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Smith Island lies on the border of Maryland and Virginia, within the Chesapeake Bay. At one time it was a thriving community of watermen and their families. Oysters and crabs were pulled from the Chesapeake Bay to the degree where many were able to make their living on the water, but with the decline of these creatures due to pollution, this is no longer the case. Today it is rare to see anyone on the island between the age of 20 and 50, and one can only wonder how long it will be before the island is completely deserted.
This is an infrared image of work boats that have seen the end of their useful lives, and left to be returned to the earth. | <urn:uuid:a1b10847-8310-4a2c-bfad-188fdba26992> | {
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BEIJING (AP) — China announced on Saturday that it has ratified the emissions-cutting agreement reached last year in Paris, giving a big boost to efforts to bring the accord into effect by the end of this year.
The United States was also expected to announce that it was formally joining the Paris Agreement in advance of the Group of 20 summit that starts Sunday in in the eastern Chinese city of Hangzhou.
The White House announced President Barack Obama would speak about climate change shortly after landing Saturday.
While tensions have risen between Beijing and Washington during Obama’s term over issues including cyber hacking, the South China Sea and the planned deployment of a U.S. anti-missile system in China’s neighbor South Korea, combating climate change is one area where both countries have stressed they can work together.
China is the top emitter of man-made carbon dioxide emissions, and the United States is second. Together, they produce 38 percent of the world’s man-made carbon dioxide emissions.
Both were key to getting an agreement in Paris last year. To build momentum for a deal, they set a 2030 deadline for emissions to stop rising and announced their “shared conviction that climate change is one of the greatest threats facing humanity.”
China had said in April that it would ratify the Paris Agreement, negotiated by representatives of 195 nations in Paris last year, before its hosting of the G-20 summit. The agreement goes into force when joined by at least 55 nations that produce a total of 55 percent of global emissions.
Before China’s announcement, 23 countries had ratified or otherwise joined the agreement, representing just 1 percent of global emissions, according to the World Resources Institute.
The proposal adopted by China’s National People’s Congress Standing Committee says the agreement will help China “play a bigger role in global climate governance,” state-run Xinhua News Agency reported Saturday.
Li Shuo, senior climate policy adviser for the environmental group Greenpeace, said Saturday that the two countries acting on the agreement was “a very important next step.”
If the agreement is eventually adopted, he said, “we’ll have a truly global climate agreement that will bind the two biggest emitters in the world.”
The agreement’s long-term goal is to keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), compared with pre-industrial times. It has an aspirational goal of limiting the temperature rise to 1.5 degrees C (2.7 degrees F). Temperatures have already risen by almost 1 degree C (1.8 degrees F) since the industrial revolution.
Under the Paris Agreement, countries are required to set national targets for reducing or reining in their greenhouse gas emissions. Those targets aren’t legally binding, but countries must report on their progress and update their targets every five years. The first cycle begins in 2020. Only developed countries are expected to slash their emissions in absolute terms. Developing nations are “encouraged” to do so as their capabilities evolve over time. | <urn:uuid:8bcbb809-6889-459b-91f4-d59083d4272b> | {
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February is Black History Month, a time to celebrate the rich history of the African American community and honor the inspiring individuals who have left their footprint on our country.
This year’s theme celebrates the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation and the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington. During February, the country will commemorate these two events that forever changed the U.S. As a brief history lesson, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 during the Cival War. In his decree, Lincoln ordered all slaves in Confederate terrority to be freed.
Hundreds of years later, at the March on Washington in 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. paid tribute to Lincoln in his “I Have a Dream” speech:
“Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity…In a sense we have come to our nation’s capital to cash a check.”
The March on Washington brought together 250,000 people for a peaceful demonstration to advocate for civil rights — 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed. Participants walked the streets of Washington D.C. and then gathered at the Lincoln Memorial for MLK’s speech. The March on Washington is considered the high point of the Civil Rights Movement, leading to the passing of civil rights legistation and new ways of thinking about racial equality.
How CSR is honoring Black History Month
Our Corporate Social Responsibility team is teaming up with First Book, a non-profit organization that collects and supplies children’s books to fight literacy. In honor of Black History Month, we are giving a $10,000 grant to First Book to donate diversity-themed books in a few of our BlueCities. | <urn:uuid:bcb3c5cb-ea42-4725-9120-eee02f469125> | {
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Sao Paulo Medical Journal
Print version ISSN 1516-3180
COSTA, Juvenal Soares Dias da et al. Cost-effectiveness of hypertension treatment: a population-based study. Sao Paulo Med. J. [online]. 2002, vol.120, n.4, pp. 100-104. ISSN 1516-3180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-31802002000400002.
CONTEXT: The cost-effectiveness of the treatment of hypertension has scarcely been investigated in population-based studies. Most data come from secondary analysis of clinical trials and administrative sources. OBJECTIVE: To describe the healthcare costs for outpatient hypertension treatment in comparison with diabetes mellitus and chronic bronchitis, and to examine the cost-effectiveness of different classes of antihypertensive drugs. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. SETTING: Urban area of Pelotas, southern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 20-69 years, identified through multi-stage probability sampling. METHODS: Participants were interviewed at home. Demographic data, education, income, smoking, previous morbidity, use of medicine and other characteristics were assessed via a pre-tested questionnaire, and blood pressure while seated was measured in a standardized way. RESULTS: Approximately 24% of the participants had high blood pressure or were taking antihypertensive drugs, and among these, 33% had had a physician consultation during the month preceding the interview. The monthly mean costs of care for hypertension (R$ 89.90), diabetes (R$ 80.64) and bronchitis (R$ 92.63) were similar. Treatment of hypertension consumed 22.9% of the per-capita income, corresponding to R$ 392.76 spent per year exclusively on antihypertensive drugs. Most of the direct costs associated with hypertension and diabetes were spent on drugs, while patients with bronchitis had greater expenditure on appointments. The cost-effectiveness relationship was more favorable for diuretics (116.3) and beta blockers (228.5) than for ACE inhibitors (608.5) or calcium channel blockers (762.0). CONCLUSION: The costs of hypertension care are mainly dependent on the expenditure on blood pressure-lowering drugs. Treatment of hypertension with diuretics or beta blockers was more cost-effective than treatment with ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers.
