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Learn about Exercise & Hypertension
Exercise & Hypertension
Why hire a Personal Trainer?
What is hypertension? Hypertension is the condition of high blood pressure. Stage 1 hypertension is now defined as blood pressure measured and expressed as millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), read from a blood pressure monitor 120 systolic over 80 diastolic or 120/80 mm Hg. There are different stages of hypertension. Sage 2 hypertension is defined as ≥160 systolic over 100 diastolic mm Hg, and hypertensive crisis is defined as blood pressure reading ≥180 systolic over 110 diastolic mm Hg. All stages of hypertension are serious and can put you at an increased risk for damage to your heart, arteries, brain, and kidneys, among other organs and systems in your body.
Does exercise alter blood pressure?
Exercise, along with a good diet, is effective in lowering high blood pressure and maintaining healthy blood pressure. Duration, frequency, and intensity of physical activity plays a strong role in the effectiveness of exercise as related to circulatory system and heart health. Regular physical activity for 30 minutes or more, for adults, and 60 minutes or more for children and adolescents, everyday, within a prescribed exercise intensity or heart rate zone, meaning moderate to vigorous exercise or physical activity is most effective for maintaining ideal blood pressure and heart health.
Exercising within a proper and safe exercise intensity helps your heart to maintain or improve it’s strength, as a result, it’s endurance, which helps your heart to accomplish it’s job of pumping blood throughout your body less stressful over time. It has been determined that if you are within the prehypertensive range lowering your blood pressure by as little as 4 to 9 mm Hg can greatly reduce your risks for additional illness, disorders, and disease. Added benefits of exercise include weight loss, body fat reduction, improved cardiovascular strength and endurance, stress relief, improved muscle strength and endurance, improved mental focus and emotional health, and improved bone health, among several other benefits.
Examples of physical activity that can be beneficial to heart health and, specifically, lowering your blood pressure for you if you are classified as prehypertensive or hypertensive begin aerobic activities performed within your prescribed target heart rate including walking, cycling, or swimming. In addition to aerobic exercises, strength building exercise or resistance exercise should be performed twice a week. The duration and intensity of the physical activities or exercise remains the same as described above, however, the frequency is lowered to a minimum of two resistance exercise sessions per week. Speak with a qualified exercise professional to help you determine the exact types of exercises that can be most effective for you. That said, it is important that when you exercise with resistance, emphasis on moderate weight and appropriate repetition range is essential. The recommendation for repetitions of specific exercises, falling within your prescribed target heart rate, should be performed 8 to 12 repetitions per set of exercise.
Hypertension in America
Statistics on Hypertension in America
Chronic Heart Failure
Are you interested in the effects of exercise on hypertension?
Are you interested in learning about the benefits of exercise for people with high blood pressure? Consider hiring a personal trainer. If so, please visit our homepage and use the “find an instructor by city” search bar.
If you are a qualified personal trainer, exercise coach, pilates, yoga, or aerial fitness teacher, people are looking for your help. If you would like to share your website, and business details with our website visitors, please register your business by contacting Derek, on Instagram to share your business details, and location. Yes, it’s free – always.
Please visit my LinkedIn page – let’s connect. | <urn:uuid:68f316db-7335-4073-acef-34d8061743b5> | {
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When there is no functioning dystrophin, muscle cells get easily damaged due to repeated contractions and relaxations. Eventually, these weakened muscle cells die, leading to the characteristic muscular deterioration linked to DMD.
DMD can be caused by several thousand possible mutations. Most of them are deletions, missing DNA, which leads to the damaged protein. Contrary to this, a promising DMD treatment includes the rational deletion of the dystrophin gene sequence for the production of a so-called microdystrophin.
In mouse models, many microdystrophins have already been constructed and demonstrated to enhance muscle function. Besides this, microdystrophins have also been used in dog models successfully, DMD’s only huge mammalian model. But, in these studies, microdystrophins need to be delivered to the animal, using a virus which can merely deliver genes in a particular size. | <urn:uuid:d022c27b-8c4c-4acf-878d-a9397f636577> | {
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The Olduvai theory and catastrophic consequences
Our century-old industrial civilization and its luxurious standard of living may be about to end. The energy prime mover of this civilization, oil, is about to drastically dwindle in supply.
This dwindling oil supply in the face of escalating demand has rocketed up the price of oil. Ted Trainer (1997) predicted large and permanent increases in oil prices after the year 2000 due to increasing scarcity. In fact in March 2008, oil broke through the psychological ceiling of $100 a barrel, and later in early June rose to around $140 on the way to $150. Even the president of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) has warned of oil reaching $200 a barrel (Robertson, 2008). Goldman Sachs has announced that the $200 barrier could be hit any time within the next two years (Foroohar, 2008). Alexey Miller, head of the world’s largest energy company, the Kremlin-owned gas giant Gazprom, has predicted that oil will reach $250 a barrel “in the foreseeable future” (Fortson, 2008). Ferris-Lay (2008) has forecast that the black liquid gold could climb to an incredible $300 a barrel in the foreseeable future. In the slightly longer term we have been warned of an economically lethal price of $380 (Porter, 2005). The major cause for all these price hikes is the dwindling supplies as oil reaches exhaustion point around the world.
In this paper we will consider the implications of the dwindling supply of oil in light of the Olduvai Theory.
History, current changing world circumstances and dwindling energy-resource supplies suggest that the oil-fired industrial age is destined to be short lived. The bell curve below shows the levels of historic and prospective oil production over two millennia. This graph highlights the assertion that the life expectancy of Industrial Civilization is around 100 years – from 1930 to 2030 (Duncan, 2000; Rempel).
It has been the plentiful supply of cheap oil (increasingly from less developed countries) that was the main factor, along with the necessary natural resources and skilled manpower, that made the miracle of the industrial era, of about 100 years, possible in the Western more developed countries, and particularly in Europe and the United States.
However, the plentiful supply of cheap oil has been short lived. Even as predicted by Dr. M. King Hubbert’s bell curve method, the peak for oil production in the United States was reached way back in 1970. This “Peak Oil” method began with Hubbert, a Shell Oil geophysicist who determined that when an oil field was half depleted, it had hit peak production and was set for production decline. Not only did he estimate, in 1956, that U.S. oil production would peak around 1970, but also with this method he later predicted the world peak would be between 1995 and 2000 (Anderson, 2008).
Several internationally known and respected petroleum experts, Colin Campbell, Jean Laherrere, Brian Fleay, Roger Blanchard, Richard Duncan, Walter Youngquist, and Albert Bartlett (with various methodologies) all estimated a peak in conventional oil production would hit around 2005. Further, the CEOs of Agip and ENI SpA, (Italian oil companies) and ARCO (a BP subsidiary since 2000) also published estimates for peak oil to be reached in 2005. In November 1997, the International Energy Agency (IEA) convened an Oil Conference in Paris. Among the various papers presented, Jean Laherrere and Colin Campbell presented three empirical papers on oil depletion.
As a result of this conference, the IEA prepared a paper for the G8 Energy Ministers' Meeting in Moscow, March 31, 1998. The IEA adopted Laherrere and Campbell's view, and forecast an imminent peak in conventional oil for 2012. This represents a significant reversal of the IEA position from the no-limits stance of previous years (Hanson, 2001). In general support of the imminent peak in world oil heralding declining production levels, Hirsch (2005, p. 9) lists twelve highly respected oil studies, and eight of these predict peak oil by 2012.
In fact by 2006 not only had most countries reached their peak oil production and its subsequent fall-off in production, but declining world oil production levels set in, heralding dwindling oil on world markets and shrinking reserves in the ground. The graph below shows this state of affairs with world oil production having peaked in early 2006, and from there we see a trend of continual slow decline, and by 2030 oil production is predicted to drop to 40 mbpd, less than half today’s production (Bowman, 2008). Other analysts (for example most recently Zittel and Schindler, 2007) give similar analyses for oil supply drop-off beginning around now. This all shows that the general trend for conventional oil production over the last couple of years was one of overall decline. Actually the industry is harboring pent up forces for permanent steeper decline to set in.
Various comments are now being heard from high in the oil industry. Ali Naimi, the Saudi Oil Minister said, “Limited capacity along the entire supply chain is the real source of current global supply tightness and represents the greatest threat to ensuring adequate energy to fuel future economic growth”. Head of Libya’s NOC (National Oil Corporation), Shokri Ghanem admitted that “Very little can be done by anyone, there is not enough spare capacity” (Hoyos, 2008).
Olduvai Theory and Societal Implications
Obviously for the world there are critical implications for lifestyle and economic development of its peoples as a result of the emerging drastic shortfall in oil supplies and the impact on the Industrial Civilization.
Duncan (2000) elaborates in detail on the Olduvai Theory which predicts that the life expectancy of Industrial Civilization is around a hundred years, as measured by the world average energy production per person per year. In this theory Industrial Civilization began in 1930 and is predicted to end around 2030.
The following graph (Duncan, 2000) shows the Olduvai curve and events from 1930 to 2030. When published, the graph was historic from 1930 to 1999 and hypothetical values and events are shown from 2000 to 2030. Of course the first eight years of the third millennium is now history for us.
Eight anchor point events are highlighted. The first in 1930 (Note 1) marks the beginning of Industrial Civilization. The second event in 1979 (Note 2) shows the historic all-time world peak in energy production per capita. The third event in 1999 (Note 3) marks the depletion of cheap oil, when oil prices hiked over the year with a series of cuts in OPEC production. The fourth event on September 28, 2000 (Note 4) marks the escalation of Middle Eastern violence — the “Jerusalem Jihad” and this signals the end of the Olduvai "slope". Subsequently the world reaches the Olduvai “slide”. This begins in 2000 with war escalating in the Middle East, possibly a harbinger of the looming civilization clash between the West and Islam. The fifth event in 2006 (Note 5) heralds the all-time world peak of oil production. The sixth event in 2008 (Note 6) warns of the OPEC crossover event when the OPEC nations produce more than half of the world's oil and increasingly control the world's oil exports. Whenever this does actually occur, it will give incredible “petropower” to the OPEC cartel. Then in 2012 (Note 7) we come to the end of the Olduvai “slide” – the beginning of the next interval – the “cliff”.
This “cliff”, beginning 2012, is the final interval when permanent blackouts spread worldwide – first with rolling brownouts and temporary blackouts and then the electric power networks themselves fail. The final event in 2030 (Note 8) predicts a decline in world energy production per capita to the 1930 level – which was the beginning of the Industrial Civilization. The average rate of decline of energy production from 2012 to 2030 will cause increasingly dramatic effects.
The power shortages and interruptions will be the result of over-demand for energy from economic boom – the increasing use of energy-thirsty machines, and population growth – all in the face of falling energy supplies.
According to the Olduvai theory, Industrial Civilization is reliant on electricity: electricity is the quintessence of Industrial Civilization. World energy production per capita increased from 1945 to its all-time world peak in 1979. Then from 1979 to 1999 energy production per capita declined. Subsequently from 2000 to 2011, according to the Olduvai schema, world energy production per capita will maintain a steady decrease trend (the “slide”). Finally from around year 2012 there will be a host of permanent electrical blackouts around the world. These blackouts will then parallel falling energy production per capita, until by 2030 it will have declined to the same level it was a hundred years before, in 1930. The rate of decline from 2012 to 2030 is an unprecedented continuous decline of around 5% per annum (the “cliff”). The total duration of Industrial Civilization therefore is around 100 years.
The Olduvai “slide” from 2001 to 2011 may culminate in events that resemble the “Great Depression” of the 1930s – unemployment, breadlines, and homelessness. As for the Olduvai ‘cliff” from 2012 to 2030, there may be no precedent in human history. The instant the power goes out, you are back in the Dark Ages.
The permanent blackout of electricity is crippling. Without oil to continue to fire up our industrial society we will be without: public electricity, transport, industry’s processed products (food, clothing, packaging, and machinery), communication and computer services. A little bit of brainstorming shows that the society and its systems would come eventually to a standstill. A totally paralyzing set of circumstances with hunger and deprivation on an unprecedented worldwide scale.
Pause for a moment – just imagine the catastrophic consequences of no electricity: no phones or computers, no industry which is electricity based, no dairy products or processed foods, no refrigeration, no water as the water pumps won’t work, no cars or transport because the petrol pumps won’t work, no schools or universities, no banks which can’t electronically process transactions, no employment, no income – dwindling stocks of everything as society collapses to unprecedented levels of chaos and deprivation.
These critical levels of human suffering, accruing from this worsened state of affairs, could massively frustrate the world at the geopolitical level, leading to, not only heated political engagement, but also military confrontation.
The post-2012 era of Olduvai has no precedent in history, and therefore the world will soon be entering totally uncharted waters. For sure nations and groups of nations will attempt to protect and maintain their economic development and living standard.
However, what we really need is for us all to cooperatively take urgent steps to ameliorate this looming situation and prepare for how we will live in a post-energy world and its civilization. A whole new sustainable, localized and agricultural based civilization is needed; with a new mindset of cooperation and care, and harmonious social behavior, along with alternative fuels for a less fuel-hungry society. And that is the topic of another paper.
Anderson, B. (2008), Peak Oil Primer and Links, Energy Bulletin, 24 February, accessed 22 April, 2008, http://www.energybulletin.net/primer.php
Bowman, J. (2008), Empty Holes and Black Swans, 12 February, Agora Financial, accessed 6 March, 2008, http://www.agorafinancial.com/afrude/2008/02/12/empty-holes-and-black-sw...
Duncan, R. (2000), The Peak of World Oil Production and the Road to the Olduvai Gorge, Geological Society of America, Summit, Reno, Nevada, accessed 8 March, 2008, http://dieoff.org/page224.htm
Duncan, R. (2006), The Olduvai Theory: Energy, Population and Industrial Civilization, The Social Contract, accessed 28 March, 2008, http://www.thesocialcontract.com/pdf/sixteen-two/xvi-2-93.pdf
Ferris-Lay, C. (2008), Oil Could Reach $300 says expert, ArabianBusiness.com, 28 February, accessed 26 March, 2008, http://www.arabianbusiness.com/512436-oil-could-reach-us300-claims-exper...
Foroohar, R. (2008), The Coming Energy Wars, Newsweek, 9 June issue, accessed 3 June, 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/id/139395
Fortson, D. (2008), An Ominous Warning that the Rapid Rise in Oil Prices has only Just Begun, The Independent, 11 June, accessed 12 June 2008, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/an-ominous-warning-that-t...
Hanson, J. (2001), Synopsis, 8 March, accessed 24 April, 2008, http://dieoff.org/synopsis.htm
Hirsch, R. The Inevitable Peaking of World Oil Production, Bulletin, The Atlantic Council of the United States, Vol. XVI, No 3, October, accessed 22 May, 2008, http://www.acus.org/docs/051007-Hirsch_World_Oil_Production.pdf
Hoyos, C. (2008), Saudis Warn of Oil Capacity, Financial Times, 22 April, accessed 27 April, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/db03994e-109f-11dd-b8d6-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=...
Porter, A. (2005), Will Oil Strike $380 a Barrel by 2015? 21 April, cited in Hommelberg, E. (2005), Gold and Oil Chapter VIII, 22 April, accessed 5 June 2008, http://www.golddrivers.com/gdr/08gold&oil.htm
Rempel, H. Will the Hydrocarbon Era Finish Soon? accessed 4 March 2008, http://www.hubbertpeak.com/Rempel/
Robertson, D. (2008), Oil Chief Warns of $200 a Barrel Oil Price, Times Online, 28 April, accessed 3 May, 2008, http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/industri...
Trainer, T. (1997), The Death of the Oil Economy, Earth Island Journal, Spring, cited in Dieoff, accessed 26 April 2008, http://dieoff.com/page116.htm
Zittel, W. and Schindler, J. (2007), Crude Oil The Supply Outlook, Energy Watch Group, October, accessed 7 May, 2008, http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/EWG_Oilreport_10-20...
What do you think? Leave a comment below.
Sign up for regular Resilience bulletins direct to your email. | <urn:uuid:4fdd87ac-3ac0-46e3-be0f-88991e250171> | {
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HISTORY OF THE BARANGAY
The term Boctol is believed to have sprung from the two different vernacular words, “ librong taas” and “boctot” Accordingly, there was a famous man named Apolonio Nalasa who lived in Sitio Danao. He is one of the earliest settlers. Everyone knows him because of his book, theLibro de Kompaniya, which the folks recounted as a book of wonder because whatever wishes, will be granted with its use. And since the people were accustomed to use boctol to mean the book (libro) that is tall (taas), they later spoke it to address their place. The other derivation of Boctol, was said to be from the vernacular term boctot, which simply described the look of the muscle arm (biceps) in contraction.
Boctol shall be an agricultural develop community, eco-tourism with concrete roads, sufficient water supply, provide employment through livelihood program and promote a balance environment through Barangay Officials and people.
Boctol shall be an economically stable community with morally upright healthy and happy families living in a peaceful, orderly and ecological balance environment. | <urn:uuid:070de762-ff38-480d-9796-75a9c7034830> | {
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Timekeeping is an essential activity in the modern world and we take it for granted that our lives our shaped by the hours of the day. Yet what seems so ordinary today is actually the extraordinary outcome of centuries of technical innovation and circulation of ideas about time. Shaping the Day is a pathbreaking study of the practice of timekeeping in England and Wales between 1300 and 1800. Drawing on many unique historical sources, ranging from personal diaries to housekeeping manuals, Paul Glennie and Nigel Thrift illustrate how a particular kind of common sense abouttime came into being, and how it developed during this period. Many remarkable figures make their appearance, ranging from the well-known, such as Edmund Halley, Samuel Pepys, and John Harrison, who solved the problem of longitude, to less familiar characters, including sailors, gamblers, and burglars. Overturning many common perceptions of the past-for example, that clock time and the industrial revolution were intimately related-this unique historical study engages all readers interested in how 'telling the time' has come to dominate our way of life. | <urn:uuid:4c898cfb-9f30-42d3-bb6f-7544e6174a4a> | {
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Welcome to our monthly roundup of the best links on the internet about engineering, physics, and computer modeling! This month’s edition is full of interesting videos, articles, and resources to keep you up to date with the world of computer-assisted engineering and discrete elements methods.
Simulating the Real World
- Continuous tableting process utilizes powder formulas that flow through feeders and blenders to create a mixture. Then, a compressor turns the mixture into solid tablets. This process can be modeled utilizing DEM software, and Coupi is currently working on a similar simulation.
- Here’s another fun physics thought experiment, why can’t you use moonlight to start a fire?
- Proppants are granular materials made of uniform particles and come in different types such as sand, resin-coated sand, or even ceramic. These are mixed with fracturing fluid during the hydraulic fracturing process in order to hold open fractures made in the ground.
- Engineers from Carnegie Mellon University have been developing a class of stretchable polymer composites that could be used in soft robotics, self-healing electronics, and medical devices.
- Did you know that a new phase of matter was discovered this year? It is both a solid and a liquid at the same time.
News from Coupi
- Speaking of regolith, did you know that Coupi helped model boulder retrieval forces from an asteroid? Learn more about how we were able to model it with our DEM software. | <urn:uuid:e40715db-b47c-4bc2-bfaf-0cc3cbb765dd> | {
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We felt it for the first time this week; spring was definitely in the air. After a long, dark winter, we are finally about to experience the change of season. Spring is such a wonderful time of year. It is a time of rebirth and renewal for the natural world and one cannot help but be inspired its magic. I love the smell of the earth reemerging after the snow melts. Then comes the return of green grass, colourful flowers, bushes and a canopy of leafy trees. Without fail, every spring I marvel at how this annual cycle of renewal occurs.
Spring is symbolically the season of firsts and things new. In recent weeks, in the larger world, there have been a lot of new developments and firsts worth paying attention to.
Pope Benedict resigned and a new Pope was selected as the spiritual leader of the world’s 1.2 billion Catholics. This new Pope is a first in that he is the first non-European to take on this leadership role. As a cardinal from Argentina, Pope Francis is the first Pope from South America – and his first decision was to choose the name “Francis” in honour of St. Francis of Assissi who lived in the 13th century. Inspired by the writings of St. Fancis, this new Pope is clearly orienting his papacy toward the world’s poor, oppressed and marginalized. He has also pointed to the significant importance of nature and its protection.
While the Pope was directing his followers to the needs of the world’s poorest citizens, two weeks ago the United Nations published its annual report on the state of the world, in the 2013 Human Development Index. It is interesting to note that the 2013 report was unveiled in Sierra Leone in Africa, a region that has actually made notable advances in recent years.
Entitled, “The Rise of the South: Human Development in a Diverse World,” the UN report notes profound shifts in global dynamics driven by the fast-rising new powers of the developing world and long-term implications for human development and shared challenges such as climate change, trade and technology.
The report identifies more than 40 countries in the developing world that have done better than had been expected in human development terms in recent decades. Progress has actually accelerated markedly over the past ten years. That’s good news – and the ramifications for all of our students in their adult lives will be profound. So we need to help them learn about these important shifts and develop skills to adapt to new realities.
A number of LCC students returned to school last week after experiencing notable firsts. Our Senior Boys Hockey team went to Scandinavia, a first time in Europe for many of the boys. Our Duke of Edinburgh Gold trip ventured down to Lima, Peru with four members of faculty. Students completed service work in an urban slum, and hiked to Machu Pichu—surely life-changing firsts.
Several of our students also returned recently from school exchange experiences in Australia, Africa and Europe where they were “forced” to be more independent and had the opportunity to explore new and interesting cultures. I read their blogs and commend them all for their courage and willingness to seek new and challenging opportunities. They all experienced a number of firsts. Those experiences are now etched in their minds and will help to define them as they progress through school and life.
As we begin this final semester of the year, I urge all of our students to be open to the wonder that comes with spring. I also encourage them to consider how and where they can experience some memorable firsts at LCC that will influence, change or maybe even define them for years to come. – Chris Shannon, Headmaster | <urn:uuid:c7978bc5-b1a7-4ac3-b8d3-4c82c5f5ed3b> | {
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Excellent, Preschool, Mary Casanova, Ard Hoyt, Winter, Sleigh, Dogs, Pony, Moose, Bears, Deer, Picture Book, Mice
When her dog wants to play, she decides to let him come along in an adventure in a one-dog sleigh. As they start off on their journey, a squirrel wants to join and jumps into the sleigh. Soon they are also joined by Owl, Lynx, Deer, Bear, Mouse, and Moose in the sleigh to form a one-pony, one-mouse, one-bear, one-deer, one-lynx, one-owl, one-squirrel, one-dog sleigh. Their new friends help the girl and her dog get home before a blizzard.
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Children's Book and Media Review: Vol. 36
, Article 23.
Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cbmr/vol36/iss8/23 | <urn:uuid:bc66174a-a1f2-4b72-98d3-ee764586f2d3> | {
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Professor Julietta Patnick, head of the NHS breast screening programme, spoke out in response to a British Medical Journal study warning that women face unnecessary surgery and chemotherapy.
In an interview with the Standard, Professor Patnick questioned the study's main finding that 10 healthy women among 2000 will be incorrectly treated. The cancer expert said: "Women should not ignore their appointments. It is obviously their personal choice to attend. But the breast screening programme saves hundreds of lives a year.'
National cancer director, Professor Mike Richards, added: "I want to reassure women that breast screening is safe and can lead to cancer being diagnosed and treated much earlier, which ultimately saves lives."
Cancer groups fear the row over screening will lead to more deaths by putting women off attending.
More than 45,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year and about 12,300 die.Reuse content | <urn:uuid:4dee0cd6-5c27-416e-a2d9-171ca76c1653> | {
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Kids get to learn Arabic calligraphy by writing the letter Alif with this cute worksheet that also helps develop Arabic vocabulary.
Kids learning how to write in Arabic can practice writing the letter "ba" with this cool worksheet that also helps them build their Arabic vocabulary.
Learn the Arabic Alphabet! Kids practice their vocabulary, pronunciation, and writing skills with this attractively illustrated worksheet on the letter "Thā'."
Practice writing Arabic letters with these cool worksheets. This one features the letter Wāw (pronounced "wow"), a letter that can be a consonant or a vowel.
Kids learn to write Arabic with these attractively illustrated worksheets. This one focuses on the letter Hā', which maps roughly to the "h" sound in English.
Check out our series of worksheets on Arabic for kids. This one focuses on Nūn, an elegant letter which sometimes dips below the baseline in Arabic typography.
Check out this worksheet from our Arabic letters for kids series. Kids drill the challenging letter Ṭā' by writing it in its four forms.
Learn Arabic with our Arabic Alphabet series! This worksheet drills beginners on the letter Lām, which sounds a lot like the English "L" sound.
Learn how to write Arabic calligraphy with this fun worksheet on the Arabic letter Kāf, pronounced similar to an English "k" sound.
Kids learn how to write Arabic letters with these enriching worksheets. The letter Qāf is pronounced like a "k" sound produced in the back of the throat. | <urn:uuid:e485d57d-23fd-4560-abb3-4e6aefb9294d> | {
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Fusion is not a very old trend in Indian music. Fusion trend is said to have begun with Ali Akbar Khan's 1955 performance in the United States. Indian fusion music came into being with rock and roll fusions with Indian music in the 1960s and 1970s. But it was limited to Europe and Europe and North America. For some time the stage of Indian fusion music was taken by Pt Ravi Shankar, the Sitar maestro.
Pt Ravi Shankar began fusing jazz with Indian traditions along with Bud
Shank, a jazz musician. Soon the trend was imitated by many popular
European and American music exponents. In the year 1965, George Harrison
played the song, "Norwegian wood" on the Sitar. Another famous
Jazz expert, Miles Davis recorded and performed with the likes of Khalil
Bal Krishna, Bihari Sharma, and Badal Roy. Some other prominent Western
artists like the Grateful Dead, Incredible String Band, the Rolling
Stones, the Move and Traffic soon integrated Indian influences and
instruments and developed the trend of fusion.
The Mahavishnu Orchestra of John McLaughlin pursued fusion with great
integrity and authenticity in the mid-1970s. In the process John joined
forces with L. Shankar, Zakir Hussain and others. The trend of fusion
took over the Indian-British artists in the late 1980s, who fused Indian
and Western traditions. In the new millennium, a new trend of fusing
Indian Film and Bhangra music has started in America. Many of the
mainstream artists have taken inspiration from Bollywood movies and have
worked with Indian artists.
This essay on Indian fusion music traces the evolution of Indian fusion music. | <urn:uuid:7d30abac-c2f8-4239-9766-4df596f592a7> | {
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Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross, lived up to her nickname "Angel of the Battlefield." A volunteer nurse, Barton helped care for the wounded at Antietam -- the most lethal battle in the Civil War -- using much-needed medical supplies that she herself had spent a year collecting. Among those supplies: fresh bandages to replace the corn leaves that surgeons had resorted to using as wound dressings and tourniquets [source: National Park Service].
The vast majority of nurses will not go down in history like Barton, but they're heroes to the patients they minister to. Licensed practical nurses, or LPNs, perform indispensable, yeoman duties in the hospital, nursing home and doctor's office. They may take patients' medical history, fill out insurance forms, give injections and start intravenous drips (IVs). They may supervise nursing aides, teach school kids about hygiene and show patients' families how to administer medication and give baths.
Registered nurses, or RNs, take on more specialized nursing duties. Some are educators, managers and consultants. Some specialize in certain fields, from dermatology to substance abuse.
Today's nurses may never have to scrounge for supplies, but they face on-the-job challenges of their own. In this article we look some of the mountains and molehills they regularly encounter. As with every job, some headaches are inevitable. However, there are many ways that nurses' patients, their patients' families and their colleagues in the medical field can make life easier for these hard-working professionals. | <urn:uuid:dd7c1103-9693-4817-a633-9c3e78f4af4a> | {
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service delivery and financing for both the mother and the child. Some pregnant patients, however, especially those in rural areas, must access HIV care in the primary care setting. In such cases, the primary care provider must be knowledgeable about HIV testing and treatment and in communication with HIV specialty care. Whatever the arrangement, patients must have a smooth transition from primary to specialty care.
Some of the highly coordinated programs visited by the committee not only furnish specialty care, but also ensure on-site access to medications, to clinical trials, and support services such as transportation and psychosocial services and assistance with applications for public programs that pay for their care, including medications (Appendixes E, F, and G). Ensuring continuity of funding for care for both women and children is also important, especially given the fragmentary nature of federal and state systems documented in Chapter 5.
While lack of prenatal care and not being offered a test are the primary reasons why women are not being tested for HIV, some proportion of women refuse testing when offered. To enhance acceptance of routine HIV prenatal testing, therefore, providers should understand the constellation of reasons why some pregnant women refuse HIV testing. According to the committee's workshops and site visits, pregnant women reject testing because they deny risk; fear disclosure of test results will lead to abandonment, discrimination, and domestic violence; lack trust in the provider; and face religious, cultural, and linguistic barriers (see section on special populations, below). Thus,
The committee encourages the development of outreach and education programs to address pregnant women's concerns about HIV testing and treatment.
Public and private organizations can contribute to these programs, which could include making information available in prenatal care providers' offices and in the popular press.
Providers need to be sensitized to these attitudes to help them devise strategies or interventions designed to heighten acceptance of HIV testing. When a woman refuses to be tested, providers must continue to understand the reasons behind her refusal, and encourage testing while avoiding coercion. Providers' ability to persuade women to be tested is enhanced within a climate of trust in the prenatal care relationship and assurances of confidentiality. If testing becomes truly routine and integrated into prenatal care, some women's concerns may dissipate over time.
Once they agree to be tested, the overwhelming majority of patients who test positive accepts and complies with the ACTG 076 regimen. But this is not universally | <urn:uuid:94a0c486-2dbe-486d-9fc9-cfe725211b4c> | {
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Washington on the Brazos State Historic Site is where the work and sacrifice of Texas’ founders is given life and meaning. It was here, in a crucible of Texas democracy, Texans gave voice to their grievances, forged their Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and brought forth a new nation: the Republic of Texas.
Though the town of 1836 Washington no longer exists, our staff has been hard at work developing this app to give you a taste of life on the frontier at the forefront of a nation. The app is available for use on your iPhone, iPad, and newer Android phones. Not only does it recreate the town in its heyday, but also makes it possible for you to interact with some of its citizens. May I offer you a pen, President Jones?
This interactive app reveals the historic site of Washington as it looked in 1836: a rugged frontier town of log cabins and dogtrot houses. Witness an influx of people from throughout the region who have come to create a new nation and explore a full-scale virtual town overlaid on the historic site. Virtually walk around this historic site, meet the people, and explore the buildings as they were in 1836.
Rediscover Washington on the Brazos with this magic window into history. Walk around the historic site and see people and places from the days of the revolution. Toggle between the full virtual world and the reality view, superimposing buildings and people against the modern environment.
The Texas Education Agency (TEA) mandates that students study the causes and effects of the Texas Revolution, but there is more to the story than the battles at the Alamo and San Jacinto. It was the Convention of 1836 at Washington on the Brazos that gave voice to Texas’ grievances and provided the political will in the midst of revolutionary turmoil to form a government and a new nation – the Republic of Texas.
Through the use of web-based technology, the “Texas Independence” interactive website brings the struggle, compromise, and sacrifice of the Convention of 1836–and the men who founded that new nation–to a new generation and brings Washington on the Brazos State Historic Site into every classroom in Texas.
Digital interactives, learning games and primary source documents designed especially to meet Texas teaching requirements for 4th and 7th grade teachers and their students provide a fun and stimulating avenue for understanding the impact of the Texas Revolution.
This project brings together primary resources, content, interactive educational games, and curriculum guides, focused exclusively on the Convention of 1836.
Produced by Star of the Republic Museum, Blinn College, Washington on the Brazos State Historic Site and Texas Parks and Wildlife. App development by Eduweb, Inc.
This project was funded by a grant from the Texas Pioneer Foundation, with support from the Washington on the Brazos State Park Association.
For more information, please email: | <urn:uuid:50fb3869-4357-4635-a2ac-23be8856de97> | {
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Sycamore, California - - Platanus racemosa
The California sycamore is large, tall tree with a fast growth rate. In youth it has a pyramidal and upright habit. With age it develops a spreading, irregular, oval or rounded crown of heavy, large-diameter branches. It typically has a single trunk which can be massive in older trees, but it may have multiple trunks. The large, thick green leaves have 3-5 deep lobes with little or slight yellow color change in the fall. The fruits are hairy, brown seed balls about 1" diameter that hang in groups of 2-7. At the base of the trunk, the bark is thick, rough and furrowed, dark gray or brown. Above, it is thin, smooth, ashy white, and flakes or peels off to show mottled colors of white, tan, and brown. The California sycamore tolerates many soil textures including acidic, alkaline, compacted, and wet. It has only moderate tolerance to salt and drought when well established. It grows best in moist soils that do not dry out. Dry soil can lead to a short life for this native riparian tree. The sycamore's potentially enormous size makes it best suited for large-scale landscapes. It has an aggressive root system. At least 12 feet (preferably more) should be allowed between the sidewalk and curb when planting as a street tree. Size, fruit, dense branching, roots, and moisture requirement all need be considered when planting this tree. | <urn:uuid:b998b5ef-c70c-4747-ad59-7579440823b1> | {
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Great news for education professionals and students - AQA have announced details about the new GCSE Computer Science. The unique curriculum includes some exciting advances, such as development of mobile apps and web technologies, as well as learning computing theory and essential programming skills. These innovative skills will be significant for GCSE students to address the demands of the IT industry and other employers.
The new curriculum that will be taught from September is aligned with the existing Microsoft Technology Associate Qualification. This means that students are set up to achieve an industry-recognised qualification which will bridge the gap between full-time education and the business world, as well as offering a breadth of progression routes to higher level Microsoft certifications.
Furthermore, schools can leverage the current benefits within the IT Academy programme to support the adoption of the award including:
- Teacher Starter Kits: 20 FREE MTA exam
voucher to help teachers skill up on concepts and curriculum
- Free MTA Study Guides: for both students
and teachers to assist with curriculum adoption
- Microsoft Certified Trainer Membership:
MCT membership gives access to a global network of over 18,000 expert technical
teachers supporting each other as well as additional lesson plans and resources
The course, which has taken over 18 months to develop, covers programming fundamentals such as how to interpret and create simple algorithms, develop prototypes and code solutions to a given problem. The practical element of the syllabus gives students the chance to create an appropriate software solution, which could take the form of a gaming, web or mobile application. They will put this learning into practice and design, by making and testing their own applications.
This announcement follows Michael Gove’s recent call for schools to teach ICT qualifications which are relevant to employers.
Geoff Coombe, Director of General Qualifications Development at AQA, said:
“Our new Computer Science GCSE gives students the chance to gain the latest computer programming skills and will stand them in good stead when competing for jobs in the future. Computer literacy still has its place, but we hope this innovative qualification will help take students’ abilities to a whole new level. The syllabus we’ve created is designed to take the growing importance of mobile and web technologies into account and ensure that students aren’t left behind.”
Steve Beswick, Director of Education at Microsoft, commented:
“As a business, Microsoft needs British school-leavers with programming and design talents not just for the jobs we need to fill now, but also to future-proof against careers which don’t even exist yet. Working with hundreds of schools and thousands of talented teachers through our IT Academy programme and Partners in Learning network, we know that computer science lessons have the potential to be experimental and genuinely engaging, but schools need the right type of curriculum to get results.’’ | <urn:uuid:689f3969-0358-47f6-9888-3174fc1c4218> | {
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Parkour is more than a fitness or health program, and it has origins that have ties to the military. It's classified as an extreme sport called free running and requires participants to avoid and overcome obstacles using nothing other than their own body and physical capabilities. Always ask your doctor if starting a new exercise regimen is safe for you and get all the facts about parkour before embarking on the fitness activity.
Parkour originated in the early 1900s in response to a volcano emergency on the island of Martinique. Lt. George Hebert, an officer in the French navy, coordinated rescue efforts and was intrigued by the way human beings maneuvered around obstacles in their path to get to safety, according to the World Freerunning Parkour Association. From those observations, Hebert created a new method of training that became standard in the French army. Though common in France, parkour didn't catch on in the United States until the early 2000s when it was portrayed in a feature film.
Practice Makes Perfect
Practicing parkour requires a participant, called a traceur, to see obstacles and overcome them as quickly as possible using only her body and no other tools, according to the Pacific Northwest Parkour Association. The most common movements in the practice of parkour include running, sprinting, jumping and climbing over, under and around the obstacles. As a participant practices parkour, she will increase her speed, flexibility, stamina and endurance. Many traceurs practice alone, as part of a class or with a one-on-one personal trainer. The method you choose depends on your ability level and how serious you are about improving your parkour skills.
Because parkour requires such extreme movements, safety is a key element of the practice. If you're interested in starting this type of exercise program, don't simply start free running, jumping over things that get in your way; this is a good way to get hurt. Instead, take a few classes to learn the ins and outs of the program and to protect yourself from serious injury. Jan Witfeld, author of "The Ultimate Parkour and Freerunning Book," writes that serious parkour participants take responsibility for their craft and don't take unnecessary risks as they practice.
More You Need to Know
Parkour might seem like a sport for daredevils, particularly if all you know about the sport is what you've seen on television, such as people jumping from roof to roof. These are extreme examples of the sport, and more often traceurs will climb walls, run, vault, roll and other similar movements. Taking a beginners class will teach these movements, and this is highly recommended, according to the Pacific Northwest Parkour Association. Dress in loose-fitting clothes and suitable athletic shoes, and always bring a water bottle.
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Around the world teams of scientists are working on the next technological revolution: quantum computing. But what makes it so special? And why do we need it? We ask physicist Dr Ruth Oulton of the Bristol University to explain.
In a normal computer, information is stored as bits. How is it different in a quantum computer?
A normal computer has bits and each bit [is either] zero or one. A quantum computer has quantum bits. These are made out of quantum particles that can be zero, one, or some kind of state in between – [in other words they can have both values] at the same time.
So a quantum bit is made from a physical particle?
It pretty much could be any fundamental particle, so it could be a photon or an electron or it could be a nucleus, for example. It's a particle that can have two different properties [at once]. [For example], the particle can be in both one place and the other place at the same time.
How does this help with computing?
In a normal computer, a particular calculation might go through all the different possibilities of zeros and ones for a particular calculation. Because a quantum computer can be in all the states at the same time, you just do one calculation [testing a vast number of possibilities simultaneously]. So it can be much quicker.
What's the biggest challenge?
You need a very good control over individual particles. You can't just shove [all the particles] together because they would interact with each other [in an unpredictable way]. You need to be able to trap and direct them, but when the particles interact [with the trap itself] it makes them lose their information, so you need to make sure that you design the trap well.
What are the applications?
The biggest and most important one is the ability to factorise a very large number into two prime numbers. That's really important because that's what almost all encryption for internet computing is based on. A quantum computer should be able to do that relatively quickly to get back the prime numbers and that will mean that basically anything that has been with [that] encryption can be de-encrypted. If you were to do it with the classical computers we have now, it would take longer than the age of the universe to go back.
Are there other scientific uses?
Calculating the positions of individual atoms in very large molecules like polymers and in viruses. The way that the particles interact with each other – there's so many different possibilities that normally they say that you can't calculate anything properly [with] more than about 10 atoms inside the molecule. So if you have a quantum computer you could use it to develop drugs and understand how molecules work a bit better.
Are there commercial quantum computers?
There is a commercial computer out there but it's very expensive ($10m), it has very limited computing power and it hasn't yet been verified by anybody externally [as to] what it's actually doing.
Will quantum computers look like our desktops and laptops do now?
We are completely re-designing the computer. The very first quantum computers will probably fill a room. It's going to take us a while to get to desktops. Really, actually what is going to happen [is] you are going to have a hybrid laptop with a quantum chip and a classical chip. | <urn:uuid:54bc5c3c-e093-4ae4-b968-ae82e39c74bf> | {
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- Staff Profiles
- Case Studies
Our work for the Cambourne development is cited in Planning for Biodiversity and Geological Conservation: A Good Practice Guide, which accompanies PPS9, as an example of good practice where biodiversity forms an important element of how development is planned and executed.
To demonstrate that a major development can integrate wildlife and people, to produce a significant biodiversity gain.
Cambourne is a new small market town 8 miles west of Cambridge, planned as three villages, each with its own identity and centred around its own village green, with a neighbouring business park and a settlement centre including shops, offices, a health centre, library, schools, and other community facilities. All of these are linked by semi-natural pedestrian pathways - Greenways - which preserve the original hedgerow network.
Back in 1994, the four square kilometres of arable prairie destined to become Cambourne was a bleak landscape with a few ditches, scrappy hedges, isolated houses and gardens and scattered small plantation woodlands. Intensive surveys throughout 1995-96 identified an active badger population, a small newt population and considerable invertebrate interest in one of the woodlands but otherwise biodiversity was minimal; grassland was confined to garden lawns, and the only waterbodies were garden ponds.
However, from its inception Cambourne has had the benefit of developers, planners and a consultant team committed to creating a very special place to live and work, and ESL has worked closely with the landscape designers and other members of this team to ensure that what there was of existing habitats and species has been preserved and a huge amount of new habitat has been created.
Following careful study of the local vernacular - including natural habitats - by the team, the villages were modelled on the best and most typical in South Cambridgeshire. Two ‘valleys’ separating the villages were deepened (using subsoil from road and building foundations, none of which left the site) and designed as Country Park areas with hedged fields, streams, lakes, grassland and trees. The whole site was to be ringed by new woodland, all with a linking network of footpaths, bridle ways and cycle paths. Ornamental planting was ‘allowed’ within the built-up areas, but beyond them all planting is confined to native species found in Cambridgeshire.
Think we can help you? Contact us to find out, | <urn:uuid:98d49528-d173-46fd-8747-fc198ba20b7c> | {
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|Lectures on Physics has been derived from Benjamin Crowell's Light and Matter series of free introductory textbooks on physics. See the editorial for more information....|
|Home Vibration and Waves Resonance Proofs|
|Search the VIAS Library | Index|
Our first goal is to predict the amplitude of the steady-state vibrations as a function of the frequency of the driving force and the amplitude of the driving force. With that equation in hand, we will then prove statements 2, 3, and 4 from the previous section. We assume without proof statement 1, that the steady-state motion occurs at the same frequency as the driving force.
As with the proof in the previous chapter, we make use of the fact that a sinusoidal vibration is the same as the projection of circular motion onto a line. We visualize the system shown in the figure, in which the mass swings in a circle on the end of a spring. The spring does not actually change its length at all, but it appears to from the flattened perspective of a person viewing the system edge-on. The radius of the circle is the amplitude, A, of the vibrations as seen edge-on. The damping force can be imagined as a backward drag force supplied by some fluid through which the mass is moving. As usual, we assume that the damping is proportional to velocity, and we use the symbol b for the proportionality constant, |Fd|=bv. The driving force, represented by a hand towing the mass with a string, has a tangential component |Ft| which counteracts the damping force, |Ft|=|Fd|, and a radial component Fr which works either with or against the spring's force, depending on whether we are driving the system above or below its resonant frequency. The speed of the rotating mass is the circumference of the circle divided by the period, v=2πA/T, its acceleration (which is directly inward) is a=v2/r, and Newton's second law gives a=F/m=(kA+Fr)/m. We write fres for
Straightforward algebra yields
This is the ratio of the wasted force to the useful force, and we see that it becomes zero when the system is driven at resonance.
The amplitude of the vibrations can be found by attacking the equation |Ft|=bv=2πbAf, which gives
However, we wish to know the amplitude in terms of |F|, not |Ft|. From now on, let's drop the cumbersome magnitude symbols. With the Pythagorean theorem, it is easily proven that
and equations 1-3 are readily combined to give the final result
Statement 2: maximum amplitude at resonance
Equation 4 shows directly that the amplitude is maximized when the system is driven at its resonant frequency. At resonance, the first term inside the square root vanishes, and this makes the denominator as small as possible, causing the amplitude to be as big as possible. (Actually this is only approximately true, because it is possible to make A a little bigger by decreasing f a little below fres, which makes the second term smaller. This technical issue is addressed in the homework problems.)
Statement 3: amplitude at resonance proportional to Q
Equation 4 shows that the amplitude at resonance is proportional to 1/ b, and the Q of the system is inversely proportional to b, so the amplitude at resonance is proportional to Q.
Statement 4: FWHM related to Q
We will satisfy ourselves by proving only the proportionality FWHM fres/Q, not the actual equation FWHM=fres/Q. The energy is proportional to A2, i.e. to the inverse of the quantity inside the square root in equation 4. At resonance, the first term inside the square root vanishes, and the half-maximum points occur at frequencies for which the whole quantity inside the square root is double its value at resonance, i.e. when the two terms are equal. At the half-maximum points, we have
If we assume that the width of the resonance is small compared to the resonant frequency, then the FWHM 2 term in equation 5 is negligible compared to the f res FWHM term, and setting the terms in equation 4 equal to each other gives
We are assuming that the width of the resonance is small compared to the resonant frequency, so f and fres can be taken as synonyms. Thus,
We wish to connect this to Q, which can be interpreted as the energy of the free (undriven) vibrations divided by the work done by damping in one cycle. The former equals kA2/2, and the latter is proportional to the force, bv bAfres, multiplied by the distance traveled, A. (This is only a proportionality, not an equation, since the force is not constant.) We therefore find that Q is proportional to k/bfres. The equation for the FWHM can then be restated as a proportionality FWHM k/Qfresm fres/Q.
|Home Vibration and Waves Resonance Proofs| | <urn:uuid:1a63d99a-8e3a-4caa-9ceb-bfbdc090c4a7> | {
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New system offers more accurate blood pressure measurements
By Ben Coxworth
February 23, 2011
Traditionally, blood pressure is measured using the familiar inflatable cuff and stethoscope on the upper arm. While this method has sufficed for over a century, some people maintain that it is inaccurate – blood pressure in the arm is reportedly higher than at the heart, and not by a consistent, easily compensated-for amount. Because high blood pressure can cause the most damage at the heart and in the nearby brain, it would make sense to monitor it at the heart, too. That's just what a new device designed at the University of Leicester does ... in a roundabout way.
The Leicester device is called the CASPro, as it measures central aortic systolic pressure, or CASP. The patient wears a conventional inflatable cuff on their upper arm, that measures their blood pressure at that location, and a wireless sensor on their wrist, that measures their pulse wave. Software in the tablet-like control unit then takes that data, and uses a mathematical modeling procedure to eliminate the amplified portion of the wave, determining the true lower blood pressure at the aorta.
CASPro is said to be easier to use and more comfortable than traditional methods, although it takes a few minutes longer. Before it can come into common use, the researchers need to better define the normal values for central aortic pressures, and what they mean for clinical outcomes.
"It is not going to replace what we do overnight but it is a big advance," said Leicester's Prof. Bryan Williams. "Further work will define whether such measurements are preferred for everybody or whether there is a more defined role in selective cases to better decide who needs treatment and who doesn't and whether the treatment is working optimally."
The research has recently been published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.Share
- Around The Home
- Digital Cameras
- Good Thinking
- Health and Wellbeing
- Holiday Destinations
- Home Entertainment
- Inventors and Remarkable People
- Mobile Technology
- Urban Transport
- Wearable Electronics | <urn:uuid:b3423cb5-1c89-4632-88f6-3c9d0ce8556d> | {
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Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, 'Understanding Syntax'
discusses and illustrates all the major terms and concepts essential to the
study of sentence structure in the world's languages. 'Noun' and 'verb' are
explained, and the properties of these categories are discussed. The reader
discovers what a finite verb is, what 'first person singular' means and
what relative clauses look like. Concepts such as 'subject', 'object',
'gender', 'case', and 'subordination' are introduced and exemplified.
Initial illustration is from English, with extensive additional material
from several other languages. 'Exotic' constructions not found in related
European languages are fully covered, so that verb serialization, ergative
languages and head-marking languages are all included.
This new edition has been updated and revised to meet the needs of today's
students. Difficult points are given fuller explanation, a glossary of
technical terms is included, and additional exercises have been introduced
to enable students to consolidate what they have learnt. | <urn:uuid:a85686d3-440d-47c5-84d2-e6387173d897> | {
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Recent hurricanes, wildfires, and other events have highlighted the challenges the federal government faces in responding effectively to natural and man-made disasters—both in terms of immediate response and for long-term recovery efforts.
