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an-teye-HIS-ta-meens - Pronunciation guide
- Hist-EQ Powder
- Tri-Hist® Granules
Antihistamines are used to counteract histamines that lower blood pressure and cause the inflammation and itching of allergic reactions. Although antihistamines do not block the release of histamine, they compete with histamine for uptake at the histamine receptors on sensitive cells in the respiratory tract, intestines, blood vessels, and skin.
Pyrilamine maleate and tripelennamine are used to treat allergic reactions in horses. Injectable antihistamines, such as pyrilamine maleate and tripelennamine, act rapidly and are often used for allergic reactions such as tongue or facial swelling due to bee sting, insect bite, or contact with an irritating plant. Oral antihistamines take longer to act and are often used in cases of itching and swelling due to allergic skin problems.
In cases when antihistamines alone are unable to control all allergic signs, they may be used with corticosteroids, thereby allowing use of a lower dose of corticosteroids.
Dosage and Administration
(click row for calculator)
|Oral||30 mg/100lb Tri-hist granules||600 mg/oz||Every 12 hours||NA|
|Intravenous, Intramuscular or Subcutaneous injection||0.9-1.3 mg/kg Pyrilamine maleate||50 mg/ml||2 to 4 times daily||NA|
|Intramuscular injection1||0.5 mg/lb Tripelennamine hydrochloride||20 mg/ml||2 to 4 times daily||NA|
The most common side effect of antihistamines is sedation. Other side effects include excitement, tremors and seizures, colic, and loss of appetite.
Individual horses may react differently to antihistamines and dosage should be based on the horse's age and condition. Antihistamines may thicken mucus in the respiratory tract, so extra precautions should be taken when used to treat horses with respiratory problems. Directions for administration should be followed with injections of pyrilamine given slowly since rapid administration increases the possibility of side effects. Tripelennamine should be administered intramuscularly.
Pyrilamine and tripelennamine are FDA approved for use in horses. U.S. federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the lawful written or oral order of a licensed veterinarian.
Pyrilamine maleate and tripelennamine are prohibited or regulated in most sanctioned competitions. Consulting the individual regulatory group is essential for determining provisions in rules for the therapeutic use of these substances.
Antihistamines may affect the activity of anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin. When combined with other central nervous system depressant drugs, such as tranquilizers, antihistamines have an additive effect.
Overdoses may cause increased sedation and severity of other side effects.
The drug labels on this website represent drug information listings as submitted to the FDA.The drug labels on this website have not been altered or modified by EquiMed. The drug labels on this website may not be the most current or identical to the current labels shipped with the product. Contact your veterinarian or the manufacturer for the latest information on this drug or medication prior to use.
About the author
EquiMed Staff shares a common goal of helping you improve your horse's health. The staff work together to develop unique web-focused content that answers the most common questions of horse owners. EquiMed staff written content is updated frequently to incorporate the best practices within the equine healthcare industry. Thanks for visiting!
Visit EquiMed's Google+ page. | <urn:uuid:70c284c4-e892-4d63-83c7-9e4f937bca66> | {
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Keller Rohrback’s nationally recognized litigators help ordinary people combat fraud. As plaintiffs in federal and state whistleblower lawsuits, Keller Rohrback clients play an essential role in exposing bad business practices and helping the government reclaim public funds.
What is Whistleblowing?
Whistleblowing is the act of reporting dishonest and illegal activities that cause risks to public health and safety, lead to improper and unfair uses of taxpayer dollars, and otherwise threaten the public interest. Whistleblower suits generally must be based on original or non-public information.
There are federal and state laws under which whistleblowers can report illegal activities and be protected from retaliation. In addition, there are federal government agencies with specific whistleblower programs. Examples of these laws and programs are:
False Claims Act
Many whistleblower lawsuits are based on reports of improper dealings with the government that fall under the definition of “false claims.” “False claims” include misconduct in virtually any financial transaction directly or indirectly related to a federal government program. The government cannot possibly uncover every instance of fraud committed against it, so it depends on private citizens to report abuse, and it pays those citizens handsome rewards if and when the governmental entity is able to recover money.
The federal False Claims Act allows individuals or entities, called “relators” in litigation, to stand in the shoes of the government and sue to recover damages for fraud against the United States. These are called qui tam actions, shorthand for a Latin phrase describing the relator’s suit on the government’s behalf.
Suits under the False Claims Act usually must be filed within six years after the date on which the violation was committed. Under certain circumstances, a claim may be brought within 10 years after the violation.
Examples of fraudulent business practices that may violate the False Claims Act are:
- Submission of false cost, billing, or pricing data
- Excessive markups of or overcharging for products or services
- False claims for goods or services that were not provided
- False certification of compliance with laws, regulations, or contract terms
- Provision of inferior services or products
- Submitting false applications for government loans or grants
- Fraudulently seeking to obtain a government contract
- Conspiring with others to obtain false claim payment or secure a “reverse false claim”
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFCT) Whistleblowing Programs
The SEC and CFCT Whistleblower programs were created by Congress under the Dodd-Frank Act to provide monetary incentive for individuals to come forward and report possible violations of the federal securities laws to the SEC and violations of federal commodity laws to the CFCT.
Examples of fraud or wrongdoing involving potential violations of the securities laws are:
- Ponzi or Pyramid Schemes
- Theft or misappropriation of funds or securities
- Manipulation of a security’s price or volume
- Insider trading
- Fraudulent or unregistered securities offering
- False or misleading statements about a company (including false or misleading SEC reports or financial statements)
- Abusive naked short selling
- Bribery of, or improper payments to, foreign officials
- Fraudulent conduct associated with municipal securities transactions or public pension plans
- Foreign Currency rate manipulation
- Inter-bank interest rate manipulation
- “London Whale” credit default swap manipulation
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Whistleblowing Program
The IRS Whistleblower program was created by Congress under the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, and provides monetary incentives for whistleblowers to come forward and provide information about tax fraud and tax underpayments in violation of the Internal Revenue Code. There are also state whistleblower laws that deal with the non-payment of state taxes.
Examples of common tax schemes that can be the subject of IRS whistleblower submissions are:
- Improper transfer of tax benefits from one company to another
- Abuse of tax shelters that lack any real economic purpose, and are created to evade taxes
- Artificially depressing income reported by one subsidiary to another subsidiary for goods and services
- Underreporting of income due to investment in offshore tax havens
- Fraudulent manipulation of revenue or profits to avoid paying taxes
How Can I Blow The Whistle?
Ordinary people witness fraudulent business practices every day, but those red flags may only be recognizable within a particular professional context. You have an important role to play as a potential whistleblower if your specialized knowledge allows you to recognize fraud that the government might not otherwise discover.
Are you a nurse who has witnessed a doctor falsely certifying “medically necessary” procedures? An accountant who recognizes a pattern of fraud in your company’s billing practices? A public works subcontractor who has witnessed the general contractor engaging in bid rigging, or cutting corners? Those practices could be the basis of a whistleblower lawsuit.
If you are thinking about reporting fraud, misrepresentations or abuse and wish to contact an attorney at Keller Rohrback, all communications will be protected by the Attorney-Client Privilege and held in strict confidence, whether or not you decide to hire us.
What are the Risks and Rewards of Blowing the Whistle?
The decision to come forward as a whistleblower is not an easy one. Most people thinking about reporting fraud, misrepresentation or abuse are very cautious about speaking up, and that caution is wise. Being in a position to disclose fraud often means you are working closely with people who are participating in the fraud, including coworkers, supervisors, and business contacts. Uncovering misconduct in your workplace could result in your unlawful dismissal or demotion, or may cause you to feel forced to quit because of attacks on your personal and professional reputation. Keller Rohrback’s attorneys advise prospective whistleblowers about the protections and incentives available to minimize any adverse effects of this decision. Depending on the law providing the cause of action for your whistleblower claim, these can include:
False claims reports are initially submitted confidentially. A report must comply with numerous technical and procedural requirements. Hiring legal counsel will help you ensure compliance and confidentiality. At the outset, the potential defendant will not know that its false claims have been reported or who reported them. During this period of initial secrecy, the government is given an opportunity to investigate and manage the litigation if it chooses. If the government chooses not to manage the litigation, the person reporting the false claim is entitled to pursue the case on behalf of the government, and the false claim report is made public.
Whether or not the government chooses to play an active role in the litigation, the whistleblower reporting the false claim is entitled to a reward if the suit succeeds in recovering money for the government. Depending on the law under which the claim is brought and a number of other factors, rewards generally range from 10% of the total recovery to up to 30% of the total recovery. To illustrate, if the government recovered $1 million as a result of false claims litigation, the person who reported the false claim would be awarded $100,000 to $300,000. This compensation rewards the risk and effort the whistleblower undertakes in filing a qui tam case.
The amount of money recovered in false claims cases can be significant. In 2014 alone, the federal government recovered nearly six billion dollars because ordinary citizens stepped forward to report fraud, misrepresentations, and abuse as whistleblowers. State whistleblower laws also provide rewards to those who report misuse of state money and contracts.
Double Back Pay, Reinstatement, and Attorneys’ Fees
In addition to significant financial rewards, the law provides special protections for people who report false claims. If you are discharged, demoted, harassed or otherwise mistreated because you reported a false claim, whistleblower laws entitle you to reinstatement, double back pay, and recovery of any special damages such as attorneys’ fees and litigation expenses.
The benefits of whistleblowing are considerable. Not only do whistleblowers help the government recover money and share in that recovery, they prevent future societal harm by encouraging companies to follow regulations designed to protect the public. By doing what is right and fighting against fraud, whistleblowers provide an invaluable public service.
If you hire Keller Rohrback, firm attorneys will advise you of the risks and benefits of whistleblowing, and you will decide whether to proceed to the next step. At every step in the process, an attorney or team of attorneys will explain the risks and benefits so you can make informed decisions. They will help you navigate the technical and procedural hurdles of whistleblower litigation to protect confidentiality and mitigate any potential retaliation. | <urn:uuid:b2fc9e35-a2c5-46b5-9d8d-14a96352f887> | {
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I just want to say one word to you. Just one word.
No, fans of “The Graduate,” the word isn’t “plastics.”
Graphene is the strongest, thinnest material known to exist. A form of carbon, it can conduct electricity and heat better than anything else. And get ready for this: It is not only the hardest material in the world, but also one of the most pliable.
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Only a single atom thick, it has been called the wonder material.
Graphene could change the electronics industry, ushering in flexible devices, supercharged quantum computers, electronic clothing and computers that can interface with the cells in your body.
While the material was discovered a decade ago, it started to gain attention in 2010 when two physicists at the University of Manchester in England were awarded the Nobel Prize for their experiments. More recently, researchers have zeroed in on how to commercially produce graphene.
The American Chemical Society said in 2012 that graphene was discovered to be 200 times stronger than steel and so thin that a single ounce of it could cover 28 football fields. Chinese scientists have created a graphene aerogel, an ultralight material derived from a gel, that is one-seventh the weight of air. A cubic inch of the material could balance on one blade of grass.
“Graphene is one of the few materials in the world that is transparent, conductive and flexible — all at the same time,” said Dr. Aravind Vijayaraghavan, a lecturer at the University of Manchester. “All of these properties together are extremely rare to find in one material.”
So what do you do with graphene? Physicists and researchers say that we will soon be able to make electronics that are thinner, faster and cheaper than anything based on silicon, with the option of making them clear and flexible. Long-lasting batteries that can be submerged in water are another possibility.
In 2011, researchers at Northwestern University built a battery that incorporated graphene and silicon, which the university said could lead to a cellphone that “stayed charged for more than a week and recharged in just 15 minutes.”
In 2012, the American Chemical Society said that advancements in graphene were leading to touch-screen electronics that “could make cellphones as thin as a piece of paper and foldable enough to slip into a pocket.”
Vijayaraghavan is building an array of sensors out of graphene — including gas sensors, biosensors and light sensors — that are far smaller than what has come before.
And this month, researchers at the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, working with Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea, said that Samsung had figured out how to create high-quality graphene on silicon wafers, which could be used for the production of graphene transistors.
Samsung said in a statement that these advancements meant it could start making “flexible displays, wearables and other next-generation electronic devices.”
Sebastian Anthony, a reporter at Extreme Tech, said Samsung’s breakthrough could end up being the “holy grail of commercial graphene production.”
Samsung is not the only company working to develop graphene. Researchers at IBM, Nokia and SanDisk have been experimenting with the material to create sensors, transistors and memory storage.
When these electronics finally hit store shelves, they could look and feel like nothing we’ve ever seen.
James Hone, a professor of mechanical engineering at Columbia University, said research in his lab led to the discovery that graphene could stretch by 20 percent while still remaining able to conduct electricity.
“You know what else you can stretch by 20 percent? Rubber,” he said. “In comparison, silicon, which is in today’s electronics, can only stretch by 1 percent before it cracks.”
He continued: “That’s just one of the crazy things about this material — there’s really nothing else quite like it.”
The real kicker? Graphene is inexpensive.
If you think of something in today’s electronics industry, it can most likely be made better, smaller and cheaper with graphene.
Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made graphene speakers last year that delivered sound at quality equal to or better than a pair of commercial Sennheiser earphones. And they were much smaller.
Another fascinating aspect of graphene is its ability to be submerged in liquids without oxidizing, unlike other conductive materials.
As a result, Vijayaraghavan said, graphene research is leading to experiments where electronics can integrate with biological systems. In other words, you could have a graphene gadget implanted in you that could read your nervous system or talk to your cells.
But while researchers believe graphene will be used in next-generation gadgets, there are entire industries that build electronics with silicon chips and transistors, and they could be slow to adopt.
If that is the case, graphene might end up being used in other industries before it becomes part of electronics.
Last year, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation paid for the development of a graphene-based condom that is thin, light and impenetrable. Carmakers are exploring building electronic cars with bodies made of graphene that are not only protective, but act as solar panels that charge the car’s battery. Airline makers also hope to build planes out of graphene.
If all that isn’t enough, an international team of researchers based at MIT has performed tests that could lead to the creation of quantum computers, which would be a big market in the future.
So forget plastics. There’s a great future in graphene. Think about it. | <urn:uuid:c89a7be0-5393-4ce8-a9dd-ac307232be24> | {
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The Most Dangerous Poisons for Children
The most dangerous poisons for children include the following. Be sure to check the
poison prevention tips to protect your loved ones.
Medicines: these are OK in the right amount for the right person. They can be dangerous for children who take the wrong medicine or swallow too much.
Iron pills: adult-strength iron pills are very dangerous for children to swallow. Children can start throwing up blood or having bloody diarrhea in less than an hour.
Cleaning products that cause chemical burns: these can be just as bad as burns from fire. Products that cause chemical burns include include drain openers, toilet bowl cleaners, rust removers, and oven cleaners.
Nail glue remover and nail primer: some products used for artificial nails can be poisonous in surprising ways. Some nail glue removers have caused cyanide poisoning when swallowed by children. Some nail primers have caused burns to the skin and mouth of children who tried to drink them.
Hydrocarbons: this is a broad category that includes gasoline, kerosene, lamp oil, motor oil, lighter fluid,
furniture polish, and paint thinner. These liquids are easy to choke on if someone tries to swallow them. If that happens, they can go down the wrong way, into the lungs instead of the stomach. If they get into someone’s lungs, they make it hard to breathe. They can also cause
lung inflammation (like pneumonia). Hydrocarbons are among the leading causes of poisoning death in children.
Pesticides: chemicals to kill bugs and other pests must be used carefully to keep from harming humans. Many pesticides can be absorbed through skin. Many can also enter the body by breathing in the fumes. Some can affect the nervous system and can make it hard to breathe.
Windshield washer solution and antifreeze: Small amounts of these liquids are poisonous to humans and pets. Windshield washer solution can cause blindness and death if swallowed. Antifreeze can cause kidney failure and death if swallowed.
Wild mushrooms: many types of mushrooms grow in many areas of the country. Some are deadly to eat. Only experts in mushroom identification can tell the difference between poisonous mushrooms and safe mushrooms.
Alcohol: when children swallow alcohol, they can have seizures, go into a coma, or even die. This is true no matter where the alcohol comes from. Mouthwash, facial cleaners, and hair tonics can have as much alcohol in them as alcoholic beverages. | <urn:uuid:2d95822a-7972-4cc4-a7ca-91623da3da2e> | {
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|This article forms part of the series|
|Baptism - Chrismation |
Eucharist - Confession
Marriage - Ordination
|Nepsis - Metanoia |
Hesychia - Phronema
Mysticism - Nous
|Chastity - Obedience |
Stability - Fasting
Poverty - Monasticism
|Humility - Generosity |
Chastity - Meekness
Temperance - Contentment
|Worship - Veneration |
Prayer Rule - Jesus Prayer
Relics - Sign of the Cross
|Apostolic Fathers |
The Ladder of Divine Ascent
|Edit this box|
Virtue (Greek αρετη; Latin virtus) is the habitual, well-established, readiness or disposition of man's powers directing them to some goodness of act.1 Virtue is moral excellence of a man or a woman. The word αρετη is derived from the Greek arete (αρετη). As applied to humans, a virtue is a good character trait. The Latin word virtus literally means "manliness," from vir, "man" in the masculine sense; and referred originally to masculine, warlike virtues such as courage. In one of the many ironies of etymology, in English the word "virtue" is often used to refer to a woman's chastity.
In the Greek it is more properly called ηθικη αρετη, or "habitual excellence." It is something practiced at all times. The virtue of perseverance is needed for all and any virtue since it is a habit of character and must be used continuously in order for any person to maintain oneself in virtue. The Orthodox Church teaches that the body, as well as the soul, must be trained and disciplined because man is a unity of soul and body. Fasting and self-control are the primary source of all good and the foundation of acquiring virtue.
Likeness of God
Genesis states that man was created in the according to the image and likeness of God. John of Damascus wrote, ‘The expression according to the image indicates rationality and freedom, while the expression according to the likeness indicates assimilation to God through virtue.’ All of the human virtues are attributes of God. They are the divine properties which should be in all human persons by the gift of God in creation and salvation through Christ. To acquire the virtues is to reacquire the divine likeness of God.
Unlike the image of God, which can never be lost even by the most sinful, the likeness depends upon moral choice, upon ‘virtue,’ and so it is destroyed by sin. The virtues are not an endowment which man possesses from the start, but a goal at which he must aim, something which he can only acquire by degrees through the grace of God.
The virtues, often called the fruits of the Spirit, include:
- Faith - The weakness and absence of faith in God is rooted in sin, impurity and pride.
- Hope - Hope is the assurance of the good outcome of our lives lived by faith in God.
- Knowledge - Knowledge of God is the aim and goal of man's life, the purpose of his creation by God.
- Wisdom - The wise man is the one who sees clearly and deeply into the mysteries of God.
- Honesty - To be truthful at all times and lacking in hypocrisy.
- Humility – (Meekness) To see reality as it actually is in God. It means to know oneself and others as known by God.
- Obedience - To do the will of God is glory and life.
- Patience (Diligence) - To put up with one's self and others, growing gradually in the grace of God through the daily effort to keep His commandments and to accomplish His will.
- Courage - To not be afraid, even unto martyrdom.
- Faithfulness - The spiritual person is faithful to his calling, fulfilling every good resolution, and bearing fruit patiently with the gifts and talents given by God.
- Temperance (Self-Control, Chastity) - To be moderate in all things. Like patience, it comes from the grace of God; one must seek it from the Lord.
- Generosity (Kindness) – It is shown by care and concern for the well-being of others.
- Gratitude (Contentment) - The spiritual person is the one who is grateful for everything.
- Love - The greatest virtue of all is love. If we do not love one another, we cannot love God, for God is love.
1 New Catholic Encyclopedia, Catholic University of America, 1967. p. 704. | <urn:uuid:c2e5d1f6-7f1c-4869-9448-30266d2b6452> | {
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Recently, the Defense Department warned that lack of Chinese transparency and dialogue between the Chinese and US militaries could lead to dangerous miscalculations on both sides. The tense confrontation between a US Naval survey vessel and five Chinese ships in the South China Sea in March echoed the rather serious 2001 Hainan Island incident, which was characterized by mutual suspicion and public acrimony. That event affected US-China relations for years. [Editor’s note: The original version mischaracterized the Hainan Island incident.]
To avoid further incidents, the Defense Department desires "deeper, broader, more high-level contacts with the Chinese," said Pentagon Press Secretary Geoff Morrell. The White House issued a statement stressing the "importance of raising the level and frequency of the US-China military-to-military dialogue," and President Obama quickly laid the groundwork by meeting with Chinese President Hu Jintao in London and agreeing to work to improve military-to-military relations.
One such way to begin military dialogue between the United States and China is by using environmental issues.
Environmental collaboration is unlikely to hit politically sensitive buttons, and thus offers great potential to deepen dialogue and cooperation. Military-to-military dialogue can facilitate the sharing of best practices on a range of environmental security issues. It can help both nations and their regional partners prepare for natural disasters – which are expected to intensify in a warming world – and improve the ability of civilian agencies and militaries to adapt to the impacts of climate change. It can also develop personal relationships that can provide deeper understanding in times of crisis.
For nearly two decades, the US military has used environmental engagement as a key strategy to reduce tensions and improve relations with both adversaries and friends. In the wake of the cold war, the US collaborated with Russia by jointly assessing the threats from radioactive waste in northwestern Russia. In the 1990s, US Central Command conducted exercises with the newly independent Central Asian republics to address natural disasters and the environmental legacy of the Soviet era. In 2001, Gen. Tommy Franks, then commander of US Central Command, told the House Armed Services Committee, "While environmental factors can easily trigger conflict, cooperation on these issues can promote regional stability and contribute to the ongoing process of conflict resolution."
Deeper environmental engagement with China would capitalize on both militaries' prior experience. From the late 1990s through the George W. Bush administration, the People's Liberation Army joined the US military, as well as India and Pakistan, for multilateral conferences on climate-change adaptation, disaster preparedness, and earthquake response. These initial efforts emphasized common practices on military installations. It is now time to build on this foundation to address broader environmental concerns.
The US military's well-developed sustainability programs offer numerous platforms for joint dialogue on lowering ecological footprints, greening operations, and reducing health risks to military personnel. In addition, US and Chinese militaries should jointly assess the security implications of climate change that concern both sides: rising sea levels, changing precipitation patterns, uncertain migration scenarios, and instability in resource-rich regions.
Joint training exercises on natural disasters, run through Pacific Command, could help prepare both forces for coping with extreme Katrina-style events. Finally, the militaries – both enormous energy consumers – should collaborate on joint research programs aimed at improving fuel efficiency and using alternative energy for bases and noncombat transportation fleets.
While some might question China's willingness to participate in these activities, the recent tête-à-tête between Mr. Obama and Mr. Hu Jintao signals the eagerness of both sides to launch such military initiatives. The Chinese army has previously indicated a willingness to broaden its cooperation with the US and other regional militaries to address environmental security issues. This shared prior experience with similar environmental programs would support a relatively quick implementation through the existing Pacific Command Theater Security Cooperation program, either multilaterally or bilaterally.
Environmental security issues – and climate change in particular – could be among the most productive avenues for US-China military cooperation. The world's largest per capita emitter (the United States) and its largest total emitter (China) of greenhouse gases should identify specific areas for cooperation before the upcoming climate negotiations in Copenhagen, Denmark. Lowering the temperature of this relationship would vastly improve not only our ability to adapt to rising sea levels, but also to avoid dangerous incidents in midair or on the high seas.
Kent Hughes Butts is director of the National Security Issues Branch in the Center for Strategic Leadership at the US Army War College. Geoffrey D. Dabelko is director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Environmental Change and Security Program. The views expressed above are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect the views of their organizations. | <urn:uuid:32f0ea0a-2cac-481f-ab8b-ae58a1bacb90> | {
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I have recently been told by a Londoner that "second name" is the most common way of referring to one's surname. She explained that it arose from the fact that most people just use their first and last names, therefore "second name" and "last name" became synonyms.
This has given me some food for thought and I've become curious on a couple of points:
- Is this practice in use elsewhere?
- Does it cause misunderstandings when a person happens to have a middle name and, therefore, second and last name aren't coincident?
- So, in this fictitious name, what could be called what?
- Mary (first name)
- Sue (middle name / ?second name? or ?second given name?)
- Smith (surname / family name / last name / ?second name?)
On a slightly different note, when non-English names that have multiple surnames are involved, how would one refer to them? For example: Ana Maria Silva dos Santos Pereira, where "Ana Maria" correspond to 2 given names and "Silva dos Santos Pereira" correspond to 3 family names (typically inherited from both mother and father's side).
4) Would everything in between "Ana" and "Pereira" be considered middle names? | <urn:uuid:e53c7e24-814f-404e-b388-71e8ed7fa325> | {
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- Chapter 2, Fire on the Mountain
- Ralph, Jack and Simon return from their "exploration' and confirm that is is an island.
- Ralph declares that the conch will determine who has the right to speak.
- A small boy claims he saw a 'beastie'
- Ralph suggests that they start a signal fire on top of the mountain in order to be rescued
- Jack offers his hunters to keep the fire going
- Piggy's glasses are used, against his will, to light the fire.
- Piggy 'rants' at the group of boys about acting proper and listening properly
- They discover that the fire has spread to the 'unfriendly side of the mountain' and the little boys who complained about the beastie is missing.
- Why this chapter is important
- Establishes the idea of a beast
- Ralph and Jack's opposing priorities are made clear
- Introduces the idea of fire as a method of being rescued
- The first death occurs- foreshadows later tragedies
- The fire and Piggy
- The fire has two purposes, rescue and fun.
- the atmosphere changes when the fire alters from fun to fatal
- irony is clear as piggy cannot see without glasses yet demonstrates clear perception and foresight.
- Ralph and Jack differences
- Jack displays cruelty and stresses the logical need for his hunters and meat.
- Ralph explores more pressing matters such as being rescued and surviving until they are.
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Mimicking other people or personality is considered as one of the popular comedy act by us. It may look like an intelligent act for human, but nature has already adopted this intelligence for some other reasons. In this article we are covering the expert mimics in the Reptile world.
Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) found in both Northern and Southern American continents are harmless snake. This snake has similar banded appearance like coral snake. This is a form of mimicry and happens only those regions where milk snake and coral snake are found together. In other regions, milk snake doesn’t look like the coral snake. As coral snake is poisonous, this mimicry is to scare any enemies. There is a difference in the band pattern of the both snakes, so it can be identified by human. There are sayings like this to identify the actual poisonous snake: ” Red next to black, you can pat him on the back; red next to yellow, he can kill a fellow.”
Similar to Milk Snake, Scarlet King Snake also mimics Coral Snake . Scarlet King Snake is also non-poisonous. They are born with white bands. The juveniles develop the yellow, apricot, or tangerine colored banding slowly.
The above two are example of snake mimicry where the harmless snakes mimic like a poisonous snake to keep their enemies away. This characteristic is called Batesian Mimicry. It was discovered by scientist H.W. Bate over a hundred years back and named after him only.
Some blind legless lizards that live under the ground trick their enemies by showing their tails. The under side of the tail is usually red or yellow that looks like an open mouth. The enemy attacks the tail mistaking it for head. The tail can withstand much more injury that the head and so the life of the lizard is saved.
Many Lizards have a tail differently coloured from rest of their body. When the enemy attacks them, they break off their tail. The tail jumps about on the ground that confuses the enemy. The Lizard makes a good escape during this confusion.
Another Lizard(Eremias lugubris) in Souther Africa mimics notorious and noxious ‘oogpister’ beetles when young. The adults are cryptically coloured and blend with the red-tan colours of the Kalahari semi-desert. However, the juveniles are jet-black and white and very conspicuous and move with stiff, jerky movements with their backs strongly arched and with the paler-coloured tails pressed to the ground. They actually just mimic the Oogpister beetles found in the region and predators avoid the threat of the pungent, acidic fluid sprayed by these beetles when threatened.
A Lizard(anguid) of northeastern Brazil shows striking similarities in color, pattern, size, behavior to the noxious millipede, Rhinocricus albidolimbatus, when it is juvenile. This is also believed to be a Batesian Mimicry.
Video on Lizard Mimicing Beetle | <urn:uuid:a8105e26-5179-4bb5-9ec8-be2ba244cfd4> | {
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Chronic kidney disease happens when your kidneys no longer filter your blood the way they should, so wastes build up in your blood. This has probably been going on for years, and it may keep getting worse over time. If your disease gets worse, you could have kidney failure.
Diabetes and high blood pressure cause most chronic kidney disease. Controlling those diseases can help slow or stop the damage to your kidneys.
September 27, 2012
Anne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine & Mitchell H. Rosner, MD - Nephrology
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
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Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider. | <urn:uuid:2df825f9-bdd7-4f7e-a8f7-257d0dff0ba9> | {
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||In a recurrent way Honduras has been exposed to natural disasters as a result of its local vulnerability. Landslides are possibly the most common and destructive natural disasters in Honduras. The arrival of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras in 1998 produced effects that were unprecedented in their wide-spread nature throughout the country. Estimations indicate that landslides damaged 70% of the road network in Honduras and nearly 1,000 fatalities.|
Abundant vegetation and deep roots are helpful to have stable soils and to limit the amount potential of a landslide. For this, the aim and objectives of developing the landslide identification after Hurricane Mitch and its vegetation recovery using satellite images from 1996, 1999 for the landslide identification, and 2003 and 2007 landsat images for the vegetation recovery.
The study area selected was in response to the priorization developed by local authorities. In El Cajon reservoir watershed 5 counties were selected and in Choluteca River watershed 14 counties. Landslides were identified using NDVI calculated from the Landsat scenes from 1996, previous Hurricane Mitch, and 1999 scene after the Hurricane. The results show an occurrence of 162 landslides in “El Cajon” Reservoir with a total landslide area of 547.99 Has. 817 landslide events in Choluteca River watershed with a total landslide area of 959.45 making a total of 979 landslides and a landslide area of 1507.44 Has. To assess the landslide identification, ground truth was intersected with them. Another technique to asses it was a Probability map generated using the Data mining analysis. The Vegetation recovery of these landslides identified was calculated for two periods, 1999-2003 and 2003-2007 using NDVI calculated from the Landsat images year 2003 and 2007. In “El Cajon” Reservoir watershed, in the year 2003 the vegetation recovery rate is 84.8% and the Vegetation recovery rate by the year 2007 is 89.6% showing a very high rate of recovery. For Choluteca river watershed area the situation is not so good. The recovery rates by the year 2003 are 20.23%, and by the year 2007 the recovery rate is: 33.32%. The data statistics generated reflect the need of artificial vegetation for the disturbed areas in Choluteca river watershed although for El Cajon reservoir watershed area, the artificial vegetation recovery is not required. This research can become a tool for decision makers in order to assess the recovery of landslides for future planning and reorganization of human settlements as well as techniques for natural disasters management planning in the field of landslides.
||1. Auroasha. 1998. Natural Regeneration of Vegetation. www.auroville.org|
2. Avery, T.E. and Berlin, G.L. 1985. Fundamentals of remote sensing and airphoto interpretation, 1-19 p.
3. Balmer, W.E. and H.L. Williston.1974. Guide for planting southern pines. USDA Forest Service. State and Private Forestry. Southeastern Area S & PF . 17 p.
4. CIAT laderas (Centro para la Investigacion Agricola Tropical) 2001. Natural Events in Honduras. gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org
5. Chao Yuan Lin, Huang-Mu Lob, Wen-Chieh Chou, Wen-Tzu Lin. 2003, Vegetation Recovery assessment at Jou Jou Mountain landslide area cause by Chi Chi earthquake in Taiwan.
6. Chang Kan Tsung, 2006. An Introduction to Geographic Information Systems.117-125 p.
7. Chung, C.F., Fabbri, A.G., 1999. Probabilistic prediction models for landslide hazard mapping. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 1389–1399 p.
8. Dhakal, A.S., Amada, T., Aniya, M., 2000. Landslide hazardmapping and its evaluation using GIS: an investigation ofsampling schemes for a grid-cell based quantitative method.Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 981–989 p.
9. El Cajon Program. 1995. Proyecto de Manejo de los Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Cuenca del Embalse el Cajón - Estudio de Factibilidad.
10. FAO, 2005. El Riego en Honduras. www.fao.org/Regional/Lamerica
11. González Moradas, M.R. ; Lima de Montes, 2001 Cartografia del riesgo a los deslizamientos en la zona central de Asturias.
12. Gonzales Rafael, Woods Richard, 2008. Digital Image Processing. 627-680 p.
13. Hermanns, R.L., Trauth, M.H., Niedermann, S., McWilliams, M., Strecker, M.R., 2000. Tephrochronologic constraints on temporal distribution of large landslides in Northwest Argentina. 35–52 p.
14. Kwan Hoo Chi, 2002. Introduction to Remote Sensing. 1-35 p.
15. Maas, H.G., Kersten, T., 1997. Aerotriangulation and DEM/orthophoto generation from high-resolution still-video imagery. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 1079–1084 p.
16. McKean, J., Buechel, S., Gaydos, L., 1991. Remote sensing and landslide hazard assessment. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 1185–1193 p.
17. NCDC (National Climatic Data Center), 2006. Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic
Hurricane Since 1780.www. lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov.
18. OXFAM, 2001. Mapeo de Riesgos y Vulnerabilidad en Centroamérica y México, UK.
19. Pineda Portillo, Noe. 2001. Analisis cartografico del rio Choluteca; Honduras.(TT: Cartographic analysis of the Choluteca river; Honduras).
20. SERNA (Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente) 2005. Informe del estado y perspectivas del estado y ambiente. 13- 31 p
21. SOPTRAVI (2004). Cantidad de Unidades deTransporte y Rutas existentes en Honduras.Tegucigalpa,. Dirección General de Transporte (DGT). Secretaría de Obras Públicas, Transporte y Vivienda (SOPTRAVI). 5 p.
22. USGS (United States Geological Survey) 2004. Landslides types and processes.
23. Harp, Edwin L., 2002. Digital Inventory of Landslides and Related Deposits in Honduras Triggered by Hurricane Mitch. 1-30 p.
24. USSARTF, United States Search and Rescue Task Force, 2003. Landslides. www.ussartf.org.
25. Wilkie, D., Finn, John., 1996. Remote sensing imagery for natural resources monitoring. A guide for first time users. 11 p.
26. Williston, H.L. and Balmer, W.E., 1974. Managing for natural regeneration. USDA Forest Service State. Forest Management bulletin. 6 p. | <urn:uuid:80ced56b-7a13-4ad6-9ef6-6898484e803d> | {
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Examples of sexual harassment include, but are not limited to, the following:
Suggestive or inappropriate communications, email, notes, letters, or other written materials displaying objects or pictures which are sexual in nature that would create hostile or offensive work or living environments;
Sexual innuendoes, comments, and remarks about a person’s clothing, body, or activities;
Suggestive or insulting sounds;
Whistling in a suggestive manner;
Humor and jokes about sex that denigrate men or women;
Sexual propositions, invitations, or pressure for sexual activity;
Use in the classroom of sexual jokes, stories, remarks, or images in no way or only marginally relevant to the subject matter of the class;
Implied or overt sexual threats;
Suggestive or obscene gestures;
Patting, pinching, and other inappropriate touching;
Unnecessary touching or brushing against the body;
Attempted or actual kissing or fondling;
Sexual violence; including rape, sexual assault, sexual battery, and sexual coercion;
Suggestive or inappropriate acts, such as comments, innuendoes, or physical contact based on one’s actual or perceived sexual orientation, gender identity/expression.
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Smyth’s A Greek Grammar for Colleges is the most thorough one-volume reference grammar of Classical Greek available in the English language. In it, he sets forth the essential forms of Attic Greek and the other dialects which appear in classical literature, and devotes extensive attention to the formation of words and particles. He also outlines the principles of Greek syntax and the basics of Greek morphology.
In Logos, this grammar is enhanced by amazing functionality. Important terms link to dictionaries, encyclopedias, and a wealth of other resources in your digital library. Reference Logos’ expansive library of Greek texts from the Loeb Classical Library, featuring side-by-side English translations. Take your study with you using tablet and mobile apps. With Logos, the most efficient and comprehensive research tools are in one place, so you get the most out of your study.
- Preface by the author
- Outlines the principles of Greek syntax
- Bibliographical references and indexes
- Title: A Greek Grammar for Colleges
- Author: Herbert Weir Smyth
- Publisher: American Book Company
- Publication Date: 1920
- Pages: 784
About Herbert Weir Smyth
Herbert Weir Smyth received a PhD from the University of Göttingen. He was an Eliot professor of Greek literature at Harvard University. | <urn:uuid:8573e9bd-34b3-43ef-bc4b-68c6d615b99c> | {
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Many of the most interesting questions in archaeology turn out to be the hardest to answer. That might not be a big surprise, but it’s useful to consider why they’re so hard. Here are two of the biggest questions in Ohio archaeology and some thoughts about why we still haven’t come up with definitive answers.
When did the first humans set foot in Ohio? This is a fundamental problem for the entire Americas because our hemisphere was humanity’s final terrestrial frontier and the intrepid Asian colonists who were its original discoverers provided the foundation from which all of the diverse indigenous American cultures developed.
After decades of archaeological investigations, there still is tremendous debate on the question of when the very first Americans arrived. Why?
First of all, there is the obvious problem of how we would know that we had found the oldest evidence for human occupation. You might discover a site that’s older than any previously documented, but further exploration likely will turn up one that’s older still.
Second, the first arrivals likely were small groups living lightly on the land. It can be extraordinarily hard to find the ephemeral traces such people leave behind — especially after more than a hundred centuries. When did the shift from hunting and gathering to farming occur in the Ohio valley?Again, there is the basic problem of knowing when we’ve found the oldest traces of domesticated plants in a region.
More particularly, it might be impossible to give a precise date because plant domestication — the engine of the so-called Neolithic Revolution — was a process, not an event.It can be challenging to tell from handfuls of burnt seeds precisely when a plant species changed from being a wild plant gathered by foragers to a domesticated species planted by farmers. Moreover, the social changes that often accompanied the shift from hunting and gathering to farming, including settled life in large villages led by chiefs, don’t necessarily follow immediately after the change in diet. For example, small bands of hunters could have sowed seeds in a field during the spring and returned in the autumn to reap the harvest.
Nevertheless, archaeologists have worked out good approximate answers to these questions.One such answer is that people likely first moved into the Ohio Valley around 14,000 years ago. Sometime around 2,800 years ago, the people of the eastern woodlands began to rely increasingly on domesticated plants for their livelihood.