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Table of Contents:
Hurricane season comes every June through November. Though we in Beaufort dread the storms, eastern Asia and many other areas of the world depend on hurricanes to bring much of their needed rainfall.
In the eastern Pacific, the storms are known as "typhoons" (probably from Cantonese Chinese toi fung, "great wind"), but are "cyclones" in the Indian Ocean (from Greek kuklon, "rotating"). Australians call them "willy-willys", wrote Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuck in The Atmosphere ( Prentice-Hall, 1979). Our word "hurricane" comes from Carib huracan.
In the Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Science (Marshall Cavendish, 1998), Shelly Fennel listed the North Atlantics most hurricane-prone areas: the Cape Verde Islands, the West Indes (east and north sections), the north and southwest Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes spring up on either side of the equator, but the Coriolis effect keeps them from forming within 5 degrees of that line Caused by the earths movement, this effect knocks oncoming winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere (its also responsible for the spiraling winds that drive the storms). If youve ever wondered why hurricanes dont rage in the South Atlantic, its because those waters are simply too cool (the ocean surface must be above 82º F for a hurricane to form).
Hurricanes arise when forces disturb the speed and direction of tropical trade winds. The most common disturbance is the "tropical wave", a low-pressure zone that travels westward over tropical waters. Other culprits are the low-pressure doldrums that shift up and down the equator as the seasons change, and "midlatitude weather disturbances" drawn to the equator from subtropical seas.
According to The New Book of Popular Science (Grolier, 1996), "a hurricane will develop from one of (these) disturbances when its upper-level winds push away the air that was previously lying over the top of the weather system. This results in a central area of low pressure, the eye, around which the hurricane will develop." Temperatures within this "eye" are relatively high.
Lutgens and Tarbuck described a hurricane as "a heat engine", each one generating power approaching the "amount of electricity consumed in the United States over a 6-month period". Because a storm needs a continual supply of moisture-laden air, it draws vast amounts of vapor rising from the warm surface of the ocean up through its center.
The storm will intensify if it can pump air out at its top faster than the water surface can replace it. These masses of vapor condense in the high altitudes, releasing heavy precipitation and the heat energy that makes the clouds swirl faster and faster. The resulting cumulonimbus (or thick, towering rain-bearing) clouds make up the "doughnut-shaped" core of the hurricane. Long bands of other cumulonimbus clouds spin like a pinwheel around this "axle" at the eye (a typical hurricane system spans about 300 miles in diameter; the eye is usually around 12 miles across, with clouds 8 miles high). The eye wall is the ring of the thunderstorms surrounding the eye of a hurricane; these storms bring the most severe wind, rain and turbulence.
North Atlantic trade winds tend to move newly-formed hurricanes from east to west at around 15 miles per hour. "Then, almost without exception," wrote Lutgens and Tarbuck, "hurricanes move (north-) poleward and are deflected into the westerlies, which increase their forward motion up to a maximum of 100 kilometers (62 miles) per hour." They often zigzag off the coast as we make helpless guesses about where landfall may be.
Of course, all storms are not created equal. The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale ranks hurricanes into five strength categories:
A storm will begin to die as soon as the air supply stops moving. Thats the main reason why hurricanes always weaken when they hit land or move over colder waters. The "drag" of the land surface also helps bring Goliath down, forcing the hurricane to collapse into its own low-pressure center.
people have been naming hurricanes for centuries, meteorologists
once identified storms by their latitude-longitude numbers,
a practice that Chase's Calendar of Events called
"cumbersome" and "subject to error." The
current system of personal names is really just an A-W phonetic
alphabet that is easy to remember, quick to communicate and
which clearly identifies each new storm. The first names issued
by the Miami-Dade County-based hurricane center in 1953 were
women's names, and men's names joined the list in 1979. Atlantic
and Eastern Pacific name lists are rotated year by year (weather
officials will use the 2002 list again in 2008, with new names
to replace those - like Hugo and Andrew - that have gone to
major, "killer" storms)..
THE HURRICANE OF 1893
[NOTE: The following is an "interview" with Clara Barton, which appeared in Library Information Services Coordinator Dennis Adamss "Answer Man" column in the August 27, 2000 Beaufort Gazette. Verbatim excerpts from Bartons book, A Story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of Field Work, appear here out of their original sequence.]
Introduction: On August 27, 1893, a hurricane made landfall in Georgia just south of Beaufort. The hurricane went on to hit our own Sea Islands (it then followed a curve like an archers bow through the middle of South and North Carolina to die in central Virginia).
Clara Barton (1821-1912) directed the ten-month "Sea Island Relief" efforts in Beaufort following the storm. The founder of the American Red Cross was no stranger to Beaufort, having served as a Union nurse in Port Royal in 1863.
Question: When did the storm hit Beaufort, Ms. Barton?
Clara Barton: On the 28th of August, 1893, a hurricane and tidal wave from the direction of the West Indes swept the coast of South Carolina, covering its entire range of Port Royal Islands, sixteen feet below the sea.
Question: Charles Kovacik and John Winberry (in South Carolina: A Geography) reported "winds with velocities of up to 120 miles per hour". In the absence of modern emergency communications, how many local residents were caught without warning?