Response & Recovery
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) leads the national effort to ensure that the federal government has the capacity to respond to disasters—i.e., determining what needs to be done, where, and by whom.
INFOGRAPHIC: Disaster Assistance
We’ve identified a number of ways that FEMA could improve its ability to manage this effort. For example, we recommended that FEMA collect information on the status of federal interagency efforts
FEMA could also better manage and retain employees that serve on its Incident Management Assistance Teams—which help coordinate support and evacuation help during disasters that require federal assistance.
Watch our Facebook Live chat with Chris Currie, a Director in our Homeland Security and Justice team, discussing a range of issues related to federal disaster response, recovery, and resilience.
Cuppa GAO: Coffee With Our Experts, chat with Chris Currie, Director, Homeland Security and Justice
If you suspect fraud, waste, abuse, or mismanagement of federal funds related to disaster assistance, FraudNet can help you report your concerns to the right agency. Go to www.gao.gov/fraudnet and complete the complaint form.
Additionally, the Department of Homeland Security awarded over $40 billion to state and local governments between fiscal years 2002-2015 to enhance their capacity to respond to emergencies and disasters. However, we’ve found that FEMA needs to complete a national preparedness assessment to identify the potential costs for establishing and maintaining those capabilities at state and local governments. This would also help FEMA determine the resources federal agencies should provide during emergencies. In response, FEMA has begun annual state-level capability assessments.
Finally, FEMA helps fund recovery efforts after major disasters. FEMA obligated over $104 billion from the Disaster Relief Fund alone during Fiscal Years 2005 through 2014. When disaster assistance across 17 federal departments is include for this period, at least $278 billion have been obligated for disaster assistance. For example, FEMA provided $45.8 billion in funds through the Public Assistance program (PA) for states and communities to repair or replace publicly owned facilities during this period. GAO found that FEMA needs to conduct a more comprehensive assessment of a jurisdiction's ability to respond to and recover from a disaster without federal assistance. FEMA is also considering establishing a disaster deductible, which would require a predetermined level of financial or other commitment from a state or local government before FEMA would provide financial assistance under the PA program. FEMA has also recently redesigned the PA program to address past challenges and make the program easier for FEMA and grantee officials to manage; however, opportunities exist to enhance implementation of these program changes in all disaster recovery efforts, including for the recovery from Hurricanes Harvey and Irma.
To help reduce disaster losses and promote easier recovery, jurisdictions and individuals can undertake hazard mitigation and climate adaptation efforts in advance of disaster to increase disaster resilience for communities and critical infrastructure. FEMA has multiple grant programs that can help jurisdictions plan and implement hazard mitigation projects. Among these is the Hazard Mitigation Grant program, which is designed specifically to help jurisdictions who have been affected by a disaster take actions to reduce future losses as they recover. Other federal programs to address disaster recovery can also be used help promote disaster resilience, but we found that in the wake of Hurricane Sandy jurisdictions faced a variety of challenges using these funds to maximize resilience and that an investment strategy to better prioritize, integrate, and balance disaster resilience efforts across federal and nonfederal entities would help.
Region II Source: FEMA
Related GAO Reports
2017 Disaster Contracting: Observations on Federal Contracting for Response and Recovery Efforts
GAO-18-335, Feb 28, 2018
Federal Disaster Assistance: Federal Departments and Agencies Obligated at Least $277.6 Billion during Fiscal Years 2005 through 2014
GAO-16-797, Sep 22, 2016
Disaster Assistance: Opportunities to Enhance Implementation of the Redesigned Public Assistance Grant Program
GAO-18-30, Nov 8, 2017
Emergency Preparedness: Opportunities Exist to Strengthen Interagency Assessments and Accountability for Closing Capability Gaps
GAO-15-20, Dec 19, 2014
Hurricane Sandy: An Investment Strategy Could Help the Federal Government Enhance National Resilience for Future Disasters
GAO-15-515, Jul 30, 2015
Disaster Response: FEMA Has Made Progress Implementing Key Programs, but Opportunities for Improvement Exist
GAO-16-87, Feb 5, 2016
Federal Disaster Assistance: Improved Criteria Needed to Assess a Jurisdiction's Capability to Respond and Recover on Its Own
GAO-12-838, Sep 12, 2012
- Chris Currie
- Director, Homeland Security and Justice | <urn:uuid:a7f3839b-0661-4538-aa38-a3df78fa6b9b> | {
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Avon Lake City Schools Superintendent, Robert Scott, first introduced the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) initiative to Avon Lake High School in January 2012 as part of the district’s long-term technology plan.
Teachers at the middle school and intermediate school accessed the system for classroom use at the program’s launch. All campuses, K-12, had access to the new system in the fall of 2012 (use at the elementary buildings are still restricted, due to the age of the students).
We sat down to speak with Superintendent Scott about the BYOD program and its benefits in the classroom after the first year.
Q: Why did you decide to introduce the BYOD initiative?
A: We have had a strong technology presence in our buildings for a number of years. For example, all our classrooms had interactive white boards by 2007. In 2010, we had several pilot projects, including the use of notebooks in the classroom, and in 2011 we piloted different types of tablets. At many schools, we were trying to decide if a one-to-one device-to-student ratio was worth the investment.
At the same time, we were seeing a tremendous increase in smartphones popping up in the classrooms. Students were growing up in a world that revolved around access to technology. Acquisition of that knowledge has been, and will continue to be, an evolving process. So, in 2011 we lifted all bans on cell phones.
We started to understand that you must use every tool possible to meet the educational needs of all students. Since technology became such a large part of our students’ lives, we needed to use our energy on embracing the students’ world, rather than fighting it.
Q: How are teachers and students using devices in the classroom?
A: We have not mandated the use of BYOD for teachers in the classroom. Teachers who choose to participate treat the technology just like any other resource – if they’re using them in class, the students have the tablets or smartphones out, and if they’re not, the students need to keep them put away. We have almost no discipline referrals now for misuse of phones.
Q: What successes have teachers seen since its introduction?
A: Successes continue across all grade levels as we move into our second full year of BYOD. I once walked into a sixth-grade classroom during a rainy-day recess and every student was reading. The interesting thing was that four students were using traditional books, 19 were reading e-books on devices and three students with special needs had headphones plugged into devices and were listening to the books as they read along.
Additionally, our science classes are leading the BYOD initiative. Labs now revolve around technology as a tool.
Many of our classes are “flipped” classrooms, instructionally. This new model of learning inverts traditional teaching methods by delivering instructions and lessons online and outside of the classroom, allowing students to watch lessons and digest information at their own pace. Class time is then used for “homework.” Discussion and engagement led by teachers is now able to play a larger role in the classroom.
Q: How have parents responded to the program?
A: Parents appreciate the communication and see the schools as being much more open to new methods of learning. Even negative issues such as bomb scares, gun rumors, staph infections, etc. are handled more effectively as we are now able to push information to more sources quicker. Parents see the need for embracing technology in the real world and really appreciate the school system’s efforts in preparing their students for the future.
Q: What piece of advice would you give to other school administrations that are considering adopting a BYOD program?
A: Keep planning ahead, keep training the staff and keep your infrastructure up to date. Do not pin yourself into a corner by letting the hardware dictate your program – flexibility is key.
Q: How do you see technology affecting education in the next 10 years?
A: I will start where I ended above: Flexibility is the key. I believe technology will continue to be a key resource for teachers. As they become better trained in the use of technology and as technology continues to evolve to meet the instructional needs of teachers, it will be a vital part of successfully educating all students and their individual learning styles.
Superintendent Scott recognizes the value of bringing mobile technology into the classroom. It gives educators additional tools to deliver instruction in an engaging way. It makes it easier for parents to collaborate with teachers and stay on top of their kids’ homework. He’s not alone.
Last year, the Verizon Foundation launched Verizon Innovative Learning Schools, an innovative professional-development program for teachers in underserved areas to incorporate mobile technology in their classrooms to support teaching in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). The program is designed to make learning more appealing to students and to set them up for success in the digital world.
The evolution of technology in the classroom is creating amazing opportunities for both the teacher and student. Seeing how much it has advanced in just the past decade gives us a good sense of where technology and education is headed.
For more Verizon Wireless news, subscribe via RSS feeds in the right rail. to subscribe to all posts, or individual state news. | <urn:uuid:0c5521a7-7710-43ac-b438-4508cdf04f24> | {
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Bigfoot is a very large primate, estimated at 7-10 ft and possibly 800 pounds, yet other than dubious footprints and sketchy eyewitness accounts, he's somehow remained undiscovered. Undisputed evidence, such as a pelt, skeleton, or even DNA, have never been found. Now perhaps Bigfoot is just smarter than the average bear (or telepathic) and hides better than most animals -- maybe he's even learned to bury his dead, which might partly explain the lack of physical evidence.
Here's the catch…
We can assume Bigfoot didn't first appear during the 1950's when the craze initially started about him, so like most mammals he's probably been here tens of thousands of years. What's the minimum population needed to keep Bigfoot living for that long? We know that if the population number gets too low, the genetic variation isn't high enough to adapt to changing environments, and the species winks out. That means Bigfoot represents a fairly large group that's existed for thousands of years (or if compared to a gorilla, millions), and even if they bury their dead, a group that size would have surely left some physical remains. We don't even have fossil records. Nothing.
Another puzzlement is what do these primates eat? Big-bodied primates need a lot of food. A 5-6 foot, 4-500 pound gorilla, for example, consumes around 9000 calories a day. A 10 foot, 8-900 pound Bigfoot would easily double that expenditure. Where does a Yeti find 18,000 calories to eat on the snowy Himalayan mountains? Even if he bags a couple yaks, the food supply in the area wouldn't support him. The science doesn't work.
The Pacific Northwest might provide a better harvest for Bigfoot, but where's the evidence? If Bigfoot is a herbivore, samples of that activity should be readily apparent. If he's a scavenger or predator, there would be kill patterns, like we see with bears, wolves, cougars, etc. We haven't even found Bigfoot's poop. We can locate the feces of every other mammal on the planet, but apparently Bigfoot poop doesn't stink..lol
As mentioned earlier, a large primate would need to sustain a breeding population in order to survive for thousands of years, but where are the mating calls, the offspring, the nesting areas, or the caves they use. Evidence like this is widely apparent with other mammals, but non-existent with Bigfoot. It's not enough just to say Bigfoot is elusive. His very existence for thousands of years would have created an environmental footprint that couldn't be concealed, but he's largely invisible.So where is he?...well the Crypto Journal is about to find out!...Stay Tuned!! | <urn:uuid:f2f5e48a-10cf-462a-8ab1-f9f77c41839c> | {
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Jews in Iraq had been persecuted throughout the 1930s and they suffered a major pogrom in 1941, known as the Farhud.
This persecution continued throughout the decade, as this 1961 Israeli MFA article (that skeptically mentions the swap offer) notes:
How the Jews of Iraq Became Refugees
An eye-witness account, written by a visitor from overseas early in 1949 shortly after the conclusion of the Arab war against Israel, presents a graphic picture of the position of Iraqi Jewry at that time: “The Jews of Iraq” it stated, “are in a state of panic. They have been attacked in the streets, have had their businesses broken into and an alarming number have been murdered in cold blood. They have been dismissed from all branches of public and civil service, must submit to a curfew every evening and have been barred from most of the general amenities available to the ordinary citizen. Many have made desperate attempts to escape, but without success.”
When the United Nations Economic Survey Commission for the Middle East visited Baghdad in October 1949, the then Iraqi Premier was reported to have proposed that 100,000 Iraqi Jews out of some 160,000 to 180,000 be sent to Israel in exchange for 100,000 Palestine Arab refugees. The Jews were to leave their property in Iraq and take over the property in Israel of 100,000 Arabs. If this suggestion of a population transfer and mutual financial compensation was really made, it was soon dropped by the Iraqi Government. It was apparently found easier to terrorize the Jews into leaving by fixing a time limit for their departure and enacting legislation to seize their possessions for the benefit of the Iraqi exchequer.
In the third week of December 1949, a second wave of anti-Jewish pogroms began. Thousands were imprisoned on charges of “Zionism” or taken into “protective custody.” When, as expected, large numbers thereupon applied for exit permits to Israel, legislation was rushed through freezing Jewish accounts in the banks and forbidding the sale of property without special permit. Jews were permitted to leave with only 50 kgs of luggage per person. On 10 March, 1950, the Iraqi Government issued a decree blocking the property of all Jews who, on leaving the country, “had relinquished their nationality.” A special custodian of Jewish property was appointed, who began immediately to sell it by public auction.
To speed up the departure of the Jewish community, the Iraqi Government set a time limit for it, fixing 21 June as the final date. As a further incentive a series of laws was enacted designed to make the position of the Jews in the country untenable. Restrictions were imposed on their movements. They were barred from schools, hospitals and other public institutions. They were refused import and export licences for carrying on their business. At the same time the arrests continued. So effective were these oppressive measures that by mid-July 1950 over 110,000 Iraqi Jews had registered for emigration and by June 1951 had left for Israel. By the end of 1951, the number of Iraqi Jews transferred to Israel amounted approximately to 125,000. Most of them were brought over by chartered aircraft. They arrived utterly destitute, carrying small bags which held all their belongings. Such was the end of what had been for centuries the most prosperous and cultured Jewish community of the East--a community which could trace its history back for more than 2,000 years, centuries before the Arabs had come to Iraq.
And, no, the anti-semitic slander that Jews were behind some of the anti-Jewish attacks in Iraq at the time has been proven a lie.
Anyway, the offer itself is most intriguing. Chances are that the Arab League at the time forced Iraq to withdraw the offer in order to keep the refugee issue festering, the way that Arab leaders had been doing for decades.
But imagine if Iraq's initial 1949 offer had been matched by Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and the Gulf states.
The refugee issue would have been solved sixty years ago. | <urn:uuid:b0c13a6c-5dd4-4de2-a47a-01eff7ddfbeb> | {
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Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. He was also the 36th Vice President (19531961) serving under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon redefined the office of Vice President, making it for the first time a high visibility platform and base for a presidential candidacy. He is the only person to have been elected twice to the Vice Presidency and twice to the Presidency, and the only president to have resigned that office. His resignation came in the face of imminent impeachment related to the Watergate scandal. | <urn:uuid:426d8f6b-5467-4c71-b1e7-77c23f53a405> | {
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When I was browsing a social media site recently, I was struck by the stunning imagery posted by some users. Not the images themselves but the treatments on them: fades, light effects, sepia tones, vintage looks, and more. These effects add a depth and expression that turn simple shots into compelling stories.
So how can you apply effects like these to images in your e-learning project? You have a few options. You can use a free online tool, such as PicMonkey or Pixlr. Or you can whip up your own custom designs in PowerPoint—and it’s simpler than you think.
In fact, apps like Instagram just layer different effects to create that magical look. You can do the same by layering artistic effects, colors, and shapes right in PowerPoint (2010 or later). Both conversions in this blog post were done completely in PowerPoint 2010.
To build your effects, follow this basic formula:
- Insert your image into PowerPoint
- From the Format Picture menu, select Artistic Filter and choose one to apply
- Copy the image and paste elsewhere on your slide as a picture
- Repeat steps 2 and 3 as often as you want to build your look
- Once you’ve created the look you want, add shapes, frames, or other effects
I’ll show you how easy it is to create your own artistic imagery in this screencast:
Go ahead, let those creative impulses run free. While smartphone apps are great, you can create your own awesome looks in PowerPoint to make your next e-learning project shine. And when you’re done, post your work in E-Learning Heroes for all the Articulate community to see! | <urn:uuid:ae694daa-47ad-4c00-9893-122aa297a4df> | {
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We need good teachers to shape the minds of tomorrow. If you truly feel the passion for teaching and it feels like the calling for you, then nothing anyone can tell you will persuade you otherwise. Nor should it. That passion is a rare resource and we should be utilizing it to its fullest extent. However, that doesn’t mean it should stop at passion. Beyond getting the qualifications you need, there’s a lot more to becoming a better teacher. The people you teach, your career prospects, and your satisfaction can all be improved by working to become the best teacher you can be.
Know What to Expect From Your Career
Don’t go into teaching with too idealized a view of what you’re going to expect. It’s not always easy. It’s not always about teaching just the subject. It’s also about teaching pupils how to be engaged and motivated to learn. It’s also about learning to deal with students who are disruptive or struggling and learning to handle the amount of emotional commitment that comes with that. Despite the fact you get school holidays, you should also be prepared for longer work days than more. Your work won’t end when class is over and you will find yourself with much less free time than in other careers. Know what to expect and you’ll have a much less rough experience of starting than many teachers.
Diversify Your Teaching
You’re going to learn many different techniques to apply the curriculum of the school you’re working at. However, you might have a good deal more freedom in how you create lesson plans and how you get the information that students need across to them. Teaching for the exam is practical advice and some teaching should be focused on that. However, much more should be focused on finding the methods of teaching that get kids more involved. One method to diversify your teaching method is to have students prepare for a lesson in advance and reverse learning. Have them teach what they have learned and inform them further on it. It encourages them to be more curious and to engage in a topic, not just memorize what a teacher says. There are plenty more teaching techniques that can help you reach students that better learn in different ways.
Recognize and Adapt to Disadvantage
The best learning methods for students vary widely. Nowhere is that more evident when teaching children with disadvantages such as special needs or a lack of literacy or numeric abilities. The school might very well have different classes for children with these disadvantages, but you can do a lot to help them, too. For one, you can learn to identify them if they haven’t been already so that their education is better catered to them. You can also use more inclusive learning methods to assist with your teaching. For instance, always including oral instructions if anyone in your class has reading difficulties.
Reaching Those in Need
If you have a passion for giving disadvantaged children the best possible access to education that you can, then sticking to one classroom might not necessarily be the best career for you either. A child’s abilities aren’t the only thing that can serve as a barrier to better education. Distance can play just as much a factor. Mobile teachers are those who travel to hard-to-reach communities, often to provide lessons in environments that don’t have a classroom. It’s a job that requires a lot of adaptability, but teaching in the ALS program can help you reach some of the most marginalized children in our society. This can make huge impacts in literacy, numeracy and more core skills in some of the most vulnerable peoples.
Specializing Your Teaching
Your skills might not be best utilized in teaching in a standard environment with a standard curriculum, either. Some teachers find that teaching in a different environment, like mobile teachers, can help them see more satisfaction from their job. For instance, if your English skills are excellent and you have found that teaching English lessons is where you excel, then training on the side to earn an online Masters in TESOL can help you further specialize your career. You could work primarily as an English language teacher rather than a broad curriculum that doesn’t always hold the kind enthusiasm and knowledge that allows you to achieve your best possible teaching results. Similarly, you might find that your ability to teach vocally could make you better suited to working as a speech therapist. Finding your particular skill set and focusing on them can help you become a much better teacher because you’re teaching what you’re best at.
Keep Updating Your Methods
It’s not just through specializing and learning new teaching techniques that you can make sure you’re the best teacher you can be. You can also adapt with the changes in how we teach. In particular, more schools are starting to implement better technology in the classroom. But even when teachers have access to these tools, many aren’t comfortable in using them as a teaching tool. Mimio tech resources for teachers can give you just the place to start learning how to incorporate digital technology in the classroom. In future, as his technology is implemented further, it’s expected that this might become an essential skill for all teachers.
Follow Conventional Wisdom, Too
New methods are all well and good, but finding an experienced teacher to act as your mentor can be of even greater help in the day-to-day of teaching. They can share stories of how they got students to stay engaged in a difficult subject or mistakes they made that you can learn from and avoid. Find a more experienced teacher with a similar philosophy and approach as you have. Of course, you don’t have to entirely listen to what your mentor says. Listen to your own voice as well as theirs. It can give you a much more balanced perspective on the job.
There are a lot of ways to continue developing as a teacher than just those mentioned above. Always be on the lookout for learning opportunities and ways to figure out which teaching environment truly works best for you. | <urn:uuid:7d129e6c-9dae-4259-bbd4-69ad1c022722> | {
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no news in this list.
Kusatsu-Shirane volcanoKusatsu-Shirane volcano is a complex of overlapping cones and 3 lake-filled craters (Karagama, Yugama, Mizugama) at the summit. It is located 150 km NW of Tokyo.
All historical eruptions have consisted of phreatic explosions from the acidic crater lakes or their margins. There are fumaroles and hot springs around the flanks of the volcano, and many rivers draining from the volcano are acid. Similar to Ijen volcano, the crater was the site of active sulfur mining for many years during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Background:The andesitic-to-dacitic volcano was formed in 3 eruptive stages beginning in the early to mid Pleistocene. The Pleistocene Oshi pyroclastic flow produced extensive welded tuffs and non-welded pumice that covers much of the east, south and SW flanks. The latest eruptive stage began about 14,000 years ago.
Yugama crater ("hot-water cauldron") contains the most active vent. Its lake is 270 m wide and up to 27 m deep and contains highly acidic (pH = 1.2 ) and salty (app. 1% salt) water.
The surface temperature of the lake is heated by vents at the lake bottom. In the interval 1910 to 1918, water temperatures reached a maximum of 100°C. Subaqueous fumaroles with molten sulfur pools exist in the center of the lake.
- Smithsonian / GVP
- B. Takano, K. Watanuki (1990) "Monitoring of volcanic eruptions at Yugama crater lake by aqueous sulfur oxyanions", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 40, Issue 1, January 1990, Pages 71-87
A small hydrothermal explosion likely occurred at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano on 7 February 1996.
Broken pieces of the ice sheet 20-30 cm in diameter were found washed ashore and discolored water was observed at the NW part of the lake. Probably, a sudden sudden discharge of fluid or a minor hydrothermal explosion was the cause.
A small eruption occurred from Yugama crater on 6 January 1989. It produced small amounts of volcanic ash on the frozen surface of the crater lake.
Kusatsu-Shirane volcano had 5 phreatic eruptions during 1982-83. Eruptions occurred on 26 October 1982, 29 December 1982, 26 July 1983, 13 November 1983, and on 10 December 1983. The water temperature at Yukama crater lake increased strongly and reached to 55.5 deg C after the first eruption, but did not increase further during the later eruptions.
(Source: GVP/monthly reports)
A phreatic eruption occurred at Mizugama Crater on 2 March 1976. A new crater 50 m in diameter and 10 m deep was formed in the NE part of Mizugama Crater.
The only event interrupting 34 years of quiet at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano between the eruptions in 1942 and 1976 was a small phreatic explosion in 1958.
An eruption occurred in 1942 and was unusual as it came from a different location than most activity at the volcano. A cluster of small craters was formed on the north flank of Mizugama Crater. A second group of craters formed on the south flank of Yugama Crater.
The largest historical eruption at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano was in 1932. It producing a 20 cm ash deposit reaching up to 2 km east of Yugama Crater. | <urn:uuid:fc0ada5d-89c4-4053-aa17-e78bf7f94d2d> | {
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The Perkins Perspective | Features | Winter 2014
Setting Up Young Black Men to Succeed
By James P. Norris, LMHCA
In 1909, Harvard-trained historian and civil rights activist W.E.B. Du Bois described his experience as a schoolboy in New England. Due to a slight in his classroom, the young Du Bois began to recognize racial difference. In the end, he wrote, “One ever feels his two-ness — an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.”
In an era followed by a civil rights movement intended to eradicate the sense of social inferiority, many black youth have given up on securing dignity or respect through academic and professional accomplishment, and others continue to feel the ambivalence first described by Du Bois.
According to Vershawn Ashanti Young, associate professor of English at the University of Kentucky, the media images of black males create gendered and racialized binaries that have led him and others to acquire what he calls an “enforced schizophrenia.”
Fast Forward 105 Years
My work among black males confirms Young’s argument: Those young men feel these differences are irreconcilable, and this assessment can create a psychological trauma, which leads to the denial of their emotional life, as well as mental and social isolation. The message heard in the mainstream media is one of deficiency. I, however, believe that’s far from the case.
African-American youth are forced to navigate through a dominant culture that isn’t set up for them, and when you feel pushed out or marginalized as a human being, your survival instinct comes into play. Black males are trying to do their best in a culturally challenging situation, but my goal as a community health provider is to help them live.
If you doubt the veracity of what I deal with on a daily basis as a community health provider, I challenge you to conduct a short thought experiment.
Imagine a young black male in the inner city; one similar to the character evoked in Bill Cosby’s infamous pound-cake speech. When you imagine this young black male, what do you see? Do you see him in the way he is truly thought of? Or do you see him in a way that you feel he should be perceived?
If you’re imagining him as he is truly thought of, then it would be safe to assume that you imagine him as an athlete, gang member, or rapper, or he could be a combination of all three things. You know — dark, muscular, and physically imposing. A young victim of street fashion wearing the latest fads. We can assume that most people imagine him living in a low-income, single-parent household with his mother and a father who is either incarcerated or just not involved. Most may also assume that he's undereducated.
Whether or not the images of black men circulating in the popular imagination are true, these images reflect dominant perceptions on black men in the United States even when these men are participating in activities that lead to social mobility to change their own life narrative.
Stated differently, most young black males' identities have been given to them prior to birth and before they’ve been involved in any negative or positive activities. The pressure of dealing with the need to both resist and conform to dominant images of black manhood can have a devastating effect on the emotional well-being for black men, who will often act out these images due to communal and societal expectations.
Set Up to Fail
I believe this crisis we have with young black men should alarm everyone: They are being born into a society where they are set up to fail. That’s not just a black community problem; it’s a societal problem.
According to “The Secret Epidemic: Exploring the Mental Health Crisis Affecting Adolescent African-American Males,” Claire Xanthos, PhD, a health services research specialist and author of the paper reported that studies show the following:
- African-American males ages 1519 die from homicide at 46 times the rate of their white counterparts.
- During 19801995, the suicide rate for adolescents African-American males ages 1519 years increased from 5.6 to 13.8 per 100,000 of the population. While adolescent African-American males historically have had lower suicide rates than adolescent European-American males, suicide is now becoming equally or more prevalent among African Americans.
- African-American male achievement begins to decline as early as the fourth grade. In 2001, only 42.8 percent of African-American males graduated from high school, compared to 70.8 percent for their white counterparts.
- Adolescent African-American males are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with conduct disorder than white males.
A New Framework
Confronted with the overwhelming evidence of how norms around black masculinity impacted the well-being of African-American males, a local psychologist/therapist, community members, and I began to develop a new framework for dealing with community mental health. I refined this framework in graduate school in hopes of developing a team to create a dynamic context for promoting community health among African-Americans in the Rainier Valley in Seattle, Washington.
I felt this framework was necessary, because having grown up in Los Angeles and its gang violence, drugs, alcohol, and fatherlessness, I struggled with what black manhood meant ― and society didn’t give me a positive image of what it meant either.
In early 2014, Jerry Evergreen, clinical director of Mirror Counseling Services, and I plan to lead an effort to create a community mental health organization called Matumaini Counseling. We plan to create a safe space in the community where folks can talk in confidence and explore some of the struggles and traumas they have experienced.
At Matumaini Counseling, we will provide in-depth, “wraparound” mental health counseling with clients and those who care about them. Wraparound services coordinate treatment planning with community organizations, schools, social services agencies, and criminal justice agencies.
We'll also provide a range of counseling modalities, such as art therapy (e.g., drawing, painting, hip hop music), recreational therapy, individual and group therapy, and family therapy. We will also provide workshops and summer camps on athletics, community building, and alternatives to youth gang violence.
With this approach, we are redefining community mental health. We are going to gear our work around the community needs.
Traditionally, community mental health organizations plant themselves in a community to focus on one-on-one counseling relationships with individuals or families. Often, the clinicians aren’t connected to the community.
That won’t be the case for Matumaini Counseling.
I’ve had success with this approach at Einstein Middle School in Shoreline, Washington, while running a seventh- and eighth-grade boys life-skills class that included behavior modification, anger management, leadership, self-awareness, and communication. At the prestigious Bush School in Seattle, Washington, Director of Diversity Eddie Moore and I ran a coed life-skills and a basketball camp for a diverse group of young people. The camp combined athletics, student-development theory, and pop-culture symbolism to teach students the values, ethics, and principles associated with becoming a responsible and productive young adult.
As a psychotherapist interested in the mental and spiritual well-being of young black men, I take seriously the idea that negative representations circulate through mass media and within popular culture. Together, they map a mythological and stereotyped identity onto black men.
But by developing a holistic and rigorous approach to clinical counseling, my hope is that Matumaini Counseling will give other stakeholders a more effective framework to utilize and separate fact from fiction in their work with young black men.
James Preston Norris is executive director of Matumaini Counseling. Raised in South Central Los Angeles, he has a passion to give back to his community by using his experience, training, and skills to provide mental health services to male youth in Seattle’s inner city. During the past seven years, he has worked for the King County Jail, and completed a graduate program in clinical psychology at Seattle University.
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Scientists have managed to restore cell function in the brains of pigs hours after they died, in a breakthrough on Wednesday that experts said threw into question the very notion of what makes animals - or even humans - alive.
Authors of the US-based study said their research could one day be used to help treat victims of heart attacks and strokes and unravel the mysteries of brain trauma.
In human and large mammal brains, cells crucial for neural function begin to degrade as soon as blood supply is cut - a process long considered to be irreversible.
But the findings of the trial, published in the journal Nature, show that the brains of pigs can have their blood flow and cell function restored even hours after death.
The team from the NIH BRAIN initiative, a federally funded U.S. research program, used the brains of 32 pigs that had been slaughtered for food and discarded, without blood or glucose flow, for four hours each.
Then, using a tissue support system that pumps a liquid designed to mimic blood through organs, they rehydrated the brains for a further six hours.
Some brains received the patented life-support solution, and others were given a control substance.
Flickers of life
The results were astonishing: the brains that received the artificial blood had basic cell function restored. Their blood vessel structure was revived, and the team even observed some localized processes - including in synapses and immune responses - flickering back to life.
Those that received the control solution turned within hours to what researchers described as "something a bit like yogurt."
"I was tremendously surprised," Nenad Sestan, a researcher at Yale University and lead study author told AFP.
"We were surprised how well the structure was preserved. We found that cell death is reduced, which is very exciting and promising.
"The main conceptual finding is this: cell death in the brain occurs across a longer time period than we previously thought," Sestan added.
The team stressed that they saw no "higher level functional activity" such as electric signaling associated with consciousness in the revived brains.
"That is a clinical sign that the brain is alive, and we never found it," said Sestan. "This is not a living brain; it is a cellularly active brain."
Had any such activity been detected, the team said they would have had to deliver anesthetic to the brains to null any pain - despite them having been dead for hours.
"If some activity shows up that indicated consciousness, we would have to stop the experiment," said Stephen Latham, from Yale's Centre of Bioethics.
"This would be unique: inducing consciousness in an organ that's not connected to any living being."
Not alive, not dead
The findings suggest that scientists may have underappreciated the brain's capacity for self-restoration after a patient is declared brain dead.
But for experts invited to comment on the study, it raised deeper philosophical and ethical questions.
Writing in a linked editorial, Nita Farahany, a professor of law and philosophy at Duke University, said that the study "throws into question long-standing assumptions over what makes an animal - or a human - alive."
She said researchers had inadvertently created an ethical grey area where the pigs used were "not alive, but not completely dead."
Dominic Wilkinson, professor of medical ethics at the University of Oxford, said that the study could have vital implications for future brain research.
"This research reminds us that 'death' is less an event, and more of a process that occurs over time," he said.
"Cells within the human organism may be alive for some period of time after the human person has died."
Zvonimir Vrselja, also at Yale School of Medicine's Department of Neuroscience, said the team planned to use their support system on dead brains for longer periods of time in order to see how the cells react.
"We could potentially get some insight into how these brains could be saved," he told AFP. | <urn:uuid:e9785229-8b5f-4b86-a8ad-be4fccc8e6e2> | {
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Original article published in MailOnline.
We have all heard the saying ‘we are what we eat’, with a belief that a good diet can help protect us from ill-health.
Dr Carl Pfeiffer, a pioneer in nutritional medicine believed that ‘with adequate intake of micronutrients, most chronic disease won’t exist’.
We live in a world where our food is heavily processed, laden with sugar and artificial chemicals.
We exercise less, have more stress, and spend less time in the sunshine.
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the UK and US, yet we can all do more to help prevent it.
I believe eating a healthy, home-cooked diet rich in nutrients is the key to not only protecting our heart but fortifying our bodies against a variety of ill-health.
Ditch the junk and processed options, stop counting calories and switch to eating real food
I have put together a list of foods that can help protect your heart, but overall you will see a pattern – fresh fruit and vegetables, oily fish, grass-fed meat, nuts and seeds are the real superfoods.
Here are 13 nutrients you can mix into your meals to achieve a heart-healthy diet:
1.Omega 3 essential fatty acids
Think of the Mediterranean diet, rich in oils and fresh fish.
You gain the short-chain monosaturated fatty acids (oleic acid) from the olive oil which has been shown to help reduce LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglycerides.
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA can help prevent inflammation throughout the body as well as protect against cardiovascular disease.
Found in: Oily Fish, nuts and seeds, seed oils.
Magnesium plays a vital role in the production of a type of energy called ATP.
Muscles need this energy in order to relax – the heart is a muscle and studies have shown that good levels of magnesium can help prevent stroke, and heart attacks.
Magnesium is vital for good health and somewhat neglected in the western world.
Women tend to be more deficient than men.
Stress also depletes our reserves of magnesium so topping up is vital.
Found in: Nuts, Seeds, Green Leafy vegetables, pulses such as red lentils.
If you are concerned about your magnesium levels, take a daily supplement, but ensure it is magnesium citrate as this is the most bioavailable form.
You can also add Epsom salts to your bath as you will absorb their magnesium through the skin.
3. Co-Enzyme Q10
Known for helping with energy production alongside Magnesium, Co-Q10 is also a powerful antioxidant and can work well with selenium, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc to help protect our arteries from damage.
It is also worth noting that anyone taking statins will have lower levels of CoQ10, so may need to take a daily supplement.
Found in: Meat, eggs and fish.
4. Vitamin D
We are starting to recognise the benefits of vitamin D from sun exposure to help protect us from a variety of diseases, but particularly heart disease, high blood pressure and strokes.
In fact research has shown a 40 per cent higher risk of heart disease when deficient of vitamin D and a massive 81 per cent higher chance of dying from heart disease.
Found in: The best source is sunshine, but you can also gain a little from fish (especially fish liver), some mushrooms and eggs.
Just like Omega 3 oils, zinc can help prevent inflammation though the creation of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Zinc has also been shown to have protective properties, particularly for coronary artery disease and can help improve cardiac function.
Found in: Pumpkin seeds, nuts and seeds, shellfish.
6. Vitamin C
A powerful antioxidant, vitamin C, alongside vitamin E, Zinc and Co-Q10 work together to help protect you from cardiovascular disease and cellular damage.
Vitamin C has also been shown to help lower LDL cholesterol, whilst also significantly helping to improve HDL levels, as a result those who have higher levels of vitamin C in their diet, have less risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Found in: Fresh fruit, particularly berries, parsley, red onions.
7. Vitamin E
Known for its antioxidant and protective properties, Vitamin E can also help reduce LDL cholesterol and increase HDL levels.
It can also help improve endothelial cell function.
However, to gain optimum benefit from vitamin E, you also need to have a good source of vitamin C, selenium and Co-Q10 in your diet.
Found in: Avocados, nuts and seeds.
It has been documented that those who have a low level of selenium have a higher risk of heart disease.
Selenium needs to work alongside vitamin E, vitamin C and Co-Q10, so before you reach for a selenium-rich supplement, you may want to consider a more general antioxidant as well as increasing your antioxidant-rich foods.
Found In: Brazil nuts, seaweed.
You wouldn’t necessarily relate a lack of healthy gut bacteria and heart disease, however, studies have shown that poor gut health (especially leaky gut syndrome which many of us suffer due to overexposure to wheat) can create systemic inflammation.
Weakened gut health can also lead to poor absorption of nutrients, which in turn can also affect heart health as well as lower the immune system.
Found in: Fermented foods such as yoghurt, sauerkraut, tempeh, kefir.
Beware that supermarket probiotic yoghurt drinks can contain a huge amount of sugar and research has shown the active probiotic may not reach the lower intestine.
If you’re concerned about gut health, I would advise taking a probiotic capsule. I would recommend Nutrigold Acidophilus.
This is the compound found in garlic, the one responsible for the garlic smell.
However, it also has a powerful affect on our heart health and blood pressure, as it can help relax the blood vessels and improve blood flow.
Eat garlic every day in foods, crushing it gently and leaving for 15 minutes before using is said to enhance its effects
Found in: Garlic. I prefer to use garlic in myfood, but you can take a daily supplement, though I would not recommend an odourless variety as this may reduce the allicin content.
Lycopene is a carotenoid, which has been shown to help protect against a range of cancers as well as heart disease.
There is strong evidence to show that the intimal wall thickness and risk of myocardial infarction are reduced with higher adipose tissue concentrations of lycopene.
It has many benefits including helping to increase flexibility of our arteries and improve the function of the endothelial tissue, protecting against arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
Found in: Cooked tomatoes, sundried tomatoes, peppers, papaya, water melon, red cabbage and asparagus.
For real benefits, I would recommend a daily supplementation of at least 15mg.
One capsule delivers the equivalent of 6lbs of tomatoes.
My favourite is cardiomato as it also contains the essential fats in the form of Vitamin E to aid absorption alongside phytosterols and beta-carotene, one a day high strength capsule.
Studies have shown that L-Arginine can help lower blood pressure.
It can also help protect us against heart disease.
It’s abundant in nuts and research has shown that those who eat more than 5oz of nuts a week have significantly less heart disease.
Found in: Beans, nuts (such as almonds and walnuts), oats and cold water fish such as salmon, tuna and mackerel.
Taurine plays a vital role in the health of our arteries and general heart health.
Studies have shown that those with lower L-Taurine levels are more susceptible to heart disease.
Found in: Red meat, eggs, seafood. | <urn:uuid:825c0b5f-07ea-4d29-977c-e211640979a6> | {
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Informed Consent: Process, Tips and Suggestions
Though obtaining consent from an interviewee to use footage of them can be a relatively simple process, we work to ensure that we obtain informed consent from all of our interviewees. We do this for many reasons, but least of which is that video about human rights issues is often full of security concerns, communications barriers and is often a balancing act between the importance of getting your message out and the possibility of direct negative consequences for the people you film.
It is important to consider many more facets of obtaining ethical consent. According to “Frameworks for Informed Consent: Perspectives from Law, Ethics, Journalism, and Human Rights,” a memorandum from the Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic of Yale Law School, the four main elements of informed consent to think about in human rights video are:
- Disclosure: The use and the purpose of the information sought must be fully explained, in order to protect the subject’s safety and to maintain an honest relationship between interviewer and interviewee.
- Voluntariness: The subject must give permission for the interview/material to be used and express whether he/she is willing to be identified by name, and must be in conditions that allow them to give this consent voluntarily.
- Comprehension: The subject must understand the implications of the interview. This may be complicated if the subject does not have a full understanding of the reach of the intended distribution (i.e. the internet). The interviewer must find a balance, not being condescending, but also protecting the subject’s safety.
- Competence: The subject must be able to comprehend the implications of his/her participation. This is an especially important issue with special populations (i.e. children, people with mental disabilities, people who have suffered significant trauma).
What’s Next? Interviewing for Beginners
- For more detailed explorations of issues of consent in human rights video, including an in-depth look at these main elements, check out the “Safety and Security” chapter from the book “Video for Change: A Guide for Advocacy and Activism.”
- Find out more about issues to expect during an interview with our tips for conducting great interviews.
- To see an example of a standard consent form, check out U.K.-based Channel 4’s standard release form for documentaries. | <urn:uuid:5e468d04-9b81-44e7-ace2-17cb360931bd> | {
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National Weatherperson's Day
February 5th is National Weatherperson's Day, commemorating the birth of John Jeffries in 1744. Jeffries, a Boston physician and one of America's first weather observers, began taking daily weather observations in Boston in 1774. He took the first balloon weather observation over London in 1784. He carried a thermometer, a barometer, and a hygrometer to the height of 9000 feet.
This is a day to recognize and thank the men and women who provide Americans with the best weather, water, and climate forecasts and warning services of any nation. Despite all the weather technology it still takes a dedicated group of meteorologists to correctly intepret the weather data, deliver the most-accurate forecasts to help plan your day, and most importantly - warn you when dangerous weather threatens. | <urn:uuid:87247484-f25b-4023-ae41-b6cd647e2020> | {
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The latest news about environmental and green
technologies – renewables, energy savings, fuel cells
Posted: Jul 05, 2013
Prototype for the CO2 vacuum cleaner
(Nanowerk News) ETH-Zurich spin-off Climeworks is looking to filter carbon dioxide out of the ambient air and sell it to major customers such as greenhouses at competitive prices. The first pilot plant is up and running and the equipment is expected to filter up to 1,000 tons of carbon dioxide out of the air a year by 2014.
Zurich’s Technopark has blossomed into one of the main hotbeds for ETH-Zurich spin-offs in recent years. With its eight employees spread over four offices, Climeworks has also found its entrepreneurial home here. Half of the start-up company’s development lab is currently taken up with a great big matt-silver box – the first prototype of Climeworks’ product: a CO2 filter system. Two insulated tubes as thick as arms connect the box to two holes in the balcony windows. One of them draws in air from outside via a pump, the other blows it back into atmosphere – after it has been cleaned of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Only 0.04 per cent of the ambient air is CO2, which is primarily produced during the combustion of fossil energy sources and chiefly responsible for the climate change humans have caused. In the Climeworks prototyp, the carbon dioxide is bound (adsorbed) chemically by a novel filtration material. As soon as the filter is saturated, the gas is separated from the filter again by heating it to ninety degrees Celsius. The result: carbon dioxide with a purity of ninety-nine per cent. Almost fifteen years of research and development work have gone into the prototype: ten years of basic research by Professor Aldo Steinfeld at ETH Zurich’s Institute of Energy Technology and another four years of development by his two doctoral students and Climeworks founders Jan Wurzbacher and Christoph Gebald.
This inconspicuous box next to Climeworks co-founder Christoph Gebald has got a lot to offer: The prototype filters up to four kilograms of carbon dioxide a day out of the air.
Optimised for higher efficiency
“The biggest developmental step is now behind us,” says Gebald. “For a long time, we were only able to obtain a few grams of CO2 from the air in the lab. Today, our prototype adsorbs up to four kilograms a day.” Over the period of four years, Climeworks has managed to scale the system by a factor of 1,000. According to Gebald, the latest measurement data reveals that the current prototype has come on in leaps and bounds in terms of the system’s design and efficiency.
Unlike other cleantech start-ups, Climeworks’ business model is not based on climate compensation payments for CO2 sequestration. Instead, the company expects to draw its profits from the sale of the gas to large-scale consumers such as greenhouses. Because plants store CO2 in their biomass for growth, the concentration in the ambient air decreases and constantly needs to be replenished. Studies have revealed that the yield is as much as thirty per cent higher as a result. Consequently, Climeworks is currently planning its first CO2 adsorption plant for a four-hectare greenhouse. The advantage for the customer: they no longer need to transport the CO2 in from afar as they can produce it right on site.
All down to CO2 price
But it has to make economic sense: the average CO2 price for Europe is currently CHF 100 per ton. However, it fluctuates considerably because eighty per cent of the CO2 traded globally is generated as a by-product of ammoniac production and the price is governed by the main product. It also depends greatly on the transport route. As for the pilot plant in the lab, the costs per ton of CO2 are currently “many orders of magnitude” higher, as Gebald puts it. Ultimately, it is still a one-off production. However, this should soon change: “We’re pursuing a modular concept,” explains Gebald. The idea is for future industrial plants to be composed of a large number of individual devices, which would enable the modules to be standardised and produced in high quantities, thereby reducing the cost per unit.
Accordingly, the plant for the greenhouse is constructed from twenty coupled devices. From early 2014 it should filter 1,000 tons of CO2 a year out of the air. Whether this succeeds chiefly depends on the energy costs for operating the plant. The separation of the CO2 at ninety degree Celsius especially requires a lot of low-temperature heat. On the other hand, powering the pump and controls only constitutes five per cent of the overall energy consumption. Really, operating the plant with solar power would be the most elegant solution. For reasons of cost, however, this is out of the question in northern climes. Consequently, Climeworks is currently exploring the options of external heat from refuse incineration plants and combined heat and power units.
Sun in the tank
In the longer term, however, Climeworks has another market in its sights: along with hydrogen, CO2 can by synthesised into syngas (see article in ETH Life), which in turn forms the basis for the production of kerosene, gasoline and diesel. Ideally, the energy for this should come from the sun as the solar power could be stored in the form of liquid fuel. Although the amount of CO2 already emitted globally would not be reduced as a result, it could be retained in a cycle. The problem: a refinery is required to convert the syngas into liquid fuel and this would only be worthwhile from a certain size. “We’re talking about investments to the tune of several hundreds of millions to billions, not projects that a small spin-off could carry,” says Gebald. We still have a long way to go before we reach that stage. | <urn:uuid:7b5f4540-502e-4aff-be0e-e8e750601d44> | {
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Shakespeare's Characters: Goneril and Regan (King Lear)
From King Lear. Ed. Henry Norman Hudson. New York: Ginn and Co., 1911.
The characters in King Lear fall into strongly contrasted groups of good and evil beings; and as the main action of the drama is shaped by the energy of evil, it is natural to begin with those in whom that energy prevails.
There is no accounting for the conduct of Goneril and Regan but by supposing them possessed with a strong original impulse of malignity. The main points of their action
were taken from the old story. Character, in the proper sense of the term, they have none in the legend; and the dramatist invested them with characters suitable to the part
they were believed to have acted.
Whatever of soul these beings possess is all in the head; they have no heart to guide or inspire their understanding, and but enough of understanding to seize occasions and
frame excuses for their heartlessness. Without affection, they are also without shame; there being barely so much of human blood in their veins as may suffice for quickening
the brain without sending a blush to the cheek. With a sort of hell-inspired tact, they feel their way to a fitting occasion, but drop the mask as soon as their ends are reached, caring little or nothing for appearances after their falsehood has
done its work. There is a smooth, glib rhetoric in their professions of love, unwarmed with the least grace of real feeling, and a certain wiry virulence and intrepidity of mind in their after-speaking, that is very terrible. No touch of nature
finds a response in their bosoms; no atmosphere of comfort can abide their presence: we feel that they have somewhat within that turns the milk of humanity to venom, which all
the wounds they can inflict are but opportunities for casting.
The subordinate plot of the drama serves the purpose of relieving the improbability of their behavior. Some have indeed censured this plot as an embarrassment to the main
one, forgetting, perhaps, that to raise and sustain the feelings at any great height there must be some breadth of basis. A degree of evil which, if seen altogether alone, would strike us as superhuman, makes a very different impression when it has the support of proper sympathies and associations. This effect is in a good measure secured by Edmund's independent concurrence with Goneril and Regan in wickedness. It looks as if some malignant planet had set the elements of evil astir in many hearts at the same time; so that "unnaturalness between the child and the parent" were become, it would seem, the order of the day.
Besides, the agreement of the sister fiends in filial ingratitude might seem, of itself, to argue some sisterly attachment between them. So that, to bring out their characters truly, it had to be shown that the same principle which unites them against their father will, on the turning of occasion, divide them against each other. Hence the necessity of setting them forth in relations of such a kind as may breed strife between
them. In Edmund, accordingly, they find a character wicked enough, and energetic enough in his wickedness, to interest their feelings; and because they are both alike taken with
him, therefore they will cut their way to him through each other's life. And it is noteworthy that their passion for him proceeds mainly upon his treachery to his father, as though from such similarity of action they inferred a congeniality of
mind. For even to have hated each other from love of anyone but a villain, and because of his villainy, had seemed a degree of virtue in beings such as they are.
There is so much sameness of temper and behavior in these two she-tigers that we find it somewhat difficult to distinguish them as individuals; their characteristic traits
being, as it were, fused and run together in the heat of a common malice. Both are actuated by an extreme ferocity; which, however, up to the time of receiving their portions, we must suppose to have been held in check by a most artful and vigilant selfishness. And the malice of Goneril, the eldest, appears still to be under some restraint, from feeling that her husband is not in sympathy with her. For Albany,
though rather timid and tardy in showing it, remains true to the old king; his tardiness probably springing, at least in part, from a reluctance to make a square issue with his wife, who, owing to her superiority of rank and position, had somewhat the advantage of him in their marriage. Regan, on the other hand, has in Cornwall a husband whose heart beats in perfect unison with her own against her father; and the confidence of his sympathy appears to discharge her malice entirely from the restraints of caution, and to give it a peculiar quickness and alertness of action. Near the close of the
king's last interview with them, we have the following:
GONERIL. Why might not you, my lord, receive attendance
From those that she calls servants or from mine?