Of course, those answers could change with the next field season.
But the problem isn’t really about changing answers but rather finding the right questions to ask. The arrival of the first Paleoindians in America was a historic event, but archaeologists likely will never find traces of that event and, even if we do, we wouldn’t know it.
The change from hunting and gathering to farming wasn’t an event at all. It was an outcome of a long process that played out differently in different regions.
Instead of looking for revolutionary moments in the past, we should be studying the evolutionary processes that led to these big changes.
Bradley T. Lepper is curator of archaeology at the Ohio Historical Society. | <urn:uuid:31cbced7-8f0b-4536-89cc-38d42c73c0a0> | {
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You are here
Growing degree days have been used widely for both agriculture and horticulture purposes since the 1950s to track temperature accumulation.
As spring arrives, it brings with it warmer weather, blossoming trees and flowers, singing birds, and severe weather such as hail, high winds, and tornadoes.
Soil moisture is a key factor in determining the annual progress of natural environments and human systems.
As was felt recently at the South Carolina Botanical Garden, extreme precipitation and flooding can be exceptionally devastating. Excess rains can wash away trails, compromise bridges, and harm many varieties of plants in public gardens.
While drought doesn’t always offer the same immediate and dramatic visuals associated with events such as hurricanes and tornadoes, it still has a huge price tag.
An innovative climate change cell phone tour and pilot project at Longwood Gardens marks the first deliverable in a series of objectives between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and American Public Gardens Association that focu
The local climate change visioning process developed by CALP is aimed at enhancing community engagement, citizen and practitioner learning, and policy-change processes in response to long-term climate change at the local level.
A webinar-based course on environmental education
The Yale Project on Climate Change Communication conducts research on how the public understands, perceives and acts on information about climate change. | <urn:uuid:e3d4f127-30aa-4ea3-b7ac-2ee092161e19> | {
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What Planting Zones Information Tells You and Doesn’t Tell You
Blue has been described as being one of the warmest of colors, but as far as planting zones are concerned nearly the opposite is true. Color maps illustrating these zones usually indicate the colder areas in blue. The only areas colder than blue are those that are sometimes shown in white, like the color of Arctic snow, although very cold areas are also shown in red, which does not seem to make sense since we normally associated red with heat.
Hardiness Zones – More to the Point
These zones are sometimes referred to as hardiness zones. This is because the key factor in defining each zone is the minimum temperature a plant is expected to be exposed to. Zones are usually defined based on the average minimum temperature that is likely to be experienced in that location. Consequently, zones don’t always apply to annuals, which will grow even in cooler zones as long as the growing season is long enough for them to produce flowers or fruit.
Since these zones are defined in terms of hardiness or average minimum low temperatures, additional information is sometimes needed to determine how well a plant will grow in a given zone, or if it will grow there at all. Some zones, particularly those located inland, can experience extremes in temperatures. These extremes are less likely to be felt in coastal areas. There are many plants that can tolerate fairly cold temperatures but will wilt when exposed to high temperatures for a long duration.
One also needs to be aware of the times of first and last frost. Some flowers and vegetables that will do extremely well in either warmer or cool climates cannot tolerate the slightest bit of frost. Others can, but they will die back with the coming of the first hard frost. Planting zones do not given an indication of humidity, a condition that is just as critical as temperature to some plants.
Where the Different Planting Zones Are Located
Look for tables or maps titled USDA Hardiness Zones. USDA stands for the United States Department of Agriculture, the governmental department responsible for defining the zones and determining their locations and coverage. Zones tend to be pictured as bands going from west to east across the United States, with the higher numbered zones located in the southern states and the lower numbered or cooler zones appearing across the northern tear of states. The coldest zones, USDA Zones 3 and 4 are located in the northern tier of states stretching from Montana into upper New England. These two zones also extend southward as along the Rocky Mountains, reaching as far south as the Colorado-New Mexico border.
USDA Zones 5 and 6 run right through the midsection of the country, going from the interiors sections of Washington and Oregon, into Idaho and Nevada, and extending from eastern Colorado to the Atlantic coast. Zones 7 and 8 are located in western Washington, western Oregon, and through the southern tier of states all the way to the Atlantic. Much of southern California, Arizona, a strip along the Gulf Coast, and most of Florida is in Zone 9. Zone 10 which is for all practical purposes a tropical zone, is reserved for the southern tip of Florida. Some states, like Idaho and Colorado, host several different zones.
Zip Codes Are Useful
Over the years, planting zones have become more and more precisely defined. Still, a large field suitable for planting a number of different crops can contain hollows or frost pockets where some of those crops will not grow well if at all. Elevation can also be a factor. You may live in Zone 8, which essentially covers your entire state, but if mountains run through the state, those living in those mountains could find themselves in Zone 5, or even in Zone 4. With the advent of the zip code it has become easier for retailers to tell their customers which plants are suitable for their location and which may not be. It’s now possible to determine to a fair degree of accuracy which zone a particular zip code lies in.
Additional Information Is Sometimes Needed
Those who plant crops or grow vegetable every year sometimes need additional information besides the number of the zone they live if they’re going to get the best results. Knowing when to prune your plants or when to prune roses is also very important to keep plants and crops healthy. The length of the growing season is one factor. Your summer temperatures may be fine for growing watermelon, but if you live in an area where summer is short and spring and fall are longer and cooler, watermelon or any other melon may not do well. Along with the knowing the average duration of the growing season, one also needs to know either the times of the first and last frosts, or the approximate date when the soil will warm up to a certain temperature. Planting zone information does not always provide all the information one needs. Sometimes, planting conditions can vary considerably from locality to locality, even within the same zip code. Your county Extension Service, which is normally affiliated with either the Department of Agriculture or a nearby college or university, can usually provide you with the detailed information you might need. | <urn:uuid:2da2918a-da68-4deb-b75d-662b1c1b981f> | {
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A disk the size of pin could hold a lot of memory. In that memory you could store massive amounts of information. That said what would you store on the head of a pin? I used to teach a class years ago where we would start the class with an exercise in planning.
What would you take to Mars?
Given a four-to-six year voyage what in the end would take with you? What assuming that Martians are friendly would you want available to share with them about earth? Once upon a time that information would have been much larger than the head of a pin. Now it could probably fit on a memory drive around that size.
What would you take though?
1. The first thing I would do is begin building a streaming library. As the spacecraft will be heading away from earth there will need to be a steady stream of media and the ability to capture and store that stream. Where I might be watching movies produced in 2020, movies from 2021 would be streaming to the cache. Caching streaming media is something we need to consider critical path before the mission takes off.
2. Devices like HomePods would also be critical. Small, battery operated and able to interact with the media streaming cache so that we can effectively watch anything or read anything at any time. Lag stitching software that allows one side to send a question, the other side to respond and then stitches them together into a single conversation without the lags and played via the HomePod.
There are many more things I would probably want to have available. Like I said this is a great conversation/class starter that ends up offering interesting views of the world. You would probably have a digital library of books, movies, music and images already on the craft beyond the streaming and stitching systems. You would probably want to have 25% more capacity for storage and a way to archive some IP easily.
Modifying the HomePods to deliver the overall solution wouldn’t be hard. Those are available soon and eventually adding HD and 3d camera systems for holographic displays won’t be a huge engineering obstacle.
Personally I would find it hard to go 4-6 years without a dog along. But I am also not the ideal candidate for the mission so I suspect that is moot. The ideal astronaut for this is able to function in a small group and at the same time has few ties back to earth. In the movie Interstellar the ties back to earth kept the Hero alive. But it also drove the antagonist mad due to the failure of being able to save humanity.
It is in the end a journey of discovery. You would need scientists and people with great curiosity. You would want an artist on the journey to recreate what is seen. You would want someone with an engineering background and of course a 3d printer so that person could fabricate tools and parts quickly for repairs. You would want a raconteur on the journey. Someone able to build and lead great conversations that last weeks and months. You would want an entertainer onboard. Someone with fresh new ideas and concepts to explore that were entertaining and humorous.
To use the resource triangle long used in the IT world it is about people, process and technology. Mixing all three into a soup that tastes good and is filling. That is what our crew will need as much as device or media services. It will at the end of the journey be a family of people exploring Mars.
So I guess in the end the thing I would take to Mars is a family. | <urn:uuid:17d299e1-755e-40c9-8fb3-07411c16b769> | {
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A Review of Recent Scientific Papers Related to Vegetarianism
What would happen if elementary school children were given a choice of soymilk along with cow’s milk in the school cafeteria? That’s what researchers with the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine aimed to find out in a study in three elementary schools in southern Florida. Approximately a third of the students were Hispanic and a third were African-American. The remainder were white, multiracial, or Asian in ethnicity.
For the 4-week study period, single-serve cartons of calcium-fortified vanilla and chocolate soymilk were placed in the lunch line cooler along with cartons of cow’s milk. Before that, the children had a chance to sample the soymilk. At the end of the four-week trial, close to a quarter of the students were choosing soymilk, while three-quarters chose cow’s milk. Prior to the introduction of soymilk, approximately 79 percent of students chose a calcium-rich beverage with lunch. This increased to 83 percent after soymilk was introduced, possibly because some students who didn’t want to drink cow’s milk because of lactose intolerance, allergy, or other reasons now had an alternative. This study illustrates that many children will choose enriched soymilk if it is offered as a part of school lunch. Unfortunately, the National School Lunch Program does not reimburse schools if they serve soymilk in place of cow’s milk without a doctor’s request.
In March 2006, the Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction, a part of the National Institutes of Health, called together a panel of 14 scientific experts to examine soy formula and genistein, a substance found in soy. The panel was convened in part because of public concerns about the effects of genistein and soy formula on infant and child development. The panel reviewed and evaluated scientific research to determine if either soy formula or genistein causes problems with reproduction or with development.
Genistein is a phytoestrogen, a substance found in soy that has properties like the hormone estrogen. Infants receiving soy formula have a higher intake of genistein and of soy per pound of body weight than any other group. Certainly, if problems were seen in infants receiving soy formula, many vegetarian families who use soy frequently would also have a reason to be concerned.
After an extensive review of the existing research, the panel concluded that there was little or no reason to be concerned about the safety of genistein for infants using soy formula. Adverse effects have not been observed at intake levels below 35 milligrams of genistein per kilogram body weight. Total genistein intake of infants using soy formula is 8 milligrams per kilogram or less, considerably below the levels that appear to cause problems. Adult intake of genistein is usually less than 1 milligram per kilogram, even in groups who eat soy regularly, such as vegetarians and the Japanese. Similarly, based on current research, use of soy formula does not appear to lead to developmental or reproductive problems. The panel urged that additional research be conducted to provide more information about the safety of soy and its components.
Overweight and obesity are major health problems, not just in the United States but worldwide. More than 60 percent of adults in the United States are overweight, and 30 percent are obese. Worldwide, more than 1.2 billion people are overweight or obese. Vegetarians tend to have lower body weights than non-vegetarians. A review of the scientific literature found that 29 out of 40 studies of vegetarians showed that vegetarians weighed significantly less than non-vegetarians. This was true for both men and women, for African Americans, Nigerians, Asians, and other groups. Nine small studies also showed that vegetarians weighed less than non-vegetarians, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Vegetarian women average between 6 and 23 pounds lighter than non-vegetarian women, while vegetarian men are an average of 10 to 28 pounds lighter. Generally, vegans have the lowest body weights, followed by lacto-ovo vegetarians, then by near vegetarians (eating meat or fish less than once a week) with meat eaters having the highest weights, on average. These differences in weight persist even when cigarette smoking is controlled for. Possible explanations for weight differences include lower calorie and fat intakes and higher fiber intakes by vegetarians. Vegetarian diets have also been successfully used for weight reduction.
David Jenkins and other researchers at the University of Toronto made news when they found that, under carefully controlled conditions, a near-vegan diet was as effective as medication at lowering LDL (bad) cholesterol levels in people at risk for heart disease. The researchers recently tested a similar diet for a 1-year period in free-living subjects. All subjects had high blood cholesterol levels. Study subjects were instructed about a diet that was high in soy protein, almonds, plant sterols, and fiber from foods like oats, barley, psyllium, eggplant, and okra. Subjects were encouraged to eat a vegan diet. If they chose to eat meat or dairy products, they were asked to only use small amounts and to choose foods low in saturated fats and cholesterol. At the end of a year, two out of 55 subjects were following a vegan diet and five were following a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet. The other subjects ate limited amounts of meat and fish with approximately 5 percent of calories coming from animal protein. Significant reductions were seen in LDL cholesterol levels that, for many participants, were similar to what would be expected with statins (a type of medication that lowers blood lipid levels). HDL (good) cholesterol levels increased slightly, and triglyceride levels decreased. These good results were seen even in subjects who were already eating a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet before the study started. This study suggests that a vegan or near-vegan diet featuring specific cholesterol-lowering foods can be an alternative to medication for some people with high blood cholesterol levels. Of course, this should be discussed with your health care provider before altering medication.
Vegetarian sources of zinc include dried beans, soy products, nuts and seeds, enriched cereals, wheat germ, and whole grains. Many of these foods also contain phytic acid, a substance that binds with zinc and reduces the amount absorbed. Because of this reduced absorption from plant foods, recommendations call for higher zinc intakes by vegetarians whose diets are high in grains and dried beans. Dietary protein, especially animal protein, is believed to reduce the effect of phytic acid on zinc absorption. A recent study determined the amount of zinc absorbed from a vegetarian diet compared to a non-vegetarian diet; both diets were comparably high in phytic acid. The vegetarian diet was much lower in protein and zinc. Subjects absorbed approximately 25 percent of the zinc, whether they were on the vegetarian or the non-vegetarian diet. This study suggests that anyone, whether vegetarian or not, whose diet is high in phytic acid will need additional zinc to offset the effects of phytic acid and that meat did not markedly increase the amount of zinc absorbed.
The Vegetarian Journal published here is not the complete issue, but these are excerpts from the published magazine. Anyone who wishes to see everything should subscribe to the magazine.
Thanks to volunteer Stephanie Schueler for converting this article to HTML.
The contents of this website and our other publications, including Vegetarian Journal, are not intended to provide personal medical advice. Medical advice should be obtained from a qualified health professional. We often depend on product and ingredient information from company statements. It is impossible to be 100% sure about a statement, info can change, people have different views, and mistakes can be made. Please use your own best judgment about whether a product is suitable for you. To be sure, do further research or confirmation on your own.
Web site questions or comments? Please email [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:1f5300d6-5140-4fa1-b764-71362cb76c7a> | {
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Make musical sound shakers and enhance listening skills with this cool easter egg activity. You get to re-use your plastic eggs and recycle your egg cartons with one awesome easter craft. I pinky promise this activity is quick and easy.
We had so much fun making our own egg shakers with different sounds. Zoe was super excited to share her egg sound set with her preschool; she also brought it along for an afternoon playdate. The kids love to play with these sound shakers. So, now it’s your turn to make this easy and fun sensory activity for your kids!
Supplies for Plastic Easter Egg Sound Set:
- 1 recycled egg carton
- 12 plastic easter eggs
- 6 different items for sounds
We used: sea salt, steel cut oatmeal, paper clips, almonds, google eyes, beads
Other options: marble, ping pong ball, beans, rice, coins, jingle bells, buttons, mini pasta, confetti, glitter
How to Make Musical Sound Shakers
- Hunt and gather 6 different items around your house. Include your child in this hunt– they will enjoy searching and suggesting ideas.
- Open plastic eggs and place bottom halves in the egg carton.
- Fill the eggs. Each egg should have a matching pair with the same item inside (there should be 2 eggs with sea salt, 2 eggs with paper clips, 2 eggs with beads, etc). For an independent learning activity, you can place the 6 items in 6 bowls so your child can fill the eggs on their own.
- Put the tops on each egg bottom. Now you have 12 whole eggs in your egg carton.
- Demonstrate the sound matching activity to your child. Shake, listen, match. You can say, “May I show you how we play?” Pick up an egg and shake it. Pick up another egg in your opposite hand and shake it. If the sounds don’t match, pick up another egg until you find the egg with the matching sound. Now ask your child, “Would you like a turn?”
*For a bonus art activity, let your child paint and decorate their egg carton. Your child will love this!
I stumbled upon this Montessori-inspired sound matching activity over on Living Montessori Now. This egg sound set is an Easter-inspired DIY version of the Sound Cylinders where the child must find the matching sound pairs by listening and then grade the boxes from the loudest to the softest. We keep it simple with just matching the sounds, but arranging from loudest to softest is a great extension activity.
Not only is this project a fun sensorial activity, but it’s great for early musical ear training. And this project will be played with way beyond Easter activities.
Let me know if you decide to re-use your plastic easter eggs and egg cartons with these sound shakers. Post a photo or a video of your egg sound shakers on our Facebook Wall. And please share in the comments below what you decide to put in your eggs. If it’s not in the list above, I will add it. I love seeing how creative we can get! | <urn:uuid:fc190a63-c1ae-4d8e-b830-0f5798050974> | {
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Neste Oil (Neste) is a Finnish oil refining company that focuses on advanced, low-emission transportation fuels.
Neste has the distinction of starting up the world’s largest biodiesel plant, which began production last month in Singapore. The plant has an annual capacity of 800,000 tons and will produce biodiesel fuel using Neste’s NExBTL renewable diesel production technology.
Neste owns more than 30 international patent applications, including at least two directed to biodiesel production technology.
International Publication No. WO 2007/068798 (’798 Publication) is entitled “Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons” and is directed to processes for manufacturing branched saturated hydrocarbons that include a skeletal isomerisation step followed by a deoxygenation step.
According to the ‘798 Publication, the process uses renewable sources, such as plant, vegetable, animal and fish fats and oils and fatty acids and first subjects them to skeletal isomerisation, which means forming branches in the fat molecule’s main carbon chain while maintaining the same number of carbon atoms.
Then the branched hydrocarbons are deoxygenated by either hydrodeoxygenation, which removes the oxygen in the form of water, or carboxylation/decarbonylation, which removes the oxygen in the form of CO or CO2.
According to Neste’s renewable diesel product information page, the NExBTL biodiesel provides better performance than conventional biodiesel due to a high cetane number that allows efficient combustion. Cetane number is a metric for describing the ignition quality of diesel fuel or its components.
The ‘798 Publication states:
A high quality hydrocarbon product with good low temperature properties and high cetane number is obtained, employing minimum amount of hydrogen in the process.
According to Neste’s press release, the NExBTL biodiesel enables reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of between 40-80% over the product’s entire life cycle compared to fossil diesel. The exact number depends on the type of feedstock used and the percentage blending with conventional diesel.
A second Neste patent application directed to biodiesel production technology is International Publication No. WO 2008/152199 (’199 Publication). The ‘199 Publication, entitled “Process for producing branched hydrocarbons,” is directed to processes for producing saturated hydrocarbons for use as diesel fuels through a condensation step and a combined hydrodefunctionalization and isomerisation step.
The process starts with a biological feedstock and first condenses it, which the ‘199 Publication defines as combining two feedstock molecules to form a molecule long enough to serve as a diesel or other fuel.
Next, the condensed product is subjected to a combined hydrodefunctionalization and isomerisation step to remove oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur atoms and isomerize the molecules into branched hydrocarbons.
According to the ‘199 Publication:
The obtained diesel fuels, kerosenes and gasolines can be mixed in conventional fuels without any blending limitations and they fulfill the highest technical requirements without extensive use of additives.
Like the hydrocarbons they produce, Neste’s biodiesel plants are branching out across the globe. Before the Singapore plant came on stream, the company was operating two renewable diesel plants in Porvoo, Finland. Neste is also building another facility comparable in scale to the Singapore plant in Rotterdam, which is scheduled to start production in the first half of 2011.
Eric Lane is a patent attorney at Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps in San Diego and the author of Green Patent Blog. Mr. Lane can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:52d3830c-fc08-4148-a3dd-b369f7f59e36> | {
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History of Henry Christy and Edouard Lartet
Henry Christy (26 July 1810 – 4 May 1865), English ethnologist, was born at Kingston upon Thames. He entered his father’s firm of hatters, in London, and later became a director of the London Joint-Stock Bank.
In 1850 he started on a series of journeys, which interested him in ethnological studies. Encouraged by what he saw at the Great Exhibition of 1851, Christy devoted the rest of his life to perpetual travel and research, making extensive collections illustrating the early history of man, now in the British Museum. He travelled in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Mexico, British Columbia and other countries; but in 1858 came the opportunity which brought him fame.
It was in that year that the discoveries by Boucher de Perthes of flint implements in France and England were first held to have clearly proved the great antiquity of man. Christy joined the Geological Society, and in company with his friend Edouard Lartet explored the caves in the valley of the Vezere, a tributary of the Dordogne in the south of France. Christy’s funding contributed to the discovery of Cro-Magnon man in 1868 in a cave at Les Eyzies de Tayac.To his task Christy devoted money and time ungrudgingly, and an account of the explorations appeared in Comptes rendus (Feb. 29th, 1864) and Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London (June 21st, 1864). He died, however, on the 4th of May 1865, of inflammation of the lungs supervening on a severe cold contracted during excavation work at La Palisse, leaving a half-finished book, entitled Reliquiae Aquilanicae, being contributions to the Archaeology and Paleontology of Perigord and the adjacent provinces of Southern France; this was issued in parts and completed at the expense of Christy’s executors, first by Lartet and, after his death in 1870, by Professor Rupert Jones.
By his will Christy bequeathed his magnificent archaeological collection to the nation. In 1884 it found a home in the British Museum. Christy took an earnest part in many philanthropic movements of his time, especially identifying himself with the efforts to relieve the sufferers from the Irish famine of 1847.
Édouard Lartet (May 15, 1801–January 28, 1871) was a French paleontologist. The geologist Édouard Lartet discovered the first five skeletons in March 1868 in the Cro-Magnon rock shelter at Les Eyzies
Lartet was born near Castelnau-Barbarens, departement of Gers, France, where his family had lived for more than five hundred years. He was educated for the law at Auch and Toulouse, but having private means elected to devote himself to science. The then recent work of Georges Cuvier on fossil mammalia encouraged Lartet in excavations which led in 1834 to his first discovery of fossil remains in the neighborhood of Auch. Thence forward he devoted his whole time to a systematic examination of the French caves, his first publication on the subject being The Antiquity of Man in Western Europe (1860), followed in 1861 by New Researches on the Coexistence of Man and of the Great Fossil Mammifers characteristic of the Last Geological Period. In this paper he made public the results of his discoveries in the cave of Aurignac, where evidence existed of the contemporaneous existence of man and extinct mammals.
In his work in the Périgord district Lartet had the aid of Henry Christy. The first account of their joint researches appeared in a paper descriptive of the Dordogne caves and contents, published in Revue archéologique (1864). The important discoveries in the Madeleine cave and elsewhere were published by Lartet and Christy under the title Reliquiae Aquitanicae, the first part appearing in 1865. Christy died before the completion of the work, but Lartet continued it until his breakdown in health in 1870. His son Louis Lartet followed in his father’s footsteps.
The most modest and one of the most illustrious of the founders of modern palaeontology, Lartet’s work had previously been publicly recognized by his nomination as an officer of the Légion d’honneur; and in 1848 he had had the offer of a political post. In 1857 he had been elected a foreign member of the Geological Society of London, and a few weeks before his death he had been made professor of palaeontology at the museum of the Jardin des Plantes. He died at Séissan. | <urn:uuid:c022ebff-07f2-40ab-931c-79ab115ccf6c> | {
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A new generation of sensors for detecting explosives and poisons could result from research into terahertz radiation published recently by Bath University chemist Christopher Williams, together with a team of British and Spanish researchers.
Terahertz waves lie in the far-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and their frequencies correspond to important energy level transitions in chemical and biological systems. But for the waves to be used in a sensor requires a very high detection sensitivity, and that means they must be confined closely to the sensor surface.
A simple metallic surface can be used to guide terahertz waves, but the radiation extends as a weak electromagnetic field many centimetres above the surface, thereby severely reducing the sensitivity. A metamaterial, on the other hand, can draw terahertz waves close to it, creating a strong field that extends less than a millimetre above its surface.
Metamaterials are man-made structures consisting of metallic surfaces decorated with two-dimensional arrays of sub-wavelength periodicity pits. Sensor designers can chose the size and arrangement of the pits so as to maximise the confinement of terahertz waves as they travel along the waveguide.
“Terahertz rays have the potential to revolutionise security screening for dangerous materials such as explosives,” says Imperial College London physicist and study co-author Stefan Maier. “Until now it hasn’t been possible to exert the necessary control and guidance over pulses of this kind of radiation for it to have been usable in real world applications. We have shown with our material that it is possible to tightly guide terahertz rays along a metal sheet, possibly even around corners, increasing their suitability for a wide range of situations.”
In this study the researchers measured the degree of wave confinement by detecting the decay of the radiation field from the surface. In doing so they demonstrated a reduction of the decay length of two orders of magnitude with respect to a flat surface. They also found that the vertical confinement of terahertz waves can be increased by almost an order of magnitude by filling the pits in the metamaterial with a high-index dielectric such as silicon.
The technology needs refining before metamaterials can be used in real-world sensing applications. For one thing the researchers have so far only managed to confine a small number of frequencies to their sensor surfaces. And more sophisticated designs are required in order that the whole terahertz pulse is affected by the surface structure, thereby ensuring that absorption features of molecules can be clearly identified.
“What is needed now is an in-depth investigation on how much more we can increase the confinement by varying the size and filling of the pits, and how we can engineer broad-band operation,” says Maier. “We expect a new generation to emerge within the next year.”
“Williams and co-workers have demonstrated that by structuring the surface of a metal is it possible to confine terahertz radiation tightly to the surface while still letting this radiation propagate,” says Jaime Gómez Rivas, a nanophotonics expert based at the Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics in the Netherlands. “The results could lead to new approaches to wave-guiding, since the confinement is determined by geometrical factors such as the size of the holes on the surface and their spacing, rather than material properties.”
Maier and Bath physicist Steve Andrews designed the metamaterial together with colleagues at universities in Madrid and Zaragoza. Financial support was provided by the US Air Force and the UK’s Royal Society. The work follows theoretical predictions made by the Spanish team together with Imperial College’s John Pendry, which were published in the journal Science in 2004.
“Highly confined guiding of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons on structured metal surfaces”, Williams et al., Nature Photonics (2008).
“Metamaterials and Negative Refractive Index”, Smith et al., Science 305, 788 (2004).
An artist’s impression of a specially designed metamaterial with an array of nanoscale pits that guide terahertz waves along the material surface (source: Imperial College London).
Article first published in Nanomaterials News. | <urn:uuid:6e2fa211-5b63-4efa-9d33-d6a91848b73d> | {
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Eight intersections in Pleasanton, California, have been outfitted with new radar devices that can differentiate bicycle traffic from vehicle traffic and change traffic signals accordingly.
The system, known as Intersector and pictured here, uses a combination of microwave and pressure sensors to tell if a vechile is a car or a bike, and is impervious to inclimate weather. Plus it can be installed without digging up the pavement.
Most current sensors detect metal, and are unable to sense the presence of a lightweight bicycles.
If the system—which costs $4,000 to $5,000 per intersection—proves successful, the city plans to expand it to other intersections. | <urn:uuid:b9202cfe-d6b2-4cce-9b9d-54cb5efd674e> | {
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That's a very good question! Is open an adverb or a verb? (Psst. It's definitely not an adjective in I pushed open the door.)
Note that, push open, meaning to open something by pushing, is a verb-verb compound semantically, with open as the head of the phrase and pushed as its modifier. However, pushed carries tense, which makes it the main verb and the head of the phrase syntactically. Thus: if pushed open is interpreted as a phrasl verb, open becomes a modifier. Why?
I pushed open the door.
I pushed the door open.
All the best. | <urn:uuid:f4c2109e-bbeb-4f57-b6ea-b8acd95e885a> | {
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This year we will study the life and person of Jesus Christ, his humanity and deity. We spent most of December looking at the birth of Christ. Last week Bro. Al talked about the inter-testament period when the Jews lived with no open vision or revelation from God. For 400 years the Jewish people had no new prophecy. Then the Angels begin to appear and foretell the birth of Christ, these new revelations signal a new period in God’s dealing with mankind.
1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 He was in the beginning with God. 3 All things were made through Him, and without Him nothing was made that was made.
14 And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.
[The term “Word” is used like a proper noun, as someone’s name. The Greek word is logos is properly translated “Word” but it was a loaded term to the Greek philosophers. They had argued for years in metaphysical terms about truth, and in that debate “logos” was an ultimate truth, or word from God. So in this context Jesus is the personification of God’s ultimate truth, his revelation to mankind. So for 400 years Israel heard nothing from God, then the silence is broken as God reveals his ultimate truth to mankind. This is like going from a drought to a monsoon. God not only gives his word, thus saith the Lord, but the word becomes flesh and stays to live with mankind. So now man has the opportunity to see truth in action, by observing the life of Jesus.]
41 His parents went to Jerusalem every year at the Feast of the Passover. 42 And when He was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem according to the custom of the feast.
[During part of the inter-testament period it was a crime to keep the feast and sacrifices of the Law, but once the temple was restored Jews who lived in the region would travel to Jerusalem for the most important observances of the Law. Mary and Joseph did this for Jesus circumcision and dedication, and they did it each year at Passover traveling from Nazareth. So when Jesus was 12 he was considered old enough to go to the temple. He would be expected to keep these observances when he was 13, but at 12 this may have part of his religious training to go and observe.]
43 When they had finished the days, as they returned, the Boy Jesus lingered behind in Jerusalem. And Joseph and His mother[l] did not know it; 44 but supposing Him to have been in the company, they went a day’s journey, and sought Him among their relatives and acquaintances. 45 So when they did not find Him, they returned to Jerusalem, seeking Him.
[Mary and Joseph would normally travel in caravans with friends, family and neighbors. So it was like breaking camp, when everyone would know it was time to go. Yet when they did see Jesus by the end of the day his parents began an urgent search, returning to Jerusalem to find him.]
46 Now so it was that after three days they found Him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the teachers, both listening to them and asking them questions.
[Travelers would take the opportunity of having access to the Rabbis and Priest to enhance their understanding of scripture and the faith. So the teachers would linger in the temple courtyard and learners would ask questions and have discussions with the religious leaders. They found Jesus in the middle of these discussions.]
47 And all who heard Him were astonished at His understanding and answers.
[So here is a 12 year old boy full of insight and understanding regarding the scriptures and the faith. His knowledge reveals, that his deity granted him a level of understanding equaling and surpassing that of the rabbis.]
48 So when they saw Him, they were amazed; and His mother said to Him, “Son, why have You done this to us? Look, Your father and I have sought You anxiously.”
49 And He said to them, “Why did you seek Me? Did you not know that I must be about My Father’s business?” 50 But they did not understand the statement which He spoke to them.
[So apparently Jesus had not revealed his special understanding of scripture before, because his own parents were “amazed” that he was so engaged in these discussions. Now Mary and Joseph knew who Jesus was, they had heard the revelation of the angels, but it seems that up until now Jesus had appeared to them somewhat normal for a boy his age, so they treated him as they would any of his peers. Now Mary gives a mom reaction “What are you doing to me, I’ve been looking for you for 3 days”. But Jesus answered, “didn’t you know what I was doing”. Some translation say “father’s business” others say “father’s house”, but all the Greek text says is “father”, so another interpretation might be “Didn’t you know I must be with my father”. Have you ever desired to be with God that much?]
51 Then He went down with them and came to Nazareth, and was subject to them, but His mother kept all these things in her heart. 52 And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and men.
[Now we have already studied how Jesus fulfilled the law. So Jesus actions were not disobedient or dishonoring to his parents. He was just revealing he knew who his father was, and making knowing God a priority in his life. Luke clears up any misconceptions here. He was not rebellious, he was submissive. He knew his purpose would be revealed in time, for now his job was to learn and grow to become the teacher who would minister to thousands once his time was come. Also notice how Mary would store these memories away knowing that God was with him in a very special way]
1 Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right. 2 “Honor your father and mother,” which is the first commandment with promise: 3 “that it may be well with you and you may live long on the earth.”
[One of the distinctive features of Judaism different from pagan religions is that all religions dealt with your relationship to god, but the Law of Moses had as much to say about our relationship to each other as to God. So how we effect each other’s lives is important to God. But knowing God richly and fully, is most important. Here we see Jesus putting his time with God first, but still being noted as a submissive and obedient son of man.
It is sometimes difficult to set priorities that put God first without neglecting our responsibilities to family, friends and neighbors. As we study the life of Christ pay attention to his actions, but understand that he took no wife and sired no children. So his adult life was devoted to God, but he still made himself a servant to man. Let’s focus on Godly priorities this year.] | <urn:uuid:d097f5f3-d962-4fca-929f-560901c4b218> | {
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Thesis statement for brutus in julius caesar
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For some birds, family matters.
Extraordinary co-operation by sociable weavers, which work together to build the largest nests in the world, is motivated by family ties, say scientists.
New research, published in Ecology Letters, says the birds, which are found throughout southern Africa, are more likely to maintain the communal part of the nest if they have relatives living nearby.
Dr Rene van Dijk from the University of Sheffield, one of the study's authors, compares the scenario to having lodgers to stay in the family home.
'If the lodger isn't related to the family, he or she may pay rent, but they will not care too much about the upkeep of the house,' he says.
'However, if the lodger is a known family member, then you would expect them to maintain the house which he or she may stay in for a longer period and possibly inherit. It may seem like a small difference, but it tips the balance towards a more co-operative society.'
Sociable Weaver bird image via Shutterstock.
Read more at Planet Earth Online. | <urn:uuid:c00256cd-fe37-41e3-bcb7-dc688094dc47> | {
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Harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) have evolved life history strategies to exploit seasonal sea ice as a breeding platform. As such, individuals are prepared to deal with fluctuations in the quantity and quality of ice in their breeding areas. It remains unclear, however, how shifts in climate may affect seal populations. The present study assesses the effects of climate change on harp seals through three linked analyses. First, we tested the effects of short-term climate variability on young-of-the year harp seal mortality using a linear regression of sea ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence against stranding rates of dead harp seals in the region during 1992 to 2010. A similar regression of stranding rates and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index values was also conducted. These analyses revealed negative correlations between both ice cover and NAO conditions and seal mortality, indicating that lighter ice cover and lower NAO values result in higher mortality. A retrospective cross-correlation analysis of NAO conditions and sea ice cover from 1978 to 2011 revealed that NAO-related changes in sea ice may have contributed to the depletion of seals on the east coast of Canada during 1950 to 1972, and to their recovery during 1973 to 2000. This historical retrospective also reveals opposite links between neonatal mortality in harp seals in the Northeast Atlantic and NAO phase. Finally, an assessment of the long-term trends in sea ice cover in the breeding regions of harp seals across the entire North Atlantic during 1979 through 2011 using multiple linear regression models and mixed effects linear regression models revealed that sea ice cover in all harp seal breeding regions has been declining by as much as 6 percent per decade over the time series of available satellite data.
Citation: Johnston DW, Bowers MT, Friedlaender AS, Lavigne DM (2012) The Effects of Climate Change on Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). PLoS ONE 7(1): e29158. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158
Editor: Mary O'Connor, University of British Columbia, Canada
Received: May 17, 2011; Accepted: November 22, 2011; Published: January 4, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Johnston et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was funded by the Duke University Marine Laboratory and the International Fund for Animal Welfare. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis or decision to publish the manuscript.
Competing interests: Author DML is the Scientific Advisor for the International Fund for Animal Welfare, the organization which helped fund this research. This does not alter the authors′ adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
We are currently witnessing significant changes in high latitude ecosystems, manifested most noticeably by rapid declines in the extent of summer ice, significant reductions in perennial ice cover, and declines in sea ice thickness in Arctic and Antarctic regions . Some predictions indicate that annual circumpolar sea ice cover in the Arctic may decline by 20% by 2050 , with the possibility of ice-free summers by 2037 .
Rapid changes in temperature and ice conditions in Arctic ecosystems pose significant challenges for marine mammals that use sea ice as a platform for breeding and social activity (for reviews, see , and ). Research conducted to date has tended to focus on waning summer sea ice and the effects on Arctic marine mammals resulting from changes in marine productivity or habitat availability. Less attention has been paid to how changes in seasonal sea ice in adjacent sub-Arctic regions are changing over time. Perhaps most importantly, few studies actually assess the extent to which ice conditions are changing at the spatial and temporal scales relevant to sub-Arctic pinnipeds that rely on seasonal ice during the critical breeding period.
Harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) rely on seasonal sea ice as a substrate for pupping and nursing their young . Harp seals have evolved to use transient sea ice as a breeding substrate and have adopted specific life history traits to succeed in this ephemeral environment, including a truncated nursing period (ca. 12 days) after which mothers wean their pups . Despite this adaptation, significant changes in the quality and quantity of ice habitat, and the timing of ice availability for breeding seals may have serious consequences for their populations.
During winters, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the dominant pattern in climate variability across the North Atlantic, shaping environmental conditions from Canada to Russia . The NAO index is calculated as the difference in atmospheric pressure between a subtropical high and a polar low . Recent analyses of sea ice dynamics in the breeding habitats of harp seals have revealed that the NAO can greatly effect the quantity and quality of ice available to seals and how persistent these habitats are during spring breakup , but no studies have explicitly linked changes in seasonal sea ice driven by NAO variability with effects on seal mortality. In years with reduced ice cover and rapid ice melting, harp seals reportedly suffer significant neonatal mortality , .
The purpose of the present study was threefold. First, we tested the hypothesis that light ice years in the Northwest Atlantic result in increased neonatal mortality of seals by regressing the number of recorded strandings of dead harp seal pups in the Northeastern United States – an index of natural mortality – against ice cover values from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (the most proximate breeding region) and NAO index values. Building on this relationship, and the established links between ice cover and NAO conditions, we then conducted a retrospective cross-correlation analysis of sea ice and NAO conditions in two breeding regions of harp seals (Figure 1) to assess how changes in ice cover relate to historical observations of neonatal mortality and observed population trends. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that longer-term climate change is affecting the amount of sea ice in the breeding regions of harp seals using linear multiple regression models and linear mixed effects regression models that account for shorter-term variation in ice cover driven by the NAO.
Figure 1. The breeding regions of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and patterns of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).
Red dots illustrate the general breeding locations of harp seals and the effects of both positive (+) and negative (−) phases of the winter NAO on these regions are indicated.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158.g001
This series of analyses allows us to 1) establish the links between ice cover, NAO conditions and patterns in first year seal mortality over time, 2) provide a novel perspective on previously observed changes in harp seal populations in relation to climate variability and 3) characterize the longer-term warming signal present in sea ice variability in the breeding regions of harp seals across the North Atlantic.
