public education system in the state). Furthermore, due to the Alien Land Act of 1887, foreign investors could not own or lease real estate in territories controlled by Congress. The state expected to take ownership of the land and sell it on the open market. Obviously this didn’t happen, but the sentiment remains alive and well.If Idaho became a state, it would be in a better position to attract foreign investment, especially in the mining regions of the state (mining was an extremely important sector of Idaho’s economy). And last, if Idaho became a state, the legislature planned to sell or lease public land, which would have brought in a great deal of revenue.
REQUIREMENTS FOR STATEHOOD
One of the major obstacles to Idaho statehood was the small but significant Mormon population in the region. Mormons made up about 17 percent of the territory’s population in the 1880s and were mostly located in the southern and eastern portions of the territory. Representatives from Congress who spoke at the Idaho Constitutional Convention in 1889 made it very clear that the “Mormon question” was the largest obstacle for Idaho to overcome to gain statehood. As Rep. Julius C. Burrows, a Michigan Republican, put it at the Idaho Convention:
But allow me to say, gentlemen, that the most serious obstacle to my mind in the way of your admission into the Union, is not the question of irrigation, it is not the question that concerns your material affairs in the territory, but the most serious obstacle lying in the pathway of your admission into the Union is the question of Mormonism… Now your constitution will be very carefully scanned upon that question.
So why was Congress at odds with the Mormon Church? Congress saw the Mormon Church as a threat to the Federal government. Mormons were very loyal to their church leaders. This was in part due to the history of the church itself. Mormons ended up in the west to escape religious persecution in the east. Congress passed at least two anti-Mormon laws during this time period and delayed granting Utah statehood. Several representatives from Congress gave anti-Mormon speeches at the convention.They lived in isolation for many years, and this forced them to establish their own cities and towns with their own economic and political systems. It was almost as if they had built their own small country in the west, where religion, economics and politics intertwined. Given the relationship between religion and politics, many members of Congress believed that Mormons were loyal to their leaders in a parallel fashion to the way other Americans were supposed to be loyal to Congress or the president. As Burrows said at the Convention:
Now gentlemen, no organization, whether religious or secular, no body of people in this country can dominate, either in the state or in the nation that acknowledges a higher power than the power of the government in civil affairs…
Congress took the Mormon “threat” so seriously that it passed the Edmunds Act in 1882. The act essentially stripped Mormons of the right to vote. It also prohibited Mormons from serving on juries and prohibited them from holding public office. By the time of the 1889 state Constitutional Convention, it was clear that if Idaho wanted statehood, it would have to repress its Mormon population.
DISENFRANCHISEMENT PRIOR TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
Mormon political repression in the Idaho territory began a few years before the push for statehood, in the mid-1870s. Up until this time, Mormons were actively involved in territorial politics. They tended to vote in bloc for the Democratic Party, which meant the party did quite well in territorial elections.
Eventually the Republican Party in the Idaho territory realized that it could increase its vote share if it used the Democrats’ affiliation with Mormons against them. An anti-Mormon arm of the Republican Party started in the territory, primarily in Oneida County, in the 1870s. The anti-Mormons mainly argued that Mormons should not be able to participate in politics because of their support of polygamous marriages (even though less than 1 percent of Mormons in Idaho actually engaged in polygamy). The campaign was so successful that anti-Mormons gained control over the territorial legislature in 1884. And in order to re-enforce Mormon repression, they passed the Test Oath.
The Test Oath of 1884 prohibited Mormons in Idaho from voting, holding political office and serving on juries. The early effects of the Edmunds Act and the Test Oath on the Democratic vote share were drastic. Democrats had sent a territorial representative to Congress almost continuously for 18 years (see the chart below). Not only did the Republican Party start winning these elections, but by the time of the 1889 Convention, they were so strong that they actually made up the majority of the representatives at the Constitutional Convention.
Non-Mormon Democrats quickly recognized that the Republican’s anti-Mormon strategy was working, as they were losing control over territorial politics. They began to regard their Mormon co-partisans as a serious liability. An anti-Mormon faction formed in the Democratic Party, splitting the party into rival political camps.
DISENFRANCHISEMENT DURING THE CONVENTION
Anti-Mormon sentiment in Idaho continued during the Constitutional Convention. Members of both parties wanted to make it abundantly clear that they did not support the Mormon Church. Several Democrats gave speeches about Mormons, trying to distance themselves as far from them as possible. As James Reid, a former Democratic representative from North Carolina who had moved to Idaho, stated at the convention:
The conservative element in that caucus… wanted to show to this territory, to show to the good people that we would go far beyond even our conscientious scruples to put down Mormonism, to show to this territory that we stood side by side with the republicans.
In order to eliminate the Mormon vote in Idaho permanently, representatives in the convention carefully worded Article 6, sections 3 and 4 of the Constitution in order to disenfranchise Mormons. They wanted to make sure that the language was clear enough that Mormons could not find a loophole to get around disenfranchisement. But they also wanted to make sure that the state legislature could not take the right to vote away from any other religious or civic organization.
The final language of Article 6, sections 3 and 4, read as follows:
Sec. 3. No person is permitted to vote, serve as a juror, or hold any civil office who… is a bigamist or polygamist, or is living in what is known as a patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or in violation of any law of this state, or of the United States, forbidding any such crime; or who in any manner, teaches, advises, counsels, aids or encourages any person to enter into bigamy, polygamy, or such patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or to live in violation of any such law, or to commit any such crime; or who is a member of, or contributes to the support, aid, or encouragement of, any order, organization, association, corporation, or society, which teaches, advises, counsels, encourages or aids any per son to enter into bigamy, polygamy or such patriarchal or plural marriage, or which teaches or advises that the laws of this state prescribing rules of civil conduct, are not the supreme law of the state; …
Sec. 4. The legislature may prescribe qualifications, limitations and conditions for the right of suffrage, additional to those prescribed in this article, but shall never annul any of the provisions in this article contained.
TIMING, ANOTHER FACTOR
Since there were clearly significant political and financial benefits for Idaho residents if the Federal government granted them statehood, it is not too surprising that Democrats were willing to disenfranchise their Mormon supporters in exchange for statehood. However, I also think that the short time frame in which Idaho had to petition for statehood also played a role in forcing the Democrats to make concessions. If the Federal government had not granted them statehood in 1889, they believed they would have had to wait years for another opportunity.
So why was there a quick time frame? In order for Idaho to become a state, it had to prove it had enough residents to justify statehood. The territory had to meet the population requirements of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which was “60,000 residents.” It also had to have enough residents to justify a House member representing the state. According to the 1880 Census, there were only 32,610 residents in Idaho, which was far less than the 60,000 required. Unless the population in the state almost doubled by 1890, it would have been impossible to gain statehood.
Since it was clear that the Idaho territory might have not had enough residents to justify statehood, representatives from Idaho started exaggerating about how many residents lived in the territory. In the late 1880s, Shoup claimed they were 113,777 residents in the state, almost four times the 1880 Census count.
In order to prevent Congress from having a more accurate idea of what the population of the Idaho territory was, Idaho needed to petition for statehood prior to 1890, the year of the next Census. Idaho ended up having enough residents, according to the 1890 Census.The governor waited until 1889 to draft a state constitution and present it to Congress. Since there was such a short time frame, it may have forced Democrats to make serious compromises in exchange for statehood. Had they had a longer time frame they could have had more time to make the argument that Mormons were not a threat to the federal or state government.
STATEHOOD, ENFRANCHISEMENT, AND THE DECLINE OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY
On July 3, 1890, Idaho officially became a state. It became one of the few states in the US to include a religious requirement for suffrage in its constitution. Nevertheless, Mormon disenfranchisement did not last long. The state repealed the Test Oath in 1892. And the constitution was not used to prevent Mormons from voting. Still, it was not until 1982 that Idaho formally changed its constitution to remove the anti-Mormon language.
Even though Mormons quickly regained their right to vote, the Democratic Party never regained the dominance it had in the mid-1800s. The Republicans and Democrats basically shared power for about the first 80 years, until the 1960s. And then Republicans dominated elections thereafter.
This article was originally posted at Quantitative Peace.
The views and opinions expressed here are those of the writer and do not necessarily reflect those of Boise State University or the School of Public Service. | <urn:uuid:e2180a83-8284-4757-b675-35966452bfc8> | {
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It comes via The Royal Society, a scientific body that has been around since the 1600s and is considered about the most prestigious on our planet, you know, Earth. It's a warning about our very real prospects of global civilization collapse in what may be modern mankind's final century.
What is the likelihood of this set of interconnected predicaments leading to a global collapse in this century? There have been many definitions and much discussion of past ‘collapses’, but a future global collapse does not require a careful definition. It could be triggered by anything from a ‘small’ nuclear war, whose ecological effects could quickly end civilization, to a more gradual breakdown because famines, epidemics and resource shortages cause a disintegration of central control within nations, in concert with disruptions of trade and conflicts over increasingly scarce necessities. In either case, regardless of survivors or replacement societies, the world familiar to anyone reading this study and the well-being of the vast majority of people would disappear.
How likely is such a collapse to occur? No civilization can avoid collapse if it fails to feed its population. The world's success so far, and the prospective ability to feed future generations at least as well, has been under relatively intensive discussion for half a century. Agriculture made civilization possible, and over the last 80 years or so, an industrial agricultural revolution has created a technology-dependent global food system. That system, humanity's single biggest industry, has generated miracles of food production. But it has also created serious long-run vulnerabilities, especially in its dependence on stable climates, crop monocultures, industrially produced fertilizers and pesticides, petroleum, antibiotic feed supplements and rapid, efficient transportation.
...What are the prospects that H. sapiens can produce and distribute sufficient food? To do so, it probably will be necessary to accomplish many or all of the following tasks: severely limit climate disruption; restrict expansion of land area for agriculture (to preserve ecosystem services); raise yields where possible; put much more effort into soil conservation; increase efficiency in the use of fertilizers, water and energy; become more vegetarian; grow more food for people (not fuel for vehicles); reduce food wastage; stop degradation of the oceans and better regulate aquaculture; significantly increase investment in sustainable agricultural and aquacultural research; and move increasing equity and feeding everyone to the very top of the policy agenda.
... rising temperatures already seem to be slowing previous trends of increasing yields of basic grains, and unless greenhouse gas emissions are dramatically reduced, dangerous anthropogenic climate change could ravage agriculture. Also, in addition to falling yields from many oceanic fish stocks because of widespread overfishing, warming and acidification of the oceans threaten the protein supply of some of the most nutritionally vulnerable people.
...More than a millennium of change in temperature and precipitation patterns is apparently now entrained, with the prospect of increasingly severe storms, droughts, heat waves and floods, all of which seem already evident and all of which threaten agricultural production.
...In addition to the serious and widespread problems of soil degradation, sea-level rise (the most certain consequence of global warming) will take important areas out of production either by inundating them (a 1 m rise would flood 17.5% of Bangladesh), exposing them to more frequent storm surges, or salinizing coastal aquifers essential for irrigation water.
...The best estimate today may be that, failing rapid concerted action, the world is already committed to a 2.4°C increase in global average temperature. This is significantly above the 2°C estimated a decade ago by climate scientists to be a ‘safe’ limit, but now considered by some analysts to be too dangerous, a credible assessment, given the effects seen already before reaching a one degree rise. There is evidence, moreover, that present models underestimate future temperature increase
...Fossil fuel companies would have to leave most of their proven reserves in the ground, thus destroying much of the industry's economic value. Because the ethics of some businesses include knowingly continuing lethal but profitable activities, it is hardly surprising that interests with large financial stakes in fossil fuel burning have launched a gigantic and largely successful disinformation campaign in the USA to confuse people about climate disruption and block attempts to deal with it.
Another possible threat to the continuation of civilization is global toxification. Adverse symptoms of exposure to synthetic chemicals are making some scientists increasingly nervous about effects on the human population. Should a global threat materialize, however, no planned mitigating responses... are waiting in the wings ready for deployment.
But much uncertainty about the human ability to avoid a collapse still hinges on military security, especially whether some elements of the human predicament might trigger a nuclear war. Recent research indicates that even a regional-scale nuclear conflict, as is quite possible between India and Pakistan, could lead to a global collapse through widespread climatic consequences.
Societies have a long history of mobilizing efforts, making sacrifices and changes, to defeat an enemy at the gates, or even just to compete more successfully with a rival. But there is not much evidence of societies mobilizing and making sacrifices to meet gradually worsening conditions that threaten real disaster for future generations. Yet that is exactly the sort of mobilization that we believe is required to avoid a collapse.
Perhaps the biggest challenge in avoiding collapse is convincing people, especially politicians and economists, to break this ancient mould and alter their behaviour relative to the basic population-consumption drivers of environmental deterioration.
...If foresight intelligence became established, many more scientists and policy planners (and society) might, for example, understand the demographic contributions to the predicament, stop treating population growth as a ‘given’ and consider the nutritional, health and social benefits of humanely ending growth well below nine billion and starting a slow decline. This would be a monumental task, considering the momentum of population growth. Monumental, but not impossible if the political will could be generated globally to give full rights, education and opportunities to women, and provide all sexually active human beings with modern contraception and backup abortion. The degree to which those steps would reduce fertility rates is controversial, but they are a likely win-win for societies.
...While rapid policy change to head off collapse is essential, fundamental institutional change to keep things on track is necessary as well. This is especially true of educational systems, which today fail to inform most people of how the world works and thus perpetuate a vast culture gap. The academic challenge is especially great for economists, who could help set the background for avoiding collapse by designing steady-state economic systems, and along the way destroying fables such as ‘growth can continue forever if it's in service industries’, or ‘technological innovation will save us’.
...widely based cultural change is required to reduce humanely both population size and overconsumption by the rich. Both go against cultural norms, and, as long feared, the overconsumption norm has understandably been adopted by the increasingly rich subpopulations of developing nations, notably India and China. One can be thrilled by the numbers of people raised from poverty while being apprehensive about the enormous and possibly lethal environmental and social costs that may eventually result. The industrial revolution set civilization on the road to collapse, spurring population growth, which contributed slightly more than overconsumption to environmental degradation. Now population combined with affluence growth may finish the job.
Humanity has the assets to get the job done, but the odds of avoiding collapse seem small because the risks are clearly not obvious to most people and the classic signs of impending collapse, especially diminishing returns to complexity, are everywhere. One central psychological barrier to taking dramatic action is the distribution of costs and benefits through time: the costs up front, the benefits accruing largely to unknown people in the future. But whether we or more optimistic observers are correct, our own ethical values compel us to think the benefits to those future generations are worth struggling for, to increase at least slightly the chances of avoiding a dissolution of today's global civilization as we know it.
In a nutshell, this urgent and invaluable report calls on us to rethink our civilization. We have to stop seeing it as Planet Earth and start thinking of it as Lifeboat Earth. Our ability to live cooperatively for an extended period of at least several if not many generations will determine the fate of our civilization. Brown, black, yellow, white - we're all in the same boat and it doesn't matter if we're Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian, animist or secular. We need every one of us to grab an oar and pull together for the common good and, like all survivors in lifeboats, that's going to mean rationing and sharing. | <urn:uuid:1b1a1dad-46e3-41c7-8ada-d8d15c34d80b> | {
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Although it might not always feel so, gas is a crucial part of your digestive system and a very normal process as part of healthy digestion. What isn’t quite so normal, however, is trapped gas which can cause your abdomen to bloat and feel very uncomfortable. This occurs as a result of excess gas produced by digestion sticking around too long in the digestive tract, getting trapped or taking too long to move. It’s usually accompanied by other symptoms including:
- Passing excessive gas (flatulence).
- Regular belching and burping.
- Rumbling and gurgling around your abdomen.
- A swollen and distended stomach.
What can you do to prevent abdominal bloating?
These symptoms are not all that pleasant for anyone, so it’s important to understand what can cause excessive gas and bloating to prevent any unnecessary pain or discomfort. These can range from eating too quickly or eating foods that don’t agree all that well with your body to medical conditions. Here’s a brief rundown of some of the more common causes of bloating:
- Swallowing extra air when eating or drinking due to consuming them too fast, chewing gum, smoking or wearing dentures that don’t fit correctly.
- Food intolerances and sensitivities.
- Weight gain.
- A change in hormones, particularly for women.
- Conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease.
Tests to diagnose abdominal bloating and pain
It’s important that if you experience any more severe symptoms such as a change in passing stools, including frequency, consistency or blood in your movements, weight loss or vomiting, you should visit your doctor. Experiencing abdominal pain over a long period of time or pain that moves into your chest requires immediate medical attention.
You can, in the meantime however, undertake tests that can help to diagnose regular abdominal bloating symptoms and discomfort resulting from trapped gas. Here are a few we recommend:
CBC Blood Test
A blood test is one of the most common ways to rule out any medical conditions that could be causing abdominal bloating. Certain illnesses and diseases that might result in excessive gas will show up in a blood test, then your doctor can advise you on the next steps to take.
The liver is an important organ in detoxing the body and expelling things you don’t need or that could be harmful. Taking a hepatic function test will show if your liver is working to its full capacity and doing its job correctly.
Gut Bacteria Testing
One big cause of the excessive gas in your digestive tract that can cause abdominal discomfort is an imbalance of bacteria in your gut; this may be an overgrowth of specific types of bacteria or a deficiency in the good types such as probiotics which naturally occur in the gut.
Understanding the balance of these bacteria in your gut is the key to identifying where issues might lie. Our GutQlu test is the simplest and most comprehensive way to do this, meaning that you can alter your diet and intake of healthy bacteria based on your body’s specific needs and our recommendations for you personally.
Your urine is an excellent tell-tale of what’s going on in parts of your body outside the digestive tract that could cause abdominal pain, including the kidneys, bladder and ureters. The pain caused by conditions affecting these such as infections can be very similar to general abdominal bloating discomfort so it’s a good idea to rule these out.
DNA Nutrition Test
A major cause of abdominal bloating that you might not have even considered is an intolerance or sensitivity to certain food groups. A nutrition DNA test such as NutriQlu can pick up these weaknesses from your DNA meaning that you’ll know in future where to cut back or cut out certain foods to prevent gas and abdominal pain before it even occurs.
More specialised tests such as CT scans, colonoscopy and even X-rays to check for blockages in your system may be recommended by your doctor if you’re unable to find the cause using more simple tests or to prevent gas by altering your diet.
Our GutQlu test will unlock the secrets of your DNA to allow you to understand the effect your diet has on your delicate gut bacteria and how you can better optimise and balance your gut health.
Love your gut with key insights from your own custom genetic report.
If you’re looking to identify problems caused by gut bacteria imbalances such as stomach upset, joint pain and fatigue and to optimise your diet, take the first step with a GutQlu personalised digestive report. | <urn:uuid:8ef6307d-34b0-4284-bb8e-a12f8a309d1c> | {
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Faculty members in the UC Davis Department of Neurology are among the nation’s experts in rare neuromuscular diseases such as myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton Syndrome and inherited forms of myasthenia. These diseases are characterized by muscle weakness caused by disturbances in the normal communication between nerves and muscles.