Barton: These islands had thirty-five thousand inhabitants, mainly negroes. At first it was thought that all must have perished. Later, it was found that only some four or five thousand had been drowned, and that thirty thousand remained with no earthly possession of home, clothing, or food.
Question: Kovacik and Winberry lowered those grimmer, first reports to "an estimated 2,000 people (who) lost their lives". In Natural Disasters, Lee Davis wrote that "more than 1,000 people were killed" and set property damage at nearly ten million dollars. But how did the survivors evacuate the islands?
Barton: The few boats not swept away took them over to the mainland in thousands, and calls went out for help. In this emergency, Governor Tillman called for the services of the Red Cross ( ).
Question: How severe was the damage when you arrived?
Barton: Indeed, there was more often nothing on the islands to return to. If all had been swept out to sea and nothing remained, it was described as "done gone". But if thrown down and parts of the wreck still remained, it was described as "ractified". A few of the churches, being larger and more strongly built, still remained standing. During the first ten days of our stay in Beaufort, it would have been impossible to drive through the principal streets of Beaufort. They were a solid moving mass, crowding near to the storehouses as possible to get, in spite of the policeman, who kindly held them back.
The contributions of food and clothing had been sent to Beaufort, and were in the warehouses of the perplexed committee of its leading citizens. This had naturally drawn all the inhabitants of the scores of desolated islands for fifty miles to Beaufort, until, it is safe to say, that fifteen to twenty thousand refugees had gathered there, living in its streets and waiting to be fed from day to day.
The shores of the mainland had not been exempt from the ravages of the storm and in many instances had suffered like the islands.
Our first order was to close every storehouse, both of food and clothing, and inform the people that all distributions would hereafter be made from the islands. The local committee had kindly pointed out the most suitable man to take charge of each community, and to him would be consigned the rations to be distributed to each family and person within his charge, for which receipt and distribution he became as responsible as a merchant. In three days there were not people enough left in Beaufort , besides its own, to be hired for a "job of work".
The submerged lands were drained, three hundred miles of ditches made, a million feet of lumber purchased and houses built, fields and gardens planted with the best seed in the United States, and the work all done by the people themselves.
Domestic gardens were a new feature among these islanders, whose whole attention had been always given to the raising of the renowned "Sea Island Cotton" The result of this innovation was that, when we left in July (1894), it was nearly as difficult for a pedestrian to make his way on the narrow sidewalks of Beaufort because of piled-up vegetables, as it had been in October to pass through the streets because of hungry, idle men and women.
The Thursday, Oct. 3, 1959 Beaufort Gazette told of a "four-hour reign of terror" that had visited the county on the previous Tuesday. Hurricane Gracie's "Drenching rains" and 145 m.p.h. winds caused 4 local deaths, damaged 2,394 area homes and wrought $4 million (about $24,000,000 in 2003 value) in property losses. The storm sent 12 shrimp boats "to the bottom," and on Oct. 8 farmer Rudolph Bishop reported nearly $20,000 (about $120,000 today) in crop damage. Officials anticipated a mosquito problem, as well as a fire hazard from the many large piles of debris.
In the October 29, 1959 Beaufort Gazette, 96-year-old John Grayson, who had survived the killer hurricane of 1893, rated Gracie as "not too big a storm." Hurricane Gracie had higher winds, but no tidal wave - the cause of so much death and destruction during the earlier storm. He recalled how tides and rainfall brought the water waist high in some areas, where it stood for days after the storm.
The title of the July 29, 2000 Beaufort Gazette editorial column, "Wimp with Wallop: Scientists Reassess Strength of Hugo", told of a radical downscaling of the storm that struck above Charleston in September, 1989.
Contrary to earlier estimates, Hugo was not a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale , but amounted to a minimal Category 1 storm at the time of landfall. National Research Council of the National Academy of Science recently calculated Hurricane Hugos wind speed at Charleston as only 70-80 miles per hour.
According to the editorial column, the "137-mile-per hour wind recorded at Charleston lasted only a second and was taken from atop a vessel at the navy base in North Charleston. Wind levels are usually measured at levels sustained for one minute or longer."
Richard Shenot, director of the National Weather Service in Charleston in 1989, said that "Charleston did not experience a Category 3 or anything like it."
South Carolina state climatologist MikeHelfert ("Hugo Was a Wimp at Charleston, Scientists Warn" in the July 25 Charleston, SC Post and Courier, page 1) said that "I actually do rate Hurricane Hugo as a wimp in the history of Charleston as far as major hurricanes go. It largely ate pine trees that should never have been planted in the first place. And lots of structures that should never have been built where they were built were removed or modified. (Hugo) was closer to a tropical storm in intensity."
Officials now fear that people who think that Hugo was a true Category 4 storm may underestimate the danger of a major hurricane. They may fail to evacuate the Lowcounty when a major threat arises. Helfert expressed concern that the public may relax its attitude about building codes, construction and insurance policies.
The immediate area of McClellanville (35 miles north of Charleston) experienced Hurricane Hugos most intense winds of 130 miles per hour. Winds at McClellanville actually exceeded the 120-mile-per-hour winds of the catastrophic hurricane of 1893, which killed from 1,000-2,000 people on the sea islands off Beaufort.
Hugo struck with a tidal surge of 12-17 feet and heavy, flooding rains. A ccording to The Journal of the American Medical Association ("Medical Examiner/Coroner Reports of Deaths Associated with Hurricane Hugo - South Carolina" Dec. 8, 1989), the storm cost 35 lives (among the 13 deaths at impact were six drownings and seven fatal cases of crush injuries; 16 people died in fires and from other injuries during the storm, and others were killed by electrocution or falling trees).