Study Region and Time Frame
To illustrate the recent links between sea ice cover and seal mortality, we used stranding data for dead harp seal pups extracted from the US Northeastern Region stranding dataset covering marine mammal strandings in the Northeastern US from 1993 to 2010 , . We then compared these values with sea ice cover data from the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the same time period using linear regression techniques.
For the retrospective analysis of NAO conditions and sea ice, we considered patterns in sea ice cover in two breeding regions of harp seals – the Gulf of St. Lawrence in eastern Canada, and the White Sea region between Norway and Russia – in relation to historical variability in the NAO (Figure 1). These two locations represent the opposite ends of relationships between NAO and sea ice conditions established previously with a shorter time series . We then compared these relationships within a retrospective assessment of published harp seal neonatal mortality data in these regions during 1940 to 2011 , .
We then conducted a wider examination of sea ice cover across all four breeding locations of harp seals (the above mentioned locations plus the Front off Newfoundland and the West Ice region in the Greenland Sea – see Figure 1) during 1978 to 2011 to assess longer-term trends in sea ice cover across the entire North Atlantic.
Satellite-derived measures of sea ice cover
We employed sea ice coverage data produced by the US National Sea Ice Data Centre (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado, for 1979 to 2011 during February and March, the breeding season of harp seals. These values were derived from NASA Nimbus-7 Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SSMR) data (1979–1987), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data (satellites F8, F11, and F13 for 1987–2007 – see ) and DMSP F17 SSM/I data for 2009 through 2011 . We used mean monthly ice coverages for both breeding sites for all years up to 2007, when the DMSP F13 satellite was lost, after which we used daily ice coverages and averaged the grid values to produce monthly means of sea ice concentration (%) in spatially-explicit harp seal breeding regions defined previously in .
North Atlantic Oscillation Indices
To assess historical changes in climate and sea ice conditions we used winter (December through March) NAO index values (Climate Analysis Section, NCAR, Boulder, USA, Hurrell 1995). These data are based on the difference of normalized sea level pressure between Lisbon, Portugal and Stykkisholmur/Reykjavik, Iceland since 1864.
Sea ice cover and seal mortality
The effects of changing ice conditions on seal neonatal mortality rates have not been investigated consistently over time, although previous studies indicate that when ice conditions are heavy mortality is generally low (e.g. 1.1–1.4%) , and when ice conditions are light it is much higher . To establish current links between changing ice conditions and seal neonatal mortality, we conducted a linear regression of satellite-derived values of sea ice concentration in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during February against yearly stranding rates of dead young-of-the-year (YOY) harp seals in the Northeastern United States (JMP 8.0, SAS Institute) - as an index of natural mortality rates. Specifically, we used stranding network data for the northeastern US Atlantic coast (Maine to Rhode Island) from the Northeast Regional Office of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Mammal Stranding Network during 1993 to 2010 , . Since age class was not identified for many of the stranded animals, we calculated the distribution of standard length for identified YOY seals. We then tallied the number of stranded animals in the database whose lengths were less than 1 standard deviation over the mean length of this sample (year 1 animals) and regressed these data against ice cover for that year in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A similar regression of NAO index values against stranding numbers of dead seals was also conducted to further link seal mortality with climate variability.
Linking NAO Index Values with Current and Historic Sea Ice Conditions
Satellite-derived values of sea ice concentration were employed to further assess the relationship between winter NAO values and sea ice concentrations identified previously in and . This represents an extension of 5 years to previous time series analyses of ice in the breeding regions of harp seals. We visualized the general trajectory of this time series by fitting a smoothing spline to winter NAO index values using JMP Ver 8.0 (SAS Institute). To confirm previously established linkages between NAO phase and ice conditions, we then conducted a cross-correlation analysis on the NAO and sea ice time series (1979 to 2011) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the White Sea breeding regions using JMP 8.0 (SAS Institute). This analysis provides for strong inference on ice conditions in both locations over the extended historical NAO time series.
Long-term trends of sea ice in harp seal breeding habitats
To investigate the interaction of the NAO with long term trends in ice concentration we initially constructed 3-dimensional wire plots of multiple linear regressions of sea ice concentration against NAO index value, and year for all four breeding regions using the lattice package in R . We statistically assessed ice concentration trends in all four harp seal breeding regions for the months of February and March by fitting a linear mixed effects regression model for each month using the lme4 package in R . These two models included year as a fixed effect and to account for variation caused by the NAO within each region, monthly NAO index values were used as random effects with regions as a grouping factor where:
Mixed effects models are advantageous in that they allow modeling and forecasting of non-stationary changes inherent in climate data through the inclusion of predictors as fixed or random effect variables .
A total of 365 dead harp seals specifically identified and reported as YOY animals stranded in the Northeastern US during 1993 to 2010. The distribution of standard lengths was normal (Shapiro-Wilk test, p>0.05) and the mean length of YOY animals was 105 cm with a SD of 9.5 cm. Using the upper range of lengths (115 cm) and avoiding animals listed specifically as sub-adults regardless of standard length, we then identified a total of 693 YOY seals in the stranding database and extracted these records for linear regression modeling. The linear regression of seal strandings against ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (the most proximate breeding location) is presented in Figure 2 (A). The regression model revealed a strong negative correlation between ice cover and stranding rates (n = 18, p = 0.008, r2 = 0.37), where lighter ice conditions correlate with increased numbers of stranded dead seals. The regression of NAO index values and seal mortality (Figure 2 B) revealed a similar but less robust relationship (n = 18, p = 0.09, r2 = 0.16). See Table 1 for details on both ice cover and NAO regressions.
Figure 2. The relationships between harp seal neonatal mortality, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and sea ice cover.
Panel A represents a linear regression of February sea ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence against stranding rates of dead young-of-the-year harp seals in the Northeastern United States. Panel B represents a linear regression of February sea ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index values.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158.g002
Table 1. Term estimates and standard errors for linear regressions of yearly stranding numbers of dead young-of-the-year harp seals in the Northeastern United States and (A) February sea ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence breeding region and (B) winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index values.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158.t001
The relationships between sea ice conditions and NAO index in the White Sea and Gulf of St. Lawrence breeding regions during March 1979 to 2011 are presented in Figure 3 (A). As predicted, eastern North Atlantic sea ice cover and NAO conditions were out of phase – with heavier ice cover during negative NAO periods and lighter ice cover during positive NAO periods. In contrast, western North Atlantic ice conditions were in phase with NAO conditions – with heavier ice cover during positive NAO conditions and lighter ice cover during negative NAO periods.
Figure 3. Retrospective analysis of winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index during 1865 to 2011 and sea ice conditions.
Panel A illustrates the time series fit with a smoothing spline to illustrate the general pattern of the climatic signal. The inset (B) illustrates the relationships between sea ice cover and NAO conditions in the Eastern North Atlantic (out of phase) and Western North Atlantic (in phase). Observed effects of NAO phase on neonatal mortality of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) indicated for extended negative and positive NAO phases.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158.g003
The general trajectory of the winter NAO index from 1865 to 2011 is illustrated in Figure 3 (B). During 1949 to 1973, the winter NAO index was consistently negative. During this period ice conditions were heavy in the western North Atlantic, and light in the Northeast Atlantic. Following this, there was an extended positive period of winter NAO averages during 1974 to 2004. Ice conditions in the Northeast Atlantic were light during this period, and heavy ice conditions prevailed during this time in the Northwest Atlantic. These general relationships have been partially described previously , . Subsequent to 2004, it appears that neutral to negative winter NAO indices have become dominant (Figure 3 B).
A series of three-dimensional wire plots that display the linear relationships between sea ice cover in harp seal breeding regions during the month of February as a function of NAO index over our entire time series (1979 to 2011) are presented in Figure 4. The results for March showed similar but less extreme declines of sea ice concentration over time. Both multiple regression models (February and March) were significant (p<0.05), and year was a significant predictor for sea ice concentration in February (p<0.05) and approached significance for March (p = 0.08). The multiple r-squared values for these regressions were low (0.12 and 0.09, for February and March respectively) due to variation in NAO effects on ice cover. These plots are useful, however, as they graphically illustrate the general relationships between sea ice cover and NAO conditions revealed by our mixed effects regression models.
Figure 4. Changes in sea ice cover in harp seal breeding regions.
These wireframe plots illustrate satellite-derived measures of sea ice cover during the month of February at all four breeding regions of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) in relation to winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index values during 1979 to 2011.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158.g004
The results of our mixed effects models reveal a statistically significant annual decline of sea ice cover in all four breeding regions during the study period, regardless of variation in NAO conditions. Both monthly model coefficients were significant at the 95% percent confidence interval. February ice concentration declined at a rate of 0.63±0.12% per year from 1979 to 2011 (table 1). The model for March revealed a smaller annual decline of 0.41±0.13% over the same time span (Table 2). Group level effects fell in line with expected values for each region (Table 3), although the influence of the NAO on ice in the West Ice region was negligible.
Table 2. Fixed effects for mixed-effects regression model of sea ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GOSL), the Front, the West Ice and White Sea breeding regions of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158.t002
Table 3. Group effects for mixed-effects model of sea ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GOSL), the Front, the West Ice and White Sea breeding regions of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029158.t003
Short-term Climate Variability
The linear regressions of ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and NAO index values against stranding rates of YOY seals in the Northeastern US provide a useful proxy for changes in seal mortality associated with reductions in ice cover driven by NAO variability in the Northwestern Atlantic. Strandings data from the same region have been used previously to assess spatial patterns in stranding rates of ice seals , as well as to assess patterns in neonatal mortality rates of right whales (Eubaleana glacialis) in the same region . Indeed, large scale assessments of stranding data in relation to visual survey data from several countries indicate that assessments of stranding rates often outperform visual surveys in determining local diversity, and they are extremely useful for studying spatial and temporal ecology of marine mammal populations, especially for time series greater than 10 years . Our regressions reveal that an increase in first year seal mortality occurs in years with lighter ice cover and lower NAO index values, consistent with earlier qualitative observations reported in the literature , , .
North Atlantic Oscillation conditions greatly affect sea ice dynamics in harp seal breeding regions. When the winter NAO is negative, sea ice cover tends to be below average in the breeding locations of harp seals on the east coast of Canada and this has contributed to significant mortality of neonatal harp seals through a combination of interrupted nursing, starvation, cold stress and crushing by shifting floes when prematurely forced into the water by the rapid melting and break-up of ice .
While natural mortality rates for this population (or indeed for any other population of ice seals) have not been produced for the range of ice/NAO conditions captured by our times series, our linear regression of ice cover and stranded dead harp seals in the Northeastern US provides further evidence that young harp seals fare poorly in light ice years.
This is not a recent phenomenon. For example, harp seals were forced to prematurely vacate whelping patches in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the winter of 1966 , a strongly negative NAO year. Ice records indicate that 1966 was a light ice year in eastern Canada and the station-based NAO index value for this year was −1.86. In 1969 the winter NAO value was also strongly negative (−4.89) and sea ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was the lowest on record . During this year thousands of seals were crushed in moving ice, or were prematurely forced to vacate whelping patches during rapid ice breakup . In 1998 and 1999, both years with low winter NAO indices and light ice conditions, thousands of dead seals washed ashore on the beaches of Cape Breton . Light ice conditions have been observed during 11 of the past 14 years (1996–2011) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and many of these years exhibit significant negative winter NAO anomalies and in many cases high seal mortality . Indeed, in recent years (1996 onwards) the winter NAO has exhibited a greater number of neutral and negative periods (Figure 2 A), indicating that a switch to a more consistently negative phase - as seen in the 1950s through the 1970s - may be occurring.
Harp seals numbers now appear to be plateauing in the Northwest Atlantic off eastern Canada , concomitant with a downward trend in NAO indices and increasingly light ice conditions during 1996 to 2010. In recent years neonatal mortality has been extremely high, and potentially resulted in the loss of entire year classes in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence , . The second latest year in our time series (2010) is no exception to this link between NAO index, ice conditions and neonatal mortality. In that year, the winter NAO index value dropped to −4.64, ice conditions were the lightest in the satellite record in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and harp seal neonatal mortality reportedly approached 100% in this region .
A Novel Perspective on Fluctuating Harp Seal Populations
There have been dramatic changes in the trajectory of harp seal populations across the North Atlantic over time, and these fluctuations have never been fully explained. Several hypotheses have been offered to explain fluctuations in harp seal abundance across the Atlantic during our study period, including overexploitation, by-catches and changes in prey availability , . However, none have addressed climate-related changes in breeding habitat as a significant source of mortality.
A large reduction in harp seal abundance in the Northwest Atlantic occurred during the 1950s through the early 1970s, with estimates ranging between 50 and 66% declines in seal numbers , . Our retrospective assessment reveals that during this period the NAO was consistently negative (Figure 2 A). As sea ice conditions in the Northwest Atlantic are in phase with NAO conditions (Figure 1), this period of time would have exhibited consistently light ice conditions. Our retrospective analysis also reveals that 1973 to 2000 was period of consistently positive NAO conditions (Figure 2 A), during which sea ice conditions in the Northwest Atlantic would have been heavy and more conducive to successful reproduction in harp seals. During this period the Northwest Atlantic harp seal population grew consistently, with estimates surpassing 5 million animals .
Contrary to the above relationship in the Northwest Atlantic, sea ice conditions in the Northeast Atlantic (White Sea) are out of phase with the NAO (Figure 1 A); during positive NAO periods sea ice conditions tend to be light . Harp seals in the Northeast Atlantic declined from approximately 1.5 million seals in the early 1950s to 500,000 in the early 1960s . After this, the population recovered to approximately 800,000 by 1978 . Soon thereafter, survival of neonatal harp seals in the Northeast Atlantic declined, and remained low until the early 1990s. In particular, neonatal mortality during 1986, 1987 and 1988 was extremely high, resulting in an almost complete absence of these year classes when sampled in the 1990s . The period of increasing neonatal recruitment and abundance in Northeast Atlantic harp seals (1960 to 1973) corresponds with the extended negative NAO regime (Figure 2 A) during which sea ice cover was at or above average conditions in the Barents/White Sea region . The period of decreasing recruitment in these animals (1982 to 1992) corresponds with the extended positive NAO regime (Figure 2 A) during which sea ice conditions were in decline or light .
Hunting mortality may also affect the population dynamics of harp seals across the Atlantic, especially when viewed as a cumulative stressor on reproductive output of a population. Harp seals are hunted commercially and for subsistence purposes across their range. In the Northwest Atlantic, total landed catches of harp seals during the extended negative NAO regime (1950 to 1972) were relatively high – ranging up to 389,410 seals annually. This hunt focused on newborn whitecoat pups . Landed catches were smaller during the first part of the extended positive NAO regime (1973 to 1982), ranging up to 202,169 seals. However, from 1983 to 1995, catches dropped further to a maximum 94,046 seals per year and the focus of the hunt shifted from whitecoats to older, moulted pups (beaters, aged about 3 weeks to 3 months). Catches increased again during 1996 to 2005, ranging up to 365,971 seals . It should be noted that in some regions the magnitude of hunting mortality has been lower than the level of natural mortality reported in poor ice years, when virtually all pups born (e.g. southern Gulf of St. Lawrence) have reportedly died .
The results of our retrospective analysis reveal that harp seal populations across the Atlantic appear to have fluctuated in synchrony with NAO trends and associated ice conditions. As such, we hypothesize that changing ice conditions may have contributed to the population dynamics of harp seals across the North Atlantic, most likely through periods of sustained reproductive failure or success, coupled with hunting and other environmental factors. Further research is required to assess how combinations of removals by sealers and recent (1996 to 2011) ice-induced increases in neonatal mortality will affect current and future harp seal populations.
Long-term Sea Ice Trends in harp seal breeding locations
Our mixed-effects model effectively extracts the long-term warming signal from our time series of sea ice cover values that is dominated by NAO variability. Our model indicates that sea ice in all harp seal breeding regions is in decline regardless of the influence of the NAO, at a rate of approximately 6% per decade in February, and 4% per decade in March (this lower rate of decline likely stems from the fact that the majority of sea ice loss happens in February). This overall decline is less dramatic than recently observed conditions in eastern Canada (2000 to 2010), and it appears that the large scale effects of recent warming at high latitudes may have been obscured in the Northwest Atlantic in part by the effects of a consistently positive winter NAO regime on seasonal sea ice development and persistence during 1980 to 2000.
Our results are the first to illustrate that ice cover in the breeding habitats for harp seals across the North Atlantic has been in decline since the beginning of the satellite record of ice conditions (1979). Along with observed increases in YOY mortality in the Northwest Atlantic harp seal herds indicated above, the consistent decline in seasonal sea ice cover across the North Atlantic has also resulted in a recent sharp reduction in pup production in the White Sea harp seal population .
Recent records of harp seals whelping off East Greenland (the West Ice) indicate that some response of the animals to phenological shifts in breeding habitat due to warming may be occurring , . In the Northwest Atlantic, however, it appears that many seals have been returning to traditional breeding grounds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Front, off Newfoundland, regardless of ice conditions. This observation may reflect a lack of plasticity in their breeding system, which has likely evolved in response to a combination of factors including photoperiod , predation pressure , and the long-term predictability of sea ice in traditional breeding regions. Further research is required to assess the timing of ice breakup and parturition patterns to determine how harp seals are responding to rapid warming in their breeding regions. It should also be noted that fitted values from mixed effects regression models are generally considered conservative estimates. This is referred to as the “shrinkage effect” . In light of this, our model may underestimate total ice decline in the breeding regions of harp seals over the time of our study.
Harp seals have evolved to use seasonal sea ice as a breeding substrate and have adopted specific life history traits to succeed in this environment. Considering this, they are well suited to deal with natural shifts in climate, including the effects of the NAO on sea ice conditions. However, these animals may not be well adapted to absorb the cumulative effects of human influences (primarily hunting and to a lesser extent by-catch – which can be high in some years , ), short-term climate variability and global warming. Other ice-associated seals are also likely to be vulnerable to these combined effects, and share many of the breeding regions and life history traits of harp seals. In particular, hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) may be especially at risk. The Northwest Atlantic stock appears to be stable at present, but the Northeast Atlantic stock, which breeds on the West Ice, off the east coast of Greenland, has declined by 85–90% over the last 40–60 years, prompting a listing of this species as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
We are thankful for the efforts of all marine mammal stranding network staff and volunteers along the U.S. east coast, whose countless hours of fieldwork generated the data on harp seal strandings used in this paper. We also thank M. Garron from the Northeast Regional Office of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service for helping to provide access to Level A stranding data. We thank Tun Jan (TJ) Young for help updating the sea ice analysis and Kerry Irish for editing the final manuscript. The manuscript was improved with constructive comments from K. D. Hyrenbach and 3 anonymous reviewers.
Conceived and designed the experiments: DWJ ASF DML. Performed the experiments: DWJ ASF MTB. Analyzed the data: DWJ MTB. Wrote the paper: DWJ MTB ASF DML.
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- 17. Kovacs K, Lavigne D (1985) Early postnatal mortality in Northwest Atlantic harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). J Mammal 66: 556–558.
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- 25. Nilssen K, Haug T, Øritsland T, Lindblom L, Jjellqwist S (1998) Invasions of harp seals Phoca groenlandica Erxleben to coastal waters of Norway in 1995: ecological and demographic implications. Sarsia 83: 337–345.
- 26. Øritsland T (1971) The status of Norwegian studies of harp seals at Newfoundland. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Redbook Part III 185–209.
- 27. Stenson G (2005) Estimates of human induced mortality in Northwest Atlantic Harp Seals, 1952–2004. Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Research Document.
- 28. Chernook V, Boltnev A (2008) Regular instrumental aerial surveys detect a sharp drop in the birth rates of the harp seal in the White Sea. pp. 100–104. Collection of Scientific Papers from the Marine Mammals of the Holarctic V Conference. Odessa, Ukraine.
- 29. Rosing-Asvid A (2008) A new harp seal whelping ground near South Greenland. Mar Mammal Sci 24: 730–736. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00216.x.
- 30. Temte J (1994) Photoperiod control of birth timing in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). J Zool 233: 369–384.
- 31. Stirling I, Parkinson CL (2006) Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 59: 261–275.
- 32. Qian S (2009) Environmental and Ecological Statistics with R. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC Taylor & Francis Group. 421 p.
- 33. Lavigne D (1999) Estimating total kill of Northwest Atlantic harp seals, 1994–1998. Mar Mammal Sci 15: 871–878.
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- 35. Kovacs K (2010) Cystophora cristata. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org. | <urn:uuid:234e24f4-afea-4e15-b3e6-90c4f768309a> | {
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Al Hajjaam means the cupper, hijaamah is the profession of cupping, and the word ‘mihjam’ is used to describe the vessel in which the blood is collected and the surgical blades used by the cupper. Hijama is also commonly known as ‘cupping’. Hijama refers to the extraction of blood from key point in the body by the mean of cupping using a suitable vessel or whatever modern equipment serves the same purpose.
How Cupping Work
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and all of the blood and lymphatic vessels in the body. The heart acts as a pump to drive the blood; a complex fluid made up of digested food materials, respiratory gasses (oxygen being carried in, carbon dioxide being carried out), and protective and regulatory chemicals through the approximately 60,000 miles of vessels in the body.
Cupping (hijama) does not heal your body or have a direct effect on individual medical problems; per se. Cupping cleans the bodies’ cardiovascular system so disease never has a chance to develop.
Where disease already exists, cupping cleans the system to help the system better fight and recover from the disease. Noticeable benefits from cupping often come weeks, even months after a cupping (hijama) session. It is very foolish to wait till the point that your body is showing signs of problems.
Cupping is best utilized as a preventative maintenance procedure for your body. In short, it better enables your body to heal itself -- No drugs, no expensive treatment or therapy and above all, no operations.
Cupping removes dead blood cells from the cardiovascular system. It is a bit like getting your radiator flushed. It should be done before your car overheats and the damage to your engine block or hoses are done.
Practitioners who emphasize cupping as a cure are like auto mechanics who claim flushing your radiator will cure your cracked engine block. Of course, your radiator should be flushed, but if it were properly maintained no damage would have resulted to your engine in the first place.
Fortunately the body, unlike an engine block can often repair itself. In the case of some ailments and conditions cupping, most effectively if they are applied soon after the event, can have a very positive effect. Nonetheless, it is always better to use cupping as a maintenance and preventative procedure.
Three Types of Cupping
- Dry cupping; this is the process of using a vacuum on different areas of body in order to gather the blood in that area without incisions
- Dry moving cupping; this is similar to dry cupping but olive oil is applied to the skin, before applying the cups in order to allow easy movement of the cups. This process allows the blood to flow and reach all parts of the body
- Wet cupping (hijama/oxidant releasing therapy); this is the process of using a vacuum at different key point on the body but with small incisions in order to remove ‘harmful’ blood which lies just beneath the surface of the skin. Wet cupping should only be administered by a cupping or hijama expert. This is the method I use in most cupping sessions
Wet Cupping (The Real Treatment)
Also known as, hijama. During your hijama session with me, we will be cupping you using this method. Blood cupping is a very effective method and can be used for many of common diseases with high success rate.
This treatment removes blood stasis (stagnated or congested blood) comprising of acidic toxic waste which slow down or block the blood vessels (capillaries) and reduce supply of oxygenated and nutrient rich blood to and removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from our body cells.
Accumulation of this blood stasis (stagnated or congested blood) increase with age and will cause our cells, tissues and organs to weaken, feel pain, lose sensation and function at lower efficiency. Blood cupping helps the body to get rid of blood stasis (stagnated or congested blood) which the body is unable to do on its own. Each cupping point will be cupped one to two times for a total of 15 minutes finally.
Specific points are cupped to treat each disease. During any given session I cup about 5 points for generally healthy person and 10 points for someone with specific complain.
A total of more than 70 diseases may be prevented including stroke, heart disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), IBS, heartburn, arthritis, migraine, liver disease (hepatitis), kidney problem, gout, high fever, myopia, snoring, asthma, breathing problems, etc.
The mouth of the cupping vessel (nowadays we use glass or plastic cup) is placed on the skin at the site chosen for cupping. Then the cupper rarefies the air inside the vessel by using a pump, so that the mouth of the vessel will cling to the skin.
The vessel clings to the skin and is left for a period of three to three minutes. Then it is lifted off and few small superficial scratches (cuts) are made in the skin using a clean sharp instrument such as a single sided surgical blades (one knife for one patient).
Then the cup is put back in the same manner as described above, until it is collected with the bad blood that comes out. Then it is taken off, and may be put back once more if needed. When it is finished and the cup is taken away and disposed, a dry dressing is placed over the site of the wounds. | <urn:uuid:43ee5f48-ad6e-41a3-9d8f-20339a3dbccc> | {
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MAD LABS TELLURIDE: 9/20/16 Single Session - Microbes
Sep 20 (Tuesday)
2:00 PM - 5:00 PM
Sep 20, 2016
Each Tuesday from 02:00 PM to 05:00 PM
DescriptionScience is more than a subject. It’s part of everything we do. The more we understand, the more we can appreciate and conserve our natural world. Join us for one or all of six MAD LABS taking place on Tuesday afternoons for hands-on, scientific activities that will encourage kids to experiment, learn, design, create, investigate, and more. Get your lab coats ready – we are going to get mad in our lab! A Pinhead Institute representative will be available to walk kids to Pinhead HQ from the Telluride Elementary School. Today's Topic: Microbes From harmful bacteria and germs to helpful microbes, we'll investigate the lively microscopic world. Through the biology of Saccharomces cerevisiae (baker's and brewer's yeast) we'll learn about the amazing world of microbes.
Pinhead Institute Inc. | <urn:uuid:1cccefd2-376c-40c6-bd87-1ac6c1640046> | {
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firthisaword writes "I will be teaching an enrichment programming course to 11-14 year old gifted children in the Spring. It is meant as an introduction to very basic programming paradigms (conditions, variables, loops, etc.), but the kids will invariably have a mix of experience in dealing with computers and programming. The question: Which programming language would be best for starting these kids off on? I am tempted by QBasic which I remember from my early days — it is straightforward and fast, if antiquated and barely supported under XP. Others have suggested Pascal which was conceived as an instructional pseudocode language. Does anyone have experience in that age range? Anything you would recommend? And as a P.S: Out of the innumerable little puzzles/programs/tasks that novice programmers get introduced to such as Fibonacci numbers, primes or binary calculators, which was the most fun and which one taught you the most?" A few years ago, a reader asked a similar but more general question, and several questions have focused on how to introduce kids to programming. Would you do anything different in teaching kids identified as academically advanced?
DEAL: For $25 - Add A Second Phone Number To Your Smartphone for life! Use promo code SLASHDOT25. Also, Slashdot's now on IFTTT. Check it out! Check out the new SourceForge HTML5 Internet speed test! × | <urn:uuid:7d4c6111-3132-4d82-bc5c-6c1546b1e0a4> | {
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Social media made online social behaviour measurable.
Now smartphones are doing the same with face-to-face interaction – thanks to ‘machine sensing’. Machine sensing is basically data collection through sensor-equipped machines, where a sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
Traditionally mobile market research has mimicked what can be done on the web, with poorer interfaces and engagement. But with smartphones enabling mobile sensing, the opportunity got much bigger and much more interesting.
Mobile sensing is the passive recording of a person’s online and offline daily life in a quantitative way. Sensors in the mobile handset can be used to capture communication, proximity, location, and activity data alongside the more established prompted inputs: a 360-degree approach becoming known as Reality Mining.
Longitudinal collection of this data produces a depth of information on behaviours, interactions and states that can reveal patterns and insights that would be impossible to spot on an exclusively qualitative basis.
Back in July 2012 I ran a pilot project on a sample of one (me) to assess the potential of mobile sensing within the industry. How could market research use ‘reality mining’ to develop a better understanding of consumer behaviors and attitudes? And how useful would it be?
The presentation below gives an overview of the Reality Mining project. A more in-depth paper will be published over the next few weeks discussing the details of the set up, the research methodology and the outputs of the project. | <urn:uuid:0160c237-9349-40c0-bb4d-0730efa46acf> | {
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Russia Emigration and ImmigrationEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Russia Emigration and Immigration
Emigration records list the names of people leaving and immigration records list those coming into Russia. There are passenger lists for ships coming into Russia and border-crossing records of people leaving for the United States or coming from the United States into Russia. These records may include an emigrant’s name, age, occupation, destination, and sometimes the place of origin or birth.
Most of these sources begin in the late 19th century. They can be very valuable for determining where your ancestor came from. They can also help you construct family groups.
If you don’t find your ancestor’s name, you may find emigration information on neighbors of your ancestor. Neighbors from the Caucasus often settled together in the United States and Canada (like the Doukabours and the Molokans).
Russians to the United States
Records of Russians Immigrating to U.S., 1834-1897 is now available at worldvitalrecords.com. This database consists of records of 527,394 passengers who arrived at the United States between 1834 through 1897 and identified their country of origin or nationality as Armenia, Finland, Galicia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Russian Poles, or Ukraine. Click here to access the database.
- This page was last modified on 28 November 2015, at 21:32.
- This page has been accessed 3,375 times.
Future Changes to the Wiki
Changes are coming to the FamilySearch Research Wiki in the near future. Find out more on the Wiki Community News page.Community News | <urn:uuid:8bd590da-4c58-4cfd-a162-99c3952e7032> | {
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Cluster munitions are large weapons deployed from the air or from the ground that scatter widely in smaller submunitions. They have been used extensively over the last 40 years in countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Between five per cent and 30 per cent of cluster munitions do not explode on impact. This hazardous unexploded ordnance, very often found in civilian zones, has serious consequences for communities, long after a conflict is over.
The Convention on Cluster Munitions was signed by 94 countries at the Oslo Signing Conference in December 2008. The Convention will enter into force when thirty states have ratified it. The treaty bans the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of cluster munitions and places obligations on countries to clear affected areas and destroy stockpiles. Another key provision of the treaty relates to victim assistance.
Survivors of cluster munitions incidents will often have serious blast or fragment injuries, requiring long -term treatment and rehabilitation. Cluster munition victims include all persons directly impacted by cluster munitions as well as their affected families and communities. The goal of victim assistance is to promote and respect the human rights, fundamental freedoms and inherent dignity of all cluster munitions victims. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides the most comprehensive framework to address these issues. The core elements of victim assistance are: emergency and long-tem medical care; physical rehabilitation; psychological support; social and economic inclusion; data collection, disability laws and policies.
This keylist draws together key policy documents, tools and information resources providing a comprehensive introductory resource on Cluster Munitions and Victim Assistance. We welcome your suggestions: please send comments or suggested additions to [email protected].
This keylist has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The content is the sole responsibility of Source and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of The European Union.
To research topics covered by this key list in greater detail please refer to the following Source keylists:
Introductory Resources (CMVA)
This report details information about the international treaty banning cluster munitions. It contains entries on 150 countries, including signatories to the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, stockpiler countries, and affected states. It highlights governments’ policies and efforts to clear contaminated areas and meet the needs of cluster munition victims. It also mentions government practices with respect to the use, production, stockpiling, and transfer of cluster munitions. The report is useful for people interested in a comprehensive overview of the banning of cluster munitions
This booklet examines the challenges involved in providing assistance to landmine victims, many of whom cannot be provided with sufficient care because of poverty and a lack of health facilities. It also highlights the responsibilities of states to the Ottawa Convention and the new protocol on explosive remnants of war (ERW), and encourages increased efforts by both health-care systems and governments to support the victims
This report assesses both the military effectiveness of cluster bombs and the impact on civilians looking at their use in a number of conflicts including Loas, the Gulf War and Kosovo. It provides recommendations on changes to international law to prevent future civilian casualties. This document is useful for people interested in the military effectiveness and impact on civilians of cluster munitions
This paper gives a summary of the key obligations for states, and provides details regarding the signing and ratifying of the Convention on Cluster Munitions. This resource is useful for people interested in learning about the convention
This study draws attention to the human suffering caused by cluster weapons and landmines, which continue to kill long after intended use, due to functional failures of the design. More often then not, civilian adults and children are among the primary victims. This resource would be useful for anyone with an interest in disability, advocacy and the Treaty to Ban Landmines
The aim of this report is to define the use and impact of unexploded ordanance, advocate against their use and shed light on there unintended consequences. The second part of the report features detailed findings and recommendations for international humanitarian law
This transcript outlines what Richard Moyes of Landmine Action believes is required to reform policy on landmines and cluster munitions. He draws on current patterns of explosive violence to support his points and the legality and acceptability of explosive force in areas populated by civilians
This is the report of an Expert Meeting on humanitarian, miliatry, technical and legal chalenges to cluser munitions. It examines the complex problems that arise with the use of cluster munitions and discusses how to reduce their negative impact on civilians
This paper draws attention to the implications of the Convention on Cluster Munitions. More specifically, the purpose is the development of a normative presumption that the area-effect use of explosive weapons is indiscriminate and therefore unlawful
This report was produced for the UK Department for International Development's (DFID) Disability Knowledge and Research Programme. Disability statistics in low-income countries have so far largely comprised impairment-based prevalence figures. It is argued that prevalence in itself is of limited interest and that there is a need for data that can describe, analyse and compare the situation among individuals with disabilities, as well as contribute to increased knowledge about the link between disability and poverty. By using the conceptual scheme inherent in the ICF (international classification of functioning, disability and health) model, an alternative approach to disability statistics may be developed. As an alternative to dividing the population into disabled and non-disabled, activity limitation and/or restrictions in social participation can be measured as a continuous variable among all regardless of the presence of any impairment. We thus have two different approaches for developing disability statistics, and it is argued that they will both provide useful information
This publication is aimed at assisting national statistical offices and other producers of disability statistics to improve the collection, compilation and dissemination of disability data. The document addresses methodological issues in the area of disability by providing guidelines and principles related to data collection, through surveys and censuses and also on the compilation, dissemination and usage of data on disability.
These regional reports are the primary focus of the International Disability Rights Monitor (IDRM) project and have been compiled by local IDRM researchers. Each report focuses upon several key areas such as legal protections, education, employment, accessibility, and health and housing services for people with disabilities. The reports include a detailed report on each country and a report card that compares the progress made by countries across the region. Reports are available on the Americas, Asia and Europe, as well as two thematic reports, in downloadable pdf format. They are useful for people interested in research on disability and development
This guidebook seeks to serve as a reference book to assist people and organizations trying either to create a mine/Explosive Remnants of War victim information system or enhance an existing system. It consists of data, surveys and interviews from a broad range of resources across countries and regions affected by landmine use. It includes case studies from Azerbaijan and Bosnia and Herzegovina
This website highlights the activities of the Landmine Monitor, an initiative providing research for the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC). It contains updated information about the Mine Ban Treaty and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Links are provided to several publications including the annual Landmine Monitor, cluster munition reports, country specific factsheets and maps. This website is useful for people seeking current information about Mine Ban Treaty and Convention on Cluster Munition initiatives
Disability Laws and Policies
This toolkit raises awareness around the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and aims to mobilise support for its ratification. It is a practical guide divided into 3 sections, covering general information about the convention; ratification advocacy tools; and media tools. Essentially this is a step-by-step guide for planning a ratification campaign in different contexts, containing sample letters, publicity materials and other useful resources. The handbook would be of use to anyone with an interest in promoting disability rights
DPI, an international cross-disability human rights organization has put together this practical toolkit to support implementation campaigns for the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The toolkit supports a previous DPI 'Ratification Toolkit', also available free online. The toolkit is an accessible and practical guide for anyone interested in disability rights and social development. It provides a clear introduction to the aims of the Convention along with practical suggestions for translating this treaty into policy, planning and practice. Each section of the toolkit comes with exercises designed to support understanding of the Convention and how it can be applied to different contexts
This document was created for the Convention on Cluster Munitions Conference (Oslo, December 2008). It provides a list of reference documents to implement victim assistance programmes in line with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
This website provides information about Making it Work (MIW), a global multi-stakeholder initiative to promote effective implementation of the Convention for the Right of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The initiative aims to collect and exchange examples of good practice and to use this to influence policy development in line with the CRPD. The MIW website highlights general information about the initiative and specific information about exisitng MIW projects and reports. It provides access to a series of user-friendly tools and resources to support practitioners working in the field of disability and development. The MIW Guidelines are available in downloadable pdf format in English, French and Spanish. A resource library is provided with links to CRPD-related information, disability and development topics and a news archive. This website is a useful tool for anyone working on disability rights issues
This website offers suggestions on how to include people with disabilities in national poverty reduction strategies (PRS). It comprises an impressive range of general background information, links, resources and tools on key issues regarding PRS, disability and project and process management, in addition to tools on advocacy and lobbying
This report provides recommendations to support stakeholders involved in creating and updating national action plans on victim assistance throughout the period 2010-2014. The recommendations are in accordance with the Cartagena Action Plan and other international humanitarian and human rights standards. The report provides a background on victim assistance and highlights recommendations using six key elements. This report is useful for countries affected by mines/explosive remnants of war (ERW), survivors, disabled persons’ organisations (DPO) and other civil society representatives, international organisations and countries committed to international cooperation
This website is about the UN's disability programmes and focuses on rights, international standards and declarations, such as the World Programme of Action. Thematic issues covered include accessibility, promoting the rights of disabled people, mainstreaming disability and development, and building the capacity of disabled people's organisations. There are also links to disability databases and other disability organisations
This article discusses the Ottawa Convention’s victim assistance obligations. It is useful for people interested in victim assistance policies and laws. Updated 2016.
This report looks at how non-governmental organisations (NGOs) can help school systems in developing countries become more inclusive. It shares experience of developing tools and approaches that have improved education for the most excluded children in society. Taking examples from 13 countries around the world it describes case study programmes that: target specific groups of vulnerable children; build inclusive school communities; promote change throughout an education system; and address financial barriers to inclusive education. This report will be of interest to policy-makers, managers and advisers in government, donors and NGOs, and to education students
This booklet provides young people's perspectives of inclusive education based upon the findings of Young Voices, an inclusive education project in primary, secondary and vocational schools in Uganda and Tanzania. Students with and without disabilities participated in the Young Voices activities. The booklet highlights the issues raised about inclusive education policy, attitudes, behaviour, resource allocation and environmental issues. It contains students’ photos, drawings and quotations to illustrate their responses. It is useful for people interested in inclusive education issues in Eastern Africa
Emergency and long-term medical care
This book deals with practical advice on health care for women with disabilities. It has been developed in partnership with health care professionals and disabled women in over 42 countries. It covers the key issues of disability in the community; accessible health care; mental health; sexual health; family planning; and child birth. The book is written in a practical and accessible style, suitable for anyone with an interest in disability, social development and women's health issues. In particular, the book offers a valuable insight into 'real-life' personal experiences of disabled women
These guidelines provide a series of resource tables for essential trauma care that detail the human and physical resources that should be in place to assure optimal care of the injured patient at a range of health facilities throughout the world. The health facilities range from rural health posts, to small hospitals staffed by general practitioners, to hospitals staffed by specialists, to tertiary care centres. They also offer a series of recommendations on methods to promote such standards including training, performance improvement, trauma team organisation and hospital inspection.