Myasthenia gravis clinic and ongoing research
The department’s faculty members run one of the largest myasthenia gravis clinics in the United States, treating more than 400 patients per year from across the Western U.S. While these diseases are relatively uncommon, they are very serious. The good news is that they respond well to drug therapy and other available treatments.
Ongoing research in the department is aimed at developing new drug treatments for these debilitating diseases. While our physician researchers are busy treating patients, they are also running clinical trials and conducting basic research with the hope of offering more treatment options to patients nationwide in the future.
What is myasthenia gravis?
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies produced by the body attack the receptors responsible for binding neurotransmitters, brain chemicals, on the muscles side of the synapse, the space between the end of a nerve cell and the muscle cell. Specifically, the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, normally transmits impulses between nerves and muscles. In myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine is blocked by antibodies to its receptor.
Department researchers are working with animal models of this disease that they have developed to identify how these antibodies cause problems. They are also working to develop drug treatments to counteract those effects.
What is Lambert-Eaton Syndrome?
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome, also called myasthenic syndrome, is a disorder with symptoms very similar to those of myasthenia gravis. In Lambert-Eaton syndrome, the interruption in muscle-nerve communication is caused by an insufficient release of neurotransmitter by the nerve cell. Researchers are also trying to understand these mechanisms with hopes of developing new drug treatments.
Inherited forms of myasthenia
Inherited forms of myasthenia are not autoimmune. These disorders involve components of the synapse. The research goal is to figure out what goes wrong because of these inherited mutations and how to counteract it. Luckily, animal models also exist for this research. | <urn:uuid:4779b72e-0a7b-43f8-8282-f62d4367c791> | {
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In his latest column, John Cross ’76 recalls a tumultuous spring on campus 139 years ago when President Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain squared off against the freshman, sophomore, and junior classes during the Drill Rebellion of 1874.
When Joshua Chamberlain of the Class of 1852 became Bowdoin’s 6th president in 1871 he initiated a number of changes, not the least of which was the introduction of a mandatory program of military drill in 1872. Brevet Major General Chamberlain had seen many men killed during the Civil War due to poor military training and inexperience on the part of officers whose service rank derived from their status as college graduates rather than from their knowledge of military tactics. The federal government supported similar initiatives at about twenty colleges and universities in the early 1870s, pre-dating the establishment of Reserve Officer Training programs (ROTC) by 40 years. President Chamberlain was given his choice of available U.S. Army officers to head up Bowdoin’s Department of Military Tactics and Science, and he selected Major Joseph P. Sanger, an artillery officer and Civil War veteran.
Initially students seemed enthusiastic about the military drill – it provided a diversion from studies, a chance to show off as a class on the parade ground, and the prospect of firing one of the “Napoleons” (cannons) provided by the State of Maine. During inclement weather, exercises were held within the unfinished shell of Memorial Hall. However, the positive feelings about compulsory military training soon evaporated in the face of the strict regimen specified by the 8-page manual, Regulations for the Interior Police and Discipline of the Bowdoin Cadets, issued in September of 1872. Chamberlain biographer John Pullen H’58 outlined some of the rules that The Orient found to be like “the severity of Prussian discipline”:
-“students were organized into a battalion of four companies, with the men of each company quartered together as far as practicable”;
-the daily schedule included reveille, guard mounting (2 PM), drill for 90 minutes before sunset, and retreat at sunset, with a Sunday inspection of the barracks at 9 AM;
-students could purchase an optional uniform, similar in design to a gray West Point cadet uniform, for $28.00; in 1873 a simpler uniform was required for every student, consisting of a blue flannel blouse, cap, belt, and gloves ($6.00);
-absences excused only by the president or “by a Surgeon, in consequence of sickness or disease.”
Although Major Sanger was respected by the students for his knowledge and his genuine concern for their education in military matters, student opposition to the Drill grew, resulting in petitions to the faculty (signed by 126 of the 133 students in the upper three classes) and the governing boards requesting that the drill be eliminated. The faculty did not act on the petition, since the governing boards had authority for the program. Many faculty members and others in the surrounding community were not especially fond of the Drill, especially after the firing of cannons by the Bowdoin Cadets at an exhibition at the Topsham Fairgrounds spooked horses and livestock.
In the spring of 1874 – 139 years ago this month – the simmering kettle that was the Drill at Bowdoin boiled over. Compulsory purchase of a uniform and time commitments to military training throughout the day were the primary sources of discontent. On May 19, students groaned and shouted profanities as they were dispersing after artillery practice. They were admonished by Major Sanger, one student was expelled, and four others were suspended. Three days later most of the freshmen and sophomores did not report for duty, and word spread that three classes (seniors were exempt from drill in the spring semester) had signed an agreement refusing to drill. The students pledged to submit themselves as a group to any disciplinary action meted out against any one of their number. Attempts by faculty to dislodge the students from their position were unsuccessful, and a confrontation was inevitable.
The traits that had brought Chamberlain success on Little Round Top at the battle of Gettysburg and throughout his military career – a strict adherence to discipline, courage under fire, and a force of will and determination that were uncommon even in his day – did not serve him especially well in managing the Drill Rebellion of 1874. Chamberlain’s answer (with the support of the faculty) was to dismiss the entire freshman, sophomore, and junior classes from the College. He also sent a form letter to parents (among them the mother of future polar explorer Robert E. Peary of the Class of 1877) with the following message: “If your son will sign the enclosed blank, renewing in good faith and without reservation his matriculation pledge of obedience to the Laws and Regulations of the College, and forward it to the President within ten days from date, he will be allowed to return and resume his place in his class, and this he will be expected to do without further delay.” Students who returned, but still objected to the Drill, could complete the year and receive an “honorable dismissal,” which would allow them to transfer to another college or university. Those who did not respond within ten days would be expelled.
Newspapers around the country seized on the story, and rumors circulated that Dartmouth and other colleges had offered admission to the mutineers. Chamberlain ended the speculation by publishing a letter from the president of Dartmouth that indicated strong support for Bowdoin’s position.In the end, all but three students returned, and those three eventually graduated from the College. However, Chamberlain’s apparent victory cost him support among the Governing Boards, and military drill was made an elective. Participation in the Drill was on the decline, and in 1882 the program was discontinued, bringing to an end an experiment that spanned nearly the entire term of Joshua Chamberlain’s presidency, and concluding a colorful saga that would make for an intriguing screenplay some day.
With best wishes,
John R. Cross ’76
Secretary of Development and College Relations | <urn:uuid:be132624-39fd-4439-a264-132d3afa32e3> | {
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Cochineal Red: The Art History of a Color
Cochineal—a small insect that lived on cactus—was the primary red dye used in the ancient Americas to create brilliant crimson red. With the coming of the Spanish in the early 16th century and the age of global sea trade, it became the most sought-after source of red color. Elena Phipps, president of the Textile Society of America, presents research from the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art that traces this journey around the world.
Doors open at 2 pm.
Tickets are free for Alianza members, $3 for students with current ID, $5 for DAM members, $10 others.
Reservations not required.
Sponsored by the Alianza de las Artes Americanas, a DAM support group.
For information, call 303-361-9445.
Image credit: Coca bag (detail), Peru, 5th or 6th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. | <urn:uuid:b3128ee1-9049-4bcd-8c6e-5812cc44840f> | {
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Here we are talking about the number of antibodies, not the antibodies themselves.
Note the last part of the sentence ...
"...targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance."
The gist of the sentence is that the genes are able to generate a number of antibodies of different types.
With the use of "all", the meaning changes to imply that all the types of antibodies are targeted towards a single microbe or foreign substance.
It leads to ambiguity, whether the genes generate antibodies of different types for a single type of microbe or a single type of antibody for a particular microbe.
I got this in the practise test today and narrowed it to D/E & picked D under severe time pressure. However now I see why E is the correct answer.
Haas can you explain why each is correct. Isnt antibodies plural and so we should pick all? | <urn:uuid:a418b6c0-eade-4ace-a854-d8812f36469d> | {
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Covering issues such as citizens’ rights, asylum and security, the priorities aim to help ensure that Europe is an open, prosperous and safe place to live and work.
A common area of justice
Creating a European area of justice is a key aim of the Lisbon Treaty. Achievements in the past 5 years include better access to justice and ensuring the right to a fair trial.
To address key remaining challenges – such as obstacles to free movement - the EU has suggested a focus on:
- ensuring the necessary tools are in place in each country to turn European rights into a reality on the ground
- streamlining existing legislation, to make rights more accessible for people and businesses
- improving government trust of other EU countries' justice systems.
At the same time, the EU aims to work more closely in dealing with migration, asylum and security.
Priorities identified include:
- making better use of the opportunities offered by migration, particularly when coping with the challenge of an ageing population and declining labour force in Europe.
- reducing illegal immigration, for example, by taking action against those who employ illegal workers.
- dealing with asylum applications in a way that shares responsibility between European countries and provides support when pressure is high. Joint processing of applications at times of emergency is one idea that could be explored.
- keeping Europe open and secure through the cooperation of law enforcement agencies to tackle challenges such as cybercrime, human trafficking and terrorism. Efforts might include joint training programmes and better sharing of information.
The priorities, outlined by the European Commission, will be discussed with the European Parliament and European Council in June. The finalised set of priorities will take effect from December.
Press release – EU home affairs: the next phase
Press release – Towards a European area of justice
Q&A – Future of justice and home affairs agendas
EU takes action to protect rule of law | <urn:uuid:fc5e9159-59cc-498f-bad1-1fabf7fd947e> | {
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Generic Name: levothyroxine (LEE voe thye ROX een)
Brand Names: Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Tirosint, Unithroid
What is Synthroid?
Synthroid (levothyroxine) is a replacement for a hormone normally produced by your thyroid gland to regulate the body's energy and metabolism. Levothyroxine is given when the thyroid does not produce enough of this hormone on its own.
Synthroid treats hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone). Synthroid is also used to treat or prevent goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), which can be caused by hormone imbalances, radiation treatment, surgery, or cancer.
Synthroid may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
You may not be able to take Synthroid if you have certain medical conditions. Tell your doctor if you have an untreated or uncontrolled adrenal gland disorder, a thyroid disorder called thyrotoxicosis, or if you have any recent or current symptoms of a heart attack.
Synthroid should not be used to treat obesity or weight problems. Dangerous side effects or death can occur from the misuse of Synthroid, especially if you are taking any other weight-loss medications or appetite suppressants.
Before taking this medicine
Synthroid should not be used to treat obesity or weight problems. Dangerous side effects or death can occur from the misuse of levothyroxine, especially if you are taking any other weight-loss medications or appetite suppressants.
Since thyroid hormone occurs naturally in the body, almost anyone can take Synthroid. However, you may not be able to take this medication if you have certain medical conditions.
To make sure Synthroid is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have:
a thyroid disorder called thyrotoxicosis;
heart disease, coronary artery disease, or a history of blood clots;
diabetes (insulin or oral diabetes medication doses may need to be changed when you start taking levothyroxine);
anemia (lack of red blood cells);
osteoporosis, or low bone mineral density;
problems with your pituitary gland;
any food or drug allergies;
an untreated or uncontrolled adrenal gland disorder; or
if you have recently had a heart attack, or are having any symptoms of a heart attack (chest pain or heavy feeling, pain spreading to the jaw or shoulder, nausea, sweating, general ill feeling).
Tell your doctor if you have recently received radiation therapy with iodine (such as I-131).
Synthroid is not expected to harm an unborn baby. If you become pregnant while taking levothyroxine, do not stop taking the medicine without your doctor's advice. Having low thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy could harm both mother and baby. Your dose needs may be different during pregnancy.
Levothyroxine can pass into breast milk, but it is not expected to be harmful to a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Your dose needs may be different while you are nursing.
How should I take Synthroid?
Take Synthroid exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results. Do not take this medicine in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Do not share this medication with another person, even if they have the same symptoms you have.
Synthroid works best if you take it on an empty stomach, at least 30 minutes before breakfast. Follow your doctor's dosing instructions and try to take the medicine at the same time each day.
While using Synthroid, you may need frequent medical tests.
Tell any doctor or dentist who treats you that you are using Synthroid.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
It may take several weeks before your body starts to respond to Synthroid. Keep using this medicine even if you feel well. You may need to use this medicine for the rest of your life to replace the thyroid hormone your body cannot produce.
See also: Dosage Information (in more detail)
What happens if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
What happens if I overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.
Overdose symptoms may include headache, leg cramps, tremors, feeling nervous or irritable, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fast or pounding heartbeats.
What should I avoid?
Certain medicines can make Synthroid less effective if taken at the same time. If you use any of the following drugs, avoid taking them within 4 hours before or 4 hours after you take Synthroid:
calcium carbonate (Alka-Mints, Calcium Oyster Shell, Caltrate, Os-Cal, Oyster Shell Calcium, Rolaids Soft Chew, Tums, and others);
ferrous sulfate iron supplement;
sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kalexate, Kayexalate, Kionex); or
antacids that contain aluminum or magnesium - Acid Gone, Gaviscon, Maalox, Milk of Magnesia, Mintox, Mylanta, Pepcid Complete, and others).
Avoid the following food products, which can make your body absorb less Synthroid: infant soy formula, cotton seed meal, walnuts, and high-fiber foods.
Synthroid side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any signs of an allergic reaction to Synthroid: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:
fast or irregular heart rate;
fever, hot flashes, sweating;
sleep problems (insomnia);
changes in your menstrual periods; or
vomiting, diarrhea, appetite changes, weight changes.
Common Synthroid side effects may include mild hair loss.
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
See also: Side effects (in more detail)
What other drugs will affect Synthroid?
Many other medicines can be affected by your thyroid hormone levels. Other medicine may also increase or decrease the effects of Synthroid.
Many drugs can interact with levothyroxine and not all possible interactions are listed in this medication guide.
Tell your doctor about all medications you use, start using, or stop using during your treatment with Synthroid. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Give a list of all your medicines to any healthcare provider who treats you.
More about Synthroid (levothyroxine)
- Side Effects
- During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding
- Dosage Information
- Drug Images
- Drug Interactions
- Support Group
- Pricing & Coupons
- En Español
- 123 Reviews – Add your own review/rating
- Drug class: thyroid drugs
Related treatment guides
Where can I get more information?
- Your pharmacist can provide more information about Synthroid.
- Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use Synthroid only for the indication prescribed.
- Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Inc. ('Multum') is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. Multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Multum does not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Multum's drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Multum's drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. The absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. Multum does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.
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VIEWS: 18 PAGES: 1 CATEGORY: Biotechnology POSTED ON: 1/24/2013
Waterless urinals have been around for over 15 years and have attracted a lot of bad press. As with most new Technology, there are always bugs in the systems that are weaned out over time with new designs.
Why Should You Choose To Convert To Waterless Urinals? Waterless urinals have been around for over 15 years and have attracted a lot of bad press. As with most new Technology, there are always bugs in the systems that are weaned out over time with new designs. The old style waterless urinals used to work using a membrane in the trap at the bottom of the urinal. When the membrane got wet, it would open and then close once it dried. Unfortunately, the memory in the membrane wasn’t good enough and would fail to close meaning the smells of the waste pipes would come back through in to the washrooms. As with all technology, this has improved over time and waterless urinals now work using a very clever cartridge. Each of the urinals has a cartridge which is locked into an O ring using a key, forming an air tight barrier between the urinal and the waste pipe. A liquid seal is poured into the small hole at the top of the cartridge which then forms an airtight seal between the cartridge and the waste pipe. By locking the cartridge in and using the liquid seal, a complete barrier is created between the waste pipes and the washroom. This is actually around 500 times more effective than a standard P-trap and prevents the smells associated with men’s washrooms. So how can these urinals not smell if there is no water washing the urine away? Most of the problem is due to mixing urine with water which creates an aerosol, no water, no aerosol. Water is also a breeding ground for bacteria and it is the bacteria that cause the unpleasant smell. This actually makes waterless urinals five times more hygienic than flush urinals! The average flush urinal with a flush sensor will waste around 60,000 litres of water per annum or 60m3. Water rates around the Uk range from 1.87 per m3 to £3.84 per m3 which is £112 - £230 per year in water charges. Imagine if you had 10 urinals and replaced them with waterless ones. You could potentially save £1,120 - £2,300 every year! Taking into account that water rates have just increased and will no doubt increase again in the future, this is a sound investment and it seems that more and more people agree. There are also the environmental benefits; treating 1 m3 of sewage water creates 177g of Co2 emissions which means that average CO2 emission associated with a standard flush urinal on a flush sensor creates over 10kgs of CO2 emissions every year! In 2012 there were 177,000 urinals sold throughout the UK; 20,000 of which were waterless. There is currently a push to have waterless urinals added to the Environmental Capitol Allowances (ECA) list which means that they become tax deductable. If this happens, waterless urinal sales will increase from 20,000 sales in 2012 to 60,000 sales in 2016.
Pages to are hidden for
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Entry from US English dictionary
Definition of chromotherapy in English:
Another term for color therapy.
- Color therapy, which is also called chromotherapy or colorology, is an alternative treatment that involves therapeutic uses of color.
- Hydrotherapy, chromotherapy, mud baths and massage are also utilized to assist the body in the healing process.
- Instead of traditional medical techniques, Spiritists use such practices as past-lives therapy, dispossession and exorcism therapies, acupuncture, chromotherapy, yoga therapy, and homeopathy.
- chromotherapist noun
- Example sentences
- Yet, certain professionals, such as chromotherapists (therapists who use color for medical purposes), believe color affects us so powerfully that subjecting patients to different colored lights has curative qualities for their various ailments.
- It is therefore prescribed in stress management by chromotherapists.
- It is being scientifically proven by chromotherapists that color therapy does work.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Initial teacher education and inclusion: a triad of inclusive experiences
The focus of this international text is on innovative practices for preparing teachers to work in inclusive classrooms and schools. Drawing on both pre and in-service training methods, the expert contributors to this book follow three major themes:
*Social and political challenges regarding teacher education - providing an historical perspective on the training of teachers, tensions in preparing teachers for inclusion, cultural issues, the relationship between educational funding and practices and collaborative measures to support a whole school approach.
*Innovative approaches in pre-service teacher preparation - discussing a range of innovative models and approaches used in pre-service teacher education courses.
*Engaging professional development for inservice teachers - reviewing a range of approaches employed to engage working teachers and help them establish curricula and pedagogy that meets the needs of all students in their classes.
Each chapter will include a list of proposed learning outcomes, a theoretical or conceptual framework to help readers develop the proposed innovation, an overview of recent research, discussion of the research data available and a discussion of the international implications and challenges, summarising in suggestions for a positive way forward.