REGAN. Why not, my lord ? If then they chanc'd to slack you,
We could control them. If you will come to me
For now I spy a danger I entreat you
To bring but five-and-twenty; to no more
Will I give place or notice.
LEAR. I gave you all.
REGAN. And in good time you gave it.
LEAR. Made you my guardians, my depositaries;
But kept a reservation to be follow'd
With such a number. [II, iv, 237-247.]
This passage is quoted mainly to draw attention to the concentrated wolfishness of heart in those few words, "And in good time you gave it," snapped out in reply to the pathetic
appeal, "I gave you all." Human speech cannot be more intensely charged with fury. And this cold, sharp venom of retort is what chiefly discriminates Regan from Goneril;
otherwise they seem too much like repetitions of each other to come fairly within the circle of nature, who never repeats herself. Yet their very agreement in temper and spirit renders them the fitter for the work they do. For the sameness of treatment thence proceeding is all the more galling and unbearable forasmuch as it appears the result of a set purpose, a conspiracy coolly formed and unrelentingly pursued.
That they should lay on their father the blame of their own ingratitude, and stick their poisoned tongues into him under pretence of doing him good, is a further refinement of malice not more natural to them than tormenting to him. It is indeed difficult to conceive how creatures could be framed more apt to drive mad any one who had set his heart on
receiving any comfort or kindness from them.
For the behavior of Regan and Goneril after the death of Cornwall, and their final transports of mutual fierceness, Shakespeare prepares us by the moralizing he puts into the mouth of Albany:
That nature which contemns its origin
Cannot be border'd certain in itself. [IV, ii, 32-33.]
meaning, apparently, that where the demon of filial ingratitude reigns, there the heart is ripening for the most unnatural crimes, so that there is no telling what it will do, or where it will stop. The action of Goneril and Regan, taken all together, seems the most improbable thing in the drama. It is not easy to think of them otherwise than as instruments of the plot; not so much ungrateful persons as personifications
How to Pronounce the Names in King Lear
King Lear Overview
King Lear Summary
King Lear Analysis by Act and Scene
Blank Verse, Rhyme and Prose in King Lear
King Lear Character Introduction
King Lear Study Questions
Sources for King Lear
King Lear: FAQ
Famous Quotations from King Lear | <urn:uuid:6d6e7a47-d8b9-4151-9661-dcf72ef23f2e> | {
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VIENNA (Reuters) – Weighing in at 100 grams (four ounces), pink-skinned and covered in white fur, Vienna’s newest panda clung to its mother after a highly rare natural birth.
Pictures showed the 10-centimetre (4-inch) cub nestled in paw of Giant Panda Yang Yang and being carried in her mouth at the city’s Schoenbrunn zoo.
Staff said it was only the third successful attempt to breed the endangered species naturally in Europe – the other two cubs also came into the world at the Vienna zoo and are now back in their home country China.
Keepers are keeping their distance to avoid disturbing the mother and child, and still haven’t been able to work out its gender.
“Although we are of course very happy, we must remain realistic. The mortality rate for Giant Pandas is around 40 percent during the first year,” said zoo director Dagmar Schratter.
Yang Yang and her baby, who was born on Wednesday, will spend the next few months in the breeding box where the birth took place.
The panda house has been closed to the public until further notice.
Giant pandas are one of the world’s most endangered species. Their natural home lies in a few mountain ranges in central China. There are about 1,600 known to be living in the wild and some 300 in captivity, mostly in China.
Female pandas are able to conceive only for two or three days in the spring, which makes reproduction difficult. The gestation period is about five months.
Most pandas bred in captivity are conceived through artificial insemination. | <urn:uuid:eda8fe94-ea67-4861-887d-8fbadedbe1b9> | {
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Firstly, this entry describes the recording of the moment, by time and date, in minute detail. Secondly, it acts as a reference for the unfamiliar constants used in time- and date-related calculations - for example 86,400, which is the number of seconds in a day. It is weak1 on strictly local issues, such as timezones, and only explains the Gregorian calendar system. The various constants are derived, and can be used, with simple arithmetic.
The time and date are a means used to identify particular moments, be they past, present or future. In rough terms, a day is the period between one sunrise and the next2, and a year is the larger period of a complete cycle of seasons. Between these is the period of phases of the Moon. These natural periods have influenced mankind throughout history, and are the basis of the modern time and date system.
For many purposes, a day is a rather large unit, so it is subdivided into hours, minutes and seconds (and, if necessary, seconds may be further subdivided). It's very convenient to subdivide a year, so months and days are used. Months appear to be arbitrary groups of days, but have an historic link to the phases of the moon. For very large periods of time, we use appropriately large numbers of years, although the terms 'century' and 'millennium' may be encountered, for 100 years and 1000 years respectively.
Loosely embodying the concept of date, yet being of short-term interest and so more akin to time, is the week. This is a completely regular cycle of seven days duration. Each day is named, and these names recur every seven days. Historically, one of the main uses of the week has been to schedule regular religious observances.
Time and date can now be determined with phenomenal accuracy3, which has not always been the case. The present calendar system is complicated, the result of several modifications as technology progressed. Part of this complication is because the natural year length is not a whole number of days. The Gregorian calendar is now widely used (at least in the Western world) to compensate for this awkward fact. Several Alternative Calendars exist, but are not further considered here.
There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 24 hours in a day, thus 60×60×24 = 86,400 seconds in a day. The second used to be defined as a fraction of the average day4. We refer to the time, meaning the time of day, in terms in hours, minutes and seconds, although for many purposes the seconds are omitted. It is usual to use two digits for the minutes and for the seconds (when present), separating these numbers with a character which in England is a colon (but depends on locale). Thus 9:05:01 would represent nine hours, five minutes and one second. This is already awkward5, but there are two methods in common use to represent the time of day as well.
The 24-hour clock reckons time from midnight, which is 0:00:00, and the last second of the day is 23:59:59. In between, the seconds are counted as straightforwardly as possible in the mixed radix system. One second after 23:59:59, a new day begins with 0:00:00. The 24-hour clock is widely used - for example, in published timetables.
The 12-hour clock reckons time from midnight, and then from midday, distinguishing these (when necessary) by the suffixes am and pm respectively6. The hour is never given as zero - 12 is used instead. Midnight is 12:00:00am, and midday is 12:00:00pm. One second after 12:59:59 is 1:00:00, whether am or pm, but note that 11:59:59am is followed by 12:00:00pm, and 11:59:59pm is followed by 12:00:00am of the next day. The 12-hour clock is widely used in conversation, and is displayed by most mechanical clocks and watches.
Time would be a strictly local measure, if accurately synchronised to high noon. It is very convenient if a single national time can be used, although large countries7 require several timezones if local time is to remain close to the natural time. This entry does not consider timezone corrections, so is effectively always referring to local clock time, that is, the time everyone agrees to use.
Some countries choose to adjust the time of day between summer and winter. The time is artificially advanced in the spring season, and retarded by the same amount in the autumn season. The time can be qualified by the system used, which in England means mentioning GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) in winter, or BST (British Summer Time) in summer. If not so qualified, there are periods each year when the time is ambiguous, close to when the clocks are retarded. If, as in England, the clocks are retarded at 2:00am, then half an hour before that, and half an hour after that as well, the time will be 1:30am. The earlier time is 1:30am BST, but the later time is 1:30am GMT.
The second is now (since 1967) defined in terms of atomic clocks, the first of which was constructed by the National Physical Laboratory. Such clocks can now be accurate to seven parts in 1015, and define a second as 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation of a certain energy transition of the caesium 133 atom. Any error, of about one second in 4½ million years, must be tolerated for now!
It is a fact of life that there are 365.24219 days in the solar year, and the calendar system approximates this. Normally years have 365 days, but occasionally there are leap years of 366 days. The proportion of leap years is chosen so that the average length of a year is close to the solar year. The rules for leap years are:-
- If the year is divisible by four, it is a leap year, unless
- If the year is divisible by 100, it is not a leap year, unless
- If the year is divisible by 400, it is a leap year.
The origin for counting years is nominally the year of the birth of Jesus Christ8. When the Gregorian system was introduced, the existing Julian calendar year was retained, but the date within that year was adjusted. When the Julian calendar was introduced, errors were made in the reckoning of Jesus's birth year, and this error persists to the present day. To be pedantic - for example, the year 2000 should be called 2000AD9. The year 1AD was immediately preceded by the year 1BC10, and earlier years are obtained by counting forwards, so that 2BC precedes 1BC. Such dates were obviously not used at the time, but are a modern invention. Another modern invention, the misconceived concept of 'political correctness', has produced alternatives for AD and BC11, which almost everyone ignores.
Near a millennium, rule one alone gives the correct year length. Digital watches (and some computer software) take advantage of this, operating correctly from 1901 to 2099 because year 2000 is a leap year12. Prior to the year 2000, the first two rules suffice, as the last year requiring rule three is 1600, but the Gregorian calendar was not introduced until 1752 in England13. Rules one and two can be applied with only the last two decimal digits of the year (a common form of abbreviation), but rule three needs the last four decimal digits, that is the unabbreviated value. The use of historic dates is fraught with difficulty, because the present system was introduced at different times in different countries (and even now is not universally accepted).
Days in a year are grouped into named months, which in order are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December (in English). The months have various lengths, but the shortest month is always February, and it carries the extra day which is required in a leap year. The lengths of the months may be remembered from the traditional rhyme:
Thirty days hath September,
April, June and November.
All the rest have thirty-one, except February clear,
Which has twenty-eight, but twenty-nine each leap year.
A three letter abbreviation is often used for the month name, and sometimes a simple number is used instead. They are shown below, in a table of the lengths of the months.
Within each month, the days are simply numbered, the first day of every month being one. A date can be represented in purely numeric form, giving the day, month and year, and separating these numbers with a character which in England is a slash (but depends on locale). The order of the numbers also depends on locale, so that numeric dates can sometimes be ambiguous, for example 1/2/2000 means either 1 February, 2000 (in the UK), or 2 January, 2000 (in USA). In conversation, the date sometimes just means the day number, as in:
'What's the date today?'
'It's the tenth.'
The Gregorian calendar is nowhere near as accurate as our ability to measure time, and the average year is too long. The calendar is losing against solar time, and will be a day behind by the year 4909. Based upon the history of calendars so far, the system will be changed again long before then, perhaps the year 4000 will be declared not to be a leap year, effectively advancing the calendar by one day thereafter.
ante meridiem means before midday,
post meridiem means after midday. 7 Those which span a wide range of longitude. 8See The Calendar in Anno Domini (AD).9 From Latin: Anno Domini means year of The Lord. 10 An abbreviation of Before Christ. 11 CE for 'Common Era' and BCE for 'Before Common Era' 12Explaining the small impact of the Millennium bug. 13 In most of Europe, it was introduced in 1584. | <urn:uuid:7f3ddbe7-f69f-4f8e-9973-6ed7e8f6c8c3> | {
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SEM333: F Math-3 (2013-2014)
CURRICULUM PROGRAM: Special Education
COURSE TITLE: Focus Math 3hr
CALENDAR YEAR: 2013-2014
GRADE LEVEL: 9-12
COURSE LENGTH: 36 weeks
Major Concepts/Content: The Focus Math course is designed to provide students with the developmentally appropriate math skills necessary to explore and solve problems in everyday life. Students will develop skills in basic math operations common in everyday life, and learn the use of numbers for a variety of scenarios. Students will learn to select and use appropriate strategies (e.g. pencil and paper, calculator, estimation, concrete materials) to solve number problems in real life. Technology is utilized to provide support and build skills.
Major Instructional Activities: Instructional activities include practical application of math skills in natural settings such as school, community, and home. Lessons emphasize hands-on opportunities to practice math skills in community settings with the goal of generalization to real-life situations. Basic math concepts are reinforced to include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers. Assistive technology is integrated as appropriate. Activities include measurement (i.e., crafts, home improvement, etc.), counting calories, sports, calendar use, telling time, money handling, calculator use, and number recognition. Additional opportunities include activities to practice the necessary math skills for use in everyday life and work settings (i.e., shopping for food, counting objects).
Major Evaluative Techniques: Multiple assessments to include authentic, informal, and formal will be used to measure student growth. Multiple authentic assessments will be used as students perform, produce, and demonstrate skills in the context of real life scenarios (i.e., shopping, banking). The course objectives may not be mastered in one school year and students may earn multiple credits in this course.
Course Objectives: The essential objectives of the Focus Math course are designed to facilitate the learning outcomes appropriate for each student's instructional needs. Instructional activities are based upon real world needs with the goal of increased independence and autonomy in his or her home and community setting.
Course Notes: Repeatable Course - Only for students on IEP (Mod to Sev). | <urn:uuid:825f2d9c-cbf1-4554-b5ed-f026a036391d> | {
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Difference between revisions of "RPi building and installing OpenELEC"
Revision as of 02:01, 30 April 2012
Back to the Hub.
Software & Distributions:
Software - an overview.
Distributions - operating systems and development environments for the Raspberry Pi.
Kernel Compilation - advice on compiling a kernel.
Performance - measures of the Raspberry Pi's performance.
Programming - programming languages that might be used on the Raspberry Pi.
On Monday, 23 April 2012 OpenELEC released the first compilable git version for Raspberry Pi.
OpenELEC is an embedded operating system built specifically to run XBMC, the open source entertainment media hub. The idea behind OpenELEC is to allow people to use their Home Theatre PC (HTPC) like any other device you might have attached to your TV, like a DVD player or Sky box. Instead of having to manage a full operating system, configure it and install the packages required to turn it into a hybrid media center, OpenELEC is designed to be simple to install, manage and use, making it more like running a set-top box than a full-blown computer.
- OpenELEC Mainsite
- In February 2012, OpenELEC.tv announced their ARM port for Raspberry Pi
- OpenELEC forum thread
- RaspberryPi forum thread
Cross Compiling and Build Systems
The heart of the OpenELEC project is our software build system. It supports a software building technique called cross-compiling; the process of creating executable code that runs on one hardware platform from something other than that platform. Cross compiling is a crucial function for the OpenELEC project for the following reasons:
- It allows us to build 32bit and 64bit packages and OpenELEC images. It does not matter whether the build-host itself is 32bit or 64bit.
- It allows us to build OpenELEC for a range of different CPU architectures like x86, ARM and PowerPC. This tutorial will help you cross compile an ARM compatible OpenELEC image from an x86 compatible build-host.
- There is no dependency on the particular versions of compiler, libc and Linux kernel headers installed on the build-host. We cross-compile our own versions to ensure we always produce consistent and properly built software packages.
- It allows you to run any Linux distribution as your build system. No matter what your personal preference the resulting OpenELEC image will always be the same.
- It allows us to use the full power of the build-host. Like most ARM devices the Raspberry Pi does not have super fast CPU’s or lots of memory and it uses low-cost but slow USB and flash-card memory for storage; making it unsuitable for native building of large and complex software. Other Linux distributions targetting Raspberry Pi plan to use emulator tools like QEMU that were designed to test and run small software projects to build a full Operating System and it scares us to think how slow and error prone this will be. Even a highly optimised “minimalist” OS like OpenELEC involves the creation of ~500,000 small files during compilation so it’s simple common sense to cross compile and leverage the significantly better resources of a fast local build-host.
How to get the OpenELEC sources?
To build OpenELEC you will need a Linux system like Fedora, Ubuntu, ARCH Linux or SuSE Linux to use as your build-system. To “check out” OpenELEC's sources you must have the git software package installed. OpenELEC is hosted on github so the command to run is:
After doing this you will have an "OpenELEC.tv" folder. Change to this folder with:
OpenELEC is project based and each pre-built OpenELEC image has its own project folder. If you navigate to "projects/RPi" you will find the "options" file which defines the core packages and drivers used in the RPi project and the Linux kernel configuration. Another folder to look at is the "packages/" folder-tree which contains the build-scripts, patches, configs and meta (info) file for each software package included within OpenELEC.
To create an OpenELEC image for Raspberry Pi we need to tell the build-system the project and architecture to build for. The Raspberry Pi project uses the "arm" architecture so the “make” command to start the build process with is:
PROJECT=RPi ARCH=arm make
That’s all that’s needed! ..but make sure you type the command EXACTLY as shown here as the make command is case-sensitive.
The first thing the build-system does is check for the essential software packages it needs to function. If any are missing it “should” automatically download and install them for you. It may not work automatically on every Linux distro, but if it cannot install them automatically it will print a list of missing package-names on screen so you can install them manually.
For example on Ubuntu you can manually install the needed software with
sudo apt-get install g++ nasm flex bison gawk gperf autoconf automake m4 cvs libtool byacc texinfo gettext zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev git-core build-essential xsltproc libexpat1-dev
on Ubuntu 12.04 you need to install additionally
sudo apt-get install autopoint
to configure Perl in Ubuntu
sudo perl -e shell -MCPAN install XML::Parser exit
The speed of the build process depends on the hardware you’re running. On “current” hardware with multi-core CPUs and several GB of RAM it can be as quick as 2.5 hours. If you are using older hardware it could run to 10-12 hours. The first time you build will always be slower as the build-system needs to download and cache the sources for each package we use. Future builds will run faster as the sources have been cached and only a small number of new or changed packages will need to be fetched.
Preparing and Formatting the SD Card
OpenELEC is designed to keep the OS separate from the user-writeable storage area. This requires two partitions on the SD card:
- Partition #1 mounts as /flash and is 128MB in size, is labelled as “System” and will be FAT32 formatted. It holds the SYSTEM and kernel.img files that the OpenELEC OS is uncompressed from at boot-time (approx. 80-90MB), and essential boot files including the bootloader.
- Partition #2 mounts as /storage and uses the remaining space on the SD card. It will be labelled as “Storage” and is EXT4 formatted. It should be a minimum of 512MB to store XBMC settings, database files, image caches, SSH keys and the swapfile (256MB), but in practice a larger 4GB or 8GB card is a more sensible size.
To prepare a bootable SD card your Linux build-system will need the “parted”, “e2fsprogs” and “dosfstools” packages installed and an SD-card reader device.
The following commands assume /dev/sdb is the SD card device. Partitioning will permanently erase the SD card so please double-check that a) you select the right /dev/device and do not accidentally erase your OS, and b) the card does not contain irreplaceable family pictures!
First we remove all existing partitions and create a new MBR partition scheme:
sudo parted -s /dev/sdb mklabel msdos
Next we create a 128MB FAT32 partition and mark it as bootable:
sudo parted -s /dev/sdb unit cyl mkpart primary fat32 -- 0 16 sudo parted -s /dev/sdb set 1 boot on
Then we add the second partition using all remaining space
sudo parted -s /dev/sdb unit cyl mkpart primary ext2 -- 16 -2
To make sure the above commands worked, we check the partition layout:
sudo parted -s /dev/sdb print all
It should look similar to the output below from an 8GB SD card. Please check the partition sizes and note the bootable flag on partition one:
[sraue@linux]$ sudo parted -s /dev/sdb print all Model: Generic- Multi-Card (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 7965MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 1049kB 132MB 131MB primary boot, lba 2 132MB 7948MB 7816MB primary
Next we format the partitions and set filesystem labels. The first is VFAT (FAT32) formatted and is labelled “System” and the second is EXT4 formatted and labelled “Storage”:
sudo mkfs.vfat -n System /dev/sdb1 sudo mkfs.ext4 -L Storage /dev/sdb2
To ensure the kernel sees our new partition layout we force a reload of the partition table:
Installing OpenELEC to the SD Card
First change to the OpenELEC.tv folder where we built OpenELEC. In the example below this a folder within the root of my home folder:
Next we install the bootloader from the “bcm2835-driver” package. This is located in the project build folder. If you have downloaded pre-built files from elsewere the bootloader files can also be downloaded from here: https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/boot. The *start.elf file controls how Raspberry Pi’s allocates RAM between OS and Video. The arm128_start.elf file allocates 128MB to each. The commands below assume the “System” partition has mounted as /media/System but some distros mount removable devices to other locations, e.g. /mnt/System.
sudo cp build.OpenELEC-RPi.arm-devel/bcm2835-driver-*/boot/arm128_start.elf /media/System/start.elf sudo cp build.OpenELEC-RPi.arm-devel/bcm2835-driver-*/boot/bootcode.bin /media/System/ sudo cp build.OpenELEC-RPi.arm-devel/bcm2835-driver-*/boot/loader.bin /media/System/
Next we install kernel and system files from ~/OpenELEC.tv/target to the SD card. The kernel and system files have long names that identify the build kind, date and rNumber. They need to be renamed as we copy them. The system file must be renamed to SYSTEM (all uppercase) and the kernel file must be renamed to kernel.img (all lowercase, and not KERNEL).
sudo cp target/OpenELEC-RPi.arm-devel-20120424035956-r10695.system /media/System/SYSTEM sudo cp target/OpenELEC-RPi.arm-devel-20120424035956-r10695.kernel /media/System/kernel.img
Next we create a “cmdline.txt” file that contains bootloader parameters:
sudo echo "dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 root=/dev/ram0 rdinit=/init boot=/dev/mmcblk0p1 disk=/dev/mmcblk0p2 ssh quiet" > /media/System/cmdline.txt
To explain the boot parameters:
- root=/dev/ram0 tells the kernel to use a ramdisk as rootdevice, primary to extract the initramfs which is embedded in the kernel here.
- rdinit=/init tells the kernel the location of the init script to start initramfs.
- boot=/dev/mmcblk0p1 tells OpenELEC the partition which contains the kernel.img and SYSTEM file. It is also possible to use partition labels (boot=LABEL=System) or UUID (boot=UUID=<insert_your_uuid>) or to boot over the network (PXE)
- disk=/dev/mmcblk0p2 tells OpenELEC the “Storage” partition. It can also use partition labels (disk=LABEL=Storage) or UUID (disk=UUID=<insert_your_uuid>) or boot over the network (PXE)
- ssh tells the system to always start the embedded SSH server to enable remote console access. It is optional, but will be useful on a “development” system. The SSH username is “root” and the password is “openelec” i.e.
- debugging enables the optional debugging mode; /var/log/messages will be preserved over a reboot and will contain additional information, and a local console is available on CTRL+ALT+F3 for access to the system (CTRL+ALT+F1 switches back to XBMC).
(Note from dom: "Also, I don't think the "CTRL+ALT+F3" debugging console is available on R-Pi. It may be happening under the openGLES layer, but you can't see it.")
- quiet hides kernel messages from the screen during boot, this should be used unless you need to see kernel output for debugging.
- nosplash prevents the OpenELEC splash screen from loading, shaving a few ms from the boot process. This can be useful for debugging if you need to see some of the init script actions that are recorded via the splash during boot.
Let’s check that all the files we need are on the SD card. You should have:
[sraue@linux]$ ls -la /media/System total 91626 drwx------. 2 sraue sraue 16384 Apr 25 17:09 . drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 80 Apr 25 16:58 .. -rw-r--r--. 1 sraue sraue 83316736 Apr 25 17:00 SYSTEM -rw-r--r--. 1 sraue sraue 16528 Apr 25 16:59 bootcode.bin -rw-r--r--. 1 sraue sraue 134 Apr 25 17:13 cmdline.txt -rw-r--r--. 1 sraue sraue 8126852 Apr 25 17:00 kernel.img -rw-r--r--. 1 sraue sraue 314691 Apr 25 17:00 loader.bin -rw-r--r--. 1 sraue sraue 2025988 Apr 25 16:59 start.elf
If all files are present we can unmount the System and Storage partitions:
sudo umount /dev/sdb1 sudo umount /dev/sdb2
Now it’s safe to remove the SD card and insert it in the Raspberry PI’s card slot. The first time you power the system on and boot OpenELEC the boot will be slower as the OS creates SSH keys, the swapfile and the folder structures that XBMC needs. Future boots will be faster!
Reporting Issues and Fixes
The OpenELEC Raspberry Pi image has not been extensively tested so we know there will be bugs. It is important that you provide feedback on things that don’t work to the developers via the project issues tracker on github. If you can provide technical insight into the problem with samples of log data and code snippets it dramatically reduces the research needed to figure out the root cause. If you create patches that address issues please fork the project and submit patches as a pull request, as this reduces the effort required to implement the fix and allows the OpenELEC developers to work faster and smarter.
- OpenELEC wiki: http://wiki.openelec.tv/index.php?title=Compile_from_source
- OpenELEC developer forum: http://openelec.tv/forum/20-development-discussion
- Sources on github: https://github.com/OpenELEC/OpenELEC.tv
- Issues (bug) tracker: https://github.com/OpenELEC/OpenELEC.tv/issues
- IRC chat support: http://openelec.tv/find-help/chat | <urn:uuid:8960caf4-e9e4-4120-b037-8ee237b592fe> | {
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William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896) was an English textile designer, artist, writer, and socialist associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the English Arts and Crafts Movement. He founded a design firm in partnership with the artist Edward Burne-Jones, and the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti which profoundly influenced the decoration of churches and houses into the early 20th century. He was also a major contributor to reviving traditional textile arts and methods of production, and one of the founders of the SPAB, now a statutory element in the preservation of historic buildings in the UK. Morris wrote and published poetry, fiction, and translations of ancient and medieval texts throughout his life. His best-known works include The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems (1858), The Earthly Paradise (1868–1870), A Dream of John Ball (1888) and the utopian News from Nowhere (1890). He was an important figure in the emergence of socialism in Britain, founding the Socialist League in 1884, but breaking with that organization over goals and methods by the end of the decade. He devoted much of the rest of his life to the Kelmscott Press, which he founded in 1891. The 1896 Kelmscott edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer is considered a masterpiece of book design.
William Morris was born in Walthamstow on 24 March 1834, the third child and the eldest son of William Morris, a partner in the firm of Sanderson & Co., bill brokers in the City of London. His mother was Emma Morris née Shelton, daughter of Joseph Shelton, a teacher of music in Worcester. As a child Morris was delicate but studious. He learned to read early, and by the time he was four years old he was familiar with most of the Waverley novels. When he was six the family moved to Woodford Hall, where new opportunities for an out-of-door life brought the boy health and vigour. He rode about Epping Forest, sometimes in a toy suit of armour, where he became a close observer of animal nature and was able to recognize any bird upon the wing.
At the same time he continued to read whatever came in his way and was particularly attracted by the stories in the Arabian Nights and by the designs in Gerard's Herbal. He studied with his sisters' governess until he was nine, when he was sent to a school at Walthamstow. In 1842, his sister Isabella was born. She grew to be the churchwoman who oversaw the revival of the Deaconess Order in the Anglican Communion. In his thirteenth year their father died, leaving the family well-to-do. The home at Woodford was broken up, as being unnecessarily large, and in 1848 the family relocated to Water House and William Morris entered Marlborough School, where his father had bought him a nomination. Morris was at the school for three years, but gained little from attending it beyond a taste for architecture, fostered by the school library, and an attraction towards the Anglo-Catholic movement. He made but slow progress in school work and at Christmas 1851 was removed and sent to live as a private pupil with the Rev. F. B. Guy, Assistant Master at Forest School and later Canon of St. Alban's, for a year to prepare him for University. The Forest School archives still contain many items of correspondence from Morris, and the School boasts a Morris stained glass window in the Chapel. | <urn:uuid:913ec1da-8de0-4486-946f-3140cdb9b08c> | {
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Punjabi Phase 1, Unit 16-20
Learn to Speak and Understand Punjabi with Pimsleur Language Programs
This Edition: MP3
Your Price: $21.95
Availability: Available for immediate download
Free Audio Lesson
Pimsleur covers the world of languages. You can choose from over 50 languages, many with multiple levels, ranging from the most popular to the exotic. Become a Pimsleur learner and travel the world!
Includes 5 lessons (150 minutes) as MP3 download
About the Punjabi Language
- Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European language family. It is unique for being the only tonal language in this family.
- There are ten Punjabi dialects which are mostly mutually intelligible. This course teaches the Eastern Punjabi dialect as spoken in India.
- Punjabi is spoken by approximately 110-112 million people world-wide.
- It is an official language in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, and is also spoken elsewhere in northwestern India. Although not considered an offical language in Pakistan, it is spoken by the majority in the Pakistani province of Punjab.
- It is also spoken by expatriate communities in Bangladesh, Canada, Fiji, Kenya, Libya, Malaysia (Peninsular), Mauritius, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States. In Canada, Punjabi is thought to be the sixth most frequently spoken language.
- Punjabi is most commonly written using the Gurmukhi script. The reading lessons in this course teach how to read the Gurmukhi alphabet.
The Pimsleur® Method is scientifically proven to be your fastest route to near-native fluency. Speak and understand Punjabi in just 30 minutes a day. Punjabi Phase 1, Units 16-20 build on material taught in prior units. Each lesson provides 30 minutes of spoken language practice, with an introductory conversation, and new vocabulary and structures. Detailed instructions enable you to understand and participate in the conversation. Each lesson contains practice for vocabulary introduced in previous lessons. The emphasis is on pronunciation and comprehension, and on learning to speak Punjabi. | <urn:uuid:90a0b7b3-e2c1-425e-83c4-80d9de6655e3> | {
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“You have a cavity.”
For many of us, delivery of this statement evokes feelings of disappointment and maybe even gloom. Our dental hygiene regimen — all that brushing, flossing and rinsing — has somehow failed, and now there’s a hole that doesn’t belong.
The good news is that modern dentistry makes treatment of cavities virtually painless. A little topical anesthetic, the pressure of a needle and the numbing effect of novocaine all combine to make for a procedure that is not altogether unpleasant.
(Now if only science could find a cure for dentists who ask us questions as we’re undergoing a procedure … )
But enough about “bad” cavities. Today we’d like to spread the word about cavities that actually are good. Phenomenal, in fact. For they provide shelter and save lives.
We’re talking, of course, about tree cavities.
These dark hollows, created when branches drop or excavators like woodpeckers go to work, provide near-total protection from the elements for many local mammals and birds.
Sleety rain? No big deal when you’re inside a tree. Likewise for wind-driven snow. Even below-zero temperatures are moderated by the heat of warm bodies piled together and surrounded by layers of wood and bark.
Raccoons, opossums, flying squirrels, chickadees, nuthatches, woodpeckers and screech owls are just a few of our year-round species that take shelter inside tree cavities.
Spiders and insects too will take advantage of the accommodations within a weathered tree nook.
Now, I haven’t tried this in winter, but in summer one of my favorite night-time activities is to aim the beam of a flashlight inside a dark tree cavity. More often than not I’m treated to tiny points of light glaring back.
These bright dots are the eye shine of spiders who have sought haven inside the tree (and who probably curse the invention of the flashlight. And naturalists.)
Tree cavities are also proving useful for another summertime species that is increasingly common here in winter: Sialis sialis, or the eastern bluebird.
A record number — 88 — were recorded a few years ago during Kane County Audubon’s Christmas Bird Count, and since then several people have told me about putting mealworms out in winter for the bluebirds that come to their birdfeeders.
Perhaps the bluebirds have found, as did their cousins the robins, that winter food sources are fairly abundant in Kane County. Goodness knows we have no shortage of crabapples and berries, especially those on nonnative honeysuckle shrubs.
Plentiful food is reason enough to forgo a taxing migration; add in a supply of sheltered roosts and the decision to stay here is a no-brainer.
Provided the tree itself is sound, cavities that face windows of nearby buildings are treasures indeed. The bur oaks behind Hickory Knolls provide endless entertainment for our visitors, as each has at least one hole and all are currently in use. Red-bellied woodpeckers occupy one and honeybees are in another.
But none are in as high a demand as the one that overlooks our birdfeeding station. Situated 20 feet off the ground and 30 feet from the feeders, this hollow is the Taj Mahal of tree cavities.
It’s spacious enough to hold at least four chunky fox squirrels, shielding them from weather and predators alike. Several times a day we’ll look out to see the rotund rodents scampering out, one after another, like furry circus clowns streaming from a tall, vertical car.
What’s more, this cozy home has its own built-in security system. The entry point is only a few inches in diameter — large enough to admit the squirrels, yet small enough to prevent interlopers like raucous raccoons from forcing their way in.
Useful as they are to wildlife, tree cavities also provide a valuable service to humans. The more hollow trees there are to provide homes for mammals and birds, the fewer animals there are living in attics, eaves, garages and sheds.
Years ago, folks used to fill holes in trees with cement, and sometimes brick and mortar. Not only did this practice deprive animals of homes, it also hastened the tree’s destruction by interrupting natural processes.
And heaven help the arborist who would eventually have to take down that concrete-laden trunk.
These days, for the most part, people let the holes in their trees be. These are the sorts of cavities we want to encourage — no filling required.
Read More Good Natured Stories
- Good Natured: Ardent Male Stoneflies Drumming Now To Attract Nymphs
- Good Natured: Beware The Terrifying Walnut Groves of Kane County, IL
- Good Natured: How Many Animals Died Due To This Cold?
- Good Natured: ‘Butcher Birds’ Impaling Prey in Kane County, IL
- Good Natured Update: Coyotes Outnumber Red Foxes | <urn:uuid:056a5952-4ca2-4521-b9b7-03e15ee292a5> | {
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An undergraduate math or science major typically pursues a study of differential equations through two courses: ordinary differential equations and "elementary" partial differential equations. There is a tremendous gap between the levels of these two courses. While most books used for a first course in ordinary differential equations are written at a level amenable to an undergraduate audience without requiring much in the way of physical intuition (or much math beyond integral calculus), the same cannot be said about the vast majority of partial differential equations books. Often, the exposition is unintuitive and a careless omission of critical details gives rise to a magical development of a topic rather than a mathematical one. Further, it seems very common for authors to gleefully assume the reader has a working knowledge of physics. But yet, the titles relentlessly contain the word "elementary" and the prerequisite is only "a good course in multivariable calculus." Hence, the conception that the study of partial differential equations is so much more difficult than that of ordinary differential equations is perpetuated by such exposition, often leaving the average student with the uneasy feeling that his journey has ended before it began. This is why I am ecstatic to have found such a brilliantly written book as Roger Knobel's An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Waves.
The goal of this book is to make accessible the basic theory of partial differential equations to undergraduates who are assumed to have only completed the basic calculus sequence and preferably a course in ordinary differential equations. The author proposes to do this via an in-depth discussion of the theory of waves. The text is more focused on depth of understanding than on superficially exposing the reader to a wide variety of topics. Specifically, the heat equation and Laplace equation are both omitted from discussion, whereas many other books devote one chapter of twenty to each of the topics and leave many of the details to the reader. The primary goal of the book, as I see it, is to carefully investigate only one class of equations in this one-semester course, and to do so slowly, methodically, and thoroughly. Although the book is divided into three main parts (Introduction, Traveling and Standing Waves, and Conservation Laws) the text is really a unified, well-thought out compilation of 56 very short lessons.
The journey begins with a very quick introduction to what partial differential equations are and a brief hint at what lies ahead. Then, very elegantly and smoothly, it works through various topics so that the final lesson is focused on the rather abstract notion of a weak solution of a partial differential equation (a topic which it is not common even to attempt at the undergraduate level). Rather than providing an exhaustive list of topics, I simply summarize the main points addressed in the text. Following a well-motivated, easy-to-read preliminary chapter, the notions of traveling and standing waves are discussed (both analytically and graphically) and examples are provided. Armed with these two concepts, the next leg of the journey is focused on an extremely clear derivation of the wave equation, as well as methods used to "solve it" under various conditions (e.g., D'Alembert's formula and Fourier Series). The more advanced topics in the final part are not common to an undergraduate course, but are made palatable by investigating them in the context of a mathematical model of traffic flow (adapted from Haberman's book Mathematical Models: Mechanical Vibrations, Population Dynamics, and Traffic Flow). These topics include a discussion of the method of characteristics, shocks, gradient catastrophes, and the notion of a weak solution.
The style of this book is not that of a typical textbook. For one, the very short sections (few exceed five pages in length) have a more interactive, conversational flavor rather than the usual "theorem-proof" style of most texts. This in not to say that it lacks in precision; far from it, in fact. Very carefully constructed short exercise lists occur frequently throughout the book and often times, immediately following a discussion of a difficult topic: they are not all collected and placed, out of context, at the end of the chapter. It is the intention, it seems, that every exercise be completed as part of the journey through the material, and not simply to practice a technique. The problems are all very relevant to the material presented and many challenge the student to extend the theory he or she just learned in a slightly tangential direction. Also, a common theme in the text is to revisit the same problem at several different points in the book and each time investigate it more carefully using the theory just developed. This spiraling approach is very clever, and it instills in the reader a sense of what is going on.
Appropriate use of computer-algebra systems (primarily Matlab) is integrated throughout the text rather than being relegated to the end of the chapters as a "Lab Activity." The technology is used as the need for it naturally arises, for example when it helps to visualize the concept being presented. As a reader, at no time did I feel that the usage of the computer was contrived. (The necessary code is provided within the context of the material for the reader's convenience.)
The exposition of the material is very clear. Particularly close attention is devoted to bridging the gap between the physical and mathematical elements of the theory, as well as providing all crucial computational details. This aids in the development of the reader's intuition of the subject. The book practically invites the reader to take this journey and it is written in such a way that the reader is not likely to get lost along the way.
All in all, this book provides a sturdy bridge from a course on ordinary differential equations, and so I would recommend it, without batting an eyelash, to any of my differential equations students who wish to continue their study independently. Further, I feel that it could be very useable as a text for a first course in partial differential equations.
So, what's wrong with the book? Drawing from my experience with partial differential equations texts, I found myself asking this very question as I turned each page, only to be pleasantly surprised that nothing was wrong with the next page. In fact, as I began this review I was so pessimistic that despite the fact that my expectation of poor exposition had been nullified time and time again, I still "knew" that the very next topic would contain some typical flaw or oversight exhibited in many other texts. Happily, each time I was proven wrong. The book is extremely well written. The only slight criticism I have (and it's a selfish one) is that I wish the code for MAPLE-V was given more often (or even in place of Matlab). But that's it! Kudos to Roger Knobel on having produced such a well-written and much-needed book!
Mark McKibben ([email protected]) is assistant professor of mathematics at Goucher College in Baltimore, Maryland. His research areas are nonlinear analysis, abstract evolution equations, and integral equations. His most recent work deals with abstract nonlinear nonlocal Cauchy problems in abstract spaces and controllability of solutions to such problems. He is the co-author of the book Algebra (with Dave Keck and Shane Rosanbalm, Wiley, 1998, 2nd edition) and is currently writing texts in real analysis and differential equations. | <urn:uuid:00486636-0ba5-4f9f-ba5f-09d0b8915c09> | {
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The promotion of ‘British Values’ is central to Catholic education because British Values have their origin in the Christian values of our nation. British values are considered by the present government to be DEMOCRACY, RULE OF LAW, INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY, MUTUAL RESPET and TOLERANCE OF THOSE OF DIFFERENT FAITHS AND BELIEFS.
At St. Mary’s RC Primary School we recognise, not only the importance of helping pupils to develop academically but also spiritually, morally, socially and culturally. Our aim is that they are fully prepared for life in British society, to take their role as good citizens, able to make the best possible contribution to the Common Good. Within a framework of Catholic Christian Values, we teach the importance of British Values by going much deeper into the meaning of what it is to live a good life. This provides the context and meaning for understandings why British Values are important.
Our framework for understanding British Values draws on the example of Jesus and his welcome and inclusion of all, which is developed in Catholic School teaching. At St. Mary’s we provide an education which focuses on the formation of the whole person, and our vocation and purpose in life. We place a significant emphasis on the celebration of individuality and difference within our communities and our calling to work for the Common Good, in the service of other.
Our Catholic Ethos makes a tangible difference to the way we work together and with our wider communities. Within this framework it would be impossible to overlook the government’s view of British values expressed as ‘Democracy, Rule of Law, Individual Liberty, Mutual Respect and Tolerance of those with Different Faiths and Beliefs’.
This is a Catholic school which seeks to live out the values of Jesus Christ. We promote these values by our words and deeds, and Catholic doctrine and practice therefore permeates every aspect of the school’s activity. Our school which seeks to live out the values of Jesus Christ.
We provide a Catholic curriculum, which is broad and balanced, recognising that every pupil is unique and is created in the image of God (GEN 1:27).
Our curriculum is designed to enable every pupil to discern their vocation and to be well-equipped to follow it as active citizens in service to the world. Catholic Religious Education is the “core of the core curriculum” (Pope St John Paul 11) and the foundation of the entire educational process.
We also provide a wide range of extra-curricular activities and strong pastoral support – we incorporate democratic principles, value the rule of law, support individual liberty and foster a community in which different faiths and beliefs are respected.
You can find out more about our approach to British values by downloading the documents below: | <urn:uuid:0b4c81fe-d883-42fb-b49f-cbffd4cca47f> | {
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The octopus has advanced intelligence despite 500 million years of separate evolution from mammals, birds, insects and reptiles. Octopus ancestors are, perhaps, the first intelligent beings on Earth. Recent research is beginning to describe their very unusual talents, behavior and brain, as well as their unique genetic makeup. The fact that such an intelligent creature has no bones or spine has upended theories of animal intelligence. There are many different factors that come into play making this sea creature one of a kind.
Octopus Unique Intelligent Behavior
Octopuses are masters of getting through mazes and can solve advanced problems. They spread cultural information, mimic others and communicate using colors, patterns and flashing. They pick up coconut shell halves, carry them along and if threatened, flip them over their head to conceal themselves. Before their discovery of coconuts, they used shells. With two shells, they see through a small opening slit between the two halves. They can change their appearance with camouflage, so they can hide in plain sight near a wide variety of plants and corral, as well as mimicking other creatures. This is important for protection since they don’t have teeth or claws. They have advanced spatial learning, navigational abilities and use creative predatory techniques. Octopuses manipulate objects as well as the human hand and can escape from almost anything. They learn and can solve complex problems like crows.
Octopuses adapt to being captured in several days, unlike many other animals. The change is from a fearful animal to almost pet like—friendly and very alert about all that is occurring nearby. Octopuses respond rapidly to rewards and are extremely curious and responsive. They focus on any new object they see. When experimental probes are done in the nervous system, they rapidly recover and regenerate missing tissue. Octopuses are extremely and rapidly adaptive. They learn by watching others, do tricks with visual discrimination and they remember exactly for weeks. Their brain uses the same circuits for social learning and for other memory.
The octopus has very unusual abilities that make it unique among intelligent animals, such as camouflage and control and regeneration of eight flexible arms, each with thousands of suckers. Two of their relatives—squid and cuttlefish—are, also, unusually intelligent. Their eyes are like a camera with a lens, iris and retina. They have large unique brains and closed blood circulation with three heart.
Octopuses have photosensitive cells (opsins) in their skin that can determine colors of their close surroundings (similar to rhodopsin in the retina). In evolution it appears that one mollusc developed this protein in the skin and then later the octopus and other cephalopods adapted this to help with camouflage. These colors are used to determine camouflage, not the eye, which sees very accurately but not in color. Camouflage is an important strategy for defense since they have no teeth, claws or shell. They developed camouflage to such an extent that they can survive in any situation.
Suckers are quite independent.They move, sense (taste) and grasp independently, forming a very tight seal under water even on rough surfaces. Although soft as a jellyfish the attachment is incredibly strong using a cavity at the top with flexible sides making pressure. They have many grooves that are used to make a seal on rough irregular surfaces. The top is stiff (acetabular protuberance) while the sides and edges (infundibulum) are soft. Both stiff and elastic parts make a unique suction that becomes stiffer once contact is secure and with more pressure.
The Octopus Brain
The octopus brain is similar in relative weight with vertebrates—larger than reptiles and fish, smaller than mammals and birds. It has 500 million neurons, which is similar to a dog, six times more than a mouse. The octopus brain is split into two halves and then into many lobes with particular functions. These lobes are folded, which increases the surface areas and connections. Some regions have very small neurons where large numbers can be packed into a small compartment. Also, the distance between them is very short, which increases processing speeds. | <urn:uuid:1a724d32-9663-4aa2-b889-ac159a6942f1> | {
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CARACAS, Venezuela (AP) — China has launched a second satellite built for Venezuela's government.
The remote sensing satellite soared into orbit atop a rocket from the northwestern Chinese province of Gansu.
The launch was shown live on Venezuelan TV on Friday night. Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez applauded as he watched alongside aides in Caracas, congratulating those who worked on the project.
Officials have said the satellite cost $140 million and will provide images for tasks such as mapping croplands, counter-drug efforts and monitoring floods.
The launch came more than a week ahead of Venezuela's Oct. 7 presidential election, in which Chavez is seeking another six-year term.
The satellite is named after Venezuelan independence hero Francisco de Miranda.
Venezuela's first satellite was named after independence leader Simon Bolivar. It was launched from China in 2008. | <urn:uuid:670111be-39c0-464f-9654-c05aaa455b67> | {
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Chapter 2: Historical emissions analysis
Chapter 2: Historical emissions analysis
The emissions data presented in this chapter are from the 'Greenhouse Gas Inventory for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland: 1990-2010'9 (GHGI) unless stated referenced. The GHGI is compiled on an annual basis and the full time series of all greenhouse gases is updated in each publication to take account of improved data and any advances in calculation methodology. The greenhouse gases associated with transport and recorded by GHGI are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and Methane (CH4)10.
The transport category within the GHGI covers emissions from road, aviation, rail and maritime transport. While domestic aviation and shipping emissions are reported in the GHGI, emissions associated with international aviation and shipping were not originally reported. However, using existing data sources, an indicative assessment of the emissions from international aviation and shipping from each country in the United Kingdom was first published in 2009 and continues to be published as an appendix within the annual GHGI publications, including a breakdown for the four home countries. Consequently, in line with the Scottish Government commitment to include emissions from international aviation and international shipping within the targets set by the Climate Change (Scotland) Act, references to aviation and maritime emissions in this document refer to both domestic and international, unless otherwise stated.
The transport emissions reported in this section only cover emissions at the point of use (tailpipe emissions). Consequently, no lifecycle impacts within the transport infrastructure and no displaced impacts, such as the emissions generated by the electricity used on electrified railways, are included.
Transport in Scotland produced 13.2 mega-tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) emissions in 2010. This total represents a 0.4 MtCO2e or 2.9% fall from the equivalent 2009 figure, and is the third consecutive year of annual reduction in transport emissions. 2010 emissions are though still some 1.3% above the 1990 base year emissions total of 13.0 MtCO2e. The uncertain economic conditions clearly continue to play a significant part in the reported transport emissions but movements in transport emissions are in addition affected by car ownership levels, global oil prices, household income, population, land planning and use, public transport provision, culture and lifestyles.
While the uncertainty has also impacted on emissions from all other sectors the 2010 emissions estimate for Scotland shows an increase of 3.1 MtCO2e between 2009 and 2010.11 This rise is largely due to an increase in fossil fuels burnt in domestic heating (gas) and in power generation (coal)12. Total Scottish emissions are though still 23% below their 1990 level.
The rise in total Scottish emissions coupled with the further decline in transport emissions means that, for the first time since 2006, transport's share of all Scottish emissions has fallen. The transport sector now accounts for 20.1 % of total emissions if International Aviation and Shipping (IAS) emissions are excluded from both transport and the aggregate figure, and 23.7% with the inclusion of IAS emissions. These 2010 proportions are though still considerably above the equivalent 1990 percentages of 15.1% and 18.0% respectively.
Figure 1: Total emissions from transport and transport emissions as a percentage of total Scottish emissions, 1990-2010
Source: Greenhouse Gas Inventory, NAEI, 2012, Transport Scotland. Total emissions calculation excludes the impact of the EU Emissions Trading System
Emissions by mode
The fall in aggregate transport emissions between 2009 and 2010 is largely a result of reduced emissions from international aviation and shipping. Road emissions are broadly unchanged as the significant reduction in emissions from cars is offset by an almost equivalent increase in emissions from lorries and vans. In more detail:
- Emissions from cars and motorbikes fell by 3.6% from 5.6 to 5.4 MtCO2e;
- Emissions from lorries and vans increased by 6.5% from 3.2 to 3.4 MtCO2e;
- Emissions from IAS fell by 12.1% from 2.8 to 2.5 MtCO2e; and
- Combined, the other sectors13 saw emissions fall by 3.3% from 1.9 to 1.8 MtCO2e.