The guidelines are a collaboration between the World Health Organization, the International Society of Surgery and the International Association for the Surgery of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care
This manual provides guidance for policymakers on the issue of prehospital trauma care systems. The main areas covered include the organisation of the prehospital trauma care system, capacity development, data collection, transportation and communication, as well as ethical and legal considerations
This publication list provides links to resources available on the Trauma Care Foundation (TCF) website. TCF operates rural trauma systems for victims of injuries from wars, mine field and cluster bombs in Cambodia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nepal and Vietnam. Related research articles and publications are provided for the following subtopics: prehospital care and triage; postinjury malaria; delivery life support; and trauma surgery. This site is useful for people seeking information about trauma care and surgery in developing countries
This expansive facilitator's guide deals with psychosocial interventions concerning multiple causes of trauma such as HIV and AIDS and post-conflict situations. The guide offers technical advice to the implementor which is usefully augmented by diagrams, ideas for games and other useful interventions
This manual is a guide to psychosocial interventions to help people cope with the emotional effects of disasters. Some are direct responses to the trauma of disasters, while others are longer-term responses. Even more than the physical effects of disasters, the emotional effects cause long-lasting suffering, disability and loss of income
This is a practical manual about mental health care, aimed at community health workers, primary care nurses, social workers and primary care doctors. It describes more than 30 clinical problems associated with mental illness, using a problem-solving approach to guide the reader through their assessment and management. It addresses the lack of understanding of mental health among many health workers
Regional or Country Specific
This factsheet offers concise information on the degree to which African countries have used cluster munitions and their current level of involvement in the Oslo process
This report addresses key questions related to the landmine removal process. They include: who carries out demining and what was their record during the conflict? Who benefits politically from the aid given to support mine action? Who act as ‘middlemen’ between international donors and the local deminers and to what uses do they put their profit?
This report highlights three components of Handicap International's Mine Risk Education project in Angola. The first involves networking in the Angolan context and the associated lessons, constraints and the strengths. The second, is a discussion on the evolution of the community-based approach in Angola. Lastly, this report discusses the strengths and weaknesses of partnerships made with local NGOs
This report consists of a detailed assessment of the use of cluster munitions in Kosovo. More specifically, it draws on data sets to examine the claims and counterclaims of humanitarian organisations and of user governments. It concludes with an analysis of how key governments responded to lessons learned from cluster munition use and there impact in Kosovo
This resource examines the type of munitions that comprise ERW (unexploded remnants) in Sri Lanka and the short- and long-term impact on the lives of individuals and communities. The aim is to advocate against the use by presenting the humanitarian and economic risks
This report investigates the use of cluster bombs in Afghanistan, by the United States. This work argues that despite advances that have improved the accuracy and targeting of cluster bombs they still predominantly and unjustly impact civilians. This report also examines the after effect of cluster munitions and offers a set of legislative recommendations
The aim of this report is to advocate against the use of cluster munitions by highlighting the damage they have caused in Lebanon. The purpose is to emphasise the inadequacy of current international humanitarian law as a mechanism for effectively controlling the impact of cluster munitions
This report concerns mine risk education in Somalia. It provides the basis for a more enhanced understanding of the selected communities in Somalia and could be used to guide and adapt the planning and design of locally appropriate mine risk education programmes
This document is a transcript of a presentation advocating for the prohibition of submunitions. It highlights the rise in casualties caused by unexploded organic and submunitions despite clearance activities in Laos and Cambodia
Includes references to over 24,000 materials about international rehabilitation research conducted outside the USA. Most of the references include abstracts or links to the full text of the material. The database offers a detailed search facility allowing users to select broad, narrow or related search terms from a detailed thesaurus, as well as specify geographical region, language, or year of publication of materials. A very useful database, materials indexed are mainly articles from a wide range of journals including 'Disability and Rehabilitation', 'Asia and Pacific Journal on Disabilty', and 'International Journal of Rehabilitation Research'. In addition to indexing from mainstream journals and internet sites, CIRRIE also includes citations to resources not readily available to U.S. researchers
This well-known manual contains a wealth of information that is crucial for therapists, professionals and community groups. It deals comprehensively with all common childhood disabilities including polio, cerebral palsy, juvenile arthritis, blindness and deafness. It provides clear, detailed information and easy-to-implement ideas for rehabilitation at the village level, the development of skills, making low-cost aids and the prevention of disabilities
This handbook looks at the activities used in the GTZ (German Agency for Technical Co-operation) pilot project called "Rehabilitation through sports activities for children and young people in war-affected countries". The project aimed to strengthen disabled children both physically and mentally by promoting their rehabilitation, social integration and capacity for self help. The handbook provides basic guidelines for the implementation of sports and games as a means of rehabilitation and integration, building on the experiences from workshops in Angola and Cambodia, which tested 12 games. It includes an evaluation sheet that can be adapted and used
This article describes the challenges of providing landmine victims and other disabled persons in developing countries with the support and services they need to recover. The author explains that a holistic approach to rehabilitative care is necessary and applies this principle to community-based rehabilitation
This paper aims to close the gap in knowledge and culture between the disability and the micro finance communities. Resource-based theory is applied to analyse when microcredit for disabled persons is an appropriate tool and when it is not. General recommendations are provided for the inclusion of disabled entrepreneurs, as well as lists of recommendations that are both easy to understand and to apply for micro fiance institutions, disabled people's organisations and donors. This paper is useful for academics, professionals and organisations interested in micro finance for people with disabilities in developing countries | <urn:uuid:3642b0fa-bec2-4e2a-8bd2-896a60e164a0> | {
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As physicists strive to cool atoms down to ever more frigid temperatures, they face the daunting task of developing new, reliable ways of measuring these extreme lows.
Now a team of physicists has devised a thermometer that can potentially measure temperatures as low as tens of trillionths of a degree above absolute zero. Their experiment is reported in the current issue of Physical Review Letters and highlighted with a Viewpoint in the December 7 issue of Physics (http://physics.aps.org.)
Physicists can currently cool atoms to a few billionths of a degree, but even this is too hot for certain applications. For example, Richard Feynman dreamed of using ultracold atoms to simulate the complex quantum mechanical behavior of electrons in certain materials. This would require the atoms to be lowered to temperatures at least a hundred times colder than what has ever been achieved. Unfortunately, thermometers that can measure temperatures of a few billionths of a degree rely on physics that doesn't apply at these extremely low temperatures.
Now a team at the MIT-Harvard Center for Ultra-Cold Atoms has developed a thermometer that can work in this unprecedentedly cold regime. The trick is to place the system in a magnetic field, and then measure the atoms' average magnetization. By determining a handful of easily-measured properties, the physicists extracted the temperature of the system from the magnetization. While they demonstrated the method on atoms cooled to one billionth of a degree, they also showed that it should work for atoms hundreds of times cooler, meaning the thermometer will be an invaluable tool for physicists pushing the cold frontier.
James Riordon | EurekAlert!
New quantum liquid crystals may play role in future of computers
21.04.2017 | California Institute of Technology
Light rays from a supernova bent by the curvature of space-time around a galaxy
21.04.2017 | Stockholm University
The nearby, giant radio galaxy M87 hosts a supermassive black hole (BH) and is well-known for its bright jet dominating the spectrum over ten orders of magnitude in frequency. Due to its proximity, jet prominence, and the large black hole mass, M87 is the best laboratory for investigating the formation, acceleration, and collimation of relativistic jets. A research team led by Silke Britzen from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany, has found strong indication for turbulent processes connecting the accretion disk and the jet of that galaxy providing insights into the longstanding problem of the origin of astrophysical jets.
Supermassive black holes form some of the most enigmatic phenomena in astrophysics. Their enormous energy output is supposed to be generated by the...
The probability to find a certain number of photons inside a laser pulse usually corresponds to a classical distribution of independent events, the so-called...
Microprocessors based on atomically thin materials hold the promise of the evolution of traditional processors as well as new applications in the field of flexible electronics. Now, a TU Wien research team led by Thomas Müller has made a breakthrough in this field as part of an ongoing research project.
Two-dimensional materials, or 2D materials for short, are extremely versatile, although – or often more precisely because – they are made up of just one or a...
Two researchers at Heidelberg University have developed a model system that enables a better understanding of the processes in a quantum-physical experiment...
Glaciers might seem rather inhospitable environments. However, they are home to a diverse and vibrant microbial community. It’s becoming increasingly clear that they play a bigger role in the carbon cycle than previously thought.
A new study, now published in the journal Nature Geoscience, shows how microbial communities in melting glaciers contribute to the Earth’s carbon cycle, a...
20.04.2017 | Event News
18.04.2017 | Event News
03.04.2017 | Event News
21.04.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
21.04.2017 | Health and Medicine
21.04.2017 | Physics and Astronomy | <urn:uuid:b088b76c-6deb-41bf-9ee1-5ddb645f2b80> | {
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Emperor Xian of Han
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (December 2013)|
A Qing dynasty illustration of Emperor Xian (center), Consort Dong (left) and Empress Fu Shou (right)
|Reign||28 September 189 – 10 December 220|
|Regent||Dong Zhuo, Li Jue, Guo Si, Cao Cao|
|Issue||7 sons and 3 daughters|
|Father||Emperor Ling of Han|
|Died||234 (aged 52–53)|
|Emperor Xian of Han|
Emperor Xian of Han (181 – 21 April 234; reigned 189–220), personal name Liu Xie, courtesy name Bohe, was the last emperor of the Han dynasty period of Chinese history. He was forced to abdicate in favor of Cao Pi and was given the title of Duke of Shanyang.
Emperor Xian was the son of Emperor Ling and was the brother of Emperor Shao (who later became known as Prince of Hongnong). He was placed on the throne in 189 after Dong Zhuo removed his brother from the throne. This act was seen as a sign to all the other lords that Dong Zhuo was in full control of the empire. However, after Dong Zhuo was assassinated in 192, Emperor Xian became first a puppet and then was stranded in Luoyang with the warlords formally acknowledging him but giving him no aid. Eventually, Emperor Xian came under the control of Cao Cao in 196, and Cao used Emperor Xian as a nominal ruler effectively, issuing edicts beneficial to him in Emperor Xian's name, greatly helping him in his quest to reunify the empire, which appeared inevitable until Cao Cao's defeat by Sun Quan and Liu Bei at the Battle of Red Cliffs, leading to Sun and Liu's entrenchment in their territories. In 220, the Han dynasty was finally deposed by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi, ending more than 400 years of Han dynastic rule and ushering in the era of the Three Kingdoms.
Although Emperor Xian was demoted to a rank of nobility (Duke of Shanyang), he lived in comfort and enjoyed preferential treatment. He died in 234 at the age of 53, 14 years after the fall of his dynasty.
Liu Xie was born in 181 to Emperor Ling and his Consort Wang. During her pregnancy, Consort Wang, fearful of Emperor Ling's Empress He, had taken drugs that were intended to induce an abortion, but was not successful in her attempt. Soon after she gave birth to Liu Xie, the jealous Empress He poisoned her by putting poison in her food. Emperor Ling was enraged and wanted to depose her, but the eunuchs pleaded on her behalf, and she was not deposed. Liu Xie was raised personally by Emperor Ling's mother Empress Dowager Dong and known by the circumspect title "Marquess Dong". (This is due to superstition; Emperor Ling had lost a number of sons previously, and therefore both Liu Xie and his older brother Liu Bian were known by such titles; Liu Bian, having been raised by Shi Zimiao (史子眇), was known as "Marquess Shi"). Liu Bian was born of the empress and was older, but Emperor Ling viewed his behavior as being insufficiently solemn and therefore considered appointing Liu Xie as his crown prince, but hesitated and could not decide.
When Emperor Ling died in 189, an influential eunuch official whom he trusted, Jian Shuo, wanted to first kill Empress He's brother, General-in-Chief He Jin, and then install Liu Xie on the throne, and therefore set up a trap at a meeting he was to have with He Jin. He Jin found out, and pre-emptively declared Liu Bian as Emperor Shao. Later that year, Emperor Shao granted Liu Xie the title of Prince of Bohai, and later changed his title to Prince of Chenliu (陈留王).
Accession to the throne and collapse of the Han dynasty
Rise of Dong Zhuo
After Liu Bian became emperor, He Jin became the most powerful official in the imperial court, and he and his advisor Yuan Shao quickly entered into a conspiracy to exterminate the eunuchs. They were, however, rebuffed by Empress Dowager He, and they hatched the plan to secretly order a number of generals to advance on the capital Luoyang to force Empress Dowager He to agree to their demands. One of these generals was Dong Zhuo, who saw this as an opportunity to control the central government.
He Jin's plan was discovered by the eunuchs, who laid a trap for him and killed him. Yuan Shao then led his forces into the palace and killed the majority of the eunuchs. The remaining eunuchs initially took the young emperor and Liu Xie hostage, but were eventually forced to commit suicide when the battle turned against them. When Dong Zhuo then arrived on scene, he, impressed with his own power and unimpressed with the nervous Emperor Shao, forced the young emperor to yield the throne to Liu Xie (partly because he was raised by Empress Dowager Dong who, while no relation to Dong Zhuo, was therefore respected by Dong Zhuo), who then ascended the throne as Emperor Xian. Dong Zhuo then murdered Empress Dowager He and the former Emperor Shao, and became firmly in control of the political scene.
Forced relocation west and the death of Dong Zhuo
In the spring of 190, a number of local officials, loosely forming a coalition led by Yuan Shao, quickly rose up against Dong Zhuo. Even though they still feared Dong Zhuo's military power and did not directly advance on Luoyang, Dong Zhuo was also fearful of their collective strength, and therefore determined to move the capital west to the old Western Han capital Chang'an, closer to his power base in Liang Province (涼州; covering present-day Gansu). On 9 April 190, he forced Emperor Xian to relocate to Chang'an and set fire to Luoyang, leaving it largely in ruins.
After the revolting coalition collapsed, a number of officials, led by Wang Yun and Dong Zhuo's adopted son Lü Bu, assassinated Dong on 22 May 192. For a while, it appeared that the Han regime might return to normal, as Wang Yun quickly established relatively friendly relations with the local officials resisting Dong but by this time acting more as local warlords. However, due to Wang Yun's failure to pacify Dong Zhuo's former subordinates, they rose in revolt and killed Wang.
Return to Luoyang's ruins
Dong Zhuo's former subordinates, led by Li Jue and Guo Si, took Emperor Xian and the imperial court under their control. However, Li Jue and Guo Si did not have serious ambitions, and their incompetence in governance furthered the breakdown of the Han empire into warlord regimes. In 195, Li Jue and Guo Si had a major fallout, and Li took Emperor Xian hostage while Guo took the officials hostage as they battled. Later in the year, after peace talks between Li Jue and Guo Si, they agreed to allow Emperor Xian to return to Luoyang, but as soon as Emperor Xian departed Chang'an, they regretted and chased him with their troops. While they were never able to capture him, Emperor Xian's court was rendered poor and unable to fend for itself, and once it returned to Luoyang, it lacked even the basic essentials of life. Many officials starved to death. At this time, Yuan Shao's strategist Ju Shou suggested that he welcome Emperor Xian to his province so that he could effectively be in control of the central government, but the other strategists Guo Tu and Chunyu Qiong opposed — under the faulty logic that if he did, he would have to yield to Emperor Xian on key decisions. Yuan Shao listened to Guo Tu and Chunyu Qiong and never again considered welcoming Emperor Xian.
Tight control by Cao Cao
What Yuan Shao would not do, Cao Cao did. Cao Cao was at this time a relatively minor warlord, as the governor of Yan Province (兗州; covering present-day western Shandong and eastern Henan), with his headquarters at Xu (present-day Xuchang, Henan). He saw the strategic advantage in having the emperor under his control and protection, and in 196 he marched west to Luoyang and, after securing an agreement with Emperor Xian's generals Dong Cheng and Yang Feng, convincing them of his loyalty, he entered Luoyang and technically shared power with Dong and Yang, but was in fact in command. Unlike the situation with Dong Zhuo, though, Cao Cao knew how to assuage the other generals and nobles, and while he gave them little power, he made sure that they remained honoured, so minimal opposition against him developed at the imperial court. He then moved the capital to Xu to affirm his control over the central government, and while Yang Feng opposed him, he defeated Yang and was able to move the capital.
Cao Cao then began to issue imperial edicts in Emperor Xian's name — including a harshly-worded edict condemning Yuan Shao for taking over nearby provinces — even though it still bestowed Yuan with the highly honorific post of commander of the armed forces as well as a march. Cao Cao and Emperor Xian maintained a superficially cordial relationship, but this did not prevent two major confrontations involving Cao and other court officials.
In early 199, as Cao Cao was facing a major military confrontation against Yuan Shao, Dong Cheng claimed to have received a secret edict issued by Emperor Xian (hidden in a belt), and he entered into a conspiracy with Liu Bei, Zhong Ji (种輯), and Wang Fu (王服) to assassinate Cao. Late in 199, Liu Bei started a rebellion and waited for Dong Cheng to act in the capital, but in 200, Dong's conspiracy was discovered, and he, along with Zhong Ji and Wang Fu, were killed. Liu Bei was later defeated by Cao Cao and forced to flee to Yuan Shao's territory. Dong Cheng's daughter, an imperial consort, was pregnant, and Emperor Xian personally tried to intercede for her, but Cao Cao had her executed anyway.
Emperor Xian's Empress Fu Shou, angry and fearful about how Consort Dong died, wrote her father, Fu Wan (伏完), a letter accusing Cao Cao of cruelty, and implicitly asking her father to start a new conspiracy against Cao. Fu Wan was fearful of Cao Cao and never acted on the letter, in 214, her letter was discovered. Cao Cao was extremely angry and forced Emperor Xian to have Empress Fu deposed. Emperor Xian was hesitant, and Cao Cao sent his soldiers into the palace to put pressure on the emperor. Empress Fu hid inside the walls, but was finally discovered and dragged out. As she was led away, she cried out to Emperor Xian for him to save her life, but his only response was that he could not even know what would happen to him. She was killed, along with her two sons and family. Cao Cao soon forced Emperor Xian to instate his daughter Cao Jie, then an imperial consort, as the new empress.
Abdication and death
Cao Cao died on 15 March 220. His son and successor, Cao Pi, soon forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in favor of himself, ending the Han dynasty. Cao Pi established a new state known as Cao Wei (sometimes known inaccurately as the Kingdom of Wei), and he granted Emperor Xian a title – Duke of Shanyang (山陽公). The former Emperor Xian died in 234 and was buried with honors due an emperor, using Han ceremonies, and the then emperor of Wei, Cao Rui, was one of the mourners. As Emperor Xian's crown prince was already dead, his grandson Liu Kang (劉康) inherited his dukedom, which lasted for 75 more years and two more dukes, Liu Jin (劉瑾) and Liu Qiu (劉秋), until the line was exterminated by invading Xiongnu tribes in about 309, during the Jin dynasty.
- 189: Yonghan (simplified Chinese: 永汉; traditional Chinese: 永漢; pinyin: Yǒnghàn)
- 190–193: Chuping (Chinese: 初平; pinyin: Chūpíng)
- 194–195: Xingping (simplified Chinese: 兴平; traditional Chinese: 興平; pinyin: Xīngpíng)
- 196–220: Jian'an (Chinese: 建安; pinyin: Jiàn'ān)
- 220: Yankang (Chinese: 延康; pinyin: Yánkāng)
- Father: Emperor Ling of Han
- Mother: Consort Wang
- Liu Feng (劉馮), the Prince of Nanyang (created and d. 200)
- Liu Xi (劉熙), the Prince of Jiying (instated in 204)
- Liu Yi (劉懿), the Prince of Shanyang (instated in 204)
- Liu Miao (劉邈), the Prince of Jibei (instated in 204)
- Liu Dun (劉敦), the Prince of Donghai (instated in 204)
- Two sons by Empress Fu, may be same as two of the above princes (born later than 200, killed by Cao Cao in 214)
- Crown Prince, name and mother unknown, died early but left a son named Liu Kang (劉康) who would succeed as Duke of Shanyang
- Two daughters who became Cao Pi's concubines
- Chen Shou (2002). Records of Three Kingdoms. Yue Lu Shu She. ISBN 7-80665-198-5.
- Fan Ye; Sima Biao (2009). Book of the Later Han. Yue Lu Shu She. ISBN 7-80761-107-3.
Emperor Xian of HanBorn: 181 Died: 234
Prince of Hongnong
|Emperor of China
with Dong Zhuo (189–192)
Li Jue (192–196)
Cao Cao (196–220)
Last known title holder:Liu Jing
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Jen Kramer explains that HTML, the hypertext mark up language, is useful for structuring documents for the web. It does not convey any look to the web page, however.
- [Narrator] HTML, a mysterious thing you've heard about for years. You know it's required in order to make a website work, you know it as scary or frustrating and definitely more than a little mysterious. Even though it's fundamental to running the web, you don't know much about it, but now you're being called on to edit some website somewhere and you'd like to learn more about HTML. Let's start with the basics. HTML is the "Hypertext Markup Language". That's what HTML stands for, but that doesn't mean much does it? What on Earth are we talking about? According to the World Wide Web Consortium, hypertext is a word that was coined in the 1960's to mean text which contains links to other texts.
The website Tech Terms defines a mark-up language as computer language that uses tags to define elements within a document. HTML is one of the most commonly used mark-up languages. So to put that altogether and what does that mean, HTML is all about identifying commonly used structural elements like paragraphs, headings, lists, links, and more. We're going to use tags to identify these elements in our text so computers will understand the structure of a document.
This will make help with searching documents, search engine optimization, and making documents accessible to those with disabilities. So, let's go over those key points again. First, HTML is all about the page structure. Notice we haven't mentioned making something blue or a different font, that is not part of HTML. That is CSS or Cascading Style Sheet, which are beyond the scope of this course. Your web browser has a certain horrible, ugly look that it assigns to raw HTML, but HTML has no inherent look of it's own.
CSS can be used to make your webpage look however you want it to look. Second, HTML is all about the tags. There's a tag for every need it seems and I'm going to go over several of the most commonly used tags in this course, however, there are many other tags that you can work with. Finally, the right tag for the right structure. If you're representing a paragraph, use a paragraph tag. If it's a quote, use a quote tag. We'll talk more about this in future videos.
So, let's quickly go through how HTML is formed. Here's an example of a link. This is made up of opening and closing tags in this case, the "a tag". A stands for "anchor" and it's used in creating links. You'll notice in the opening tag, we have a few modifiers available to us. These are called attributes. The "H ref" attribute stands for "hypertext reference". In other words, where do we want this link to go? The underscore target attribute addresses where we would like this link to open.
In this case, we want it to open in a new window rather than the default behavior of opening the link in the same window that we're already looking at. The words in between the opening and the closing tags are the text that's effected by those tags. In this case, the text will function on the page as a link. How will it look? Well, that depends on what the CSS says. By default, links are blue and underlined according to our browser's style sheet, but it's likely your website developers have overwritten that behavior and made it look somewhat different.
Finally, you can have tags nested inside of tags. Here, I've used the paragraph tag or "p tag" to wrap all the way around our text. I moved the location of the "a tag" to surround the words "Lynda.com", notice that the tags are nested inside of each other like wooden dolls. The "a tag" is completely contained within the paragraph. That's the proper way to work with your HTML tags. You can't close the paragraph before all of the other tags inside are closed.
Occasionally, you'll find a tag that doesn't need to be closed like the image tag. But generally speaking, tags are required to be closed. Now that you've been introduced to the concepts of a tag, an attribute, and how tags nest, let's look at other tags in our HTML document.
- Working with head and body tags
- Nesting one list inside of another
- Creating links within a page
- Linking to PDF files
- Quoting and citing text
- Fixing HTML in MailChimp | <urn:uuid:b2bf62c2-4f97-477c-bae5-066e099df153> | {
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- Course: Dessert, Snack
- Total Time: Under 2 Hours
- Skill Level: Moderate
- Cost: Inexpensive
- Favorited: 16 Times
On February 3, 1994 (Season 5, Episode Number 77), Jerry Seinfeld, waiting on line in a New York City bakery, used Black and Whites as a metaphor for racial harmony and consequently made these cookie-cakes into a national sensation. Since then, everyone who comes to New York City needs to eat a Black and White. Meanwhile, native New Yorkers laugh to themselves. Black and Whites were never very good, and nowadays they’re worse. A few bakeries would bake a tender, vanilla-and-lemon-scented cake, as the one below, but most would bake a dry and tasteless cake. Now they are sold in corner grocery stores.
Not a cookie, but sometimes called a cookie, Black and Whites are made with a stiff cake batter, baked into a mound, free-form on a cookie sheet. The curved top becomes the bottom. The flat bottom becomes the top and gets slicked, harlequin style—half with chocolate, half with vanilla fondant.
No one seems to know who invented the Black and White, or where it was first created. George Greenstein, a second-generation Jewish baker who has devoted his retirement to translating the old New York neighborhood bakery recipes into contemporary home recipes (Secrets of a Jewish Baker), feels they must have been invented at the beginning of the twentieth century by a baker looking for yet another way to use his standard yellow cake. They were clever. They caught on. They got copied all over town.
- 1 1/3 cups granulated sugar
- 1 cup solid vegetable shortening, at room temperature
- ½ cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, at room temperature
- 2 teaspoons light corn syrup
- 4 eggs, at room temperature
- 2¼ cups cake flour
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 2 teaspoons baking powder
- ½ teaspoon salt
- 2/3 cup milk
- 2 teaspoons vanilla
- ¼ teaspoon lemon flavoring
- 1/8 teaspoon orange flavoring
For vanilla icing:
- 1½ pounds confectioners’ sugar, sifted
- ¾ cup light corn syrup
- ¼ cup water
- ½ teaspoon vanilla extract
For chocolate icing:
- 1 recipe vanilla icing
- 4 ounces semisweet chocolate, melted
Preheat the oven to 400° F. Cut parchment paper to cover a large baking sheet. If making large cookies, trace four 4½-inch circles on each sheet of parchment. If making smaller cookies, trace four 3½-inch circles. Place oven rack in the center of the oven.
In a large bowl, using a hand-held or stand mixer, cream together the sugar, shortening, and butter until light and fluffy.
Reduce speed to medium and add the corn syrup, then the eggs, one at a time, beating after each until just incorporated.
In another large bowl, combine the flours, baking powder, and salt.
On medium speed, beat the dry ingredient mixture into the creamed mixture, alternating with milk, and beginning and ending with dry ingredients. Add vanilla, lemon, and orange flavorings.
To make large cookies, place ½ cup batter in the center of each circle and spread evenly with the back of a spoon or rubber spatula to fill the outline. Bake one tray at a time for 10 minutes, or until the bottoms are golden.
To make smaller cookies, spread ¾ cup batter in each circle. Bake one tray at a time, for 8 minutes, or until the bottoms are golden.
To make the vanilla icing, combine the ingredients in the top of a double boiler over barely simmering water. Stir until well combined. The mixture will be thick. Cook to 100 degrees. If too thick, add a few drops of water. Remove from heat; keep icing over hot water.
Turn cookies over and frost one half of the flat side with vanilla icing. You can use a piece of wax paper as a guide for an even line of icing. Using a pastry brush (or paintbrush) instead of a spatula or knife gives the smoothest surface. To keep icing glossy, don’t go over it too much. Place on a rack to dry.
To make chocolate icing, add melted chocolate to vanilla icing. Apply the chocolate icing when the vanilla icing dries.
© 2004 Arthur Schwartz
Nutritional information is based on 18 servings and half of the icing recipes.
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Chapter 12: Congenital Rubella Syndrome.
Susan Reef, MD and Victor Coronado, MD
I. Disease description
Rubella is a viral illness caused by a togavirus of the genus Rubivirus. Children usually develop few or no constitutional symptoms, but adults may experience a 1-5 day prodrome of low-grade fever, headache, malaise, mild coryza, and conjunctivitis. Arthralgia or arthritis may occur in up to 70% of adult women with rubella. When rubella infection occurs during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, fetal infection is likely and often causes congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), resulting in abortions, miscarriages, stillbirths, and severe birth defects. Up to 20% of the infants born to mothers infected during the first half of pregnancy have CRS. The most common congenital defects are cataracts, heart disease, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
The number of reported cases of congenital rubella syndrome in the United States has declined more than 97.4% from 77 cases in 1970 to a total of 2 cases in 1996.1-3 Between 1990 and 1996, 92 cases of CRS have been reported to the National Congenital Rubella Syndrome Registry. Of these cases, 75 (82%) were indigenous, and 17 (18%) were imported.
III. Importance of rapid case identification
Infants with CRS should be identified as early in life as possible in order to prevent further spread of the virus. Additionally, early diagnosis will facilitate early intervention for specific disabilities. Infants with CRS may shed virus for a prolonged period and should be considered infectious until they are at least 1 year old or until their urine and pharyngeal viral cultures, taken every month, are repeatedly negative for rubella.
IV. Importance of surveillance
The goal of a rubella vaccination program is to prevent CRS. Surveillance data are used to identify groups of persons or areas in which additional disease control efforts (such as immunization) are required to reduce disease incidence, and to evaluate the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and policies.
V. Disease reduction goals
As part of the year 2000 objectives, a goal was established for the elimination of indigenous rubella and CRS in the United States by the year 2000.
VI. Case definitions
The following case definition for congenital rubella syndrome has been approved by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), and was published in May 1997 (Appendix 1).4
An illness, usually manifesting in infancy, resulting from rubella infection in utero and characterized by signs or symptoms from the following categories:
Presence of any defects or laboratory data consistent with congenital rubella infection.
Laboratory criteria for diagnosis
Suspected: A case with some compatible clinical findings but not meeting the criteria for a probable case.
Probable: A case that is not laboratory confirmed and that has any two complications listed in first paragraph of the clinical description or one complication from first paragraph and one from second paragraph, and lacks evidence of any other etiology.
Confirmed: A clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed.
Infection only: A case that demonstrates laboratory evidence of infection, but without any clinical symptoms or signs.
Note: In probable cases, either or both of the eye-related findings (cataracts and congenital glaucoma) count as a single complication. In cases classified as infection only, if any compatible signs or symptoms (e.g., hearing loss) are identified later, the case is reclassified as confirmed.
Indigenous case. Any case which cannot be proved to be imported.
Imported case. A case which has its source outside the reporting state.
Laboratory confirmation can be obtained by any of the following:
The serologic tests available for laboratory confirmation of CRS infections vary among laboratories. The following tests are widely available and may be used for screening for laboratory confirmation of disease. The state health department can provide guidance on available laboratory services and preferred tests.
Rubella virus can be isolated from nasal, blood, throat, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens from rubella and CRS cases. Efforts should be made to obtain clinical specimens (particularly pharyngeal swabs and urine specimens) for viral isolation from infants at the time of the initial investigation (Appendix 5). However, infants with CRS may shed virus for a prolonged period so specimens obtained later may also yield rubella virus. Specimens for virus isolation (urine specimens and pharyngeal swabs) should be obtained monthly until cultures are repeatedly negative.
Virus isolates are extremely important for molecular epidemiologic surveillance to help determine 1) the origin of the virus, 2) virus strains circulating in the U.S., and 3) whether these strains have become endemic in the U.S.5 Specimens for virus isolation should be sent to CDC for molecular typing as directed by the state health department.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Although detection of rubella virus by PCR is not included as confirmatory in the case definition, the test does provide presumption evidence of rubella infection. In the United Kingdom, there has been extensive evaluation of PCR for detection of rubella virus in clinical specimens, documenting its usefulness. 6,7 Clinical specimens obtained for virus isolation and sent to CDC are routinely screened by PCR. Further validation is needed of classification of cases that test positive by PCR in the absence of virus isolation.
Each state and territory has regulations and/or laws governing the reporting of diseases and conditions of public health importance (Appendix 2).8 These regulations/laws list the diseases which are to be reported, and describe those persons or groups who are responsible for reporting, such as health care providers, hospitals, laboratories, schools, day care facilities, and other institutions. Contact your state health department for reporting requirements in your state.
Reporting to CDC
Provisional reports of rubella and CRS cases should be sent by the state health department to CDC via the National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance (NETSS) within 14 days of the initial report to the state or local health department. Reporting should not be delayed because of incomplete information or lack of confirmation.
In addition, each possible and confirmed case of CRS should be reported to the National Congenital Rubella Syndrome Registry (NCRSR), National Immunization Program (NIP), CDC. The NCRSR case report form (Appendix 17) is used to collect clinical and laboratory information on cases of CRS that are reported by state and local health departments. NCRSR cases are classified by year of patient's birth. Although case report forms should be as complete as possible before case reporting, lack of complete information should not delay the reporting.
Information to collect
The following data are epidemiologically important and should be collected in the course of case investigation. Additional information may also be collected at the direction of the state health department.
Maternal history including
--Date of rubella vaccination(s)
--Dates and results of previous serologic tests for rubella immunity
--History or documentation of rubella infection during pregnancy
--If possible, country of birth
Clinical details (e.g., cataracts, hearing loss, mental retardation, type of congenital heart defect, meningoencephalitis, microcephaly)
Laboratory information including types and results of laboratory testing performed on both mother and child
Although use of rubella vaccine is contraindicated in pregnant women or women planning pregnancy within 3 months, inadvertent administration of the vaccine to pregnant women does occur. In order to evaluate the risk to the fetus of exposure to attenuated rubella vaccine virus, a pregnancy registry was established. By April 1989 when the registry was discontinued, vaccination of 700 women with the RA 27/3 rubella vaccine within 3 months of conception was reported. Among the 289 women who were known to be susceptible at the time of vaccination, outcomes of pregnancy are known for 275 (94%); 83% delivered living infants, all 229 of whom were free of defects associated with CRS. Rubella-specific IgM was detected in three infants, but all three were normal on physical examination. These data are consistent with results reported from other countries, suggesting that if live attenuated rubella vaccine causes defects associated with CRS, it does so at a very low rate (<1.6%).
X. Enhancing Surveillance
The following activities may be undertaken to improve the detection and reporting of cases, and to improve the comprehensiveness and quality of surveillance for rubella and CRS. Additional guidelines for enhancing surveillance are given in Chapter 16.
Active surveillance. Following an outbreak of rubella, an active surveillance system for CRS should be established among health care providers, clinics, and hospitals in the outbreak area beginning 6-9 months after the rubella outbreak.
Searching laboratory records. Audits of laboratory records may provide reliable evidence of previously unreported serologically confirmed or culture-confirmed cases of congenital rubella syndrome. Infants with CRS have been identified by including the serological results for TORCH agents in audits of laboratory records.
Comparing other data sets. Birth defects registries may reveal unreported CRS cases.(1)Ç rubella syndrome, 1980-1990. Epidemiol Rev 1991;13:341-8.
3. CDC. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome - United States, 1994-1997. MMWR 1997;46:350-4.
4. CDC. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR 1997;46(RR-10):30.
5. Frey TK, Abernathy ES. Identification of strain-specific nucleotide sequences in the RA 27/3 rubella virus vaccine. J Infect Dis 1993;168:854-64.
6. Bosma TJ, Corbett KM, O'Shea S, Banatvala JE, Best JM. PCR for detection of rubella virus RNA in clinical samples. J Clin Micro 1995;33:1075-9.
7. Bosma TJ, Corbett KM, Eckstein MB, O'Shea S, Vijayalakshmi P, Banatvala JE, Morton K, Best JM. Use of PCR for prenatal and postnatal diagnosis of congenital rubella. J Clin Micro 1995;33:2881-7.
8. CDC. Mandatory reporting of infectious diseases by clinicians. MMWR 1990;39(RR-9):1-17.
9. Garner JS. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Cont Hosp Epid 1996;17:53-80.
10. Greaves WL, Orenstein WA, Stetler HC, et al.
Prevention of rubella transmission in medical facilities. JAMA 1982;248:861-4. | <urn:uuid:41b0627a-3904-43e4-9c74-a7899e57d82e> | {
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On April 3 1973, Motorola Researcher and Executive, Dr. Martin Copper, made the first handheld mobile and also made the first call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S.
Motorola became the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. Handheld is a term which is used to describe something which is designed to be held in hand. In 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.
The prototype handheld phone was first used by Dr. Martin Copper.
The weight of first handheld phone was 1.1 kg (2.42 lb) and measured 23 cm long, 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide.
The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to recharge.
John F Mitchell, Motorola’s chief of portable communication products and Copper’s boss in in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile phone equipment.
Mitchell successfully pressed Motorola to develop the wireless communication system products that would be small enough to use anywhere and share in the design of the cellular phone.
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Irvine, Calif., Sept. 2, 2014 — Freshwater runoff from the Sierra Nevada may decrease by as much as one-quarter by 2100 due to climate warming on the high slopes, according to scientists at UC Irvine and UC Merced.
Accelerated plant growth at higher elevations caused by increasing temperatures would trigger more water absorption and evaporation, accounting for the projected runoff declines, the researchers add.
A diminished river flow will only add to the burden of providing resources to the thirsty farms and homes that rely on it. The state is currently experiencing a severe drought, and some reservoirs and groundwater levels are at all-time lows.
The study findings appear this week in the early online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“Scientists have recognized for a while that something like this was possible, but no one had been able to quantify whether it could be a big effect,” said UCI professor of Earth system science Michael L. Goulden of the decreased runoff. “It’s clear that this could be a big effect of climate warming and that water managers need to recognize and plan for the possibility of increased water losses from forest evaporation.”
According to the researchers, runoff from mountain ranges is vulnerable to temperature hikes that lengthen growing seasons and result in more vegetation growth at high elevations. Snow-dominated mountain forests that are currently dormant in winter with cold temperatures have lower vegetative density and less evapotranspiration than downslope forests in the snow-rain transition zone, which have year-round growing seasons. Evapotranspiration is the combination of water evaporation from land and the loss of water through plant-leaf transpiration.