Chamber, D., & Forlin, C. (2010). Initial teacher education and inclusion: A triad of inclusive experiences. In C. Forlin (Ed.), Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative approaches (Ch. 8). Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Routledge. | <urn:uuid:b078ead2-4912-4223-9765-6e5a7e124729> | {
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|An upper pitcher of N. macrophylla|
(Marabini) Jebb & Cheek (1997)
Nepenthes macrophylla / /, the Large-Leaved Pitcher-Plant, is a tropical pitcher plant known only from a very restrictive elevation on Mount Trusmadi in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. The specific epithet macrophylla is formed from the Latin words macro (large) and phylla (leaves).
Nepenthes macrophylla was known to grow on Mount Trusmadi for a long time prior to its description, although it was not initially considered a distinct species. Shortly after its discovery, it was lumped with N. villosa, a similar species from Kinabalu National Park. In his 1976 guide, Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu, botanist Shigeo Kurata wrote:
Mt. Trus Madi, located in the south of Mt. Kinabalu, become known [sic] as a locality for this species [N. villosa]. Though this information is not confirmed yet, its existence is expected because this mountain falls within the vertical distribution of this species.
Later, N. macrophylla was treated as a form of N. edwardsiana, another closely related species. An early collection of N. macrophylla was made by Johannes Marabini in March 1983 and the herbarium material, designated as Marabini 2167, deposited at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany. Four years later, Marabini formally described the taxon as a subspecies of N. edwardsiana.
In their 1996 monograph, Pitcher-Plants of Borneo, Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb treated N. macrophylla as a species in the process of being described, referring to it as "Nepenthes macrophylla (Marabini) Jebb & Cheek ined.". Botanists Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek had intended to elevate N. macrophylla to species status since at least 1994 and did so upon the publication of their 1997 monograph "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" in the botanical journal Blumea. This interpretation was supported by Charles Clarke, who noted that N. edwardsiana and N. villosa "have more in common with each other than do N. edwardsiana and N. macrophylla".
Leaves are coriaceous and petiolate. The lamina or leaf blade is oblong in shape and reaches exceptionally large dimensions of up to 60 cm by 20 cm. The apex of the lamina is acuminate-obtuse, while the base is abruptly contracted where the petiole begins. The petiole itself is up to 15 cm long. It is canaliculate (grooved lengthwise) and typically bears wings that form a partially amplexicaul sheath around the stem. One to three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib, but pinnate veins are indistinct. Tendrils measure up to 35 cm in length.
The pitchers of N. macrophylla are robust and almost woody in texture.[note a] Rosette and lower pitchers are shortly cylindrical in shape, becoming narrower around the midpoint. They can be very large: up to 35 cm high by 15 cm wide. A pair of fringed wings (≤10 mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher. Terrestrial pitchers usually have a hip in their lower half. The pitcher mouth is ovate and has an oblique insertion. The peristome is cylindrical and expanded, measuring up to 15 mm wide. It bears a series of highly developed ribs, which terminate in prominent downward-pointing teeth. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate, very broad, and has a cordate base. An unbranched spur (≤9 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid. Upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts in most respects. They differ in having a more cylindrical shape, reduced wings, and the hip always being located in the upper half. Traps may have a range of colours, although the yellow-pitchered form is more common than the red-pitchered form.
Nepenthes macrophylla has a racemose inflorescence, with both male and female ones having a similar structure. The peduncle is up to 23 cm long and 5 mm wide, while the rachis is up to 55 cm long. Pedicels are one-flowered, bracteate, and measure up to 16 mm in length. Sepals are elliptic in shape and up to 6 mm long.
Nepenthes macrophylla is known with certainty only from the summit area of Mount Trusmadi in Sabah, Borneo, despite the presence of a number of nearby peaks (such as Mount Pinesowitan) that fall within its altitudinal range. However, there are unconfirmed reports that it also grows "on the summit of a neighbouring peak". Older sources list a number of different values for the altitudinal distribution of N. macrophylla, with some giving a narrow range of 2200–2400 m and others a much wider span of 2000–2600 m. It is now known that this species occurs between 2200 m and the summit at 2642 m.
The typical habitat of N. macrophylla is mossy montane forest along ridge tops, where the vegetation is dominated by Leptospermum and Rhododendron. Like most highland Nepenthes species, N. macrophylla experiences marked temperature fluctuations between day and night, from a noon maximum of around 30 °C to a nighttime minimum of 5 °C. Relative humidity is always high and in the late evening the summit of Mount Trusmadi is often shrouded in mist and clouds.
Nepenthes macrophylla occurs both terrestrially and as an epiphyte. The species is sympatric with N. lowii and N. tentaculata. A natural hybrid between N. lowii and N. macrophylla, described as N. × trusmadiensis, has been recorded.
Due to its restricted natural range and the fact that Mount Trusmadi does not receive the same high level of protection as Mount Kinabalu, N. macrophylla is classified as Critically Endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This differs slightly from an informal assessment made by botanist Charles Clarke in 1997, who classified the species as Endangered based on the IUCN criteria. Clarke wrote that the species "requires the highest level of protection if it is to persist in the wild into the next century". N. macrophylla is threatened by over-collection and damage caused to its habitat by visitors. These activities have already depleted populations of this species on the mountain and it is thought to be the most endangered highland Nepenthes of Borneo.
Nepenthes macrophylla has formed a mutualistic relationship with the mountain treeshrew (Tupaia montana). The pitchers of N. macrophylla exude a sugary reward on the reflexed pitcher lid and provide a perch for the visitor. The treeshrews eat this exudate and defecate into the pitchers, supplying the plant with valuable nitrogen.
A 2010 study showed that the shape and size of the pitcher orifice of N. macrophylla exactly match the dimensions of a typical Tupaia montana. A similar adaptation was found in N. lowii and N. rajah, and is also likely to be present in N. ephippiata. In all three of these species (N. ephippiata has not been investigated), the colour of the lower lid surface corresponds to T. montana visual sensitivity maxima in the green and blue wavebands, making it stand out against adjacent parts of the pitcher.
Nepenthes macrophylla is most closely related to N. edwardsiana and N. villosa. In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. macrophylla as a possible synonym of N. villosa.
Nepenthes macrophylla differs from both of these species in the structure of its peristome. Although highly developed, the peristome ribs and teeth of N. macrophylla are considerably shorter and more widely spaced than those of either N. edwardsiana or N. villosa. The pitcher mouth of N. macrophylla is distinctive in that it rises gradually towards the lid, while at the same time not forming a pronounced neck. In addition, the mouth of this species has a much more oblique insertion than its relatives. Nepenthes macrophylla is also distinguished by its broad, ovate lid. The lower pitchers of N. edwardsiana and N. macrophylla are quite similar in shape, although in the latter species the hip is always positioned in the upper portion of the pitcher cup. The upper pitchers of these species are more distinct, with those of N. macrophylla being more ovoid and less elongated. As its name suggests, N. macrophylla produces very large leaves and these may be twice as long as those of either N. edwardsiana or N. villosa.
Whereas N. edwardsiana and N. villosa are restricted to generally ultramafic soils in the Kinabalu area, N. macrophylla is only found near the summit of Mount Trusmadi, which is mostly composed of sandstone.
In the wild, N. macrophylla is only known to hybridise with N. lowii. N. lowii × N. macrophylla was discovered on Mount Trusmadi by Johannes Marabini and John Briggs in 1983. Later that year, it was described as N. × trusmadiensis by Marabini. Briggs returned to Mount Trusmadi in 1984, but found only one small group of plants.
Nepenthes × trusmadiensis has petiolate leaves measuring up to 50 cm in length. The pitchers of this hybrid are some of the largest of any Bornean Nepenthes species, reaching 35 cm in height. They are roughly intermediate in form between those of its parent species. The lid is held away from the mouth as in N. lowii and bears short bristles on its lower surface. The peristome has prominent ribs and teeth, but is not as developed as that of N. macrophylla. The inflorescence of N. × trusmadiensis may be up to 50 cm long and has two-flowered pedicels. Despite the size of the pitchers, this hybrid is not large in stature.
Nepenthes × trusmadiensis is restricted to the summit ridge of Mount Trusmadi and has been recorded from elevations of 2500 to 2600 m above sea level.
- Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
- Marabini, J. 1987. Eine neue Unterart von Nepenthes edwardsiana Hook.fil. sowie Anmerkungen zur Taxonomie der Gattung Nepenthes L.. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 23: 423–429.
- Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Kurata, S. 1976. Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu.
- Marabini, J. 1984. PDF (442 KiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 13(2): 38–40.
- Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes macrophylla. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
- McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes macrophylla. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1+2c, C2b v2.3).
- Bourke, G. 2007. Exploring the upper reaches of Gunung Trus Madi. Carniflora Australis (9): 9–16.
- Steiner, H. 2002. Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu.
- Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & L. Chin 2010. Mutualism between tree shrews and pitcher plants: perspectives and avenues for future research. Plant Signaling & Behavior 5(10): 1187–1189. doi:10.4161/psb.5.10.12807
- Chin, L., J.A. Moran & C. Clarke 2010. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. New Phytologist 186 (2): 461–470. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03166.x
- Walker, M. 2010. Giant meat-eating plants prefer to eat tree shrew poo. BBC Earth News, March 10, 2010.
- Greenwood, M., C. Clarke, C.C. Lee, A. Gunsalam & R.H. Clarke 2011. A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah, and members of a small mammal community. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21114. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021114
- Wells, K., M.B. Lakim, S. Schulz & M. Ayasse 2011. Pitchers of Nepenthes rajah collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour. Journal of Tropical Ecology 27(4): 347–353. doi:10.1017/S0266467411000162
- Clarke, C. & J.A. Moran 2011. Incorporating ecological context: a revised protocol for the preservation of Nepenthes pitcher plant specimens (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 56(3): 225–228. doi:10.3767/000651911X605781
- Moran, J.A., C. Clarke, M. Greenwod & L. Chin 2012. Tuning of color contrast signals to visual sensitivity maxima of tree shrews by three Bornean highland Nepenthes species. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7(10): 1267–1270. doi:10.4161/psb.21661
- Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 54(4): 887–895. doi:10.2307/4111166
- Marabini, J. 1983. Eine neue Nepenthes-Hybride aus Borneo. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 19: 449–452.
- Briggs, J.G.R. 1984. The discovery of Nepenthes × trusmadiensis—an impressive new pitcher-plant. Malaysian Naturalist 38(2): 13–15, 18–19.
- Briggs, J.G.R. 1988. Mountains of Malaysia: A Practical Guide and Manual. Longman Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
- Clarke, C.M. 2001. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
- Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6(1): 147–158. doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2
- Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
- Clarke, C. 2013. What Can Tree Shrews Tell Us about the Effects of Climate Change on Pitcher Plants? [video] TESS seminars, 25 September 2013.
- Damit, A. 2014. A trip to Mount Trus Madi – the Nepenthes wonderland. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 43(1): 19–22.
- Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 3: Mt. Trusmadi and Mt. Alab. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 109: 6–15.
- Mansell, G. 2010. Borneo Trip Part II - Mt.Trusmadi and Mesilau (Mt.Kinabalu). Exotica Plants.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
- (German) Meimberg, H. 2002. PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
- Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
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This document specifies three methods (the octave-band, HML and SNR methods) of estimating the A-weighted sound pressure levels effective when hearing protectors are worn. The methods are applicable to either the sound pressure level or the equivalent continuous sound pressure level of the noise. Although primarily intended for steady noise exposures, the methods are also applicable to noises containing impulsive components. It is possible that these methods could not be suitable for use with peak sound pressure level measurements.
The octave-band, H, M, L or SNR values are suitable for establishing sound attenuation criteria for selecting or comparing hearing protectors, and/or setting minimum acceptable sound attenuation requirements.
Status : PublishedPublication date : 2018-10
Edition : 2Number of pages : 18
Buy this standard
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The king had counted on Memnon's transferring the impact of the war from Asia into
Europe, but learning of his death called a session of his Council of Friends and laid before
them the alternatives, either to send generals with an army down to the coast or for himself,
the king, to march down with all his armed forces and fight the Macedonians in person.
Some said that the king must join in battle personally, and
they argued that the Persians would fight better in that event. Charidemus,1
Athenian, a man generally admired for his bravery and skill as a commander—he had
been a comrade-in-arms of King Philip and had led or counselled all his successes2
—recommended that Dareius should
on no account stake his throne rashly on a gamble, but should keep in his own hands the reserve
strength and the control of Asia while sending to the war a general who had given proof of his
One hundred thousand men would be an adequate force,
so long as a third of these were Greek mercenaries, and Charidemus hinted that he himself would
assume the responsibility for the success of the plan.
The king was moved by his arguments at first but his Friends
opposed them stoutly, and even brought Charidemus into suspicion of wanting to get the command
so that he could betray the Persian empire to the Macedonians. At this, Charidemus became angry
and made free with slurs on Persian lack of manliness. This offended the king, and as his wrath
blinded him to his advantage, he seized Charidemus by the girdle according to the custom of the
Persians, turned him over to the attendants, and ordered him put to death.
So Charidemus was led away, but as he went to his death, he shouted that
the king would soon change his mind and would receive a prompt requital for this unjust
punishment, becoming the witness of the overthrow of the kingdom.
Charidemus's prospects had been high, but he missed their fulfilment because of his ill-timed
frankness and he ended his life in this fashion.
king's passion had cooled he promptly regretted his act and reproached himself for having made
a serious mistake, but all his royal power was not able to undo what was done.
He was haunted by dreams of the Macedonian fighting qualities and the
vision of Alexander in action was constantly before his eyes. He searched for a competent
general to take over Memnon's command but could find no one, and finally felt constrained to go
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Family: Emberizidae, New World Sparrows view all from this family
Description ADULT BREEDING MALE Has mainly white plumage, except for the black back, outer flight feathers, patch on leading edge of wing and tail center. Legs and bill are black. ADULT NONBREEDING MALE Recalls breeding male, but back has orange-buff feather fringes, and similar color is seen on tertial margins and on fringes of feathers of crown, nape, ear coverts, and flanks. Orange-buff fringes wear during winter, revealing black and white plumage by spring. Bill is yellow during the winter months. ADULT FEMALE Recalls a dull male in respective seasonal plumage, but in summer the white elements of the plumage are grubby while the black feathers are fringed brown. JUVENILE Streaked and brownish overall. By first winter, it recalls respective sex winter adult, but with more extensive orange-buff on face and underparts.
Dimensions Length: 6-7 1/4" (15-18 cm)
Habitat Common summer visitor (May-Sep) to barren northern tundra, from northern Canada and Greenland west; winters widely across southern Canada and northern U.S. in grassy fields; occasionally seen on beaches.
Observation Tips Fairly easy to find if you visit the high Arctic in spring. In winter, its precise occurrence is unpredictable and flocks soon abandon previously favored sites if food supply is exhausted.
Range Southeast, Western Canada, Eastern Canada, Mid-Atlantic, New England, Northwest, California, Florida, Plains, Great Lakes, Alaska, Rocky Mountains, Southwest
Voice Song is a tinkling series of twittering whistles; calls include a soft tiu.
Discussion Plump-bodied bunting with "fluffy"-looking plumage and a stubby bill. In flight, note the extensive areas of white on the inner wing. Forms flocks outside breeding season. Sexes are separable and there is distinct seasonal variation in adult plumage. | <urn:uuid:0b3be8d1-d08e-4be7-b8ac-96d305a684d0> | {
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Applying Economic Principles
by Sanford D. Gordon and Alan Stafford,
(New York: Glencoe, 1994), 480 pp.
General comments: This is an attractive book with many color photos and diagrams. In its 480 pages, however, it teaches little about economics. The book devotes so much space to photos, "personal narratives" that seldom have much instructive value, and to current issue "boxes" that are too sketchy to help the student understand the issue, that what is left is a very threadbare treatment of economic principles. At many important points, the authors provide the student with nothing but government solutions to policy issues. Its conclusions have sometimes been outdated for over two generations, and in one case for over two centuries. The book fails to teach the student how to think like an economist.
Criterion 1: Costs and PricesHow Production is Determined
The book begins with a limited definition of economics as "the study of the decisions involved in producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services" (p. 5). The authors then explain the role of prices and profits in the allocation of resources, but not always clearly. Consider, for example, this sentence: "The allocation of resources in capitalism is efficient because resources tend to be attracted to the most profitable firms." Unfortunately, the student is not told just what "efficient" means here, nor do the authors explain the process by which the price system channels resources away from the production of goods that dont pass the test of the market. Students need a deeper investigation of the market process.
The treatment of consumer sovereignty and "the invisible hand" is satisfactory, as is the connection between profit and satisfying the wants of consumers. The problem of dangerous or defective products is raised in conjunction with consumer sovereignty. The authors make the important point that there is a trade-off between consumer protection laws and regulations on one hand, and the availability of products on the other. The book leaves the student with the impression that the only possibilities are government action or no protection at all. The authors never describe the ways in which the market provides consumers with information and tends to deter poor quality.
Criterion 2: Competition and Monopoly.
The authors treatment of competition and monopoly is weak. On the plus side, they do manage to dispel the idea that big businesses are always highly profitable; and they explain that "monopolistic competition" is not a wasteful, inefficient market structure.
However, they use some ill-chosen language that conveys the idea that it is dangerous to allow businesses to get "too big." They write, for example, "Government tries to prevent firms from getting so large and powerful that they can take advantage of the consumer." It is misleading to use the word "power" in conjunction with business. Businesses have no power to do anything but make offers to potential suppliers and consumers. The unfortunate implication of the term "market power" is that consumer sovereignty somehow vanishes once a business has reached a certain size.
To make matters worse, the books discussion of antitrust is lopsided. It gives the student no hint of the possibility that antitrust enforcement can actually be used to stifle vigorous competition. Instead of an economic analysis on the costs and benefits of antitrust, the student reads only the discredited opinion that antitrust laws protect competition. Are the authors utterly unaware of the solid critiques of antitrust?
Nor does the book consider the tendency for government itself to create monopolies and cartels. Although the breakup of AT&T is covered at some length, the student learns nothing about the early role government played in eliminating AT&Ts rivals in the telephone industry. Similarly, the authors discuss airline deregulation, but ignore the role of the federal government in cartelizing the airline industryand the effect of this action on consumers.
Criterion 3: Comparative Economic Systems
The books coverage of comparative economic systems is threadbare. The authors write that "Communism seems to have failed as a political and economic system" (p. 424), but fail to give any analysis. Students should understand that central economic planning suffers from several inherent problems (among them, the limited knowledge of the planners, the lack of incentives for efficiency and good quality, and the tendency to put the interests of the state far above the interests of ordinary consumers). These problems occur in all government directed economic activity, not just under "communism." Instead of giving students a look at the process of central planning, the book gives them platitudes like this: "In exchange for security, the people have given up a degree of individual economic freedom."
Although the extreme backwardness and inefficiency of the Soviet-style economic system is well documented, the student reads that Lenins economic system, "worked reasonably well." Here again, dubious conclusions take the place of serious analysis. Another example: "As societies become more complex, the need for government power tends to increase" (p. 419). The book fails to explain what it means by "more complex," or why complexity necessarily calls for greater government power. Many economists would argue that although the products of our modern economy are far more complex than in the past, societythe network of human relationshipsremains fundamentally the same.