Although Hugo first headed straight for Beaufort County, most local residents returning from evacuation found their property unharmed.
Hurricane Hugo brought about big changes in South Carolinas emergency preparedness planning. After assessing the storm damage in inland Sumter County, for example, state officials decided not to commit all their resources to the coastal areas, where they had been concentrated before.
The Great Exodus from Beaufort County on Sept. 14, 1999 was part of the nation's greatest peacetime evacuation (from Florida to the Virginia border, over two million people left their homes, wrote Andrew Philips and Sue Ferguson in "A Stormy Season: Why Big Hurricanes Like Floyd Are on the Rise," Macleans, Sept. 27, 1999). But Beaufort was spared once again: Macleans ("Hurricane Havoc," Oct. 4, 1999) reported that North Carolina suffered most, with about 6,000 people left homeless and $1.5 billion (about $1.9 billion in 2003 value) in farm losses. From start to finish, Floyd killed at least 68 people, 41 of them in North Carolina. | <urn:uuid:7eed9672-f0d1-448f-acb2-91fdc675fe55> | {
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Aging effects the production of collagen and the body's ability to produce collagen slows down as we age. The levels of amino acids (the building blocks of protein) our body needs to make collagen are reduced. Collagen protein is composed of amino acids responsible for growth, maintenance, and repair of our bodies. Collagen has an unusually high proportion of the amino acid glycine and proline, as well as hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. These amino acids are essential elements for the production of lean muscles, healthy bones, and firm youthful skin.
Scientific research and studies indicates that more than 90% of the collagen found in our body is Collagen Type I & Type III. These two types are found in all connective tissue, eyes, skin, nails, hair and bone. Type II collagen is the major component of hyaline cartilage. Collagen Type II is rich in hyaluronic acid and mucopolysaccarides. Type V collagen is non-cartilaginous tissue. Type I collagen accounts for the majority of the collagen mass and collagen Type V is a minor component. Type V collagen has been implicated in the regulation of fibril diameter, and recently reported preliminary evidence shows that type V collagen is required for collagen fibril nucleation. Type X collagen may have a role in providing mineralization and structural support for articular cartilage.
Collagen supplements work naturally within the body as a bioavailable food source. Collagen is a protein processed with optimum molecular weight for easy assimilation. It activates the body's own fat burning mechanism while increasing metabolism. Thus, the body has more energy, strength and stamina.
Collagen increases blood circulation because it exhibits one of the highest dynamic effects (increase in metabolic rate and rise in body temperature) of any food
Nutrition Report International
Proline and hydroxyproline are essential for collagen formation and maintenance, useful in all conditions effecting status of supporting structure, and in reducing collagen degeneration during the aging process
Amino Acids in Therapy | <urn:uuid:8ca56c34-3282-417a-8d5b-7f13b568dba9> | {
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Here in Huntington Beach all our trash is recycled by the city. But how recyclable is plastic? Not very.
Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastics and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state. For instance, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairs and tables. Typically a plastic is not recycled into the same type of plastic, and products made from recycled plastics are often not recyclable.
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Battle of the Styles
This article does not cite any sources. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Battle of the Styles is a term used to refer to the conflict between supporters of the Gothic style and the Classical style in architecture. In Britain this led to public debates between Decimus Burton and Augustus Pugin.
Later in the century the revival of vernacular architecture led to an increasing palette of styles from which architects could choose, including Queen Anne style and "Tudorbethan" models. Numerous stylistic options led to a debate about prefabricated stylistic options in architecture, which eventually mutated into the Arts and Crafts style and then into Modernism. | <urn:uuid:d7c4861f-d514-418d-ab80-be0a70638033> | {
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The Web of Relations between Switzerland and India
With Gandhi photographs by Walter Bosshard
Exhibition at the Landesmuseum Zürich: August 2019 to January 2020
Indiennes are printed or painted cotton fabrics that made their way from India to Europe in the 16th century. Soon French and Swiss companies were imitating these fabrics. In the 17th and 18th centuries, indiennes inspired enthusiasm throughout Europe and for almost two centuries made a lasting mark on society, the economy and fashion here.
The role of the numerous Swiss people who helped to shape that highly profitable branch of industry is described here in detail for the first time. But it was not just for economic reasons that Swiss people were drawn to India. Missionaries also travelled to the sub-continent, and in the 20th century the Swiss photographer Walter Bosshard disseminated images of Gandhi’s struggle for independence all over the world. | <urn:uuid:ca3a3d8b-02bb-45e7-9bf3-bc4a605088b0> | {
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Photo: Raul Lieberwirth (Flickr)
It’s time to go again to the A Moment of Science mailbag. A listener writes:
Dear A Moment of Science,
Everyone gets bored from time to time. But I was wondering–what is boredom exactly, scientifically speaking?
Boredom is one of those really common things that, partly because it’s so common, is rarely investigated with much rigor. But a study by researchers in Canada aims to change that. In fact, they’ve come up with a definition of boredom.
According to the study, boredom is “an aversive state of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity,” arising from failures in one of the brain’s attention networks.
Focusing On The Problem
In other words, you’re bored when you can’t quite focus on stuff–such as thoughts or things happening around you–that allows you to engage in absorbing activities. And, to make it worse, you’re sort of aware that you can’t pay attention, which makes you feel listless and, well, bored.
Boredom is linked to many psychological, social, and health problems. For example, being bored at work can make you less productive and, in some jobs, can lead to serious accidents. Also, boredom has been linked to substance abuse and other health issues.