Goulden and UC Merced’s Roger C. Bales investigated the potential influence of a warming climate on evapotranspiration in the Kings River Basin in California’s Sierra Nevada and found resulting changes in the amount of freshwater mountain runoff available to serve surrounding communities.
They gauged water vapor emission rates and combined those measurements with remote sensing imagery to determine relationships among elevation, climate and evapotranspiration. According to the data, freshwater mountain runoff is highly sensitive to expanded vegetation growth.
The authors found that greater vegetation density at higher elevations in the Kings basin with the 4.1 degrees Celsius warming projected by climate models for 2100 could boost basin evapotranspiration by as much as 28 percent, with a corresponding 26 percent decrease in river flow.
Further, the relationships among evapotranspiration, temperature and vegetation density were similar across a broader area of the Sierra Nevada, suggesting that the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration and freshwater availability could be widespread.
“Most people have heard about the giant forests around Yosemite and Sequoia national parks, but these areas have not been a focus of this type of research. Understanding of Sierran hydrology has improved recently with the National Science Foundation’s Critical Zone Observatory, and data collected there allowed us to look at the problem from several perspectives,” Goulden said. “All of our analyses pointed in the same direction: An upslope expansion of forest with warming would cause a large increase in evaporative water loss and lead to reduced water availability.”
Bales is a professor of engineering and director of the Sierra Nevada Research Institute at UC Merced. The research was supported by the NSF, through the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory (EAR-0725097) and a major research instrumentation grant (EAR-0619947), and by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Terrestrial Ecosystem Science program.
About the University of California, Irvine: Founded in 1965, UCI is ranked first among U.S. universities under 50 years old by the London-based Times Higher Education and is the youngest member of the prestigious Association of American Universities. The campus has produced three Nobel laureates and is known for its academic achievement, premier research, innovation and anteater mascot. Currently under the leadership of interim Chancellor Howard Gillman, UCI has more than 28,000 students and offers 192 degree programs. Located in one of the world’s safest and most economically vibrant communities, it’s Orange County’s second-largest employer, contributing $4.3 billion annually to the local economy.
Media access: UC Irvine maintains an online directory of faculty available as experts to the media at communications.uci.edu/for-journalists/experts/. Radio programs/stations may, for a fee, use an on-campus ISDN line to interview UC Irvine faculty and experts, subject to availability and university approval. For more UC Irvine news, visit news.uci.edu. Additional resources for journalists may be found at communications.uci.edu/for-journalists. | <urn:uuid:22b0d87c-a7aa-4de0-ab1a-f15868035e1d> | {
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Comet 46P/Wirtanen is fast approaching its closest encounter with Earth on Dec. 16th. Despite this close approach, it is barely visible to the naked eye which is in part due to its tiny icy nucleus that is only about 1km. Compare that to some great comets of recent memory like Halley (~15km) and Hale-Bopp (~30km) and you can understand why. Currently, 46P/Wirtanen is only glowing bright enough to be barely visible to the naked eye and doesn’t have that long, blue, icy tail that we often imagine when we think of comets. However, a pair of binoculars, a backyard telescope or a digital camera will certainly make your viewing a lot easier.
Fortunately, if attempting to view a comet is something on your bucket list, you’re in luck this weekend as it looks as though Saturday night and Sunday night both appear to be clear or clearing. Saturday may have some lingering clouds from the system that has brought us rain and fog the past couple of days but those will certainly be out of the way by Sunday night. Additionally, you might even luck out and catch the some meteors since the tail end of the Geminid Meteor Shower is still going on! Viewing instructions are the same as they are for the meteor shower. Try and get away from city lights the best you can, give yourself 20-30 minutes for your eyes to adjust and use the image below to guide your eyes to the nearest constellation (Pleiades) to find the comet.
Since many of us may not be able to pick it out without a camera, telescope or binoculars, I wanted to take a look back at some past comets to see if there was any hope for a more substantial comet coming in the future. I think most of our followers can probably remember the 1996-1997 passage of Hale-Bopp which was visible in the sky for a staggering 18 months. I remember seeing that comet as a kid completely mesmerized. Who would have thought 20+ years later I’d be writing about one? Go back 10 years prior and some people may remember Halley’s comet in 1986 or one decade further in 1976 to Comet West, perhaps. In recent years, although not for the northern hemisphere, two major comets were seen – Comet McNaught (2007) and Comet Lovejoy (2011). From what I have been able to gather from my trusted websites online, it seems as though about every 5-10 years or so we can expect to see a comet. The more impressive ‘Great’ comets average return periods of 20-30 years. So, while we don’t have a more impressive comet in the immediate offing, we probably aren’t too many years away from another truly special comet. | <urn:uuid:8ec7d369-87ad-4f0d-bab5-28f4b73f74c4> | {
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This beautiful doodle was published by google in the Persian and Arabic countries last 10th June because in 10th June 940 the great Abû al-Wafâ’ al-Buzjanî was born in Persia. Since 959, he worked in the Caliph’s court in Baghdad among other distinguished mathematicians and scientists who remained in the city after Sharâf al-Dawlâh became the new caliph in 983. He continued to support mathematics and astronomy and built a new observatory in the gardens of his palace in Baghdad (June 988) which included a quadrant over 6 metres long and a sextant of 18 metres.
Abû al-Wafâ’ wrote commentaries on works of Euclid, Ptolemy, Diophantus and al-Khwârizmî, and his works were very important in the developement of Trigonometry and Astronomy.
Palma’s cathedral, also known as La Seu, like almost every building of this kind hide curiosities and mathematical facts that surprise due to the construction’s age. We can find trigonometry relations in a common cathedral or church, some of them even with a religious meaning behind. But in La Seu we can find two particular incidents that catch our eye. The first one happens every 2nd of February (2/2) and 11th of November (11/11), when the sunbeams go throw the east-faced rose window (known as Oculus Maior) and they are projected under the west-faced rose window, tangentially, in such a way that their centers lie on a line that is perpendicular to the ground.
It is not a coincidence the days in which the event takes place, as they are both in a similar position regarding the winter solstice. Thanks to this light effect and the data currently available on the internet, we can easily calculate La Seu’s orientation. When this phenomenon takes place, the direction of the sunbeams coincide with the nave’s orientation. Then, we only have to set the time and figure out the exact azimuth considering this time and geographic situation. With some of the available programs, we can find out that it has a value of 122,4º and the angle of solar elevation is 10,2º (both calculus with an error smaller than 0,5º!).
The other incident takes place during the days near to the winter solstice. We can stare at the sunrise going through both rose windows causing a rather impressive light effect. Then again, we can find the value of the azimuth which results in 120,3º. Curiously, the bell tower, which has a square base, doesn’t have an axis of symmetry parallel to the central nave, they are out of place about 10º from each other.
Like many others cathedrals and churches, this one is built on an ancient mosque. In this culture, it was very important to have the ”qibla” oriented towards Mecca, specifically, towards the Ka’ba, following the precepts of the Koran. The muslim domination in Mallorca happened between 903 and 1231. In this period of time, the solution of the “qibla problem” was already known, solved by al-Khwârizmî in the 9th century. In effect, if one traces the line segment bisector of the east-faced bell tower and lengths it over the terrestrial sphere it matches the Ka’ba with an astonishing precision.
You can read more information about these two facts in this interesting article.
This post has been written by Aina Ferra in the subject Història de les Matemàtiques (History of Mathematics, 2014-15)
Location: Cathedral of Palma (map)
The name of the Talaiotic culture comes from conic towers built with stones, probably used as a dwelling, watch towers and defense towers. These tables (“Taules” in Catalan) consist in a vertical rectangular stone and another one placed horizontally on its top, so the name of the table is given by the form of “T”. But… why these old monuments are mathematic? The front of most of them is oriented to the south! This orientation is related to the possible use as calendar in this former culture. The construction of the first monuments in Balearic islands dates from the end of the 2nd millenium BC to the beginnings of the 1st millenium BC. At this moment, these monuments began to proliferate on Mallorca and Menorca (there are 31 only in this small Mediterranean island!) appearing in isolated fashion as a territorial boundary stone.
The tables served as sanctuaries next to other monuments and all of them were built in almost the same latitude (and longitude?). For example, Sa naveta des Turons (latitude = 39.99º and longitude = 3.93º), Torretrencada (latitude = 40.003º and longitude = 3.89º) and Torre d’en Gaumès (latitude = 39.93º and longitude = 4.12º) seems to be aligned!
In 1996, Vicente Ibáñez Orts published his hypothesis on the Table explaining that their design was very well computed and not the result of chance. Regarding Torretrencada, it seems that the monument was built from some mathematical computation indicating that Talaiotic men had a system of writing numbers and a deep knowledge of arithmetic and geometry)
This post has been written by Laura Barber and Anabel Luís in the subject Història de les Matemàtiques (History of Mathematics, 2014-15).
Location: Torretrencada (map)
Today, the ancient Mayans are particularly famous by their incredible calendar. In fact, Mayans made a really powerful calendar inspired by astronomical events, as they really were essentially farmers and very superstitious. This is the reason why they didn’t have an unique counting system in their calendar, that is, they had ‘sub-calendars’ which different periods as reference. For example, they had a holy calendar (called Tzolkin), which had 260 days, and also a civil solar calendar (called Haab) with 365 days (it’s not clear what was the motivation for the Tzolkin). Tzolkin means “division of days” was probably based on the 224-day Venus sidereal period although there are some hypothesis which defend that it is related with the human gestation period. The Haab calendar consisted in 18 months of 20 days each plus an additional period of five days at the end of the year. It was first used around 500 BC. Mayans were so religious and these astronomical calendars were exposed in their most important buildings like the World-wide famous Temple of Kukulkan (“Feathered serpent”) in the archeological site of Chichen Itza. The temple was founded around 525 AD although the current building was completed between the 9th and the 12th centuries. The pyramid has four sides, each one with 91 steps, which adds up to 364 steps. If we count the last platform as a step we get 365 steps, which is equal to the days we find in the Haab calendar.
But the most famous thing about the Kukulkan’s temple is the descent of Kukulkan: during the autumn and spring equinoxes the late afternoon Sun strikes off the northwest corner of the pyramid and casts a series of triangular shadows against the northwest balustrade, creating the illusion of a feathered serpent ‘crawling’ down the pyramid. We should remark that the balustrade and corners of the pyramid are perfectly aligned, which makes us admire even more the work that Mayans had on the building:
The pyramid also shows us that Mayans had some knowledge about acoustics. If you stand in front of any of the four stairway and clap your hands, the pyramid reflects the sound in such way that you hear the sing of a quetzal, a bird from the jungle. It’s fascinating! Isn’t it? Moreover, the shaman was known as ‘the man with the great voice’, because when people met for a ritual, he didn’t have to speak loudly, as everybody could hear him perfectly.
From all these facts, we can easily conclude that mathematics in the ancient Mayan world wasn’t only a help for agriculture but a tool through which the leaders could control the population. In fact, in the picture below we can see the ruins of a Mayan school. Only those from the upper class had access to the education, and we can see from the building they truly wanted to keep it as a privilege!
The hole at the right of the picture was made by an adventurer who thought gold was hiding inside it and used dynamite to enter the building.
This post has been written by Roberto Lara Martín in the subject Història de les Matemàtiques (History of Mathematics, 2014-15).
Location: Chichen Itzá (map)
Abû al-Rayhân Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bîrûnî was born near Kath in the region of Khwârazm (now Kara-Kalpakskaya) in September 4, 973, and was died in Gbazna(?) after 1050. He lived in Kath and in Jurjanîyya and we know that he began his studies under Abû Nasr Mansûr (970-1036). He became a good mathematician and astronomer very fast and he measured the latitude of Kath observing the maximum altitude of the Sun when he was only 17 y.o. He also wrote some astronomical and mathematical works before 995 as we can check in his Cartography (a book about map projections).
About 995, al-Bîrûnî left the civil war in Khwârazm and moved to Rayy (now near Tehran) where he lived in poverty. We know that he worked with al-Khujandî who had a large sextant with which he had determined the obliquity of the ecliptic.
Through the observational data registered by him we know that he spent some days in Rayy and that he was back in his birthplace in 1004. That year he became protected by the rulers of the region and he got enough money to build an instrument at Jurjanîyya to observe solar meridian transits. He made observations with it in 1016 and one year later he and Abû Nasr Mansûr were made prisoners by Mahmûd, the new ruler of Khwârazm. Al-Bîrûnî continued working as astronomer but he had a lot of problems with victorious Mahmûd. However, between 1018 and 1020 he made observations from Ghazna supported by Mahmûd and this work allowed him to determinate the latitude of the place.
Al-Bîrûnî travelled to India together with Mahmûd’s military expedition and he spent at least five years working on his India, in which he computed latitudes of cities and explained calendars, geography, literature…
After Mahmud’s death, the next rulers allow al-Bîrûnî to be free to travel and work in his interests and he became the most prolific Arabic mathematician in the World. He produced 146 works with more than 13.000 pages!
So, al-Bîrûnî’s doodle published two years ago in the Arabic countries is a very good example of a great scientific contribution!
The Temple Bar Memorial (1880) stands in the middle of the road opposite Street’s Law Courts marking the place where Wren’s Temple Bar used to stand as the entrance to London from Westminster.
The monument has two standing statues dedicated to Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales because both were the last royals to pass through the old gate in 1872.
The reliefs round Queen Victoria contains some allegories which includes the first picture about the Euclidean demonstration of the theorem of Pythagoras. We also find a ruler and a globe with the ecliptic.
Location: Temple Bar (map)
The Astronomical Revolution is visited after the Greek books and Copernicus (1473-1543) and his De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium are the next couple to study:
He was born in Poland in a very rich family. His parents died and his uncle (bishop of Warmia) took care of him. He went to the University of Krakow and he studied Canonic Law in Bologna some years later. He was under the Italian Humanism there and he began to have interest for Astronomy. He completed his studies and also Mechanics in Padova and read his doctoral dissertation in Canonic Law in the University of Ferrara. After this, he came back to his country and entered the Bishop’s court. In 1513 he wrote the Commentariolus – manuscript which circulated anonymously- where astronomers could read his new astronomical system. He was invited to reform the Julian calendar. He wrote his great work De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium inthe last days of his life and he defended the heliocentrical hypothesis in it. His disciple Rheticus brought a copy of the manuscript to the printing in 1542 and it was published in 1543. Copernicus died in Frombork and his theory was condemned by the Church in 1616 and was in the List of Prohibited Books until 1748.
I think that I’m going to go to Poland next holidays!
One of the most important followers of the heliocentrism was Johannes Kepler (1571-1630):
The scientist who opened the way to the modern astronomy was born in Weil der Stadt, Germany. He suffered from myopia and double vision caused from smallpox and this wasn’t a problem for him to discover the laws which explain the movements of the planets around the Sun. He studied Theology in the University of Tubingen under his teacher Michael Mastlin and he soon noticed his unusual skills reading Ciopernicus’ heliocentrism. He mainly lived in Graz, Prague and Linz. He met Tycho Brahe in Prague and some years later he became Imperial Mathematician under Rudolph II’s protection. It wa sin this period when he developed his great works: Tabulae Rudolphinae and Astronomia Nova (1609). In Astronomia Nova he explained two of the three fundamental laws describing the movement of the planets; the third one was explained in Harmonices Mundi Libri V (1619). Kepler was the first scientific in needing phisician demonstrations to the celestial phenomena.
Who is the next? Galileo (1564-1642), of course!
His book is the Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo Tolemaico, e Copernicano (1632). In this book he defended the Copernicanism against the Ptolemaic system although the book was prohibited by the Inquisition and he was condemned to house arrest.
Galileo died in 1642 and Newton (1642-1727) was born some months after his death. His Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was one of the most important scientific books of all the History of Science. I am not going to talk about Newton and his book after my visit to Englang last holidays but here you have his portrait:
The other scientists of this epoch are Vesalius (De humani corporis fabrica), Harvey (Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguini), Linneo (Systema naturae) and Hooke (Macrographia):
There is another important mathematician from the 17th century but… it will be presented tomorrow!
This post is about a very interesting exhibition about 26 selected scientific books which I visited in Madrid in August and it can be visited now in A Coruña (from the 17th October). There are explanation of the 26 books and their authors and I am going to talk about the mathematical ones (of course!). Furthermore, there are Eulogia Merle‘s drawings of every scientist exhibited here so this is another interesting attraction to visit it.
The first great mathematician is Euclid (c.295 BC).
[In Spanish:] Es difícil precisar datos de la biografía del más destacado matemático de la antigüedad grecolatina, considerado el Padre de la Geometría. Solo se conocen con certeza dos hechos indiscutibles: vivió en una época intermedia entre los discípulos de Platón y los de Arquímedes, y formó una gran escuela de matemáticas en Alejandría. Según el filósofo bizantino Proclo, Euclides enseñó en esta ciudad del delta del Nilo durante el mandato de Ptolomeo I Sóter, es decir, entre los años 323 y 285 a.C. Murió en torno al año 270 a.C. Su fama radica en ser el autor de los Elementos, un tratado de geometría que ha servido de libro de tecto en la materia hasta comienzo del siglo XX. Está compuesto por trece libros que tratatn de geometría en dos y tres dimensiones, proporciones y teoría de números. Presenta toda la geometría basándose en teoremas que pueden derivarse a partir de cinco axiomas o postulados muy simples que se aceptan como verdaderos.
There are two different digital editions of the Elements and a compass from the 16th or 17th century with all this information:
The next Greek mathematician is Archimedes (287-212 BC) although his book here is On the floating bodies which is less mathematical than phisician.
Ptolemy (2nd century) is the next and his Almagest was the most important astronomical book since the 16th century.
There is also an interesting wooden astrolabe from 1630 (“Claudii Ricchardi”):
Arsitotle, Hippocrates and Pliny the Younger are the other three Greek scientists represented in the exhibition.
Indian astrologer’s celestial globe from the 19th century:
This celestial globe is extremely unusual in being inscribed in Arabic, Persian and Urdu, representing a blending of traditions. It was probably designed for astrological use.
English Ptolemaic armillary sphere, by Richard Glynne (c. 1715)
Ptolemy’s cosmology placed the moon along with Mercury, Venus, the sun, Jupiter and Saturn in orbit around the Eart, which stood at rest at the centre of the universe. Although a sun-centred universe was more widely accepted among astronomers in the 18th century, Ptolemaic armillary spheres such as this one continued to be made and sold.
Upstairs there is another exhibition related to globes and armilar spheres and we can find some terrestial globes and Copernican and more Ptolemaic spheres. Here you have one Ptolemaic one dated in 1790:
Finally, I must point to two delicatessen. The first one is this little ivory plaque showing astronomers working with their instruments:
The other is this picture showing a figure pointing to a globe from a section of the Roman mosaic from mid-2nd century (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano):
The collection of astrolabes is very interesting and there are pieces from the 14th to the 19th century.
For example, look at this English astrolabe from the 14th century:
One of the most interesting objects of the exhibition is this Egyptian sundial from the 1st to 3rd century AD (Roman Imperial date):
Sundial construction requires expert knowledge of the apparent movement of the Sun, both in its daily and annual motion. Hence the construction of sundials has often been considered part of astronomy.
The diagram that represents annual motion is called the ‘analemma’ and was known in classical antiquity. Many different designs of sundial can be derived from the analemma. This dial has two scales, one for the morning, one for the afternoon; the shadow is cast by the prominence between them.
Of course there are more sundials like this pillar dial made in 1542 and this ring dial made in 1588…
… or all these different dials of different kinds, epochs and countries:
Upstairs there is a replica of an antique globe fragment which is on display in the Neues Museum: | <urn:uuid:7f2e1cc2-c710-49cf-bbe5-7dfec4f51c0c> | {
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I first leaned of MLK in second grade when my class did a project about our dreams for society that was based off of MLK’s famous speech “I Had A Dream”. This speech inspired so many people, and today even though our world still struggles with racism, I think we can see that King helped many people have a change of heart and inspired many more in generations to come.
I know personally that I don’t always really look into why we have these holiday days at school but this year I really want to stop and think about why I do. MLK didn’t gift for a cause just to give us a holiday, he did it to change the world. I decided to reread his speech “I Had A Dream” and one part stood out to me that I want to include.
“I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.”- Martin Luther King Jr
King held onto his dream through so much violence and racism, but I can barely keep my hope alive during an election. From this speech, I realize that our country still doesn’t align itself with our creed but I can fight to make this happen and maybe I can help America become a little bit of a better place.
I wish you all a good MLK day! | <urn:uuid:d36b064f-f290-42ea-9ed8-9b7af959264b> | {
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WASHINGTON (Sputnik) – In announcing the move, the minister said the federal government in Ottawa would use the Canada Infrastructure Bank to finance projects in clean-energy and “modern electricity” systems across the country.
"Taking traditional coal power out of our energy mix and replacing it with cleaner technologies will significantly reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, improve the health of Canadians, and benefit generations for years to come,” McKenna was quoted as saying in a press release.
In October, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau proposed a tax on carbon-based pollution, to begin in 2018 at $10 per metric ton with gradual increases each year thereafter.
Alberta, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are the only Canadian provinces that still burn coal for electricity. Under the plan McKenna announced Monday, the four will have the option of phasing out coal entirely, to be replaced by with lower-emission sources, or using technologies such as carbon capture and storage. | <urn:uuid:642ab20f-332f-49bd-b4df-9ff73f20c642> | {
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Presented by: Senator Prof. R. Galvez, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Senator Professor Rosa Galvez is an expert in environmental impact and risk evaluation, contaminated site restoration and groundwater contaminant transport. She was appointed to the Canadian Senate in December 2016. She is a Professor in the Department of Civil and Water Engineering at Laval University, Quebec
The Lac-Mégantic train derailment and fire on July 6, 2013 was a human catastrophe and an environmental disaster. A runaway train containing 74 rail cars of light crude oil derailed and caught fire. The explosions and fire killed 47 residents and destroyed over 30 buildings. This was the deadliest rail accident in Canada since 1864. Approximately 6.3 million litres of oil was released into the environment, creating air, water and soil contamination.
This presentation will describe what happened and outline the efforts made to remediate the impacts to this community and the environment. | <urn:uuid:e505dc3a-bdc5-4881-b554-54d1093ebbce> | {
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"Model-Based Design with Simulink ensured an accurate overview of the complex overall system. Without MATLAB and Simulink, it would have been impossible to complete our task in the time available."
Dr. Wilhelm Hagemeister, IgH
On August 12, 2000, the Russian atomic submarine, Kursk, exploded and sank in the Barents Sea with 118 men, two nuclear reactors, and several nuclear weapons on board.
Two Dutch companies, Mammoet and Smit International, contracted with the Russian government at the end of May 2001 to salvage the Kursk. Just over four months later, on October 8, 2001, the Kursk was raised and towed to Murmansk, where the weaponry and the bodies of the crew were removed.
The raising of the Kursk was the largest operation of its type ever undertaken. Key to its success was a simulation, built using Simulink by the German engineering company, IgH, that enabled the salvage team to make key decisions on when and how to perform the operation.
The Kursk was to be raised using Giant 4, a specially modified deck barge anchored above the submarine and equipped with 26 hoists attached by cables to the submarine's hull.
Among the challenges of the operation were the weight and depth of the water-filled submarine, the turbulent weather conditions, and the risks posed by the atomic reactors and weapons on board. The weight was compounded by the suction effect of the clay in which the Kursk was embedded.
During lifting, it would be necessary to compensate for the effects of wave motion because rough seas could cause the cables connecting the barge to the Kursk to be severed. It would also be critical to gauge the orientation of the submarine accurately. A tilt of more than five degrees could damage the atomic reactors and endanger the salvage crew.
Each hoist had a hydraulic jack mounted on a pneumatic heave compensator. The heave compensators helped maintain tension on the lifting cables and compensated for the effects of wave motion. Each heave compensator had four nitrogen-filled pneumatic cylinders. The compressed gas inside each cylinder provided both lifting and spring-like forces for the heave compensators.
The control variables for the heave compensators were the gas pressure in the cylinders and the stiffness of the gas springs. IgH had to determine the optimal configuration of the gas pressure system and establish operating parameters for the heave compensators.
Without the gas springs properly controlled to prevent a piston from ramming into either end of the cylinder and destroying the heave compensator, the effect of wave motion could sever the lifting cable and cause successive heave compensators to fail and destroy the entire system.
IgH quickly realized that they could not consider the individual compensators in isolation. They would need to understand how the Giant 4, the Kursk, the compensators, and the weather-dependent effects of wave movement worked together.
IgH decided to use Model-Based Design. Using Simulink, they built a precise mathematical model of the entire salvage system. They could then evaluate options and predict system performance before testing their designs in real time.
The model included equations of movement for the barge and the Kursk, each in six degrees of freedom to account for the hydrodynamic forces generated by waves; a thermodynamic model of the gas pressure system; a mechanical model of the compensators and the hoists; a complete programmable logic controller (PLC) model, including connected sensors and actuators; and an interface to the computers controlling the PLCs. The cable lengths and the signals from two angle-of-tilt sensors were also modeled.
The model had to account for the position of the heave compensators with respect to the lifting cables and the weights to which each cable would be subjected.
Since the control parameters for the heave compensators were the gas pressure and the stiffness of the gas springs, one major objective of the simulation was to determine these parameters in light of the environmental conditions.
Parameters for the different simulation scenarios were selected through a graphical user interface developed in MATLAB.
The simulation model also provided an interface to the control computers, which contained automatic valves to regulate pressure in the gas cylinders, length sensors mounted on the anchor cables, and other components that controlled the lifting mechanism. Thus, the control computers could be operated alternatively with the simulator to test their functionality.
IgH made full use of the open Simulink environment and the ability to integrate C code into the Simulink model. As Dr. Wilhelm Hagemeister, managing director of IgH, comments, "Most software packages for developing technical systems lack certain functions. That means that you have to program the whole solution yourself. In contrast, MATLAB and Simulink provide most of the functions required, and any other problems can be resolved by in-house development in MATLAB or by integrating our own source code."
IgH also used Simulink to develop control software for pressure regulation. This software could automatically calculate the optimum load distribution over the 26 lifting cables and adjust the gas energy in the heave compensators. It could be run with the Simulink model or directly with the PLC and could be fully tested before being used in action.
By using Model-Based Design, IgH gained an exceptional understanding of the system as a whole. As a result, their role expanded from consultant on one specific technical issue to "scientific lead" for the entire project.
As the company's responsibilities broadened, it became clear that all their new tasks could be accomplished using MATLAB and Simulink.
Shortly before the operation began, Russian experts compared results obtained from their own calculations and physical trials using a modeled submarine with those achieved by the IgH simulation. Based on these extremely close results, the raising of the Kursk could begin and a tragic episode in naval history be brought to a close.
To develop a safe way to raise and salvage a 10,000-ton nuclear submarine in heavy seas
Model and simulate the entire salvage system in Simulink and then use the simulation to train operators and determine when and how to perform the salvage operation | <urn:uuid:f896cb8c-5b23-42b7-ae5f-368e86a197c5> | {
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The Central Labor Union of New York organized a demonstration and picnic to celebrate a working men's holiday in 1892. The United States Congress, with the urging of the unions, declared Labor Day a federal holiday in 1894.
Since that time, working families throughout America have gathered at picnics, parades and other functions on the first Monday in September to celebrate and to recognize the men and women who do the work that keeps our nation strong.
The middle class workers are the heartbeat - the builders of this great nation whose labors have produced the real wealth of America. ... | <urn:uuid:dc696362-ddba-4566-b484-d371c5348483> | {
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What makes this preserve unique?
The stands of relatively mature shortleaf pine/oak-hickory woodland on the ridges that grade into the floodplain of Corney Bayou provide an example of what large portions of Northwest Louisiana used to look like 125 years ago (circa 1880). Summerfield Springs was named after a series of springs that are found along the slopes of the preserve . The area is adjacent to the Corney Unit of the Caney District of Kisatchie National Forest, which is managed for multiple uses including native community restoration. Together those tracts are part of a large forested landscape and are within the watershed of Corney Bayou, a relatively unaltered stream system. Shortleaf pine/oak-hickory woodland was once the dominant forest community in the hills of northern Louisiana but is now considered one of the most highly altered forest types in North America. Because there is no public access and there are no maintained trails, this preserve is not open for public visitation
Summerfield Springs Preserve is located about 25 miles northwest of Ruston in Claiborne Parish.
What the Conservancy Has Done/Is Doing
The Conservancy is focused on restoration and management of the native forest habitats found on the preserve as per the wishes of the donor, Catherine Sale. The conservation vision for this property is to restore the historic structure, composition, functional processes, and geographic extent of all associated natural communities, with an emphasis on the shortleaf pine/oak-hickory woodland that is the most altered habitat, due to past commercial timber management and lack of fire. We are accomplishing this restoration through application of aggressive restoration practices, including restoration timbering and herbicide treatments to remove off-site trees and brush, use of frequent prescribed fire. | <urn:uuid:71622c4f-1a37-4a41-b4c0-5a950f4d6e7d> | {
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Recreational boating can be fun, but like any activity involving large machinery or vehicles, it can be dangerous if you’re not prepared. In 2015, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) reported 4,158 accidents that resulted in 2,613 injuries. The number of accidents increased 2.3 percent while the number of injuries decreased 2.4 percent when compared to 2014 data.
In all of those accidents, the most common types of vessels involved reported were open motorboats (45 percent), personal watercraft (19 percent), and cabin motorboats (17 percent). Damaged boats and property in 2015 boating accidents was estimated at $41 million, according to the 2015 Recreational Boating Statistics report from the USCG.
Those numbers can be sobering, but by taking some simple steps and exercising proper safety and judgement, some accidents may be avoided.
Unlike a vehicle license, boat licenses are commonly given after a written exam only, without an operation test. And in some states, the written exam may not be required. Just because you have a license doesn’t mean you know how to safely operate a boat.
The USCG reports that 71 percent of the most severe accidents in 2015 occurred on boats where the operator did not receive boating safety instruction, while only 15 percent involved vessels where the operator had received a nationally-approved boating safety education certificate.
Fortunately, proper training is not difficult to find. Depending on how close you are to water, it may be as simple as going to a boat school. If that’s not possible, there are many online courses, as well. The National Association of State Boating Law Administrators (NASBLA) provides a list of approved courses and organizations here. Of course, it’s a good idea to check with you local regulatory agency to ensure you are in compliance with all licensing requirements.
You’ve probably heard of a float plan if you’re a boat owner. A float plan can expedite rescue in the event that you’re unable to send out a distress signal or if you’re in a small vessel without means of communication. The USCG’s website even has a helpful form you can leave ashore to make sure no detail is forgotten.
And, if you’re thinking a float plan is unnecessary if you’re going on a lake or other enclosed body of water, think again: 41.5 percent of accidents happened in lakes, ponds, reservoirs, dams and gravel pits in 2015, says the USCG.
It’s common sense to check the weather conditions before heading out on the water. “Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning,” right?
Contrary to what you might think, more deaths happened in calm and choppy waters (at most, 2-foot waves) than rougher waves. And according to the USCG’s 2011 report, nearly 73.6 percent of all accidents happened during the day with good visibility.
Regardless of your plans, keep an eye on wind, water and visibility conditions before casting off.
We get it. Everyone looks a little ridiculous in a life jacket. Put one on anyway. If you’re a mile from shore, you would have to swim the equivalent distance of approximately 62 lengths in a 25-meter pool…while dealing with a current and waves. If you try to wait for a rescue, you may have to stay afloat for hours until rescue teams arrive. You might want to swallow your pride and pop on a life jacket.
The key to your safety on the water may be how much effort you put into preparation. Consider taking a class and increasing your knowledge. Make a plan and leave a copy with a family member, friend or neighbor. Drinking and operating a boat? Bad idea. Speeding? Bad idea. Having a good time while being safe? Great idea.
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Don't skip necessary tests for fear of radiation risk
"People should not skip necessary medical imaging procedures, such as mammography, radiography (x-ray) and computed tomography (CT), because they are afraid the radiation exposure might cause cancer," said Dr. Stewart Bushong, professor of radiology at BCM. "There is no measurable increased risk when imaging procedures are administered appropriately."
It is important to understand the different kinds of imaging procedures and the amount of radiation exposure, Bushong said. "When you look at the amount of radiation exposure in each, the doses are very low."
Radiation dose is measured in millisieverts, or mSv.
Procedures and doses
Bushong ranked common diagnostic imaging procedures from low to high dose and pointed out that natural background radiation contributes approximately 3 mSv each year to our individual radiation dose.
- Mammography: a diagnostic procedure to detect breast tumors by the use of X-rays (0.1 mSv).
- Radiography: an X-ray of a bone or particular body part (1 mSv).
- Positron emission tomography or PET scan: a technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues, especially in the brain (5 mSv).
- Fluoroscopy: examination of body structures using a fluoroscope. These are commonly used to examine the lungs and gastrointestinal tract (10 mSv).
- CT scan: uses special X-ray systems and computers to create cross-sectional images of the body (10 mSv).
"Many people think magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diagnostic ultrasound result in radiation exposure, but they do not," said Bushong. "These tests are harmless."
Approximately 100 mSv would be an example of a dose of radiation which could cause concern, Bushong said.
Bushong said the average amount of medical radiation exposure has been on the rise, but many professional organizations are keeping a close eye on such radiation exposures and any inappropriate overutilization.
"We worry about people who are frequently having these tests repeated when they do not need repeats, especially children," said Bushong. "Organizations including the American College of Radiation, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Radiological Society of America, and the Center for Devices and Radiological Health have convened to address these concerns."
These organizations have set guidelines on radiation exposure doses and developed educational programs to reduce unnecessary and inappropriate diagnostic medical imaging.
Bushong said patients should not be scared or refuse necessary examinations.
"Diagnostic medical examinations are very effective at detecting many conditions early, helping to implement effective treatment plans," said Bushong. "Patients should discuss any concerns they may have about radiation exposure with their doctors." | <urn:uuid:3464d900-4b6f-4d6f-877f-7f3ec39570f4> | {
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Using the Volvo Ocean Race, a brand new education programme will provide a portal through which students and their families can increase their understanding of the dynamics of the oceans and the Chesapeake Bay. Joining Ocean Race Chesapeake, in the development of this programme will be the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (http://www.noaa.gov/), the Consortium of Oceanographic Research and Education (http://www.coreoceans.org/), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (http://www.nasa.gov/) and the Chesapeake Bay Foundation (http://www.cbf.org/). Using a set of curriculum and information on the race from the event website www.volvooceanrace.com , these partners will use sailing and ocean racing as tools to bring children to an appreciation of the oceans and the Chesapeake Bay, while tracking the progress of the boats.
Teachers and club leaders will be provided with a set of curricular materials and competition guidelines to learn about the race; its historical importance, the physics of its execution, and the calculations required to achieve success.
Schools and clubs will be invited to compete state-wide in predicting the exact time the first boat will cross the Chesapeake finish line of the leg between Rio and Baltimore. To make this prediction, students will need to examine weather, tides and currents, aerodynamics, and geography. Schools and clubs with the closest to accurate predictions will be treated to a visit from the racers themselves and a trip to see the racing yachts.
With these and other activities to be held during the event, Baltimore and Annapolis anticipate another successful visit by the Volvo fleet to the Chesapeake.
Speaking at the press conference, Glenn BOURKE said, "The Chesapeake stopover in 2002 attracted 400,000 guests from around the world. After two highly successful stopovers in here, we are delighted to formalise the arrangement today for our third visit, and look forward to working with Ocean Race Chesapeake, who will once again manage the stopover. The education programme announced today is an exciting project, which will involve children and their families from the region in the event, and we look forward to welcoming everyone down to see the fleet when it arrives in The Chesapeake Bay. One aspect that really makes a stopover over special is when there is a 'home-town' boat and it is great to see the local area represented with an preliminary entry into the event and we hope they can emulate the successful Chessie Racing campaign which helped make the stopover so successful in 1998."
Mayor Ellen MOYER, commented, "The activities planned for the Volvo Ocean Race stopover on the Chesapeake highlight the significance of this event while engaging many more people in its excitement. The educational and economic components will continue to raise the profile of our region in the maritime industry. Ocean Race Chesapeake has done a wonderful job putting together a programme that will make our stopover the best ever, for the fleet and for those who follow it here. | <urn:uuid:9c4197b8-1253-427d-88af-cc977e640687> | {
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for National Geographic News
A fossil of a primitive feathered dinosaur uncovered in China is helping scientists create a better model of how dinosaurs evolved into modern birds.
The winged dinosaur is still in the process of being dated, and might have lived toward the end of the Jurassic period, which lasted from 208 to 144 million years ago.
In many ways, it is "more basal, or primitive, than Archaeopteryx," said paleontologist Xu Xing at Beijing's Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology. Archaeopteryx, the earliest known bird, lived 150 million years ago.
The protobird is "very close to the point of divergence" at which a new branch of winged dinosaurs first took flight, said Xu.
The new species, called Anchiornis huxleyi, was discovered in the ashes of volcanoes that were active during the Jurassic and Cretaceous (144 to 65 million years ago) periods in what is now northeastern China.
(Read about the prehistoric world.)
Anchiornis, which is Greek for "close to bird," measured just 13 inches (34 centimeters) from head to tail and weighed about 4 ounces (110 grams).
The dinosaur's body and forelimbs were covered with feathers, and it "might have had some aerial capability," Xu said.
"Anchiornis is one of the smallest theropod dinosaurs ever uncovered," Xu explained. Theropods were a group of carnivorous dinosaurs that walked on two legs.
The fossil provides new clues about how feathers, wings, and flight progressively appeared among theropods, along with evidence that certain types of feathered dinosaurs decreased in stature even as their forelimbs became elongated.
The compact structure of Anchiornis "reinforces the deduction that small size evolved early in the history of birds," Xu explained.
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Arnold Hara of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa College of Tropical Agricultures and Human Resources’ Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences discovered that Christmas trees remain fresh and green when given hot tap water to absorb. Tree stems can absorb hot water more readily than cold. This discovery came about from the department’s goal of protecting the islands from a banana slug infestation through tree disinfestation.
Drenching floods in the Pacific Northwest, where the majority of Christmas trees imported to Hawaiʻi are grown, are the reason Hara’s plant disinfestation spray chambers were needed for this year’s shipments. The ground became so soaked that banana slugs slithered into the trees to escape from drowning, and when the trees were cut down and shipped over, the slug came over as well.