Elsewhere in their discussion of comparative systems, the authors stumble into another clichéthat population growth is a major reason reason why many poor nations remain poor. Gordon and Stafford write that "population growth has made economic growth almost impossible in many developing nations" (p. 406). Nowhere do they acknowledge contrary views of population and economic development experts. In trying to account for persistent poverty, the authors point to government favoritism, militarism, and insufficient spending on education, but fail to mention government economic controls and taxes that hinder the growth of free enterprise.
Finally, the books treatment of foreign aid is vague, couched in muddy language. For example: "Because of the apparent lack of progress in many developing nations, people in developed nations questioned whether aid could ever solve the worlds economic problems" (pp. 400-01). This gives the books only hint that economic analysis has shown harmful effects of foreign aid.
Criterion 4: The Distribution of Income and Poverty
The section on income inequality is superficial. Rather than providing any real analysis of the effects of welfare programs, the student reads that "many people doubt there can be a solution to the problem of hunger without more government support" (p. 348). This simply pushes students toward a belief, rather than helping to develop their ability to think economically.
Furthermore, the book fails to mention the high degree of income mobility and is silent on the key role government policies play in hindering people from prospering on their own. Many economists advocate free markets and private charities to alleviate poverty, but that view is dismissed without any analysis.
Criterion 5: The Role of Government
The authors discussion of the role of government in the book is more opinion than economic analysis. Students are told, for example, that it is "necessary for our government to play a greater role in our economic system because consumers are no longer able to protect themselves from economic abuse" (p. 320). This statement reinforces the popular image of government in white hats, business people in black hats, and consumers as defenseless pawns. Here, as elsewhere, the writing is more like political rhetoric than serious economics.
On the subject of public goods, the authors substitute vague generalities and personal conclusions for economic analysis. Public educationwhich is not a "public good" as most economists use the termis purportedly essential; without it, "only the children of the rich could become educated" (p. 329). Both theory and history strongly suggest that this conclusion is false; in the 1840s, before the rise of public education, the literacy rates in many Northern states were higher than they are today with universal public education. Students, however, read nothing of this evidence. Nor do the authors bother with an investigation of how an education marketplace might work without government sponsorship. They also write as if it were self-evident that the medical marketplace needs increased governmental interventiont: "Modern medicine has become so expensive that many people could not afford medical care unless the government helped them pay for it" (p. 239). There are Nobel Prize-winning economists who argue that the very reason many people cannot afford medical care is because government interference has distorted the market for this service.
The problem of negative externalities is also poorly treated. Instead of focusing on the different ways in which we might deal with the problem of pollution, the book devotes several pages to the Times Beach, Mo. fiasco, in which a federal overreaction caused the town to be abandoned and destroyed. But the authors draw no sensible conclusion from this event. After noting the financial loss to residents, they say that it was "corrected by government action" (p. 241). The loss was not "corrected," but paid by the taxpayers. The economics of environmental protection is an important subject, but receives feeble treatment here.
Criterion 6: Public Choice
Nowhere in this book do you find the term "public choice." Virtually nowhere do you find any references to public choice concepts. A fleeting mention that politicians desire to be re-elected is all there is on the key subject of the economics of government decision-making.
Rent seeking by special interest groups, political incentives for waste, the rational ignorance of votersthe book omits any discussion of such topics. Rather than painting government "warts and all," the authors almost invariably depict it as a wise and kindly uncle who can be counted on to do the right thing. History and economics show this to be far from true.
Criterion 7: The Role of the Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurship is barely mentioned. The authors never try to explain its importance to the economy, or how it can be stifled by taxes and regulations.
Criterion 8: Taxation
The authors devote several pages to describing the different kinds of taxes that are collected, and also to the normative "principles" of taxation. But on the economic effects of taxation, where the student would get some practice in thinking about costs and benefits, incentive changes, misallocation of resources, and other elements of economic analysis, the book is silent. Also, the question of tax incidence is never raised.
Criterion 9: The Business Cycle
Gordon and Stafford leave the student with the impression that the Depression was a natural phenomenon of the free market that discredited clasical economics. "Classical economists believed there was no need for government intervention in the economy. But when the Great Depression did not automatically come to an end, it became clear that other theories would have to be found to explain how economies worked" (p. 324). The reader finds no hint, even in the page-long profile of Milton Friedman, that many economists blame bad government policy for causing and prolonging the Depression. The book focuses entirely on the Keynesian aggregate demand theory to the exclusion of all others. The authors ignore the destructive policies of the Federal Reserve in the 1920s and 1930s, the dramatic boost in tariff rates in 1930, the doubling of income tax rates in 1932, and most of the New Deal interventions from 1933 until World War II.
There is nothing here on the important debate between economists who see a market economy as being a stable, self-correcting mechanism and those who see it as inherently unstable, in need of frequent government adjustment. The book does include some discussion of the difficulties with federal "fine tuning" policies, but does not tell the student that many economists argue against the need for such policies at all.
Criterion 10: Wages, Unions, and Unemployment
The authors correctly explain that wages, like other prices, are established by the interplay of supply and demand in the market. They also needed to make the important point that in a competitive market, wages and productivity are necessarily linked. Their discussion of the effects of minimum wage laws is accurate, but not very deep.
The books treatment of unions is not good. Again, the student is given very dubious conclusions, not serious analysis. For example: "It is clear that unions have helped to improve working conditions, wages and benefits for many Americans" (p. 183). To some economists who study labor economics, the above conclusion is not at all "clear." The book lacks economic analysis of the effects of unions on efficiency, employment, and wages (both for unionized workers and non-unionized workers). It also implicitly assumes that union leaders have interests identical to the interests of the workers they represent, even though this is not always the case.
Last, the authors correctly identify the different types of unemployment, but are weak on analysis of the impact of policies crafted to deal with it.
Criterion 11: Trade and Tariffs
Gordon and Stafford start by failing to make it clear to the student that all trade is an individual phenomenon. People, wherever located, seek to improve themselves by purchasing from or selling to others. Instead, the book employs language that casts trade as a group phenomenon: "countries trade because they want to" (p. 370). Writing like this perpetuates the erroneous notion that "international" trade is fundamentally different from "ordinary" trade.
To make matters worse, the book argues in favor of trade restrictionsusing the infant industry argument, the protection of wages argument, and others. Margin notes to the instructor suggest that he or she question these arguments, but the student reads (and will probably hear) nothing to cast doubt on the virtues of trade restrictions.
Finally, the authors include a preposterous discussion of the balance of trade. They say that having a "negative balance of trade" reduces employment, decreases profitability and slows economic growth. A repetition of mercantilist fallacies refuted over two centuries ago is not what you want in a book designed to teach young people how to think economically.
Criterion 12: Money and Banking
The book provides a good explanation of the functions and characteristics of money. It also explains correctly that inflation is caused by excessive money creation. Nothing, however, leads the student to understand that money is a market phenomenon, how and why the gold standard arose, or the drawbacks to having a fiat money system under government control.
The explanation of the Federal Reserve System and its operations is reasonably good, but the chapter does not say anything about the Feds track record. Nor does it go into the debate over the right target for Fed action (interest rates, money supply, or something else).
The books discussion of banks is superficial; it fails to give the student an appreciation for their importance. Also, the authors never discuss the impact of government regulations (such as deposit insurance). The coverage of the S&L bailout is minimal, and the student does not learn of the governments role in that problem. | <urn:uuid:8f93badc-3da2-47e3-a642-98fd59119e43> | {
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Editor's note: CNN's Moni Basu, a Bengali immigrant, was born in Kolkata, India.
By Moni Basu, CNN
(CNN) – In the next few weeks, Fatima Shaik, an African-American, Christian woman, will travel “home” from New York to Kolkata, India.
It will be a journey steeped in a history that has remained unknown until the publication last month of a revelatory book by Vivek Bald. And it will be a journey of contemplation as Shaik, 60, meets for the first time ancestors with whom she has little in common.
“I want to go back because I want to find some sort of closure for my family, said Shaik, an author and scholar of the Afro-Creole experience.
That Americans like Shaik, who identify as black, are linked by blood to a people on the Indian subcontinent seems, at first, improbable.
South Asian immigration boomed in this country after the passage of landmark immigration legislation in 1965. But long before that, there were smaller waves of new Americans who hailed from India under the British Empire.
The first group, to which Shaik’s grandfather, Shaik Mohamed Musa, belonged, consisted of peddlers who came to these shores in the 1890s, according to Bald. They sold embroidered silks and cottons and other “exotic” wares from the East on the boardwalks of Asbury Park and Atlantic City, New Jersey. They eventually made their way south to cities like New Orleans and Atlanta and even farther to Central America.
The second wave came in the 1920s and ‘30s. They were seamen, some merchant marines.
Most were Muslim men from what was then the Indian province of Bengal and in many ways, they were the opposite of the stereotype of today’s well-heeled, highly educated South Asians.
South Asian immigration was illegal then – the 1917 Immigration Act barred all idiots, imbeciles, criminals and people from the “Asiatic Barred Zone.”
The Bengalis got off ships with little to their name.
They were mostly illiterate and worked as cooks, dishwashers, merchants, subway laborers. In New York, they gradually formed a small community of sorts in Spanish Harlem. They occupied apartments and tenement housing on streets in the 100s. They worked hard.
And they did all they could do to become American in a nation of segregation and prejudice.
A huge part of that meant marrying Latino and African-American women – there were no Bengali women around - and letting go of the world they left behind.
Unlike other immigrants of the time, they didn’t settle in their own enclaves. Rather, they began life anew in established neighborhoods of color: Harlem, West Baltimore and in New Orleans, Treme.
By doing so, they also became a part of black and Latino heritage in America.
“One of the most important things I took from the research is the fact that in the years of Asian exclusion, African-American and Puerto Rican communities actually gave (the Bengali men) the possibilities and the shelter to rebuild their lives,” said Bald, a documentarian who teaches writing and digital media at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
“Those communities lived up to the promise of the nation when the nation failed to do so … because they were equally marginalized and equally deprived of full membership.”
Musa married Tennie Ford, a black Catholic woman. They raised their children near New Orleans’ Congo Square, where slaves once gathered. Ford took her children to church on Sundays while Musa knelt on a prayer rug and faced Mecca.
Musa died when Ford was pregnant with her son. Ford raised her children with African-American traditions; the ties to Bengal faded.
Shaik was aware of her Indian roots. Her name was the first obvious hint.
When she was little, in the 1950s and ‘60s, she rushed to the porch when phone books arrived with a thud. Her family was the only Shaik. She longed to find another name that was similar.
In India, the history of Bengali peoples evolved and was documented in print as India gained independence in 1947 and the nation was partitioned. East Bengal became East Pakistan and later, in 1971, Bangladesh.
But the sons of that land who came to America seeking a better life remained invisible. Until Bald began digging around.
Last month, he published "Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America.”
The book has generated palpable excitement among the descendants of the Bengali immigrants.
“I just said, ‘wow,’” said Nurul Amin, 62, whose father once sold hotdogs from a Harlem pushcart.
“This put a stamp on our world,” he said.
Shaik, an author and scholar of the Afro-Creole experience, said she was finally learning her grandfather’s history. It dispelled notions of a monolithic black identity and connected her to a faraway land.
California native Vivek Bald grew up with a strong sense of connection to India. He heard stories from his Indian immigrant mother that made a mark when he began making movies about the diaspora.
He’d produced a documentary about taxi drivers and was struck by the class divide in South Asian communities in America. The people who came in the wake of 1965 had taken the reins of community representation. Yet, they had little in common with newer waves of working-class immigrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh.
In his exploration of the diaspora, he met actor and stand-up comic Aladdin Ullah, 44, one of the sons of Habib Ullah, who’d arrived by ship from what is now Bangladesh in the 1920s. Bald was fascinated with Ullah’s story. He’d never imagined such a history.
“This was a population who came to the United States at a time when this country had erected quite draconian race-based immigration laws,” Bald said. “They came during that time but were able to build networks in order to access jobs all over the United States.
“The story,” said Bald, “was so completely different than what I had heard about South Asian immigration in the United States.”
Their memories had survived in the African-American and Latino families into which they married.
Bald began researching their history. It took him nine years to meticulously comb through marriage and death records, other court documents, newspaper stories and archival treasures.
He is now in the process of making a documentary film.
The project became a series of astonishments for Bald.
“I think the revelations I had along the way had to do with how resourceful both of these groups of men were in dealing with a home country that was under the rule of the British and on the other hand, another country that was closing its doors to them and passing increasingly more restrictive and racist immigration laws,” Bald said.
Aladdin Ullah, whose one-man act “Dishwasher Dreams” explores his father’s experiences, imagined how difficult life must have been for the Bengalis.
“These were illiterate men who came to America with hopes of a better life. That’s like me going to Sweden to start a Mexican restaurant,” he said.
“They learned the American hustle, not the American Dream.”
Ullah was young when his father died.
“I rejected my culture. I was a hip-hop kid, a kid from Harlem. I listen to rap. I didn’t have any connection to Bengalis.”
But it was an acting role that led Ullah to reconsider his father’s identity.
He was preparing to play the part of a stereotypical Middle Eastern prince in a Hollywood movie. “Death to America,” he shouted at the mirror, practicing his line.
He reflected on his father. He was not a king; he was a dishwasher.
“I felt my father’s presence in that hotel room.”
Ullah wanted to know more.
Habib Ullah and Ibrahim Chowdry likely arrived in New York City some time in the 1920s.
Chowdry had been a student leader back home in East Bengal and fled after British authorities were alerted to his activities. He rose to prominence in New York as a Bengali community leader.
Ullah left East Bengal’s rural Noakhali district at the young age of 14, traveled to Calcutta and found a job on an outgoing ship.
Bald’s book documents Ullah’s arrival in Boston, where he either jumped ship or fell ill. His son, Habib Ullah Jr., always thought his father had gotten lost.
Either way, he ended up in New York, married a Puerto Rican woman, Victoria Echevarria, and moved to East Harlem.
South Asian immigrants today tend to be a more insulated community. Many parents urge their children to marry other “desis,” people of the Indian diaspora.
But back then, it was different. The Bengali Muslim men knew they had to do all they could to make it in America.
Echevarria died in 1952 and left her husband to raise the children. Ullah Jr. remembers his sister being sent off to his aunt’s house in New Jersey. He did the rest of his growing up with his father in an apartment on East 102nd Street.
His father worked as a cook at the Silver Palms restaurant on Sixth Avenue and 44th Street. He left the house at the crack of dawn for the subway ride. He came home tired, took a nap and then cooked dinner. Rice and curry. Later he and Chowdry opened their own restaurant, The Bengal Garden.
Occasionally they’d head down to the Indian seamen’s club in the Lower East Side and after 1947, to the Pakistan League of America, an organization Chowdry and Ullah co-founded.
Ullah Jr. called his father’s friends “Chacha,” the Bengali Muslim word for uncle. Some of them changed their Bengali names to Charlie and Harry and in the case of Ibrahim – Abraham.
Ullah Jr. even asked his father once to teach him Bengali. The answer was no.
“He wanted me to be an American boy,” Ullah Jr. said, trying to mimic a Bengali accent.
He remembered his father asking a literate friend to pen letters in Bengali to his mother and brother back in Noakhali.
“He would bring them home and I would address them and send them out,” he said.
Ullah Jr. grew up playing on the rooftops and hanging out on the streets.
The Puerto Ricans embraced each other, the blacks high-fived. And the Bengalis? They asked: “How was school?”
Ullah Jr. grew up speaking English and Spanish. The Bengali or Bangla side of him diminished but never went away.
“I’m a Banglarican,” said Ullah Jr. of his identity. “We assimilated into the neighborhood. I’m immersed in both cultures.”
In the late 1960s, his father, then ailing from asthma, returned to Noakhali to remarry. He returned with Moheama, a traditional Bengali woman who was much younger than her husband. Aladdin Ullah is her son.
Ullah Jr. wishes he had accompanied his father on that long trek home. He is 70 now and doesn’t think he will ever step foot on his father’s homeland.
“I have a whole family I have never met, and will never meet,” he said. “Now my father has passed away. His brother is gone. The lines of communication are gone.”
Curry on the stove
Chowdry became a key figure in New York. He lobbied Congress to change naturalization laws of the 1940s, connected with African-American Muslim groups in Harlem as well as Jewish and Christian leaders.
At age 32, he married Catherine, a 17-year-old woman who was born in Cuba to Puerto Rican parents, and had two children, Laily and Noor.
Both Laily and Noor recalled a father who was busy; that he became the guy to call in the Bengali community. He was always rushing out of the house.
Except one day when Noor Chowdry had gone to the Bronx Zoo and come back with a 15-inch catfish he’d caught in the lake. His father was about to leave the house, but when he saw that fish, he took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and got a knife out.
Bengalis are known as fish lovers and Ibrahim Chowdry could not give up the thought of a spicy fish curry.
John Ali Jr. also remembers that Bengali food was the one constant from the homeland.
His father, Mustafa “John” Ali, like Chowdry, also came to play an important role for Bengali men in the industrial towns where he worked, including Chester, Pennsylvania, home to a Ford car factory and the Sun Shipbuilding plant along the Delaware River.
Ali learned English from listening to the radio and helped “anchor the broader network of escaped seamen in a series of key locations,” Bald wrote.
Ali Jr., 83, remembers his father always having a pot of curry and rice on the stove’s back burner. Just in case any of the Bengalis stopped by.
Ali Jr., who wrote on the last census that he was a “black Bangladeshi,” moved to Atlanta almost three decades ago, where he settled in the mostly black southwest neighborhood of Cascade. He married a black woman, as had his father, and never saw himself as anything else. In his tenure in the Army, he’d always been colored.
In his youth, he read a lot of Indian history, about independence and the infamous, 18th-century Black Hole of Calcutta incident in which prisoners suffocated in a dungeon.
He recalled his father listening to news about India on the radio and translating it for his fellow Bengalis who did not know English.
“I thought I would see Bangladesh one day,” he said. But he never did.
His father returned to his hometown of Sylhet in the 1960s after his wife's death. “I was surprised he went back,” Ali Jr. said. “He got homesick.”
Shortly after, his father died on his way back from Haj, the annual Muslim pilgrimage, in Saudi Arabia.
These days, Ali Jr. sees Bangladeshis running the corner gas station or convenience stores in his neighborhood.
“Salam alaikum,” they greet him.
“Alaikum salam,” answers Ali.
It’s not difficult to see why the Bengalis would assume this black Catholic man is one of their own. But beyond the universal Muslim greeting, Ali can say nothing to them in Bengali.
Fatima Shaik’s grandfather’s ancestry was a positive for her family who lived under the sting of racism and segregation in New Orleans.
Her family was told they were unworthy and ignorant. But they held onto the memories of Shaik Mohamed Musa, whose family owned land in India, who traveled across the world to come to America, who started a business.
With a father like that, her grandmother encouraged her dad, he could achieve anything.
“My father spoke of his father all his life.” Shaik said. “He always spoke about how important India was to him.”