Figure 2: Transport emissions 1990-2010 broken down by broad transport sector
Road transport emissions cover emissions from all private, public and commercial road vehicles. Together, this category accounts for over 71% of all transport's emissions, with cars alone accounting for 57% of road transport emissions and 41% of all transport emissions.
Emissions from road transport in 2010 saw a marginal increase over the equivalent 2009 figure, but remain at 9.4 MtCO2e. This total is more than 6% below the 2007 road emissions peak of 10.1 MtCO2e. Overall road emissions in 2010 were 3.8% higher than their equivalent 1990 figure. Road emissions as a percentage of total transport emissions rose marginally in 2010.
Figure 3: Road transport emissions 1990-2009 and as a share of total transport emissions
Further detailed analysis of road transport emissions by vehicle type is undertaken in section 2.4.
Maritime emissions14 in 2010 are estimated to be 1.9 MtCO2e or 14% of total transport emissions. As international shipping accounts for between 75% and 85% of the sector's total emissions, so the performance of the maritime category is principally driven by changes in this one activity. Historically, maritime emissions, and international emissions in particular, have been very volatile. Between 1995 and 2002 shipping emissions fell by almost a third to 1.7 MtCO2e before rising again by a third to 2.3 MtCO2e by 2008. International shipping emissions fell by almost 16% between 2009 and 2010. Emissions in 2010 are now over 0.7 MtCO2e below the equivalent 1990 figure.
Figure 4: Maritime emissions 1990-2010 and as a share of transport emissions
Aviation emissions have fallen by 7% continuing a trend begun in 2008. Between 2009 and 2010 emissions fell from 1.8 MtCO2e to 1.7 MtCO2e, and are now some 0.5 MtCO2e below the 2007 peak of 2.2 MtCO2e. Current aviation emissions account for 13% of total transport emissions, down from 15% of all transport emissions in 2007. International aviation emissions make up around 60% of total emissions from the sector.
Overall aviation emissions are still over 0.5 MtCO2e above their equivalent 1990 figure, driven almost exclusively by the increase in international emissions over the period.
Figure 5: Aviation emissions 1990-2010 and as a share of total transport emissions
Rail emissions rose by 1.6% between 2009 and 2010 and the 2010 emissions total of 0.2 MtCO2e is 35% above the equivalent 1990 figure. Despite these shorter and longer term increases in rail emissions the sector still accounts for less that 2% of all Scottish transport emissions.
Figure 6: Rail emissions 1990-2010 and as a share of total transport emissions
Cars: At 5.4 MtCO2e in 2010, emissions from cars account for both the greatest proportion of road emissions as well as all transport emissions; just over 57% and 41% respectively. Emissions from cars have fallen slowly from a peak of 6.1 MtCO2e in 2002 to their current level. The 2010 emissions level is 11% below that 2002 peak figure and also 0.4 MtCO2e below the 1990 level.
HGVs: Emissions from HGVs make up the second largest proportion of road emissions. HGV emissions in 2010 were just under 2.1 MtCO2e, a 10% increase over the 2009 figure of 1.9 MtCO2e. This increase marks the end of a short run of declining emissions from HGVs and takes the total marginally above the 1990 baseline figure.
LGVs: LGV emissions increased by 1.1 % between 2009 and 2010 but remain at 1.3 MtCO2e, having previously fallen for 2 years. The latest emissions figure for LGVs is almost 70% above the base year total of just under 0.8 MtCO2e.
Buses and motorcycles: Emissions from buses rose marginally between 2009 and 2010 but remain under 0.6 MtCO2e, while motorcycle emissions fell slightly and now account for less than 0.04 MtCO2e of total transport emissions.
Figure 7 shows the changes in emissions for road vehicles, broken down by vehicle type while Figure 8 shows the year on year percentage change in emissions in the three largest road emitting categories (Car, HGV and LGV). While the downward trend in emissions from cars continues there has been a return to increasing emissions in both goods vehicle categories after two years of reductions.
Figure 7: Breakdown of Road Emissions by Vehicle Type 1990-2010
Figure 8: Year on year change in car, HGV and LGV emissions 1995-2010
Emissions by road type
The GHGI database also differentiates road transport emissions across three road types: rural, urban and motorway. All three road categories saw virtually no change in emissions between 2009 and 2010. Just over half of Scottish road emissions arose from rural driving in 2010, a small reduction in percentage terms from the position in 1990. Urban emissions have fallen from just over one third of road emissions to just below one third with the increase in emissions from motorway driving causing these gradual declines on other parts of the road network. Emissions from motorway driving in 2010 are 40% higher than in 1990.
Figure 9: Breakdown of road emissions by road type 1990-2010
| Scottish emissions
| Scottish emissions as a % of UK emissions
| Change in Scottish emissions
| Change in UK emissions
| Change in Scottish emissions
| Change in UK emissions
|All Transport||13,204||8.1%||-2.9%||- 1.9%||1.3%||11.2%|
|All Transport (excl. IAS)||10,717||8.8%||-0.5%||-0.2%||1.9%||0.3%|
|of which : Cars||5,380||7.9%||-3.6%||-3.3%||-7.3%||-6.3%|
Scottish transport emissions including IAS currently account for 8.1% of total UK transport emissions and 8.8% of emissions if IAS is excluded. Emissions from road transport in Scotland are in proportion to the overall UK figure although emissions on rural roads are above the UK equivalent percentage with the reverse holding for motorway emissions. The aviation (4.7%) and maritime (15.3%) sectors show the greatest variation from a proportional share.
Historically, all sub categories of Scottish transport emissions have moved broadly in line with the equivalent UK level series. This is to be expected given the similarities in economies, transport networks and levels of interconnectivity.
It is the difference in size and relative importance of the aviation and maritime sectors in the UK and Scotland that have largely driven the change in overall transport emission performance between Scotland and the UK, particularly in respect of the changes seen between 1990 and 2010. Excluding IAS UK emissions in 2010 are only marginally above the 1990 level, with Scotland seeing a greater increase, albeit still below 2%. However, once emissions from IAS are included the position changes significantly. UK emissions in 2010 are just over 11% above their equivalent 1990 figure while in Scotland the rise is just over 1%.
More specifically, while international aviation emissions have increased by almost 70% at the UK level the figure for Scotland is significantly lower at 46%. For the maritime sector emissions have fallen by 3% at the UK level but by 29% in Scotland. This sub-UK level change in maritime emissions is due in significant part to a methodological change and reallocation of emissions between the countries of the UK. With international maritime emissions making up just under 25% of total UK IAS emissions but almost 60% of Scottish IAS emissions the drivers behind the changes in overall transport emissions including IAS are more obvious.
Different modes of transport have the capacity to transport different numbers of passengers. For example the average number of passengers on a bus is higher than the average number of passengers in a car. As such the efficiency of transport modes, in terms of the CO2 per passenger kilometre transported, varies. Defra's Company Reporting Guidelines15 allow comparisons to be made between the emissions per passenger kilometre16 of different modes of travel.
|Road17||Average petrol car||129|
|Average diesel car||119|
|Average petrol hybrid car||86|
|Average petrol motorbike||119|
|Light rail and tram||68|
|Ferry (Large RoPax)||Average foot and car passengers||116|
|Short haul international||95|
|Long haul international||109|
Source: 2012 Guidelines to Defra/DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting: Methodology Paper for Emission Factors May 2012
All values shown in Table 2 are estimated using data for Great Britain so do not specifically relate to Scotland. In general, public passenger transport (rail, coach, and tram) is more efficient in terms of CO2e/pkm because they transport more people at one time.
Data on greenhouse gas emissions tends to lag approximately a year behind other transport data. Consequently, in order to keep the information in the CAT as relevant as possible, the following indicators provide some insight into likely future trends in GHG emissions:
- Road vehicle kilometres travelled: Emissions are directly related to the kilometres travelled. This indicator tracks vehicle kilometres travelled by all vehicle types on all roads.
- Road transport fuel consumption per vehicle kilometre: Fuel efficiency in this context relates to reducing fuel consumption in road transport without impinging on our ability to transport ourselves. Holding all else constant, the more fuel efficient we are as we travel the fewer emissions we emit. Improving fuel efficiency can be achieved through a combination of measures to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles and decreasing the volume of fuel consumed through widening travel choices. This indicator tracks the fuel consumption per vehicle kilometre and per 1000 of population.
- Proportion of new road vehicles that are alternatively fuelled: Improving the average efficiency of new vehicles is crucial to reducing emissions from the transport sector. Alternatively fuelled vehicles18, including electric and hybrid vehicles, have the potential to emit very low levels of tailpipe emissions. This indicator tracks the proportion of vehicles newly registered that are alternatively fuelled.
- Modal share of public transport and active travel: Promoting the use of public transport or active travel as an alternative to the private car is an important element of reducing transport emissions. This indicator tracks the proportion of average distance travelled per person per annum by public transport, walking or cycling.
- Aviation passengers: Emissions from aviation have grown rapidly over the past 20 years. This indicator tracks the total number of aviation passengers, both terminal and transit.
- Waterborne freight lifted in Scotland and moved: Commercial shipping constitutes the greatest element of maritime emissions. This indicator tracks the total level of waterborne freight lifted in Scotland and moved, measured in million tonne-kilometres.
|Indicator||2011 level|| Average growth p.a.
|Road vehicle kilometres travelled (million vehicle kilometres)||43,390||0.4%||-0.2%|
|Proportion of new road vehicles that are alternatively fuelled (%)20||2%||27%||0.1%|
|Modal share of public transport and active travel (distance travelled) (%)21||20%||1.7%||-1.2%|
|Aviation passengers (thousand passengers)||22,111||0.6%||-7%|
|Waterborne freight lifted in Scotland and moved (million tonne-kilometres)22||15,722||-0.8%||-12%|
|2010 level|| Average growth p.a.
| Road transport fuel consumption23
(a) tonnes per 1000 vehicle kilometres;
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Even the Romans knew that lead was poisonous, and yet they so enjoyed its diverse everyday uses, they couldn’t stop using it. Roman aqueducts were made of lead, as well as utensils and wine vessels, and the upper crust of Roman society in particular consumed lead in vast amounts over time leading to illness, madness, and death — and probably contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire. After their fall, lead continued to serve a variety of functions, including printing presses, alchemy (with hopes of turning lead into gold), and guns and gunpowder. In addition, lead was known to be extremely convenient for eliminating inconvenient relatives.
Lead continued to be important to the economies of modern times. By 1980, the United States was consuming about 1.3 million tons of lead per year according to a National Academy of Science report. Lead was used as a gasoline additive from the 1920s until the late 1970s when the Environmental Protection Agency finally phased it out. Lead has been used in paint and plumbing pipes, and homes built before the mid-1970s are likely still tainted. Today, lead content remains a concern with products and toys imported from other countries — lead poisoning is especially dangerous for children.
Why is lead so dangerous? The body has no use for it, and yet ingested (or inhaled in the form of lead dust), the body replaces other vital metals such as zinc, calcium, and iron with lead in biochemical reactions. It can then affect blood pressure (causing developmental delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), trigger anemia, and affect sperm production. Lead displaces calcium, adversely altering electrical impulses in the brain which diminishes cognitive and memory functions.
Lead poisoning can occur if a person is exposed to high levels of lead over a short period of time. Symptoms may include:
- Abdominal pain
- Loss of appetite
- Memory loss
- Pain or tingling in hands or feet
Lead is listed by the EPA and other agencies as carcinogenic, and exposure has been linked to infertility, risk of heart attack, stroke, and high blood pressure. Scientists are concerned that there is no safe level of lead exposure, especially for pregnant women and young children.
Surprisingly, lead is still prevalent in our society. From artists to battery manufacturers to miners and plumbers, lead exposure is a very real danger. Here are some tips to protect yourself if you work or live in an environment with lead:
- Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where lead is handled or processed.
- Use an effective lead removal product to clean your hands if you work with lead, such as stained glass solder. Standard soap and water is not enough to remove lead residues from your skin.
- Shower and change clothes and shoes after working around lead-based products.
- Work in areas that are well-ventilated.
- Talk with our doctor about workplace lead exposure if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.
- Be diligent about the origin of children’s toys and their exposure to lead in their environment, especially if you live in an older home.
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Early childhood caries or baby bottle tooth decay is a term used to describe a type of caries that occurs in children between the ages of 3-8 months and 3 years. This is a very aggressive form of caries which rapidly destroys the milk teeth. The main cause for the occurrence of this caries is the colonization of bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. The enamel of baby teeth is less mineralized and the pulp is bigger compared to permanent teeth. For this reason, the bacteria are able to penetrate the enamel of milk teeth rapidly and reach the porous dentin which ultimately results in faster and more progressive spread of decay.
The most common cause of early childhood caries is the lack of care for tooth health by parents. Although they believe that they know what is best for their kids, they often make mistakes in these two cases which serve as fertile grounds for the development of baby bottle tooth decay. The oral cavity in children is not a favorable area for bacteria at least until bacteria are transferred. This transfer usually happens when mothers feed their babies (through food). In fact, in many cases, mothers often try the food that they give to their babies and use the same spoon to feed them. This is not a good idea because in this way the bacteria found in the mouth of the mother are passed on the child. Another reason is the use of a feeding bottle that contains liquids with high amounts of sugar when parents try to make their baby fall asleep. These liquids include dairy products, drinks sweetened with sugar or honey and juices. During the night the salivation is reduced and this is the perfect time for bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans to remain on the teeth’s surface. These bacteria lead to tooth decay.
Early childhood caries affects the upper incisors in the beginning. It usually affects both sides –the outer surface of the teeth and can be spread on the molars too. The lower teeth are usually spared because the tongue creates a barrier and increased secretion of saliva which has a significant protective role. The clinical picture at an early stage can identify this occurrence as small blurry stains with white color spreading to the neck of the tooth. As the decay makes progress you can expect creation of depressions that can penetrate to the pulp of the tooth or even manifest decay of the tooth crown.
The consequences of baby bottle tooth decay are numerous. They can be seen on the milk and permanent teeth and in the development of the child. Of course, damaged teeth prevent proper diet and digestion and there they prevent proper development. Besides, damaged teeth, it is possible for children to experience bleeding and bad breath, purulent swelling and fistulas. The consequences are durable and visible. Premature loss of deciduous teeth causes an abnormal position for the new teeth. | <urn:uuid:24f753ed-7613-4ba4-a91f-8a5a6c644b97> | {
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"If you fail to plan, you plan to fail."
This quote never rings truer than around New Years, where goals (resolutions!) are made in January, and abandoned by June. Goal setting is incredibly important, and if you're not discussing your goals with your coach, make sure to get into the habit of doing so.
Goals represent improvement and achievement, but all too often these goals are non-specific and lofty. Here's an example of a non-specific goal: "I want to eat more ice cream".
Is it realistic? Sure is. Is it actionable? Not really.
When setting goals, it's best to utilize the SMART method. SMART is broken down as follows:
S- specific (or significant)
M- measurable, meaningful
A- attainable, achievable, and / or action-oriented
R- realistic / reasonable
T- time-based, trackable, tangible.
Using the SMART method, the ice cream goal above could be turned into the following: "I'd like to eat ten pints (think Ben & Jerry size- yum) of chocolate ice cream within 6 months". We were specific with the quantity and type, measurable in amount, absolutely attainable, very realistic (that's like 1.5 Ben & Jerry's a month- totally doable!), and absolutely time-based and trackable- which leads me to my next point: PROCESS GOALS.
While SMART provides the framework as to what a good goal should be, process goals are best defined as smaller, micro-level goals that keep the athlete accountable and add greatly to the success of the larger goal. Process goal setting is most important because it shows us 1) if our goal is actually achievable, and 2) allows us to track progress of our goal (and potentially adjust as time goes on), and 3) forces us to think critically about what we need to do to achieve the overall goal.
Using a different example (I think my time cap on facetiousness using ice cream has ended!), let's say an athlete of mine says "Sean, I want to put 30 pounds on my squat in 6 months".
First step is to figure out what we (the athlete and I) need to get done on a daily, weekly, and / or monthly basis to maximize your chances of success. In order to put 30 pounds on athlete X's squat, athlete X will have to eat enough food, get enough sleep, touch-base with me at least once a week, and hit the gym as many times as their program calls for. These are all controllable by the athlete, and can be used as weekly or daily process goals to stay accountable to the big goal.
Bigger process goals are the results from progress in the gym. Data don't lie. Every month, the athlete and coach should compare results at the end of the macrocycle (4 weeks of programming, typically) and see if the numbers are moving in the right direction. If we're adding 10 pounds to the projected / estimated 1 Rep Max, we know the chances of achieving that 30 pound squat gain is extremely likely. From there, the coach and athlete can either upgrade (or in some cases, downgrade) the SMART goal expectation.
In short, here are your 4 simple steps to creating a kick-ass plan to PR:
- Partner up with your coach and create a SMART goal.
- Think of and implement 3-5 process goals that are a) digestible, b) trackable, and c) realistic and d) relevant to your major goal.
- Keep yourself accountable to your goals and track them on a weekly or monthly basis.
adjust your goal based on the results / trends you see from the data you derive from your process goals.
As always, if you have any questions or concerns, or want to start working towards your SMART goal, email us! [email protected]. I look forward to hearing your aspirations for the New Year soon! :) | <urn:uuid:f1f6fc80-febf-4d7c-b9cc-f1a0982d9c0b> | {
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U.S. Coast Guard Oral History Program
Editor's note: Ensign Joseph Matte III, USCGR, wrote this journal during his assignment to the cutter Ingham from early 1942 through mid-April, 1943, the most critical and bloody period of the battle between Hitler's U-boat fleet and the Allied convoys. The Ingham, along with her sister 327-footers, escorted convoys through these dark months, and reading Matte's words and thoughts adds a human aspect to what Churchill called the "dominating factor throughout the war"--the Battle of the Atlantic. Of particular interest, during this period the Ingham also engaged and destroyed a U-boat, the U-626, and Matte briefly describes the action although they had no proof of the submarine's destruction until after the end of the war. The journal is complete and unedited. Matte himself added a prologue, entries from the Ingham's logbooks and the documentation which appears at the end of the diary after he wrote the journal itself.
Although, technically, crewmen were forbidden to write anything down about their duties, especially while at sea or to take photographs (in case such information fell into the hands of the enemy if the cutter sank), many did write down their thoughts, wrote about their activities, or took snapshots. Future generations owe a debt of gratitude to those that took the time (and risk) to document what they did during the war.
21 August, 1942
It is now just six months since I left Boston on my first sea voyage. On that voyage Ingham left Boston suddenly, throwing off the Navy Yard workmen in the midst of their frantic labors and ploughing through heavy seas up to Argentia, Newfoundland.. On mooring to a tanker there in a whole gale, we fetched up so violently as to lose our port anchor and stove a hole in the tanker. Next morning we stood seaward in a fog in company with U.S.S. Niblack (destroyer) and an assortment of Canadian, British, and Free French corvettes.
Picking up our convoy somewhere to the northeastward of Cape Race, we made our way uneventfully to Londonderry, Ireland, passing to the northward of Rockall. Then, after a ten day wait at Lisahally, near Londonderry, we again put to sea, spending a few days in gunnery exercises, then meeting a westbound convoy and starting home. [See details of this period in EXTRACTS FROM INGHAM's LOG-BOOK, on page 2].
The winter routine was strenuous that voyage. All hands to General Quarters for an hour during morning and evening twilights, in addition to quarters and drills every afternoon except Sunday; long cold night watches zigzagging continuously even though the convoy could hardly be seen; high seas,, snow and sleet. But Spring was coming; the nights were getting shorter and there were several warm, pleasant afternoons in the Gulf Stream.
On the Grand Banks we met heavy weather, high seas, and dense fog, all at once. Zigzagging became impossible, and although the convoy and other vessels could be occasionally heard by fog horn or underwater sound gear, we had no way of keeping station and slogged along blindly. After several days of this we received word that the local escort had found us by radar, and had taken up their stations around the convoy. On this we headed for Boston, and after a couple of near-collisions we were out of the fog and on our way pounding down past Sable Island toward Cape Cod, Boston and springtime.
EXTRACTS FROM INGHAM'S LOGBOOK
February 16 to March 18, 1942
Monday, February 16 -- Joined the Ingham about 1730.
Ingham's Commissioned Officers
Comdr. Joseph Greenspun - Captain
Lt. Cdr. John Rountree - Executive Officer
Lt. Cdr Vernon Day - Chief Engineer
Lieut. Carl H. Stober (1) - Navigator
Lt.(j.g.) Paul Prins (1) - Gunnery Officer
Lt.(j.g.) Joe Naab - - Asst. Engineer
Lt...(j.g.) Victor Pfeiffer (1) Communications Off.
Lt.(j.g.) C. E. Masters, Jr.(1) Asst. Gunnery Officer
Lt.(j.g.) Ed Chester (1) (2) - Commissary Officer
Asst. Surg. J. A. Smith, USPHS Medical Officer
Ens. (R) Frank Mann (1) - Asst. Communications .
Ens.. C. A. Richmond, Jr. (1) (3) Asst. Communications .
Ens. James A. Martin (1) (2) - - -
Ens. Louis Sudnik (1) - Asst. Navigator
Ens.(R) Joseph Matte III (1) (3) Asst. Gunnery Officer
(1) Watch Officer
(2) Not aboard this cruise
(3) Department designation - 1 March, 1942
Saturday, February 21 --Assigned General Quarters station: No. 6 gun (5" gun on quarterdeck).
Monday, February 23 -- (1345) Got underway, stood out of Boston Harbor, out through the anti-submarine net and stood toward Cape Cod (to clear mined area off Cape Ann). (1900) Off Cape Cod, stood to northward zigzagging, vessel dark, one 5" and one 3" and the Y-gun manned, all water-tight doors and hatches below the main deck closed, degaussing coils energized, (these being normal sea conditions).
Tuesday, February 24 -- (0100) Off Cape Elizabeth, changed course to South. (0330) Reversed to North. (0737) Entered swept channel into Portland Harbor. (0907) Anchored in Casco Bay. Fueled ship. (1210) Weighed anchor and stood out to sea. (1324) Left swept channel and stood to eastward, around Cape Sable.
Wednesday, February 25 -- (0200) Clear of Cape Sable, stood to the northward.. (0534) Fuel oil slick was sighted. (0745) Entered field of slush ice. (1440 to 2400) Snow and heavy weather decreased visibility. Ship slowed to 12 knots, no zigzagging.
Thursday, February 26 -- (0730) Increased speed to 20 knots and resumed zigzagging. (1250) Course changed to 36 deg. pgc. (1350) Sighted east shore of Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, to starboard. (1535) Entered swept channel into Argentia. (1620) Moored to Navy tanker Salamonie, very forcibly, stoving a hole in her side and breaking our anchor, the bulk of which was lost. A heavy wind made maneuvering difficult. Remained alongside all night.
Friday, February 27 -- (1450) Unmoored and stood out of Little Placentia Bay in poor visibility in company of U.S.S. Niblack (DD), HMCS Chambly, HMS Rosthern, HMS Mayflower, and HMS Barrie (corvettes). (1500) Advanced clocks 1 hour to Zone +3 time.
Saturday, February 28 -- (0300) Clear of Newfoundland, set base course 53 deg. pgc. Contact (visual) was lost during morning with other escort ships. (1215) Searched astern. (1248) Resumed course, in company of HMS Mayflower. (1640) Sighted HMS Mayflower headed opposite direction. (1800) Reversed course. (1845) Resumed course 55 deg. (2000) Contacted Niblack.
Sunday, March 1 -- (0000) Steaming on base course 55 deg., at 12 1/2 knots base, in company with U.S.S. Niblack and 3 corvettes. (0830) Increased to 20 knots to stand ahead to search for convoy. (1330) Convoy sighted on port bow, in 50-05 N, 45-30 W. Took station on starboard bow of convoy, zigzagging at 15 knots on base course 50 deg pgc. (and true). (1800) All hands to General Quarters. (1806) All stations manned and ready. (1845) Secure from G.Q. (2230) Took assigned station on starboard quarter of convoy, remaining escorts having joined convoy.
Monday, March 2 -- (0635) All hands to G.Q. (0725) Secure from G.Q. (0840) Commenced search astern for two stragglers. (1000) Discontinued search, no results, and reversed course to rejoin convoy. (1344) Altered course to identify and speak freighter. Was a British freighter which had had fire in cargo hold and was now proceeding head to seas to secure cargo now adrift. (1640) Rejoined convoy and took station. (1745) All hands to G.Q. (1815) Secure from G.Q. (2330) Moved clocks ahead one hour to Zone +2 time.
Tuesday, March 3 -- (0621) All hands to G.Q. (0708) Secure from G.Q. (0805) Reversed course and increased to 20 knots to search astern of convoy for stragglers. (0905) Completed sweep and stood to rejoin convoy. (1200) Arrived on station with convoy. (1615) Again commenced sweep astern. (1823) All hands to G.Q. (1914) Secured from G.Q. Resumed station with convoy. (2345) Heavy hail storm.
Wednesday, March 4 -- (0540) All hands to G.Q. (0635) Secure from G.Q. (1024) Heavy snow squall. (1018) Commenced sweep astern. (1040) All hands to G.Q. for practice. All 5" and 3" guns fired two rounds. (1052) Secure from G.Q. (1755) All hands to G.Q. (1846) Sighted vessel and exchanged signals. (1902) Resumed station with convoy. Secured from G.Q
Thursday, March 5 -- (0508) All hands to G.Q. (0603) Secure from G.Q. (1630) Started sweep astern of convoy. (1744) All hands to GQ. ((1837) Secure from G.Q. (1924) Rejoined convoy. (2330) Moved clocks ahead one hour to Zone +1 time.
Friday, March 6 -- (0540) All hands to G.Q. (0641) Secured from G.Q. (0820) Reversed course to sweep astern. (1145) Regained station with the convoy. (1632) Again started sweep astern.. (1815) All hands to G.Q. (1849) Secured from G.Q. (2330) Moved clocks one hour ahead to Zone 0 time.
Saturday, March 7 -- (0620) All hands to G.Q. (0700) Made contact and started running it down, following attack routine. (0706) Lost contact, continued search. (0737) Convoy out of sight. (0740) Received orders to rejoin convoy. (0742 Secured from G.Q. (0745) Set course to return to convoy. (1020) Resumed station with convoy. (1810) Began sweep astern (1850) All hands to G.Q. (1932) Secured from G.Q. (2330) Moved clocks ahead one hour to Zone --1 time.
Sunday, March 8 -- (0100) Altered course in direction of Lough Foyle, Ireland. Visibility very poor. (I conned the ship from 0030 to 0400). (0500) .Degaussing system cut in. (0630) Inistrahull Light sighted ahead. (0640) All hands to G.Q. (0745) Secured from G.Q. (0905) Left convoy and proceeded toward Lough Foyle with U.S.S. Niblack. (0955) Hove to off Dunagree Point to await pilot. (1125) Got underway with pilot aboard. (1140) Passed through anti-submarine net, Lough Foyle. (1305) Moored alongside British tanker President Sargent.
Monday, March 9 -- (0734) Got underway standing up Lough Foyle toward entrance to River Foyle. (0855) Moored with U.S.S. Niblack at U.S. Naval Operating Base, Lisahally, Ireland. (Lisahally is at the mouth of the River Foyle, about 3 or 4 miles downstream from Londonderry. There is no native settlement here but a supply depot is being constructed by the U.S. Navy).
Tuesday, March 10 -- (Visited Londonderry this afternoon and evening, going in on a train. Got a haircut, in fact practically a scalping, then made a survey of the town in company of the Doctor. Visited the Northern Counties Club in the evening, where we played pool with other officers from the Ingham. Londonderry is the coldest place on earth. In fact, it is almost as cold outdoors as it is in the houses and buildings. The small rations of coal is the principal cause. The weather was quite mild, comparatively, but the only really comfortable place was aboard ship).
Wednesday, March 11 -- Sunday March 15 -- (No entries).
Monday, March 16 --- ( ) Got underway and stood out of Lough Foyle toward the sea for gunnery and anti-submarine exercises. Weather overcast. (Last Sunday and Monday were the only clear days since we arrived). Summary of the day: First exercise on the program was 5" gun drill; results were encouraging. 3" gun drill was fair, and anti-aircraft machine gun drill was more educational than inspiring. Anti-submarine exercise was a flop, as sound conditions were quite poor. Anchored for the night off Moville, just inside Lough Foyle. Ingham's sister-ship Spencer, and also U.S.S. Gleaves (DD), arrived here this afternoon.
Tuesday, March 17 -- Summary of the day: Underway at 0800 for more exercises. Sub tracking was better today, but only U.S.S. Niblack was able to try an attack. Took stations for anti-aircraft firing but no target showed up. Returned into Lough Foyle and moored to British tanker Empire Dolphin for fuel. Got underway and anchored after supper, again off Moville. We are scheduled to sail tomorrow morning, in company with U.S.S. Niblack and 5 corvettes, at 0430.
Wednesday, March 18 -- (0430) Got underway from anchor and stood generally northeastward in the North Channel between Ireland and Scotland.
END OF EXTRACTS FROM INGHAM'S LOG--BOOK
Our stay in Boston stretched out to five weeks, during which time the ship was repaired, rebuilt and rearmed. Life aboard was a nightmare of chippers and welders in every nook and cranny all night and all day, seven days a week. From this hell-fire the Ingham finally emerged a much more potent war-ship.
But the hell of life in the Navy Yard was compensated for by visits with family and friends, trips home, evenings ashore, frequent mail and the fine weather of the season., (May, 1942)
Our departure from Boston was a very gradual affair, as the Navy Yard workmen had done their usual work so well that it took nearly a week and a Board of Investigation to get the monkey wrenches out of the engines. Finally the ship was able to make her usual speed and so proceeded to Newport to calibrate our new "degaussing" installation. I had gone to Detroit on a one-day leave just before the ship left. I returned by plane, bus, Coast Guard picket boat and a Coast Guard Reserve yacht at Newport. That afternoon we proceeded through the Cape Cod Canal to the fleet anchorage in Casco Bay.
Here at Portland the ship was restored from the ravages of the Navy Yard workers and several gunnery exercises engaged in. Finally we proceeded, in the first half of May, up to Argentia, where we were joined by the U.S.S. Campbell, C.G. (Ingham's sister-ship).
Shortly we put to sea with the Campbell and a group of corvettes and picked up another eastbound convoy. The trip was uneventful, most of the submarines now plying southern waters, where their business was easier and their lives longer.
Life was also easier aboard the Ingham now, for the routine of morning and evening General Quarters had been abandoned.
On reaching Irish waters the convoy split up and we continued on into the Irish Sea with a small group. We were relieved of our charges near the Isle of Man and returned to Lisahally and Londonderry. The scant and sooty charm of Londonderry was becoming quite acceptable on successive visits, but we found that it was not for us, for we were to be transferred to the Iceland station. "For the Murmansk run," we thought, for all talk in Londonderry at this time was of that northern nightmare. Several ships had recently come in to northern Ireland from that run.
After another ten day stay and some gunnery exercises, we again set out to the westward with a large convoy. Although submarines were reported in our vicinity and we even sighted one, the trip was uneventful up to the time we were detached , not far off Newfoundland.
Here we relieved the old destroyer U.S.S. Leary, which had come down from Iceland, en route to the U.S. for refit, with the U.S.S. Duane, C.G. (another Ingham sister-ship). After about a day's run to the northward with the Duane we met another convoy eastbound. A day or so later we broke off with the Iceland group and proceeded to Reykjavik.
Two days after arriving in Iceland we were sent to 64 North latitude/30 West longitude, where we zigzagged aimlessly about for three weeks at 14 knots inside of a 120 mile diameter circle, radioing weather reports to Iceland four times a day. Here we passed over the late, lamented H.M.S. Hood many times in our peregrinations. (Hood was sunk by Bismarck in Denmark Strait in May, 1941).
Then we lay at our mooring in Hvalfjordur [Iceland] for two weeks, taking on stores and making the incessantly needed repairs. And then we made a run down to Icomp and back (Icomp = Iceland Convoy Ocean Meeting Point), arriving in Reykjavik to refuel after about six days running. Nest morning we again put to sea and soon overtook another southbound convoy. Another trip down to Icomp and this time we returned to Hvalfjordur. Here we have lain moored to a buoy for the past two weeks. And here the Prologue ends.
THE JOURNAL BEGINS:
ROSTER OF OFFICERS
21 August, 1942
Cdr. Joseph Greenspun Commanding Officer
Lieut. Cdr. Sid. F. Porter Executive Officer
Lieut. Cdr. Vernon E. Day Engineer'g Off. (Not abd.)
Lieut. Cdr. James Craik Navigator
Lieut. Jos. W. Naab Asst. Eng. Off. (Act. Chf)
Lieut. Vic. Pfeiffer - Communications Officer
Lieut. C. E. Masters, Jr. Gunnery Officer
Lieut.(j.g.) J. A. Martin - Educational Officer
Lieut.(j.g.) E. M. Osborne (R) Damage Control Officer
Lieut.(j.g.) Phil. Chase (R) Commissary Officer
Ensign C. A. Richmond Asst. Communications Off.
Ensign F. J. Mann (R) - Asst. Communications Off.
Ensign Louis Sudnik - Asst. Navigator
Ensign Joseph Matte III (R) Asst. Gunnery Officer
Ensign Gerald Hall (R) - Not Assigned (Not aboard)
Ensign J. F. Juraschek (R) Asst. Navigator
Gunner C. J. Woodell - Gunnery Division
Machinist B. F. Hansen - Engineering Division
Lieut. Arnot Groves - Supply Officer
Asst. Surgeon James A. Smith (USPHS) Medical Officer
Friday, 21 August -- (0900) Unmoored from buoy D-27 this morning bound for Reykjavik. Made inauspicious start, as #2 boat was dropped by the bow while being secured for sea, dropping a seaman into the fjord. Further, #1 boat, the lifeboat-to-be, was found to be without oars. Man was finally picked up, but Old Man distributed hell in large packages, justifiably enough. Thank God my last watch was over 24 hours before! (1100) Moored to tanker Sapelo in Reykjavik harbor. (1300) Unmoored from Sapelo and came to anchor. U.S.S. Leary brought 80 sacks of mail to Iceland, but not so much as a letter for Ingham. Old Man is sending another message to Commander Task Force 24. Tonight I finally made the bust which I had fearfully expected when I first began writing in the ship's log, namely filling in the blank after "...under the command of_______________" with Joseph MATTE. I'd like to see the Captain's face when he reads that tomorrow morning.
Saturday, 22 August -- Went ashore in Rinkydink this afternoon with 57 kronas in my pocket for go shopping. All the stores in town had closed at noon, however, so after a pot of coffee I caught a boat back to the ship The natives close up shop, don knickers and heavy shoes and, with all sorts of motley camping packs on their backs, go off hiking in the hills. Ought to be easy to burgle most any house in Reykjavik on Saturday night.
Sunday, 23 August -- Lieut. Cdr. Frank E. Kenner, ex-skipper of the Ossippee, was aboard for dinner tonight. Tomorrow we leave again for "Torpedo Junction".
Monday, 24 August -- (1130) Got underway in company of (sister-ship) Bibb, bound south.
Airmail is beginning to arrive in small trickles. Four officers received letters dated 13th and 14th August this morning. (The last letter from my family is one from Dad dated April 28, four months ago).
Left Iceland in a cold drizzle, escorting merchantman Pan York. By mid-afternoon it cleared up; turned into a pleasant day, "warm" sunshine and calm sea. Pan York is zigzagging at nearly 14 knots. We are now standing 4 hours on and 8 off, having finally abandoned the old stand-by system, adopted last winter when the ship was short handed aft, but which became a monstrous absurdity when the ship's officer personnel had been sesquied (to coin a word?)
I am standing watch with "Pecky" Masters and Ed Osborne. Ensign Ed. Keppler, U.S.N.R., is aboard from the tanker Sapelo for warship experience.
Thursday, 27 August -- At Torpedo Junction. (0400) Relieve the watch. Still dark, with dense fog; visibility about 500 yards. Zigzagging on starboard flank of Pan York at a distance of 3500 to 5000 yards, keeping contact by radar. Bibb similarly on port flank. (0417) Radar operator reports first one, then many "targets" in the vicinity of Bibb. (We have been awaiting meeting with the westbound convoy, running on opposite course to hers). We close in on Pan York to avoid losing her, almost running her down in doing so. Then we reduce speed and run alongside. After swinging about-face to the course of the main convoy, we ask Bibb for information on its location. Bibb reports that she narrowly averted head-on collision with another escort ship. (Bibb's radar must have been out). By the time we have the Pan York and the Bibb squared away, the convoy is out of radar range, so we increase speed in pursuit of it. (0730 The fog is lifting; the Bibb finally emerges, about where she should be. (0800) The convoy has just been relocated by radar and can be just made out through the lifting fog.
And so another convoy has come to "Icomp", met the transatlantic convoy, and gone on its way. This feat of effecting a juncture between two convoys in the middle of the ocean, with only rather meager and not-too-accurate information to go by, is one of the most amazing features of the convoy system,as wonderful as it is commonplace.
(1100) Having delivered our charge, we leave the transatlantic convoy and head westward with the Bibb in search of an eastbound convoy, from which we will take a group of ships to Iceland.
Friday, 28 August -- According to radio press, the U.S. destroyer Ingraham was sunk in a collision in a fog.. I wonder if it happened between 0400 and 0500 GCT yesterday morning. I also wonder if the U.S. destroyer Ingram was in a fog yesterday morning.
Saturday, 29 August -- (0745) Rain and fog. Visibility 1/2 to 1 mile. We have just picked up radar interference ahead, indication of an approaching convoy. (0815) An escort vessel is sighted. (0830) Ingham and Bibb join the escort group under Commander Task Unit 24.1.12, bound to the eastward with 54 ships in convoy. We take station on starboard half of van, zigzagging at 114 1/2 knots. Convoy speed 7.5 knots. (Last winter Ingham was in Task Unit 24.1.1).
Sunday, 30 August -- Our QC underwater sound machine has been out of order all day, robbing us of at least 80% of our effectiveness as an anti-submarine unit. This single device, which enables us to locate and track submerged targets, is by far our most potent anti-submarine device, for without it, it is almost entirely a matter of blind luck to "get" a submarine with depth charges. A corollary is that the six enlisted men who operate this machine are probably the most important men on the ship.
The QC machine was fixed this evening.
Monday, 31 August -- The week started off with a bang, for two ships in our convoy were torpedoed this morning about 0815. Several of our lookouts sighted a torpedo track between Ingham and another escort just before the explosions. Within 15 or 20 minutes both ships had gone to the bottom. Within an hour and a half the survivors had been rescued and we were on our way. The sub (or subs) was not sighted
Wednesday, 2 September -- Monday and yesterday were the kind of days that keep us from going batty from monotony. Monday afternoon we sighted a mine and sank it with about 2,100 rounds of 30 caliber rifle and machine gun fire. It looked like an old British mine and probably was unrelated to the attack in the morning.
About 0100 Tuesday a corvette in the rear of the convoy sighted a sub and attempted to ram it, then depth charged it. This was listed as a probable kill. On the theory that other subs might be around, all the other escorts and some of the merchantmen opened up with star shell fire. This was a fantastic, dream-like scene, with star shell bursts now in one sector, then in another, some of the shells whining by the ship, apparently close by. After some time at General Quarters, we secured and resumed our station.
During the day on Tuesday we received air coverage by patrol bombers from Iceland. These planes reported submarines on the surface at various times through the day; as many as four having been reported at times. The destroyers spent most of the day chasing these contact reports.
Just after breakfast yesterday we went to General Quarters twice as contact was reported astern. In the course of our prowls at this time we went down the center of the convoy on our way astern. It was interesting to see the strange deck loads of ambulances, jeeps, trucks, landing barges, etc., and the gun crews on every ship waving to us as we passed.
At 2000 yesterday the Iceland group of 11 ships broke away and headed north. The escort group consists of Ingham, Bibb, and the old U.S. destroyer Schenk, which joined us yesterday. Last night was uneventful. This morning we dropped one 600 lb. depth charge on a sound contact. The captain conned the ship for the first time, during this run, and did a poor job of it, for whatever the target was, it was inside our turning circle when the charge was dropped.
We had air coverage since dawn this morning, which no doubt accounts for the quiet time we have had lately.
Thursday, 3 September -- Quiet day today. Dropped one depth charge in a school of fish this afternoon. Rain all day. Sighted land about 1700; visibility about four miles.
Dropped our convoy off Reykjavik about 2030 and proceeded to Hvalfjordur (a fjord near Reykjavik which is protected by anti-submarine nets) where we moored to the tanker Sapelo at 2230.
Friday, 4 September -- RED LETTER DAY!! -- I finally got mail from home! Letters from Dad, Marie, John Cameron, and Russ Serenberg, (dated July 26 to August 8.). Magazines - Yachting, Mid-West Yachting News, Naval Institute Proceedings. New York Yacht Club, Rules & Regulations for the Construction of Racing Yachts.
Monday, 7 September -- Received a big batch of mail this morning, (July 12 to 29); lots of magazines, clippings, letters, and the planimeter I ordered from Boston.
Went to the (anti-submarine) "attack teacher" this morning, aboard the HMS Blenheim.
Wednesday, 9 September -- Took a boat under oars (for the first time) this morning, assisting in mooring the ship to a buoy. Until then Ingham has been laying alongside the U.S. supply ship Melville.
Received mail from June 3 to July 9, tonight.
Monday, 14 September -- Commander George E. McCabe came aboard tonight to relieve Cdr. Greenspun. Also Lieut. J. Van Heuveln reported aboard for engineering duty. They flew from Presque Isle, Maine by Ferry Command plane, via Newfoundland and Greenland; total travel time, 6 days.
Wednesday, 16 September -- Commander McCabe and the Captain held a joint inspection of the ship today, preparatory to a change of command.
Thursday, 17 September -- Unmoored this forenoon and proceeded to Reykjavik, where we fueled. Came to anchor about 6 PM, after fueling.
Friday, 18 September -- Went through all emergency drills today; (another part of the change of command routine).
Saturday, 19 September -- Commander McCabe relieved Commander Greenspun in the morning. In the afternoon, I went sailing in one of the ship's lifeboats. A fairly nice day.
Sunday, 20 September -- Commander Greenspun left for Argentia, Newfoundland.
Monday, 21 September -- (153 0) Got underway out of the harbor of Reykjavik in a gale, in company of Bibb, to escort ten merchantmen to Torpedo Junction.
Friday, 25 September -- Log of a sea-sick sailor: Ate a hearty supper Monday night, but after writing my log after coming off watch at 8 PM, I offered my supper up to the storm. Up again at 4 AM Tuesday for the Morning watch, but slept all day without eating. Tried some supper Tuesday night, but couldn't keep it. Turned in again after the 4 - 8 :M watch. Felt better Wednesday morning and held on to my breakfast.
The gale slowly backed around from SE to NW and steadied there. About 1900 Thursday (yesterday) we met the westbound transatlantic convoy and delivered our ships intact, except for one which put back into Iceland. Then last night we started off to the westward to try to find survivors of three ships torpedoed out of an eastbound convoy. This convoy was being escorted by the Campbell and
Spencer (sister ships to the Ingham) and Canadian corvettes. The storm broke up the convoy, and then the subs went to work.
Shortly after 4 AM this morning, we (and the Bibb) increased to full speed, between 18 1/2 and 19 knots. The wind had abated and shifted to southwest, smoothing out the sea. However, the wind increased shortly and a new sea has been building up all day, so that by now (3 PM) the ship is again pitching and quivering furiously. The motion in my room, the last one aft, is so violent that writing is difficult and it is even hard to keep my eyes on the pen-point.
During the second dog watch we decreased speed to 13 knots due to fog setting in. This effectively kills any chance of finding anything before daylight. Ship is now comfortable for the first time since leaving Reykjavik.
I beat the Doc 2 games out of 3 in dominoes this evening!
Saturday, 26 September -- About noon today 3 boats were sighted and their occupants picked up by the Bibb. They were 51 people of the Penn Mar. At 3 PM a life raft was sighted with 8 men aboard. Lieut. Masters took our No. 1 boat (under oars) to the raft and took off the men. The boat falls were led aft "married", with about a hundred men tailed off along the falls. On its return, when the boat had hooked on to the falls,. the order was shouted and instantly the men ran the boat out of the waves and up two-blocked in about 2 seconds! The survivors were from the Tennessee; they had been clinging to their little raft since Tuesday night.
Sunday, 27 September -- (0400 - 0800) Still proceeding east watching for survivors. Westerly wind building up a sizeable sea astern. About 0530, picked up two radar targets astern which closed from two miles to one mile, possibly subs trailing us. Manned the after 3" guns and searched astern with star shells and 18" searchlight but saw nothing. Then we manned Gun No. 3 (forward) and countermarched at 18 knots. However we took so much solid water as to make any action or gun fire impossible, so we again turned eastward and reduced speed to 13 knots, as before. Daylight came not long after, relieving the tension.
In the afternoon wee turned westward to meet an eastbound convoy. The wind had increased steadily to about Force 8 or 9, and the sea was running high, occasional combers topping 35 feet. Speed was reduced successively to 11,10, and 8 knots, and even so we were making heavy weather of it and taking considerable solid water on deck. The old destroyer Leary joined us today and was plugging along with us, taking a considerable beating, reporting boats smashed etc., and a plate on the starboard bow below the waterline cracked. On the Ingham the principal casualty was the No.4 boat (port side), the weather bow of which was smashed by a sea, at the same time smashing the bottom by driving part of its cradle through the bottom
Monday, 28 September -- After plugging along all day with the Bibb and Leary through high seas and fog, we found our convoy, just reforming after yesterday's storm About 4 o'clock a few of the ships were sighted through the fog; shortly after we were assigned a station about 5 miles out, which was kept by radar, of course.
By evening it quieted down so that I wrote a couple of letters, the first time this trip I could sit on my chair without hanging on.
Wednesday, 30 September -- Still zigzagging along this morning in uninterrupted fog. Have had practically no visual contact with our convoy. About 0800, the Iceland group of seven ships, including a transport, broke off from the main body, and we set our course (028 deg.) for Reykjavik..
The wind picked up again from the west building up a high and uncomfortable sea. The weather this trip has been totally miserable.
Friday, 2 October -- Sighted Rekjanes light in the 4 - 8 watch this morning. Made our landfall off Skagi Point about 0700 and proceeded into the inner harbor of Reykjavik, where we went to General Quarters for an air raid alarm just after docking. Bibb tied up alongside, and "our" survivors and hers were landed into Army ambulances. They were all carried off in stretchers for some unknown reason, though all of them were locomoting about ship alright before we tied up! In the afternoon we proceeded into Hvalfjordur, where wee fueled from the British tanker Empire Garden.
Lieut. Naab departed this afternoon in Rinkydink.
Saturday, 3 October -- Moored to buoy D--27 this morning. Went ashore to the club this afternoon and did a pretty good job with their beer. Stopped aboard the British cruiser Norfolk on the return trip, where we completed the job. Got off a letter to Serenberg via Northland today
Sunday, 4 October -- Proceeded to Reykjavik this morning, where we anchored. Lieut. Masters and Ensign Richmond departed en route to Grosse Ile, Michigan for flight training.
Monday, 5 October -- Got underway bound for Icomp with a convoy of 8 ships, in company of Duane and Schenk.
Wednesday, 7 October -- Barometer dropped very fast all day yesterday, reaching 27.93" early this morning. Wind began picking up yesterday afternoon, and blew full hurricane force for 4 or 5 hours today around noon. High seas, squalls with much spindrift; visibility poor. The convoy was scattered by the storm and tonight we have rounded up 5 of the 8. Still blowing about force 10 tonight.
Thursday, 8 October -- Storm abated today. By afternoon a new breeze had sprung up opposite to the old seas, making the seas quite calm..
Friday, 9 October -- The wind increased to half a gale last night, building up another rough, uncomfortable sea. This morning we find that two more of our ships have disappeared, leaving only three.