This isn’t the first year they’ve been discovered in tree shipments, but banana slugs are far more numerous than ever before, infesting at least half the containers. The bright yellow slugs may be carrying rat lungworm disease and are not welcome to the islands. Banana slugs aren’t found here yet and the Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture’s Plant Quarantine division and Hara intend to keep it that way.
Hara’s disinfestation chamber, which is usually employed to keep coqui frogs from leaving the Big Island, is constructed from ordinary shipping containers lined with pipes and spray nozzles. The chambers are deceptively simple and extremely effective. Fifty to seventy trees are piled inside and bathed in 118-degree water for eight minutes and the water is even recirculated and reused.
Slugs aren’t the only pests sheltering in the branches of the Christmas trees—a Western fence lizard, a salamander, wasps and frogs have also been found in this year’s shipments. The state has no other feasible method of disinfesting the trees besides manually shaking each one, making Hara’s invention not only ingenious but critical to the biosecurity of the islands. | <urn:uuid:0a694eba-e540-4e0a-81c7-df7db206e79b> | {
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Some simple algebra can connect ellipses and hyperbolas, two conic sections, with the equation x2 - Dy2 = 1, which is commonly known as Pell's Equation.
While Pell's Equation is usually considered as a Diophantine equation, it is easier to let it be rational, so what follows is in the field of rationals, and my first relational equation is:
(D-1)j2 + (j+/-1)2 = (x+y)2
where j = ((x+Dy) -/+1)/D
Here the +/- indicates that one variation will work so it is an OR and not an AND. Either plus OR minus will give a valid j.
(For the derivation go to an earlier post.)
Notice you get Pythagorean Triples if D-1 is a perfect square! So immediately Pell's Equation is connected to circles.
Here's an example.
With D=2, and x=17, y=12, you solve Pell's as 172 - 2(12)2 = 1, and going with the minus of the plus or minus:
j = ((17+2(12)-1)/2 = 20 is a solution giving:
202 + 212 = 292
So D-1 a perfect square relates to circles but otherwise gives non-circular ellipses!
So you can always find integer solutions for af2 + g2 = h2 by using a solution for Pell's Equation where D = a+1.
For example with D=3, x=2, y=1 works as 22 - 3(1)2 = 1.
And going with the plus of the plus or minus:
j = ((2+3(1)) +1 )/3 = 2 is a solution giving, 2(2)2 + 12 = 32
But I've set the field as rationals which allows me to bring in one other result known since antiquity which is the rational parametric solution for Pell's Equation:
y = 2t/(D - t2) and x = (D + t2)/(D - t2)
(For my re-derivation go to an earlier post.)
So you can always find integer solutions for the ellipse using the single parameter t.
But in rationals x2 - Dy2 = 1, where D is a positive integer will give you hyperbolas, but for each solution for x and y, you get an ellipse, so there is a direct connection between hyperbolas as ellipse generators.
So one can directly connect ellipses to hyperbolas using Pell's Equation as a hyperbola itself in rationals and get Diophantine solutions for the ellipses as well, so the rational hyperbola can generate integer solutions to ellipses, including for the special case D-1, Pythagorean Triples.
Beautifully simple relations between two of the conic sections. | <urn:uuid:8c9f9b5d-9b42-4992-a0fc-f7932ca15dd2> | {
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Magnesia Carbon Bricks are carbon composite refractories materials made of magnesium oxide materials and carbon materials. Magnesia carbon bricks are high melting point alkaline oxide materials, with strong high heat resistance, strong slag resistance, good thermal shock resistance and low creep at high temperature. Since the magnesia carbon bricks have the good anti-stripping ability, they are widely used in the converter lining, electric arc furnace and slag line of ladle. If you are looking for magnesia carbon bricks for your ladle or converter lining, just Email Rongsheng Kiln Refractory Company!
What Are Magnesia Carbon Bricks
Magnesia carbon bricks are made from high melting point basic magnesium oxide, high melting carbon which is difficult to be embellish by the slag and a variety of non oxide additives, making non carbonaceous composite magnesia carbon refractory bricks by combining with carbonaceous binder. As composite refractories, magnesia carbon bricks effectively make the use of the strong slag erosion ability of magnesite clinker as well as high thermal conductivity and low expansibility of carbon to off sets the biggest weakness of poor anti-stripping performance. Magnesia carbon bricks have high temperature plasticity.
Magnesia Carbon Bricks Uses
The magnesia carbon bricks have been used in the slag line of refining ladle, and good results have been achieved. Magnesia carbon bricks are also used for the lining part of AC arc furnace, DC electrical arc furnace, converter and other parts.
Magnesia Carbon Bricks Composition
1.Fused magnesite clinker or sintered magnesia: compared with sintered magnesia, electrofused magnesia has the advantages of coarse grain size and large bulk density. Fused magnesite clinker is the main raw material for producing magnesia carbon bricks.
2.Flake graphite: graphite is mainly due to its excellent physical properties: (1) the non wettability of the slag. (2) high thermal conductivity. (3) low thermal expansibility. In addition, graphite won’t not fused with refractories at high temperature. The purity of graphite has a great influence on the performance of magnesia carbon bricks. Generally, graphite with a carbon content of more than 95% is used but 98% is optimum.
3.Organic binder: the common binders for the production of magnesia carbon bricks are coal tar, coal tar pitch and petroleum asphalt, and special carbonaceous resin, polyol, bitumen denatured phenolic resin, synthetic resin and so on.
4.Antioxidants: in order to improve the oxidation resistance of MgO-C bricks, a small amount of additives are added. The common additives are Si, Al, Mg, Al-Si, Al-Mg, Al-Mg-Ca, Si-Mg-Ca, SiC, B4C, BN, and recently Al-B-C and Al-B-C additives.
The action principle of additives can be divided into two: on the one hand, from the thermodynamic aspect, at working temperature, additives and carbon reactions react to produce other substances, and their affinity to oxygen is greater than carbon and oxygen, and takes precedence over carbon oxidization; on the other hand, from dynamics side, the carbon composite refractories formed by the additives reaction with O2, CO, or carbon are considered to change the microstructure of carbon composite refractories, such as increasing the density, blocking the pores, obstructing the diffusion of oxygen and reaction products.
Magnesia Carbon Bricks Raw Materials
Electric fused magnesia is the main raw material for producing magnesia carbon bricks.
To produce magnesia carbon bricks, we should not only pay attention to the purity of magnesia, but also pay attention to choose large crystalline fused magnesia. Magnesia carbon bricks production selects magnesia with high crystallinity, strong binding force and less impurity and high content of magnesium oxide as raw material. This kind of magnesia can not only reduce the degree of partition of magnesium crystal by silicate phase, reduce the erosion rate of slag to grain boundary, but also improve the stability of the coexistence of magnesia and graphite at high temperature.
Because of the large volume density and strong assembling force of the electric fused magnesia, the particles with sharp edges and corners can be obtained during the process, the mosaic of the matrix is strengthened and the stability of magnesia particles in the magnesia carbon bricks can be enhanced.
Magnesia Carbon Bricks Properties
- Good high-temperature performance.
- Strong slag resistance.
- Good thermal shock resistance.
- Low creep at high temperature.
- Good anti-stripping ability.
- Anti-stripping performance.
- Good wear resistance.
- Good thermal conductivity.
Magnesia Carbon Bricks Manufacturing Process
Magnesia carbon bricks are generally unburned bricks products whose production process includes raw material preparation, batching, mixing, molding and heat treating.
- Raw material preparation: the material should be measured strictly according to the formula granularity and matching requirements. The granular material and powder used should not be wet or caking.
- Batching & Mixing: the forming performance of the mixture directly affects the quality of the bricks. Feeding sequence: first add the magnesia coarse particles, and then add medium particles, phenolic resin, graphite and magnesia fine powder, finally add the additives.
- Molding: the density of high press molding brick is used to monitor the moulding process to ensure that the bricks have high volume density and low porosity. In molding process, it is pressed in strict accordance with the operating rules of light weight before heavy weight and multiple times of pressure. It is required to lift the billet 2-3 times and fully exhaust the billet in order to avoid layer cracking.
Cheap Magnesia Carbon Bricks For Sale In RS Factory! Contact RS For Price!
Heat treating: after molding, the bricks should be stored for 5-6 hours at room temperature to facilitate volatilization of volatiles. It can’t be dried immediately. If the curing time is not enough and the volatiles are not finished, it will lead to the expansion of the particles in the process of use, the shrinkage of the matrix and the decrease of the bonding strength, which will result in the deterioration of the microstructure of the magnesia carbon brick and eventually affect the service life.
Magnesia Carbon Bricks Physicochemical Index
|Apparent porosity %||Bulk density g/cm³||Cold crushing strength
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Magnesia Carbon Bricks Manufacturer
Zhengzhou Rongsheng Kiln Refractory Company, as a magnesia carbon bricks manufacturer can produce good properties alumina magnesia carbon bricks, resin bonded magnesia carbon bricks, pitch bonded magnesia carbon bricks and other magnesia carbon bricks. If you are going to build the lining of ladle, AC arc furnace, DC electrical furnace with less budget, please email Rongsheng magnesia carbon bricks factory! Don’t be hesitated! Just quote RS for the cheap magnesia carbon bricks！ | <urn:uuid:f42461be-9a17-4444-b4d0-fc0ba8a42f80> | {
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As with other nations Germany adopted a wide variety of mortars during the Second World War, at the beginning of the Second World War Germany had two main types of mortar in service, the 5-cm leichte Granatwerfer 36 and the 8-cm schwere Granatwerfer 34, there was also a 10cm mortar but this was not as common as the previous two models. As the war progressed the need for ever larger mortars was realised and this lead to the development and production of 12cm and 21cm mortars.
5-cm Mortar (5-cm leichte Granatwerfer 36)
This 50mm mortar was the standard light infantry mortar used by the German Army for the first half of the Second World War. It was designed by Rheinmetall-Borsig and was first issued in 1936. The weapon was of complex design - a barrel and a monopod were fixed to the base plate. The 5cm leGrW 36 was heavy for its calibre being nearly 4kg heavier than the British 2" mortar, the bomb fired was also light weighing only 0.9kg again lighter than the bomb fired by the British 2" Mortar. The 5cm mortar was not highly regarded among the troops due it its weight, complexity and ineffective bomb and so was gradually replaced by larger more effective weapons.
5cm Mortar characteristics
|Elevation||43° to 90°|
|Weight of HE bomb||0.9kg|
|Rate of fire||12-20 rpm|
5cm Mortar production by year
| 5cm leGrW 36||6,600||5,800||8,800||2,900||-||-|
8cm Mortar (8-cm schwere Granatwerfer 34)
The 8-cm sGrW 34 was the standard heavy infantry mortar used throughout the Second World War. It was again designed by Rheinmetall-Borsig and was introduced into service in 1934, it was a modification of the Brandt 81.4mm mortar. It was a straight forward design and well built. It could be broken into three pieces so it could be carried more easily and was capable of firing high explosive smoke and illuminating ammunition. The 8cm sGrW 34 was well respected by the allies due to its accuracy and rate of fire. A lighter version was created for airborne and this was designed in 1940, both weapons fired the same ammunition but the airborne version had reduced range.
8cm Mortar characteristics
| ||8-cm sGrW 34||kurzer GrW 34|
|Elevation||40° to 90°||47° to 88°|
|Weight of HE bomb||3.5kg||3.5kg|
|Filling||500gm TNT||500gm TNT|
|Rate of fire||10-12 rpm||10-12 rpm|
8cm Mortar production by year (Ammunition in millions)
|8-cm sGrW 34||4,380||4,230||9,780||19,588||26,341||3,788|
10cm Mortar (10-cm Nebelwerfer 35)
This 105mm mortar was in service with the German army at the beginning of the Second World War and remained in production until 1943. It was an enlarged version of the 8cm mortar. It was initially intended for chemical warfare, being capable of firing smoke and chemical shells but it was also capable of firing a high explosive round.
10cm Mortar characteristics
|Elevation||45° to 80°|
|Weight of HE bomb||7.27kg|
Sources - Various Handbooks, AVIA 22 456-514 | <urn:uuid:6a11b1f1-0c32-4e94-befc-241f973f4d76> | {
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What is potassium? — Potassium is a mineral found in most foods. The body needs potassium to work normally. It keeps the heart beating and helps the nerves and muscles work. But people need only a certain amount of potassium. Too much or too little potassium in the body can cause problems.
Having too much potassium in the blood is called “hyperkalemia.” This can cause heart rhythm problems and muscle weakness.
Who might need to be on a low-potassium diet? — People usually need to be on a low-potassium diet to treat or prevent hyperkalemia.
The most common causes of hyperkalemia are:
●Certain medicines – Some medicines, including certain ones for high blood pressure and heart problems, might raise the level of potassium in the body.
●Kidney disease – Normally, the kidneys filter the blood and remove excess salt and water through urination (figure 1). They keep the level of potassium in the blood normal. When the kidneys don’t work well or stop working, they can’t get rid of the potassium in the urine. Then, too much potassium builds up in the blood.
Many people who get a treatment called “dialysis” for kidney disease need to be on a low-potassium diet. Dialysis is a treatment that takes over the job of the kidneys.
What does eating a low-potassium diet involve? — Almost all foods have potassium. So the key is to:
●Choose foods with low levels of potassium
●Avoid or eat only small amounts of foods with high levels of potassium
Your doctor will probably recommend that you work with a dietitian (food expert) to help plan your meals. He or she will tell you how much potassium you should eat each day.
To figure out how much potassium you are eating, you will need to look at the food’s nutrition label. You will need to look at the:
●”Potassium” number – This tells you how much potassium is in 1 serving of the food. If you eat 1 serving, then you are eating this amount of potassium.
●”Serving size” – This tells you how big a serving is. If you eat 2 servings, then you are eating 2 times the amount of potassium listed.
What are other ways to cut down on potassium? — Here are some other ways to cut down on potassium:
●Drain the liquid from canned fruits, vegetables, or meats before eating.
●If you eat foods that have a lot of potassium, eat only small portions.
●Reduce the amount of potassium in the vegetables you eat. You can do this for both frozen and raw vegetables. (If the vegetables are raw, peel and cut them up first.) To reduce the amount of potassium, soak the vegetables in warm unsalted water for at least 2 hours. Then drain the water and rinse the vegetables in warm water. If you cook the vegetables, cook them in unsalted water. | <urn:uuid:86213320-bbe8-4bd7-b8db-d05d079d3229> | {
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This node computes the bounds of voxels that meet a certain requirement.
A volume-aligned bounding box is made. All of the voxels inside of this bounding box will match the desired region settings. For example, a value greater than 0.1 will create a bounding box that contains all the voxels whose value is greater than 0.1.
The bounding box is conservative, so it includes voxels that don’t meet the condition.
Voxel values are stored at the center of the voxels, but by default are bound at the edges. Whether a voxel is included in the region is based on the value at the center.
This grid represents voxels. The voxel values are stored in the centre of the voxels and are represented by points. The three boxes represent the bound created based on different values in the Voxel Padding parameter.
A value of 0, 0, 0 will give you the default red region bounding box.
A value of -0.5, -0.5, -0.5 will create a bound on the center of the voxels, represented by the inner grey region.
A value of 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 will create a bound represented by the outer grey region. This type of bound ensures that all evaluated values meet the condition inside the box when trilinearly sampled.
Incoming geometry isn’t copied, and if no voxels match the condition, no bounding box is built.
This node currently only works with standard Houdini volumes. It does not work with VDBs.
Subset of primitives to bound.
Region to Find
The region of voxels to look for: either the bound of voxels greater than the bounding value, or the bound of those less.
The value to compare voxel values against to see if they are valid to include in the bounding region.
The region will be expanded by this number of voxels. To bound on the center of voxels rather than the edges, use -0.5, -0.5, -0.5. | <urn:uuid:3c73e677-8e8c-4d41-9e74-779531f792a3> | {
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Recently I had what is commonly called a “computer crash.” My hard drive went out and I lost over 2400 documents. This included articles on colloquialism (old sayings) that I have provided for six newspapers. I had just about got enough of them in one file on my computer for my second book on old sayings. Other data included genealogy of our family tree. Some of that information I was able to recover from some data stored on disk. I now have over 1600 data back on my computer. Much of our genealogy should be obtained from print-outs that I shared with relatives. A niece has already let me know that I can obtain a copy of what I gave her.
Up through the 1950s family history research did not always come easy. Even to this day some information is hard to come by. During the 1950s the expression “shirt-tail relatives” was often heard. Just what does that expression have reference to?
“SHIRT-TAIL RELATIVES” are those in whom we are distantly related. Two people who have the same grandparents, but are not siblings are cousins. They are referred to as first cousins. Generations on down become second cousins, third cousins, etc. At that point they become more distantly related. In explaining cousins of different generations the term “removed” comes in. For example Johnny is a first cousin once removed to a first cousin of one of his parents.
The expression “shirt-tail relative” can not only refer to those in whom we are distinctly related, but also to those related unto us by marriage of someone in our family or close family friends. It might be that we want to claim someone as a relative who in reality are not related by blood or marriage. We may simply want to honor them by referring to them as a “shirt-tail relative.”
Dub Mowery is a Gospel preacher in the Church of Christ. A native of Southeast Oklahoma, he is the author of Colloquial Sayings & Expressions (Morris Publishing, 2008) | <urn:uuid:b106c34c-a3a0-4614-af6b-414a3743e17b> | {
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Monday, September 11, 2006
Here's a look from Bloomberg.com at how the 9/11 attacks changed America's legal landscape over the past five years--particularly, in the areas of criminal and constitutional law. The article discusses specific shifts in executive power, international law, and privacy issues that normally would have taken decades to occur. The article concludes that the changes in criminal law and the balance of power among the governement's branches have ultimately reduced or eliminated many of the external fact-checking measures typically in place to balance power and check the government. For example, documents that once were available to the public have been reclassified as secret, and that which used to be available online has been removed from public view altogether. As a result, accountability and public confidence in the system may wane and take decades to restore.
An excerpt: "As a measure of how far things have gone in the law, consider a single amendment to an anti-torture bill passed last year....Congress curtailed one of the most elemental rights, that of habeas corpus, when it said the men held at Guantanamo Bay could no longer go to the U.S. Supreme Court to challenge any aspect of their imprisonment.
That's 'just about the most stupendously significant act that the Congress of the United States can take,' Justice David Souter remarked at an oral argument this spring. And then there was the revelation that the president had authorized domestic-wiretapping without court orders, even though a law specifically requires them...
'What I was seeing in the months after 9/11 was definitely a presidential exercise of power in what was perceived to be a moment of importance,' says Edwin Smith, constitutional law professor at the University of Southern California. 'I also saw a Congress going along with absolutely everything.'...And yet, in his conduct of the war on terrorism, President Bush has acted without the constitutionally required authority of Congress, the Supreme Court has ruled." More from Bloomberg.com. . . [Michele Berry] | <urn:uuid:138b9dea-ed79-4f58-a223-3a6fd4a00439> | {
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Israel is to fund a rare genetic study to determine whether there is a link between the lost tribes of Israel and the Pashtuns of Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.
Historical and anecdotal evidence strongly suggests a connection, but definitive scientific proof has never been found. Some leading Israeli anthropologists believe that, of all the many groups in the world who claim a connection to the 10 lost tribes, the Pashtuns, or Pathans, have the most compelling case. Paradoxically it is from the Pashtuns that the ultra-conservative Islamic Taliban movement in Afghanistan emerged. Pashtuns themselves sometimes talk of their Israelite connection, but show few signs of sympathy with, or any wish to migrate to, the modern Israeli state.
Now an Indian researcher has collected blood samples from members of the Afridi tribe of Pashtuns who today live in Malihabad, near Lucknow, in northern India. Shahnaz Ali, from the National Institute of Immunohaematology in Mumbai, is to spend several months studying her findings at Technion, the Israel Institute of Technology, in Haifa. A previous genetic study in the same area did not provide proof one way or the other.
The Assyrians conquered the kingdom of Israel some 2,730 years ago, scattering 10 of the 12 tribes into exile, supposedly beyond the mythical Sambation river. The two remaining tribes, Benjamin and Judah, became the modern-day Jewish people, according to Jewish history, and the search for the lost tribes has continued ever since. Some have claimed to have found traces of them in modern day China, Burma, Nigeria, Central Asia, Ethiopia and even in the West.
But it is believed that the tribes were dispersed in an area around modern-day northern Iraq and Afghanistan, which makes the Pashtun connection the strongest.
"Of all the groups, there is more convincing evidence about the Pathans than anybody else, but the Pathans are the ones who would reject Israel most ferociously. That is the sweet irony," said Shalva Weil, an anthropologist and senior researcher at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
The Pashtuns have a proud oral history that talks of descending from the Israelites.
Their tribal groupings have similar names, including Yusufzai, which means sons of Joseph; and Afridi, thought by some to come from Ephraim. Some customs and practices are said to be similar to Jewish traditions: lighting candles on the sabbath, refraining from eating certain foods, using a canopy during a wedding ceremony and some similarities in garments.
Weil cautioned, however, that this is not proof of any genetic connection. DNA might be able to determine which area of the world the Pashtuns originated from, but it is not at all certain that it could identify a specific genetic link to the Jewish people.
So far Shahnaz Ali has been cautious. "The theory has been a matter of curiosity since long ago, and now I hope a scientific analysis will provide us with some answers about the Israelite origin of Afridi Pathans. We still don't know what the truth is, but efforts will certainly give us a direction," she told the Times of India last year.
Some are more certain, among them Navras Aafreedi, an academic at Lucknow University, himself a Pashtun from the Afridi tribe. His family trace their roots back to Pathans from the Khyber Agency of what is today north-west Pakistan, but he believes they stretch back further to the tribe of Ephraim.
"Pathans, or Pashtuns, are the only people in the world whose probable descent from the lost tribes of Israel finds mention in a number of texts from the 10th century to the present day, written by Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars alike, both religious as well as secularists," Aafreedi said.
The implications of any find are uncertain. Other groups that claim Israelite descent, including those known as the Bnei Menashe in India and some in Ethiopia, have migrated to Israel. That is unlikely with the Pashtuns.
But Weil said the work was absorbing, well beyond questions of immigration. "I find a myth that has been so persistent for so long, for 2,000 years, really fascinating," she said. | <urn:uuid:76ffdcad-fb66-4fed-9c48-7577aff1882e> | {
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Cannabis compounds help reduce the spread of dangerous bacteria
Chicago (IL) - Recent medical studies have found that natural plant cannabinoids are capable of reducing the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA).
"Research into use of whole cannabis extracts and multi-cannabinoid compounds has provided the scientific rationale for medical marijuana's efficacy in treating some of the most troubling diseases, including infectious diseases such as the flu and HIV, autoimmune diseases such as ALS, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, diabetes, and neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's, stroke and brain injury, as well as numerous forms of cancer," explained Dr. Robert Melamede, Director of Cannabis Science. "One common element of these diseases is that patients often suffer extended hospital stays, risking development of various Staphyloccus infections including MRSA. A topical, whole-cannabis treatment for these infections is a functional complement to our cannabis extract-based lozenge."
Researchers at Italy's Universita del Piemonte Orientale and Britain's University of London reported similar findings in the Journal of Natural Products. Five cannabinoids - THC, CBD, CBG, CBC, and CBN - apparently demonstrated "potent and exceptional" antibacterial activity against two epidemic MRSA oubtreaks in UK hospitals.
"Although the use of cannabinoids as systemic antibacterial agents awaits rigorous clinical trials, their topical application to reduce skin colonization by MRSA seems promising. Cannabis sativa represents an interesting source of antibacterial agents to address the problem of multidrug resistance in MRSA and other pathogenic bacteria," the authors concluded. | <urn:uuid:9af171b6-7dd8-4152-afca-4e850f6de98b> | {
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News Flash: I’ve just received my certificate through the post meaning that I can now officially say that I’m a fully-qualified Yogakidz teacher. Yay!
Now the hard work of training is complete, the fun (and learning) can begin! I’ll be incorporating yoga into options that I already offer, such as the Mind Masters day, as well as offering yoga and mindfulness workshops lasting on average 1.5 hours, delivered to a single class at a time.
Wondering what a typical children’s yoga and mindfulness session looks like?
Lessons typically begin with a basic breathing exercise and a gentle warm up, followed by a quick routine of Sun Salutations to warm up the muscles further. Then comes the main part of the activity, which might take the form of alphabet/partner yoga; yoga games; and/or my favourite, a yoga story, whereby they follow along to a story practising poses at key points. Classes finish with a little more breathing and a mediation/relaxation activity, guaranteed to calm the mind and body into a state of rest and ‘wakefulness.’
I’m so excited about yoga and the plethora of benefits it can bring into children’s’ lives. As much as it’s just a fascinating subject for children to learn and enjoy, the crowning glory as far as I’m concerned is the way that it supports children’s physical, mental, emotional and even spiritual health.
Whether you’re a parent, educator or just an interested party, let me explain some of the numerous benefits of practising yoga to children:
- Yoga can be a highly engaging activity for children of any and all ages, including those with special educational needs. As a form of active, hands-on learning, it can be particularly engaging for children who don’t seem particularly well-suited to learning within the traditional classroom environment. To many children, yoga represents a breath of fresh air in an overwhelmingly academic, writing-based curriculum.Thanks to activities such as stories, the yoga itself becomes a vehicle through which you can teach cross-curricular skills and knowledge. Yoga stories with links to Science, Nature or History, for example, offer children a fun game-like way of learning that often proves more memorable to children than lessons learned in class.
- Perhaps the most obvious benefits are in that it gets children up and moving. As we’re told that the UK is facing unprecedented numbers of severely obese children, the importance of this can’t be understated. Yoga lessons encourage children to move, stretch and strengthen their bodies in a safe way. And while certain postures can be challenging, the lesson is structured in a way that it doesn’t feel like exercise but more like fun and games! Children can see and feel for themselves how exercise and stretching have the potential to make you feel better, stronger and happier.
- As much as it supports physical health, yoga can be incredibly useful in the way it promotes overall emotional and mental health. As children focus on their breath and the movements, there is little other space in the mind for negative thoughts and emotions. In this way, yoga acts as an ‘active meditation’, which children often find a little easier than straight-forward meditation, where you’re asked to focus on one thing only. Of course, it doesn’t hurt to mix in breathing, mindfulness, meditation and relaxation activities, which complement the yoga itself and only add to the good feelings and relaxation.
- The life lessons, messages and techniques, which naturally flow into yoga lessons with children, can be a key part of developing a ‘growth mindset’ and emotional resilience. Maybe it’s in the way they’re taught to notice how other children can stretch further than they can, and be completely okay with that. Perhaps it’s the way they might listen to their body, learning to hear the difference between pain and discomfort (which we feel when we’re challenging ourselves.) One child may simply notice that when they exhale, they can move far deeper into a stretch than they believed they could initially, shifting their mindset from “I can’t” to “I can’t yet.” Students can’t help but soak up the ethos that oozes out of yoga classes; the self-acceptance and awareness, lack of judgement and open-mindedness, love and gratitude, willingness to try and make mistakes. Who knows… this might just make all the difference in the kind of adult a child becomes.
- As well as soaking up the yogic philosophy, children learn practical techniques that they can repeat independently when they need them, off the mats. I’ve heard countless anecdotes now from children who rely on different breathing and mindfulness techniques in order to sleep, calm negative thoughts, inspire confidence or just because they like the way they feel when they do them. Even a child that attends just one lesson, can take away the idea of tuning into their breath, sensations or emotions, increasing inner-awareness along with inner-strength.
If you’re a teacher or school leader looking to arrange some yoga/mindfulness workshops for your students, contact us to discuss options!
** Look out for more yoga-themed blogs and projects coming soon! ** | <urn:uuid:066e4631-1c1d-4c95-beb6-d98fee7afffc> | {
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Often misunderstood, fats are viewed as the enemy of diet plans around the world. This is far from the truth. Fats are a necessary macronutrient and are the most dense source of energy the three macronutrients the body can ingest.
Due to the varying levels of complexities, the body must work harder at breaking down the more complex saturated fats. It is highly recommended that the majority of fats ingested are of the polyunsaturated variety. Too much saturated fat in one's diet has been known to increase cholesterol levels which can lead to a variety of health issues. | <urn:uuid:6d2edc0a-c172-4446-976f-d0612ffd2af9> | {
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"What exactly is polar amplification and why does it matter?"
As climate science predicts, the Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the globe (see NSIDC: Arctic melt passes the point of no return, “We hate to say we told you so, but we did”). This is often called polar amplification (PA).
I wanted to do a post on PA for two reasons. First, “there are no permanent weather stations in the Arctic Ocean, the place on Earth that has been warming fastest,” as New Scientist explained (see here and here). “The UK’s Hadley Centre record simply excludes this area, whereas the NASA version assumes its surface temperature is the same as that of the nearest land-based stations.”
Thus contrary to what the global warming deniers say about the recent temperature record, it is almost certainly the case that the planet has warmed up more this decade than NASA says, and especially more than the UK’s Hadley Center says.
So that’s why I see the NASA temperature record as more accurate, which puts 2005 as the warmest year on record, with a rough tie for second between 2007 and 1998. Sorry, deniers, not bloody much evidence for recent “global cooling.”
Second, PA is a tad more complicated — and more interesting — than the popular explanation has it.
As RealClimate notes in their useful discussion, “Polar amplification is thought to result primarily from positive feedbacks from the retreat of ice and snow.” Indeed, the popular explanation is that warming melts highly reflective white ice and snow, which is replaced by the dark blue sea or dark land, both of which absorb far more sunlight and hence far more solar energy.
But in fact Arctic warming is amplified for several additional synergistic reasons, which are worth knowing. As the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) explains in their 2004 report, Impacts of a Warming Arctic (see figure here):
- In the Arctic, compared to lower latitudes, “more of the extra trapped energy goes into warming rather than evaporation.”
- In the Arctic, “the atmospheric layer that has to warm in order to warm the surface is shallower.”
- So, when the sea ice retreats, the “solar heat absorbed by the oceans in summer is more easily transferred to the atmosphere in winter.”
[And as one climate scientist explained to me, it can get incredibly cold above thick ice, but it can't get much colder than freezing above open water.]
All this leads to more snow and ice melting, further decreasing Earth’s reflectivity (albedo), causing more heating, which the thinner arctic atmosphere spreads more quickly over the entire polar region, and so on and on.
And that in turn threatens a cascade of effects. As the scientists at The International Polar Year note, this could “speed up melting of the Greenland ice sheet, accelerating the rise in sea levels,” and “Permafrost melting could also accelerate during rapid Arctic sea-ice loss due to an amplification of Arctic land warming 3.5 times greater than secular 21st century climate trends” (see “Tundra 4: Permafrost loss linked to Arctic sea ice loss“).
Yet the destruction of a significant fraction of the permafrost must be avoided at all cost, since the tundra feedback, coupled with the climate-carbon-cycle feedbacks that the IPCC models, could easily take us to the unmitigated catastrophe of 1000 ppm (see Tundra, Part 2: The point of no return).
That’s why polar amplification is important. | <urn:uuid:726e056b-cf61-423d-bbce-b2268f23c0b3> | {
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- varicella vaccine
Who is a candidate for the procedure?
- people who live or work where exposure to chickenpox is likely, such as teachers of young children, day care employees, and residents and staff in institutional settings
- people who live or work where outbreaks of chickenpox can occur, such as college students, prison inmates and staff, and military staff
- nonpregnant women of childbearing age
- teens and adults living in households with children, since the children may pass chickenpox to them
- people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have
HIVor canceror who take medicines such as steroids or chemotherapy. A person with an immune deficiency should check with his or her healthcare professional for details, because new research findings emerge frequently.
- people who are
allergicto gelatin or the antibiotic neomycin pregnantwomen
- people who are currently ill
How is the procedure performed?
Vaccine information sheets, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program, [hyperLink url="http://www.cdc.gov/nip/" linkTitle="www.cdc.gov/nip/"]www.cdc.gov/nip/[/hyperLink]
The Chicken Pox Vaccine: What Parents Need to Know, American Academy of Pediatrics, [hyperLink url="http://www.aap.org/family/chckpox.htm" linkTitle="www.aap.org/family/chckpox.htm"]www.aap.org/family/chckpox.htm[/hyperLink]
Prevention of varicella: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), MMWR 1999;48(RR-06):1-5.
Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), MMWR 1996;45(RR-11):1-43. | <urn:uuid:a49d61e8-25dc-43d3-b63a-b27aef526f0a> | {
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Words matter in life. And the case of the the wild donkeys of West Texas is no exception.
If you call them “Wild Burros” you could be inclined to see them as scrappy survivors, emblems of the Old West. If you call them “Feral Donkeys,” well, then they sound like pests that need to be exterminated.
In Texas, what we have here is a failure to communicate.
If you were near the State Capitol Wednesday, you got a first-hand glimpse of the fight heating up between the two camps. Six donkeys (including “Miss Abby,” a Donkey with her own blog), and about a dozen protesters were there to deliver a message to the Texas Governor: “Stop killing the wild burros of Texas.”
For years, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has had a policy of killing the burros. The donkeys were first introduced by early Spanish colonists in the 1600s. Today, the state views them as a dangerous invasive species, responsible for habitat destruction and the fouling of West Texas water sources (TPWD even has a webpage devoted to burro droppings found near water wells).
The Donkeys Were Here First
The riders, many of them from West Texas where burros are more common, see it differently.
“The burros have been there longer than Texas Parks and Wildlife,” says Rachel Waller Rondeaux from Alpine. She is a member of Red Horse Nation, a group devoted to wild horse protection. “I mean I think [Parks and Wildlife] is invasive, personally,”
Waller Rondeaux and others argue that the burros have lived in relative harmony with the Texas
landscape since colonial times. They say the killing of burros has increased since a state program got underway to re-introduce longhorn sheep to West Texas. The state, they argue, wants to make money off the sheep hunting licenses.
“It’s all for the money,” says Waller Rondeaux.
That’s a charge Parks and Wildlife denies. Kevin Good, special assistant to the director of state parks, says the feral and exotic animal removal program has been in place since the early 1990s. If anything’s changed since then, he said, it’s been the population of wild donkeys.
“Due to the droughts and the down economy, people just can’t afford to take care of their animals anymore and they’ve turned them loose,” says Good.
“If you’ve got an animal like a burro that’s eating grass,” he says, “than obviously that’s grass that’s not available for an animal like a rabbit. And so if your rabbit population declines, that means less food for red tail hawks for instance.”
Cuter than Feral Hogs
But back at the state capitol, where visitors Josie Sinomano and her friends took turns petting one of the donkeys, the PR challenge of defending the state’s program came into full focus.
“[The donkey] is adorable!” said Sinomano. ” I like the way it was eating the mints and stuff. It’s cute.”
“Obviously some animals are more attractive to humans than others, but we try to separate cuteness from resource management.”
– Kevin Good, Texas Parks & Wildlife
When asked about the PR challenge of killing creatures that many find “adorable,” Good conceded that it’s a challenge.
“Obviously some animals are more attractive to humans than others,” he said “but we try to separate cuteness from resource management. That’s not a good science-based way to run a parks system.”
But Good said the department is open to changing its policy if a third party created a burro sanctuary in West Texas. Many of the protesters would prefer the donkeys continue to roam free, but they seemed open to the idea.
“That is a compromise, but at least they’re alive,” said Gayle-Suzanne Barron.
The state is in talks with the Humane Society about a potential burro sanctuary. But there is one serious stumbling block: Money. Texas Parks and Wildlife says the sanctuary would need to be funded by outside source. | <urn:uuid:3cdc3079-615a-487a-9baa-60d55f5dea33> | {
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The Holy Hieromartyr Clement, Bishop of Ancyra
Saint Clement, who was from Ancyra in Galatia, was the son of an unbelieving father, but a believing mother whose name was Sophia. At first he lived as a monk, later he became the bishop of his city. He suffered so many things in confession of the Faith in Christ, that the time of his sufferings and struggles stretched out over a period of twenty-eight years. Finally he and Saint Agathangelus (who was from Rome) were beheaded together during the reign of Diocletian and Maximian, in the year 296.
Apolytikion in the Fourth Tone
Thou didst blossom forth for the faithful, O most sacred Clement, as a branch of holiness, a staff of contest, a most sacred flower, and a sweet God-given fruit. But as a fellow-sufferer of martyrs and a fellow-prelate of hierarchs, intercede with Christ our God that our souls be saved.
Kontakion in the Fourth Tone
As an honored branch of Christ, Who is the True Vine, all-famed Clement, thou didst win thy many contests for the Faith, crying with them that had shared thy pains: Christ is the Martyrs' exceedingly radiant joy. | <urn:uuid:ed554694-4610-4077-95c5-f094ad4d067e> | {
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Identity and Inverse Properties for Zero
Date: 01/07/2004 at 10:51:00 From: Sean Subject: Properties of identity and inverse not true for subtraction If we subtract 0 from a number and get the same number, doesn't that make 0 an identity for subtraction? Also, can't a number be its own inverse for subtraction? I have a text book which doesn't explain this--it simply gives the answer. I feel subtraction should have the identity properties in the case of all number systems which include 0.
Date: 01/07/2004 at 12:15:19 From: Doctor Peterson Subject: Re: Properties of identity and inverse not true for subtraction Hi, Sean. If your text defines these properties carefully, the definitions should be something like this: an element e is called an identity for the operation o if e o x = x and x o e = x for all x in the set an element y is called the inverse of x if x o y = e and y o x = e Note the two-sidedness of the definitions. Let's apply this definition of the identity to addition: If 0 is an identity element, then 0 + x = x and x + 0 = x for all x; this is clearly true Now try applying the definition of the identity to subtraction: If 0 is an identity element, then 0 - x = x and x - 0 = x for all x; the first is false Since there is no true (double-sided) identity, we can't define an inverse. The lack of associativity also makes it very difficult to apply the identity in the case of subtraction. If you have any further questions, feel free to write back. - Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2015 The Math Forum | <urn:uuid:422abcd9-66df-428b-851c-4ec1e614e272> | {
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The Scammel Commander Tank Transporter had it’s origins in a British Army requirement that envisaged main battle tanks weighing well over 60 tones. Development of the transporter began in 1976 but due to defence spending delays the production of a batch of 125 units for the British Army did not began until 1983. The British Army used it to tow the Challenger series of main battle tanks. The Commander was originally developed to replace the old Thornycroft Antars tank transporters.