Musa left behind a hookah from India, a few papers and jewelry, including a diamond stickpin. Hurricane Katrina washed away much of Shaik’s grandfather’s belongings. Her father died the following year.
Shaik began searching, “in earnest,” she wrote on the Bengali Harlem website, “as one suddenly does after realizing just how much is gone.”
She is excited about her journey to Kolkata, specifically to Hooghly, across the Ganges River, to the place from where her grandfather and many of the early "exotic" goods peddlers hailed. Director Kavery Kaul plans to document Shaik's trip in March for an upcoming film, "Streetcar to Calcutta."
"The story of Fatima's grandfather, Shaik Mohamed Musa, belongs to all of us," Kaul said from Kolkata. "It's the history of the Indian diaspora and the making of America, the story of long overlooked links between cultures that looks to the past as it points us ahead to the future of our global society.
"The project takes me back to Kolkata where I was born and it leads Fatima on a journey in search of the name she bears." Kaul said. "Entering a world so different, so far from home, is sure to give her another sense of belonging."
In some ways Shaik feels it will be a journey guided by spirits. She will be taking her grandfather and father to India – the home that one knew and the other always dreamed of knowing. | <urn:uuid:d7375a08-faf5-433f-b8f4-457d3ca9bf81> | {
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Cool Tech Innovations Used in Megatall Buildings
A few years ago, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat declared that 2016 would usher in the era of megatall buildings, those rising higher than 600 meters (1,968 feet). To date, two are under construction and four are complete.
But height isn't the only thing outstanding about these buildings. They're outfitted with technological innovations that are setting the standard for other buildings to come.
For example, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest building in the world at 2,722 feet, breaks new ground for skyscraper fire safety technology. On every 25th floor is a pressurized, air-conditioned room in which occupants can take shelter from heat and smoke in the event of a fire until emergency crews arrive. The building’s mechanical design allows owners to gather 15 million gallons of extra water each year via a special condensation collection system. If implemented on a wider scale, such a system could be a boon for conservation efforts in high water-use areas.
The Shanghai Tower, in Shanghai, which is the second-tallest building in the world and the tallest in China, is what designer and architecture firm Gensler calls a vertical city. The building is divided into nine 12- to-15 story zones, or "neighborhoods," and the fastest express elevators in the world, manufactured by Mitsubishi, zip passengers from the ground floor to the observation deck at a record-breaking 40 mph. The elevators maximize passenger comfort by using active roller guides, roof covers that reduce shaking, vibration and noise and pneumatic controls that make up for sudden changes in atmospheric pressure.
The 3,281-foot Jeddah Tower in Jedda, Saudi Arabia, won't be complete until 2020, but the future "tallest building in the world" also takes its elevator system seriously. After all, it's important to make sure the 167-floor journey to the top is smooth. Designers are using Kone UltraRope elevator technology, which features a super-light, carbon-fiber rope system with high-friction coating that can carry elevator cars safely to heights of nearly 3,300 feet. The UltraRope system is more resistant to the common tall-building sway that can put elevators out of service.
Finally, the developers of the 1,972-foot-tall Makkah Royal Clock Tower in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, found a custom solar solution to operate a 23-ton drive for each of the four clock faces on the world's third largest building. The faces are 35 times larger than Big Ben in London and are covered with 98 million mosaic tiles, but solar experts were able to cut 233 low-E panels to mimic the sphere and leaf design of the tower dome.
As the race to the top continues, designers and engineers are sure to come up with new technological advances to create a better and safer high-rise.
Kim Slowey is a writer who has been active in the construction industry for 25 years and is licensed as a certified general contractor in Florida. She received her BA in Mass Communications/Journalism from the University of South Florida and has experience in both commercial and residential construction.
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Although African Americans
account for 30 percent of the population of Atlanta,
less than five percent are registered to vote.
Voter apathy is caused by the poll tax, "whites only" primaries, and the
fear of racial violence against African Americans.
Benjamin Mays comes to Atlanta
as the new president of Morehouse College
(1940-1967). During his tenure, he
becomes known as the "schoolmaster of the civil rights movement" because he
helps to mold the intellect and character of many of the students destined to
be leaders in the fight for social change, including Martin Luther King, Jr.
and Julian Bond.
A citywide bond is defeated by
African American voters because only $100,000 of the $1.8 million proposed
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Two books have really tried to explain the history of the civilizations. ‘Sapiens by Yuval Harari’ and ‘Guns, germs, and steel’ by Jared Diamond.
The main question in these text is ‘why did different parts of the world develop differently’
Here I try to summarize the research done by Jared and Yuval into how the current world came to be.
Jared Diamond’s book begins by distinguishing between proximate causes and the ultimate causes. Proximate causes are easier and direct. Those regions that had more weapons, military and better organised were able to defeat, conquer when they came into contact with another population. ‘Guns, Germs and Steel’ tries to explain the ultimate causes.
Roughly 10,000 years ago humans decided that farming was better than moving from place to place. Initially starting from a region called mesopotamia, present day parts of eastern Mediterranean(mainly Iraq but also parts of Syria/Iran). It later spread to the nearby regions. According to Jared, the expansive Eurasia region had favorable geographic and climatic conditions for agriculture. It was the first region for humans to change to agriculture. Initially, we were hunters and gatherers but changing to agriculture had both intended and unintended consequences.
Domestication: most of the wild animals found in the region were also suitable for domestication than other regions. Diffusion of domesticated crops and animals was faster and easier in Eurasia with longer east-west latitude: allowing for similar climatic conditions/day-length, an important ingredient for crops farming.
The whole Guns, germs and steel theory can be summarized as continental axis theory: Eurasia had better geographic conditions to gain upper hand in domestication and agriculture than Africa.
It is largely assumed in the book that most of the other regions continued with hunting and gathering for a while before being forced to adopt agriculture. Agriculture propelled more population growth, leading to different but mostly centralized systems of governance, growth of larger communities, chiefdoms, conflict between people, military and growth of weapons. These were able to be developed since communities settled in one place. While these advancements were being made in Eurasia, most of other regions were still moving from place, largely due to geographic factors, or just because they saw no need to settle down. Subsequently, it was the Eurasians who millenniums later began exploring the world having developed capabilities of conquest and search for new lands. When they came into contact with other groups there was spread of germs and outbreaks such as smallpox eliminated majority of local populations. This coupled with better weapons contributed European conquest in areas of Americas, Australia. They ended up settling in these regions and displacing the local populations, however, in some regions, they were not able to settle down because they were also repelled by local tropical diseases such as malaria in New Guinea and tropical Africa. Furthermore, due to food production and settling down, there was a lot of tinkering and cultural exchange and conflicts in the Eurasia region. These allowed for diffusion of technology in the region faster.
The initial head-start by the region is still being witnessed today. Based on this theory, the perfect recipe for building a civilization is: develop key competency in one area- spread it to as many people as possible- establish structures to enjoy the first mover advantage.
There are other viewpoints. In explaining what happened in the near history later years especially from 1400s onward, Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson in the book ‘Why Nations fail‘ attribute economic and political institutions played a more important role than climate and geographical aspects. The arguments made are such that regions that established centralized political systems and other economic incentives such as property rights for the people enabled more people to undertake trade and develop innovative solutions. When the industrial revolutions started in the 17th and 18th century, regions that had more developed political and economic systems would benefit highly than those who did not. Regions in sub-Saharan Africa continued to face challenges because the policies instituted by the colonial government were not really meant to empower ordinary people and even after the end of colonization, the institutions left behind were not reformed, this coupled with hundred of years of lack of robust systems meant lack of progress.
however, some points to note:
Accounts by Jared on ‘Guns Germs & steel’ are intriguing, but still fail to account for developments that existed in parts of Africa at the same time or even before European rise.
Majority of ancient history focuses on empires of Rome. In Africa, Egypt is mainly the focus due to the great pyramids. The above two books and majority of others focus mainly on European conquest, however, there is much much more.
Islam influence is thought to have been flourishing in the so called dark ages in Europe. Some great innovations and progress was made in the Islam world that spread to parts of North Africa, Middle East to present day central European region. Some of trials such as compass, camera, flying etc laid the foundation for improvements and innovations later on.
Chinese were actually among the first to explore the old world not the Europeans. They were the first to develop ships and sailed across vast parts of the world. However, for some reason they tended to resist interfering with other cultures and preferred not to share and influence other cultures. Some sources say that the cause could be local politics that led to them abandoning their quests. However, some major innovations such as gunpowder, paper money, wheelbarrow, windmills, block printing and paper are thought to have originated from the Chinese.
Also, some parts of Africa show some impressive old world progress and innovations. Some of the old kingdoms that existed in Africa include: Great Zimbabwe, It was an impressive ancient Kingdom that had huge stone walls and most powerful kingdom in the region. The robust architectural designs used at that time are incredible and exist today as ruins. Archaeological evidence shows that they were constructed by local people in the area. There are accounts of how it grew even further with trade with the Arabs, Indians, with Swahili coast serving as entry point. The great merchant trade existed between Egypt, India and coast of East Africa to the Great Zimbabwe. The enormous and expansive trade route was among the first published descriptions of ancient trades, centuries before the arrival of Europeans. One of the hot-stops was Kilwa that even invented its own currency in the 11th century in order to facilitate international trade. You can find more here.Today, the place remains and is a great tourist attraction. Impressive how some 900 years ago they were able to build such fortifications with remarkable fashion.
The Bantu expansion in Africa is also a major historical event that has led to occupation of major regions of modern day Africa from the Congo basin. The original inhabitants are thought to be the Khoisan and African pygmies. They still exists today but it very small numbers.
The Kingdom of Benin was also among the most developed. Not be confused with modern day Benin, the Kingdom was located in modern day Nigeria. It had some impressive structures and showed the prowess of the local people in making them. Apart from art, it had sophisticated methods of trade, government, rule among others.
A wonder in its own time
Ajuran Sultanate: was an ancient powerful Kingdom of the Somali empire in the horn of Africa. It was flourishing in the middle ages. They were able to resist invaders for long periods of time, even fighting the Portuguese invasion of the Indian Ocean coast and winning several times. They had sophisticated methods of architecture, trade and governance that enabled them to trade with other empires.
Africa’s history is a puzzle of grand propositions and could only have been unraveled partly. There’s still a lot that we still don’t know. Africa has an estimated 1500-2000 languages, making it harbor about 25% of all languages spoken in the world today. Most of the history, traditions were passed from one generation to another orally. ‘some things that should not have been forgotten were lost. History became legend, legend became myth‘. There is a lot of mix and match in Africa and probably not all history is recorded correctly and maybe there is more to discover.
For example, whereas it might be largely known that Egypt was the first place to start Agriculture and farming in Africa, some other archaeological evidence suggests it could be the Sahara, specifically the Sahel region. In the past, The Sahara was not as dry as it is today. If that is true, then there is probably a lot we don’t know about the region yet. Like the ancient lost city of Atlantis. could it be in west sahara?
There are other great ancient kingdoms such as
Kingdom of Kush (Sudan)
Mali Empire: it was ruled by Mansa Musa who was the richest person in the old world.
Aksum empire: One of the 4 great powers of the old world together with China, Rome and Persia. Located in modern day Ethiopia, it existed around 100 – 950 AD and was a major commercial route for roman and Indian trade. It even invented its own currency called Aksumite currency. Later came the Ethiopian empire which was equally impressive. The Ethiopians, led by Menelik II were able to defeat Italian invasion during the Battle of Adwa in the 1896. Before that, it has rich history of powerful dynasties such as Zagwe dynasty and Solomonic dynasty as well as purported home of Queen of Sheba. One of the other figures in the modern times was Emperor Haile Selassie who was even the Time Man of the year in 1935 after his world-moving speech at the League of Nations calling for ‘collective security’ and resisting the renewed Italian invasion.
There are many others. I hope one day we get to see such depictions in popular culture.
Like other places in ancient Europe and Asia, Africa also had empires and kingdoms that flourished. There were periods of conquest, rise and decline just like in other parts of the world. People developed in different parts based on the region they were in. Innovations were largely based on culture, environment and climate needs. However, what is true is that talent, human ingenuity existed in all parts of the world. | <urn:uuid:fd766090-a31f-49d9-828b-1960c0e08085> | {
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University of Illinois (U of I) research shows that most cornfields are not responsive to sulfur, but for those that are, the response is large, says Fabian Fernandez, U of I Extension specialist in soil fertility and plant nutrition.
While current data collected is not sufficient to make any broad conclusions, he says the data clearly indicate that some fields have great potential for response while other fields are very unlikely to respond to sulfur application.
“Our current results, although limited, are in contrast to earlier work done in Illinois in the late 1970s when only five out of 82 sites showed a significant response to sulfur,” he says. “The frequency of sulfur deficiency and magnitude of yield response to sulfur application seem to have increased since then.”
Several factors may be contributing to this change, he adds. Strict air pollution standards have cleaned the air of gaseous sulfur compounds resulting in less sulfur atmospheric deposition. In general, many agronomic inputs such as fertilizers, insecticides and fungicides are “cleaner,” having less incidental sulfur in them.
Fewer livestock operations across the state are leading to fewer manure applications, which further reduce the amount of sulfur being applied. At the same time that less incidental sulfur is being applied or deposited, there is greater removal of sulfur by increasing crop yields.
“The only way to determine whether or not a particular field could be responsive to sulfur is by conducting a test trial,” he says.
Fernandez is looking for volunteers throughout Illinois to participate in an on-farm research project to measure corn response to sulfur fertilization similar to the past two years. Participation not only would provide useful information for the participant’s field, but better coverage of the state will also result in a greater ability to predict where sulfur applications are most needed.
If you are interested in participating (even if you are not sure whether your particular field or equipment would fit the conditions for this study), or if you have questions about how to find sulfur fertilizer or have the fertilizer applied, contact Fernandez at 217-333-4426 or e-mail [email protected].
For more information on the research protocols, read the March 24 edition of The Bulletin. | <urn:uuid:e88ca8cf-33f4-4a99-878a-740d18f9aa66> | {
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Fascinating history of military occupation
in Vintondale, Colver, during '22 strike
Letter No. 268 | November 11, 2001
My brother and I have continued our research on the Colver Home Page (http://home.earthlink.net/~hilltj) and I thought I would drop you a note with some new "stuff" we found.
In the Bituminous Coal Strike of 1922, we found that the Pennsylvania Militia was called out and that on July 25, 1922, both Colver and Vintondale were occupied by the National Guard Troops. Colver was occupied by Troop A, First Squadron of the 104th Cavalry, a horse-mounted unit, and Vintondale was occupied by Troop A, First Squadron of the 52nd Machine Gun Battalion. Trucks of the 110th Motor Transport Company were used to mount machine guns for mechanized patrols (one was given to the mounted troops). The First Squadron, 104th Cav Headquarters was 2 miles South of Ebensburg.
The Colver Troops were from New Castle, Pennsylvania, and the Vintondale Troops were from Bellefonte. A few Colver residents (in their late 80's) recall it as the "Soldiers and the Horses." The intent was to station troops throughout Cambria, Indiana, Somerset, and Westmoreland Counties so that any region could be reached in 45 minutes by the troops.
It appears that the Vintondale troops were recalled about the end of August, but the Colver troops remained until September 8. The troops made mechanized patrols at least twice a day, as well as horse-mounted patrols between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. As part of their training, they would make marches thoughout the area, mentioning in their dispaches riding to Nanty Glo and to Vintondale (after the 52 Machine Gun Squadron was recalled).
The troopers from New Castle felt that they were stationed on the top of the world and that the views they were afforded in the area rivaled any that could be found in Europe. These boys were well traveled. One group was at the Mexican Border in 1916, chasing Pancho Villa, and about a quarter of them were World War I veterans, so they had something to compare the sights with. At the same time, they complained about the hills they had to ride over. They were also cold; in August they sent back to New Castle to get wool blankets and overcoats.
Anyway, maybe you could put out a note to see if anybody knows anybody in their late 80's who might remember these days.
Webmaster's note: If anyone in the area has contact with people of that generation, please see if you can find out what they remember of the strike and occupation, and relay it to us. Jon Kennedy, webmaster
Send forum submissions to: webmaster
Nanty Glo Home Page | Forum Home | News Page | Links | Resources©Jon Kennedy 2001 | <urn:uuid:c5d84bfe-6feb-42c5-be38-c92b1687ba22> | {
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February 5, 2013
Interview by William Sweet • Photo by Rob Mattson
The citizen soldier, ready to defend his family, property and liberty, is a powerful and cherished image, and one often invoked in debates around the Second Amendment and gun violence.
But that image just isn’t accurate. According to Kevin M. Sweeney, professor of American studies and history, the militia man isn’t who we think he is, and the Second Amendment doesn’t do what we think it does. In short, he says, the NRA and the Supreme Court need a history lesson.
The BBC recently interviewed Sweeney about guns in American culture, and he has co-authored a piece in the current Chronicle of Higher Education with Saul Cornell ’82, professor of history at Fordham University. Sweeney is at work on a book about guns in rural America. | <urn:uuid:396b42a7-09ae-4a23-8fc8-bcbeaa4b11ab> | {
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It’s a fact of life. Today’s students are growing up in a world that is vastly different from the one that we knew as children. Computers and cell phones keep kids connected round the clock and, for adults, the pace and breadth of technological advancement has increasingly taken businesses off Main Street and thrust them into the virtual global arena.
How things will shake out in the wake of this current financial meltdown is anyone’s guess. But it’s fair to say that there is a seismic economic shift coming and it will likely require the United States to become a far different player on the world stage than it ever has been in the past. Which means in the future, instead of competing against other factories, towns and states, we’ll be going up against other countries, continents and currencies. And based on data we’ve seen about where U.S. students falls when compared to students from around the world, we’ve got plenty to worry about.
Which is why we think it’s smart for the Sag Harbor school district to look into the International Baccalaureate (IB) program. The IB program was born in Switzerland close to 50 years ago, and it is based, according to its website, on “intercultural understanding and respect, not as an alternative to a sense of cultural and natural identity, but as an essential part of life in the 21st century.”
That makes sense to us — a program that is focused on fostering understanding of people and events that shape the world we live in today. It’s not just the fact that the program calls on students to learn about other cultures, or master a second language that excites us, but the way in which it’s done. Forget about Power Point. In IB, field notebooks, performance based tasks and other creative ways of presenting information are all part of the curriculum.
Though we still have a lot to learn about IB, what we’ve heard from Pierson teachers who have gone through IB training is intriguing — the notion of encouraging students to develop critical thinking skills by actively debating current events, for example, or a teacher demonstrating how an Internet source like Wikipedia can be easily manipulated to include false information.
With No Child Left Behind it seems that test scores, not life skills, have become the defining marker for students in recent years. And look where that’s gotten us. So we encourage Sag Harbor to be proactive and take a serious look at IB — or any other program that will help make our children think critically about the increasingly competitive world they stand to inherit. Because at this point, we can’t afford to keep thinking inside the box that got us here. | <urn:uuid:c1564a63-c699-4610-9c6e-f40f43f7627b> | {
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What would it be like to spend a day with Henry David Thoreau, observing and appreciating nature?