In the afternoon, however, smoke was sighted on the horizon, and under it we found one of last night's stragglers. About seven tonight, we were still bringing the straggler into the fold, out of sight of the rest of "the gang" Then Duane announced "Eureka! Do you get it?" Then began a race with darkness and the continual rain squalls. Through the murk we finally made out a few ships of the westbound convoy, then lost them in the darkness. But we had found them, and the radar kept us with them until one of the transatlantic escorts had come over and relieved us of our worrysome charge. Then we joined Duane and Schenk and started off to meet an eastbound convoy.
Saturday, 10 October -- Met the eastbound convoy in the 8 - 12 watch this morning. After running with it for an hour or so, the Iceland group of five ships broke off and headed for Reykjavik.
Monday, 12 October -- We were off Skagi Point this morning at 0400. Crept slowly in through the darkness to Grotta Point, near Reykjavik, where we broke off from the convoy and proceeded with the Duane and Schenk to Hvalfjordur, where we anchored about 0830.
Received mail this morning:
1. Letter from Dad of Sept. 4
2. Bill from N.Y.Y.C., Sept. 8
3. Letter from Polly, Sept. 18
4. Letter from Irma Briner, Sept. 18
5. Notice of Hank Parsons' new daughter, Sept. 17.
Thursday, 15 October -- Mail:
Letter from Dad, Sept. 23
Letter from Louis Zahn, Sept.. 23
Tuesday, 27 October -- Unmoored from Buoy D--27 at 0800 and proceeded to Reykjavik. Something went wrong with the steering machinery before we had cleared Hvalfjordur, so we proceeded the rest of the way on hand steering.
Immediately after anchoring off Reykjavik, we went to General Quarters for another air alert. Then, just finishing lunch we got up anchor and stood out into the bay to search for an Army flier who was reported to have crashed. After searching the area for several hours, proceeding the while on hand steering, we gave up and returned. Found out later that all planes were accounted for. Went ashore in Reykjavik late in the afternoon, and had dinner and drinks at Camp Knox (Naval Operating Base).
Wednesday, 28 October -- Underway just before noon, bound for Angmagssalik, East Greenland, escorting the S.S. Ozark. Yesterday and today delightfully clear and calm. Temperature ranging from 25 to 40 degrees. Steering gear now functioning normally. An exchange of watches gives me the mid-watch and the afternoon watch.
Present Roster of Officers
Commander Geo. E. McCabe Commanding Officer
Lt. Cdr Sid. F. Porter - Executive Officer
Lt. Cdr. James D. Craik - Navigator
Lieut. John Van Heuveln - Engineer Officer
Lieut. Vic. Pfeiffer - Communications Officer
Lieut. James A. Martin - Gunnery Officer
Lieut.(j.g.) E. M. Osborne (R)- Damage Control Officer
Lieut.(j.g.) Phil. Chase(R) - Commissary Officer
Lieut. (j.g) F. J. Mann (R) - Asst. Communications .
Lieut. (j.g.) Louis Sudnik - Asst. Navigator
Ensign Joseph Matte III (R) Asst. Gunnery Officer
Ensign J. F. Juraschek (R) - Asst. Navigator
Gunner C. J. Woodell - Gunnery Division
Machinist Ben Hansen - Engineering Division
Lieut. Arnot Groves - Supply Officer
Asst. Surgeon James A. Smith (USPHS) Medical Officer
Friday, 30 October -- Made landfall on coast of Greenland by radar at 82 miles just after midnight. Proceeded in at 5 knots, speed of Ozark. After sighting land at dawn, entered fields of brash ice and growlers and picked our way in slowly. A few small bergs around.
The aspect of this coast and the water was very impressive. The land is high and rugged in the extreme, and snow-covered to the waterline. There are deep fjords, but from about five miles out the shore line appears unbroken.
Shortly before noon we observed the Coast Guard trawler Nanok picking her way out, moving along the shore, often hidden behind icebergs. Then we left the Ozark and stood outward. After leaving the ice field, we held 5", 3", and 20 mm target practice. Later we entered an extensive field of brash ice, and pushed slowly through it for several hours before clearing it. And so the egg-shell-thin Ingham became an icebreaker!
Sunday, 1 November -- Steamed into Hvalfjordur this morning and moored to the British tanker Empire Garden at 1020.
Early yesterday morning (about 0500), we crossed the Arctic Circle and continued for some while, then altered course to the southward. The Captain made this detour to enable the crew to qualify as "polar bears", seeing that we were so near.
After fueling we moored again to Buoy D--27, sharing it with Leary.
Monday, 2 November -- On sudden notice to proceed to Reykjavik for orders, we got underway at 1630. In Reykjavik harbor a British trawler brought us Ensign J. Burd and our orders, and we put to sea without coming to anchor. Seems the convoy we were scheduled to meet in a few days was taking a shellacking, having already lost 5 or 6 ships, so we and Leary and Schenk were dispatched to help out.
Wednesday, 4 November -- We have been in the vicinity of our convoy most of the day, but have been searching for it unsuccessfully until darkness.
Found the convoy this evening and joined up, together with Leary and Schenk.
About 2100 tonight flares were sighted. Another ship had been torpedoed. We fired a star shell barrage, but saw nothing.
Thursday, 5 November -- We learned today that the ship hit last night was the 16th one torpedoed out of this convoy of about 35 ships , originally. When we joined there were only 4 escorts, the destroyer Restigouche and 3 corvettes. Few, if any, transatlantic convoys have ever been hit so hard.
A quiet today. We had coverage all day by a big 4-motored Liberator bomber, radar equipped. He dropped all his depth charges on subs on the surface nearby, with results unknown.
Friday, 6 November -- Uneventful. Went alongside Leary this afternoon and got two tubes for our radar via shot line..
Learned today that two ensigns coming to this ship are aboard U.S.S. Pleiades in this convoy.
Saturday, 7 November -- Iceland group broke off from main body at 1430 this afternoon. Four ships in group.
Monday, 9 November -- (0530) Approaching Iceland, we departed from the northbound convoy and stood to the eastward and joined Bibb and Duane escorting a convoy to Torpedo Junction.
For the past 5 or 6 days the wind has blown Force 6 to Force 8 almost steadily.
Tuesday, 10 November -- Finished Vol. I of O. Spengler's Decline of the West tonight. Started it about a year ago.
Wednesday, 11 November -- Came daylight today and we had two ships with us in convoy, having separated from the others last night due to storm and bad visibility.
Sunday, 15 November -- After cruising around for several days looking for the main westbound convoy, we found it this morning during the mid-watch, picking them up by radar at six miles
We delivered our two ships at daybreak and headed northward for Iceland at 18 knots, alone.
After days of rough and foggy weather which made it impossible to find the transatlantic convoy, or even the rest of the Iceland group, today was clear and quiet.
Monday, 16 November -- After several unexpected landfalls in a fog and some backing and filling, we finally found our way into Reykjavik and moored to a U.S. tanker at about 1500 this afternoon.
Tuesday, 17 November -- This morning , in Reykjavik, we took aboard five officers who came up in the last convoy:
Lieut.(jg) George S. Parker (R)
Ensign Gerald C. Hall (R)--Returning aboard
Ensign John M. Waters
Ensign Edward J. Kenney (R)
Ensign Carroll O. Heffernan (R).
Moved over into Hvalfjordur this afternoon and moored to "our" buoy, D--27. Found provisions and supplies of all kinds quite plentiful here, for a change. We received a big batch of October mail today and tonight..
Tuesday, December 8 -- Wrote the following RESUME for Nov. 21 through Dec. 8:-
November 21 -- Left Hvalfjordur (or was it Reykjavik?) with S.S. Culpepper, a tanker, bound around the south side of Iceland for Seydisfjord, on the east coast. The weather was delightful all the way over. We were very near the coast all the way over.
23 November -- .Came to anchor in Seydisfjordur at 1115, just two days out. Small village in the fjord here, all lit up at night. This afternoon, about four-thirty, we began dragging anchor in squalls which reached hurricane proportions. Number 3 boat (our only motor boat) broke away and went on the beach. After moving to several new anchorages, we finally settled down.
27 November -- Mid watch (midnight to four): Blowing a gale. At 0100 we began dragging anchor. We had the British anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Ulster Queen tied alongside, just in from Murmansk (with her guns worn out). As we dragged, the Limey began parting her lines, and finally dragged off by herself. After finally coming to anchor, we dragged once again. This time we almost went on the beach in our maneuvering. But we finally held in a new anchorage, to 120 fathoms of chain. And then the wind died out. (We lost our No. 1 boat, in this last episode)
30 November -- After mooring alongside the Culpepper and pumping water into her for ballast, we got underway at 1400 with her and U.S.S. Pleides, bound for Reykjavik..
2 December -- Anchored in Reykjavik at 1100 after a smooth trip. Proceeded into Hvalfjordur in the afternoon. Lieut. Al Martin left this afternoon for a month's leave of absence in London.
3 December -- I took over the Gunnery Department in Martin's absence. Lt. Pfeiffer took over Fire Control.
8 December --- Today ---We got underway at 0800 and proceeded to Reykjavik. END OF RESUME.
Thursday, 10 December -- Went ashore in Reykjavik this afternoon with Louie Sudnik and Lieut Groves. We had dinner with Mr. Jensen, the Danish mate of the S.S. Tennessee, whom we found in the middle of the ocean on a raft on 26 September last.
Friday, 11 December -- Underway at 0740 this morning, bound for Torpedo Junction with Leary and Babbitt and a convoy of 8 ships.
Tuesday, 15 December -- After searching for them unsuccessfully all day yesterday, we found the westbound convoy this afternoon. Nice sunny day; we sighted their smoke on the horizon.
Left with; our consorts to join an eastbound convoy off in the west. The barometer was down to 27.78" at 1930 tonight but the weather was still good!
Wednesday, 16 December -- The barometer reached 27.60" during the mid watch this morning; yet the weather still held quite good. (The average barometer off Iceland is 29.70", and it sometimes tops 30.00") It began to blow this afternoon, with the rising barometer. During the 8 to 12 watch tonight we joined the eastbound convoy we were to meet.
Thursday, 17 December -- En route eastward again, with a fairly big convoy. Our trio brings the escort group to ten.
During the 8 to 12 watch tonight, while on patrol 3 miles ahead of the convoy, we picked up screw-beats of a submarine while listening, ran in and dropped three 600-pounders. Then, getting contact on the U-boat again by echo-ranging we made another run and gave it a 10-charge barrage. Search was continued for some time, but contact was not regained. There is a strong possibility that we sunk him without forcing him to the surface. [EDITOR'S NOTE: This attack destroyed the U-626 with all hands]
Friday, 18 December -- No attacks on our convoy, no signals heard, either homing or sighting. Maybe we did all right last night!
Saturday, 19 December -- The Iceland group broke off at 1400 this afternoon, seven or eight ships escorted by the Leary and Babbitt, plus 3 corvettes which had run too low on fuel to continue on to Londonderry. We stayed on, to reinforce the remaining escorts of the main group.
Sunday, 20 December -- The "can" Schenk arrived from Iceland this afternoon to further reinforce our escort group.
Monday, 21 December -- At 1930 tonight, two British escorts arrived, relieving the Iceland escorts, so with the Schenk we departed for Iceland. The ships which relieved us were HMS Scimitar and HMS Shikari; type unknown, as we got only the barest glimpse of only one of them by moonlight.
Wednesday, 23 December -- Anchored off Reykjavik at 0700 this morning. Later we moored to the tanker Matinicock for fuel. At one o'clock we got underway and proceeded to Hvalfjordur.
Thursday, 24 December -- Big load of mail aboard! Campbell brought the Christmas mail to Iceland.
Friday, 8 January, 1943 -- Got underway at 1100 and proceeded from Hvalfjordur to Reykjavik. Received mail today.
Saturday, 9 January -- Captain A. M. Martinson came aboard from the Duane. He is to relieve Commander McCabe, who has orders to the West Coast.
Monday, 11 January -- Fueled this morning from the Matinicoek.
Captain Martinson relieved Commander McCabe this afternoon. Cdr. McCabe left to a rousing chorus of cheers as his boat pulled away.
Thursday, 14 January -- Under way at 0900, in company with Babbitt and Leary, escorting 11 merchant ships to Torpedo Junction.
About 1130 the Babbitt was detached to join the Duane and to proceed to an eastbound convoy to reinforce that escort. The Schenk left the fjord this afternoon to join that group, also.
Saturday, 16 January -- Our old enigma, the Peter Helm, broke down and was ordered back to Iceland.
Sunday, 17 January -- Got word from a Flying Fortress of the Coastal Command (RAF) that the convoy we were looking for was 30 miles away. Sighted it immediately from aloft (or rather, we sighted one of its escorts), and joined them at noon. Joined the escort group and started to the westward with them. This convoy had the most air protection this day that I've seen to date: a Flying Fortress, a Lockheed Hudson, and a PBY (or "old faithful").
Monday, 18 January -- No word has come out yet, but a careful estimate of various guesses, rumors, and hints indicates that we probably will be bound for the States in March, either to Boston or Curtis Bay, Maryland.
Thursday, 21 January -- At 0800, just before daylight, we and the Leary left the westbound convoy, in Lat. 54--26 N, Long.38--33 W, not far from Newfoundland. We headed northwest to meet an eastbound convoy. Leary is returning to Iceland, being low on fuel.
Friday, 22 January -- Met a large eastbound convoy at 1330 this afternoon, in the entrance to Davis Strait. Received escort instructions via shot-line from the Spencer. Campbell is also in this escort, together with six Canadian corvettes.
Sunday, 24 January -- Since joining this convoy, the weather has been very bad, blowing from Force 5 to Force 12 continuously, and from various quarters. The convoy, which is classified as fast, has been averaging 4 knots, and is becoming badly scattered. Visibility has been not over two miles at best yesterday and today. To top it off, our QC underwater sound gear has been out of order yesterday and the radar also out of operation part of the time. Between the end of evening twilight and moon rise, about two hours, it is so dark that we cannot see our own bow.
Monday, 25 January -- Weather cleared up today. Spencer had designated us to take charge of the "small" group we were with while she went off to join the "main body". This morning it turned out that we had 25 of the 47 ships, and all but one of the corvettes. By late afternoon the other group had not found us.
This afternoon I shaved off my beard, after taking a snapshot of it. Sic transit gloria hirsute!
At 1215 we sighted a mine in the path of the convoy and hove to near it with a warning signal flying while the convoy passed by. After 25 minuted of firing at it with Lewis guns, it sank.
Tuesday, 26 January -- Sighted the Campbell this morning while she was on a sweep astern of her group looking for us. She was with the Spencer and the "main group", consisting of nine ships. In the afternoon, about 1400,the groups merged and we continued on to the eastward.
Wednesday, 27 January -- This morning we made a survey of the names and positions of all ships in the convoy, a difficult job due to the poor visibility and heavy seas.
At 1600 we broke off with two tankers for Iceland. A troopship came up and joined us later. At 2330 the corvette Napanee arrived, en route Iceland to refuel.
At 2345 we picked up a radar contact astern and tried to run it down. All hands to General Quarters at midnight.
Thursday, 28 January -- The contact ran from us on various courses, probably a sub on the surface; it may have trailed the corvette. Finally it disappeared at 2100 yards, submerging as we began closing the range going full speed. We fired two depth charges when we arrived at this place, then searched a while. Our sound gear was partially inoperative. About 0100 we secured from General Quarters.
We arrived in Iceland this evening and proceeded into Hvalfjordur, where we moored to the tanker Empire Garden at 2740. Later I took a boat over to the U.S.S. Vulcan and got our mail, which was there in large quantity.
Friday, 29 January -- Al Martin returned from England this afternoon, thus ending my incumbency as Acting Gunnery Officer.
This evening the Captain, first Lieut. (Exec), and two sub-Lieutenants from the HMCS Napanee came aboard for dinner. The First Lieutenant was Frank Ellis, of the Windsor (Ontario) Yacht Club, who owned and raced the sailboat Dolphin on the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair. We had a great time chewing over old times and the many friends we has in common.
It was blowing 40 to 50 knots when they were ready to return to their ship, so I took charge of the boat. The trip back (to windward) was wet and very cold.
Wednesday, 3 February -- Lt. Cdr. Porter left the ship this morning with orders to new duty with Coat Guard Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Underway at 0900 and proceeded to Reykjavik. Under way from Reykjavik at 1215 and went back to the entrance of Hvalfjordur and hung around a while waiting for Leary. After about an hour we put to sea alone and proceeded generally southwestward to meet an eastbound convoy. The weather is quite moderate.
Our ship is getting to need an overhaul badly. The boot on the underwater sound gear was stove in on the last trip by heavy weather, making that necessary equipment almost useless. Also, the ship is getting quite battered by various misadventures in coming alongside tankers in gale force winds. At least we are better off than the old (World War I) destroyers of the Iceland group, which are quite literally falling apart.
Thursday, 4 February
Present Roster of Officers
Captain A. M. Martinson - Commanding Officer
Lieut. Cdr. J. D. Craik - Executive Officer
Lieut. Cdr. J. Van Heuveln Engineering Officer
Lieut. V. Pfeiffer - - Navigator
Lieut. J. A. Martin - Gunnery Officer
Lt.(j.g.) E. M. Osborne (R) Damage Control Officer
Lt.(j.g.) P. Chase (R) - Commissary Officer
Lt.(j.g.) F. J. Mann (R) - Communications Officer
Lt. (j.g.) L. F. Sudnik - Asst. Navigator
Ensign J. Matte III (R) - Asst. Gunnery Officer
Ensign G. F. Hall (R) - Asst. Communications Off.
Ensign J. F. Juraschek (R) Asst. Navigator
Ensign J. M. Waters - Asst. Gunnery Officer
Ensign E. J. Kenney (R) - Asst. Commissary Officer
Ensign C. O. Heffernan (R) Asst. Damage Control Off.
Lieut. A. Groves - - Disbursing Officer
Asst. Surgeon J. A. Smith , (USPHS) - Medical Officer
Lt. (j.g.) G. S. Parker(R) - (Not assigned)
Gunner C. J. Woodell - Ordnance
Machinist B. Hansen - Asst. Engineer
(I was assigned an additional duty yesterday:- Photography Officer).
Friday, 5 February -- About 1900 this evening, picked up a radar contact, which turned out to be the Bibb, returning to Iceland after an overhaul in Boston, she then being some distance astern of the convoy we were looking for. About 2100 we joined this convoy.
This convoy has already had some action: two ships have been sunk and one of the escorts, HMS Vimy, has sunk a sub, getting about thirty prisoners.
Saturday, 6 February -- This morning about 1100 we went out astern of the convoy with the Bibb, looking for a sub reported by one of our two-plane escort. In the afternoon we moved to a different area where another sub had been sighted. No results. Rejoined the convoy in the evening.
Twelve subs are reported to be working on this convoy. Occasional star-shell searches and depth-charging by other escorts tonight.
Sunday, 7 February -- The mid-watch this morning (and the 4 to 8 also) were featured by prolonged intermittent illumination astern of the convoy by star-shells, gun fire, flares, rockets, and with torpedo explosions and depth charge attacks. We were patrolling ahead of the convoy and could not participate. Three merchantmen and an Army transport were sunk.
After daylight in the morning, we and the Bibb and two corvettes were sent astern to rescue survivors. The water was littered with wreckage, boats, rafts, life jackets, and many men. The Bibb arrived on the scene first and got over 230 survivors. We picked up 22 men and buried two of these. The corvettes picked many up, number not known. This afternoon we heard that a tanker in the convoy had just been torpedoed.
Early this morning, orders came for myself, Osborne, Juraschek, and Hall to report for Amphibious training by February 18, at Solomons, Maryland. These orders have not yet been delivered to us. The captain will probably protest them. I don't see how we could get there by that date, anyway. (A commando, eh? Well I'll be god-damned!)
These orders addressed me and Juraschek and Hall as Lieut. (j.g.), so we must have made it recently.
Monday, 8 February -- Two more ships were torpedoed before or during the mid-watch this morning, one at 2345. We picked up four survivors from two boats; one being alone in one boat, and the other three all we could get from 15 in the other boat, which capsized when alongside.
Two other ships were reported to have collided, but what the outcome of this was we didn't learn.
In the afternoon the Bibb attacked a sub astern, resulting in a probable kill, as two large oil slicks and several large bubbles resulted.
Tuesday, 9 February -- The Iceland group, 7 merchantmen, broke off this morning in longitude 14 deg., (a strange place for departing for Iceland). Escort consists of Ingham, Bibb, and Schenk.
Sunday, 14 February -- Sighted Eldey Rock about 1045 this morning and went through the "Hole in the Wall" and around into Reykjavik, arriving about supper time
Since leaving the main body on Tuesday the weather has been miserable, a succession of storms from the west and northwest. The convoy was scattered after the second night and we never knew whether we had two, or more, ships with us at night. When we arrived off Iceland the Bibb and ourselves had three ships, while the Schenk was quite a ways astern with one or more ships. At this point another ship returned to the fold from the eastward, and off Skagi Point we sighted another straggler coming up astern.
We sustained considerable damage from the seas. No. 1 boat was slightly damaged; No. 2 boat was stove. The port gun sponson (aft) was partially broken, and the starboard gun sponson was completely smashed by a sea which nearly washed two lookouts overboard. That's from the superstructure deck! The starboard sponson deck, after hanging to the side by several bolts for a day, finally broke adrift and fell into the sea last night.
Saturday, 20 February -- Learned this morning that my orders had been cancelled. The Captain had requested they be postponed until Ingham's return to the States (See 7 February) The other three also had their orders cancelled.
Stormy all week. Broke our anchor chain (to the mooring buoy) once. Engines turning much of the time, to ease the strain on the chain. Almost no boating in the fjord..
Saturday, 27 February -- We were all set to go into the Hvalfjordur floating dry dock at noon today, but just as we were about to unmoor, we got word that the dry dock was not in order. Then it started to blow again, so the whole business was called off for the day.
Sunday, 28 February -- We went into the floating dry dock this morning, in an attempt to repair the boot on our underwater sound machine.
Tuesday, 2 March -- This evening the Captain informed the officers that we had been assigned a month in the Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay, near Baltimore, beginning April 15.
Wednesday, 3 March -- Flooded the dry dock this morning, and left it at 1100. Moored to Empire Garden to fuel. Late in the afternoon we received word that we were to leave as soon as possible to search for survivors. Ceased fueling and went alongside U.S.S. Vulcan, where we took aboard our depth charges, two of our boats and one of the Bibb's boats, and commissary stores.
Thursday, 4 March -- About 0100 the depth charges were all armed, and we unmoored and put out to sea, standing on a southwesterly course. The weather at sea was miserable, as usual. (Al Martin was left in Reykjavik, so I am Acting Gunnery Officer again this trip).
Friday, 5 March -- Reached the search area early this morning and commenced searching on various courses.
Sunday, 7 March -- Arrived in Reykjavik harbor about 0730 and fueled from Salinas. Later we came to anchor. In the evening we again secured for sea, orders having been received for us to leave tonight.
Monday, 8 March -- It was too rough last night for the boat to bring back the liberty party and the captain, so we didn't leave until 0930 this morning, just after they returned aboard.
We again headed southwest, in pursuit of the Bibb and Babbitt, who left last night.
Changed back to "summer" time last night, viz. G.C.T.
Tuesday, 9 March -- Joined eastbound convoy this afternoon. Our sound gear was found to have the boot stove again.
Wednesday, 10 March -- Four ships torpedoed last night. Another was torpedoed prior to our arrival. One of the ships torpedoed last night is still coming along. Usual routine of star-shell illumination last night. This convoy has undergone many attacks, most of them unsuccessful or thwarted.
Thursday, 11 March -- Departed from convoy in Longitude 13 deg. and proceeded to Iceland with the Babbitt.
Friday, 12 March -- Arrived in Hvalfjordur late tonight.
Tuesday, 23 March -- Wrote the following RESUME for March 15 - 23:-
Monday, 15 March - Moved down to Reykjavik and moored to dock in inner harbor; first time at a dock since 2 October. Liberty ashore.
Tuesday, 16 March -- Underway with Babbitt at 1800, bound south.
Friday, 19 March -- Met eastbound convoy due south of Reykjavik in Lat 54 deg., at 0830. At ten AM, sighted column of water, flare, and smoke on the horizon, a straggler from another convoy, torpedoed. Stood over with U.S.S. Upshur, and picked up all hands, 69 survivors.
Saturday, 20 March -- Dropped a full pattern on a sound contact in the 4 - 8 watch. Results unknown.
Sunday, 21 March -- At 0800, we and the "can" Upshur were detached to proceed to LONDONDERRY!
The weather this trip has been the best we have had since early last September (and this is the farthest south we have been). There were several attacks and torpedoing of this convoy before we joined, but none since then.
The Babbitt left us on the run south, met another convoy, and also proceeded to Londonderry. All hands are looking forward to Londonderry -- grass and trees and a good liberty town.
Monday, 22 March -- Moored at the dock at Lisahally just before noon. The invasion of Derry commenced this afternoon.
Tuesday, 23 March -- Liberty party recalled from all saloons, gutters and bordellos this evening preparatory to a sudden departure.
Wednesday, 24 March -- Unmoored at 0100 and stood out, bound down the Irish Sea to Liverpool for dry docking to fix our sound gear.'
RUMOR -- The Iceland shuttle service is to be abandoned, the Iceland convoys coming via the U.K. Wouldn't that hurt our feelings?!
Entered the River Mersey in the afternoon and entered the Gladstone dock about 1700.
Liberty ashore tonight. Liverpool certainly took a terrible punishment in the heavy German air raids.. Almost anywhere one looks are ruined or desolate areas in the docks, the residential sections and in the center of town. The blackout is more complete and disconcerting than I have experienced elsewhere. The bars and clubs all close at 9:00 or 9:30 PM, with little going on anywhere afterward.
This afternoon I received my promotion to Lieutenant (junior grade). Also to Lt. (jg) were: Gunner Woodell, Machinist Hansen, Ensigns Hall and Juraschek. To Lieutenant: Lt. (j.g.) Chase and Parker. The roster of Ingham's officers now is:-
Captain A. M. Martinson
Lieut. Cdr. J. D. Craik
" " J. Van Heuveln
Lieut. V. Pfeiffer
" J. A. Martin
" E. M. Osborne (R)
" P. L. Chase (R)
" G. S. Parker (R)
Lt.(j.g.) F. J. Mann (R)
" L. F. Sudnik
" C. J. Woodell
" B. Hansen
" J. Matte III (R)
" G. F. Hall (R)
" J. F. Juraschek (R)
Ensign J. M. Waters
" E. J. Kenney (R)
" C. O. Heffernan (R)
Lieut. A. Groves
Asst. Surgeon J. A. Smith, (USPHS)
Department assignments same as 4 February, 1943.
Friday, 26 March -- Hot bath and quiet night's sleep tonight in Hotel Adelphi (Liverpool's best). First night spent ashore since first week of last May..
This ever-more-protracted cruise of the Ingham is apparently beginning to attract attention of people ashore on both sides. I met an armed guard officer (U. S.) who said he was told, when we came in, that there was a ship that was really being worked to death.
Saturday, 27 March -- Left the Gladstone dock and proceeded up the river and into the Herculaneum dock, where we are to be put in one of the graving docks.
Sunday, 28 March -- Entered a graving dock this morning and went on the blocks. The bottom of the boot on the sound gear was found to be badly holed and all stove in. Cause unknown, but probably heavy seas.
Wednesday, 31 March -- Last day of our stay in Liverpool, as we are scheduled to undock tomorrow morning. Our stay here has been most pleasant. Liverpool is not rated as the most attractive port in the U. K., by a long shot, but (by contrast) it was quite a paradise. We have had liberty from 1 PM to 9M, two days out of three for the officers and 1 PM to 8 AM every other day for the crew. With a year's pay to draw on, the men of the "Mighty I" cut quite a swath through the town.
Our future is uncertain still. Probably we will return immediately to Iceland via Londonderry. As the repairs to the boot on the sound gear was the sole improvement during our stay here, our need for dockyard overhaul in the U. S is as great as ever, but when we will get there only God and Commander Task Force 24 know.
Thursday, 1 April -- Undocked this morning and fueled from a tanker anchored in the river. In the evening we moored to a landing stage in Birkenhead and took on fresh water.
Friday, 2 April -- Underway this morning at 0700, bound alone for Reykjavik, direct.
Sunday, 4 April -- Arrived in Hvalfjordur this evening and moored to a Belgian tanker to fuel. Crew up 'til 0430 taking on stores.
Monday, 5 April -- Underway early this morning and moored alongside the Vulcan, from whom we took aboard our starboard sponson deck and splinter protection (see 14 February). Then we unmoored and proceeded to Reykjavik, followed shortly by the Vulcan. The Bibb also anchored off Reykjavik.
Well, at long last our task is ended. Tomorrow we leave for Londonderry with the Vulcan and Bibb,, winding up the Iceland Escort Group. The Babbitt and Schenk have already gone, and the Duane and Leary have been back some time for overhaul.
The Iceland run has been a man-sized operation. Our run to and from Icomp has been carried off with very small losses, but in reinforcing the transatlantic escorts we have fought many heavy actions against the enemy. And the weather on our runs has been continually furious from September through March. To date the Ingham has steamed nearly 60,000 miles, or 3 times around the circumference of the earth, since leaving Boston last May.
Tuesday, 6 April -- Underway at 0800 this morning in company of Bibb, escorting Vulcan to Londonderry.
Thursday, 8 April -- Arrived in Lough Foyle, Ireland this morning and fueled, then anchored at the Moville anchorage. At 1745 tonight we again got underway with Bibb and Vulcan, bound, at long last, for home. Our announced (or rather, rumored) route is south via the Azores and Bermuda to Norfolk, where we are to leave Vulcan, and thence to Boston, possibly.
Friday, 9 April -- After steering almost due west to Longitude 20 degrees, we turned south at 2015 tonight. Weather good.
Sunday, 11 April -- In Latitude 45 degrees this morning, we again turned to west, at 0500.
Orders came yesterday for John Waters and myself to report before 19 April to Advanced Fire Control in Washington, D.C for 4 weeks course, after which we are to return to Ingham.. Very good, but when we get any leave isn't clear.
Monday, 12 April -- At 2345 tonight we changed course to southwest.
Wednesday, 14 April -- My (and Waters') orders (see 11 April) were cancelled this morning. A stay of ten days in Boston Navy Yard is all the in-port period we are to get, apparently. This comes as a bad blow to all hands, after a year away from home waters.
Saturday, 17 April -- At 2030 tonight we sighted the entrance buoy to Chesapeake Bay (Norfolk), and stood in.
Sunday, 18 April -- We were detached from Vulcan just outside the entrance to Chesapeake Bay about 0130 this morning. In company with Bibb, we stood out the swept channel and set course for Nantucket Shoals and Boston.
Monday, 19 April, 1943 -- We entered Boston Harbor this morning and moored to Pier 4 West, South Boston Navy Yard, at 1030. [NOTE: My memory tells me that Bibb left us on the way north and entered Delaware Bay. Ingham arrived Boston alone. JM, 4/11/94]
END OF THE JOURNAL
The convoy we were joining was ON--77. See History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 1--The Battle of the Atlantic, S.E. Morison, Little, Brown & Co., 1947 (p,304)
This convoy was ONS--102. See History of United States Naval Operations in World War II,Vol.1--The Battle of the Atlantic, S.E.Morison, Little, Brown & Co., 1947.(p. 102)
This convoy was SC--100. See History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 1--The Battle of the Atlantic, S. E. Morison, Little, Brown & Co., 1947, (p.322).
The convoy we were to meet in early November 1942 was SC--107. See History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 1--The Battle of the Atlantic, S. E. Morison, Little, Brown & Co.. 1947, (p. 324).
For an accont of this evening from a different viewpoint, see Bloody Winter (Revised Edition), Captain John M. Waters, U. S. Coast Guard (Retired), Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, (pp. 73 to 76).
See photograph of Restigouch on page 374, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II--The Battle of the Atlantic, S. E. Morison, Little, Brown & Co., 1947.
Lt. Cdr. Porter set out from Iceland as a passenger on a surface ship. That ship was never heard from again; its fate unknown.
This convoy was SC--118. See History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 1--The Battle of the Atlantic, S. E. Morison, Little, Brown & Co.., 1947, (pp. 334-5). | <urn:uuid:967f9e8d-b618-4df4-b324-fdb0cb39e5e3> | {
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Carnation: I have long lov’d you and you have not known it.
-Mary Wortley Montagu, on Turkish language of flower customs, 1718
For the Victorians, carnations symbolized fascination and romantic love, although certain colors could connote rejection. What you may not know is that the roots of Western language of flowers stems from the writings of an English woman, Mary Wortley Montagu, who accompanied her husband on his ambassadorship to Istanbul in the early 18th century. Through her access to the women in the harems she discovered that “there is no colour, no flower, no weed, no fruit, herb, pebble or feather that has not a verse belonging to it; and you may quarrel, reproach or send letters of passion, friendship or civility, or even of news, without ever inking your fingers.” In addition, during the Ottoman Empire flowers also had strong religious and political meanings for the Turks. Certain flowers, such as the rose, the tulip and the carnation were particularly powerful and it is not uncommon to find portraits of sultans and military leaders in which they are smelling a bloom. Carnations could signify everything from the political to the divine, which were of course intertwined. Evoking spiritual contemplation, they symbolized the power of the renewal of life and its intermingling with the heavenly gardens of paradise.
The town of Iznik in Turkey rose to prominence in the middle of the 16th century as advances in pottery making materials were coupled with the patronage of the Ottoman court and an emphasis on artistry under Suleiman the Magnificent. The newly developed floral artistic style of Kara Memi showed to advantage in the painted surfaces of the pottery. The fan-shaped carnations and three petalled tulips are my favorites among the spring flowers traditionally featured.
A great write-up on the chronology of the evolution of Iznik ceramics, as well as a peak into an extraordinary collection can be found on the Louvre’s Three Empires of Islam mini site. Like I mentioned in the textiles post, the “flowering” of this style happened post 1540, when the naturalistic floral designs rose to prominence via the influence of the imperial painting studio. At some point soon I’ll delve into the earlier pottery which was mainly blue and white and highly influenced by Chinese imports, but right now I’m loving the colored slips that characterize pieces from the 1550s…
..as well as those that show the emergence of a true polychrome palette with the clear red, green and turquoise we most often associate with this pottery in the 3rd quarter of the century. I got the full color and floral palette from these pieces at the V & A this summer.
I’ve got lots to learn on the subject but resources are forthcoming. The Museum of Islamic Art here yielded this treasure, Iznik: The Artistry of Ottoman Ceramics by Walter B. Denny, which I am slowly absorbing. The illustrations are outstanding! Denny was also the co-curator with Sumru Belger Krody of The Sultan’s Garden exhibition I mentioned previously.
There is quite a bit of Iznik buzz out and about in the blogosphere, much of it due to the Iksel‘s incredible printed wall panels which come to think of it, show up prominently in Tory Burch’s Southampton home - so she has definitely caught the bug. In Rebecca de Ravenel’s New York apartment – I told you I’d be mining her space for many posts too – you can spy an Iznik style bowl on the coffee table.
The Turkish pottery industry is alive and well, turning out wares of varying types and quality. Istanbul is high on my list of places to get to soon, but in the meantime, an easy fix can be had by ordering through online sites like Yurdan.
We saw quite a bit of modern Iznik-style wares being produced in the Old City in Jerusalem during our trip this winter. Armenian potters were brought over from Turkey in 1919 to repair the tiles covering the outside walls of the Dome of the Rock and they and their families never left. Over time they have created their own style of Jerusalem pottery, based on Turkish artistry.
I didn’t buy any because typically I am obsessed with age and patina. Antique Iznik pottery is not something you see frequently available for sale as it is both rare and quite expensive, but there is an unusual and fantastic (in multiple meanings of the word) new antique shop here in Doha that I will be profiling in the coming month. I saw this piece earlier this fall and while it doesn’t have carnations, I think I could make do with its lovely tulip and hyacinth pattern. I’m in love with its luminescent greens and blues and I have been stalking it for some time now.
If you remember this photo from this post, you’ll know I am game to add some regional pottery to my Japanese pieces – I think the mix would be fascinating.
And as little follow up to my last post, I have two photos that I forgot to include in a small case of blogger brain freeze (Does this happen to any of you? Things you planned to put in that you just simply forgot?) But the lavender in the early Carolina Irving room below certainly links nicely to the room above, so I’ll try not to feel bad about it. This photo is from about 1995, so it gives a good sense of how she was finding her style even then. Note the carnation pillow and the tiles on the wall.
And I absolutely meant to include this Tory Burch showroom photo with its giant carnation throw pillows, which look to be Robert Kime’s Palmette. Be sure to notice the other Turkish motifs in the wallpaper, including the three-pronged tulip and the great mix with the Asian blue and white porcelain.
So maybe it was actually a bit of luck that I forgot these photos the other day and could include them here. Because in addition to everything else in the room, the coffee table is basically the dream piece I have been searching for for the last five months to finish the living room here. It makes a perfect segway to next week’s post on brass, glass and lucite coffee tables.
Carnation Fixation…Ottoman Inspired Textiles
Colors of the Rainbow…Blue and White Porcelain is Neutral
Preferring Patina Over Perfection…Chipped Porcelain, Threadbare Rugs and Old World Glamour at Tissus Tartares
Image Credits: 1, 5 & 10 my Instagram, 2. Haydar Reis (Nigari), Admiral of the Fleet Hizir Hayrettin Pasa (Barbarossa) (Topkapi Palace Museum) via Sedef’s Corner, 3. via Bonhams, 4. via The Louvre, 6. Iznik: The Artistry of Ottoman Ceramics by Walter B. Denny, 7. APT with LSD: Rebecca de Ravenel’s New York City Apartment in Vogue, photo credit: Jeremy Allen, 8. via Yurdan, 9.via Sandrouni, 10. Domino, date unknown, 11. Elle Decor 1995 via Riviera View, 12. via Domaine Home. | <urn:uuid:12002996-503c-4c6e-9fc7-328d87b7856a> | {
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Among the seemingly endless email appeals for political money, we all receive was one inviting participation on behalf of Mississippi Attorney General Jim Hood, Democratic candidate for governor and the only Democrat elected to statewide office in the last 16 years.
That sounded standard. Here’s the twist: Mississippi is the only state that requires a candidate must win both the popular vote and a majority of the state’s various state assembly districts, which are considered heavily gerrymandered in favor of white, Republican voters. Indeed, a federal lawsuit by three African-American state voters seeks to block what it calls the state’s racist method of electing the governor and other statewide officials, arguing that the requirement to win both a majority and at least 62 of 122 districts is a form of “intentionally and effectively dilutes African-American voting strength.”
The challengers are supported by the Voter Protection Project, which argues that the rules are aimed at suppressing black voters.
Hmm. That sounds uncomfortably familiar. Indeed, more states are reaching out to a wider variety of local laws and actions all seemingly meant to suppress the power of voters of color.
Voter suppression among states almost certainly helped Trump win the presidency, argues The Atlantic magazine. Multiple academic studies and court rulings indicate that racially biased election laws, such as voter-ID legislation in places like Wisconsin, favored Republican candidates in 2016. Like most other elections in American history, this one wasn’t a fair fight, the magazine says. A new poll conducted by the Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) and The Atlantic has uncovered evidence of deep structural barriers to the ballot for black and Latino voters, specifically in the 2016 election. More than that, the survey finds that the deep wounds of Jim Crow endure, leaving America’s democratic promise unfulfilled.
Gutting the Voting Rights Act
It was in 2013 that the Supreme Court effectively struck down the heart of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by a 5-to-4 vote, freeing nine states, mostly in the South, to change their election laws without advance federal approval. The court decision was along ideological lines with the two sides drawing sharply different lessons from the history of the civil rights movement and the nation’s progress in rooting out racial discrimination in voting.
At the core of the disagreement was whether racial minorities continued to face barriers to voting in states with a history of discrimination. Famously, Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. wrote, “Our country has changed. While any racial discrimination in voting is too much, Congress must ensure that the legislation it passes to remedy that problem speaks to current conditions.”
In the four years since, rule changes to make voting more difficult has become a cottage industry for states across the nation.
In Georgia, for example, Democrat and former State House Majority Leader Stacey Abrams argues that she narrowly lost that state’s governor’s race last year because of different, but similarly race-oriented voting irregularities. As a result, she has formed Fair Fight Action to challenge laws and procedures in her state and beyond through public actions and lawsuits.
The range of registration issues, closing of polling places, absentee ballot problems in Georgia has drawn the attention of the House Oversight Committee, which has vowed to investigate “recent reports of serious problems with voter registration, voter access, and other matters affecting the ability of people in Georgia to exercise their right to vote.”
But you could look to Florida, Texas, North Carolina, Ohio, Wisconsin and other states for similar complaints. In reaction to the Supreme Court decision, states, particularly in the growing number of states with Republican control over state legislatures, have felt less constrained about launching new voter identification laws, about selectively closing polling sites and other measures that tend to suppress rural and black voters.
Among the issues raised in a panoply of lawsuits have been complaints of being forced to wait to vote, absentee ballots that never arrived, being turned away at polls over exact name matches or other clerical means, voter registration limitations and vote switching at the balloting sites.
While not exactly voter suppression techniques, states have also been active in gerrymandering voting districts to favor Republicans over Democrats. Many lawsuits have resulted, with some making it to a reluctant Supreme Court, which has sent state voting plans back to the state to demand rewrites for fairness.
In Florida, new laws and administrative practices have made it more difficult for people to register to vote, and are challenged by the League of Women Voters. The state is going through a fight now about registering released state prisoners.
In Texas, state officials were purging Latinos from the voter rolls, seemingly arbitrarily striking Latino-sounding names as potentially illegal immigrants, until the practice was stopped by the courts. Texas and Indiana were out front with requirements for photo identification cards to vote. In one instance Indiana’s photo ID law barred 12 retired nuns from voting because they did not have photo IDs. John Borkowski, a South Bend lawyer volunteering as an election watchdog for the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, said, “This law was passed supposedly to prevent and deter voter fraud, even though there was no real record of serious voter fraud in Indiana.” Similarly, opponents to the Texas law argued that there had been no problem in voter fraud that was being solved by a photo ID law.
A federal judge found that Wisconsin’s restrictive voter ID law led to “real incidents of disenfranchisement, which undermine rather than enhance confidence in elections, particularly in minority communities”; and, given that there was no evidence of widespread voter impersonation in Wisconsin, found that the law was “a cure worse than the disease.” In addition to imposing strict voter ID requirements, the law cut back on early voting, required people to live in a ward for at least 28 days before voting, and prohibited emailing absentee ballots to voters. A study by Priorities USA, a progressiveadvocacy group, estimates that strict ID laws in Wisconsin led to a significant decrease in voter turnout in 2016, with a disproportionate effect on African-American and Democratic-leaning voters.
A Republican political operative in North Carolina faced criminal charges after an organized campaign to interfere with absentee ballots. He offered to fill out ballots as a convenience for people, who complained that they never got a chance to vote.
In Kansas, a state judge struck down a law requiring voters to show proof of citizenship. The order to register the voters affected more than 18,000 voters. Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach ordered that the voters be registered, but not for state and local elections before a local judge struck that down as well. Kobach went on to be tapped by Trump to serve as head of a national but futile search for voter fraud involving illegal immigrants and to lose a bid to become governor.
Whatever Chief Justice Roberts was thinking in 2013 about the end of a need for voting rights, the creativity and imagination of Republicans to keep voters whiter and more conservative says otherwise. | <urn:uuid:a993005a-c575-470f-92c4-b2c5fc661f17> | {
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- fern plants
- large planting pot
- broken clay pieces or gravel
- soil-based compost
- slow-release fertilizer granules
- bucket of water
- watering can or garden hose
Step 1: Apply a Layer of Compost and Fertilizer
Place broken clay pot pieces over the drainage hole at the bottom of the pot, and apply a layer of soil-based compost. Add some slow-release fertilizer granules.
Step 2: Position the Ferns
Soak the ferns in a bucket of water for 15 minutes. Place them, still in their original containers, in the pot to ensure that you are happy with the arrangement.
Step 3: Place the Ferns on the Compost
Tip the ferns out of their containers, and place them on the layer of compost. Fill in around the root balls, firming the compost gently with your fingers.
Step 4: Plant the Ferns
Plant the ferns at the same depth as in their original containers, leaving a gap of 2 inches between the pot rim and top of the compost to allow space for watering. Water in well.
0 Comments About this How To
Add a water feature in a pot for your small garden. | <urn:uuid:9470d5b0-2b06-49e6-880b-e7d3137af7b2> | {
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Pinkeye prevention in cattle this summer
Pinkeye is the common name for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, a highly infectious disease that affects the eyes of cattle. It causes infection of the eye itself as well as inflammation of the conjunctiva, the inside lining membrane of the eyelid.
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1215— the penultimate year of the reign of a king with the worst reputation of any in our history—saw England engulfed by crisis.
Weakened by the loss of Normandy, King John faced insurrection by his disgruntled barons. With the assistance of the Archbishop of Canterbury, they drew up a list of their demands. In June, in a quiet Thames-side water-meadow, John attached his regal seal—under oath—to a charter that set limits on regal power. In return, the barons renewed their vows of fealty. Groundbreaking though ‘Magna Carta’ was, it had scant immediate impact as England descended into civil war that would still be raging when John died the following year.
Dan Jones’s vivid account of the vicissitudes of feudal power politics and the workings of thirteenth-century government is interwoven with an exploration of the lives of ordinary people: how and where they worked, what they wore, what they ate, and what role the Church played in their lives. | <urn:uuid:8cd9d233-8321-470c-bd20-d7d41385cd5f> | {
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Abundance and morphology of Paleodictyon nodosum, observed at the Clarion-Clipperton Zone
Paleodictyon is an important trace fossil characterised by a regular hexagonal structure and typical of ancient deep-ocean habitats as far back as the Ordovician. It is represented in modern deep-sea settings by Paleodictyon nodosum, known from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the South Atlantic, and off eastern Australia. Here we report the occurrence of P. nodosum in the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ), abyssal equatorial Pacific, an area characterised by polymetallic nodule fields. At the study site within the International Seabed Authority northeastern Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI-6), P. nodosum appeared as a compact, regular pattern of small circular openings on the seafloor, each pattern interpreted as reflecting the activity of an individual organism. The patterns had a mean size (maximum dimension) of 45 mm ± 16 mm SD (n = 841) and occurred at a density of 0.33 individuals m−2. Most (82%) were interrupted by nodules, but those that were not displayed both regular (59%) and irregular (41%) forms, the former having equal numbers of rows along the three axes (6 x 6 x 6 and 8 x 8 x 8). In both size and morphology, our Paleodictyon traces were more similar to the Australian examples than to those from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
KeywordsPaleodictyon Fossil Clarion-Clipperton Zone Graphoglyptid
The origin of net-like fossil Paleodictyon traces has proved difficult to explain (Seilacher 2007), while the organism responsible for the modern Paleodictyon nodosum structure has eluded discovery, despite detailed in situ submersible observations and intensive analysis of collected material (Rona et al. 2009). It has been suggested that they represent a biogenic sedimentary structure, such as a burrow (Wetzel 2000), or microbial farms for which the vertical shafts provide ventilation (Seilacher 2007; Monaco 2008). Other ideas are that the structure itself is an organism, such as a sponge (Ehrlich 2010) or a xenophyophore (Swinbanks 1982; Levin 1994). However, the detailed study of Rona et al. (2009) failed to support any of these ideas. On the sediment surface the form appears as a symmetric “honeycomb” array of holes (millimetres to a centimetre in size) arranged in three rows at an angle of 120° to each other and linked by vertical shafts to a hexagonal mesh of subsurface tunnels (Honeycutt and Plotnick 2005; Rona et al. 2009). The overall shape is hexagonal to round, with internal hexagons defined by the holes (Ehrlich 2010). Possible burrow formation mechanisms are detailed by (Wetzel 2000), but a burrowing animal would travel huge distances relative to its body length to construct such a burrow (Rona et al. 2009). The symmetry and proportional size increase have been interpreted as indicative of an organism (Rona and Merrill 1978), rather than a burrow. Some morphological variations have been observed; elongation of the pattern (Wetzel 2000) is considered to be tracemaker-controlled, while three-dimensional deformation is thought to be related to the burrowing action (Monaco 2008). Rona et al. (2009) observed some specimens to be flat, while others formed a relief above the sediment surface with a lip around the form; the former was interpreted as degraded and the latter as fresh. A “twinned” form that appeared as two overlapping individuals sharing common holes was recorded by Rona and Merrill (1978).