There are all sorts of ways to try to avoid becoming bored, or snapping out of it when you feel bored. But this research could be a first step towards developing more scientific ways to curb boredom. | <urn:uuid:2ee60ea7-ae81-4e3c-9404-b17186bb7f4c> | {
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2008)|
The word shukuchi (縮地?), sometimes written shukuchihō (縮地法?) or shukuchijutsu (縮地術?), is a Japanese-language term for various techniques of rapid movement. The characters in the word literally mean "reduced earth".
Shukuchi is the Japanese word for the power of teleportation attributed to some sennin and xian. Those possessing this ability were believed to be capable of moving vast distances in a single step. The term is sometimes used to refer to a similar ability in Buddhist belief.
In martial arts
In modern Japanese martial arts, shukuchi refers to a sudden movement into an enemy's maai (space) or blind spot to attack. This definition is relatively recent, and is, therefore, used somewhat differently by various schools.
In popular culture
Fictionalized versions of shukuchi are common in manga and anime. In this context, it is usually portrayed as short-range teleportation or as the ability to move quickly enough to become invisible. Son Goku, the main character of the Dragon Ball franchise, is seen performing this feat as a child and eventually masters the art of teleporting when an adult. In addition, Seta Sōjirō from Rurouni Kenshin and various characters in Negima!: Magister Negi Magi employ such techniques. The (Nerubian) Weaver, a character from the popular video game mod of Warcraft III, Defense of the Ancients, and its successor Dota 2 has an ability called Shukuchi, which allows it to become invisible and run with maximum movement for a short time. Also, in the manga and anime "Prince of Tennis" the shukuchi method is used by players of the Higa Middle School from Okinawa to give the illusion of moving from the baseline of a tennis court to the net in a split second.
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NewsRadio 920 WHJJ and the Associated Press
CRANSTON, R.I. (AP) — Thousands of tiny insects are helping Rhode Island environmental officials battle and invasive plant known as the mile-a-minute vine.
University of Rhode Island Entomologist Lisa Tewksbury tells WJAR-TV she is rearing and releasing more than 18,000 weevils this year, in hopes they will eat a lot of the plant, also known as devil's tail.
The fast-growing, spiky vine took a foothold in the northeastern United States after arriving from Asia in the 1930s.
Tewskbury began using weevils in 2009 and releases them between May and October. She says the weevils won't get rid of the plant, but hopes are they will be part of a long-term management strategy.
Shutterstock/Stephen B. Goodwin | <urn:uuid:e4dcc00f-005f-4c32-a355-9c0d712a9004> | {
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Last week I discussed Macbeth and the adaptations that Shakespeare made of his sources for the story. This week lets look at Hamlet. There are many versions of the Hamlet story and some scholars think that the most influential of them are now lost. For instance there was probably a dramatic version of Hamlet which pre-dates Shakespeare’s.
However one source which is certainly influential is Saxo Grammaticus’ History of Denmark or as it is properly called Gesta Danorum in which we find the story which we will recognise as Hamlet – here taken from an English translation – with the spelling modernised.
“Horwendil, King of Denmark, married Gurutha, the daughter of Rorik, and she bore him a son, whom they named Amleth. Horwendil’s good fortune stung his brother Feng with jealousy, and behold when a chance came to murder him, his bloody hand sated the deadly passion of his soul. Then he took the wife of the brother he had butchered, capping unnatural murder with incest. Also the man veiled the monstrosity of his deed with such hardihood of cunning, that he made up a mock pretence of goodwill to excuse his crime, and glossed over fratricide with a show of righteousness. Gerutha, said he, though so gentle that she would do no man the slightest hurt, had been visited with her husband’s extremist hate; and it was all to save her that he had slain his brother. Amleth beheld all this, but feared lest too shrewd a behaviour might make his uncle suspect him. So he chose to feign dullness, and pretend an utter lack of wits. This cunning course not only concealed his intelligence but ensured his safety.”
Again Shakespeare makes significant changes to this story, not just the names. Interestingly Shakespeare removes a lot of the back story. If Claudius is stung with jealously at his brother Hamlet’s good fortune then we are left to imagine that. However the image of stinging is captured by Shakespeare with the image of the serpent stinging Hamlet when Claudius pours poison in his ear. That death is also interestingly less bloody than the one we are invited to imagine in Saxo.
The whole plot about Feng making up a story about how Gurutha was mistreated by Horwendil is missing in Hamlet. Here Claudius makes no attempt at all to conceal his motivation with cunning, he simply conceals it by not admitting to it. In a way this is the detail I am more surprised that Shakespeare did not include – it adds depth and complexity to the character of Claudius. But perhaps Shakespeare felt his play was sufficiently deep already!
Shakespeare’s prince Hamlet chooses to fake madness as opposed to dullness – which is dramatically much more interesting! But also is made far more complex in that rather than ‘beholding all this’ he remains in some doubt over Claudius’ guilt throughout the play which adds complexity to his character. So in adapting this story for the stage shakespeare has compacted the time frame, and made the story at once simpler and more complex, focussing on the young Hamlet in great detail and allowing Claudius and his villainy to become something of a backdrop. | <urn:uuid:de0594a5-3b24-4bd8-864a-4e949178ab65> | {
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Technical Assumptions of Tests of Statistical Significance
Statistical tests are educated guesses. Based on incomplete data - that is, data from only a subset of the population - they seek to make conclusions. The incompleteness of the data guarantees that statistical tests will sometimes lead to the wrong conclusion, particularly in situations where there is little data or the differences being examined are small (i.e., to use the jargon, the tests are particularly inaccurate when power is low). Nevertheless, statistical tests are in widespread use because when they are conducted correctly they are the most educated form of guess that is possible.
All statistical tests make a large number of assumptions. When these assumptions are not satisfied the consequence is that the conclusions from statistical testing become less reliable. The more egregious the violation of the assumptions, the less accurate the conclusions.