Readers are immediately thrust into the world of Thoreau through the experiences of a modern boy who enjoys a day with the great writer from sunrise to dusk. Evocative prose replete with memorable images gives readers a child’s-eye view of Thoreau’s days, capturing the importance and excitement of being at one with nature. Images of a modern boy in basic jeans, T-shirt and sneakers and Thoreau in simple 19th-century garb wandering through the woods, water and meadows surrounding Walden Pond provide a shimmering tableau of the natural world. While the inclusion of both modern and older dress is initially somewhat jarring, the illustrations are closely interwoven with the text, providing keen visuals that are sure to draw in young naturalists. Initial information may have been helpful in providing children with context, but the end pages include biographical information as well as a selection of both Thoreau quotes and Burleigh’s child-friendly interpretations of them. The audience skews a bit on the younger side because of overall tone, but older children will find much to interest them in the subject matter and final pages as well.
A fine introduction to the value of Thoreau and the natural world. (Picture book. 4-9) | <urn:uuid:5c958fef-86f7-42a8-b955-9c5dabfe2104> | {
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- Historic Sites
October 1974 | Volume 25, Issue 6
Although a hundred and eighty-five years have passed since William Maclay, the freshman senator from Pennsylvania, began to record his bitter disillusionment with the Congress of the United States (see page 48), his sense of outrage and betrayal has a contemporary ring. As recently as midwinter less than a year ago national pollsters discovered that only 22 per cent of the American public believed that Congress was doing an effective job, that in fact a vast majority saw the legislative branch as the least responsive of all federal institutions to the problems and needs of the twentieth-century world.
Perhaps the only persons surprised by this massive vote of no confidence were the members of Congress themselves, for traditionally they have embraced the view of an anonymous nineteenth-century observer that they belong to “the greatest legislative body on earth.” That oftrepeated phrase may well be true, but it is equally certain that Congress has projected a distinctly bloodless image. In contrast to the Presidency and the courts, which have risen to positions of unparalleled power and prestige over the past forty years, Congress has remained moored in the past, encumbered by discredited procedures, ancient prejudices, and outmoded ways. In our triune system of government it has been the most resistant to change; as a consequence its record is the least celebrated and its potential the least realized.
Once the master of Presidents and the focus of national political life, Congress in modern times has subordinated itself to the will of an almost all-powerful executive—one measure of which is the extraordinary complaint from the leaders of both political parties in late March, 1969, that Congress had been unable to act because President Nixon, after two months in office, had not yet sent a legislative program to Capitol Hill. Apparently unwilling to assume the initiative in the lawmaking process, acting slowly—if at all—the national legislature now appears to confront the pressing problems of contemporary America with stunning indifference and so seems a mere shadow of the legendary revolutionary assembly that presided over the nation’s birth.
Yet it is clear that the Founding Fathers, despite some reservations, intended Congress to be the most powerful and responsive of the three branches of government in the federal system. Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution grants Congress a wide range of legislative authority, including taxation, monetary control, the regulation of interstate commerce, the admission of new states, the warmaking power, and, in conjunction with either the states or the President as Commander in Chief, control of the state militias and the military establishment of the United States. In the broadest grant of all—the so-called elastic clause—Congress is empowered to “make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper” to carry out its manifold duties, both as an independent branch and in concert with the executive and the courts.
Not all of these powers, of course, were easily conferred. A sizable minority at the Constitutional Convention feared that Congress in time might overwhelm the other two branches, arrogating to itself powers that properly belonged elsewhere or simply riding roughshod over the delicate system of checks and balances that was meant to establish a political equilibrium. Agreed only that Congress should be a bicameral legislature, the delegates to Philadelphia struggled through weeks of sometimes heated debate to define such matters as apportionment of representation, membership requirements, and allocations of power in a way that would satisfy as far as possible every faction in the convention. Drawing heavily on their knowledge of the British Parliament and the colonial assemblies, they sought to avoid the weaknesses of the Continental and Confederation congresses, each of which had lacked enough real authority for independent action, and at the same time the delegates tried to reconcile the differences between the advocates of a strong central (or national) government and the supporters of states’ rights.
In the end the solutions they offered take something of a middle ground, based, like the Constitution as a whole, on the principle of mutual restraint and on the careful balancing of interests through a kind of political horsetrading. Thus from the moment of its conception Congress was a child of compromise, and to some extent its members have traditionally adopted a cautious centrist position on most legislative matters simply because the Constitution provides no other course.
For much of our history the constitutional restraints made little difference in congressional power. Indeed, until 1933 Congress tended to dominate the other two branches—as the Founding Fathers thought it would. Except in times of national crisis, like the Civil War, the President remained a custodian of his office, content to follow the direction of the legislative branch, and the Supreme Court rarely assumed an activist role. | <urn:uuid:7bb89a05-6c14-4361-95ad-301a094012f5> | {
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Your dog’s body language
The ability to interpret dog body language is an invaluable tool in training your dog. The way your dog carries himself, his ear and tail positioning, and even subtle facial expressions all provide insight into what your dog is thinking. If you’re able to read these signals properly, you’ll understand your dog’s personality and your bond with him will deepen. Some of the best trainers in the world consider dog training a form of art. Understanding your dog’s body language can help you master this art.
Body positions and their meaning
What follows is a list of emotional states and the different postures associated with them. Keep in mind that these are general descriptions. Your dog may show subtle variations due to personality or breed that can give you greater insight into how he feels.
Peaceful and Relaxed
The body position is level. The ears are generally up and slightly back and the tail is curved down and carried loosely. The dog may have his mouth open and be panting. This is the standard position of a relaxed dog.
Attentive or Aroused
An attentive dog usually pricks up his ears. His tail begins to wag lightly and the panting may stop. In this state, the dog may cock his head to the side or lift a front paw in anticipation. You may be able to see signs of concentration or attention in his eyes.
Playful or Friendly
This body language is easily recognized. The dog lowers the front of his body so that his chest touches the ground, his hind-end raises, and he wags his tail furiously. He may bark and jump from side to side ready to chase after any toy you throw his way.
If a dog feels threatened, he may adopt an aggressive posture. His ears stand forward and his mouth opens slightly. The upper lip might curl back to reveal his teeth. His tail is straight up or curled over the back. The hackles, i.e. the area just over the front shoulders, are inflated to give a larger appearance. The eyes may also darken and become piercing. As aggression increases, the expression of it intensifies.
The posture of a fearful dog involves a confusing mix of aggressive and submissive expressions. The hackles may be raised and the teeth partially exposed, however, the head is usually lowered with the ears pulled back. Also, the dog looks with glazed eyes away from the source of the fear with his tail tucked between his legs. You should take extra caution with such a dog as he may bite out of fear.
Expressing Loyalty or Greeting
The body language here is generally known as active submission. The dog’s undercarriage is kept low to the ground, his ears are laid back against the head, his mouth has what looks like a grin, and his tail is down or tucked between the legs. It’s similar to the fearful posture, however, there are no signs of aggression here such as the raised lip and hackles. The dog may also urinate to express a greater sense of submissiveness.
Vulnerable or Helpless
Here the dog lies on his side to expose his belly and genitals while his front paws are brought up under his chin. His tail is tightly tucked between the legs and his eyes look away from the source of dominance. This posture of passive submission allows a dog to appear smaller than he is. While active submission has a tone of friendliness or enthusiasm, passive submission is more a gesture of complete surrender.
The more sensitive you are to dog body language, the better equipped you’ll be to read your dog’s thoughts and feelings. That’s when your training can become truly effective, when there’s a dialogue. | <urn:uuid:d64fb092-0402-488a-adcd-7d57331d2f65> | {
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Submitted to: Journal of Food Protection
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: September 30, 2005
Publication Date: February 1, 2006
Citation: Berrang, M.E., Smith, D.P., Hinton Jr, A. 2006. Application of distilled white vinegar to counter the increase in campylobacter numbers on broiler skin during feather removal. Journal of Food Protection. 69(2):425-427. Interpretive Summary: Campylobacter is a human pathogen that is often associated with poultry and poultry products and often present on the outer and inner surfaces of broilers when they arrive at a processing plant. After the birds are processed lower numbers of Campylobacter found. However, during one of the first processing steps, an increase in Campylobacter numbers is found on chicken skin. The machine used for feather removal operates by means of rubber “fingers” spinning at high speed which pull the feathers off of the carcass. These fingers can also apply pressure to the abdomen and may incidentally force contaminated fecal matter out of the anus onto the skin of the carcass. In this study we tested vinegar as a food grade antimicrobial chemical for its ability to lower skin contamination with Campylobacter. Vinegar was placed in the lower gut of broiler carcasses before they entered the feather picking machine. Control carcasses without vinegar experienced a 3 log increase in Campylobacter numbers on breast skin due to passage through a commercial style feather picking machine. Conversely, carcasses treated with vinegar had an increase of only 1 log, 99% less than the control. These data indicate that the increase in broiler carcass Campylobacter contamination associated with automated feather removal can be moderated by application of a food grade antimicrobial early in processing. This information can be used by researchers to further explore this type of treatment and by processors to lower Campylobacter contamination on fully processed broilers.
Technical Abstract: Broiler carcass Campylobacter numbers increase during automated commercial feather removal due to escape of highly contaminated gut contents from the cloaca. Vinegar which is 5 % acetic acid is known to have antimicrobial action. The objective of this study was to counter the increase in Campylobacter by placing vinegar in the colon prior to carcasses entering the feather picking machine. Broilers were stunned, killed and bled in a pilot processing plant. Prior to scalding, distilled white vinegar (5% acetic acid) was placed into the colon. After scalding, before automated feather removal, Campylobacter numbers were determined on breast skin of broilers. Campylobacter numbers on carcass breast skin was measured again after passage through a commercial style feather picking machine. Campylobacter numbers on control carcasses increased during feather picking from log 1.3 to log 4.2 and log 4.0 cfu/sample for untreated and water treated carcasses respectively. Campylobacter numbers on carcasses treated with vinegar also increased but to a lesser extent, resulting in log 2.6 cfu/sample. Application of a food grade antimicrobial (such as vinegar) in the cloaca prior to scald can affect the increase in broiler carcass Campylobacter numbers associated with de-feathering. | <urn:uuid:f160aa14-8f7a-49c2-ba28-889d27c9f583> | {
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- May 3, 2014
- Posted by: essay
- Category: Term paper writing
This world-famous clock determines the New Year in GMT. The building of the clock started in 1837 (when the English Parliament was rebuilt), and was completed in 1859. The opening was timed to Queen Victoria ascend to the throne. Since then, the clock has become one of the main symbols of England and London, the object of inspiration for many filmmakers, artists and photographers. Illusionist David Copperfield even got the clock to disappear from people and locators sight for some time. But the clock has remained in its place and every year, it beats off 12 solemn strokes after the traditional appeal to the subjects of Elizabeth II, great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria.
Probably the oldest and most beloved national tradition is monarchy. Its symbol – Buckingham Palace ”“ is the residence of Queen Elizabeth II, now open to public inspection.
The legendary Stonehenge (dating from around 3100 – 1800 BC) ”“ is the most famous prehistoric site in Europe. Over the centuries disputes are held on the appointment of Stonehenge, among the versions there was also a suggestion that this is the temple of the ancient Celts, and an astronomical observatory, and the fact that the creators of this megalithic ring of vertical stone slabs were aliens, but its mystery has not been solved.
Tower Bridge is recognizable, probably, around the world. It has become the symbol of London as the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Statue of Liberty in New York City. It seems even banal, as its image is so closely connected with the capital of England. Nevertheless, again and again, it shakes the viewer with its grandeur and austerity of forms. At night, the medieval darkness of Tower Bridge disappears and, thanks to the modern illuminations, it appears to us as a kind of fantastic fairy-tale structure. | <urn:uuid:a9582ac8-a2f6-45d3-843e-a2cf1da7ddfe> | {
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Most Chinese sword blades were made with a high-carbon steel plate exposed at the cutting edges. The high carbon content allowed this plate to be hardened to take and hold a very sharp edge, but also made it brittle and prone for snapping. To protect this brittle core that is so vital to a sword's functionality, it was supported on either side with a laminate construction or milder iron and steel. These different layers were forge folded together to create a tough structure.
When polished, most Chinese edged weapons exhibit a wood grain pattern in these supporting layers. Others have a more artistic flair to them where the smith produced a lively pattern by hammering and grinding. Some smiths went even further to show off their skill, creating more elaborate patterns in the steel. One of the rarest and most labor intensive of these constructions was twist-core, 花文鋼 (huawengang) or "flowery patterned steel".1
1. See: Philip M. W. Tom: Some Notable Sabers of the Qing Dynasty at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 36 (2001).
Notes to introduction
1. Also known as 佩刀 peidao after the 皇朝禮器圖式 (Huangchao Liqi Tushi) of 1766. This is a set of Qing regulations that uses nonstandard language for many weapons, choosing names often from ancient Chinese writings.
2. See Elliot, Mark C., "The Manchu Way", Stanford University Press, 2001.
3. Tom, Philip M. W., “Some Notable Sabers of the Qing Dynasty at the Metropolitan Museum of Art”, Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 36, 2001.
Overall length: 80.5 cm / 31.7 inch
Blade length: 66 cm / 26 inch
Blade thickness: forte 7 mm, middle 6 mm, at backedge 4mm, near tip 3mm.
Blade width: forte 35.5 mm, middle 35 mm, near tip 29 mm
Weight without scabbard: 823 grams
Point of balance: 16 cm from guard.
Materials: Iron, steel, silver, wood, brass, ray-skin.
Dating: 17th to early 18th century
A Chinese saber of early liuyedao form, probably dating to the late 17th or early 18th century. The blade with U-turn grooves inspired by Mughal swords with the same feature, and a false backedge. It has a tunkou (collar piece) that is not made of a separate part of metal -as is usually the case- but is chiseled out of the base of the blade. Quality of the chiseling is superb. Both the U-turn groove and chiseled tunkou are fairly rare and desirable features in Chinese sabers.
The blade is of four row twist-core showing incredible control by the smith: The rows of rosettes are of equal size and in straight lines, following the lines of the grooves and contours of the blade. The pattern was originally etched in mild relief, which can still be felt today.
The hilt fitted in very early style mountings that came with the blade, they have probably been with the piece for a long time. The guard is a thick, round cup guard with silver damascened decor of rings and a stepped side. Ferrule and pommel are of a slightly rounded version of the early angular style. The fittings exhibit an elegant simplicity that reminds of Ming furniture. It is fairly heavy for the size, with good handling characteristics. It's not just a parade showpiece, but a hefty saber with a good feel in hand.
Chinese twist-core sabers are rare, even in museum collections. We have sold two other sabers with twist-core in their blades:
Early Chinese luiyedao saber with twist-core / hairpin forged blade.
Chinese yanchidao saber with twist-core / hairpin forged blade.
There is also one in the Metropolitan Museum, New York:
Accession number 36.25.1477a, b
Blade in excellent condition, retaining all of its original contours and bevels. No nicks, cracks or over-polishing. Renewed handle, covered with distressed ray-skin. Comes in a new resting scabbard.
A rare Chinese saber with a blade of the highly sought-after huawengang, exhibiting a high level of control. The blade further features U-turn grooves and a very precisely chiseled tunkou. A good, solid piece with some very interesting features, in great condition. | <urn:uuid:dc382c82-21fb-44e9-afd7-f9e80e30e05e> | {
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Three scientists from Bedfordshire have been heavily involved in a project that has discovered 800,000-year-old footprints on the Norfolk coast.
Dr Simon Lewis, Dr Nick Ashton, both from Ampthill, and Dr Simon Parfitt, from Bedford, are all co-directors of the Happisburgh project which is looking at the earliest evidence of human presence in Britain.
It was revealed last week that the footprints found at Happisburgh are the earliest evidence of human footprints discovered outside Africa.
Simon Lewis, 48, said: “This was certainly a significant moment in the project. I wasn’t actually there on the day they were found, but there was a great deal of excitement surrounding the discovery.”
Simon explained that the footprints would have been protected by a layer of sediment and preserved on the cliff until recently when the sun eroded some of the cliff.
He added: “It really was just being at the right place at the right time when we made this discovery, but it’s very interesting and it ties in with other research we have carried out.”
Dr Lewis is based at the Queen Mary University of London where he teaches under- graduate students. | <urn:uuid:040f43ce-abb1-420e-8d71-fc9f33b5afc3> | {
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Add to this wretched water quality. Rainwater mixes with oil, grease and other contaminants, particularly from roadways, landscaping and agricultural areas, where it ends up in storm drains, travels downward to the coast and is flushed into the ocean. Because petroleum products float, pelican feathers become greasy, which affects their insulative properties. The result is many hypothermic, undernourished pelicans. Further, when pelicans groom themselves, they inadvertently consume the contaminants. Consequently, extended storm systems cut life short for many pelicans.
I interacted with a victim of such circumstance while strolling the boardwalk at La Jolla Shores during a lull in the storm action. The pelican was crouched on the ground amid the bushes below the hotel restaurant. After phoning the wonderful nonprofit organization Wildlife Assist, Marie Molloy, president and founder, met me at the end of Vallecitos Street to rescue the distressed bird. She felt under the wings for warmth. There was none. She picked up the bird. It was “light as a feather.” The pelican was suffering from hypothermia and starvation. Marie transported the animal to SeaWorld for rehabilitation but the pelican died overnight. Since the storms, SeaWorld reports an upswing in receiving sick or injured pelicans, as has the International Bird Rescue Research Center in San Pedro. It’s tough to see an animal suffer.
When birds first took flight 37 to 65 million years ago, some scientists say pelicans were there, and they haven’t changed much since. The brown pelican, which exists solely in the Western Hemisphere, weighs up to 8 pounds, grows to just over 4 feet long and boasts a wingspan of more than 6 feet. Of the seven pelican species, only the brown hunts for fish by making spectacular, head-first kamikaze dives from as high as 60 feet, when scanning the ocean for schooling fish, which give themselves away by having reflective silvery scales. A pelican surfacing with an unsuspecting fish trapped in its expandable pouch tilts its bill down to drain out water, then tosses its head back to swallow. What a contrast from other pelican species, which swim along like ducks, daintily dipping their heads to gulp down fish.
Take a look at the colony loafing cliffside off the Cove. Some sport dramatic plumage, indicating the breeding colors displayed by both males and females. Above the gray-brown body, the chest and head feathers shift from white to golden, the eyes, generally yellow-gray, turn blue, and skin surrounding the eyes becomes bright pink. The otherwise pale throat pouch flares bright red, and the back of the standard-issue white neck turns a rich chestnut. Juvenile plumage is a muted brown above with a white belly. Breeding times are heavily dependent on the abundance or scarcity of food.