Here we report new observations of Paleodictyon nodosum from the Clarion Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean, adding to the growing collection of records from the deep sea. Individual examples observed in seabed photographs collected using an autonomous underwater vehicle were used to estimate the density and to assess the morphology of in situ specimens and to compare these results with those found elsewhere in the deep sea.
Material and methods
Data on Paleodictyon nodosum were derived from seabed photographs obtained during RRS James Cook cruise 120 to the southwest corner of the northeastern Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI-6) in the CCZ (17°N, 123°W; 4000 m water depth; Fig. 1) in April/May 2015 (Jones and Scientists 2015). The APEIs are areas protected from deep-sea mining (International Seabed Authority 2011). Downward-facing photographs were taken at 0.87-s intervals using a 5 MP Point Grey Research Grasshopper2 GS2-GE-50S5C camera mounted on the autonomous underwater vehicle Autosub6000 (set up as described in Morris et al. 2014). We analysed a total of 1500 non-overlapping photographs, captured between 2 and 4 m above the seabed and representing ∼2600 m2 of the seabed (2.4 m2 each, at 3.2 m altitude), calculated using photogrammetry as described by Morris et al. (2014).
Individual specimens of P. nodosum were identified, enumerated, and the maximum dimension was measured in randomised seabed photographs. The morphology of a subset of 120 photographed specimens was analysed in detail, including enumerating the numbers of rows of holes in the pattern, and variations in morphology were described qualitatively. Nodule characteristics were determined from 17 boxcores (seabed area 0.25 m2) collected in the area. Nodules found in the surface sediment (0-20 mm) were dried, counted, and their minimum and maximum dimensions were measured (Jones and Scientists 2015).
Results and discussion
Occurrence and density
The seabed in the APEI-6 consisted of fine-grained sediment with polymetallic nodules (mean dimensions 16 mm x 20 mm, determined from box cores) visible on the surface at a density of 338 nodules m−2 (standard error 53 nodules m−2, n = 17). A total of 841 specimens of Paleodictyon nodosum were observed in the photographs, equivalent to 0.33 individuals m−2. The density of Paleodictyon nodosum at APEI-6 in the CCZ was two orders of magnitude smaller than the maximum densities (45 individuals m−2) found at the MAR (Rona et al. 2009), and the distribution of these traces at the MAR was patchy on the scale of kilometres. Paleodictyon was most abundant at shallower depths (3430-3575 m) on margins of a relict hydrothermal zone on the MAR, with sparse occurrences to the end of this field (up to 4 km distance). It was absent around an active high-temperature sulphide mound, 2 km to the west of the high-abundance area. The density in the CCZ was similar to that on the shallower eastern Australian margin (0.2 individuals image−1), where the sediment was a sandy mud of carbonate detritus.
Modern Paleodictyon nodosum is thought to occur at sites with low sedimentation rates (<5 mm ka −1), a characteristic of the CCZ (Khripounoff et al. 2006). It is found at the MAR, where sedimentation is estimated to be 18 mm ka−1 (Scott 1978 in Rona et al. 2009), but not on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (J. Durden, pers. comm.), which has a sedimentation rate of 1.4 mm ka −1 (Carvalho et al. 2011). It is also notably absent from other abyssal sites, including Station M in the eastern Pacific Ocean (4000 m water depth; Jacobsen Stout et al. 2015) and sites on the western margin of Australia (1500-4400 m water depth; Przeslawski et al. 2012). However, the association of P. nodosum with areas of low sedimentation may be related to their longevity. If individuals are not covered by sediment (as in the case of a turbidite) or detritus, and bioturbation is low owing to low organic matter input, then the rate of trace erasure may be low (Wheatcroft et al. 1989), and the individuals may remain visible on the seabed long after they have been abandoned (in the case of a burrow) or after the death of the organism.
The morphology of P. nodosum in the APEI-6 appears to be more variable than at the MAR or on the Australian margin. Of the 120 specimens inspected in detail, only 22 (18%) were complete. The remainder were either formed around surface nodule(s), with the nodule(s) interrupting the pattern, or were missing holes in a central portion of the pattern resulting in “blank” sections in the pattern (Fig. 2). Although some nodules were found immediately below the sediment surface (<20 mm) in the box cores, covered in a thin layer of sediment, the “blank” portions of the pattern are unlikely to be attributed to the presence of such nodules, since the nodules were generally much larger than the area of missing pattern. Some specimens had very round holes, while others had irregular-shaped holes (Fig. 2). The roundness of holes could reflect how recently the structure was constructed, as the agglutination agent binding the sediment (Rona et al. 2009) may degrade over time. “Degraded” specimens were often observed to have missing portions of the pattern. At the MAR, “degraded forms” were covered in millimetres of sediment (Rona et al. 2009). In any case, it cannot be assumed that all Paleodictyon traces in the APEI-6 were “alive” or occupied by the maker. None of those analysed by Rona et al. (2009) yielded any sign of the organism responsible for their creation.
Paleodictyon nodosum has now been observed in abyssal locations in the North and South Atlantic (Rona and Merrill 1978; Ekdale 1980; Rona et al. 2009), the SW Pacific (Przeslawski et al. 2012) and the eastern equatorial Pacific (this study). The wide distribution and abundance of these traces suggests that they influence the local sedimentary structure. However, our new observations cast no light on the maker of these enigmatic traces and their function remains difficult to explain. Future imaging studies could employ time-lapse photography or video to observe the development and degradation of Paleodictyon and any epibenthic or bioturbation activity in the vicinity of a specimen, stereo images to examine its in situ structure, or assess co-occurrence of Paleodictyon to fauna or lebensspuren (life traces) in the seabed. Such studies could provide insight into the origin and ecological function of Paleodictyon in the deep-sea.
We thank the captain and crew of the RRS James Cook 120 research cruise, and the Autosub6000 engineers J. Perrett, E. Richards, D. Roper, R. Marlow, D. Turner and A. Campos. This work forms part of the Managing Impacts of Deep-seA reSource exploitation (MIDAS) project funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) grant agreement n° 603418. The work was also funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council.
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Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. | <urn:uuid:26a46853-07c7-43eb-9cc3-ff15c5f7bf11> | {
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Electroencephalography (EEG), in tandem with mathematical algorithms, has now been used to measure this brain activity externally, researchers from the University of Geneva and Cologne University report. They demonstrated for the first time that this technique is able to record signals usually only seen by implanting electrodes in the brain, paving the way for new, precision clinical applications.
It is very difficult to study and get close to the subcortical areas, which are located in the deepest part of the brain. We know that two key structures in these areas, the thalamus and nucleus accumbens, communicate with each other and the cortex to control motor, emotional and associative activation (higher-level thinking) via electrical oscillations.
“A dysfunction in this communication causes very serious diseases in humans, such as Tourette’s and OCD, which generally begin in adolescence when the brain’s development comes to an end, as well as Parkinson’s disease”,
explains Christoph Michel, a professor in the Department of Basic Neurosciences in UNIGE’s Faculty of Medicine.
The subcortical areas of the brain, situated in its deepest reaches, remain a mystery. Scientists are aware of the critical role they play in motor, emotional and associative activity but do not know precisely how they work.
A number of serious diseases are directly linked to these areas, including Parkinson’s, Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). Existing treatments, based on deep brain stimulation are highly invasive: implanting electrodes into the centre of the brain, which are stimulated electrically by an external stimulator.
“Although this technique has been shown to be effective in Parkinson’s, unfortunately it doesn’t work so well for OCD and Tourette syndrome,”
says Martin Seeber, a researcher in the Department of Basic Neurosciences and the study’s first author.
Non-invasive Analysis Technique
To improve existing treatments, it has become essential to understand how these subcortical zones function and how they communicate. The diseases mentioned above only affect humans, however, and suffer from insufficient animal models.
Since implanting electrodes is an extremely invasive technique, another method was called for to increase the number of subjects studied.
“We naturally thought of EEG, which records the electrical activity of the brain using 256 electrodes placed on the scalp,”
continues Michel. But is it really possible to measure deep brain activity from outside the skull?
In collaboration with a team headed by professor Veerle Visser-Vanderwalle, a neurosurgeon at the University of Cologne, the UNIGE researchers were able to measure and record the electrical activity of the subcortical areas of four OCD and Tourette’s patients who had been given electrode implants.
At the same time, these individuals were equipped with an EEG as the scientists measured the activity of the same areas from the surface.
“The mathematical algorithms that we developed meant we could accurately interpret the data provided by the EEG and ascertain where the brain activity was coming from,”
And the verdict? The results correlated perfectly.
“In obtaining highly similar signals as with the implants, we finally proved that surface EEG can be used to see what is happening in the deepest part of the brain without having to go into it directly!”
says professor Michel.
“Now that we know that EEG can be used to analyse the subcortical zones,” continues Seeber, “we can try to understand how they communicate with each other and the cortex in the hope that we’ll be able to better understand the causes of diseases such as Tourette’s and OCD.”
The scientists are also keen to use the technique to improve current treatment methods, based on rebalancing network interactions using a very slight electric shock. They would also like to apply them to other diseases such as obesity, addiction or Alzheimer’s.
“Lastly, we hope that in time we’ll be able to stimulate the deep brain areas from the surface via an electromagnetic treatment, doing away with electrode implants in the brain once and for all!”
concludes professor Michel.
Martin Seeber, Lucia-Manuela Cantonas, Mauritius Hoevels, Thibaut Sesia, Veerle Visser-Vandewalle & Christoph M. Michel
Subcortical electrophysiological activity is detectable with high-density EEG source imaging
Nature Communications volume 10, Article number: 753 (2019)
Top Image: UNIGE | <urn:uuid:0d226cb8-02b3-465e-8592-54778bc7ac63> | {
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Acid reflux is a common health complaint that occurs when some of the acidic stomach contents go back up into the esophagus – the tube which connects the throat to the stomach.
More than 60 million people in the United States experience acid reflux at least once a month. If you experience it more than twice a week, you may have GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease).
Acid reflux occurs when a ring of muscle (the lower esophageal sphincter) at the bottom of the esophagus doesn’t function correctly. Factors that have been shown to contribute to the condition include:
- citrus fruits;
- tomato-based foods;
- fried, fatty, and spicy foods;
- obesity (extra pounds can put pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter);
- drugs like calcium channel blockers, antihistamines, theophylline, and nitrates;
- eating before bedtime;
- eating large meals;
- alcohol or caffeine intake;
- smoking tobacco;
- hiatal hernia.
Heartburn is the most frequent of the acid reflux symptoms. Other symptoms include:
- bitter or sour taste in the mouth;
- trouble swallowing;
- chronic dry cough.
- proton pump inhibitors;
- mucosal protectants;
- H2-receptor blockers.
It belongs to a family of medications called H2 antagonists which block the production of acid by acid-producing cells in the stomach. It is sold under the trade names – Pepcid, Heartburn Relief, and Acid Reducer.
This medicine is used to reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach. It is a type of medicine called H2 blocker or H2 receptor antagonist.
Famotidine is used to treat:
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome;
- gastroesophageal reflux disease;
- stomach and duodenal ulcers.
Ranitidine is used to:
- prevent inhalation of acid from the stomach in pregnant women during labor;
- prevent recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcers;
- treat peptic ulcers;
- prevent inhalation of acid from the stomach while under general anesthetic during a medical surgery;
- prevent bleeding from stress ulceration in patients who are critically ill;
- treat chronic indigestion related to meals or which disturbs sleep;
- treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, including long-term management of healed oesophagitis, and relieve heartburn;
- treat peptic ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs.
Mechanism of Action
Famotidine works by inhibiting the action of histamine on the cells, hence, reducing the production of acid.
Ranitidine works by blocking the H2 receptors, that stops the cells from producing too much stomach acid. The effect of this medicine can be observed after 60 minutes of administration. Its effects last for about 12 hours.
Possible side effects of famotidine include:
- yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice);
- visual changes;
- irregular heartbeat;
- muscle pain;
- hair loss;
- easy bruising;
Possible side effects of ranitidine include:
- muscle pain;
- difficulty breathing;
- mental confusion;
- stomach pain.
The usual recommended dose of famotidine is 40 mg orally once a day.
The usual recommended dose of ranitidine is 150 mg orally 2 times a day, after the evening meal or at bedtime.
Warnings & Precautions
- do not take the medicine for longer than 14 days unless your doctor tells you that you should;
- do not take more than two capsules, tablets, or chewable tablets in a 24-hour period.
Before taking this H2 receptor antagonist, you should tell your doctor if you have or have ever had:
- liver disease;
- kidney disease;
Famotidine may interact in a negative way with the following medications:
- Cymbalta (duloxetine);
Ranitidine may interact in a negative way with the following medications:
- pazopanib (a selective multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor);
- gefitinib (a drug used for certain breast and lung cancers);
Avoid consuming alcohol while taking these medicines, as it may be damaging to your stomach.
Is It Safe During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding?
Studies have found that these medicines are secreted into breast milk. Discuss with your doctor before using them if you are breast-feeding a baby.
There are no adequate studies of the drugs in pregnant women. Discuss with your doctor before using them if you are pregnant.
Bottom Line – Famotidine vs Ranitidine
Famotidine is a histamine-2 blocker which is used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines. It works by decreasing the amount of acid the stomach produces.
Ranitidine is an H2-antagonist which is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, and duodenal ulcer. It works by blocking the production of acid by acid-producing cells in the stomach.
According to a 2013 study, famotidine is more effective at reducing gastric acid secretion than ranitidine. Also, a 1991 study done at the Gastrointestinal Unit, L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy, established that the efficacy of 20 mg famotidine is comparable to that of ranitidine in preventing duodenal ulcer recurrence.
Another 2011 study conducted by the Pediatric Gastroenterology Department, Shiraz, Iran, concluded that both medicines have equal effect in the treatment of functional dyspepsia.
How to Prevent Acid Reflux and Heartburn
Effective prevention methods include:
- avoid tea, coffee, and soda that contain caffeine, as this stimulant aggravates acid reflux;
- avoid tight-fitting clothing as they may put pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter and abdomen;
- eat smaller meals – large meals fill the stomach and put pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter;
- avoid alcoholic drinks intake because alcohol stimulates the stomach to produce more acid and relaxes the valve between the food pipe and the stomach;
- don’t drink carbonated beverages as they make you burp;
- elevate the head of your bed;
- lose weight if you are obese or overweight since extra stomach fat places unnecessary pressure on your abdomen.
Foods To Avoid
- tomato products;
- spicy foods;
- peppermint and spearmint;
- full-fat dairy products (cheese, butter, milk);
- fried foods, like french fries, onion rings, or doughnuts;
- junk foods, such as hamburgers, hot dogs, and mayonnaise;
- citrus fruits and juices.
Sources https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(98)70010-1/abstract https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8250305 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2011/219287/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/ranitidine | <urn:uuid:f0204695-3640-4d67-9092-5022a169fd3f> | {
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Symptoms of Depression
You may be depressed if you have at least five of these symptoms for 2 weeks or longer, and one of the symptoms is either sadness or loss of interest.
A serious symptom of depression is thinking about death and suicide. If you or someone you care about talks about suicide or feeling hopeless, get help right away.
Learn the warning signs of suicide, which include talking a lot about death, giving things away, or using a lot of alcohol or drugs or both. If you see these signs in yourself or a loved one, get help.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:0a5f9eb3-4189-42b2-b4f4-12aad2067d25> | {
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A study published in the June 2010 issue of Emotion, a journal of the American Psychological Association, examined if Botox injections have an effect on emotional experience.
To test if feedback from facial expressions influences emotional experience, Joshua Davis and Ann Senghas, Barnard College professors who led the research, compared the impact on self-reported emotional experiences of a group who had Botox injections, which paralyze muscles of facial expression, and a control group who had Restylane injections, a filler that does not affect facial muscles.
The abstract says, “When examined alone, Botox participants showed no pre- to post-treatment changes in emotional responses to our most positive and negative video clips.” However, comparing the Botox group to the Restylane group showed that Botox participants exhibited an overall significant decrease in the strength of emotional experience.
“With the advent of Botox, it is now possible to work with people who have a temporary, reversible paralysis in muscles that are involved in facial expressions,” said Davis. “With Botox, a person can respond otherwise normally to an emotional event, e.g. a sad movie scene, but will have less movement in the facial muscles that have been injected, and therefore less feedback to the brain about such facial expressivity. It thus allows for a test of whether facial expressions and the sensory feedback from them to the brain can influence our emotions.”
The findings suggest that feedback from facial expressions is not necessary for emotional experience, but may influence emotional experience in some circumstances. | <urn:uuid:69af35ee-a93b-458e-ac8a-e77c74086ce6> | {
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We fully expect batteries to follow suit with all other electronic components and grow smaller, thinner, and lighter as time ticks on, but we can't say we say this development coming. A team of engineers at Rice University in Houston, TX has invented paintable batteries. Yes. Batteries that can be painted onto any surface or device. The future is here.
The researchers broke down all of the components of a lithium-ion battery and converted them into paint. From there, they layered each different paint on top of each other to emulate a traditional battery cell. When complete the painted battery was able to store and dispel energy just like the battery in your laptop.
So what do you do with spray-on batteries? Well, according to lead researcher Neelam Singh, you can use them on solar panels or to make lightweight energy storage solutions. If the technology gets refined enough to be mainstream and affordable, it could change the home energy game.
[via The Verge] | <urn:uuid:c9347064-c6cb-44f5-8272-d36e749531b1> | {
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AUSTIN CAVERNS. Austin Caverns, a series of caves on Meredith Street in northwest Austin (at 30°18' N, 97°47' W) has been known since the mid-1800s. The caves were exploited commercially for a brief period in 1932 but were judged too dangerous to be open to the public. The entrance was blasted shut. Rainwater and quarrying periodically reopened the cave, requiring further blasting and filling to keep it closed. Part of the cave served as a storm-sewer drain.
BIUBLIOGRAPHY: Vertical Files, Barker Texas History Center, University of Texas at Austin (Caves).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.A. Richard Smith, "AUSTIN CAVERNS," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rqa01), accessed October 01, 2014. Uploaded on June 9, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. | <urn:uuid:c8851e8b-6ef4-4452-a230-dcfdd36ad4c9> | {
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Lab studies could explain how a seemingly stable geologic fault can fail
Some geologic faults suffer from a Jekyll-and-Hyde personality: Sections considered resistant to powerful earthquakes can sometimes produce enormous temblors. New research shows how a quake on one fault segment can weaken a neighboring section, allowing a once-steady segment to suddenly slip.
The findings could explain why Japan saw the devastating March 2011 Tohoku quake on the fault segment it did. Seismic hazards in many other fault zones may also need to be reassessed, scientists report online January 9 in Nature. | <urn:uuid:5f997ab4-dec0-4e15-9055-63f44e7b643b> | {
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Although most historians of books primarily focus on the last four decades, we believe the format of a book is just as important. Most focus their attention on the Western world, but there’s no denying that the East has also managed to contribute several crucial techniques that is used by contemporary artist to this day.
The books of contemporary artists might not even be around today if it wasn’t for centuries of experimentation with materials, form, and technique. Once people started drawing and writing, they needed a surface that was more convenient than a wall in a cave. The book as we know it today took several centuries to develop and the combined knowledge of multiple cultures to exist.
Books in the East have been used for a long time, 3,000 years ago to be exact. Palm leaves, wood, and bamboo of equal width and length were fastened together by a string or cord that ran through a hole in every section. Known as blind books, they basically resemble the venetian blinds that most use in their homes. Cultures in the East also utilised a fan structure to store and record information in a certain order.
Invention of Paper
The Chinese invented paper in 105 AD. This popular material was both strong and flexible. This created a new form of books known as the fold book or concertina. One sheet, or multiple glued together, was basically folded onto itself. People could read it by simply flipping every fold or by opening the entire length to see. It also had hardcovers on the sides for protection. The Chinese culture could also print several images and experimented heavily with movable type long before the Western world.
Clay tablets were made in the West all the way back in 4000 BC. The Egyptians then created writing surfaces by using papyrus plants as they were far more light when compared to clay, but unfortunately too brittle to fold. They were therefore rolled into scrolls and stored.
Both the Romans and Greeks started using papyrus and did most of their writing on thin pieces of wood which were covered by wax or smooth coat. The surfaces were reusable by smoothing or heating the wax. By drilling holes on one side, the Romans were able to link them together with leather or cord. This is the origin of the Western codex which is the form of most of the books we use today.
Combining West and East
Contemporary books basically combine both the Western and Eastern traditions. Several basic forms of the book is usually combined for artists’ books in the same way they combine multiple media. The biggest struggle in the history of the book was to locate the materials and the best format to successfully create a method that was both easy and cheap to produce. While books defy the codification of the format of a book, the experimentation can now inspire artists to find new ways to use a book. | <urn:uuid:78308190-577c-45da-a978-2ee4ac125b1c> | {
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This definition appears very rarely
and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
Samples in periodicals archive:
Babcock was employed by New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, as well as the New Mexico Department of Education, and New Mexico Highway Department.
That is why the New Mexico Department of Education recently selected this integrated system to provide educators at school districts with the data to tie the cost of education expenditures to measured gains in student learning.
NEED materials are correlated to the National Science Education Standards and to the New Mexico Department of Education standards for science, language arts and social studies.
James Holloway, assistant secretary in the Rural Education Division of the New Mexico Department of Education, according to the department's Web page, and former superintendent of schools in Portales. | <urn:uuid:846db0de-87db-4fb2-96b6-50c3e1f2dd4c> | {
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Earth’s familiar 24-hour day may become about 12 hundred-thousandths of a second shorter due to the long-term trend of global warming, a new report contends.
Alongside various environmental disasters that scientist predict will ensue from global warming—believed to be caused by emissions of heat-trapping gases due to human activities—another effect would be a redistribution of Earth’s water. This would occur because of changes in water temperatures.
Felix W. Landerer of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, and colleagues calculated the effects of this redistribution on the Earth’s spin. This in turn determines the length of the day.
If an appreciable amount of the weight of ocean waters redistributes itself toward the poles, this reduces the extent to which the planet as a whole bulges at the equator. This then results in something similar to what happens when a spinning skater pulls her arms in toward herself: the spin speeds up.
Earth may witness an analogous effect, Landerer and colleagues reported in a paper published March 28 in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. The effect occurs because a rise in ocean temperatures would raise sea levels, the scientists explained. A considerable amount of ocean mass may transfer away from deep waters to shallower continental shelves, the seabeds that surround continents.
In addition, “the continental configuration is such that there is a lot of shelf area especially in the higher northern latitudes,” near the North pole, Landerer wrote in an email. Thus, a movement toward shelf areas means a movement toward Earth’s axis of rotation, and away from the equator.
By the end of the next century, enough water mass could shift to shorten the length of day by about 0.12 thousandths of a second, Landerer’s team predicted. They based their calculations on future ocean conditions predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment. | <urn:uuid:b80f1d32-d96d-44aa-aa0d-4fce40be660f> | {
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Just last week Theresa May, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (UK), announced that they would trigger Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on March 29, thereby initiating a two year period of negotiations for the U.K.’s exit from the European Union (EU). Signed in 2007, the Treaty of Lisbon is the most recent founding treaty of the EU. It consolidates constitutional power into one document by amending previous constitutional treaties such as the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Rome. To give some background, Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty is the constitutional grounds for which a country can remove themselves from the EU. In this respect, the UK will remain in the EU until 2019, depending on how long the negotiations take within the two-year period.
Exiting the EU is a lot like removing the gum your younger sibling has just flung into your hair.
As alluded to earlier, the UK ’s departure from the EU is a bit trickier than just triggering a piece of a treaty. In fact, exiting the EU is a lot like removing the gum your younger sibling has just flung into your hair. For starters, he had no clue how hard it would be to take out, or how long it would take to get out. He may first say, “Just rip it out!”—not understanding the principles of how gum works. Others may tell you to just cut it out and work with what you got. But, this is your hair, and you’d rather not look like you lost a fight with a weed-wacker. This gum-hair metaphor—that to some extent has gone on too long—illustrates the difficulties that the UK will face when leaving the EU. Instead of finding ways to remove gum, the UK must renegotiate different trade deals and treaties and begin to develop legislation to replace EU-based legislation. Will there be freedom of movement of people? Of goods? How does taxation now work? How does the UK replace EU subsidies on agriculture and aquaculture? How does the UK prevent the other 27 member states from becoming spiteful?
In preparation to leave the EU, the UK has taken a few steps to ensure that some aspects of the transition are smooth. First, the UK government established an entire department of the government to oversee the process. The Department for the Exiting the European Union (DEXEU) develops policy work to support the UK ’s position during negotiations, works with the devolved parliaments in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, as well as supports the Prime minister in her negotiations. DEXEU also has tried to develop the best strategies for the UK post-Brexit. In addition to DEXEU, the UK’s Parliament has also established its own select committee titled The Exiting the European Union Committee. This committee essentially holds the government—led by Theresa May and DEXEU—accountable for their actions. This committee also questions different groups, academics, experts, and politicians about how Brexit will affect them. Most recently, the committee held a hearing for Sadiq Khan, the Mayor of London, on London’s response to the government’s white paper on Brexit priorities. This has been a great concern for London, as London’s economy undoubtedly benefited from the freedom of movement of people. Furthermore, London is the economic and cultural epicenter of the UK and was a large portion of the Remain Camp during the Referendum. To some degree, the UK has done all it can in preparation for negotiations, as the negotiations are out of the full control of the UK
Unlike getting gum stuck in your hair, the silver lining may be more than a rad pixie cut. There are mixed feelings in the business world in regards to Brexit. Multinational corporations have begun to construct post-Brexit contingency plans. Bank of America has stated that it will move its European Office to Dublin. The fear of relocation of business was a large concern of those who wished to remain in the EU. In response to this concern, the UK looks to slash corporate taxes to incentivize business to stay. Furthermore, opponents of Brexit often cited the loss of the single EU market as catastrophic for the UK. However, there have been some positive effects of Brexit already. Notably, the pound fell by more than ten percent to $1.34 the day after Brexit. The pound saw flash crashes in both October and January where it traded under a $1.20. If you know something about weaker currencies, you may know that a weak pound is not necessarily a bad thing. While a weaker pound means that the pound does not go as far in international markets, it does mean that UK exports are cheaper to purchase than before, and also relative to other states’ exports. In addition, a lower exchange rate makes it cheaper for tourists to pay for their expenses, thereby increasing traffic to the UK
Tourism and cheaper exports may sound good. However, what if the UK has no export markets? The UK currently trades the most with the U.S., but the next three of its top trading partners are within the EU. Countries usually trade with countries that are close to them, yet the UK in some respects may be able to have its cake and eat it too. If the UK is unable to access the single market, it will have to look elsewhere or overhaul relations with its other big trading partners. Furthermore, the UK may be able to use the lowered exchange rate as leverage during negotiations, as UK exports are now more appealing. A paper published by London’s National Institute for Economic and Social Research found that shifting trading partners would not fully mitigate the effects posed by leaving the single market. However, the paper also cited that it was difficult to come to this conclusion as no state has left the single market. These are all things that the UK government will have to take into consideration after triggering Article 50.
If the past has taught us anything, it is that people are awful at predicting the future. In this respect, we have no certainty to determine what our post-Brexit haircut may look like. For all we know, the UK might be in a grunge phase.
Removing the gum from the UK’s hair will be difficult; the UK government will have to ensure that any of the negative effects incurred by Brexit are neutralized by the benefits of leaving. Leaving the EU will be a lengthy and difficult process; however, it will most likely not be the end of the UK as we know it. Like most things in politics and economics, there are multitudes of unknowns. People in general have failed to predict the results of Brexit, the U.S. presidential election, the market value of Snapchat, and even the weather—which is solely a natural phenomenon. If the past has taught us anything, it is that people are awful at predicting the future. In this respect, we have no certainty to determine what our post-Brexit haircut may look like. For all we know, the UK might be in a grunge phase. | <urn:uuid:d7793231-cf60-4c96-94dd-6eb8f8bc3333> | {
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On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated as he rode in a presidential motorcade through Dallas, Texas. After Kennedy’s death, many civil rights leaders feared that their dream of racial equality would die along with him. The new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, had never supported the movement. A conservative Democrat from Texas, he had opposed civil rights legislation while serving as the Senate majority leader.
However, in 1963, Johnson surprised black and white Americans alike by announcing that he would honor Kennedy’s commitment to the civil rights cause and that he recognized the need for stronger civil rights legislation. Johnson supported civil rights not so much because he believed personally in the movement but because he wanted to establish himself as the new leader of the Democratic Party and take control of the issue before it spun out of control. As a result, Johnson pushed for an even stronger civil rights bill than Kennedy had ever intended to pass.
After months of wrangling, Johnson finally managed to convince enough southern conservatives in the House and Senate to support and pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act consisted of a bundle of landmark laws that outlawed segregation and discrimination in public places, forbade racial discrimination in the workplace, created the Equal Opportunity Commission to enforce these new laws, and gave more power to the president to prosecute violators. Civil rights leaders hailed the passage of the act as the most important victory over racism since the civil rights bills passed by Radical Republicans during Reconstruction.
One interesting aspect of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was that it outlawed not only racial discrimination but also discrimination on the basis of color, nationality, religion, and gender. Conservative southerners had actually had gender equality written into the document in the hope that it would kill the bill before it even got out of committee. However, conservatives lost their gamble, and the act passed with the gender provisions, boosting the growing feminist movement and protecting millions of working women.
Later in 1964, Johnson and liberal Democrats were able to get the Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified. Designed to help both poor whites and blacks in the South, the amendment outlawed federal poll taxes as a requirement to vote in federal elections.
Meanwhile, the SNCC and CORE, hoping to provoke southern extremists even further, organized a voter registration campaign in Mississippi. As in most southern states, less than 10 percent of the black population was registered to vote, even though blacks outnumbered whites in many districts. The SNCC recruited nearly 1,000 northern white college students to register voters and teach civics classes to black Mississippians in a campaign that it called Freedom Summer. | <urn:uuid:2d953708-4a60-4b92-a1c1-1ae322789a1b> | {
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The Daily Mail reports that “a popular epilepsy drug can reverse the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease”. It goes on to report that valproic acid (VPA) reduced the formation of “patches of sticky protein, or plaques, that clog the brain in Alzheimer’s” and improved memory in tests on mice. The newspaper reports that these results were so encouraging that a pilot trial in humans with Alzheimer’s has begun. Professor Clive Ballard, who is director of research at the Alzheimer’s Society, is quoted as saying: “Although this is encouraging evidence, valproic acid …had a number of side effects. We wouldn’t currently recommend it as a clinical treatment for Alzheimer’s. We look forward to the results of ongoing human trials."
This preliminary research in mice does indicate that VPA can reduce plaque formation in mouse brains, but did not show that it could “reverse” damage that has already been caused; this is also supported by the fact that effects on memory only occurred if VPA was given early enough. Until the results are obtained from the human trials, it remains unclear whether similar effects can be seen in humans with Alzheimer’s.
Where did the story come from?
Dr Hong Qing and colleagues from the University of British Columbia and other research centres in Canada, China, Switzerland and the US carried out this research. The study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Jack Brown and Family Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. The study was published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Experimental Medicine.
What kind of scientific study was this?
This was a laboratory study in mice. It looked at the effects of the drug valproic acid (VPA) on the formation of amyloid beta plaques in the brains of mice genetically engineered to develop an Alzheimer’s-like condition (APP23 and APP23/PS45 mice). It also looked at the drug’s effects on brain cells from these mice, and on their ‘memory’ behaviour.
People with Alzheimer’s disease develop two types of abnormal clumps of proteins within their nerve cells, called plaques and tangles. The main protein found in the plaques is amyloid beta, which is formed when a larger protein called beta amyloid precursor protein (APP) is broken down by enzymes called secretases. It is thought that the plaques and tangles contribute to the death of the nerve cells. Researchers think that by blocking their formation it might be possible to slow or stop Alzheimer’s disease. VPA is a drug that is used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic depression).
The researchers gave daily injections of VPA to a group of APP23 mice from seven or nine months of age. A group of age-matched mice were injected with a control solution not containing VPA. After four weeks of treatment, a memory test (the Morris water maze test) was given to both groups of mice, and their performance was compared. The memory test involves placing the mouse in a swimming tank with an escape platform. In the first set of tests, the platform is visible to the mice, but in the second set it is hidden a few millimetres under the surface of the water. The test assesses how well the mice remember where the platform is, by measuring how much they have to swim around and how long it takes them to find the platform. The experiment is repeated at hourly or 24 hourly intervals. In the final test, the platform is removed, and the researchers measure how long the mice spend looking in the area of the tank where the platform was previously located.
The researchers also looked at the mice’s brains to see how many amyloid beta plaques had built up in both groups (VPA treated and control) either immediately after treatment, or one or two months later. The researchers carried out similar experiments in another type of genetically engineered mouse called APP23/PS45 mice, which normally develop plaques earlier than the APP23 mice, by one month of age. These mice were given VPA from six weeks of age. The researchers then looked at how VPA might have an effect on amyloid beta plaques, by measuring the amounts of APP and amyloid beta in the VPA treated and untreated mice’s brains.
What were the results of the study?
The researchers found that after four weeks of VPA treatment, the number of amyloid beta plaques in the brains of seven-month-old APP23 mice reduced about four-fold compared with control. These effects still seemed to be present up to two months after treatment. The treatment also reduced plaque formation in nine-month-old APP23 mice by about two-fold, and by about five-fold in six-week-old APP23/PS45 mice.
When the mice’s ability to reach a visible escape platform in a swimming tank was tested, no difference was found between VPA-treated and untreated seven-month-old APP23 mice. This showed that the mice had the same visual and swimming abilities. However, when the platform was hidden under the water’s surface so the mice had to remember where it was, the VPA treated mice could remember where the platform was better than the untreated mice by the third and fourth day of testing. When the researchers repeated these tests on the nine-month-old APP23 mice, they found no difference in the performance of VPA treated and untreated groups. In APP23/PS45 mice, VPA treatment did not have an effect on how quickly they found the hidden platform or on how much they swam around before finding it. However, VPA treated mice did spend more time looking in the area of the pool where the platform had been, in the test where the platform was removed.
When the researchers looked at the mice’s brains, the researchers found that VPA treated mice had higher levels of APP in their brains, and lower levels of amyloid beta than control mice. A similar effect was seen when VPA was applied to nerve cells from APP23/PS45 mice in the laboratory.
What interpretations did the researchers draw from these results?
The researchers concluded that VPA reduced plaque formation in the brain and improved memory deficits in a genetically modified mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. The effects on memory were only seen if VPA was given at an early stage. They say that this “suggests that VPA may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of [Alzheimer’s disease]”.
What does the NHS Knowledge Service make of this study?
This study indicates that VPA has some effect on the formation of amyloid beta plaques in genetically modified mice with an Alzheimer’s-like condition. This may result in memory improvements if treatment is given early enough. However, it is too early to know whether VPA would offer similar benefits in humans. Substantial benefits in memory were only seen in one strain of mice (the APP23 mice) and only in those treated at an early stage of their disease. Additionally, the experiments were relatively short term.
It is unclear how well this test of memory represents the complex cognitive defects seen in humans with Alzheimer’s, which in addition to memory impairment, includes other problems with language, recognition and daily functioning. As VPA is already a drug approved for use in humans, it would have been easier for researchers to gain approval for testing the drug in treating Alzheimer’s in humans, and newspapers report that such a trial has already begun. VPA has previously been tested in people with Alzheimer’s disease for treating agitation, but was not found to have a significant effect on this outcome. It also carries a risk of side effects such as sedation at higher doses. These risks would have to be weighed up against any potential benefits found in future trials.
Analysis by Bazian
Edited by NHS Website
Links to the science
J Exp Med 2008; Oct 27
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, Issue 2 | <urn:uuid:cc79372c-c3e2-445c-8a67-639a2563cbcd> | {
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Washington, DC — Although the Japanese nuclear reactor disaster is still unfolding with no end in sight, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has cut its radiation monitoring back to pre-tsunami levels, according to a statement posted on the agency website last week. As a result, stepped-up testing of precipitation, drinking water and milk has ended, with EPA saying that the next round of sampling “will take place in approximately three months.”
In its May 3, 2011 statement, the agency contends that detected radiation levels have “been very low, are well below any level of public health concern, and continue to decrease over time” so it will return to routine, quarterly sampling. Today Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) questioned EPA’s radiation monitoring relaxation, citing –
- The 50-year old RadNet monitoring network has wide geographic gaps and many inoperable monitors. EPA reversed plans to place deployable monitors to fill gaps up and down the West Coast. EPA is also considering withdrawing the few added monitors it had placed in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam and Saipan;
- Elevated levels of Iodine-131, Cesium-134, Cesium-137, and Strontium-90, radionuclides emitted from the Fukushima nuclear complex, are showing up in milk. In the case of the I-131, the levels exceed EPA’s permissible limits for drinking water under the Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA has no separate standards for milk.) There is no safe or non-harmful level of radiation for human consumption; and
- Radioactive iodine levels in rainwater have been found, and continue to be found, significantly exceeding the EPA’s own Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 3piC/L for drinking water. EPA downplays the public health risk by noting that the “MCL for iodine-131 was calculated based on long-term chronic exposures over the course of a lifetime 70 years. The levels seen in rainwater are expected to be relatively short in duration.”
At the same time, EPA continues to review a plan to dramatically increase permissible radioactive levels in drinking water and soil following “radiological incidents,” such as nuclear power-plant accidents. The proposed radiation guides (called Protective Action Guides or PAGs) allow long-term cleanup standards thousands of times more lax than anything EPA has ever before accepted, permitting doses to the public that EPA itself estimates would cause a cancer in as much as every fourth person exposed.
“This is the worst possible time for EPA to roll back radiological protections for Americans,” added Ruch, pointing out that the EPA PAGs are favored by the nuclear industry but are vigorously opposed by public health professionals inside EPA. “The lesson from Fukushima should not be that we just have to learn to live with high levels of industrial radioactive pollution.”
Documents PEER obtained under the Freedom of Information Act indicate that EPA made a decision to approve the PAGs months ago but has yet to make an official announcement. Last fall the agency hired contractors to prepare a Communications Plan for it. Sources tell PEER that EPA is ready to send the PAGs over to the White House Office of Management & Budget for approval prior to publication in the Federal Register.
Read EPA return to routine monitoring statement
View the unimplemented radiation deployable monitor plan
Look at refusal to put monitors on the West Coast
See e-mail indicating EPA has approved the PAGs
Examine concerns about the laxity of the PAGs
Review EPA consultant report on how to roll out the PAGs | <urn:uuid:eacaa584-190e-4f9b-913f-bdeb9d297894> | {
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Synopsis: After reading and discussing the book The Giving Tree, students reflect and write about the gift they would most like to give.
Students will discuss the message of The Giving Tree.
Students will write a message about giving to be shared with classmates and others.
Electronic ways of sharing student gift ideas (after reading aloud and discussing):
Create an online book using a tool such as Bookemon (reviewed here) or a Voicethread (reviewed here) collection of narrated images. Be sure to include some colorful images, either digital pictures or clip art to make it into a "giving tree." Have each student compose one page of the book, working on a classroom computer or as a whole class on your interactive whiteboard. Share the online book by emailing the URL to class parents and others with whom you would like to share your "gift." Allow others to comment on the book, adding their own "gift ideas" to the tree. Share the URL for the finished product via email with your class parents! This no-cost gift will mean more than something purchased at a store.
Or, with younger students, create a "big book" using one PowerPoint slide per student for his/her giving tree message. Allow students to compose the visual elements as they wish. Combine the slides into one show* and print it landscape mode on large format paper. Laminate and bind. Then allow students to "sign out" the book to take it home for the evening and read it to parents.
If your elementary school has the capability to share a computer slide show in the cafeteria, why not permit every student in the school create a Giving Tree slide and run the show on a "loop" throughout lunchtime during December, adding new slides as you get them. In a middle or high school, a "graffiti wall" (paper or web-based) of Giving Tree ideas may work better, as long as someone monitors for appropriateness.
2nd Grade, 3rd Grade, 4th Grade | <urn:uuid:a59b2683-8576-4757-9620-9188b3252bc6> | {
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The 1907 Dock Strike
The 1907 Dock strike was the high point of the Belfast labour movement.
The Edwardian period saw Belfast at the crest of a long wave of industrial and geographical expansion. Skilled workers in shipbuilding and engineering were, by UK standards, well paid, well housed, and unionised. Nevertheless, unskilled workers were poorly paid relative to their UK counterparts, and employers were able to draw on huge numbers of unskilled rural workers. According to John Gray, the gap in wages and living standards between the two groups was, ‘a yawning abyss, unequalled anywhere else in the United Kingdom.’
The first annual conference of the British Labour Party was held in Belfast in early 1907. Labour organiser and socialist agitator James Larkin attended, intent on the organisation of Belfast's 3100 dockers, 2000 of who were casual ‘spellsmen’ hired at low rates on a daily basis. Even for regularly employed dockers, wages were low, and the working week could be as long as 75 hours.
The National Union of Dock Labourers organised almost 400 of these men in 1891, but their presence was broken by a lock out in 1892, when the press characterised the union leadership as ‘Fenians.’ However, only one month after his arrival in Belfast, Larkin had again achieved membership of 400. By April, he had recruited 2000 new members.
In the same month, unskilled, non-union workers at Samuel Davidson's Sirocco engineering works held a strike over pay. Davidson promptly dismissed the union members among his workforce. When coal merchant Samuel Kelly tried to follow suit, almost his entire workforce walked out. Early in May, dockers working on the SS Optic, owned by the Belfast Steamship Company, also conducted a strike. Employers, led by Thomas Gallaher the tobacco magnate and owner of the Steamship Company, had clearly anticipated the move. More than 50 blackleg dockers were already en route to Belfast. The day after their arrival, NUDL dockers drove the blacklegs from Kelly’s coal quays and the Belfast Steamship Company’s sheds.
Kelly capitulated and granted union recognition alongside the pay rise the coal heavers had demanded. Now Gallaher was the main enemy. Hundreds of scabs were working his Donegall Quay under police protection, and soon the RIC were joined by troops requisitioned by Belfast’s Lord Mayor. Larkin referred to Gallaher as 'an obscene scoundrel' and repeatedly lambasted him in speeches.
With the strike spreading, 1000 of Gallaher’s tobacco workers walked out and attended a meeting of striking dockers. In mid June, 500 coal heavers for other firms struck for pay, and unrest escalated rapidly. Further disputes involved sailors, firemen and iron moulders. The NUDL increased tensions by demanding a wage increase in addition to union recognition. On June 25, smaller cross channel and cargo firms capitulated, and on the next day all dockers working the Heysham, Barrow, and Fleetwood berths walked out. This ambitious escalation, a direct threat to railway companies in Great
Britain, also supplied Gallaher with powerful allies.
Meanwhile carters on the railway company quays refused to handle goods unloaded by the blackleg dockers imported from Dublin. They submitted a general pay claim and on July 4 all carters in Belfast struck. Now even if Gallaher and the other employers managed to unload vessels, they were unable to move them out of the port. The Belfast News Letter reported ‘stagnation … from the Custom House to the Clarendon Dock.’
The strike continued to spread despite the Lord Mayor’s request for more troops from Dublin. Boilermakers and engineers were out, closing premises across the city. Riots in support of the strikers’ demands broke out on the Protestant Ravenhill Road in east Belfast and, significantly, on the Catholic nationalist Falls Road in the west.
Following an incident on July 19 when an RIC constable refused to escort a blackleg goods driver, 200-300 police officers attended an angry meeting at Musgrave Street police station. A week later, another illegal meeting attracted perhaps 800 officers, about two thirds of the Belfast force. Having prevaricated for a month, the military now rushed thousands of troops including cavalry into the city. Warships arrived in Belfast lough. This was effectively the imposition of martial law, and by early August some transport was moving in the city.
Breakdown of the Strike
The breakdown of the strike can be attributed to numerous factors. Perhaps confused and frightened by the degree of working class cohesion and militancy, the representatives of the British labour movement in Belfast began to guardedly dissociate themselves from both the strike and from Larkin. The press also employed scare mongering tactics, peddling the twin threats of socialism and Irish nationalism. Negotiations with some employers brought sectional settlements and isolated the dockers.
A body blow to the unity of the strike, or at least the perception of working class unity, was the military reaction to rioting on the lower Falls. After responding to stone and bottle throwers with bayonet and cavalry charges, soldiers fired on the crowds on Monday, August 12. Although troops were withdrawn from the area on the following day, the damage had been done. A distinction had been drawn between nationalist and unionist sections of the working class, and opportunistic unionist and nationalist politicians, as well as the press— particularly the Belfast Telegraph—drummed home the sectarian message.
By September, the strikers were as good as defeated. Settling with non-unionised workers, retaining blacklegs, and locking out union members, the employers isolated Larkin and the dockers. Despite localised outbursts of unrest carrying on into the winter, the strike was effectively over and the employers’ reaction began.
City in Revolt: James Larkin and the Belfast Dock Strike of 1907 (1985) by John Gray; Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class 1905-23 (1991) by Austen Morgan; James Larkin (2002) by Emmett O’Connor; Divine Gospel of Discontent: The Story of the Belfast Dockers and Carters Strike 1907 (1980) by Fergus O’Hare; Class Conflict and Sectarianism: The Protestant Working Class and the Belfast Labour Movement 1868-1920 (1980) by Henry Patterson.
Consult the Linen Hall Library catalogue | <urn:uuid:ea888293-7786-436f-a01e-25007a87a1b8> | {
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Anglo-Saxon tribes of Britain. The name is derived from their residence beside or close to an old ford.
Early Origins of the Oldforthe family
Lincolnshire at Alford, a market-town and parish, in the union of Spilsby, Wold division of the hundred of Calceworth. The place name derives its name from an old ford over a stream that twice runs through it. The first record of the place name was found in the Domesday Book of 1086 where it was listed as Alforde. CITATION[CLOSE]
Williams, Dr Ann. And G.H. Martin, Eds., Domesday Book A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0-141-00523-8) Alford Manor House is located there and is believed to be the largest thatched manor house in England, built about 1611. Alford Windmill is a five-sailed windmill, the only survivor of the four original windmills that operates today grinding grain to organic flour. Alford is also a village and parish on the River Alham, in Somerset. This latter local was listed in the Domesday Book as Aldedeford and in this case it literally meant "ford of a woman called Ealdgyth." CITATION[CLOSE]
Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4) "In the 9th of Elizabeth, Francis Alforde claimed the manor [of Widness with Appleton in Lancashire] by grant from the queen." CITATION[CLOSE]
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print. Another Alford is found in Surrey where it is a village and civil parish on the West Sussex border. It is difficult to determine which of these parishes was the original home of this family, but more than likely the Lincolnshire estates were the first owned by the family group. The family later migrated to Berkshire, where it became a family of great prominence.
Early History of the Oldforthe family
Another 299 words (21 lines of text) covering the years 1184, 1273, 1275, 1634, 1641, 1763, 1908, 1590, 1649, 1626, 1648, 1595, 1653, 1628, 1644, 1645, 1691, 1679, 1690, 1626, 1636, 1686 and 1761 are included under the topic Early Oldforthe History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Oldforthe Spelling Variations
spelling variations in names were a common occurrence. As the English language changed in the Middle Ages, absorbing pieces of Latin and French, as well as other languages, the spelling of people's names also changed considerably, even over a single lifetime. Many variations of the name Oldforthe have been found, including Allford, Alford, Aleford, Aldeford, Alforde, Allferd, Alferd, Allforth, Alforth, Alsford and many more.
Early Notables of the Oldforthe family (pre 1700)
(c. 1590-1649), an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1626 and 1648; Sir Edward Alford (ca. 1595-1653), an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1628 and 1644...