- 1 Null hypothesis
- 2 Alpha (significance level or cut-off)
- 3 Data collection process
- 4 Statistical distributions
- 5 Sample size
- 6 Number of comparisons
- 7 The absence of other information
- 8 Additional assumptions of specific tests
- 9 References
All statistical tests require a null hypothesis (see Formal Hypothesis Testing). From time-to-time the null hypotheses that are used in statistical tests are not sensible and the consequence of this is that the p-values are not meaningful. As an example, consider the table below, which is a special type of table known as a duplication matrix. This table has the same data shown in both the rows and the columns. Thus, the first column shows that 100% of people that consume Coke consume Coke (not surprisingly), 14% of people that consume Coke also consume Diet Coke, 25% of people that consume Coke also consume Coke Zero, etc.
The arrows on the table show the results of statistical tests. In all of these tests, the null hypothesis is independence between the rows and the columns (see Statistical Tests on Tables for a description of what this null hypothesis entails, although the description is non-technical and the word independence is not used). However, this assumption is clearly not appropriate, as the same data is shown in the rows and columns and thus it cannot be considered independent in any meaningful sense and a different null hypothesis is required.
To appreciate how the incorrect null hypothesis renders the significance tests meaningless focus on the top-left cell. It suggests that the finding that 100% of people that consume Coke also consume Coke is significantly high. However, it is a logically necessary conclusion and thus cannot, in any sense, be considered to be significant (i.e., the only possible value is 100% and thus the only sensible null hypothesis is that this value is 100% so the test should not be significant). All the other tests in this table are also wrong. The ones in the main diagonal are wrong for the same reason as just discussed. The other tests are wrong because the assumption of independence is not sensible in duplication matrices, as typically buying of one brand is correlated with buying of other brands.
Alpha (significance level or cut-off)
The key technical output of a significance test is the p-value (see Formal Hypothesis Testing). This p-value is then compared to some pre-specified cut-off, which is usually called (the Greek letter alpha). For example, most studies use a cut-off of and take conclude that a test is significant if .
Having a standard rule such as this gives the veneer of rigor as it is a transparent and non-subjective process. Unfortunately, when statistical tests are an input into real-world decision making it is generally not ideal to use such a simple process. Rather, it is better to take into account the costs and risks associated with an incorrect conclusion.
Consider a simple problem like a milk company deciding whether or not to change the color of its milk package from white to blue. A study may find that that a small increase in sales results if the color change is made. However, the resulting p-value may be 0.06. Thus, if using the 0.05 cut-off the conclusion would be that color makes no difference. However, if it costs the company nothing to make the change, then there is no downside, and they are better off making the change. That is, perhaps the change in packaging will have no impact, in which case there is no downside. And, there is the possibility that making the change will result in a small increase. Now, let's instead suppose that the p-value is 0.04 but that the change in pack size will cost the company millions of dollars. In that situation it is likely best to conclude that there is no significant effect for a change in pack size, even though the p-value is less than the 0.05 cut-off, as now the 0.04 chance is interpreted as meaning that there is a non-zero chance that the company could spend millions of dollars for no gain (and, the better course of events is for the company to increase the sample size of the study to see if it results in a smaller p-value).
The academic discipline of decision theory focuses on the question of how to weigh up risks and costs in such situations.
Data collection process
Most statistical tests make an assumption known as simple random sampling (see Formal Hypothesis Testing for an example and definition).
Simple random sampling is a type of probability sampling, which is a catch-all term to describe samples where everybody in the population has the potential to be included in a study and we know both the probability of people being included as well as having a good understanding of the mechanism by which people are included. Simple random sampling is the simplest type of probability sample. There are lots of others, such as cluster random sampling and stratified random sampling. When these other forms of sampling occur then there is a need to use different formulas to compute statistical significance (i.e., and, the standard formulas taught in introductory statistics courses all assume the data is from a simple random sample). In general, if tests assume simple random sampling, but one of these other types of probability sampling methods is a better description of the sampling mechanism, the consequence will be that the computed p-value is smaller that the correctly-computed p-value and results will be concluded as being significant and the rate of making false discoveries will increase (there are some situations where alternatives to simple random sampling can result in p-values being wrong in the other direction, but the nature of commercial research makes this possibility rare enough to be ignored).
Probability samples never occur in the real world. Only a tiny fraction of people are ever really available to participate in surveys. The rest are: illiterate, in prisons, unwilling to participate, too busy, not contactable, etc. Consequently, it is important to keep in mind that the p-values that are computed are always rough approximation based upon implausible assumptions. However, without making the implausible assumptions there is no way of drawing any conclusion at all, so the orthodoxy is to make such untestable assumptions but to proceed with a degree of caution. Nevertheless, it is important to appreciate that it does not follow that because no sample is ever really a probability sample that this means that all samples are equally useful. The further a sample is from being a probability sample, the more dangerous it is to treat it as being a probability sample.
The mathematics used to compute the p-value involves various distributional assumptions. For example, t-tests assume that data from independent and identical draws from a normal distribution (or, "i.i.d. normal" for short).
It is helpful to disentangle such assumptions into its parts: the i.i.d. assumption and the specific distributions that are assumed.
The i.i.d. assumption
A read of the fine print of most statistical tests reveals assumptions relating to the data being independently and identically drawn from a distribution. This is generally just a different way of restating the assumption that the data is a simple random sample (which was discussed earlier on this page). Where this assumption is not satisfied there are alternatives, provided that the data can be viewed as being something of a probability sample, but they are technical and not available in most programs used for survey analysis (see for more information).
The specific distribution
Most statistical tests make explicit assumptions about the specific distributions. Statisticians broadly group tests into two groups: parametric tests, which make relatively strong assumptions and non-parametric tests, which make weaker assumptions about the distributions.