After some 40 million years of survival, the brown pelican nearly became extinct due to pesticide runoff contaminating the nearshore ocean environment. From ingestion by minute plankton, the poisons worked their way up the food chain to pelicans, the canaries in the coal mine. One pesticide, endrin, killed pelicans outright, and another, DDT, resulted in thin-shelled eggs that broke under the weight of incubating parents. Banning DDT and designating the birds as endangered on both state and federal lists was done in time to rescue the birds from the brink. Yet even now, 40 years later, low levels of DDT residues persist in the tissues of some birds and their eggshells. DDT can remain stable in the environment for decades, because it is stored in body fat. During times of stress and malnutrition, like recent storm events, the fatty acid deposits may be broken down and metabolized, releasing the poisons into the bird’s system. DDT is still in use around the world and remains a threat, not only to brown pelicans but also to other seabirds and birds of prey. As an aside, though DDT has diminished in the environment, it is still widely present and is used elsewhere around the world. The Environmental Protection Agency lists the pesticide as a probable human carcinogen. Human and fish food for thought.
— Judith Lea Garfield, naturalist and underwater photographer, has authored two natural history books about the underwater park off La Jolla Cove and La Jolla Shores. Send comments to [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:be8c45d0-582e-403d-a6cf-4cb7388e4704> | {
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Tuition-Free Community College Programs
As the tuition-free college education debates continues to be a popular topic of discussion, some states have proposed the concept of providing free tuition for community colleges as a means to provide incentive for young people to strive for a higher education. Some are worried that youth in the United States will continue to fall behind other countries in the global skills race, so this would make emerging workforces look better to employers by boosting educational attainment.
Although this plan would make community college education free, that doesn’t mean that it won’t come at a price. States such as Tennessee and Oregon are trying to decide as to whether the allocation of funds towards this plan is the best way to appropriate taxpayers’ money. A Mississippi bill has already passed through the state House, but then failed in the Senate.
Being a midterm election year, this could be a hot topic of conversation considering that this matter deals with the issues of income inequality and the burden of student debt. Senator Mark Hass of Oregon says, “I think everybody agrees that with a high school education by itself, there is no path to the middle class. There is only one path, and it leads to poverty. And poverty is very expensive.” He believes that taxpayers will be saving money by implementing this plan in that the tuition of community college is less than having an individual in the social safety net. Also, college graduates tend to earn more money in their lifetime, so by increasing the amount of college graduates, the American public could contribute more tax dollars.
Different ideas have come up for funding such an expensive plan. Governor Bill Haslem of Tennessee has mentioned using lottery money to create a community college program for high school graduates. The “Tennessee Promise” plan, if approved by Legislature, would come at a cost close to $34 million annually but has projected that it would increase the percentage of Tennesseans with college degrees from 32% now to 55% by 2025.
As of right now, Oregon is examing whether this plan for free community college tuition is feasible at this point. Some variables that this study plans to determine would be how much the program would cost, who would be able to participate in the program and whether the existing buildings can accommodate the extra students.
If the option to attend tuition-free community college been available prior to your enrollment in a four year university, would you still have chosen a bachelor’s degree or would you have participated in this program? | <urn:uuid:461c460e-b423-4267-b6bd-8becfd67f7be> | {
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Nivolumab - injection
Nivolumab - injection
Nivolumab is used to treat cancer. It works by changing the action of your own immune system, directing it to attack cancer cells. Nivolumab belongs to a class of drugs known as monoclonal antibodies.
Read the Medication Guide provided by your pharmacist before you start receiving nivolumab and each time you get a treatment. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
This medication is given by a health care professional. It is injected slowly into a vein over 30 minutes. It is given as directed by your doctor, usually once every 2 to 4 weeks.
Infusion reactions may happen while you are receiving the drug. Tell your doctor right away if you have symptoms such as fever, chills, flushing, dizziness, or fainting.
The dosage is based on your medical condition, weight, and response to treatment. Your doctor may stop your treatment for some time if you get serious side effects. Your doctor may also prescribe another medication (a corticosteroid such as prednisone) to help treat side effects of this medication.
Diarrhea may occur. If this effect persists or worsens, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
People using this medication may have serious side effects. However, your doctor has prescribed this drug because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Careful monitoring by your doctor may decrease your risk.
Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including:
Nivolumab may cause hormone gland problems (such as thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas). Your body could make too much or too little hormone. Tell your doctor right away if you have any symptoms such as:
Get medical help right away if you have any very serious side effects, including:
Nivolumab can commonly cause itching or a rash that is usually not serious. However, you may not be able to tell it apart from a rare rash that could be a sign of a severe reaction. Therefore, get medical help right away if you develop any rash or itching.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including:
In the US -
Before using nivolumab, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of:
Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. You should not become pregnant while using nivolumab. Nivolumab may harm an unborn baby. Ask about reliable forms of birth control while using this medication and for 5 months after stopping treatment. If you become pregnant, talk to your doctor right away about the risks and benefits of this medication.
It is unknown if this drug passes into breast milk. Because of the possible risk to the infant, breast-feeding while using this drug and for 5 months after stopping treatment is not recommended. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.
Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.
If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.
Lab and/or medical tests (such as liver/kidney/thyroid function, blood sugar) should be done before and during treatment with this medication. Keep all medical and lab appointments. Consult your doctor for more details.
For the best possible benefit, it is important to receive each scheduled dose of this medication as directed. If you miss a dose, contact your doctor or pharmacist right away to establish a new dosing schedule.
Not applicable. This medication is given in a hospital or clinic and will not be stored at home.
Information last revised May 2019.
Copyright(c) 2019 First Databank, Inc. | <urn:uuid:7b2305a3-25ba-4b2d-b52f-8c43c4575064> | {
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gettext toolset helps programmers and translators
at producing, updating and using translation files, mainly those
PO files which are textual, editable files. This chapter explains
the format of PO files.
A PO file is made up of many entries, each entry holding the relation between an original untranslated string and its corresponding translation. All entries in a given PO file usually pertain to a single project, and all translations are expressed in a single target language. One PO file entry has the following schematic structure:
white-space # translator-comments #. extracted-comments #: reference… #, flag… #| msgid previous-untranslated-string msgid untranslated-string msgstr translated-string
The general structure of a PO file should be well understood by the translator. When using PO mode, very little has to be known about the format details, as PO mode takes care of them for her.
A simple entry can look like this:
#: lib/error.c:116 msgid "Unknown system error" msgstr "Error desconegut del sistema"
Entries begin with some optional white space. Usually, when generated
gettext tools, there is exactly one blank line
between entries. Then comments follow, on lines all starting with the
#. There are two kinds of comments: those which have
some white space immediately following the
# - the translator
comments -, which comments are created and maintained exclusively by the
translator, and those which have some non-white character just after the
# - the automatic comments -, which comments are created and
maintained automatically by GNU
gettext tools. Comment lines
#. contain comments given by the programmer, directed
at the translator; these comments are called extracted comments
xgettext program extracts them from the program’s
source code. Comment lines starting with
#: contain references to
the program’s source code. Comment lines starting with
flags; more about these below. Comment lines starting with
contain the previous untranslated string for which the translator gave
All comments, of either kind, are optional.
After white space and comments, entries show two strings, namely
first the untranslated string as it appears in the original program
sources, and then, the translation of this string. The original
string is introduced by the keyword
msgid, and the translation,
msgstr. The two strings, untranslated and translated,
are quoted in various ways in the PO file, using
\ escapes, but the translator does not really
have to pay attention to the precise quoting format, as PO mode fully
takes care of quoting for her.
msgid strings, as well as automatic comments, are produced
and managed by other GNU
gettext tools, and PO mode does not
provide means for the translator to alter these. The most she can
do is merely deleting them, and only by deleting the whole entry.
On the other hand, the
msgstr string, as well as translator
comments, are really meant for the translator, and PO mode gives her
the full control she needs.
The comment lines beginning with
#, are special because they are
not completely ignored by the programs as comments generally are. The
comma separated list of flags is used by the
program to give the user some better diagnostic messages. Currently
there are two forms of flags defined:
This flag can be generated by the
msgmerge program or it can be
inserted by the translator herself. It shows that the
string might not be a correct translation (anymore). Only the translator
can judge if the translation requires further modification, or is
acceptable as is. Once satisfied with the translation, she then removes
fuzzy attribute. The
msgmerge program inserts this
when it combined the
msgstr entries after fuzzy
search only. See Fuzzy Entries.
These flags should not be added by a human. Instead only the
xgettext program adds them. In an automated PO file processing
system as proposed here, the user’s changes would be thrown away again as
soon as the
xgettext program generates a new template file.
c-format flag indicates that the untranslated string and the
translation are supposed to be C format strings. The
flag indicates that they are not C format strings, even though the untranslated
string happens to look like a C format string (with ‘%’ directives).
c-format flag is given for a string the
program does some more tests to check the validity of the translation.
See msgfmt Invocation, c-format Flag and c-format.
Likewise for Objective C, see objc-format.
Likewise for Shell, see sh-format.
Likewise for Python, see python-format.
Likewise for Python brace, see python-format.
Likewise for Lisp, see lisp-format.
Likewise for Emacs Lisp, see elisp-format.
Likewise for librep, see librep-format.
Likewise for Scheme, see scheme-format.
Likewise for Smalltalk, see smalltalk-format.
Likewise for Java, see java-format.
Likewise for C#, see csharp-format.
Likewise for awk, see awk-format.
Likewise for Object Pascal, see object-pascal-format.
Likewise for YCP, see ycp-format.
Likewise for Tcl, see tcl-format.
Likewise for Perl, see perl-format.
Likewise for Perl brace, see perl-format.
Likewise for PHP, see php-format.
Likewise for the GCC sources, see gcc-internal-format.
Likewise for the GNU Fortran Compiler sources, see gfc-internal-format.
Likewise for Qt, see qt-format.
Likewise for Qt plural forms, see qt-plural-format.
Likewise for KDE, see kde-format.
Likewise for Boost, see boost-format.
Likewise for Lua, see lua-format.
It is also possible to have entries with a context specifier. They look like this:
white-space # translator-comments #. extracted-comments #: reference… #, flag… #| msgctxt previous-context #| msgid previous-untranslated-string msgctxt context msgid untranslated-string msgstr translated-string
The context serves to disambiguate messages with the same
untranslated-string. It is possible to have several entries with
the same untranslated-string in a PO file, provided that they each
have a different context. Note that an empty context string
and an absent
msgctxt line do not mean the same thing.
A different kind of entries is used for translations which involve plural forms.
white-space # translator-comments #. extracted-comments #: reference… #, flag… #| msgid previous-untranslated-string-singular #| msgid_plural previous-untranslated-string-plural msgid untranslated-string-singular msgid_plural untranslated-string-plural msgstr translated-string-case-0 ... msgstr[N] translated-string-case-n
Such an entry can look like this:
#: src/msgcmp.c:338 src/po-lex.c:699 #, c-format msgid "found %d fatal error" msgid_plural "found %d fatal errors" msgstr "s'ha trobat %d error fatal" msgstr "s'han trobat %d errors fatals"
Here also, a
msgctxt context can be specified before
Here, additional kinds of flags can be used:
This flag is followed by a range of non-negative numbers, using the syntax
range: minimum-value..maximum-value. It designates the
possible values that the numeric parameter of the message can take. In some
languages, translators may produce slightly better translations if they know
that the value can only take on values between 0 and 10, for example.
The previous-untranslated-string is optionally inserted by the
msgmerge program, at the same time when it marks a message fuzzy.
It helps the translator to see which changes were done by the developers
on the untranslated-string.
It happens that some lines, usually whitespace or comments, follow the very last entry of a PO file. Such lines are not part of any entry, and will be dropped when the PO file is processed by the tools, or may disturb some PO file editors.
The remainder of this section may be safely skipped by those using a PO file editor, yet it may be interesting for everybody to have a better idea of the precise format of a PO file. On the other hand, those wishing to modify PO files by hand should carefully continue reading on.
An empty untranslated-string is reserved to contain the header entry with the meta information (see Header Entry). This header entry should be the first entry of the file. The empty untranslated-string is reserved for this purpose and must not be used anywhere else.
Each of untranslated-string and translated-string respects the C syntax for a character string, including the surrounding quotes and embedded backslashed escape sequences. When the time comes to write multi-line strings, one should not use escaped newlines. Instead, a closing quote should follow the last character on the line to be continued, and an opening quote should resume the string at the beginning of the following PO file line. For example:
msgid "" "Here is an example of how one might continue a very long string\n" "for the common case the string represents multi-line output.\n"
In this example, the empty string is used on the first line, to
allow better alignment of the
H from the word ‘Here’
f from the word ‘for’. In this example, the
msgid keyword is followed by three strings, which are meant
to be concatenated. Concatenating the empty string does not change
the resulting overall string, but it is a way for us to comply with
the necessity of
msgid to be followed by a string on the same
line, while keeping the multi-line presentation left-justified, as
we find this to be a cleaner disposition. The empty string could have
been omitted, but only if the string starting with ‘Here’ was
promoted on the first line, right after
msgid.2 It was not really necessary
either to switch between the two last quoted strings immediately after
the newline ‘\n’, the switch could have occurred after any
other character, we just did it this way because it is neater.
One should carefully distinguish between end of lines marked as ‘\n’ inside quotes, which are part of the represented string, and end of lines in the PO file itself, outside string quotes, which have no incidence on the represented string.
Outside strings, white lines and comments may be used freely.
Comments start at the beginning of a line with ‘#’ and extend
until the end of the PO file line. Comments written by translators
should have the initial ‘#’ immediately followed by some white
space. If the ‘#’ is not immediately followed by white space,
this comment is most likely generated and managed by specialized GNU
tools, and might disappear or be replaced unexpectedly when the PO
file is given to
limitation is not imposed by GNU
gettext, but is for compatibility
msgfmt implementation on Solaris. | <urn:uuid:05803d56-ce86-4e20-a87f-64dd184ab425> | {
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Mid-Atlantic Maritime Cooking
The bountiful waters and fertile soil of the Mid-Atlantic have provided plentiful supplies of fish, fruits, and vegetables for centuries. Agriculture and fishing have always been linked here. Many women worked shucking oysters in the winter and canning tomatoes in the summer. In the off season, Chesapeake Bay oyster-dredging boats like skipjacks and schooners transported watermelons and other produce to market in Baltimore. Community celebrations like ham and oyster dinners often combine seafood with other regional products. Special vegetables like the Haymen Potato (a sweet potato grown on Virginia's Eastern Shore) flourish in the coastal sandy soil.
Communities like Smith Island, Maryland, are famous for their cuisine. Mrs. Frances Kitching was the most famous of all Smith Island cooks. Among her specialties, memorialized in Mrs. Kitching's Smith Island Cookbook, were "crab cakes plump, light, and golden without a trace of breadcrumbs...oyster stew, rich and creamy, swimming with gently poached oysters; great dumpling puffs, and crisp nips of sauteed onion...pie topped with meringue, homemade, hand-folded, and beaded like cotton candy." Mrs. Kitching's legacy lives on in Smith Island cook Janice Marshall, who won the 2003 Rock fish Cook-Off in Ocean City with her recipe for rockfish stuffed with Crab Imperial. | <urn:uuid:a8412144-edf9-4b6d-8df1-804122298a13> | {
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"url": "http://www.festival.si.edu/past_festivals/water_ways/cooking/cooking.aspx"
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This project, by an unknown hacker, patches into an electric typewriter and uses it as a Teletype. An AVR ATmega168 microcontroller patches into the key matrix of the typewriter which allows it to artificially type. Now, data can be sent over a serial connection to the AVR for output on the typewriter.
We’re not quite sure what this is going to be used for. We’ve seen hacks like this for Twitter reading in the past but he makes no mention of that type of use. Personally, we’d like to have this just to “print” out the occasional letter. Typewriters are so rarely used these days it would be a bit peculiar to get a letter that has the dimpled impressions associated with slamming a die into a piece of paper. | <urn:uuid:be908a68-7257-4bc0-be14-5e9898c7a227> | {
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"url": "http://hackaday.com/2010/02/11/teletype-machine-from-an-electric-typewriter/"
} |
Sesame : The genus Sesamum Hardback
Part of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles series
The first comprehensive review of sesame and its close relative, Sesame: the genus Sesamum covers ethnographic data, modern use, linguistic analysis of sesame names from around the world, market size, export and import data, geographical sources, use in the food and cosmetic industries, and much more.
The book includes a historical review of the genus Sesamum that reveals its place in present-day traditions and cultivation in Africa and Asia.
Expanding coverage from archaeological and anthropological literature from India, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, this ethnobotanical monograph draws on folk sources, reviews the phytochemistry of Sesamum, and presents extensive references.
- Format: Hardback
- Pages: 556 pages, 52 Tables, black and white; 163 Illustrations, black and white
- Publisher: Taylor & Francis Inc
- Publication Date: 15/05/2009
- Category: Botany & plant sciences
- ISBN: 9780849335389 | <urn:uuid:b9068a11-422f-4a44-b9af-c42b388372d9> | {
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Upper Delaware River
Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Like all other animals insects are arranged in an order called taxonomic rank. Ranking is arranged from, Phylum that includes the widest spectrum of ranks down to the generic name that includes a number of species, to the specific name or species which applies to a single insect within the rank.
For example the Taxonomic ranking for Ephemerella subvaria would look like this, Order - Ephemeroptera Family - Ephmerellidae - Genus - Ephemerella - Species - subvaria.
For practical purposes The ranking of an insect within this article will begin from Order, and end either with the generic name (Genus), or the insects specific name (species).
Insects are identified by comparing a specimen under magnification to a set of morphological keys. These keys list physical characteristics of the insect. Using these keys a determination can be made to the species level of the specimen in question. Keys to the Family are common to all insects within that broad range, for instance keys to the family Ephmerellidae would include the genus Ephemerella, Drunella, Serratella, Timpanoga, and others. Generic keys include a narrower group of insects, and would exclude insects of other genera. Keys to the genus Ephemerella would include the species subvaria, rotunda, invaria, and so on. A determination to the Generic level would look like this - Ephemerella species. Specific keys are unique to that individual species, and exclude all other species of insects. A determination to the species level would look like this Ephemerella invaria, or E. invaria.
Keys to identifying insects to the generic level include wing vein pattern, leg spurs, and spines, palps and other physical features. Determining insects to the species level relies on examining male genitalia. Keeping in mind that this program is intended for fly fisherman not entomologists listing specific keys for all of the insects in this program is somewhat beyond it's scope. However generalized identification keys for Mayfly nymphs, and duns can be found by clicking on Insect Identification, then Mayfly Nymph Genus Identification, or Mayfly Dun Genus Identification. The addition of specific keys for the Mayflies is planned for future versions of this article.
Most Caddisfly adults listed can be easily identified to the family level by comparing the photos of the wart pattern on their thorax, along with the drawings of their maxillary palps to the insect in question. Pictures of genitalia are provided for specific identification for some Caddis adults and are included with the insect's picture.
Palps are sensory organs located under the insects head, ocelli are simple eyes that unlike compound eyes have only the ability to detect light and dark. Warts are raised areas usually covered with thick hair. Please note that some of the thorax, and genitalia photos used for identification purposes are from preserved insects. The color is fadded, and will not match the color of a live specimen. The insect photos themselves are of live specimens showing the correct color.