Another 49 words (4 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Oldforthe Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Oldforthe family to the New World and Oceana
In an attempt to escape the chaos experienced in England, many English families boarded overcrowded and diseased ships sailing for the shores of North America and other British colonies. Those families hardy enough, and lucky enough, to make the passage intact were rewarded with land and a social environment less prone to religious and political persecution. Many of these families became important contributors to the young colonies in which they settled. Early immigration and passenger lists have documented some of the first Oldforthes to arrive on North American shores: Richard Alford, who settled in Virginia in 1624; at the age of 26. He was followed by John, also to Virginia in 1663; and Nico Alford who settled in St. Christopher, Florida, in 1635..
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Teach students different types of writing, including narratives, poems, reports, explanations, and more. Sample texts and a variety of activities help guide students and give them practice in writing similar types of text. Additional activities for grammar, punctuation, vocabulary, and spelling are also included. 80 pp.
Reviewed By: YS
This workbook is easy to use and includes great lessons
Reviewed By: San Jose, CA
This is good book but it is very simple. Maybe I should gotten Writing Lessons for Grade 4. | <urn:uuid:723f80a0-2d27-4af9-ac0d-7a63953e021a> | {
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The Wisconsin Farm to School Program encourages healthy lifestyles in children and supports local economies. In Wisconsin, comprehensive farm to school programs combine local or procurement efforts, nutrition and agricultural education, and student engagement activities such as school gardening, in order to provide students with the broadest benefits. Farm to school activities in Wisconsin have been gaining momentum since 2002, with local food served in more than 200 school districts across the state. Through the commitment of a strong network of partners — including state agencies, schools, farmers, distributors, nonprofits, parents and students — farm to school has become a vibrant movement connecting kids to healthy, local food and connecting farmers to happy, local customers.
The state of Wisconsin has been a strong supporter of farm to school. In 2009, the Legislature enacted Act 293 to promote the growth of a farm to school program, including provisions for a state advisory council and a state coordinator through the Department of Agriculture.
Goals of Wisconsin Farm to School
1. Strengthen local economies by expanding markets for Wisconsin agricultural producers and food entrepreneurs.
2. Promote children's health by providing fresh and minimally processed foods in schools and supporting the development of healthy eating habits.
3. Increase children's and communities' knowledge about agriculture, food, nutrition and the environment.
Wisconsin Farm to School partners host diverse programs that range in scale and scope. Food, agriculture and nutrition education programs include a farmer or chef visit to the classroom, school gardens, cooking contests, and more. Some farm to school programs may serve one school in a rural area, while others work at a county-wide scale or beyond. Schools may work closely with their distributors to obtain local product, work directly with local producers in their communities, or both. Every year the reach of the programs grows: integrating more fresh and local foods into school cafeterias, educating more students, and providing more economic benefit to local farmers. | <urn:uuid:2ea8b30b-fc42-4608-9ad4-77fb82fef758> | {
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The world-renowned physicist, Freeman Dyson of Princeton's Advanced Institute of Study (Einstein's former home), wrote that "Life may succeed against all odds in molding the Universe to its own purposes. And the design of the inanimate Universe may not be as detached from the potentialities of life and intelligence as scientists of the 20th century have tended to suppose."
The underlying assumption of Dyson's statement is his belief that in a universe some 14 billion years old that their are advanced technological civilizations in existence far more ancient than our 4.5 billion year-old Earth who are capable of feats of "macro-engineering" that we can hardly imagine.
Following Dyson's lead, Milan Cirkovic of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade believes that rather than searching for radio or optical laser signals, the search for should seek out artifacts of cosmic macro-engineering, which might include Dyson Spheres -an artificial cluster of rotating objects the size of a planetary orbit that would collect almost all the solar energy available and create a vast habitat for life.
In a recent paper Cirkovic wrote that this approach makes far more sense to detect a civilization immensely older and more advanced than us: "It seems preposterous even to contemplate any possibility of communication between us and billion-year old super civilizations."
Cirkovic calls his recommendation the "Dysonian Approach": "Even," he continues,"if they are not actively communicating with us, that does not mean that we cannot detect them and their astro-engineering activities. Their detection signatures may be much older than their communication signatures. Unless they have taken great lengths to hide or disguise their detection signatures, the terrestrial observer should still be able to observe them at those wavelengths and those should be distinguishable from normal stellar spectra."
Echoing Cirkovic and Dyson is Luc Arnold (Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France), who suggests that the same methods could be employed to find artificial planet-sized objects in orbit around stars. Arnold belives that transits of multiple objects could be used to emit signals that might be detected by other civilizations.
The light-curves of objects from spheres to triangles and even more exotic shapes will have their own distinctive signature, even as multiple objects could send a ‘message’ whose timing and number would announce the willingness of their makers to communicate.
Upcoming missions like Kepler and the European Corot, according the Centauri Dreams blog, may be able to detect such objects as they look for planetary transits.
Source: Cirkovic, "Macro-Engineering in the Galactic Context: A New Agenda for Astrobiology." | <urn:uuid:d516e822-f7f6-4293-bead-92dc89eb03da> | {
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|PostgreSQL 8.3.23 Documentation|
|Prev||Fast Backward||Chapter 33. The Information Schema||Fast Forward||Next|
The columns of the information schema views use special data types that are defined in the information schema. These are defined as simple domains over ordinary built-in types. You should not use these types for work outside the information schema, but your applications must be prepared for them if they select from the information schema.
These types are:
A nonnegative integer.
A character string (without specific maximum length).
A character string. This type is used for SQL identifiers, the type character_data is used for any other kind of text data.
A domain over the type timestamp with time zone
Every column in the information schema has one of these four types.
Boolean (true/false) data is represented in the information schema by a column of type character_data that contains either YES or NO. (The information schema was invented before the type boolean was added to the SQL standard, so this convention is necessary to keep the information schema backward compatible.) | <urn:uuid:0e8d3087-e15f-40ea-a6b9-53afa43c53a4> | {
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Riding has risks. Every time we swing our leg over the seat, we run the equation of risk versus reward and had the solution come out in favor of dropping a gear. Most of us do everything we can to minimize those risks, from advanced classes and practicing to special gear and routine maintenance. Situational preparedness is a foundational safety concept that is often overlooked.
Intersections: Stopping at intersections is dangerous, and unfortunately going through intersections is dangerous too, the important thing is to understand why:
- Left Turns: According to the National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA), 36 percent of motorcycle accident fatalities are caused by left turns, and 74 percent of motorcycle motor vehicle crashes are head-on collisions. Intersections and turning places are where you need to be on your highest alert. Watch the oncoming or turning traffic and don’t hang out in a car’s blind spot because if it’s a two-lane intersection, a turning car could make a rapid turn and not even see you. Slow down, cover your horn if you can, flash your blights and don’t proceed until you are sure it is safe, a driver can look straight at you and not see you.
- Neutral is for Switzerland: According to a 2007 NHTSA study, rear-end collisions account for 11 percent of motorcycle deaths, that’s roughly 600 fatalities in the U.S. every year. Keep an eye on your mirror, consider keeping your bike in gear and have an open space to aim for if it looks like someone doesn’t see you at a stop (or in traffic).
Inclement Weather: Riding in the rain isn’t terrible, but you should be mentally prepared. Rain is most dangerous in the first hour or two, or if it’s misting lightly, especially if it hasn’t rained in a while. Oil and sediment are lifted from the road and create a slick film before being washed away. Try to stay off the center of the lane where oil collects. Road lines and metal railways will be like ice. If you have to cross them, try to hit them straight on and bear in mind that you’ll be less visible.
Between you and the Pavement: Take five seconds to check your tires regularly. Make sure they have sufficient tread (learn the penny trick), have rain grooves and are in good condition. Your tires are literally the only thing between you and the pavement.
Distracted Driving: We ride and drive in a scary world today. Far too often when I look over at another driver, I see someone texting, snapping, applying makeup, making a sandwich, or doing something else equally terrifying. The average text takes 4.6 seconds to read or write. Just three seconds of texting while driving at 65 mph is equal to driving the length of a football field, blindfolded. It goes without saying, but ALSO bears repeating, be aware, be alert, and if you see someone driving erratically in any way, give them space.
Blind Spots: Stay out of them. Whether you’re riding or driving, they’re not a safe place to be. The society of automotive engineers (SAE) recently conducted a study that found a whopping 47 percent of drivers don’t use their turn signals before merging, which is yet another reason to leave ample space and steer clear of blind spots.
Nighttime: I’m not saying not to ride at night. I AM saying that when you ride at night, you are taking an already hard-to-see vehicle and essentially camouflaging it. Headlights and taillights can fade or go out, OR by manufacturer’s design (or fabricator’s modification) be insufficient. If a driver has reversed their rearview mirror will they KNOW there's a vehicle behind them? I once pulled up next to a rider that appeared out of nowhere at night. He was previously behind me and his headlight was on, but it was essentially nonexistent for that bike model, and he had no idea. I rolled down my window and told him about it, he looked surprised and terrified, of me or that fact we’ll never know.
Light Test: Do yourself a favor this riding season and park your bike somewhere dark and turn on its lights. Then walk 30 feet away and take a good hard look at it. Is it extremely noticeable? If not, consider making (legal) modifications to make it so, your life may depend on it.
Midcorner Hazards: It’s a terrifying moment for any rider to find something midcorner that they didn’t expect. Straighten the bike if possible before braking. If not possible, brake as hard as you can without skidding, then release, straighten and brake again. It is important to use as much of the back brake as possible when the bike is not straight because you can control a back end slide much more than a front. Target fixating can be a serious problem too, so try to aim for wide-open spaces.
Reading safety facts about motorcycles can be intimidating, but should never deter a passion. According to a 2013 NHTSA study, out of 8,404,687 motorcycles registered in the United States, there were 4,668 fatalities and 88,000 injuries. That’s a 0.06 percent fatality rate and 1.05 percent injury rate for the entire nation. The importance of safety and avoiding crashes is so critical on motorcycles due to the lack of protection you have while riding one, only an individual rider can decide what level of protection they will employ to try and balance those risks.
We at Hupy and Abraham, S.C. always encourage everyone to ride responsibly, and promote the Watch for Motorcycles message.
Written by: Melissa Juranitch | <urn:uuid:998212c3-64f5-4cd5-a507-78dab809f3d0> | {
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|Scientific Name:||Emberiza aureola Pallas, 1773|
|Taxonomic Source(s):||del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.|
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Endangered A2acd+3cd+4acd ver 3.1|
|Reviewer(s):||Butchart, S. & Symes, A.|
|Contributor(s):||Ayé, R., Chan, S., Duckworth, W., Eames, J.C., Ellermaa, M., Evans, T., Fellowes, J., Flade, M., Frenzel, M., Gilbert, M., Goes, F., Goroshko, O., Gray, T., Heim, W., Inskipp, C., Kamp, J., Kämpfer, S., Lau, M., Mischenko, A., Moores, N., Pilgrim, J., Poole, C., Reinhard, A., Round, P., Thompson, P., Tordoff, J., Williams, M., Wolanska, K., Zhang, M. & Zöckler, C.|
|Facilitator/Compiler(s):||Benstead, P., Derhé, M., Mahood, S., Taylor, J., Ashpole, J, Westrip, J.|
This species has been uplisted from Vulnerable because of indications that the rate of population decline is more rapid than previously thought. It is listed as Endangered, despite its high abundance locally, because of compelling evidence that it is undergoing a very rapid population decline owing mainly to trapping in its non-breeding range. A programme of co-ordinated range-wide monitoring and action is badly needed to quantify the magnitude of the decline and reduce the impact of threats.
|Previously published Red List assessments:|
|Range Description:||This species once bred across the northern Palaearctic from Finland, Belarus and Ukraine in the west, through Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia, to far eastern Russia, Korea and northern Japan. However, after a precipitous decline it is now thought to have potentially completely disappeared from Finland, Belarus, Ukraine and large parts of Russia (Kamp et al. 2015). In the autumn, birds stop-over in large numbers to moult in the Yangtze Valley, China, before continuing on to their winter quarters. It winters in a relatively small region in South and South-East Asia, which includes eastern Nepal, north-eastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, southern China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand (Byers et al. 1995). It was formerly one of the most abundant breeding passerines across vast swathes of Siberia, but although there have been no systematic surveys, a severe decline has been noted in most breeding areas and it has completely disappeared from parts of its former breeding range since the early 1990s (Kamp et al. 2015). No birds have been recorded breeding in Finland since 2009, and its range has contracted northwards by 300 km in Kazakhstan since the late 1990s, although it does persist in some areas of Kazakhstan, such as along the Irtysh river near Irtyshsk (R. Ayé in litt. 2013). It is estimated to have declined by 95-99% in European Russia between 2000 and 2012 (BirdLife International 2015). Declines have been reported in the Moscow, Novgorod, Kostroma, Ulyanovsk and Baikal regions (A. Mischenko in litt. 2012), whilst very rapid declines in the Tyumen region were reported in 2011 (J. Kamp in litt. 2012), suggesting a massive decline in the core range (M. Flade in litt. 2007). Surveys in 2012 and 2013 suggest that the species has nearly or completely disappeared from Tyumen province in Western Siberia, which appears consistent with an impression of a steep decline across Western Siberia (J. Kamp et al. in litt. 2013). In contrast, recent surveys within and outside protected areas in Amur and Chabarovsk regions, suggest that the species is faring better in the east of its breeding range, with an estimate of 100-150 breeding pairs in Muraviovka Park (c.6,500 ha) in 2013, although anecdotal evidence indicates a decline in these areas since the 1990s (J. Kamp et al. in litt. 2013). Severe declines have also been noted in Hokkaido, Japan and Mongolia (Tamada et al. 2014, S. Chan and O. Goroshko in litt. 2003, Tamada 2006, M. Gilbert, A. Mischenko and J. Kamp in litt. 2007). Kamp et al. (2015) have estimated that between 1980 and 2013 the population may have declined by 84.3-94.7%, with an eastwards range retraction of 5,000 km.|
It no longer occurs in "swarms" at migration watch-points such as Beidaihe, China, and although a range-wide survey is required, numbers at wintering sites throughout its range have also shown rapid declines over the last twenty years (S. Chan, M. Williams, J. W. Duckworth and N. Moores in litt. 2003, T. Evans, M. Gilbert, M. Williams and S. Chan in litt. 2007). Based on evidence from wintering grounds in Cambodia the species is said to be clearly declining (T. Gray in litt. 2013). Historically, it was noted to be common on the central plain, but is now considered scarce away from the Tonle Sap area, and surveys of birds used in "merit releases" at Phnom Penh riverfront suggest a steep decline in this species since the mid-1990s in the Mekong-Bassac floodplain, where most merit-bird trappers operate (F. Goes in litt. 2013). Furthermore, there has been a lack of records from south-eastern Cambodia since the late 1990s, suggesting that it is very rare and perhaps close to extirpation in that region (F. Goes in litt. 2013). In Nepal, declines in the population and number of localities occupied have been noted since 1990 (C. Inskipp and H. S. Baral in litt. 2013). It also appears to have declined at the Hail Haor wetland in north-eastern Bangladesh since the mid-1980s (P. Thompson in litt. 2013). It should be noted that interpretation of the species's status in its non-breeding range based on the usually fragmentary information available is hindered by the erratic appearance of very large flocks (J. W. Duckworth in litt. 2013).
Native:Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; Finland; Hong Kong; India; Japan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal; Oman; Pakistan; Russian Federation (Central Asian Russia, Eastern Asian Russia, European Russia); Singapore; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet Nam
Vagrant:Bahrain; Belarus; Belgium; Brunei Darussalam; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; France; Germany; Greece; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Latvia; Malta; Netherlands; Norway; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Saudi Arabia; Spain; Sweden; Syrian Arab Republic; Turkey; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Population:||In Europe, the breeding population was estimated to number 20,000-100,000 breeding pairs, equating to 60,000-300,000 individuals (BirdLife International 2004). Europe, at least formerly, formed 25-49% of the global range. The European population is now estimated to number just 120-600 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). National population estimates include: c.100-100,000 breeding pairs and c.50-10,000 individuals on migration in China; <c.100,000 breeding pairs and <c.1,000 individuals on migration in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).|
Trend Justification: There is widespread evidence from surveys and anecdotal observations of local declines and range contractions. Based on this information, a very rapid decline is suspected. The European population is estimated to be decreasing by 80% or more in 10.8 years (three generations) and by 25% or more in 3.6 years (one generation) (BirdLife International 2015). Across the range of the species it is estimated to have declined by 84.3-94.7% between 1980 and 2013 (Kamp et al. 2015). This would represent a 45.4-61.8% decline over 3 generations (10.8 years). However, declines are thought to have been very slow initially, and have increased latterly (see Kamp et al. 2015). Therefore, the rate of decline is placed in the range of 50-79%.
|Current Population Trend:||Decreasing|
|Habitat and Ecology:||It breeds in wet meadows with tall vegetation and scattered scrub, riverside thickets and secondary scrub. It winters in large flocks in cultivated areas, rice fields and grasslands, preferring scrubby dry-water rice fields for foraging and reedbeds for roosting (T. Gray in litt. 2007). The breeding season is normally from the second half of June to the beginning of July. The nest is built by the female alone and is placed either on the ground in a depression under tussocks or roots or slightly above ground in well covered vegetation. It is constructed of dry grass and stalks lined with soft grass, rootlets and sometimes hair. Clutch size can vary between three and seven but most commonly four to five. During the breeding season it feeds mainly on invertebrates and at other times it will feed on seeds and other plant material. The species is migratory, wintering from central and eastern Nepal, Bangladesh, north-east India east to south-east China (Guangdong) and Taiwan (Province of China), south to the north Malay Peninsula and south-east Asia (Copete and Sharpe 2016).|
|Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat:||Yes|
|Generation Length (years):||3.6|
|Movement patterns:||Full Migrant|
|Congregatory:||Congregatory (and dispersive)|
Since many populations on pristine breeding grounds have dropped rapidly, the decline is likely to be driven by excessive trapping at migration and, in particular, wintering sites (Kamp et al. 2015, S. Chan in litt. 2003, 2007, P. Round in litt. 2003, M. Williams in litt. 2007). Roosting flocks in reedbeds are disturbed and then caught in mist-nets, they are cooked and sold as "sparrows" or "rice-birds"; this practice was formerly restricted to a small area of southern China, but has now become more widespread and popular owing to increasing affluence, and hunters now have to travel widely to find sufficient birds (M. Lau in litt. 2007, M. Williams in litt. 2007, S. Chan in litt. 2007). From 1992 onwards, an estimated several thousand individuals of this species were caught for the annual food festival in Sanshui City, southern China (Gao Yuren 1996). This practice was banned in 1997, but a black market in birds still persists and a huge number of birds are still sold annually (see Kamp et al. 2015), including around 10,000 birds sold daily in a single market in Sanshui (Chan 2004). In 2008, one shipment of 4,300 individuals of this species was reportedly confiscated in Zhejiang province en route to Guangdong province, and the species is said to remain a famous delicacy in southern China (per M. Zhang in litt. 2013). Likewise, the species is considered a delicacy in Cambodia (F. Goes in litt. 2013) and is trapped to be sold to restaurants in Nepal (C. Inskipp and H. S. Baral in litt. 2013). In China, thousands of males are also stuffed and sold as mascots, since their presence in the home is thought to confer happiness (A. Mischenko in litt. 2012). At least locally, for example in Cambodia, birds are trapped for "merit release" in temples (Gilbert et al. 2012, J. C. Eames in litt. 2007, F. Goes in litt. 2013).
Agricultural intensification, the shift to irrigated rice production and consequent loss of winter stubble has reduced the quality and quantity of wintering habitat, and the loss of reedbeds has reduced the number of available roost sites (T. Evans in litt. 2007, J. Tordoff in litt. 2007, J. C. Eames in litt. 2007). Declines caused by pressures on the wintering grounds are compounded by a reduction in habitat quality on the breeding grounds in parts of its range, particularly drying of meadows caused by changes in the flow pattern of rivers, a result of dam construction upstream (O. Goroshko in litt. 2003, J. Kamp in litt. 2007). Declines in Nepal have also been partly attributed to changes in agricultural practices since the 1980s, notably sharp increases in pesticide use (Inskipp and Baral 2011).
Conservation Actions Underway
CMS Appendix I; It was included in the African-Eurasian Migratory Landbirds Action Plan (AEMLAP) (African-Eurasian Migratory Landbirds Working Group 2014). It is counted occasionally as part of on-going IBA monitoring in a few sites. After media exposure of the crisis there was an attempt to clamp-down on illegal trade in this species (S. Chan in litt. 2013), but this practice likely still persists (see Kamp et al. 2015).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Implement a programme of co-ordinated range-wide monitoring at breeding, passage and non-breeding sites, in order to quantify the rate of decline. Through awareness campaigns, reduce the demand for the species as a food item, mascot and merit-bird. Research its precise habitat requirements on the wintering grounds. Protect sites which still hold large numbers on the wintering grounds. Better enforce legislation against illegal trapping and trade (J. Kamp in litt. 2016).
|Amended reason:||Edited Geographic Range, Trends Justification, Conservation Action, and Threats Information text. Removed one threat from the list, and added an additional Conservation Action Needed. Made a minor alteration to its Trade (it is used for local commercial purposes). With more evidence, the confidence in declines to various parameters (EOO, number of individuals, locations) has been raised to estimated (from inferred). Added new references, and a new Facilitator/Compiler. Map revised.|
|Citation:||BirdLife International. 2017. Emberiza aureola. (amended version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22720966A110690385.Downloaded on 18 October 2017.|
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The Mozart Effect is the supposed boost in intelligence after listening to classical music (Lilienfeld 377). This concept is important because I have learned of the Mozart Effect prior to this class and always thought of it to be true. Whenever I study, I usually listen to classical music, rather than music with lyrics or words in it, so as to boost my studying ability I guess. My Dad always has asked me if I listen to music when I study. Usually when I am doing math-based homework, I can listen to any type of music. When I am reading or studying for a quiz or an exam, I usually listen to classical music or instrumental music on a very low volume, kind of just background noise. I guess I have done this because my Dad has always suggested it. Further research on the Mozart effect has shown that it is hard to replicate and is falsifiable. The simpler explanation is that the music arouses the participant greater than listening to other composers or silence. So does studying with music allow you to perform better when having to retrieve information? Or is it better to study with no music? I guess it would depend on the person. In the book it says that it showed no long-term effect on overall intelligence. I could see how listening to music would not be helpful when you are studying because of stimuli overload, and you may get distracted. One may suffer from state-dependent or context-dependent learning when taking an exam if they studied while listening to music, which caused arousal because they wouldn't be able to listen to music while taking the exam. | <urn:uuid:cd803fe4-3e02-4750-9c9e-14c16ba6eb42> | {
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AMR stands for antimicrobial resistance. An antimicrobial drug is one used against a microorganism – like a bacteria, a virus, a parasite, or a fungus – which causes a disease. Antimicrobial resistance refers to those microorganisms becoming immune to the drugs used to treat them.
AMR has soared since the 1970s and is now considered one of the biggest public health threats the world faces. Without effective antibiotics, infections – like sepsis, or food poisoning – can kill. Non-fatal infections would keep people in hospital longer, require more expensive drugs to treat and cause more damage.
And as more and more bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, routine medical procedures which rely on antibiotics to prevent infection – like Caesarean sections, chemotherapy, organ transplants and joint replacements – will become impossible.
The Review on AMR, chaired by Lord Jim O’Neill, estimated that superbugs kill 700,000 people worldwide – rising to 10 million extra deaths by 2050 if no action is taken. These estimates have been disputed by some but as there is no global surveillance system for resistant infections – with laboratory facilities in many countries poor- finding the true figure is near impossible.
AMR is a natural biological phenomenon. Some microorganisms naturally survive exposure to drugs which should kill them, and these surviving microorganisms pass on their resistance to the drug to others. However the overuse of antimicrobial drugs speeds up this natural process. When antimicrobial drugs are used, they kill the bugs without resistance genes, so only the ones immune to the drugs survive.
These reproduce and pass on resistance genes to the next generation, increasing their prevalence. Some bugs are able to share DNA and pass on resistant genes to one another – and sometimes a whole bundle of resistance genes can be shared at once.
AMR has been significantly accelerated by overuse and misuse of the drugs in human and animal medicine. Cramped and dirty conditions in factory farming allow disease to flourish, and farmers can become reliant on drugs to keep animals healthy. In some countries, antibiotics are also administered to animals raised for meat in order to make them gain muscle so they can be taken to market more quickly – a practice known as growth promotion.
Dirty production methods employed by pharmaceutical companies is another driver of the problem: some factories leak industrial waste containing antibiotic residue which enters water supplies, antibiotic-ridden fluid, which can create and spread superbugs.
AMR is increasing costs within the NHS because patients have to be treated in hospital for longer, looked after in intensive care and be given more expensive drugs. Sometimes wards have to be shut down to stop superbug outbreaks spreading, and expensive cleaning methods have to be used to kill the bugs so they can’t harm other patients. | <urn:uuid:bfebdab2-eb54-4d16-80d7-cffd8aca7df3> | {
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Article published Jul 24, 2012
Filter cleans foul Blackstone Canal
GRAFTON The idea is mechanically simple but biologically complex: Pump in contaminated water from the Blackstone Canal, filter it through a series of tanks with enzyme-generating mushrooms and bacteria-producing aquatic plants and animals, and release that “inoculated” water back into the canal to clean the water downstream.
An Eco-Machine created by Woods Hole scientist John Todd, funded by part of a $671,000 grant from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency to clean up the former Fisherville Mill site, began operating in May and has already demonstrated a 90 percent reduction in industrial petroleum hydrocarbons as well as a reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus — common pollutants from storm water — as water goes through the treatment process.
Overlooking a peninsula along the Blackstone Canal where the Fisherville Mill, which burned in 1999, leaked sludge-like No. 6 fuel oil for a century from underground tanks, the Blackstone River Integrated Water Quality Improvement Project, as it's formally called, looks like a horticulture project with a greenhouse and lush landscaping.
Four 25-foot bottom filters pull in contaminated water from the river and pump it into the greenhouse, which holds tanks in which fungi (mushrooms) and aquatic plants and animals filter the water further and produce pollution-eating bacteria and enzymes. The water is pumped from the last of a series of six tanks in the greenhouse out to a floating island in the canal, called the Canal Restorer, where a diverse ecosystem further cleans the water before returning it to the canal.
As in every other locale along the Blackstone south of Worcester, river water at the Fisherville site is contaminated not only by its own industrial waste, in this case fuel oil, but also by effluent from the Upper Blackstone Wastewater Treatment Facility and toxic waste from every mill upstream, which includes polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs.
The project sits on the edge of the recently opened Mill Villages Park in South Grafton and is open to the public.
The Grafton Eco-Machine is the only one in the country that uses fungi as well as plants and animals, basically a complete ecosystem, to naturally clean the oil and other contaminants in the water, according to Eugene N. Bernat, owner of Fisherville Redevelopment Corp. and founder of Cover Technologies, which cleans contaminated sites. He bought the mill site in 2004.
“The concept was, 'how do you take an eyesore and turn it into a destination?' This is a prime example of both the history and tragedy of the Blackstone River Valley,” he said.
Mr. Bernat said the National Park Service has been an active partner in the project to incorporate new uses for the old mill sites that once dotted the valley. He said other groups are galvanized about the potential to clean up one of the country's oldest polluted waterways.
“I've had a lot of exposure to innovative technologies (through Cover Technologies),” Mr. Bernat said. “We wanted to try to do something really unique. Can we model something that can use old, historic infrastructure and use that in a new, innovative way to clean up the ecosystem?”
He explained the innovative aspect of the science behind the technology: “What we might consider contaminants in nature are potential food sources for naturally occurring bacteria.” The trick is to find the right ecosystem and species that make that happen efficiently.
Mr. Bernat and Jonathan R. Todd, president of John Todd Ecological Design and son of the company's founder, are excited about the educational opportunities the Eco-Machine offers to students from elementary school through PhDs.
“The science is right there and relevant for all those people,” Mr. Todd said.
Already the project has incorporated work from a Clark University mycology lab, and Brown University is working with the EPA to analyze the data on a Superfund research grant.
Mr. Todd and Mr. Bernat said they'd particularly like to see students from vocational-technical schools study the Eco-Machine, because it's a prime example of green industries that will fuel future job growth.
Mr. Bernat said the Eco-Machine is proving to be an economical way of cleaning the water, too.
It cost the EPA $1 million and took six months to dredge 300 feet of the canal to remove oil-contaminated sediment, he said.
The Eco-Machine cost less than half that amount, creates a permanent solution and can ultimately treat the whole canal.
Mr. Todd said another definition of the project's success would be to use this technology to clean contaminated sites up the river to Worcester and down to Providence, which he acknowledged could take decades.
The project's $671,000 grant also includes injecting butane, which is a simple hydrocarbon, into the ground at the source of the oil contamination across the street at the mill site. The butane not only dilutes the thick oil, but also increases the bacteria that eat the oil before it gets into the water.
“What was attractive to EPA is these are 'in situ' solutions and are of the scale that can be replicated in various areas,” said Grafton Town Planner Stephen R. Bishop.
“What we're looking at is leading-edge technology of using more natural methods to clean up contaminated sites.”
In addition to the EPA, the project is supported by the Massachusetts Audubon Society, Blackstone Headwaters Coalition, Clark University, Clark University's Mosakowski Institute, Brown University's Superfund Research Program, the National Park Service, Fisherville Redevelopment Corp. and Mr. Bernat.
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The U.S. on average became slightly more sprawling from 2000 to 2010, and residents in sprawling cities are more likely to suffer from societal ills such as fatal car wrecks, high transportation costs and obesity, according to a study to be released Wednesday.
The study, conducted by University of Utah researchers, combines several federal, state and local measures indicative of either sprawl or compact development to create a “sprawl index.” Researchers used that index to rank cities as sprawling or compact and to determine whether sprawl coincides with other social issues.
The study found that the 162 largest urbanized areas in the U.S. on average became 1.4% more sprawling from 2000 to 2010. The study’s authors, Utah planning professor Reid Ewing and doctoral student Shima Hamidi, made the calculations using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, university research and road-network databases, among several sources.
“It tells us that the war on sprawl isn’t won yet,” Mr. Ewing said in an interview. Younger and older people alike “want to live in more urban, walkable places. That may be a long-term trend, but in the intermediate term, we’re still sprawling pretty badly as a nation,” he said.
Sprawl typically is considered to be patchwork, low-density and often homogenous development in formerly rural areas. However, Mr. Ewing’s study focuses on measures including population density, employment density, city block sizes and each area’s variety of jobs and its walkability.
The study was funded by the National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, the Ford Foundation and the Brookings Institution. It was commissioned by advocacy group Smart Growth America. It follows similar research that Mr. Ewing did a decade ago based on 2000 data.
The latest research found obvious connections between sprawl and other factors, as well as some surprises. For example, it found that, from 2008 to 2011, traffic accidents were slightly more common in compact cities than in sprawling areas, most likely due to traffic congestion. However, fatal accidents occurred nearly twice as often in sprawling areas, perhaps due to long stretches of road where drivers pick up speed.
The study confirmed a long-held notion that housing costs are greater in compact cities than sprawling ones. However, when transportation costs are included, sprawling areas end up slightly more expensive overall. Residents in sprawling cities spent 52.1% of their income on housing and transportation in 2010, while those in compact cities spent 51.1%, the study found.
The authors admit that the connections the study finds between sprawl and public health are its most tenuous. According to the report, life expectancy in compact cities was 78.4 years in 2010, whereas it was 77.7 years in sprawling cities. And the average man was two pounds heavier in sprawling cities than were those in compact cities from 2007 to 2010.
Critics of sprawl-focused research argue that the studies typically fail to prove that sprawl contributes to things such as car accidents and poor health. Instead, they say, many sprawl studies only prove that sprawl and other factors coincide.
Harry W. Richardson, a retired University of Southern California professor of urban and regional planning, has co-written studies with Mr. Ewing. He said he doubts that sprawl has as direct a relationship to various societal ills as Mr. Ewing’s latest study implies.
For example, he said, the study doesn’t take into account varying quality of schools, shorter commutes in suburbs due to less traffic and diet influencing health more than walking.
Wendell Cox, a demographer and public policy consultant based in Belleville, Ill., faulted studies based on the premise that sprawl is bad as ignoring that suburban living often is much less expensive.
“A lot of people would love to live in Manhattan,” Mr. Cox said. “But what these studies fail to consider is that people have limited choices. If people have kids, they want a yard, and they only have so much money.”
In the report, Mr. Ewing lists the most compact metro areas and the most sprawling in 2010 as determined with his sprawl index. Those ranking as the most compact are, in order, New York City, San Francisco and Atlantic City, N.J.
The metro areas deemed most sprawling are, in order, Hickory, N.C.; Atlanta; and Clarksville, Tenn. The Hickory metro area, which includes Lenoir, Morganton and several other towns, is in a mostly rural area northwest of Charlotte. The four-county area lost roughly 45,000 manufacturing jobs from 2000 to 2013, and its population grew by a modest 7% from 2000 to 365,500 residents in 2010.
Mick Berry, Hickory’s town manager, said the area considers itself more rural than sprawling. He added that most growth in the area of late has taken place within towns rather than on their edges.
In Atlanta, officials say three quarters of development in the past five years has taken place in the metro area’s dense population centers. They add that it takes a long time to recast a metro area of 5.3 million people.
Tom Redmond makes no apologies for contributing to sprawl. The 45-year-old wholesaler for an insurance company lives with his wife and their three school-aged children in Forsyth County, Ga. His 33-mile commute to his office in Atlanta’s Buckhead district often takes 75 to 80 minutes.
Mr. Redmond estimates that he pays $700 a month for the family’s cars and $2,200 for the mortgage. However, he notes that he pays less in property taxes than he would in the city and sends his kids to public school rather than paying for private school in the city. The family also gets a big yard and friendly neighbors, he says.
“The advantages I get by living out here far outweigh that hour and 20 minutes in the car,” Mr. Redmond said. “I’ve come to accept it.”
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ebt ceiling fights, it seems, have become a permanent fixture in American politics. Twice in the last couple of years, the United States has been days away from potentially irrevocable economic damage because Congress refused to raise the debt ceiling and let the Treasury issue more debt. The next debt ceiling fight is slated for March 2014.
But isn't there a better way to increase a borrowing limit — and one that doesn't freak out markets, investors, and, well, just about everyone every few months?
Australia has an answer: It decided to get rid of its debt ceiling altogether:
The federal government will be able to borrow as much money as it wants after Federal Treasurer Joe Hockey cut a deal with the Greens to dispense with the debt ceiling completely...
It means the government will not have to ask the Parliament for permission whenever it wants to borrow money above a certain limit. [Sydney Morning Herald]
Some may be extremely concerned by this possibility. If the government can borrow all the money it wants, then won't that lead to the government making extremely irresponsible decisions, such as spending huge amounts of money it doesn't have building bridges to nowhere?
But it's actually a brilliant idea — and one that America and the rest of the world would do well to implement as soon as possible — because it would eliminate the uncertainty and confusion of debt ceiling fights. And there is no reason — absolutely no reason — to believe that it will lead to excessive government spending. Why? Because there already exists a natural debt ceiling called interest rates — the cost at which investors in the market will lend the government money.
The U.S. government is legally bound to pay its debts, and as the issuer of currency it has the means to do so. This means that U.S. government debt is considered by the market to be a very safe asset. And, as Frances Coppola argues, that means that it is a critically important part of the global financial system, because it is used around the world as collateral for lending and as a store of purchasing power. Right now interest rates are very low by historical standards, even after adjusting for inflation. This means that the government is not producing sufficient debt to satisfy the market demand. The main reason for that is the debt ceiling.
If the Treasury became extremely profligate and started borrowing much, much more — say, increasing borrowing from just over half a trillion dollars a year to ten trillion dollars a year — interest rates would rise significantly, making it unaffordable for the government to do so. That is the only debt ceiling we need.
The debt ceiling today is particularly badly designed. Why? Because it's denominated in an arbitrary number of dollars. Let's say you are a government with $1,000 of debt. Can you repay it? It depends what your tax base is. If the whole economy is generating $10 of activity per year, you have no chance. At a 30 percent tax rate, that would yield just $3 per year in tax. But let's say you have a $10,000 economy. Then, a 30 percent tax rate yields $3,000, meaning that $1,000 of debt would be easy to repay. So the sustainability of your debt is dependent on the size of the economy, and the size of your debt is much more meaningful if it is expressed in terms of the amount of activity taking place in the economy (GDP).
So should the current debt ceiling be replaced by a ceiling expressed as a percentage of GDP? While that is slightly less stupid than the current system, it is still not the best idea because it would be very hard to agree on what constitutes a sustainable level of debt. For example, Harvard economists Ken Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart published a well-received paper suggesting that 90 percent of GDP was the level at which government debt becomes damaging to economic growth. But their 90 percent limit has been completely debunked since. Great Britain, for example, had a debt over 250 percent of GDP in the 19th century, and successfully paid it down without defaulting.
Essentially, then, the only sensible way to determine how much the government can borrow is whether or not people are willing to lend the government more money. Australia has made a very smart move, and the U.S. should follow suit as soon as possible.
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Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: Jun 06, 2011
Novel approach for highly sensitive detection of miRNA down to individual strands
(Nanowerk Spotlight) MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, consisting of 21-25 nucleotide bases, that negatively regulate gene expression, also termed as gene silencing. Each miRNA is thought to regulate multiple genes, and since the human genome encodes hundreds of miRNAs, the potential regulatory circuitry afforded by miRNA is enormous.
Although the first published description of a miRNA appeared ten years ago, only in the last two to three years has the breadth and diversity of this class of small, regulatory RNAs been appreciated. A great deal of effort has gone into understanding how, when, and where miRNAs are produced and function in cells, tissues, and organisms.
Recent discoveries suggest the association of specific miRNA sequences with a spectrum of diseases including cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases, as well as with a variety of cancers. It is therefore imperative, for diagnostics and prognostics, to accurately measure the expression levels of target miRNA molecules in patients' tissue samples or body fluids.
Commercial microarrays for miRNAs use either fluorophores or immunofluorescent tags such as streptavidin-phycoerythrin as labeling agents, and involve multiple-step protocols. In addition to their lengthy procedures, the suggested hybridization time for the commercial microarrays takes approximately 16–18 hours, which is unrealistically long, especially for point-of-care applications.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the miRNA detection assay. (Image: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology)
"To circumvent the limitations associated with fluorescent labeling and image scanning, it was imperative to exploit alternative ways for the direct analysis of miRNAs in an array format," Somenath Roy, a research scientist at the Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN) in Singapore, tells Nanowerk. "Apart from reducing the technical complexities, we also aimed to reduce the turnaround time and the cost of the assay."
Although conventional microarray analyses can monitor global changes in gene expression, these studies are limited by lengthy and complex assays. IBN's microarray is sensitive enough to detect low copy numbers in an unamplified and unmodified total RNA sample, thereby reducing the cost, complexity and bias associated with miRNA labeling or/and PCR.
Figure 2: Microfluidic-assisted sample delivery and oscillation-hybridization reduces the reagent cost and assay time to a significant extent. (Image: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology)
Roy explains that the existing methods of quantifying miRNAs include Northern Blot, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and more recently, fluorescent microarrays. While Northern Blot is more conventional and a gold standard for miRNA quantification and RT-PCR is the most sensitive method thus far, both of these techniques suffer from specific limitations, in addition to their common problem of extensive sample preparation.
While a slight degradation – even a single cleavage – in the RNA sample severely affects quantitative expression for Northern Blot analysis, RT-PCR is extremely prone to contamination due to its inherently high sensitivity. The state-of-the-art fluorescent microarrays are unrivalled in terms of parallelism and throughput, yet are not suitable for point-of-care applications, primarily due to their requirement for target amplification, labeling and long hybridization time (usually 16-18 hours).
Roy and his collaborators now have designed and implemented a microfluidic-assisted microarray, which addresses some of the aforesaid limitations by reducing technical complexities and turnaround time as well as the cost of the assay.
"First, with our novel microarray, there is no need for target amplification or labeling for quantifying specific miRNAs from total RNA samples, thereby reducing the assay time and complexity significantly" says Roy. "Second, our platform requires only 1-5 ng of total RNA in 5–10 µl of sample, compared to 1-10 µg of starting total RNA or the equivalent of enriched miRNA required by conventional microarrays. Third, the microfluidic-assisted sample delivery and flow convection reduces the assay time from 16-18 hours to a mere 1 hour, which is especially important for point-of-care applications. Finally, the lower limit of detection (LOD) for our microarray is approximately 1 zmol (equivalent to ∼300 copies/µl), which is at least 100 times more sensitive than commercially available fluorescent microarrays."
Roy notes that this approach, however, may lead to difficulties in reliably quantifying miRNAs due to the use of extremely short capture probes and detection probes. The specificity of the approach may also be discounted, as the risk of cross-hybridization is greatly increased owing to the inability of the extremely short probes to efficiently bind on their target miRNAs. Further, in the sandwich configuration, the absence of a spacer between the two end-to-end duplexes reduces the reliability of the microarray.
In stark contrast to the conventional sandwich assay, IBN's system has been designed in such a way that the capture probe hybridizes with the entire length of its target miRNA, as well as with that of the signaling probe, thereby significantly enhancing the integrity of the assay.
Figure 3: Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy depicts the virtual 3D image of individual gold nanoparticles (GNP), representing a single miRNA target. The surface coverage (number of particles/area) of GNP represents the concentration of specific miRNA in the sample. (Image: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology)
"In addition, our detection technique is vastly different from other nanoparticle-based microarrays that employ silver enhancement to realize nucleic acid detection" Roy points out. "Besides introducing additional process steps, silver enhancement may yield misleading results through non-specific background staining. Our direct visualization/quantification process using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy creates a straightforward virtual 3D image of the individual nanoparticles, conjugated to the signaling probes. Adoption of DIC imaging as the microarray detection technique offers the possibility of single molecule analysis under an optical microscope."
The microarray platform developed by the scientists in Singapore may be used in point-of-care applications, where the relative expressions of a set of specific nucleic acids need to be analyzed in a timely and simplistic manner, for example, for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer or cardiovascular disease in a doctor's clinic.
Recent studies have indicated that miRNAs circulate in the bloodstream, and the relative abundance of specific miRNAs in plasma or serum can serve as biomarkers of cancer and other diseases, such as cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases.
"Our ultrasensitive microarray platform may be suitable for the direct profiling of miRNAs from patient samples such as whole blood or serum," says Roy. "Efforts are under way to quantify circulating miRNAs in body fluids. Such a tool would be of great scientific value and may open a new paradigm in routine miRNA expression profiling and molecular diagnostics."
He cautions, though, that due to the relatively tiny amount of circulating miRNAs and the large amount of proteins, the detection of miRNA directly from serum samples is technically challenging. Furthermore, the measurement of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers is associated with specific challenges, including those related to pre-analytical variation and data normalization, and there is a pressing need for better standardization methods. | <urn:uuid:97c326c4-bd85-4e95-9503-3f91d8f85ada> | {
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The body of an average adult consists of 65% water and it is recommended that adults consume approximately eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day or 2 liters to stay properly hydrated. Since the human body contains so much water it makes sense that if you do not drink enough water you will have adverse effects including those that affect the skin. Cells in the human body need water to function properly and human skin is made up of cells, so without enough water skin will begin to dry and become tight and will flake (The Benefits of Drinking Water for Your Skin). Dry skin is also more susceptible to wrinkles so it is vital to skin health that individuals consume the proper amount of water each day.
Consuming fish that is high in omega-3 fatty acids like herring, mackerel, and salmon can help keep skin healthy and looking good. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation which often appears on the skin as redness or acne, they help fight inflammatory and autoimmune conditions that affect the skin like lupus and psoriasis, and they help to keep skin moisturized and prevent drying and cracking (Taylor Jones, 2016). In addition to omega-3 fatty acids, these fish also contain Vitamin E which can help to protect against skin damage due to inflammation and free-radicals, they contain zinc which is essential to regulating inflammation and zinc deficiencies can cause skin lesions and prolong the healing of wounds, as well as being an excellent source of protein which helps to maintain the integrity and strength of the skin (Taylor Jones, 2016). In order to receive the most health benefits, individuals should consume at least 2 servings of 3.5 ounces portions per week.
Avocados not only taste great, but they have several properties that help skin look its best. Avocados contain healthy fats the help the skin stay moisturized and flexible and compounds in avocados also help protect skin from sun and UV damage that can lead to wrinkles and other signs of aging (Taylor Jones, 2016). Avocados also contain vitamin C which she skin requires to make the protein collagen with helps skin stay healthy, vitamin E which is an antioxidant that is essential to protecting skin from oxidative damage, and since vitamin E is more effective when it is combined with vitamin C avocados are an excellent way to get the natural healthy properties from both vitamins (Taylor Jones, 2016). Avocados can be consumed many ways so if you do not want to eat them by themselves you can consume them in guacamole, spread on toast, add them to soups and salads, add them to sushi rolls, or add them to smoothies (Arlene Semeco, 2016).
Sunflowers are not only beautiful looking plants that make any landscape beautiful, the seeds they produce have many important health benefits including helping with healthy looking skin. Sunflower seeds are packed with important vitamins and minerals:
Nutrition Info (Per 100g)
Total Carbohydrate -20g 7% RDI
Dietary Fiber -8.6g 34% RDI
Total Fat -51.5g 79% RDI
Omega-3 fatty acids -74mg
Protein -21g 42% RDI
Vitamin E -33mg 166% RDI
Thiamin – 1.5mg 99% RDI
Riboflavin – 0.4mg 21% RDI
Niacin – 8.3mg 42% RDI
Vitamin B6 – 1.3mg 67% RDI
Folate – 227mcg 57% RDI
Pantothenic Acid -1.1mg 11% RDI
Calcium – 78mg 8% RDI
Iron – 5.2mg 29% RDI
Magnesium – 325mg 81% RDI
Phosphorus – 660mg 66% RDI
Potassium – 645mg 18% RDI
Zinc – 5mg 33% RDI
Copper – 1.8mg 90% RDI
Manganese – 1.9mg 97% RDI
Selenium – 53mcg 76% RDI (ADAMS, 11 Amazing Health Benefits of Sunflower Seeds, 2018)
Sunflower seeds contain 166% of the recommended dietary intake of Vitamin E which is essential to maintaining healthy skin. Vitamin E reduces the harmful effects of UV damage by helping to reduce the oxidative damage done to the skin cells and while Vitamin E is in ingredient in many cosmetic products, consuming it through food provides the most beneficial properties and the best way to help keep skin looking its healthiest (ADAMS, 11 Amazing Health Benefits of Sunflower Seeds, 2018).
Walnuts not only taste great and can easily be added to foods to add a crunchy texture; they also contain properties that can help skin to look its best. Walnuts contain Omega-3 fats which have the ability to help strengthen skin cell membranes giving skin cells the ability to lock in nutrients and moisture while also keeping out harmful toxins that can damage skin cells (News, 2011). The Omega-3 fats that walnuts contain have the ability to sooth dry skin and reduce inflammation by trapping moisture from the air while also protecting skin from the harmful effects of UV rays (News, 2011). Walnuts are very versatile and can be easily added to a healthy diet by simply adding them to cereals or salads and can be stored in the freezer for longer lasting freshness, and if you want to add them to baked recipes there is no need to worry about heat changing their nutritional value (News, 2011).
Broccoli is an excellent source of carotenoids, minerals, and vitamins that are essential to keeping skin looking healthy (Taylor Jones, 2016). Broccoli contains a carotenoid called lutein that helps protect skin from oxidative damage which causes skin to wrinkle and become dry (Taylor Jones, 2016). Broccoli also contains sulforaphane which is a compound that has anti-cancer effects and this includes various types of skin cancer as well as having the ability to protect skin from sun damage by neutralizing free radicals (Taylor Jones, 2016). While conducting lab tests it was found that sulforaphane can reduce the number of skin cells that are damaged and destroyed by UV light by 29% for up to 48 hours and that it also can help maintain collagen levels in the skin helping to keep skin looking healthy and damage free (Taylor Jones, 2016).
Sweet potatoes contain beta-carotene which is a nutrient that the body can convert into vitamin A, and consuming just ½ cup of baked sweet potato contains 4 times more than the recommended dietary intake of vitamin A (Taylor Jones, 2016). Beta-carotene itself acts as a natural sunblock and helps to keep skin looking healthy by protecting skin cells when they are exposed to the sun which in turn will help to reduce the chances of skin becoming sunburned resulting in skin cell death and dry wrinkled skin (Taylor Jones, 2016).