Parametric tests are derived from assumptions about the distribution of the data. Most commonly used parametric tests assume that the data is normal or binomial, but there dozens of other distributions assumed by more exotic tests. Where data is assumed to be binomial, as occurs in many tests of proportions, this assumption is almost unbreakable, provided that the i.i.d. assumption is met (this is because when the i.i.d. assumption is met the data becomes binomial by definition). In the case of the assumption of normality, however, the assumption can play a material role.
The most widely used tests in survey research - t-tests - assume that data, or, in some case the residuals, are drawn from the normal distribution. It is rarely the case that survey data complies with this assumption, with it being more common to follow other distributions (e.g., NBD) and/or have outliers. Where sample sizes are 'small' the failure of data to meet with the assumption can make the p-values of surveys misleading. Fortunately, due to a very helpful theory known as the central limit theoreom, with large sample sizes this assumption is usually not a problem. That is, many tests which assume normality - such as most z-test and t-tests - are able to accurately compute the p-value even when the data is not even remotely similar to a normal distribution, provided that the sample size is large. Unfortunately, there is no good guidance as to how large a sample needs to be before the assumption of normality can be ignored. It is common to read guidelines suggesting that samples as small as 10, 20, 25 or 30 can be sufficiently large. Unfortunately, it is not so simple. In samples in the thousands the departure from normality can still make a difference (e.g., heavily skewed samples). Perhaps the key thing to keep in mind is that with samples of larger than 30 the difference between the computed p-value and the correct p-value is unlikely to be large. (That is, it is routine to treat samples of 30 and above as being sufficiently large to make the assumption of normality irrelevant.)
Nonparametric tests make milder distributional assumptions. The most common assumption is of finite expectations. This is a very technical assumption and is possibly always satisfied in survey research.
Other assumptions tend to depend upon the specific test. For example, simpler non-parametric tests used for testing differences in means and medians often assume that the data contains no ties (e.g., Kruskal-Wallis). Generally, where such assumptions are not met there are alternative variants of the tests which do not make these assumptions (but instead assume that the sample is large). Most software programs either default to these safer tests or use them when the assumption of ties is not met.
Some non-parametric tests make even more exotic assumptions. The Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test, for example, make a symmetry assumption.
Other than the queston of ties, it is routine for researchers to proceed as if nonparametric tests make no assumptions (other than i.i.d.). There is no evidence to suggest this practice is routinely dangerous.
It is common practice for commercial researchers to have rules of thumb regarding sample size. For example, various researchers do not test for statistical significance when samples are less than 30, 50 or 100. Such rules of thumb do not have any formal justification. All tests of statistical significance explicitly take the sample size into account. Many tests function quite adequately with very small sample sizes. The only time to be particularly concerned about sample size are when there is a problem regarding distributional assumptions:
- As discussed earlier, assumptions regarding the specific distribution, such as whether it is normal or not, become key determinants of the accuracy of p-value computations when smaller sample sizes are used.
- Deviations from simple random sampling (and, consequently, the i.i.d. assumption) can be particularly problematic with very small samples.
The key thing to keep in mind as regards sample size is that even if the sample size is small and the various assumptions are not met, it is still better to do a test with lots of violated assumptions than to do no test at all (as when no test is conducted a conclusion is still going to be reached regarding whether the difference is meaningful or not, so it is better to perform an inexact computation than to guess).
Number of comparisons
Traditional tests of significance assume that only a single test is conducted in the study. This is rarely a good assumption. When this assumption is not satisfied the p-values computed by the tests are smaller than they should be. See Multiple Comparisons (Post Hoc Testing) for more information.
The absence of other information
All the commonly used statistical tests assume that the only information available for performing the test is the data used in the test itself. Where there is other information, such as other studies or theory, this assumption is incorrect and the resulting p-values are also incorrect. The nature of the error in this instance is that where the p-value leading to a conclusion that is contrary to the other evidence then the p-value is smaller than it should be and vice versa. Bayesian statistics provides tools for incorporating other information into statistical testing.
Additional assumptions of specific tests
Z-Tests of Proportions
The proportions being tested are greater than 0 and less than 1.
Z-Tests of Means
The standard deviation has been measured without error.
t-Tests of Proportions
- The proportions being tested are greater than 0 and less than 1.
- That the variance is estimated (this assumption is rarely correct but is trivial in its implications).
t-Tests with unequal variance
The variance of each group is greater than 0.
Dependent samples tests (e.g., Quantum, Survey Reporter)
Any missing data is Missing Completely At Random (MCAR).
ANOVA-based Multiple Comparison Procedures (e.g., Fisher LSD, Duncan, Tukey HSD, Newman-Keuls, Dunnett)
Data is from a normal distribution with equal variance in each group, or, the sample size is large. Note that this assumption is not made by Bonferroni and False Discovery Rate corrections. (See Multiple Comparisons (Post Hoc Testing) for more about these methods.)
- Ehrenberg, A. S. C. (1988). Repeat Buying: Facts, Theory and Applications. New York, Oxford University Press.
- Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques, Third Edition. New York, Wiley.
- White, H. (2001). Asymptotic Theory for Econometricians, Revised Edition. San Diego, Academic Press.
- Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques, Third Edition. New York, Wiley.
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2001). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, MIT Press. | <urn:uuid:872fb78d-f89c-4d36-897a-e3d05b996463> | {
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Written by hand more than 1600 years ago, and divided into four institutions in as many countries, the Codex Sinaiticus is all together again – on line. Called one of the most important books in the world, not only for the text it contains, but for the 4th century technology used to make it, the Codes Sinaiticus has collided with the 21st
The manuscript is a Christian Bible written in Greek, and is the oldest complete copy of the New Testament. As of July 6, 2009, the Codex Sinaiticus website offers all extant pages of the document. Now, scholars can study the entire manuscript which may lead to new conclusions about a document that remains controversial.