Magnification of 10 to 35 times is required to observe the actual insects features. | <urn:uuid:01267fd9-d6da-4e0b-8a7a-ab9482e38aaa> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
The term anterior horn (also frontal horn, anterior cornu, frontal cornu) may refer to either of two separate anatomical structures within the central nervous system:
- anterior horn of lateral ventricle in the brain, which passes forward, laterally, and slightly downward from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe
- anterior horn of spinal cord, the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord which contains motor neurons that affect the axial muscles
The ventral horn of the spinal cord is the target for some spasmolytic medications. Norepinephrine release in the ventral horn (as induced by cyclobenzaprine) reduces spasms by innervation (reducing nerve activity) of alpha motor neurons via interaction with gamma fibers.
It is these cells that are affected in the so-called "anterior horn diseases", namely amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, progressive muscular atrophy, all spinal muscular atrophies, poliomyelitis, and West Nile virus.
The anterior column (anterior cornu, anterior horn), directed forward, is broad and of a rounded or quadrangular shape. Its posterior part is termed the base, and its anterior part the head, but these are not differentiated from each other by any well-defined constriction. It is separated from the surface of the medulla spinalis by a layer of white substance which is traversed by the bundles of the anterior nerve roots. In the thoracic region, the postero-lateral part of the anterior column projects laterally as a triangular field, which is named the lateral column (columna lateralis; lateral cornu).
This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:45783515-2d9c-4a23-a841-f245ddcf050f> | {
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Doctors say it is important to have regular check ups.
Early detection is key to survival and breast cancer in contrast to other malignancies like lung cancer, pancreatic cancer. Early decision is key to survival," said Susan Bahl, breast surgeon at the
The Ninth Annual Breast Cancer Symposium at the
"Anyone who is a breast cancer survivor, has a family member who's experienced with breast cancer is interested in expanding their knowledge base of breast cancer and treatment available to treat it," said Carol Mastalerz, director of oncology services.
Before the new center was built, it took 30 to 90 days for women to find a treatment plan but now, it takes only a matter of two weeks thanks to better technology.
"We had about a 30 percent migration of women from
Women mingled among one another as tables of delicious food were provided for them.
Presentations were held by medical professionals to show the proper procedures the new center takes when it comes to treating their patients.
Good breast health is very important. Eating right, dieting, a healthy diet, low unsaturated fat, high antioxidants, maintaining a good
They were all reminders that can make a difference in helping our mothers, sisters, and all women, who are battling breast cancer.
It's highly recommended for women of the age over 40 to have their mammograms. Those in the late 20s and 30s should always do self-check exams at home. | <urn:uuid:ba5836ce-d43f-44d0-a3e9-72e7b1744873> | {
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“We made from water every living thing.” (Qur’an 21:30)
It’s a source of life, a means for purity, and a piece of heaven on earth.
Throughout the Qur’an, Allah refers to water on numerous occasions (the exact word for “water” is mentioned over 60 times). The Qur’anic verse above powerfully states an important feature of water that all humans have come to acknowledge: water is a necessity for life.
For Muslims, water holds additional and special meanings. Water plays an important role in purifying believers as it is used for making wudhu, or ablutions. And if you ask a Muslim to describe paradise (according to what they learned from the Qur’an and hadith), many would recall the descriptions of rivers flowing and springs gushing forth endlessly from the gardens of heaven.
Now back on earth (where things do have an end). Those of us living in First World countries won’t really ponder too much on where our water comes from or how much there is to go around. We believe that as long as the water bills are paid, our faucets will continue to provide us with this basic necessity at our demand.
Though this is one of the perks of having a First World lifestyle, our lack of understanding on current water-related issues blinds us to the reality of those living in other parts of the world. Almost a billion people on earth don’t have access to clean drinking water. While water is just a turn of a faucet away from us, some women in developing countries have to walk an average of 3.7 miles a day to attain water.
You may argue that water is a resource that is plentiful. After all, about 70% of our planet is made of water! But the earth has only about 3% of freshwater to sustain all living things that depend on it.
True, water is considered a “renewable” resource. But renewable resources can only naturally regenerate if their capacity to do so is not irreversibly impaired. Lo and behold, humans have played a large role in our own destruction through polluting water sources and overpumping water faster than it can be replenished.
Don’t be fooled into thinking that these water issues are not to be found in our country, or even in our neighborhood. Perhaps this will be news to many: California is experiencing a water crisis that will make it difficult for current water supplies to meet our growing demand. Just to sustain the large and growing population in Los Angeles, water is exported from places like the Owens Valley, which once used to be a thriving agricultural community.
Islam teaches us to not hoard waters from others, to not pollute and spread other forms of corruption on earth, and to also not indulge in wastefulness and extravagance. Let’s not fool ourselves into thinking that we have unlimited resources we can waste away. That is not how a Muslim is taught to live on this earth. | <urn:uuid:984b80d0-98c2-4f5b-aa23-4f61474bb6d0> | {
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The main types of computer compilers are single pass compilers, multi pass compilers, cross compilers and optimizing compilers. A compiler takes one computer language, called a source code, and converts it into the target language. It enables a computer to be able to read different source codes. A compiler makes software to faster and use less memory.Know More
Compilers are regarded as specific types of computer translators. They translate source codes from a high-level language into a lower-level language, such as machine codes and assembly code.
A cross compiler is one that can run on a computer’s operating system that is different from the operating system that the program ordinarily uses. It breaks down binary codes, understands them and allows computer programmers to gain access to the codes.
A compiler is a computer program written in implementation language. The first compiler able to compile its own source code was developed in 1962. In the 1990s, free compilers and compiler development tools were massively developed. As of 2014, modern compilers are of high quality and are written in many types of languages. A compiler program that translates a low level program into a higher level one is referred to as a decompiler.Learn more about Computer Programming
The three basic types of control structures are sequential, selection and iteration. They can be combined in any way to solve a specified problem.Full Answer >
Game designers can use a variety of online resources to design Nerf games; the Internet hosts communities for Nerf game players, so game designers can look for inspiration from other Nerf fans. Online tools can also help people collaborate on projects.Full Answer >
In the C programming language, an error of "assignment makes integer from pointer without a cast" means that the code is incorrectly assigning an integer or variable value to a pointer. A pointer is an address.Full Answer >
Options for learning HTML include guide books and courses conducted online and through local colleges. Many resources are available for free through online sources or local libraries.Full Answer > | <urn:uuid:fdd04bb0-8358-4328-ab2f-b08f04413be9> | {
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Has New Zealand recently entered an entirely new period of time?
You may have caught up with the proposal that the world is now in a new era of time – the Anthropocene. Geologists have previously told us that we lived in the period called the Holocene. This is generally agreed to have begun 11,700 years ago – as the world rapidly warmed out of the last glacial period. When I first heard the term ‘Anthropocene’ I assumed it was more a smart marketing ploy to draw attention to a lot of the world’s serious issues. Actually, it is partially that, but that would be to also miss the point.
Geological divisions of time are based on recognising periods of geologically sudden, profound, and regionally recognisable change in the sedimentary record. These become codified as the boundaries between time periods. Several of the major periods in Earth history are recognised primarily through pervasive extinction events. The Cretaceous-Cenozoic boundary, when the dinosaurs became extinct, is one, extreme, example. But less pronounced change can also be the basis of period boundaries and also, looking beyond fossils, boundaries may also be recognised on other criteria – for example chemistry or climate.
Recognising whether we have recently entered a new time period requires that we take a geological perspective. If we were geologists, say, 100 million years from now, and set to defining a geological time scale – would we recognise an important boundary for about now? For the people responsible for ‘managing’ the current international scale, (Stratigraphy Commission of the Geological Society of London) the answer is definitely “Yes”. My question here is, if geologists 100 million years ago were only looking at New Zealand – would they come to the same conclusion?
When they study fossils, future geologists will find a remarkable extinction event correlating with the appearance of humans in New Zealand. Humans arrived in New Zealand about AD 1200-1400 (McGlone and Wilmshurst, 1999). These were Polynesians, and were followed 600 years or less later by Europeans. This 600 years, which is of so much importance to historians and politicians, is utterly trivial on geological time scales. Six hundred years would be well below the level of resolution of all but the slowest and most continuous sedimentary successions. For the geologists 100 million years in the future, it would be essentially instantaneous.
Over that ‘boundary’ future paleontologists would note that New Zealand lost 40-50% of its birds (Holdaway 1989). This is the proportion of birds that have become extinct in New Zealand since humans arrived – it doesn’t include those species that have had their range reduced so much that realistically, they will no longer contribute to a fossil record, and may yet go completely extinct. A similar amount of extinction has hit the frog fauna (Holdaway 1989), while the figures are still unclear for other groups such as lizards and insects. At the same time, there has been a massive influx of new species from beyond New Zealand, including entirely new groups of land verterbrates, and of course, humans themselves.
One of the surest signs of humans has been the dramatic increase in charcoal content of sediments from almost nil. Palynologists often study the charcoal content of peat swamps along with the enclosed pollen. In New Zealand this kind of study shows the increase of charcoal starting around 800 years ago McWethy et al. 2009, 2010). A hundred million years from now, what peat remains will be coal. The typical one or two meter column of peat that palynologists study today might then be only 30 cm or so thick. Furthermore, what was a nice sampling interval in the peat (to get enough resolution to understand the process) – say two centimetres, will now be compacted to just millimetres, and very difficult to study. Once again, on a geological scale, the appearance of abundant charcoal in New Zealand will appear practically instantaneous. It will correlate with the appearance of diverse range of pollen from introduced plants.
Beyond their actual artifacts, humans are making other changes that will be apparent in the future geological record. Deforestation (some of it the result of the afore-mentioned burning) have significantly increased erosion rates (McSaveny and Whitehouse 1989). The corollary of this is increased sedimentation somewhere else. River, lakes, estuaries are silting up. After a long period of fairly stable Holocene sea level, sea level is on the rise due to global warming. At around 3 mm per year, it seems so slow. But at 3 m in 10,000 years, or 30 m in 100, 000 years, this will ultimately be recognisable as a transgression – with a ‘sequence boundary’ at its base. A change in the character of New Zealand’s sedimentary record will be apparent.
The tons of artificial fertilisers that are now applied to New Zealand farms, along with various metals from industrial pollution, will be visible in the future geochemical record. More ominously, acidification of the oceans will lead to the dissolving of calcium carbonate at increasingly shallower depths. What would have once formed a deep water carbonate sediment may be visible to future geologists as a much thinner bed of clay-rich sediment.
The list of rapid change could go on and on – it certainly seems to me that New Zealand has joined the Anthropocene.
Holdaway, R. N. 1989: New Zealand’s pre-human avifauna and its vulnerability. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 12: 11-25.
McGlone, M. S. & Wilmshurst, J. M. 1999: Dating initial Maori environmental impact in New Zealand. Quaternary International 59: 5-16.
McSaveney, M. J. & Whitehouse, I. E. 1989: Anthropic erosion of mountainland in Canterbury. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 12: 151-163.
McWethy, D. B., Whitlock, C., Wilmshurst, J. M., McGlone, M. S. & Li, X. 2009: Rapid deforestation of South Island, New Zealand, by early Polynesian fires. The Holocene 19: 883-897.
McWethy DB, Whitlock C, Wilmshurst JM, McGlone MS, Fromont M, Li X, Dieffenbacher-Krall A, Hobbs WO, Fritz SC, Cook ER 2010. Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 21343-21348 | <urn:uuid:ac0f85e9-8e91-4ccb-abf6-6f0188f8b2ce> | {
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Photocatalytic Approach Produces New Drug Candidates
PRINCETON, N.J., June 25, 2014 — Light and nickel share a unique bond as chemical catalysts for potential new drugs.
Princeton University chemists studying photoredox catalysis and nickel catalysis have discovered that bringing the two processes together enables reactions that neither could produce on its own.
Pairing photoredox and nickel catalysts bonded multiple traditionally unreactive coupling partners, the researchers said. Specifically, the photoredox catalyst — which is activated by LEDs or other lights — transforms common carboxylic acids in a molecule into reactive sites. The nickel catalyst then couples those sites to arenes, ring-shaped molecules frequently present in drug candidates.
A carboxylic acid (left) reacts with an aryl halide (right) in the presence of tiny amounts of a photo catalyst and a nickel catalyst to form a direct bond between two highly prevalent classes of molecules. Courtesy of Science/AAAS.
This bond formation could provide a shortcut for chemists as they construct and test thousands of molecules to find new drugs.
“I think it's remarkable that you can have two catalysts in the reaction, both performing the roles that they're best at and yet are still compatible with one another,” said Princeton chemistry professor Dr. Abigail Doyle.
The researchers said they have used their reaction to make more than two-dozen products in high yields.
The work was supported by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Merck, Amgen, Eli Lilly and Roche, and by postdoctoral fellowships from the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry.
The research was published in Science (doi: 10.1126/science.1255525).
For more information, visit www.princeton.edu.
MORE FROM PHOTONICS MEDIA | <urn:uuid:b2c31b5a-2fdd-4fd2-9655-862d4056c2b3> | {
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Is big data really a new concept?
After all, industry analysts have been noting the torrid growth of data for a number of years. For example, in the past, research firm IDC has said that enterprise data storage would grow tenfold from 2005-2011, with transactional data growing at a 32% compounded annual growth rate and unstructured data growing 63% annually.
So what’s really new?
What’s really different in the era of big data is that substantial changes in technology mean that companies can use data analytics to more effectively process the vast volumes of data they are producing. And they can use that analysis to inform better business decisions.
“Consider Google, whose ‘data’ is effectively the internet – they basically download and index the internet as a business,” he adds. “This data change forced new technology advancements and caused a paradigm shift in data management.”
Williams’ take on what’s different about big data compared to lots of data is as follows:
- Instead of relying on a sample of data to predict outcomes, companies can now use data analytics to parse through all the data.
- In the pre-big data era, companies used predictive models based on batches of data that were not analyzed in real-time. Now, analytics allows the real-time analysis of data.
- Big data technologies allow the analysis of unstructured data – data like emails, photos, comments on social networks, videos, sensor data – as opposed to the previous limitations of only being able to analyze structured data that live in a database.
Using analytics to mine all the data as opposed to a sample allows the type of “mass personalization” to the individual consumer level that Amazon has perfected to recommend products based on past purchasing behavior, Williams adds.
Grocery giant Kroger has been using big data analytics to personalize offers to consumers for the past two years, and its sales and profits have grown 77% during that time. Kroger CEO calls this method his “secret weapon” in the battle to fend off competitors. The company also is generating millions by selling that data to manufacturers like PepsiCo and Procter & Gamble.
But to garner the type of competitive advantage Kroger has amassed, C-level executives must accept that big data is more than just bigger volumes of data, according to Harvard Business Review.
In the article, HBR contributor Michael Schrage, a research fellow at MIT Sloan School’s Center for Digital Business, notes that he asked 100 senior executives at a recent conference how much more profitable their businesses would be if they had free access to 100 times more data about their customers.
“But not a single executive in this IT-savvy crowd would hazard a guess,” Schrage notes. “One of the CEOs actually declared that the surge of new data might even lead to losses because his firm’s management and business processes couldn’t cost-effectively manage it.”
Schrage notes that many executives shouldn’t be committing themselves to “bigger data,” but instead to a desired business outcome. He recommends that firms understand that big data initiatives should focus on enhancing or transforming user experience rather than automating managerial decisions.
“Virtually every organization that’s moving some of its data, operations or processes into the cloud can start asking itself if the time is ripe to revisit their value-creation fundamentals,” he adds. “In a new era of Watson, Windows and Web 2.0 technologies, any organization that treats access to 100X more customer data as more a burden than a breakthrough has something wrong with it. Big data should be an embarrassment of riches, not an embarrassment.”
- Subscribe to our blog to stay up to date on the latest insights and trends in data analytics and big data.
- Register for the Spotfire 5 Webcast with Lou Jordano (@loujordano) on Wednesday, Oct. 17 at 1 p.m. Eastern. | <urn:uuid:15180aa2-d38b-485c-abc2-a1baf8381791> | {
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When Edward III landed 12,000 men in France on 12 July 1346 and proceeded toward what would become the battle of Crecy, it was on the sandy stretch that lies between La Hougue and St Vaast.
The naval Battle of La Hougue took place off the town in 1692. On 3 June 1692 during a heated battle with the Anglo-Dutch fleet, twelve French ships were sunk in the vicinity of the Island of Tatihou, just off the coast of Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue. It was the decisive naval battle of the Nine Years' War, also known as the War of the English Succession.
Following the French defeat, two fortified towers were built from 1694 onwards on the mound at La Hougue and Tatihou Island by a student of Vauban, Benjamin de Combes, in order to defend the bay.
The harbor was developed during the course of the 19th century. The jetty was built between 1828 and 1845, followed by the quayside from 1846 to 1852. Later on, breakwaters were added around the harbor. In 1982, the port was closed off with two large hydraulic gates which keep the water level constant at low tide. This allowed the construction of a large marina which can accommodate 704 yachts, including 100 moorings for visitors. Nowadays, the post is shared by fishing boats and yachts.
Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue was the first harbor to be freed by Allied Forces during WWII, in 1944. | <urn:uuid:c5f0bdf1-e570-4ef5-a666-9c936c862714> | {
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Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
Print version ISSN 1413-8123
MATTOS, Rita de Cássia Oliveira da Costa et al. Evaluation of risk factors related to lead exposure in children and adolescents from Rio de Janeiro. Ciênc. saúde coletiva [online]. 2009, vol.14, n.6, pp. 2039-2048. ISSN 1413-8123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000600011.
The importance of atmospheric lead in environmental global contamination is receiving increasing scientific attention. The main exposure monitoring approach is biological, but the environmental one has a key role, since the environment is the major source of exposure. The study aimed to identify the contamination sources and potential risk factors of the exposure in a 64 subject group formed by 0-16 years-old children from an economically deprived community in Rio de Janeiro. Lead concentrations in soil, water, dust and air were determined and neurological and carcinogenic risk factors for ingestion and inhalation were calculated. Blood samples were collected and used in the analysis of Pb-B, ALA-D% and ALA-D genotyping. The observed neurological risk factor was 549 times higher than reference dose for dust and 554 times higher in the case of ingestion. The carcinogenic risk factor for ingestion was about 4 times. Mean Pb-B was 5.6μg/dL and 40% of the children presented Pb-B levels above the 6μg/dL cutoff value. Mean ALA-D% was 40.3% and a correlation between Pb-B and ALA-D% was observed. ALAD1-2 genotype was identified in 10% of the children. The results will allow the understanding of our reality, supporting public health and environment organizations to carry out control actions and all-encompassing environmental surveillance.
Keywords : Exposure; Lead; Risk; Children; Environmental health; Contamination. | <urn:uuid:2cca3fdc-d07a-4d76-85d3-d5652221f958> | {
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