Designed to tow loads up to 65 tones, the Commander tows a special semi-trailer onto which tanks can be tail-loaded using a hydraulic 20 tone capacity winch. A prominent bonnet houses the vehicle’s Perkins (Rolls-Royce) CV 12 TCE V12 turbocharged diesel (similar to that used on the Challenger 1 main battle tank) which is coupled to an Allison automatic transmission incorporating a torque converter.
The cab has provision for up to three or four passengers and there is space for two bunks behind the front seats. Due to the front axle lock angle, the Commander is highly manoeuvrable and can negotiate a ‘T’ intersection with only 9.15 meters between the walls.
In 1990 during operation Desert Storm, 70 Scammel Commander heavy tank transporters were used to transport a variety of military cargo, including the Challengers. Each of the vehicles was on the road 17 hours a day during a 4 month period. On average each vehicle travelled 270 km a day on the desert roads.
Most of the 125 British Army Commanders were based in Belgium and Germany with only a few located in the United Kingdom. The Scammel Commander is now obsolete and is replaced by the American Oshkosh M1070 heavy equipment transporter.
Written and submitted by Bruce Forrest. | <urn:uuid:548c1aee-fb87-44a8-a67b-27a409d264a0> | {
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This question already has an answer here:
I came across this page - http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsjcoords.html that mentions the various landing coordinates of of NASA missions on the Earth's moon. The cordinates are given in the same way as that of the Earth N/S & E/W.
I understand that the moon does not have a molten core and therefore cannot have a magnetic North or South. So how is the coordinate system created? | <urn:uuid:3e067a18-b72a-4e8d-9989-869625bb9666> | {
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Introduction to MATLAB - zyBook
Written for undergraduate students, this web-based book presents a comprehensive introduction to MATLAB through interactive questions, animations, and automated MATLAB assessment. Topics include variables, scripts, functions, and strings, with an emphasis on arrays and their applications.
Introduction to MATLAB zyBook also includes an integrated MATLAB homework system that allows students to complete exercises by writing MATLAB code directly in their browser. They’ll receive hints and feedback as they work through each prompt and their answers will be automatically graded.
- Access the textbook, homework, and practice from one location
- Use proven, prebuilt interactive questions and animations
- Put theory into action through an engaging, learn-by-doing approach
- Improve student learning with instant, contextual feedback
- Save time grading with automated MATLAB assessment using MATLAB Grader
- See real-time analysis of class and student performance
zyBooks vs. Traditional Format
- Overall student performance improved by 16% after one lesson, and lower-performing students improved by 64%
- Students reported significantly higher levels of engagement, spending twice as long with the zyBook than a traditional textbook
- 96% of instructors saw a boost in their students' confidence with the subject matter
About the Publisher
Founded in 2012 by Smita Bakshi and Frank Vahid, zyBooks is a web-based platform that provides content for the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) college market worldwide. zyBooks are authored by collaborative teams of professors, content developers, and software engineers, and have been used by over 500,000 students. | <urn:uuid:27e3ee5f-d661-4639-8f65-6d9e52ce6372> | {
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The world seems to have forgotten about amber monitors. Believe it or not, it’s hard to even find a picture of one in action. Way back when color screens were considered too expensive for everyday use, computer operators used black-and-white screens. Not that it mattered because graphics were crude or non-existent. Take a look at this image:
That’s about the extent of what you got back then.
Computers actually started to use monitors in the early 1970s. Believe it or not the earliest electronic computers used what were called “teletypes” or “line printing terminals” (the latter actually being an improvement) which were essentially typewriters that let the computer print after you typed. Compared to that, anything seemed high tech. Unfortunately, black-and-white tube displays were very hard on the eyes and there wasn’t very good contrast. Something had to be done.
The first attempt at creating a screen that was both legible and safe for long-term viewing was the green-screen. Rather than use the grey phosphors from black-and-white TVs, the inner surface of the tube was coated with a substance that glowed emerald green. This was really just the green phosphor from a color TV, without the red or blue ones. Believe it or not it was an improvement, but in order to keep the light output to a reasonable level the screens were very dim and even so they were hard to stare at for a while.
The next step, popular for only a few years, was the amber monitor. After a lot of research, it was decided that if you were going to stare at a screen for a long while, the best color for you to stare at was amber, or really sort of dark mustardy yellow. It was legible enough and good enough for your eyes that you didn’t have to put a big hood over the monitor to see it. Not that it looked great, but at least it was reasonably safe for you.
The age of the amber monitor lasted from about 1987 until 1990, a mere moment in the history of computers. Color monitors dropped in price quickly and everyone wanted one so they could run Windows without it looking like a big yellow mess. At the same time, black-and-white technology improved so that it was possible to get decent contrast off a grey image and combined, these forces meant the end of the amber monitor… almost.
You see, the 1980s and 1990s were also the dawn of the laptop, and the first ones used amber plasma displays, LCD displays being too expensive and too low in quality at that time. It may have been orange, but hey, it was flat and light and that mattered when it came to portable computing, considering the average laptop was about ten pounds back then.
No one really misses amber monitors today, and this is one obsolete technology that’s likely to stay obsolete. | <urn:uuid:45ee5cde-cbe4-4847-8574-cc042203df97> | {
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This week we drew diagrams of how you would show an electrical circuit that Mrs Horne described. We had to know what components you needed for the circuits, where to put the components and we needed to use a ruler. We didn’t need to label the circuit because we used the correct symbols. Then we looked at diagrams and we had to say if they would work or not and why we thought they wouldn’t work. We will find out if our predictions were right next week when we make the circuits.
by Katie and Grace | <urn:uuid:51e7db6b-85ca-4ed1-bb7d-8243fe9e2ce0> | {
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Rev up America's energy future
The US badly needs a 21st-century energy policy. But can Washington get its act together to provide one?
Should new cars and trucks in the US get better gas mileage? Should more electricity come from renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and biofuels? Both moves would curb global warming and reduce oil imports. So why do they remain so controversial in Washington?
Energy bills passed by the Senate in June and the House last Saturday contain these and other valuable provisions that move US energy policy into the 21st century. But the bills, which differ in substantial ways, must be reconciled and then pass muster with President Bush. Whether these important provisions survive, or whether any energy bill will be enacted and signed into law when lawmakers return to work next month, is very much up in the air.
One provision in the Senate bill would raise the average fuel efficiency standards for new cars and light trucks to 35 miles per gallon by 2020, a 40 percent boost. Right now, the United States ranks last among major industrialized countries in vehicle fuel efficiency, according to a new report from the International Council on Clean Transportation. While the new standard would still be far below those in Europe and Japan, it would at least bring the US in line with what countries such as China, Canada, and Australia will achieve in the next few years.
Ford Motor Company CEO Alan Mulally said this week that fuel efficiency standards have damaged the auto industry and that a gasoline tax might better push drivers toward less gas-guzzling models. | <urn:uuid:47c43062-5c02-457d-9d47-e22f15aa2fd7> | {
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In 2007 the American Humanist Association became the first national sponsor of HumanLight, the humanist holiday celebrated on or around December 23. The HumanLight website describes the holiday as celebrating and expressing “positive humanist ideals and values: Reason, Compassion, Hope, Humanity.” I loved the idea of having a humanist holiday, but on a forum promoting HumanLight, I had to ask why we needed it “when we have a perfectly, brilliantly secular holiday in the winter solstice?”
“Because the winter solstice has no meaning,” one participant informed me.
No meaning? It took me a while to understand why this answer shocked and offended me so much. Having read the wondrous musings of Carl Sagan, Isaac Asimov, Jacob Bronowski, Jared Diamond, and many other modern exponents of science, I know that in the context of human history, of evolution, and our place in the cosmos, the winter solstice is arguably the most significant day of the year for all of human civilization.
The longest night of the year for our planet’s Northern Hemisphere, the winter solstice occurs between December 21 and 22. At this time the majority of the world is tilted farthest from the Sun, and therefore receives the weakest nourishment from that colossal sphere of incandescent plasma powering nearly everything on our planet. The plants on which all animal life depend, the rains that nourish them, the ocean currents, winds, and even the coal and oil that power our cities and cars all come from the Sun. For 3.5 billion years it has sustained life on Earth.
It’s no coincidence that over forty winter celebrations take place worldwide in proximity to this astronomical event. Pancha Ganapati, Saturnalia, Mōdraniht, Christmas, Yule, Anastasia of Sirmium, Malkh, Kwanzaa, New Year’s Eve, Hanukkah, Yalda, Soyal, the Dongzhi Festival, and, of course, HumanLight all take place right around the solstice. There’s a wealth of human history behind these celebrations—threads that extend all the way back to our ancient ancestors. When we celebrate the winter solstice, we are celebrating our place in the awesome epic of human history.
The winter solstice connects me to my prehuman ancestors, those primates whose biological clocks were set to the yearly rhythms of Earth’s seasons. Subject to the whims of nature, their diets consisted of whatever was available that time of year. The fruits they ate were sour, tough, and bore little meat because we had yet to cultivate the fat juicy pears, apples, oranges, and other delicacies we enjoy today after thousands of years of artificial selection. The grains they ate were little more than the grasses we would eventually cultivate into corn and wheat.
The winter solstice connects me to the world of my nomadic ancestors, who carried their homes on their backs and herded their livestock north and south, year after year. Their culture was vibrant and cooperative in comparison to their ancestors. It was also limited in growth by its impermanent, transitory nature.
The winter solstice connects me to the world of my agrarian ancestors who, year-after-year for over ten millennia, transformed the plants and animals around them into the many conveniences we enjoy today. More than for any human culture before them, the skills of measuring time and thinking ahead were crucial to their survival.
The winter solstice connects me to that final tragic winter of the Norse colonies in Greenland, when they must have known their harvest was insufficient to see them through to spring. First forced to slaughter their breeding livestock, later they would even eat the seed meant to plant the next season’s crops. How many untold times did this same tragedy play out for our ancestors? How many tribes, villages, and settlements in human history were extinguished by exposure or starvation in these darkest months of the year?
The winter solstice connects me to the prehistoric cultures that built Stonehenge and Newgrange, both of which are aligned with the southernmost Sun. While these ancient monuments had religious purposes, superstition was layered over a natural astronomical phenomenon. The Germanic Yule celebration, when livestock were culled to save on feed and meat was most plentiful, the Roman Saturnalia, which honored the god of agriculture and made slaves masters for a brief time in an egalitarian social exercise, and Christmas, which borrows rituals like trees and gift-giving from preceding celebrations, are all based on this shared human experience of the seasons.
The winter solstice connects me to Galileo, who revealed humanity’s true relationship to the Sun, usurped our place at the center of the universe, and was among the myriad revolutionary intellects that ushered in the Enlightenment. Those rational minds set humanity on the path of scientific and cultural progress to which we owe all our technological conveniences, modern egalitarianism, and a quality of life that would appear magical to all the generations before us. Every day our news is filled with the scientific discoveries of their philosophical descendants, always further resolving our understanding of our place in the cosmos.
And so the most significant yearly event in human history, the one upon which all other major winter holidays are founded, is quintessentially humanist. Before our ancestors began seeing “fairies in the garden,” as Douglas Adam describes it, and added religious layers over the solstice, they simply looked out over the dawn horizon and saw the Sun rise over a particular mountaintop or tree and knew it was going to start climbing north again. And that gave them hope.
The winter solstice marks the point in our yearly journey around the Earth when the days will start growing longer. I look forward to the darkest day because it’s the summit from which we can see Spring, which means warmer weather and brighter days. But really, I’m just looking forward to the end of a temporary, inconvenient cold. While a harsh winter can be treacherous, it’s hardly the yearly trial of survival it was for our ancestors. This fact should fill us with awe and appreciation.
Finally, the winter solstice connects me to our decedents—to a distant future we will not see. Carl Sagan described these future relatives as a species “with more of our strengths and fewer of our weaknesses, more confident, far seeing, capable, and prudent.” In other words, a more humanistic species.
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Awareness and prevention
Information and resources
Problem gambling is known to be much more common in people with mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. This project, to be undertaken by Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, will explore the relationship between problem gambling and mental illness in more detail.
The project will measure the prevalence of problem gambling among people seeking treatment for a mental illness in a variety of settings. It will also examine mental health practitioners' current screening and referral practices for problem gambling.
The project will inform treatment for people with a mental illness who are also having problems with gambling.
The project will cost $400 000 and is expected to be complete in 2016.
Short and sharp overviews and explanations of gambling regulation, data, and activities. | <urn:uuid:90830b9d-dba2-4d73-a060-4e3df23efd57> | {
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Doctrine of God
'Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty'
An introduction to the Holy Spirit
- Wayne Grudem is Professor of Bible and Theology at Phoenix Seminary, Arizona. View all resources by Wayne Grudem
The Holy Spirit as a person
The Holy Spirit is fully God
Several passages of Scripture speak of the Holy Spirit in a way that assumes that he has the same divine status as the Father and the Son. One example is “baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (Matt. 28:19). Since a person’s “name” in Scripture represents the character of the person, and since “the name” in this verse is singular, it implies that the Holy Spirit has the same character or attributes as the Father and the Son. Other “Trinitarian passages” in the New Testament carry a similar implication (see 1 Cor. 12:4-6; 2 Cor. 13:14; Eph. 4:4-6; 1 Peter 1:2; Jude 20-21). And when Peter confronts Ananias with the fact that he has told a lie “to the Holy Spirit,” he then says, “You have not lied to men but to God” (Acts 5:3-4). Other passages show divine attributes for the Holy Spirit, such as omnipresence (Ps. 139:7-8; cf. 1 Cor. 3:16) or omniscience (1 Cor. 2:10-11). And the second verse in the Bible indicates that the Holy Spirit (“the Spirit of God”) was present at the beginning of creation (Gen. 1:2).
A distinct person
The Holy Spirit should not be thought of as merely the power of God or the presence of God, but is, like the Father and the Son, a distinct person within the eternal Trinity. This is the implication of verses that speak of the Holy Spirit as distinct from the Father and the Son (such as Matt. 28:19 and the other Trinitarian passages mentioned above). It is seen quite clearly at the baptism of Jesus, where God the Father speaks from heaven and says, “This is my beloved Son” (Matt. 3:17), God the Son, who has become man, is being baptized (v. 16), and the Holy Spirit descends from heaven on him, for Jesus “saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him” (v. 16). Each person of the Trinity is doing something different at exactly the same time.
In addition, the Bible ascribes many personal activities to the Holy Spirit. He teaches (John 14:26), bears witness to people (John 15:26; Rom. 8:16), prays to the Father on our behalf (Rom. 8:26-27), knows the thoughts of God (1 Cor. 2:11), and makes personal decisions about which spiritual gifts to distribute to which people ( 1 Cor. 12:11). The Holy Spirit personally guides Christians (Rom 8:14; Gal. 5:18; cf. Acts 16:6-7). Something can seem good to the Holy Spirit (Acts 15:28), and the Holy Spirit can be “grieved” by our sin (Eph. 5:30). These are all activities of persons.
The Work of the Holy Spirit
Inspiring the Word of God
The Holy Spirit guided all of the authors of Scripture so that what they wrote was not only their own words but also the words of God himself. “No prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit” (2 Pet. 1:21; cf. 1 Pet. 1:11; also Acts 1:16; 4:25; 28:25).
Empowering the Gospel message
Jesus promises his disciples, “You will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses…” (Acts 1:8). Later, when the disciples are “filled with the Holy Spirit” they “speak the word of God with boldness” (Acts 4:31; cf. Acts 4:8; 6:10; 7:51; 1 Pet. 1:12). And Paul’s preaching to the Thessalonians resulted in many conversions when his preaching came to them “not only in word, but also with power and in the Holy Spirit and with full conviction” (1 Thess. 1:5).
The power of the Holy Spirit was also evident in giving miracles that attested to the truthfulness of the Gospel message and its divine origin. After Jesus’ baptism and temptation in the wilderness, he “returned in the power of the Spirit to Galilee” (Luke 4:14), and immediately he not only “taught in their synagogues” (Luke 4:15) where his word possessed “authority” (v. 32), but he also began performing many miracles such as casting out demons (Luke 4:33-36) and healing “any who were sick with various diseases” (Luke 4:40). By placing these narratives immediately after the introductory statement about the Spirit in verse 14, Luke indicates showing that these great miracles are the result of the power of the Spirit working through Jesus, empowering him for his unique ministry. Similarly, Jesus says, “If it is by the Spirit of God that I cast out demons, then the kingdom of God has come upon you” (Matt. 12:28).
When Jesus promised his disciples, “You will receive power when the Spirit has come upon you,” the disciples would have understood this to refer not only to power that would accompany their words as they preached but also to power to work miracles to give confirmation to what they were saying (for the word dynamis, “power,” very frequently refers to miraculous power not only in Luke’s gospel but also in the subsequent chapters in Acts – see Acts 2:22; 3:12; 4:7; 6:8; 8:13; 10:38; 19:11). Paul also said that the entirety of his gospel preaching throughout the world had been carried out “by word and deed, by the power of signs and wonders, by the power of the Spirit of God” (Rom 15:19). Both the ministry of Jesus and the ministry of his early disciples was carried out by the power of the Holy Spirit. Christian interpreters today differ over the question of whether it is right to ask for or to expect that the Holy Spirit will similarly work miracles in connection with the proclamation of the Gospel today, but all agree that the Holy Spirit’s power is necessary for any effective ministry of any kind today. This is indicated in the UCCF doctrinal basis when it says that the Holy Spirit “gives them power for their witness in the world.”]
Since it is the Holy Spirit who initially inspired Scripture, it is not surprising that the Bible can speak in the present tense about the Holy Spirit speaking directly through ancient Scriptures to readers who were alive many centuries later (see Heb. 3:7; 10:15), and so it is that the Holy Spirit speaking through Scripture to Christians today will make Bible teaching effective in peoples’ lives.
Regenerating the sinner
No human person has the power to impart new spiritual life to another person, nor can we who are spiritually “dead in our trespasses” (Eph. 2:5) make ourselves spiritually alive to God. This new spiritual birth can only come about by the work of the Holy Spirit. Jesus said, “Unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit . . . . You must be born again” (John. 3:5-7). He also said, “It is the Spirit who gives life; the flesh is no help at all” (John 6:63). The UCCF statement speaks of this regenerating work when it says, “The Holy Spirit alone makes the work of Christ effective to individual sinners, enabling them to turn to God from their sin and to trust in Jesus Christ.”
Sanctifying the believer
The Holy Spirit works in the lives of believers to enable them to grow in personal obedience to God, for Paul says, “If by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live” (Rom. 8:13; cf. v. 4; here “deeds of the body” refers to sinful actions carried out in opposition to God’s law). It is the Holy Spirit who produces Christlike character qualities in the lives of believers, for “the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control” (Gal. 5:22-23). The Holy Spirit also convicts people of their sin (see John 16:8-11). This purifying work of the Holy Spirit is called “sanctification” in the New Testament (see 2 Thess. 2:13; 1 Pet. 1:2). The UCCF statement affirms this when it says, “The Holy Spirit lives in all those he has regenerated. He makes them increasingly Christlike in character and behavour.”
Guiding the believer
Paul says, “All who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God” (Rom. 8:14), and he speaks of Christian believers as those who are “led by the Spirit” (Gal. 5:18). In both verses the present tense form of the Greek verb for “lead” implies an ongoing, regular pattern of activity in the lives of believers, and in both verses such leading is connected to living in obedience to God’s moral standards (see Rom. 8:4, 12-13; Gal. 5:16-26). Believers in the New Testament regularly had quite specific guidance from the Holy Spirit (cf. Matt. 4:1; Acts 8:29; 10:19-20; 13:2; 15:28; 16:6-7; 20:22-23). Other instances of this same verb for “lead” (Greek agō) suggest that it indicates guidance that is individual, personal, and quite specific (cf. the verb agō in Luke 4:1, 9, 40; John 1:42; Acts 11:26; 17:19; 20:12). The help of the Holy Spirit in our prayers might also be considered a different form of guidance (see Rom. 8:26-27).
Empowering gifts for ministry
Just as Jesus was filled with the Holy Spirit before he began his earthly ministry, and then ministered in the power of the Holy Spirit (see Luke 4:1, 14, 36, 40-41, and section 2 above), and just as the early disciples waited for the power of the Holy Spirit before they began preaching the Gospel (Acts 1:8), so in the ordinary life of the church, it is the Holy Spirit who imparts spiritual gifts to every believer: “To each is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good” (1 Cor. 12:7), and it is the Holy Spirit who gives different gifts to different people, for he “apportions to each one individually as he wills” (1 Cor. 12:11).
The New Testament speaks of “the unity of the Spirit” (Eph. 4:3), implying that the Holy Spirit imparts unity of mind and heart to those in whom he lives. Therefore Paul can speak of “the fellowship of the Holy Spirit” (2 Cor. 13:14; cf. Phil. 2:1). And he emphasizes that differing spiritual gifts are intended to draw us together in the body of Christ, for they are given “for the common good” (1 Cor. 12:7), and the church is like a body that has many different parts with different functions, but it remains “one body” and the differing parts of the body need each other (see 1 Cor. 12:12-31).
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Motor Neurone Disease (MND) is a rapidly progressing terminal neurological condition which affects the signals from your brain reaching muscles, causing muscle weakness and wasting. It can affect the ability to eat, sleep, walk, talk and breathe unaided. Average life expectancy from diagnosis is just 14 months and it is not yet known what causes it. There is no effective treatment or cure.
Commenting Mark said:
“MND has affected people across Scotland. MND Scotland provides care and support to people affected by the illness alongside cutting edge research to try and find a cure.
“Scotland is fast becoming one of the go to places to conduct MND research and MND Scotland’s Awareness Week campaign aims to raise £15,000 to invest in to further research projects.
“I am delighted to support MND Scotland and their Awareness Week goal of raising more money to invest in this critical research.”
MND Scotland Chief Executive Craig Stockton said:
“MND is a rapidly progressing terminal illness with no effective treatment and no cure. During MND Awareness Week 2016 we want to increase public awareness and understanding of MND. Funding for MND Research continues to be a priority for MND Scotland but with additional support we can do more! Text CUREMND to 70660 to donate £5 to MND Scotland.
“Join the MND fight today and help us create a world without MND tomorrow.” | <urn:uuid:14c6cf5c-94da-4914-85ed-bccc2e5aa921> | {
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|Home > National News > Genetic Revolution > Article|
The man responsible for the most important scientific discovery last century has no doubts about the biggest challenge in this one.
"If I was 19 again my focus would be on the brain," said James Watson, the Nobel Laureate who helped work out the double helix structure of DNA 50 years ago. "It's a wonderful puzzle."
A wonderful puzzle that in the case of Dr Watson's son, Rufus, has gone very wrong.
The American geneticist was to have launched the five-yearly meeting of the world's top DNA experts in Melbourne last night, but was unable to attend at the last minute because his son, who suffers from mental illness associated with severe epilepsy, had gone into hospital.
Too much human tragedy, such as cancer and mental illness, was caused by mistakes in people's genes. But new knowledge about DNA would provide a way of "fighting back," he told the opening ceremony of the International Congress of Genetics in a recorded message.
The outspoken researcher, who is president of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Long Island, New York, has made it clear that he includes abortion for severe mental disabilities as one weapon in the scientific fight against such conditions.
In a newspaper interview published yesterday, he said that if a test had been available to detect his unborn son's illness, abortion would have been appropriate.
"Any time you can prevent a seriously sick child from being born it is good for everyone," he told The Sunday Age.
Dr Watson predicted that scientists had a good chance of curing most cancers in the next 10 to 25 years. "I think we can do a lot over the next five years," he said in the interview for the congress, adding that his optimism was tempered by the fact that research often took longer than first thought. "You get snags." On the issue of public versus private research, he said patents on genetic technologies that had broad applications should not be restricted to one company or institution.
"A monopoly on an individual gene, particularly those involved with causing disease, has a very pernicious effect," he said.
Sydney Brenner, one of three scientists at the congress who won the Nobel Prize last year for their genetic research, said the sequencing of all the DNA that made the blueprint for a person had been likened to putting a man on the moon.
Getting a man there was the easy part, "what's hard is getting him back again".
As far as the genome sequence was concerned, this meant understanding how genes were regulated, or switched on and off at different stages of life in different parts of the body.
Dr Brenner, of the Salk Institute, has turned his attention from the worm to the puffer fish, a creature with a genome eight times smaller than our own, because it has very little "junk DNA".
The human genome is about 95 per cent junk, or DNA that does not contain genes. "You could call it survival of the fattest," he said. The puffer fish's "discount genome" was very useful for working out how genes in mice and humans were controlled.
The president of the congress, Jim Peacock, said he was concerned that misplaced fears in society would prevent genetic technologies being used to increase food production to meet increased world demand.
Dr Peacock, of the CSIRO, was disturbed Australian politicians in particular were still uncertain about the benefits of genetically modified crops.
In this section
|text | handheld (how to)||
Copyright © 2003. The Sydney Morning Herald.
|advertise | contact us| | <urn:uuid:ae82e1f8-a3f0-4d87-a6fe-a831ce0f3cf7> | {
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Written in an engaging and informal style, Data Structures Using Java facilitates a student's transition from simple programs in the first semester introductory programming course to more sophisticated, efficient, and effective programs in the second semester Data Structures course. Without delving too deeply into the details of Java, the author emphasizes the importance of effective organization and management of data and the importance of writing programs in a modern, object-oriented style. Designed to correlate with the curricular guidelines of the ACM/IEEE Computer Science Curriculum 2008, Data Structures Using Java introduces students to the more advanced concepts of writing programs but is still accessible to non-computer science majors. Believing that learning how to design and write programs requires hands-on application of concepts, the author includes labs throughtout the text for students to immediately apply and test the newly learned material. The accessible writing style and hands-on approach of Data Structures Using Java, will provide your students with the skills necessary to design and use algorithms and data structures in their programming careers in an uncluttered environment, and efficient manner. Key Features: -Content correlates to the learning objectives of the curricular guidelines of the 2008 ACM/IEEE Computer Science Curriculum. -Avoids much of the advanced theory to provide students with the practical skills required to write algorithms and create data structures, in a one-term CS2 course. -Ideal for students who want to enter the programming profession immediately -Includes lab exercises throughout for students to apply the newly learned concepts. Instructor Resources: -PowerPoint Lecture Outlines -Solutions to the chapter exercises -Test Bank -Source Code needed for the programming exercises. | <urn:uuid:2497146b-d627-4e96-b7c3-a5d3e3b94889> | {
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You have been introduced to the basics of Java
language providing a great amount of information. Perhaps it would be a bit arduous
to grasp everything at one go. However, the implementation of these
little basics will make you a substantial programmer.
Since you have perceived the concept of operators, Arrays, controlling the programs (selection, iteration, jumping) etc, we presume you would be eager to discover more about Java in the succeeding chapters.
The course will comprehend all facets of Java language, Go Ahead ....................
Liked it! Share this Tutorial | <urn:uuid:798e6492-57dc-4c8f-9622-8293fd4bb537> | {
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Expected family contribution
All college students are expected to contribute towards their education costs. How much you and your family will be expected to contribute depends on your financial situation — and is what is called your Expected Family Contribution (EFC).
Your EFC is a measure of your family’s financial strength and is calculated according to a formula established by law. The EFC is used to determine the amount of financial aid that you are eligible for.
The information you report on your FAFSA is used to calculate your EFC. Your family’s taxed and untaxed income, assets, and benefits (such as unemployment or Social Security) all are considered in the formula. Also considered are your family size and the number of family members who will attend college during the year.
Your EFC is not the amount of money your or your family will have to pay for college nor is it the amount of federal student aid you will receive. | <urn:uuid:e18ca0be-17b9-442b-9d72-fcf6336f767d> | {
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A diff algorithm in its most basic form takes two strings, and returns the changes needed to make the old string into the new one. They are useful in comparing different versions of a document or file, to see at a glance what the differences are between the two. Wikipedia, for example, uses diffs to compare the changes between two revisions of the same article.
Solving the problem is not as simple as it seems, and the problem bothered me for about a year before I figured it out. I managed to write my algorithm in PHP, in 18 lines of code. It is not the most efficient way to do a diff, but it is probably the easiest to understand.
It works by finding the longest sequence of words common to both strings, and recursively finding the longest sequences of the remainders of the string until the substrings have no words in common. At this point it adds the remaining new words as an insertion and the remaining old words as a deletion.
Update: As of 2009, the code is hosted on GitHub. | <urn:uuid:ce37191c-ca75-4091-9352-279115f9a2c5> | {
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Voted Best Answer
Nov 22, 2017 - 10:54 PM
The "sequence Filter" should be used for generating symmetrical components.The inputs for this block are magnitude and phase angle of the phase quantities (these quantities can be obtained easily by using multimeter in your electrical circuit). The outputs of this block are magnitude and phase angle of positive, negative, and zero sequence components. These components (+,-,0) are for phase "A" and you have to add or subtract 120 degree phase shift (according to your image) to get other quantities. The symmetrical component block gives "I+a","I-a", and "I0a". | <urn:uuid:9ae4907c-6664-42c1-b5da-17c6d3b41ad6> | {
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There are European cave paintings that are 30000 years old, but the art of the ancient Americas remains a mystery. This bone fragment features an engraving of either a mammoth or a mastodon, and is at least 13000 years old.
This bone was discovered in Florida by fossil hunter James Kennedy, who discovered the inscription while cleaning the fossil. Realizing its potential anthropological significance, Kennedy turned the bone over to experts at the Smithsonian Museum and the University of Florida, who have now been able to confirm that this really is authentically ancient, and not just a clever forgery (making counterfeit mammoth engravings was a big thing in the 19th century, for whatever reason).
University of Florida anthropologist Barbara Purdy observes just how painstaking the process was to establish the bone's authenticity:
"The results of this investigation are an excellent example of the value of interdisciplinary research and cooperation among scientists. There was considerable skepticism expressed about the authenticity of the incising on the bone until it was examined exhaustively by archaeologists, paleontologists, forensic anthropologists, materials science engineers and artists."
Smithsonian anthropologist Dennis Stanford says that this is the first known piece of American art to depict a mammoth or mastodon, while there are hundreds of such examples to be found in Europe. The bone itself probably did belong to one of these two giant ancient creatures, although it's possible the bone came from a giant sloth instead.
It's hard to date the bone with certainty, but we do know that mammoths had died out by 13,000 years ago, which means this engraving is at least that old, as all knowledge of these creatures was lost until the discovery of their fossils in the last couple of centuries. This provides the clearest evidence yet that the ancient peoples of the Americas created artistic representations of the creatures around them.
Via the Journal of Archaeological Science. | <urn:uuid:e77798fd-1859-4a8b-8ffd-72ac0bff05d5> | {
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This week Y3J have been learning all about instructional texts. We have been looking at different instructions and looking at why instructions are so important.
To see just how important following each step is, we tried to follow some instructions on how to make paper hats! We followed the instructions step by step and concentrated whilst making them. This is what the end result looked like.. | <urn:uuid:5567de16-4e14-4b13-a03a-43154ea2f741> | {
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Frequent bad dreams and night terrors can increase the risk of children suffering psychosis, a study has shown.
At 12 years old, nightmares more than tripled the occurrence of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, researchers found.
Night terrors, marked by sudden panic or fear during deep sleep, almost doubled the risk.
In younger children, a greater risk of early adolescent psychosis was associated with having more nightmares.
Children aged two to nine who were most plagued by bad dreams were 56% more likely to experience later episodes of psychosis than those whose sleep was undisturbed.
Scientists reassured parents that nightmares were common in young children, who usually grew out of them.
Lead researcher Professor Dieter Wolke, from the University of Warwick, said: "We certainly don't want to worry parents with this news; three in every four children experience nightmares at this young age.
"However, nightmares over a prolonged period or bouts of night terrors that persist into adolescence can be an early indicator of something more significant in later life."
More than 6,700 children were recruited for the study, part of a wide-ranging health investigation called the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (Alspac).
By the age of 12, around one in four reported having nightmares in the previous six months, with fewer than one in 10 experiencing night terrors.
Nightmares and night terrors are often confused but very different forms of sleep disturbance.
The former tend to occur during the shallower REM (rapid eye movement) part of the sleep cycle, when most dreaming takes place.
Night terrors happen during deep sleep, typically causing the unaware sleeper to sit bolt upright in a panicked state, thrash about or scream.
The children were assessed six times between the ages of two and nine. Higher rates of nightmares during this period were found to increase the likelihood of psychosis.
Children who reported persistent nightmares at only one of the assessment time points were 16% more likely to experience adolescent psychotic episodes than those who had no nightmares.
Three or more nightmare periods were associated with a 56% increased risk.
At 12 years of age the risk of psychosis was more than tripled by having nightmares and almost doubled by night terrors.
Lucie Russell, from the charity YoungMinds, which campaigns to improve the mental health of children and young people, said: "This is a very important study because anything that we can do to promote early identification of signs of mental illness is vital to help the thousands of children that suffer.
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Written by Deepa Sridhar on 14 September 2016
As a parent, we are always looking for avenues to let our children evolve to be successful and happy in life. Times have changed so much that performing arts which were once looked upon as a hobby have now become an important fabric of every child’s life. We want them to learn music, art, and dance as much as any academic subjects. Most of the times when I meet other parents the discussion revolves around classes they take their kids to, no matter the traffic or other logistical issues they have to overcome. The goal always seems to be exposing the child to more learning in the hope that it develops them into creative, happy people.
We at the Academy many a times receive queries on how early can we start music for children. A lot of times parents with young kids at the age below four want to start exposing the child to music. Research has proven that music helps in many areas of development of a child. Music is not just for the few who can afford or sing well. It is an art that brings joy to any individual just by listening. Many use it as a stress buster. People listen to music in bad traffic situations to calm themselves. It can be a spiritual experience for some, meditative for others. The JOY OF MUSIC is just having it around us. It is important hence as parents and facilitators that we present this art form to children so that it becomes a part of their lifestyle. They could be just listeners, or singers, or composers or players, it does not matter, what matters is the peace and well-being they feel when they involve themselves in this art form.
Music Appreciation for Children
Classical music learning is an art form which needs many years of dedication and commitment and many times it is not everyone’s cup of tea. We at the Academy feel that this should not keep children who love to sing away from music. We should provide an alternate path through which they can participate and enjoy. The idea for the program ‘Grow With Music’ was born to fill this void. Children when they are little love to sing and dance to music. They want to listen and learn different kinds of songs and experience the differences and similarities they come with. Also, what is music? and how is it created? We need to answer this inquiry from kids in a simple innovative manner that will help them demystify music, we need to make the music learning experience engaging and fun. Music learning be accompanied by understanding its roots. Simple questions like ‘Where did this piece or song originate and why?’ or ‘a little history, geography, language and culture’ can be intertwined when a child learns a particular song or piece. All these aspects are strung together in our program GROW WITH MUSIC.
In a simple way, it builds music appreciation and foundation. It builds the understanding of musical concepts in a structured, progressive, age relevant and fun manner in children. Every course is designed to address an age group or grade of a child. The course will expose the students to concepts activities to explore particular musical concepts like pitch, beat, rhythm, notes etc. The activities are planned to be engaging and fun filled, making the learning experience wholesome and joyful. Every course has songs that are hand picked to help the students enjoy music from various styles, languages, genres, and cultures. The teaching of the song involves teaching to sing with the right beat, pitch, dynamics, and inflections. The class starts with warm up exercises which are tailored to build:
This package of warm up, concept learning and singing song is comprehensive to systematically build skills in music and more importantly develops a desire and joy for music in every child.
The learning is achieved by addressing elements from both Indian and Western style of music. It also places before them a platter of musical choices that they can choose to pursue with more dedication and commitment. Creative exercises are used to assess the child. The students are encouraged to apply, analyse, evaluate and create in every class. Learning does not stop with understanding, we draw the understanding to where it is applied, how it is applied and what it is applied for. The child is asked to create simple patterns of musical elements that lead to finally helping them compose simple songs.
Coming back to the question on how early should we start music for a child, the answer is earlier the better. Children have music in them when they are born, all we need to do is nurture the musicality in them. Research has again shown that babies in womb respond to music and help in their development. Surround your child with good music as much as you can. Encourage them to use everyday items in the house to use as instruments. It is never too early to start with music.
We have developed a simple yet powerful series called Rhymes to Swaras. In this, we have used popular Rhymes like ‘Twinkle-Twinkle’ and added Indian notes or Swaras singing in parallel to the rhyme singing. This is a good way to have children get familiar with Indian notes and develop an ear to how each tune is created. This is a self-study course and can be started as early as two years and it can be a wonderful musical experience for parents to do with their child. Repeated listening and singing will make the child enjoy music in its simplest form.
Grow with Music
The child can then progress to our Grow With Music series, for children below five we would recommend to look for centers close to their house to start the learning. For children above five, they can join our online classes and start their journey.
The program is presented at schools and performing centers as a face to face experience and also as an online classes with an interactive teacher to guide and help them with the learning.
For centers and online the series is developed as levels. Starting at level one for two and half year to four-year-old, level two for four-plus to six, level three for six-plus to eight, level four to eight plus to ten and level five to ten plus to twelve. Each level will have three sets that they would have to complete before moving to the next level. At the centers, the program culminates with a showcase of the songs and concepts learnt. In online mode they will be assessed in the last class.
The Grow with music program is also developed for schools as an academic curriculum which is delivered for thirty-four weeks, in which twenty fives are dedicated to concept learning, warm ups and singing and nine weeks for annual day performance rehearsal and performance.
We have launched and delivered this program in some reputed schools across India. The program has been received well and has surely made a musical difference in the children’s life.
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Excessive power consumption has become the chief roadblock to further scaling of semiconductors, threatening to stall advancement in all electronics sectors—everything from further miniaturizing mobile devices to revving supercomputers.
While the causes are rooted in the immutable laws of physics and chemistry, engineers have devised a novel set of innovations that are mitigating the problem today and that promise to reinvigorate the chip industry tomorrow.Here are the top five ways to reduce power on future ICs. They are already in development, and collectively they hold the promise of solving the problem for good within the decade.
Electronic design automation tools can optimize for low power by enabling teams to co-design for it from the very beginning. In fact, the developers of lowest-power processors and systems-on-chip in the industry achieved their advantage not only by optimizing architectures and materials, but also by
co-designing packaging, power sources, RF circuitry and software to minimize power without diminishing performance or inflating cost.
"Building low power requires a holistic approach across technology, design methodology, chip architecture and software," said David Greenhill, director of design technology and EDA at Texas Instruments (Dallas).