Green Tea comes from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis bush and both India and China have consumed green tea for centuries because of it health benefits (LD, 2017). Green tea is considered one of the healthiest drinks and contains no calories and has the highest number of antioxidants of any type of tea and it contains natural properties that have anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties (LD, 2017). Green tea is also an excellent way to help maintain healthy skin. Because it contains antioxidants, green tea has the ability to protect skin from the damage of free radicals (unstable atoms that damage cells and cause illness and aging) (ADAMS, 2018). Antioxidants also inhibit the desecration of skin cells and promote elasticity while other natural properties in the tea enable the body to produce collagen which prevents wrinkles (ADAMS, 2018). Not only can green tea be consumed, but it is also an ingredient in cosmetic products so it can be applied directly to the skin so individuals can help their skin both inside and out.
Chocolate lovers rejoice, here is another reason to indulge in that tasty treat. Many studies have shown that cocoa powder and dark chocolate are high in antioxidants which can help to keep skin looking healthier and younger. The antioxidants in cocoa powder and dark chocolate can help to keep skin thicker and more hydrated, receive better blood flow, as well as being softer and less flaky (Taylor Jones, 2016). These antioxidants can also protect skin from harmful UV rays and sunburn by consuming as little as 20 grams of dark chocolate per day can help protect skin and allow it to withstand twice the UV rays before causing the skin to burn (Taylor Jones, 2016). In order to receive the maximum amount of antioxidants and receive the most benefit it is recommended to consume dark chocolate that contains at least 70% cocoa (Taylor Jones, 2016).
Red wine contains resveratrol which has been credited with many health benefits including reducing signs of skin aging (Taylor Jones, 2016). Consuming red wine can and the resveratrol it contains can help the body reduce the amount of damage done to skin cells by free radicals and help to keep skin looking younger, it is important to understand that while red wine has properties that can help with skin health it also contains alcohol so it should be consumed in moderation (Taylor Jones, 2016). If you do not want to consume red wine you can receive the beneficial resveratrol properties in cosmetic products that contain red wine.
Although blueberries may be small in size they are abundant with nutritional value and properties that have many great health benefits. Blueberries are packed with nutrition and contain:
One cup of raw blueberries contains approximately: (19)
21.4 grams carbohydrates
1.1 grams protein
0.5 gram fat
3.6 grams dietary fiber
28.6 micrograms vitamin K (36 percent DV)
0.5 milligram manganese (25 percent DV)
14.4 milligrams vitamin C (24 percent DV)
0.1 milligram vitamin B6 (4 percent DV)
0.1 milligram thiamine (4 percent DV)
0.1 milligram riboflavin (4 percent DV)
0.8 milligram vitamin E (4 percent DV)
0.1 milligram copper (4 percent DV) (Rachael Link)
Blueberries are high in antioxidants which combat free radicals and help prevent cell damage, in fact blueberries are one of the best sources of antioxidants and wild blueberries contain the highest amounts of antioxidants (Rachael Link). Blueberries also have properties that can reduce inflammation that is often associated with autoimmune disorders that affect the skin like psoriasis. Blueberries are a low calorie, sweet, and delicious fruit that can be added to a healthy diet by easily adding fresh blueberries to yogurt, cereal, salads, smoothies, or just eating them as a simple and easy snack, however you choose to introduce them to your diet they will provide many health benefits one of them being healthier skin.
Navy beans are a type of kidney bean that is rich in nutrients and contain properties that can help keep hair and skin looking young and healthy (Anamika, 2017). Navy beans contain potassium and iron which promote hair growth as well as keeping hair looking healthy, navy beans also contain copper which is an anti-oxidant and is important for keeping skin healthy (Anamika, 2017).
In order to keep your skin looking healthy it is just as important to eat the right foods as it is to use the right skin care products and protect your skin from harmful UV rays and sun damage. Eating the right foods can help and protect your skin by providing specific nutrients that help provide skin cells what they need to keep hydrated and free from damage. Most of the foods listed above are part of a healthy diet and are easy to incorporate into foods you may eat everyday anyway. By simply adding nuts or berries to your morning cereal or oatmeal or to your salad at lunch you can help protect your skin and keep it looking its best while still enjoying great tasting foods. You can even enjoy an indulgence in your favorite dark chocolate or glass of red wine which also contain properties that can help skin look its healthiest. If you want to help your skin look its best simply incorporate the foods listed above into your diet and you should be able to keep your skin looking young and healthy.
ADAMS, J. (2018, July 16). 11 Amazing Health Benefits of Sunflower Seeds. Retrieved from Natural Food Series: https://www.naturalfoodseries.com/11-benefits-sunflower-seeds/
ADAMS, J. (2018, February 18). 11 Proven Health Benefits of Green Tea. Retrieved from Natural Food Series: https://www.naturalfoodseries.com/11-benefits-green-tea/
Anamika. (2017, October 27). 7 Amazing Benefits Of Navy Beans For Skin Hair And Health. Retrieved from StyleCraze: https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/amazing-benefits-of-navy-beans-for-skin-hair-and-health/#gref
Arlene Semeco, M. R. (2016, December 11). 23 Delicious Ways to Eat an Avocado. Retrieved from healthline: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/23-ways-to-eat-avocados
Girdwain, J. (2017, October 16). 25 Best Foods For Your Skin. Retrieved from Prevention: https://www.prevention.com/beauty/a20463213/25-best-foods-for-your-skin/
LD, M. W. (2017, March 28). Green tea: Health benefits, side effects, and research. Retrieved from Medical News Today: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/269538.php
News, B. (2011, March 3). Beautiful Skin Superfood: Walnuts. Retrieved from Self: https://www.self.com/story/beautiful-skin-superfood-walnu
Rachael Link, M. R. (n.d.). Top 7 Health Benefits of Blueberries. Retrieved from Dr. Axe Food is Medicine: https://draxe.com/health-benefits-blueberries/
Taylor Jones, R. (2016, December 13). The 12 Best Foods for Healthy Skin. Retrieved from healthline: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/12-foods-for-healthy-skin
The Benefits of Drinking Water for Your Skin. (n.d.). Retrieved from UW Health: https://www.uwhealth.org/madison-plastic-surgery/the-benefits-of-drinking-water-for-your-skin/26334 | <urn:uuid:18f8d834-d26e-4187-873f-6e427348a541> | {
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A few months ago I received a flyer for a homeschool science curriculum called Real Science-4-Kids. The flyer stated that the curriculum is “worldview-friendly science . . . without the spin.”
I wondered exactly what that meant, so I went to the curriculum website and read the following:
In order for science to be “scientific” it must not commit itself to any one worldview, ideology, philosophical or religious perspective. Science and scientists must be free to follow the evidence where ever it leads. Anything short of this is not real science.
I remember thinking something very similar twelve years ago when I first started researching the origins issue. The evidence would lead me to the truth, I thought. I just needed to follow.
But what I discovered instead was that while science itself may be an objective exercise, scientists are not objective—especially in the area of historical science (evolution and creation). Presuppositions and biases play a definitive role in determining how scientists interpret evidence and the conclusions they draw about the past.
There is only one truth source for the past as it concerns the beginnings of the universe, earth, and life—and that is the eyewitness account God gave to us in the book of Genesis. Everything else is merely human opinion, imaginations, and ideas—subject to fallible thinking.
As I looked through the Real Science-4-Kids curriculum, I noticed a mixing of observational science (i.e., the technology that produces airplanes, vaccines, and computers) and historical science. For example, the author of the curriculum wants students to explore the question, “Did God create humans?” She poses these follow-up questions: “Who discovered it? When was it discovered? What is the evidence?”
These questions are not directly applicable because the question “Did God create humans?” is historical science. The follow-up questions fall under the category of observational science.
Both creationists and evolutionists approach observational science—such as the laws of physics or the laws governing genetic inheritance (my field of study)—very similarly. However, when it comes to how the laws of physics and genetic inheritance came into existence in the past, the presuppositions of the scientists govern their interpretations and conclusions.
The curriculum mainly focuses on observational science such as atoms, cells, animals, plants, chemical reactions, laws of physics, planets, stars, and so on. But a closer look revealed it was not “worldview neutral” at all. For example, the biology textbook for grades 4–6 states the following:
The animal kingdom, Animalia, includes ALL of the animals: dogs, cats, frogs, sea urchins, bees, birds, snakes, jellyfish, bunnies, and even us!
This isn’t neutral language at all. You see, biblical creation holds that mankind was created in God’s image separate and distinct from the animals (Genesis 1:26–27). Instead, the language is “friendly” to evolution (and to the Intelligent Design Movement, since many in the ID Movement believe humans evolved from ape-like ancestors).
There is no such thing as being “worldview neutral” because that belief in itself is a worldview! Moreover, Jesus dispelled the myth of neutrality when He stated, “
He who is not with Me is against Me, and he who does not gather with Me scatters abroad” (Matthew 12:30).
In an attempt to sell us on the idea that her curriculum is “neutral,” the author states the following:
In my opinion anytime we present information as “undisputed fact,” we have crossed over into “dogma.” This includes both scientific “facts” and religious “facts.”
What does she mean by religious “facts”? Would this include the virgin birth and Resurrection of Jesus Christ? Are they not to be considered undisputed fact and therefore not dogma? If these events in the New Testament did not happen, they would chime the death knell for Christianity (1 Corinthians 15:14). Not affirming the Bible’s authority in Genesis, and the miracles of creation recorded there, is a slippery slope to questioning its authority everywhere else.
Moms and dads: I challenge you to carefully evaluate the books, DVDs, and curricula that your children use (including materials purchased at homeschool conferences) and choose resources that have the Bible as their ultimate authority—and that glorify Jesus as Creator. | <urn:uuid:5720b143-90f3-4d2c-b24e-5302c583a5e5> | {
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For architectural patterns, the authors look at the Layers pattern, used in operating systems such as Windows NT and virtual machines. They also consider Pipes and Filters, which process streams of data. (This pattern, the authors point out, is a lynchpin of Unix.) Their Blackboard pattern shows how a complex problem, such as image or speech recognition can be broken up into smaller, specialized subsystems that work together to solve a problem. (For recognizing words from a raw waveform input, a Blackboard approach might have separate processes to find phonemes, then words, then sentences.)
This book also looks at today's distributed systems in considering the Broker pattern, which is used on the Internet and in Microsoft's OLE technology. This section also presents several powerful patterns for building effective graphical user interfaces, such as Model-View-Controller.
The authors define several well-known design patterns, such as the Proxy and Command patterns, and also basic, far-reaching patterns, such as Whole-Part and Master-Slave, which are widely used throughout computing. Their survey ends with a discussion on the way objects can communicate (using such patterns as Forwarder-Receiver, Client-Dispatcher-Server, and Publisher-Subscriber), which many developers will recognize as familiar patterns, but are codified here as "official" patterns. The book then discusses some idioms in C++ and a more far-reaching role for patterns in software design and architecture. By fitting patterns into traditional software engineering practices, the authors of Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture successfully argue that the role for patterns will only continue to diversify and enrich tomorrow's software engineering tools and methodologies. --Richard Dragan | <urn:uuid:d322d754-5ade-45bb-8281-50ea854d9727> | {
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Second in a series. Red tape can tie families in knots.
Researchers still don't have many answers about the disorder that has a wide - but vague - range of symptoms.
Like everything else associated with autism, finding a cure is difficult. And complicated. And then difficult some more.
In order to have even a hope of finding a cure, scientists first need to figure what causes it, and before that, to get a better handle on exactly what it is.
This has proved to be a constant struggle for scientists because they are just beginning to understand what physically makes an autistic brain different from that of an average person.
A few studies have shown promising results, but for the most part, scientists are still relying on behavioral analysis to determine whether or not a person has autism, said Matthew Kittelberger, a biology professor at Gettysburg College.
This means that in diagnosing autism, doctors do not have an X-ray image or blood test to decipher. Instead, they rely on behavioral cues, as laid out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
In the fifth version of this manual, published in May, individuals with autism spectrum disorder are those who meet the following criteria - persistent deficits in communication, restrictive and repetitive behavioral patterns, symptoms that are present in early childhood, and symptoms that limit and impair everyday functioning.
If the criteria sound vague, that's because they are.
The reality is that individuals with autism can exhibit the listed behaviors with varying degrees of severity. For Christian Goff, a 12-year-old Spring Grove boy who is on the lower end of the spectrum, that means an inability to carry out a full conversation. For others, like Dakota Reiner of Hanover, who has asperger's syndrome and is therefore on the higher end of the spectrum, it means a difficulty in sustaining relationships or picking up on more nuanced language, such as sarcasm.
"With Dakota, he doesn't understand sustaining relationships," said Dakota's father, Paul Reiner, who belongs to a local autism fundraising organization. He explained that sometimes when friends come over to play with Dakota, he just wanders off to do his own thing whenever he gets bored.
"He has no perception of how people look at him," Paul added.
Despite the social difficulties that autism has brought him, Dakota's intellect has not suffered, Paul said. He can take apart a Nerf gun and put it back together so that it shoots farther. He learns at the same pace as the average student.
At first glance, the differences between Christian and Dakota seem vast. Christian cannot read or write, while Dakota excels at school, but as Kittelberger explained, this is where the "spectrum" in autism spectrum disorder comes into play.
"You can have a communication disorder where you never learn to talk, or you can have a communication disorder where you can talk, but have a hard time understanding abstract words," Kittelberger said. "They involve the same brain function, with varying degrees of impairment."
A growing scientific consensus has found that this impairment originates with gene mutations, known as de novo, in the early stages of prenatal development.
"The dogma has always been that mutations are very rare," Kittelberger said. "We are starting to realize that's not true. You probably have 50 to 100 de novo mutations that neither of your parents have."
Of these de novo mutations, must of them have no effect on people, Kittelberger said, but some are associated with mental health. Genes involved with brain development are especially susceptible to these mutations, he added, which could explain why mental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia exist.
This could also help to explain Christian's diagnosis. Neither of his parents are autistic, so typical genetic reasonings don't necessarily apply. But, if autism really is the result of deviations in the genes of the parents, then that could help to explain why Christian has autism when it does not appear to run in the family.
This however is not necessarily comforting for parents like Christian's mother, Kim Goff, who are then left to wonder, why did these gene mutations occur? Or was it even gene mutations at all? Scientists are still grappling with these issues themselves, investigating any environmental factors that could possibly be contributing to these mutations.
After all, if autism rates are actually increasing, then there must be some external factor driving the increase in gene mutations.
A study released last summer found that one of those factors could be age. Researchers discovered that a 40-year-old father is likely to produce a child with more than twice as many paternal mutations as a 20-year-old father.
"This may explain the increase in autism," Kittelberger said, "since people are having kids later."
The connection however, is far from direct. The risk of a man 40 or older having a child with autism is still only 2 percent. And Kim's husband, William, was still relatively young when they had Christian.
So this is the situation parents are faced with - de novo mutations only account for a fraction of autism cases, and age can have an impact, but not always, and a myriad of other studies out there have only managed to partially tie other factors to autism.
In the pursuit of scientific discovery, these uncertainties are to be expected as the compendium of knowledge grows and grows, but for parents, the haziness only leads to more frustration and confusion.
In this climate, it is no wonder that vaccines given for common diseases have emerged as the most suspected environmental factor, at least among lay people. This lack of definitive autism testing, paired with the timing of the disorder's emergence in young children has resulted in an only natural association of autism and vaccines in the minds of many.
Parents don't often realize that their child has a communication disorder until they are old enough to talk, Kittelberger said, which just so happens to coincide with the time when most booster shots are given. For parents, this can mean playing with their seemingly healthy child one day and then dealing with the realities of their diagnosis the next. Many parents say it's as if a light went off in their child, as communication barriers suddenly become more and more severe, but according to Kittelberger, those deficits had probably been there all along.
"I don't know of anything environmental affecting kids after they are born," Kittelberger said. "Once you're born, the brain has already mostly developed. So much has already happened. The basic structure of the brain has been laid out."
The argument for a link between vaccines and autism is based around a 1998 study, which has since been thoroughly discredited. That study led vaccine-skeptics to claim that the amount of antigens in vaccines overwhelmed babies' immune systems, making them more susceptible to the disorder.
But mountains of scientific studies have since discredited that 1998 study. In a new study released in March by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, researchers compared the vaccine histories of 250 autistic children with those of 750 typical kids, comparing the number of antigens that each child received from vaccines. Not only did they find no correlation, but scientists also discovered that the number of antigens in vaccines has actually gone down since the late 1990s.
"It has been tested up, down and sideways," Kittelberger said, "and there is no connection between vaccines and autism." | <urn:uuid:831588dd-6826-4c02-b7cf-13224872ddd9> | {
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India filed its climate action plan at the U.N. Climate Secretariat in Germany's Bonn Thursday, becoming one of the last major global economies to release its goals for tackling climate change ahead of December's landmark Paris Climate Conference.
In the document, known as the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), the Indian government said it would reduce carbon emissions relative to its GDP by 33% to 35% from 2005 levels by 2030, reports the Associated Press. India also pledged that 40% of the country's electricity would come from non-fossil fuel-based sources, such as wind and solar power, by 2030.
All of the 190 countries participating in the COP21 talks in Paris are expected to publish INDCs, which list each country's carbon emission reduction goals. The targets are intended to hold nations accountable to preventing global temperatures from rising by more than 2ºC. Scientists say that temperatures must stop rising soon to prevent catastrophic harm to the planet.
India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi hopes that investments in solar power will bring reliable electricity to an additional 300 million Indians, the Economic Times reports.
Mahatma Gandhi's famous pronouncement, “Earth has enough resources to meet people’s needs, but will never have enough to satisfy people's greed,” inspired India's climate commitments, according the document.
India is the world's third largest carbon emitter, behind the U.S. and China.
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3. Actually in the Lenski experiment, it is shown that bacteria remain bacteria...
4. Yes, but this is a variant of the original function... the ability of the bacteria to process materials.. Hence this is not a novel function, rather a variant of the original function of bacteria. Bacteria are natures recyclers..
It is not COMPLETELY novel, yes, but it does contain a little novelty. Keep this process going a few million years and the amount of novelty will increase.
5. Yes it will be tough since no scientist I know of has bothered to do what I have asked... Some just invoke, "natural selection", and do not worry about the actual mechanisms that must have occured.
6. Yes the original function of the flagellum will be lost if you remove one of the parts owing to its function... Yes I do know that ONE part may still be used as a transport protein, but where did the other 249 parts evolve?
I am sure that some models have been made but I just don't have that information available right now. It would be very technical. I will try to provide as much info as I can. In fact we have a system that has 40 parts removed from the flagellum that acts like a motor without the paddly thingy.Ken Miller on the bacterial flagellum
No, you assume we see this in the fossil record.
Wrong, we have many fossils which provide evidence for the predictions that evolution makes. One is Homo Erectus which I presented before. This species went extinct just before we started seeing humans, and had a brain size much smaller than ours. They were very much like us from the neck down but had very ape-like features in the face like a protruding eye-ridge.
Many parts of their brains for intelligence were not very well developed, and from artifacts that we have dug up, homo erectus did not have quite as much culture and technology as humans did. We have found dozens of fossils and many many skulls of specimens of all age groups. We have found small groups of hHomo Erectus fossilized together. This is strong evidence of evolution.
8. The fossil record IS a record of bones... That is what fossils are!!!!!!!
Very astute observation:D. That was a typo. I meant to say that the fossil record is a record of bones not genes (although we have found neanderthal DNA, and fossilized feathers in the ancestors of birds).
9. I think you are confused with what I am asking for...
I am asking for the failed designs, since you said,
"The evolution of a structure is not perfect from the getgo. It often takes time and gradual steps for it to be most efficent. "
Hence where are the fossils of multiple designs of legged fish, where are the designs of multiple attempts at getting fish in the first place.... (Let alone the illusive transitional forms, and how a single celled organism "evolved" into a muticellular one).
Here is the evolutionary process: Random mutations creates a diversity and natural selection selects for the best characteristics. Over time this usually brings about a lot of change. Mutations in the wrong direction will be struck out by natural selection quickly so these mistakes are not likely to get far.
We do see a variation in transitional fossils; evolution is not a strait path but a wandering tree. Those failed transitions did not have outright bad structures contrary to what you might think but merely had structures that could not compete with others. Does that answer your question?
10. Can you show these? Are they failed design attempts of a design that was implimented or is it just a species that died...
I mean, mutations like down syndrome; you know, bad ones.
11. Do you think that the air exposure of these fish is sufficient to make such a system neccessary... Considering not all fish come up to the surface, since they have no reason to.
Furthermore, such a system will ONLY ever give an increase in fitness if the oxygen levels in the oceans were low... Are you implying this occured?
Another point is where will this redundant system be housed, since the gill system will be taking up the "prime real estate" for such a system.
12. yes amphibians exist... But that doesn't explain the process that they came about... All I see evolutionists doing is
Fish = mud skipper (half fish) = amphibian (quater fish) = reptile
From what I have read about tetrapod evolution, oxygen levels were indeed low, although I am not sure low levels were necessary for the evolution of the lung. As you can see, I am not an expert on tetrapod evolution but I will try to answer your question the best I can.
Around the devonian era, we were seeing trees which were dropping leaves into the water and that aided the evolution of fish that lived near the shore. Sometimes however, if you were a shore living fish, your lake may temporarily dry up if you live in certain parts of the world and it would be beneficial to be able to hop to another lake using a primitive form of lung. In the lives of fish, they do sometimes come in contact with air just like we humans come in contact with water. My brother had a fish and I noticed that the fish would sometimes come in contact with air often accidentally.
Also, because of low oxygen levels, having a second source of oxygen (from the air) would have been very useful for survival and that "redudancy" would have given you an advantage.
We have some knowledge of the process by which lobe-finned fish evolved into amphibians from the fossil record in the late devonian era. I will list these transitions from most fish-like to most amphibian-like:
Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Ichthyostega, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega.
Tiktaalik is a perfect example of a cross between fish and amphibian.
Ichthyostega is a good example of a very fishy creature with a vertebrate positioned back bone.
Such observations are based on assumptions and do not show the process by which they came to be. You must admit that evolutionary science is upheld on faith / assumption based research.
A belief in a theory is somewhat analogous to faith. In science, you see patterns in nature and give an unproven hypothesis and tentatively assume that hypothesis is true(with a lot of skepticism). You try to see if the facts that are later uncovered fit the predictions of the hypothesis.
If these predictions are validated, then we start having more faith in it, and with even more validations our trust may become almost absolute and it may even become a theory. If future discoveried contradict its predictions or there is nothing to fit its predictions, then we lose faith in the theory, and look for something else. | <urn:uuid:cec719ee-ec53-46c4-b11d-56a3e5ac3623> | {
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Edited by Brandon, Teresa, Sebastian Nyberg, Ksterick5446 and 8 others
Thinking of a movie idea can be one of the hardest parts of writing or making a movie. The idea is what will lead to success or failure.
1For inspiration, watch movies and read scripts. However, don't copy any ideas exactly. That will not be very successful; you want to create something new and original.#Ad
3Determine the back story. With any story you need to know what happened before and what led to the events that happen in the film. Here a few suggestions to plan your back story.
- Use Paint. You can use shapes and do a storyboard of the events before the film, this will be a very good thing to look back on and will be easier when you are writing or directing your movie.
- Use a word processor. Of course, while you can do your back story on a word document, this may not be as easy when looking back as you'll have to read through it all. Also on Paint you can use pictures and other visual representations, which can sometimes make it easier. However, if you work better this way then do it in a word document.
- Video or recording. You could record or videotape yourself discussing your ideas. You can listen to this later and refresh your memory.
4Structure your idea. Your idea needs to be structured and solid for it to be able to work. Make sure it makes sense, don't just put together a collaboration of ideas that are disconnected and will be confusing.
- Your idea needs to have a beginning that brings the audience in and makes them interested in what's to come. Your ending needs to make sense and leave the audience wanting more. Be daring with your ending. For example, if it involves one of the lead characters dying it will leave the audience shocked.
- Don't be afraid to try something new. Trying something new is excellent and the next step. A lot of filmmakers tend to create something similar to older, classic films. Try something new, don't be worried if it doesn't work out. You were willing to try a new idea and many people will appreciate that.
5Act out your story. Get a few people to help you out. Don't act out your entire script, however--just the basis of your story in order to see what works and what doesn't. You'll notice flaws in your story. Don't be overly critical of yourself, but just change and improve these parts! Ask your friends to give you advice on your story, ask them where your flaws lie and what you have to change.
6Write your script. Begin developing your story. If it is a short film then it will be quicker to write, but if it is a full-length movie then it will require your patience. As you write your script, you will change mistakes, you will change what happens, and you might even change the ending! Don't resist deviations from the original plan. So long as you are happy with your alterations, keep them; they are simply a sign that you understand your story better than you first did.
7Watch other movies to help you develop your story. There is nothing wrong with using other movies, many filmmakers do it and it's what leads them to develop a successful and original story.Ad
- Remember to develop your back story.
- Be patient, it will take time to think of a solid story.
- Don't give up.
- Let your parents or friends read some of your script, see what they think of it.
- Ask your friends to suggest some ideas.
- If you copy someone else's work you could be sued by other filmmakers. You can take inspiration though--all of the great filmmakers are inspired in some way by films that have enjoyed.
Recent edits by: kiki rox, Awwsomeness, J.C
In other languages:
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 37,257 times. | <urn:uuid:fb51ed70-bd02-4259-8c13-6154f699f371> | {
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A volunteer dentistry mission to India has taught four UBC students to see the whole patient—including his or her social and economic context, cultural beliefs and values—not just the ailing tooth.
In December, fourth-year dentistry students Akashdeep Villing, Amandeep Hans, Vikrant Sharma and third-year student Tanmeet Singh arrived in India to set up dental camps at local factories and elementary schools (see sidebar). They had intended to provide straightforward dental check-ups and extractions, but learned that to get to the tooth, you’ve got to get the patient to open up first.
The four set off on their adventure on their own accord after meeting a visitor to UBC Dentistry from India, who spoke of the unmet dental needs prevalent in his country.
“Returning to the country that raised our parents and shaped much of our lives was a great experience. The dentistry we were able to perform was also a blessing.”
The workers they were serving make on average $20 a month and dental health is a low priority. “Many patients refused to have infected root tips and even loose teeth extracted,” says Villing.
“We could not use long-term consequences to convince patients to treat their infections, instead they thought strictly in the short term,” says Villing. “‘If you take it out, will it hurt today?’ was their most pressing concern.”
With the help of the Baba Jaswant Singh Dental College in Ludhiana, Punjab, the Punjabi speaking UBC students set up a clinic at a factory on the outskirts of the city and completed more than 70 check-ups, offering advice and counselling about oral health and future dental problems.
“Workers were astounded that we travelled such a long distance at our own expense to offer free dentistry to them,” Hans says. “That gave us some social credibility to offer advice as well.”
UBC Dentistry team at elementary school
In addition to the factory clinics, the UBC Dentistry team also staged their dental camp at a local elementary school. Oral hygiene education played a large role with the children, many of whom suffered from ectopic eruptions (permanent teeth growing before baby teeth fall out), poor hygiene and retained decayed primary teeth. They found children more receptive and eager to make changes. Parents were also receptive to advice about the necessity of orthodontic intervention. The team has tentative plans to return to the school and set up a full restoration camp.
Before the trip, Hans thought offering treatment for pain relief would be a piece of cake—that people would jump at the opportunity to trade long-term pain for short-term discomfort.
“Instead, we were bombarded with requests for teeth-whitening,” says Hans. “Most people refused treatment such as an extraction but were open to basic advice on proper brushing because it promised whiter teeth.”
Yet, the team was not dissuaded. To be effective Hans took a step back in himself to gauge the knowledge of his patients; he could not assume they had a basic understanding about oral health or the seriousness of dental decay, and simply comply with treatment. He worked with patients on their terms, understanding their references.
“We realized that we couldn’t change their whole belief system overnight,” Villing adds. “But we did feel that we had a positive impact.”
That meant knowing a seed was planted about the awareness and importance of oral health.
“Returning to the country that raised our parents and shaped much of our lives was a great experience,” he says. “The dentistry we were able to perform was also a blessing.”
After his experience in India, Hans says he’s more prepared to work with a broader population of patients, especially in other countries as a volunteer dentist. “A practitioner has to consider the social dynamics at play and in our case in India, having white teeth was deemed more valuable than basic treatment. We need to understand those we serve, and learn from them.”
Dentistry students “cut their teeth” in volunteer dentistry throughout their four years at UBC in the faculty’s Community Volunteer Clinic Program as well as with outside groups such as the Dental Mission Project, run by DMD 1972 alumnus Dr. Doug Nielsen. Community service learning opportunities build confidence and help foster a lifetime of global citizenship. | <urn:uuid:95f66895-eca1-4c71-9182-ce4793c86389> | {
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|Notes on Lagrange multiplier:
What is the shortest distance from the origin to the ellipse
2(Y-1)2 + 3(X-3)2 -9=0 ?
Let g(X,Y) = 2(Y-1)2 + 3(X-3)2 -12
Points at distance r from the origin satisfy X2 + Y2 = r2 so the squared distance is a function f(X,Y) that
plots as a set of concentric circles as the squared distance increases. Its derivatives are df/dx=2X and df/dy=2Y.
Expanding r until the circle and ellipse meet gives us the minimum distance desired and the meeting point is
such that the gradients (the vectors of partial derivatives) must be proportional which means that
(df/dx, df/dy) = (dg/dx, dg/dy) so if we write down f(X,Y) – g(X,Y) and set all of its derivatives to 0,
we have the solution we want. In particular the partial with respect to X gives (df/dx)= – (dg/dx) and
the similarly for y and thus (df/dx, df/dy) = (dg/dx, dg/dy). This means that (df/dx)/(df/dy) = (dg/dx)/( dg/dy)
= (dg/dx)/(dg/dy) = (dy/dx).
Because dy/dx = (df/dx)/(df/dy) this proportionality means that dy/dx is the same ratio for both curves,
that is, dy/dx is the slope for both the circle and the ellipse at the point of contact. This follows from the chain
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The shea seed contains a rich butter full of beneficial nutrients, even though it’s a hard nut to crack.
Plant name (Latin): Butyrospermum parkii
Plant family: Sapotaceae
Native region: The dry, arid savanna belt of West Africa
Growing habit: A densely-branched tree with regular, shiny green leaves and fruits that resemble large plums, with the shea nut at the centre
Parts used: Fruit and nut
Essential oil extraction method: Ground shea nut is simmered in water
Rich, moisturizing shea butter—valued for centuries in Africa as a food, traditional remedy and cosmetic—is processed from shea nuts, which grow on trees found only Africa’s dry savanna belt. Soothing shea butter is all-natural source of moisture and protection for dry and chapped skin.
Why we use shea
Richly soothing and hydrating, shea is used as a balancing moisturizer for dry skin, as a dry scalp treatment, for chapped lips and to help soften cracked, dry skin.
How and where shea grows
Shea nuts grow on the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa), which grows naturally across the West African savanna, a region marked by long, dry winters and a short rainy summer season. Shea tree habitat stretches in a band across Africa, from Senegal to the west to Sudan in the east, and up into the foothills of Ethiopia.
Their growing area mostly overlaps the Sahel region of Africa, which spans 5,400 km (3,360 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east, in a belt a few hundred to a thousand kilometers (600 miles) in width, covering an area of over 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million square miles). This semi-arid region lies between the Sahara desert to the north and humid savanna to the south.
Shea trees are medium-sized trees, growing to be about 10-15 metres (33-49 feet) tall, with a densely-branched, round growing habit. The thick, spongy bark is fireproof, and protects the trees from the many wildfires that often destroy other nearby vegetation. Trees take 10 to 15 years to start bearing fruit, with peak production starting at 20 years, and can produce nuts for up to 200 years. The trees bloom with creamy white blossoms for a month or two, and then shea fruits grow and ripen for four to six months. The green fruits turn a rich brown when fully ripe. Each tree can produces an average 15 to 20 kilograms of fruit each year, with peak production of up to 45 kilograms. Each shea fruit is about the size of a large plum, with a thin nutritious pulp surrounding the large nut from which shea butter is made.
Many species (including us as humans) eat the tasty, sweet pulp of the shea fruit. Shea fruit and nuts are an important source of nutrition and calories across the African savannah, where many food sources disappear during the extended dry season.
Because shea trees are so valuable as a food source, they are often protected by law. Shea trees are left alone when other trees are being cleared, and farmers will simply plant crops around them. The shade from shea trees reduces initial crop yield, but the valuable shea fruit will make up for the initial crop loss.
Over the long term, shea trees help improve farming conditions by helping to prevent wind erosion of the soil, and adding organic matter back into the earth. By preserving the soil, shea trees help prevent desertification, a crucial task since the arid expanse of the Sahara is just to the north of shea habitat. There are often as many as 20 to 25 mature shea trees per hectare of savanna, creating a grassy woodland park stretching for hundreds of hectares. Much of this area is farmed, creating one of the oldest and most sustainable examples of agroforestry on the planet.
How shea butter is harvested and extracted
With the exception of some modern tools for grinding shea nuts, the process for gathering and processing shea nuts is the same as it has been for millenia. Ripe shea fruits fall from the tree —in Uganda this happens from April through June—and are harvested before sunrise. Traditionally, the harvesting is done by local women with children often helping before school. The fruit pulp is nutritious and a very important source of calories, vitamins and minerals during the annual ‘hungry season’ when food stocks are lowest, yet food energy is desperately needed. Inside the seed (nut) is a kernel which is dried and stored for processing and extraction of shea butter.
After drying, the shell is removed, and the shea kernel inside is sun-dried for another four or five days. The dried kernels are put twice through a motorized grinding machine, first to break them and a second time to yield a fine powder. The powder is mixed with a small amount of clean boiling water and packed into new cloth bags, which are pressed to release the oil.
The many uses of shea
Shea butter as food
The traditional method of getting the benefits of shea is to eat the unrefined butter. You can use it as a vegan oil alternative when cooking, or add it to smoothies for a nutritious, creamy boost. Shea butter is sometimes found in candy coatings and fillings and European chocolate, as a healthier alternative to the less-expensive hydrogenated oil (which can contain trans fats) and sometimes it is used to replace cocoa butter. In chocolate, shea butter creates a higher melting point (great for treats in hot climates!) and a smoother texture.
Before the fruit is dried to extract the nut, the tart pulp is eaten fresh, or turned into a preserve.
Shea in skincare
For centuries—if not thousands—of years, shea has been a valuable cosmetic and skincare ingredient in Africa. Today, it’s known around the world for its rich moisture and soothing, hydrating properties. Because it is an edible oil, shea can be used on the entire body, including the lips.
The use of shea in traditional African medicine
Shea has a long history of use in Africa. As well as the skin-soothing benefits of shea butter, traditional healers make various preparations of the leaves and bark of the shea tree to treat conditions ranging from stomachache to eye irritation.
The symbolism of shea
The shea tree is a symbol of healing and nurturing energy for the mind, body and spirit. The shea tree is a traditional African food plant. It has been claimed to have potential to improve nutrition, boost food supply in the “annual hungry season”, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.
Shea trees are considered a vital resource in the countries where they grow. The English word “shea” comes from “s’i”, from the Bambara language of Mali. The English spelling for the word—pronounce either “shee” (rhymes with tea) or “shay” (rhymes with hay)—is courtesy of the Scottish explorer named Mungo Park, who wrote about the importance of the shea tree during his journeys through Africa in the late 1700s. The tree is also known as karité in the Wolof language of Senegal, hence the French term for shea butter: “le beurre de Karité”.
Oddly, the shea tree is known by two scientific names, Vitellaria paradoxa and Butyrospermum parkii, with the “parkii” added in honour of Mungo Park.
For centuries, shea trees have been known as “women’s gold” because harvesting and producing the valuable shea butter was traditionally a women’s task. As the popularity of shea butter has grown across the world in recent decades, women across Africa, often working through collectives, have embraced shea butter production as a path to economic self-sufficiency. A 2017 report commissioned the Global Shea Alliance and USAID found that approximately four million women across Africa are working on shea collection and processing for export.
The history of shea
University of Oregon anthropologists have pushed back the history of harvesting shea trees in West Africa by more than 1,000 years earlier than previously believed. There is ample evidence for the medieval use of shea trees for food, medicine and cosmetics, but there’s some evidence for earlier use of the wild trees dating to 100 CE—reported in the March 2016 issue of the Journal of Ethnobiology.
In the 14th century, the importance of shea to West African countries was documented by the Arab geographer Ibn-Batutta. While traveling to the court of Mali, he observed the various food, medicinal and cosmetic uses of shea fruit and shea butter.
In the 1790s, Scottish explorer Mungo Park described the production and importance of shea nuts during his travels through Africa:
“The people were everywhere employed in collecting the fruit of the shea trees, from which they prepare the vegetable butter mentioned in former parts of this work. These trees grow in great abundance all over this part of Bambarra. The tree itself very much resembles the American oak ; and the fruit, from the kernel of which, being first dried in the sun, the batter is prepared by boiling the kernel in water, has somewhat the appearance of a Spanish olive. The kernel is enveloped in a sweet pulp, under a thin green rind; and the butter produced from it, besides the advantage of its keeping the whole year without salt, is whiter, firmer, and, to my palate, of a richer flavour than the best butter I ever tasted made from cow's milk. The growth and preparation of this commodity seem to be among the first objects of African industry in this and the neighbouring states; and it constitutes a main article of their inland commerce.”
While shea trees have always been valued in Africa, over the past few decades shea butter has grown in popularity around the world as both a source of fat for cooking and confections and for cosmetics and skincare. A 2017 report commissioned by Global Shea Alliance and USAID found that over the last 20 years, annual shea butter exports have increased from 50,000 metric tons to more than 300,000 metric tons.
The science of shea
Raw shea butter is rich in stearic, oleic acids and benefit-rich vitamin E and vitamin A. The shea tree is used as a source of vegetable oil containing about 45–50 percent oleic acid, 30–41 percent stearic acid, 5–9 percent palmitic acid and 4–5 percent linoleic acid.
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ONE of the most philosophical statements from Max Müller is to this effect: "Whatever we know of early religion, we always see that it presupposes vast periods of an earlier development." This is exhibited in the history of all peoples that have progressed in civilization, though we may have to travel far back on the track of history to notice transformations of thought or belief. When the late Dr. Birch told us that a pyramid, several hundreds of years older than the Great Pyramid, contained the name of Osiris, we knew that at least the Osirian part of Egyptian mythology was honoured some six or seven thousand years ago What the earlier development of religion there was, or how the conception of a dying and risen Osiris arose, at so remote a period, may well excite our wonder.
Professor Jebb writes--"There was a time when they (early man) began to speak of the natural powers as persons, and yet had not forgotten that they were really natural, powers, and that the persons' names were merely signs? Yet this goes on the assumption that religion--or rather dogmas thereof--sprang from reflections upon natural phenomena. In this way, the French author of Sirius satisfied himself, particularly on philological grounds, that the idea, of God sprang from an association with thunder and the barking of a dog.
We are assured by Max Müller, that religion is a word that has changed from century to century, and that "the word rose to the surface thousands of years ago." Taking religion to imply an inward feeling of reverence toward the unseen, and a desire to act in obedience to the inward law of right, religion has existed as long as humanity itself. What is commonly assumed by the word religion, by writers in general, is dogma or belief.
The importance of this subject was well put forth by the great Sanscrit scholar in the phrase, "The real history of man is the history of religion." This conviction lends interest and weight to any investigations into the ancient religion of Ireland; though Plowden held that" few histories are so charged with fables as the annals of Ireland."
It was Herder who finely said, "Our earth owes the seeds of all higher culture to a religious tradition, whether literary or oral." In proportion as the so-called supernatural gained an ascendancy, so was man really advancing from the materialism and brutishness of savagedom. Lecky notes "the disposition of man in certain stages of society towards the miraculous." But was Buckle quite correct in maintaining that "all nature conspired to increase the authority of the imaginative faculties, and weaken the authority of the reasoning ones"?
It is not to be forgotten in our inquiry that, as faiths rose in the East, science has exerted its force in the West.
Fetishism can hardly be regarded as the origin of religion. As to those writers who see in the former the deification of natural objects, Max Müller remarks, "They might as well speak of primitive men mummifying their dead bodies Before they had wax to embalm them with."
Myth has been styled the basis of religion not less than of history; but how was it begotten?
Butler, in English, Irish, and Scottish Churches, writes--
"To separate the fabulous from the probable, and the probable from the true, will require no ordinary share of penetration and persevering industry." We have certainly to remember, as one has said, that "mythic history, mythic theology, mythic science, are alike records, not of facts, but beliefs." Andrew Lang properly calls our attention to language, as embodying thought,, being so liable to misconception and misinterpretation. Names, connected with myths, have been so variously read and explained by scholars, that outsiders may well be puzzled.
How rapidly a myth grows, and is greedily accepted, because of the wish it may be true, is exemplified in the pretty story, immortalized by music, of Jessie of Lucknow, who, in the siege, heard her deliverers, in the remote distance, playing "The Campbells are coming." There never was, however, a Jessie Brown there at that time; and, as one adds, Jessie has herself "been sent to join William Tell and the other dethroned gods and goddesses."
In the Hibbert Lectures, Professor Rhys observes, "The Greek myth, which distressed the thoughtful and pious minds, like that of Socrates, was a survival, like the other scandalous tales about the gods, from the time when the ancestors of the Greeks were savages." May it not rather have been derived by Homer, through the trading Phnicians, from the older mythologies of India and Egypt, with altered names and scenes to suit the poet's day and clime?
It would scarcely do to say with Thierry, "In legend alone rests real history--for legend is living tradition, and three times out of four it is truer than what we call History." According to Froude, "Legends grew as nursery tales grow now.--There is reason to believe that religious theogonies and heroic tales of every nation that has left a record of itself, are but practical accounts of the first
impressions produced upon mankind by the phenomena of day and night, morning and evening, winter and summer."
Such may be a partial explanation; but it may be also assumed that they were placed on record by the scientific holders of esoteric wisdom, as problems or studies for elucidation by disciples.
The anthropological works of Sir John Lubbock and Dr. Tylor can be consulted with profit upon this subject of primitive religious thought.
Hayes O'Grady brings us back to Ireland, saying, "Who shall thoroughly discern the truth from the fiction with which it is everywhere entwined, and in many places altogether overlaid?--There was at one time a vast amount of zeal, ingenuity, and research expended on the elucidation and confirming of these fables; which, if properly applied, would have done Irish history and archaeology good service, instead of making their very names synonymous among strangers with fancy and delusion."
After this we can proceed with the Irish legends and myths, the introduction to this inquiry being a direction to the current superstitions of the race. | <urn:uuid:bb81b843-8c0c-4f82-a9dd-529284c7d802> | {
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Time of Change Photographs by Bruce Davidson and The Black Panthers: Making Sense of History Photographs by Stephen ShamesThursday, May 17, 2007–Thursday, August 2, 2007
Aperture Gallery is pleased to exhibit two seminal photographic documents of the civil rights movement. Magnum photographer Bruce Davidson spent the years 1961–1965 chronicling the early chapter of the movement that was defined by a philosophy of non-violent resistance to institutionalized American racism. Davidson’s project chronicles five long years of struggle that made civil rights a national issue and led to the historic Voting Rights Act of 1965. Though such legislation represented an important step forward, it did not, however, have an immediate effect on the material conditions facing the African-American community, prompting two college students, Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton to form the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, after Malcolm X was assassinated in 1966. The group would become emblematic of the Black Power movement that helped shape the tumultuous years of the late 1960s and early ’70s. As the official photographer for the Panthers, Stephen Shames was allowed unprecedented access, enabling him to intimately document this dynamic but controversial organization from 1967 to 1973.
Time of Change: Photographs by Bruce Davidson
On May 25, 1961, Bruce Davidson joined a group of Freedom Riders traveling by bus from Montgomery, Alabama, to Jackson, Mississippi. The actions of the Riders tested federal laws permitting integrated interstate bus travel. These historic episodes, which ended in violence and arrests, marked the beginning of Davidson’s exploration into the heart of the civil rights movement in the United States during the years 1961–1965. In 1962, Davidson received a Guggenheim Fellowship and continued documenting the era, including an early Malcolm X rally in Harlem, steel workers in Chicago, a Ku Klux Klan cross burning near Atlanta, migrant farm camps in South Carolina, cotton picking in Mississippi, protest demonstrations in Birmingham, and the heroic Selma march that led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which was instrumental in changing the political power base in the segregated Southern states. Davidson’s work on view in this exhibition includes intimate and revealing portraits of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Congressman John Lewis, and other leaders during those turbulent times. Davidson’s lyrical images are both poignant and profound as they describe the mood that prevailed during the civil rights movement.
The Black Panthers: Making Sense of History: Photographs by Stephen Shames
In the midst of the civil rights movement, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the legendary Black Panther Party, in 1966, in Oakland, California. The Party, revered by some and vilified by others, burst onto the scene with a revolutionary agenda for social change and the empowerment of African-Americans. Its methods were controversial and polarizing, so much so that in 1969, FBI head J. Edgar Hoover described the organization as the country’s greatest threat to internal security. In April 1967, Stephen Shames, a college student at the University of California, Berkeley, met the Panthers at a rally to end the war in Vietnam. He was invited to photograph them and continued to do so until 1973. His close friendship with the Panthers, and Seale in particular, gave Shames unusual access to the organization, allowing him to capture not only the public face of the Party—street demonstrations, protests, and militant posturing—but also unscripted behind-the-scenes moments, from private meetings held in the Party headquarters, to Bobby Seale at work on his mayoral campaign in Oakland. The immediacy and intimacy of Shames’s photographs offer an uncommonly nuanced portrait of this dynamic social movement, during one of the most tumultuous periods in recent U.S. history.
Both series in the show are accompanied by critically acclaimed publications. The Black Panthers, photographs by Stephen Shames, foreword by Bobby Seale, essay by Charles E. Jones, was released by Aperture in October 2006 on the occasion of the Party’s fortieth–anniversary reunion in Oakland, California. Time of Change: Civil Rights Photographs 1961–1965, photographs by Bruce Davidson, foreword by John Lewis, essay by Deborah Willis, was published by St. Anne’s Press in October 2002.
Bruce Davidson is a major figure in modern photography, who has created compelling documentary work for over forty years. Born in 1933, he began taking photographs at the age of ten. After military service in 1957 he worked as a freelance photographer for Life, and in 1958 he became a member of Magnum Photos. Davidson continued to photograph extensively from 1958 to 1965, creating such bodies of work as The Dwarf, Brooklyn Gang, Subway, East 100th Street, and The Civil Rights Movement. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1962 to document youth in the South during the civil rights movement, and in 1966 was awarded the first grant for photography from the National Endowment for the Arts. Davidson’s work has been shown at many of the world’s leading museums, including the Museum of Modern Art, New York; International Center of Photography, New York; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; and Parco Gallery, Tokyo. He continues to work as an editorial and documentary photographer and his work appears regularly in publications all over the globe. Aperture has published three monographs on the work of Davidson: Central Park, Portraits, and Subway.
Stephen Shames is an award-winning photographer and social activist whose photographs on social issues have been published in numerous major publications and are in the permanent collections of the International Center of Photography, New York; National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.; Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego; University of California’s Bancroft Library, Berkeley; and Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. He has received awards from Kodak (Crystal Eagle for Impact in Photojournalism), World Hunger Year, Leica, International Center of Photography, and the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Foundation. Shames is one of ten photographers featured in Tipper Gore’s book on homelessness, The Way Home. He has testified on the issue of child poverty to the U.S. Senate and was a featured speaker at American Bar Association and Children’s Defense Fund national conferences. The Ford, Charles Stewart Mott, Robert Wood Johnson, and Annie E. Casey Foundations have underwritten his work. PBS named Lewis Hine, Marion Post Wolcott, and Stephen Shames as photographers whose work promotes social change. Shames’s other publications with Aperture are: Pursuing the Dream, Outside the Dream, and Empower Zone. He is represented by Polaris Images, and the Stephen Kasher Gallery, New York. | <urn:uuid:7dea128c-e526-4f5c-9c15-a7f5a3557714> | {
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Subsets and Splits