TI has set the bar for low-power devices by optimizing each subsystem using pioneering techniques, such as building its own process technologies to balance off-mode leakage with active-current performance, or using voltage and frequency scaling to define a variety of power-saving operating modes.
"The first step is knowing the goal of the product from a performance and power perspective. Once those goals are determined, the process can be designed to provide the required performance without exceeding the device's power budget," said Randy Hollingsworth, 28-nanometer platform manager at TI.
EDA tools have been key to consistently achieving these lower-power goals, but sometimes they require a few iterations around the design loop, since estimates of power consumption with conventional EDA tools are only accurate near the end of the design cycle. For future ICs, power consumption estimates need to be accurate as early as possible in the design cycle.
Providers of a few specialized tools have picked up that baton. Atrenta Inc. (San Jose, Calif.), for instance, makes a tool called Spyglass Power that performs power consumption estimation, reduction and verification using the standard register-transfer level (RTL) descriptions that are available from every major EDA tool very early in the design cycle.
"Today, engineers want to estimate power very early in the design process," said Peter Suaris, Atrenta's senior director of engineering. "You can no longer wait until the end of the design cycle to estimate power consumption; you need to co-design for power at the RTL level, and make changes in your design to conserve power right from the beginning."
Atrenta reckons that its specialized power conservation tools can estimate the final power budget within 20 percent, while its power reduction tools can shave up to 50 percent off the energy consumed by the final design.
Atrenta's tool can estimate power consumption very early, here pinpointing potential hot spots before the beginning of the design cycle. (Source: Atrenta)
Lower the operating voltage
Scaling chips to smaller size has traditionally enabled power savings by lowering the operating voltage too. For instance, Samsung says its latest 20-nm "green memory" chips achieve a 67 percent power savings by reducing their operating voltage from 1.5 volts to 1.35 V.
Processor and logic circuitry can be run at even lower voltages than memory, but reductions of their operating voltages below 1 V require hard-to-come-by improvements in the semiconductor processes themselves. IBM, Intel, Samsung, TI, TSMC and every other semiconductor manufacturer is constantly improving its processes to operate at lower voltages, but progress has slowed over the past few generations.
The main sticking point is that the threshold voltage at which transistors turn on is becoming inconsistent from wafer to wafer because of process variations that were insignificant at larger scales. And since off-state leakage current for a given voltage varies wildly at different thresholds, the ideal chip would actually use a custom supply voltage fine-tuned to its vagaries.
Intel claims to have a better solution—one that it has spent almost a decade perfecting. Intel's 3-D FinFET transistor architecture, which it calls tri-gate, wraps three metal gates around a transistor's channel in 3-D, thus permeating it with the gates' electrical field. The technique nullifies process variations that have blocked operating voltages below 1 V.
"We have already demonstrated that our tri-gate structures can reduce operating voltage into the 0.7-volt range, and we can still go lower," said Intel senior fellow Mark Bohr. "These are fully depleted transistors with a steeper subthreshold slope, allowing them to shut off faster with less leakage and to turn on at a lower threshold voltage."
Semiconductor makers with deep pockets are looking to emulate Intel's 3-D architecture, but a few startups are working on new types of planar processes aimed at restarting voltage scaling for semiconductor makers without the time and money to perfect 3-D. SuVolta Inc. (Los Gatos, Calif.), for instance, has invented an ultralow-voltage planar process for standard CMOS lines.
Instead of using 3-D gates to deplete the transistors, SuVolta uses an undoped channel (with doped threshold and guard bands) that sidesteps variations in doping. The deeply depleted channel process can be implemented on standard planar CMOS lines.
"By using our planar deeply depleted channel process, we have demonstrated that supply voltages can be reduced to 0.6 volt today and even lower tomorrow," said Scott Thompson, chief technology officer at SuVolta.
The company's first licensee is Fujitsu Semiconductor (Tokyo), which will go into mass production later this year. Further announcements of major licensing deals are promised later in 2012.
By going to an undoped transistor channel (center, white, above a lightly doped threshold region, light green, and heavily doped screening region, dark green), SuVolta's planar CMOS process promises to put semiconductor voltage scaling back on track after years of stagnation. (Source: SuVolta)
In general terms, the lower the supply voltage and clock speed, the lower the power consumption. Performance, however, can suffer too. As a result, the latest microcontrollers and SoCs have resorted to smart power management units, which adapt the operating voltage and clock speed to match the workload.
"The basic idea of power management is to scale the supply voltage and clock speeds of different parts of a chip separately, to match their workload at any given time and to turn off circuitry that is not being used," said Tyson Tuttle, CTO at Silicon Laboratories Inc. (Austin, Texas).
Power management units are usually implemented as state-machine blocks that can selectively lower both voltage and clock speed for noncritical functions. But as more transistors are crammed onto chips at advanced semiconductor nodes, the concept of "dark silicon," wherein most of a chip is powered down until needed, may be the harbinger of future semiconductors.
"At advanced nodes beyond, say, 22 nanometers, SoCs are going to have many more transistors that can be turned on at the same time," said Ely Tsern, chief technologist at Rambus Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.) "The concept of dark silicon is to create many special-purpose functions on a chip but only turn on the ones that are needed at any one time, with the rest staying dark, doing nothing."
Intel is leading the way in on-chip power management by carefully monitoring the temperature of its cores at all times, allowing both overclocking (turbo mode) to boost performance and underclocking to save power.
But not all power management functions can be economically moved onto a chip. In fact, the most intelligent power management schemes split the task between on-chip and external power management units. "There is always going to be a need for external power management, because what you can bring onto the chip is limited in terms of power density," said Ashraf Lotfi, CTO and co-founder of Enpirion Inc. (Hampton, N.J.)
Enpirion specializes in producing free-standing power management units, which can accept commands from a processor to lower its voltage as it enters sleep mode, for instance, then ramp it back up when it awakes.
Intel's turbo mode overclocks cores for bursts of speed during heavy workloads, then monitors their temperature and slows them down when they begin to overheat. (Source: Intel )
Adopt 3-D/optical interconnect
Shortening the length and lowering the resistance of interconnection lines can vastly reduce the power consumption on ICs by enabling smaller driver transistors. The traditional way to shorten them is to add layers of metallization, with the result that some chips today have as many as 10 metal layers.
The latest innovation in interconnection layering, however, is the 3-D through-silicon-via (TSV), which allows memory chips to be stacked on top of processors. The technique reduces the length of interconnects to the distance between chips, rather than requiring power-hungry driver transistors and long printed-circuit board interconnection lines. The economic impact of TSVs, however, has been daunting, prompting most chip makers to delay their implementation.
"While it is true that TSVs reduce power by shortening the wire length, they are a very costly solution," said TI's Greenhill. "To become economical, TSVs need to be an enabler for other gaps, such as interface performance, to justify their cost."
One company intimately familiar with TSVs' cost/performance trade-off is Xilinx Inc. (San Jose, Calif.), which is delivering the first commercial chips to use TSVs. The company's cost-effective approach not only lowers power but also boosts performance compared with soldering separate devices on pc boards. It also lowers the BOM costs for Xilinx's customers, said Ephrem Wu, senior director of FPGAs at Xilinx.
Xilinx sidesteps soldering separate FPGAs onto boards by using a silicon interposer that can interconnect four high-density FPGAs inside a single package.
The approach boosts performance while lowering power to 19 watts, compared with 112 W for a conventional pc board solution. Another bleeding-edge technique is to use optical transceivers. IBM Corp.'s Power7 supercomputer, for instance, uses on-board photonic interconnects made from conventional optical components. Future ICs will likely use specialized optical solutions from Kotura (Monterey Park, Calif.) and others that have transferred photonic functions onto tiny optical chips that can be bonded to processors and memory chips.
"Our low-power silicon-germanium devices integrate the lenses, filters, modulators and all the other optical components you need onto a single chip," said Arlon Martin, vice president of marketing at the company.
Kotura's silicon photonics process allows it to integrate the optical transceivers from a cigarette-pack-sized, $10,000 conventional unit into a streamlined, iPhone-sized $500 package that uses four to 20 times less power. Kotura has also demonstrated that its SiGe transceivers can send optical signals through the air between stacked CMOS dice, essentially creating a high-speed, low-power optical data channel between stacked chips in lieu of pc board traces.
Xilinx uses a silicon interposer by TSMC to interconnect four of its FPGAs inside the package, thereby lowering the power from 112 watts to 19 W. (Source: Xilinx)
Try new materials
Going to higher-mobility materials will also reduce power. Magnetic materials are already being added to standard CMOS lines, and "miracle" materials like carbon nanotubes and graphene are on the horizon.
TI added magnetic materials to its CMOS lines in order to manufacture embedded microcontrollers with ferroelectric RAM. Licensed from Ramtron International Corp. (Colorado Springs, Colo.), FRAMs are more convenient than flash memories, since they are nonvolatile but also random access.
"Our nonvolatile FRAMs are more efficient to read or write in terms of energy consumption compared with flash," said Baher Haroun, CTO of the wireless business unit at TI.
Enpirion, too, has introduced magnetic materials into its CMOS line, with which it plans to start manufacturing integrated inductors and transformers on its power management chips in 2012. Today, inductors and transformers cannot be economically integrated onto chips that have to operate at high frequencies, but Enpirion's proprietary magnetic material aims to solve that problem.
"We have combined different metal alloys together to allow our magnetic material to operate at very high frequencies while remaining energy efficient," said Enpirion's Lotfi.
Meanwhile, the Semiconductor Research Corp. (Research Triangle, N.C.) recently funded research at IBM and Columbia University to integrate inductors onto processors. The company claims that it will allow on-chip regulation to throttle supply voltage on a nanosecond timescale, enabling workload matching that cuts energy consumption by up to 20 percent.
Other near-term materials to be added to CMOS lines in the near future include indium gallium arsenide. Intel plans to use InGaAs to supercharge the channel on future tri-gate transistors, a move it claims will allow operating voltages to drop as low as 0.5 V.
In the long term, however, carbon nanotubes and the planar version, graphene, are likely to become the materials of choice for ultralow-power future devices.
Graphene interconnects have outperformed copper in the lab at Georgia Tech. IBM has demonstrated that low-power, ultrahigh-speed transistors can be fabricated using either carbon nanotubes or graphene. And TI recently demonstrated that graphene can be fabricated at the wafer scale.
Intel, for its part, has investigated the use of carbon-based materials for their higher electron mobility but has concluded that they are not yet ready for prime time.
"Carbon-based interconnects, using nanotubes or graphene, have very intriguing properties," said Intel's Bohr. "But while the bulk material has lower resistance, contacting it does not have low resistance. However, it is a very promising material, so I expect we will see much more research on it in the coming years."
Enpirion's on-chip inductors manufactured on silicon wafers using a proprietary manufacturing process and a unique magnetic alloy formula.
Side bar: Smarter power management schemes
As a processor manufacturer that also makes its own external power management ICs, Freescale Semiconductor Inc. has the luxury of being able to optimize the partitioning of power management tasks between internal and external units.
"There's a lot of secret sauce involved in finely tuning power management functions for a particular application processor," said Rajeev Kumar, marketing manager for i.MX processors. "To reduce the complexity and cost of our external power management ICs, we have sucked into our latest processors the functions of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, which matches power consumption to what an application is doing at any one time."
Freescale's i.MX-6, for instance, not only does voltage conversions on-chip to reduce the number of external power supply voltages needed, but also dynamically matches the frequency of up to four ARM9 cores by adjusting their supply voltage between 0.9 and 1.2 volts, or even by shutting down unused cores altogether. The on-chip power management functions also eliminate the need for external components to handle peripheral circuits and hardware accelerators, by turning them on and off as needed under program control.
"By adding more on-chip power management functions, we have been able to reduce the need for external controllers down to a single power-management IC," said Michael Jennings, manager of power management ICs at Freescale. "And even though different applications have very different power requirements, our i.MX-6 reference designs show engineers how to significantly reduce their bill of materials to a single configurable and programmable power management IC.
"By scaling the power output as a single high-current voltage for single cores, or as up to four lower-current supplies for our dual- and quad-core processors, separate programmable voltages can be supplied to each core, while an array of switches and built-in regulators supply all the different voltages and currents needed for peripherals."
For Freescale's recently announced QorIQ dual-threaded e6500 Power Architecture Advanced Multiprocessing (AMP) processors with 24 virtual cores, a cascading power manager enables a fourfold performance increase, without a meltdown, by never running all cores at full throttle. The processor's automatic turbo mode selectively runs the cores doing the most critical tasks at higher frequencies; the cascading power manager ensures the power budget is not exceeded by throttling back the cores doing less critical tasks.
"Cascading power management is a workload balancing technique" that's policy driven, said John Dixon, marketing lead for QorIQ AMP processors. "Designers pick the policies that appropriately mitigate the increase in energy consumption per their specific end equipment needs."
To support the formation of appropriate policies for power management, Freescale has invented a "drowsy" mode whereby cores can be powered down for energy conservation, while keeping their registers and local memory values intact so they can be quickly powered back up when needed.
"At lighter workloads, it is not efficient to allocate tasks to all cores equally," said Freescale senior SoC architect Ben Eckermann. "Instead, we allocate work to fewer cores and let the other cores enter drowsy mode using an autonomous self-balancing dynamic allocation without burdening the programmer with complicated allocation and monitoring tasks."
Article Courtesy: EE Times | <urn:uuid:5cb8b6da-c635-49ad-8d6c-956c6280c1e6> | {
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U.S. Department of Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Lisa P. Jackson have announced a new interagency agreement promoting renewable energy generation and slashing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock operations.
The agreement expands the work of the AgSTAR program, a joint EPA-USDA effort which helps livestock producers reduce methane emissions from their operations.
"The farms and ranches that dot our countryside can contribute greatly to addressing America's long-term energy challenges and the partnership we are announcing today will not only help generate renewable energy, but provide new income opportunities for farmers and ranchers," said Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack.
"We want to seize every opportunity to confront climate change and move into the clean economy of the future. This is a smart way to transform what would be a harmful greenhouse pollutant into a source of renewable energy — and make a profit for American farmers," said EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson. "We have the technology and the expertise, all we need now is to act. The AgSTAR program brings real benefits to our air and creates new opportunities for our farming community."
EPA and USDA's enhanced collaboration will provide up to $3.9 million over the next five years to help the farms overcome obstacles preventing them from recovering and using biogas. The collaboration will expand technical assistance efforts, improve technical standards and guidance for the construction and evaluation of biogas recovery systems, and expand outreach to livestock producers and assist them with pre-feasibility studies.
Biogas is composed primarily of methane, a greenhouse gas 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Biogas emitted from manure management systems, called digesters, can be collected and used to produce electricity, heat or hot water. Due in large part to AgSTAR's efforts, about 150 on-farm manure digesters are now operating at livestock facilities across the U.S. In addition, EPA estimates there are about 8,000 farms across the United States that are good candidates for capturing and using biogas. If all 8,000 farms implemented biogas systems, methane emissions would be reduced by more than 34 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent a year, roughly equal to the annual emissions from 6.5 million passenger vehicles. In addition, these projects could generate more than 1,500 megawatts of renewable energy.
Information on the AgSTAR Program: http://www.epa.gov/agstar. | <urn:uuid:4b9195ed-c797-47a1-b565-c0f54454a839> | {
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Pages 149 - 286.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. For how long does Monsieur Crevel estimate that the Baroness will remain beautiful?
(a) Fifteen years.
(b) Ten years.
(c) Five years.
(d) A lifetime.
2. To what animal does Monsieur Crevel compare Mademoiselle Hortense in his conversation with the Baroness?
(a) A pig.
(b) A fox.
(c) A nightingale.
(d) A thoroughbred horse.
3. Why does Valerie want Baron Hulot to bring Wenceslas to dine with them?
(a) She wants to seduce him.
(b) She is awed by his fame.
(c) She admires his talent.
(d) She wants to humiliate him.
4. Who does Wenceslas tell Lisbeth has purchased his group?
(a) The Comte of Montcornet.
(b) The Baron.
(c) Monsieur Crevel.
(d) The Duc d'Herouville.
5. Why does Stidman try to stay away from Wenceslas' house?
(a) He does not like Bette.
(b) He is angry with Wenceslas.
(c) He does not like Hortense.
(d) He is attracted to Hortense.
Short Answer Questions
1. Which country does Monsieur Crevel dream of visiting?
2. What does Monsieur Crevel suggest that Madame Hulot do to obtain a dowry for her daughter?
3. What does the narrator consider to be "the most reliable thermometer of wealth in Parisian households"?
4. When Hector Hulot returns home from Valerie's house after hearing of the problem between Wenceslas and Hortense, what does he discover Adeline doing?
5. How long had Lisbeth's beau been working on the figurine she shows to Hortense?
This section contains 249 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:d823a2f8-8c36-471f-8a42-46ae759e9e94> | {
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Tuesday, 22 July 2014
Sir Sandford Fleming, KCMG (January 7, 1827 – July 22, 1915) was a Scottish-born Canadian engineer and inventor. He proposed worldwide standard time zones, designed Canada's first postage stamp, left a huge body of surveying and map making, engineered much of the Intercolonial Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway, and was a founding member of the Royal Society of Canada and founder of the Royal Canadian Institute, a science organization in Toronto.
In 1827, Fleming was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland to Andrew and Elizabeth Fleming. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed as a surveyor and in 1845, at the age of 18, he emigrated with his older brother David to Ontario (then the western half of the Province of Canada, at that time called Canada West). He qualified as a surveyor in Canada in 1849.
In 1849 he established the Royal Canadian Institute with several friends, which was formally incorporated on November 4, 1851. Although initially intended as a professional institute for surveyors and engineers it became a more general scientific society. In 1851 he designed the Threepenny Beaver, the first Canadian postage stamp. Throughout this time he was fully employed as a surveyor, mostly for the Grand Trunk Railway. His work for them eventually gained him the position as Chief Engineer of the Northern Railway of Canada in 1855, where he advocated the construction of iron bridges instead of wood for safety reasons.
In 1862 he placed before the government a plan for a transcontinental railway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The first part, between Halifax and Quebec became an important part of the preconditions for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to join the Canadian Federation because of the uncertainties of travel through Maine because of the American Civil War. In 1867 he was appointed engineer-in-chief of the Intercolonial Railway which became a federal project and he continued in this post till 1876. Fleming served in the 10th Battalion Volunteer Rifles of Canada (later known as the Royal Regiment of Canada) and was appointed to the rank of Captain on January 1, 1862. He retired from the militia in 1865.
After missing a train in 1876 in Ireland because its printed schedule listed p.m. instead of a.m., he proposed a single 24-hour clock for the entire world, located at the centre of the Earth and not linked to any surface meridian. At a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879 he linked it to the anti-meridian of Greenwich (now 180°). He suggested that standard time zones could be used locally, but they were subordinate to his single world time, which he called Cosmic Time. He continued to promote his system at major international conferences including the International Meridian Conference of 1884. That conference accepted a different version of Universal Time, but refused to accept his zones, stating that they were a local issue outside its purview. Nevertheless, by 1929 all of the major countries of the world had accepted time zones. | <urn:uuid:da48f9b3-1b70-4715-a4c5-4f0efc803439> | {
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Young children are fascinated by the weather. This hands-on science kit dispels some of the mysteries in the sky (what really causes that loud thunder?) and provides fun activities for an adult and child to do together. Weather Science by Thames & Kosmos, one of the leading science kit manufacturers, teaches about clouds, thunderstorms, lightning and rainbows. The kit includes materials to build a weather station and track the outdoor temperature. An easy-to-follow 16-page guidebook is also included. For bonus fun, add a microphone and play "meteorologist!" Ages 5+.
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD--Small parts; not for children under 3 years.
Little Labs Weather Science, Thames & Kosmos | <urn:uuid:bc943ed1-8ec7-4b8b-b37a-ed6e8d1555af> | {
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The Roman Empire Centuriation, engineering masterpiece
Roman Empire Centuriation, what it is and how was the utilization management? Well, the land is one of the most important “monuments” of the Roman period. Hence the division of the land into regular grids is recognizable in the countryside. And it bears witness to the first management scheme of the land over vast areas of the Po Plain, north of Italy.
The aerial views
The man draws a land that looks like a sort of chess board. Just looking at aerial photographs we perceive the scale. These views from above are also the only way we have to see lots of other buried signs. For sure in those areas that the environment and the hydrographic changes in the Medieval period affected.
The land subdivision
The division of the land into grids is the centuriation (delimited by the centuriae). And square blocks characterized it. Therefore, the modular grids provided a useful tool not just for the distribution of the fields. But also for the colonization, and for the assignment of the lands to discharge the soldiers. As well as for the defense of the territory, and with the creation of a dense network of man made waterways. Most of all for irrigation and drainage of the fields. This model of land management played a key role in the process of the Roman expansion. In fact, it characterized the agriculture lands of the conquered territories.
The Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus
First of all, the Roman Empire centuriation was laid down along the axes of the two main roads. The Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus. The centuria is the module of the land division. So called because it was made up of one hundred small pieces, each of which known as heredium. There was also a further subdivision of the heredium into the actus quadratus and the iugerum. A square centuria was twenty actus long (710 meters). Hence it is about fifty hectares. As a result, clear traces of centuria are in a lot of places of the Roman Empire. Also outside the peninsula of Italy, some examples are in the Rhone valley and North Africa.
The typical scheme of a Roman centuriation
The Romans adopted many systems to set up a stable structure to the agriculture lands. Like also in the urban areas. Hence the schemes and the varieties of the settings depended on the economic and legal reasons. And also in relation to the different periods and places where they were made. The scheme of the Roman Empire centuriation adopted in the north of Italy is the classic and widespread “ager centuriatus“.
From the Umbilicus
First of all, they found the center of the city (“Umbelicus“), and they traced two perpendicular axes from it. In the detail, the first from east to the west direction called Decumanus Maximus. As the second from south to the north direction called the Cardo Maximus. So delimited the town, these two main roads continued through the surrounding territory. Hence they passed the four gates built on the walls of the town itself. As follow, the land surveyor stood in the “Umbelicus” of the town. Hence facing the west, he called ultra (hereafter) the part of the territory he had in front. Citra (herebefore) the part he had behind him. Dextra what was on his right and finally Sinistra what was on his left.
After that, they traced the secondaries Cardo and Decumanus on both sides of the two main axes. Also called limites quintarii, they were at an interval of 100 actus (about 3,5 km). And they divided the territory into square surfaces called saltus. Furthermore, they added other parallel lines to the road network. Always on the secondaries Cardo and Decumanus already drew. Hence these new lines were at a distance of 20 actus (710,40 m). As a result, they divided the territory into square areas, called centuria. The Decumanus Maximus was normally 40 feet wide (11,84 m), and the Cardo Maximus 20 feet (5,92 m). Furthermore, the limites quintarii were 12 feet (3,55 m) and the remaining roads 8 feet (2,37 m).
The subdivision of the Centuria
It is just at the end of the work on the road network that the real plot of the land will start. Therefore, they divided each Centuria in parallel lines along the cardines and the decumani. On a distance to each other of 2 actus (71,04 m). These bordered the square sections called Heredia with an area of about 0,5 hectares. In conclusion, in the Centuria we could find 100 Heredia (Centuria = centum Heredia). There is also a subdivision of each “Heredium” in two part, following the south-north way. In conclusion, these lines delimited the smaller ground unit, the jugerum. From jugum, amount of soil that could be plowed in one day by a pair of oxen. Hence that is the primitive Roman field, with an area of 2523 square meters.
The scheme of the Roman Empire centuriation just described may appear too rigid and abstract. But it answered, in a nearly perfect way, to a series of eminent practical order needs. Both politic and strategic, as well as agriculture and social profiles. And also under the administrative and fiscal ones.
The Via Emilia, Decumanus Maximus
Now, a Decumanus Maximus is one of the most important roads in the North of Italy. As a result, the road is the Via Emilia, and the region is Emilia Romagna. In fact, this main road goes from the town of Rimini to Piacenza. Hence it describes a straight line that goes from East to West. And also, on the Via Emilia, the Romans founded some important art cities of the region. With Rimini, we have Forlì Cesena, Imola, and Bologna. As well as the towns of Modena, Reggio Emilia, and Parma. The town of Piacenza is the end of this Decumanus Maximus. For sure, even in this region the Roman Empire centuriation exists till our time.
The Roman Empire centuriation in the north-east of Padua
And now let’s see an area that preserves the Roman Empire centuriation till our time. In the detail, we are in the Northeast of Italy, in the Veneto region. In particular, in the northeast of Padua, that now is one of the most important art cities of Italy. As a result, this town (Patavium) was already a Roman colony. Hence there was an intensive cultivation around this place. For this reason, the center of the city (Umbilicus Urbis) could not coincide with the surrounding land (Umbilicus Agri). As a result, they moved the Umbilicus out of the city. Most of all, in a position as more as possible barycentric to the area of the centuriation. Hence linked to it by the Cardo Maximus of the Centuria itself.
The inclined cardines and decumans
Therefore, the place falls into the village of St Giorgio delle Pertiche. Here we find two important Roman roads. The ancient Via Aurelia as a Cardo Maximus and the Via Desman, as the Decumanus Maximus. The Decumans are inclined, compared to the ideal east-west direction, about 14,5 °. To follow the slopes of the highest point of the terrain and favor the drainage of water. And also to ensure the durability and integrity of the works. As well as the cardines deviate from the same small amount by the ideal north-south direction. Which allows the cultivated soils to receive the best distribution of the light from the sun.
The water network
In addition to the road, they also regulated and developed the water network. Which it is indispensable both for the maintenance of the works already done. As well as for the normal agriculture practice.
The inner structure of the centuriations
In this landscape, the inner structure of the Centuria differs from the ideal one. Because they are not ten, but eight transverse bands. Which they have a width of 2,5 actus (88,80 m). The transverse lines that divide it into the four parts are generally made up of ditches. Most of the time, we find the willow trees along the ditches. And also, the headlands are on both sides. Looking the fields, other lines are in between the previous ones. In fact, they further subdivide the Centuria in a transverse way. They consist of a small ruts that serve also for the drainage of rainwater.
The south-north direction
The harder is the determination of the longitudinal bands. Because the south-north direction lines have undergone a much greater alteration over time than the transversal ones. However, the most trusted hypothesis is that they divided the Centuria into 20 longitudinal bands. The width of 1 actus (35,52 m), and then in 160 plots or fields. With a surface of 1,25 jugers (3154 sqm). The longitudinal lines that divide the Centuria into four equal parts are usually tree-lined ditches (alder, oak, plane-tree, poplar, maple, …). While the other lines that delimit the fields, always in the south-north direction, consist of ruts and rows of vines (“planted”).
The convex slope
The fields have a characteristic transversal convex slope. Very useful for the cultivation of the territory under consideration. Made largely of sandy-lime and clayey soils of difficult drainage. In fact, it guarantees the availability of a real soil mattress. That, for a depth of 30-40 cm, can absorb atmospheric precipitation up to 50% of its volume. And it allows with its inclination the regular flow of the water.
Assonometry of a portion of the Centuria (see photo)
The drawing gives an image of how the typical landscape of the Centuria appeared in the area of Padua, northeast of Italy. As a result, a regular succession of fields characterized it. Hence plantings, headlands, and tree-lined ditches bordered these fields.
I’m the content Manager of Sightseeing in Italy. In addition to the blog posts, I manage all the articles of the website. As well as all the social media giving tips and solutions for travelers that are going to visit Italy. This is a country full of charm, able to satisfy all kind of needs. just make your choice… | <urn:uuid:29788c1a-b4c3-4921-ab0a-114710a99729> | {
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"Fugitive methane" released during shale gas drilling could accelerate climate change.
Robert Howarth, an ecologist and evolutionary biologist, and Anthony Ingraffea, a civil and environmental engineer, reported that fracked wells leak 40 to 60 percent more methane than conventional natural gas wells. When water with its chemical load is forced down a well to break the shale, it flows back up and is stored in large ponds or tanks. But volumes of methane also flow back up the well at the same time and are released into the atmosphere before they can be captured for use. This giant belch of "fugitive methane" can be seen in infrared videos taken at well sites.
Halliburton is the world's largest provider of hydraulic fracturing. Who would have guessed.
Wait, aren't they in the private war contractor business. It seems they've expanded to waging war on US water supplies.
According to Michael Shellenberger, president of the Breakthrough Institute in California, we can thank US government policy for fracking.
Government policy encouraged the new exploration for gas and should get much of the credit for the resulting reduction in emissions.
“The gas boom is largely from shale, which is the result of a concerted government push, and tax credits, starting in the 70’s, both of which are policies,...
Of course, he thinks fracking's good because it allows natural gas to replace coal.
Breakthrough Institute apparently is "luke-warmist". Essentially "Don't Worry, Be Happy About Our economic system".
“Luke-warmists” may be defined as those who appear to accept the body of climate science but interpret it in a way that is least threatening: emphasising uncertainties, playing down dangers, and advocating a slow and cautious response.
The effect of luke-warmers’ contributions has been to sow doubt in the public mind about the credibility of the scientific warnings and the need to respond, just as Exxon-funded think tanks have.
...emphasize the “inherent unknowability” and “systematic doubt” in the body of scientific knowledge. They express misgivings about the desirability of investments in renewable energy, referring to their “chilling history” and “serious financial and social consequences”, a theme pursued by the Breakthrough Institute and more recently taken upby Tea Party Republicans.
Here we get to the conservative heart of the luke-warmist position. For them the prevailing economic system is sacred, and any change must work around it.“Growth is sacrosanct” is another rendering of President George H.W. Bush’s celebrated declaration at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit: “The American way of life is not negotiable.”
To agree with environmental critics that our social and economic system—its power structure, its inherent goals, the forms of behaviour it endorses—could so damage the Earth that our future, and that of the system itself, is now in peril would require them to discard their essential faith in the benevolence of the status quo. [italics and bold mine]
Because in their eyes fracking is good, they brag that US government policies support it.
Don't Worry about Fracking
You can't be sure what would happen if the fire department used fracking-contaminated water, it's "inherent unknowable".
Have another margarita!
Big surprise, Koch Industries is involved in fracking.
Koch Industries is heavily involved in natural gas, as detailed in an article last spring by Lee Fang in the Republic Report. Its recent activities in the natural gas industry focus on services for fracking operations including pipelines, storage, processing, and supplies.
Fracking produces several orders of magnitude more water contamination than other sources of water pollution.
Risk analysts have concluded that the disposal of contaminated wastewater from hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”) wells producing natural gas in the intensively developed Marcellus Shale region poses a substantial potential risk of river and other water pollution.
Disposal of the large amounts of fracking well wastewater that is expected to be generated in the Marcellus Shale region—which covers approximately 124,000 square kilometers from New York to West Virginia—presents risks from salts and radioactive materials that are “several orders of magnitude larger” than for other potential water pollution pathways examined in the new study.
For a more personal account see States Fail to Enforce Their Own Oil, Gas Rules
Earthworks says failure to enforce oil and gas regulations means that states are not seeking, documenting, sanctioning, deterring, and cleaning up problems associated with irresponsible oil and gas operations such as chemical spills, equipment failure, accidents, and discharges into drinking water supplies.
Penalties are so weak that it is cheaper for violators to pay the penalty than comply with the law. “The total value of financial penalties in each state studied is less than or equivalent to the value of the gas contained in one single well,” Earthworks says in its report, “Breaking All the Rules: The Crisis in Oil & Gas Regulatory Enforcement.”
“I left my home in DISH because gas development threatened my family’s health,” said Calvin Tillman, former mayor of DISH, Texas."Tillman said that after drilling began near his home, his children developed nosebleeds when they were asleep. In their new home in another community, the nosebleeds stopped. [emphasis mine]
Fracking is secret in many states, see maps.
Whenever toxic materials are produced in huge quantities, opportunities open up for criminal "entrepreneurs". Remember how Chernobyl's radioactive zone was stripped of portable goods, that ended up in the hands of unaware buyers all over Russia? In a similar manner toxic Fracking waste was poured into PA neighborhoods.
On March 17, 2011 Greene County resident Robert Allan Shipman and his company, Allan’s Waste Water Service Inc., were charged with illegally dumping millions of gallons of natural gas drilling wastewater, along with restaurant grease and sewer sludge across six counties in Pennsylvania from 2003-2009.
“Shipman showed the drivers how to leave open the gas well valves and ordered them to discharge production water onto the ground and/or into the nearby waterways.” Drivers’ testimony added, “This activity would typically occur after dark or during heavy rain so that no one would observe the illegal discharge.” “He was pouring the stuff in any hole he could find.”
The Democratic Party chooses to ignore the environmental costs of fracking, to embrace "cheap abundant natural gas". They're also backing off on climate change.
Once again short term profit trumps avoidance of serious long term damage.
New Yorkers beware, the man in charge of fracking regulation is a Climate Science Denier.
Governor Cuomo relies on Bradley J Field -- a climate skeptic -- to head New York's Department of Environmental Conservation's Division of Mineral Resources. Unfortunately, Mr. Field has proven to be out of sync with the scientific community on the environmental issue with the greatest scientific consensus -- climate change. And despite this, he is responsible for making sure that New York's regulation of fracking is based on good science. | <urn:uuid:d92e6831-32be-4ca9-b34d-cb0fdfd4b5cc> | {
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Study of the planet earth, its composition, structure, physical and chemical processes, and history since its origin.
Geology and hydrogeology of the Florida Keys [ More info] Article on geology and hydrogeology of the Florida Keys with sections on Holocene and Pleistocene geology, water resources, and introduction with a brief history and overview of early studies.
Geology of Death Valley National Park [ More info] Site has links to Death Valley's geologic history, rocks and minerals, geologic time, geologic maps.
Geology of Lake Meade National Recreation Area [ More info] Site has links to Lake Mead National Recreation Area: geologic field trips, geologic history, plate tectonics, rocks and minerals, geologic time, geologic maps, and glossary.
Geology of Mojave National Preserve [ More info] Site has links to Mohave National Preserve: geologic field trips, geologic history, plate tectonics, rocks and minerals, geologic time, geologic maps, and glossary.
Geology of National Parks [ More info] Two sheets of 3D images showing geologic features of many National Parks. Red-and-cyan viewing glasses are need to see the three-dimensional effect.
Geology of Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument [ More info] Site has links to Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument geologic field trips, geologic history, plate tectonics, rocks and minerals, geologic time, geologic maps, and glossary.
Geology of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park and Potomac River Corridor, District of Columbia, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia [ More info] Rocks representing a variety of tectonic and depositional environments outcrop along the canal and towpath and reveal the geologic history of the central Appalachian region from the Mesoproterozoic to Jurassic Period.
Geology of the Devonian Marcellus Shale--Valley and Ridge province, Virginia and West Virginia--a field trip guidebook for the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Eastern Section Meeting, September 28-29, 2011 [ More info] Detailed background information with descriptions of sites and photos explaining the geology of this organic-rich shale unit that has recently become a significant source of natural gas resources.
Geology of the onshore part of San Mateo County, California: a digital database [ More info] This digital map database represents the general distribution of the geology (bedrock and surficial deposits) in San Mateo County. Accompanying text file (*.txt or *.ps) provides current information on the geologic structure and stratigraphy.
Geology research and information [ More info] Alternative web access to geological, geochemical, and geophysical research programs that are divided among the new USGS mission areas.
Alphabetical Index of Topics
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z | <urn:uuid:e9fa204f-8428-4c76-a4b5-ddef42cd8c6e> | {
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Stinkgrass Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign. ex Janchen
Poaceae (Grass family)
Erect to spreading summer annual.
Leaves are usually hairless and up to 6 inches long with a tuft of long, soft hair at
the collar region. Tiny, warty glands on the leaf margins and sheath release an unpleasant odor.
Erect to spreading, up to 2-foot-tall, slender stems are branched at the base. Stems have a ring of tiny glands just below the nodes, which release an unpleasant odor.
Flowers and fruit
The seedhead is a dense to open, tan, gray-green to purple, pyramid-shaped panicle. Flattened and oblong, spikelets contain up to 40 reddish orange to brown, egg-shaped seeds. | <urn:uuid:3a892ddb-3e2c-405f-af16-58064c34f8e8> | {
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Keep your eyes on the road and keep your hands at 10 and 2 o'clock. These basic messages from driver's education class seem simple, but when you're in the car between classes, on your way to work, or driving for hours on a road trip, sometimes even the fundamentals are overlooked.
Distracted driving is a well-known term with broad meaning. Use of a cell phone is a common experience for most drivers, whether that means for discussion with a friend, to pick out a playlist or to send a text message. Studies show that most drivers know it's wrong to look at their phones, but urge overrides instinct and they get distracted anyway. Besides phone usage, distracted driving occurs whenever a driver's attention wanders. Other common distractions include eating, tuning a radio, applying makeup and checking on pets. Data from 2007 to 2017 compiled 187,053 instances of distracted driving incidents in Tennessee. On average, that's more than 18,000 crashes each year in The Volunteer State.
Distracted driving accidents and liability
Most of those accidents were not major, but even the simplest distraction can cause significant damage and even cost someone's life. In a recent Ohio example, a 24 year-old woman was texting while driving when she ran adrift of her lane, striking two teenagers on the side of the road, killing them. This manner of distracted driving isn't just a car accident; it's a criminal offense and a liable act of negligence.
While the Ohio woman faces charges such as vehicular manslaughter, she is also likely to face a civil lawsuit for damages and suffering her actions have caused. Drivers are responsible for their actions. If someone else's careless behavior causes injury or - even worse - causes the death of a loved one, they are legally responsible for pain, suffering and related expenses.
A few seconds can have lasting impact
Car accidents are an unfortunately frequent part of life. Even though they are somewhat commonplace, that does not mean they are unavoidable. Anytime another party unjustly causes an injury or death, it's your right to seek coverage for your loss.
Car accident injuries can have lasting effects. Concussions and traumatic brain injuries are hard to identify and, if untreated, may cause permanent damage. In other cases, an injury can make it hard to continue in your chosen profession or may take away your ability to pursue a favorite pastime. It can be overwhelming to explore your legal options, but it's your well-being at stake. Speaking with an experienced personal injury attorney can help you to look at the big picture after a serious accident has impacted your life.
As the numbers from the past ten years illustrate, distracted driving affects thousands of Tennesseans each year. It's a growing concern that is fully preventable. While the cell phone maybe calling, it's important to ignore the temptation and to keep your attention focused on what's ahead of you. | <urn:uuid:a0addfb1-c1a0-487b-9d50-6702e163a77d> | {
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