Did words from Proverbs inspire the researchers who worked on this project? “Happy the man who finds wisdom, the man who gains understanding
” says Chapter 3, Verse 13, which can be seen on the website as:
μακαριοϲ ανθρωποϲ · οϲ ευρεν ϲοφιαν και θνητοϲ · οϲ ειδεν φρονηϲιν
Research based on handwriting dates the Codex Sinaiticus. The manuscript is being studied for reconstruction of the Christian Bible's original text, how the Christian canon was established, insight into the history of the Bible, and general review of the development of books.
The name "Codex Sinaiticus" literally means "the Sinai Book"
, indicating its form and its place in history. When it was written, sheets were folded and bound together as we know books today, replacing the method of writing on rolls like those of the Dead Sea Scrolls
A papyrus codex was a distinctive feature of early Christian culture. The Codex Sinaiticus, however, was written on animal skin parchment making it an important transition in book making history.
Prior to preserving the pages as digitized images, the originals of the antique and fragile document needed to be protected
. The physical characteristics of each leaf were analyzed and recorded, and limited conservation was done where necessary. It was examined to determine which animal skins were used to make the parchment leaves, how they were prepared before text was written upon them, and what types of ink were used.
The criteria for digitization was that the writing on the leaves had to be readable on the resulting images
and that the natural appearance of the parchment and ink had to be faithfully reproduced. Making the process more difficult was the necessity of photographing the pieces at the four institutions that held them, each with different equipment. The manuscript is scattered among the British Library
, in the UK which holds 347 pages, the Leipzig University Library
in Germany with 43 leaves, St Catherine's Monastery
, Sinai its original location, now has only 12 leaves and 40 fragments, and the National Library of Russia
in St Petersburg has portions of 6 pages.
Lighting the leaves to photograph them was a challenge. Each page reflected light at a different angle. A compromise was settled upon which lit the page at an angle of 45 degrees on low intensity without any backlighting. Additionally, the parchment has many marks on its surface – puckering, ruling indentations, and other naturally occurring blemishes and marks which didn’t show well under the 45 degree angle. So, each page was processed twice, the second exposure using a light source at a low angle from a top corner to show the physical features of the parchment. A third situation had to be overcome - the thin leaves allow the text from the other side of the page to ‘bleed through’ when photographed.
Only portions of the bible as we know it are preserved. The Codex Sinaiticus consists of approximately half of the Old Testament
and Apocrypha (the Septuagint), the entire New Testament, and two early Christian texts not found in modern Bibles. The books of the New Testament are arranged in a different order than our modern bibles.
Transcriptions show that corrections were common over the years
, made by the original scribes as well as others all the way through the 12th century. Changes range from a single letter being altered to entire sentences being inserted. The Septuatint was especially susceptible to modification. Continued study will raise continued controversy.
© 2009 - 2013 Bright Side Of News*, All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:293f8137-8a2b-4637-af54-67f966ab1812> | {
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- Special Sections
- Real Estate
COLDER, WETTER, LONGER WINTERS
I could not help but laugh at âSierra Could Be Hit Hard by Climate Change,â (Mammoth Times, May 13, 2011) as I looked out my window at still bud-less trees and a snowpack almost four times normal. Science use to be based on definite observation and facts which were either true or false. Now itâs âcould, might, maybe, if.â And no wonder. Anyone who pays attention to the weather lately might think winters were getting colder around here, not warmer. And they would be correct.
According to the NCDC, at www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/cag3/ca.html, California winters are cooling at a rate of just over 1 degree Fahrenheit per decade. One might also be of the impression that winters were getting wetter, not drier. And you would be correct again. Data at the NCDC shows California winters getting wetter at the rate of 1.24 inches more water per decade. In fact, only two winters this decade have been below average. And finally, my favorite. It doesnât just seem like winters are getting longer: They are. California springtimes are cooling at an astonishing two degrees F per decade! At the current rate of global warming, we will have the climate of Siberia by 2070.
The global warming scam is just another ploy by large corporations and governments in their employ to take your money and your freedom. We are in the middle of an ice age for crying out loud. We are on the cold side of a cold interglacial. If it were really warming, that would be a good thing.
JUST SOME OBSERVATIONS
The root web site Mr. Hodges refers to is the National Climate Data Center, which states, âGlobally, annually averaged surface temperature has increased by just under 1°C since the late 1800s. The rate of increase over the past 50 years is nearly twice that of the past century. However, this warming trend is not uniform across the planet.â That lack of uniformity may help explain why local observations in the Eastern Sierra may not jibe with the expectations of global warming.
That is because science continues to be based on observations that cannot cover every instance in place (throughout the universe) and time (from the past through the future). Therefore, scientists keep an objectively open mind, one that allows a measure of doubt as to whether even widespread observations lead to infallible âtruths.â Logic tells us that no conclusions, no matter how useful they are, (not even the overwhelming evidence that supports human-caused global climate change), can be proven âtrue.â
Acknowledging this limitation, scientists and reporters use words such as âcould,â âappears toâ and âthe evidence substantiates the hypothesis.â
Given Mr. Hodgesâ example, he may see bud-less trees and extreme snowpack that represent a change in local conditions in June Lake right now, but science has required thousands of observations to come to a conclusion about regional changes in the Eastern Sierra. One possibly dead tree and one possibly freak snow storm are simply not enough observations, no more than would be a single blistering-hot day in Mammoth Lakes.
It has taken many more observations by scientists worldwide, over many years, to posit human-caused global climate change.
The up side of that process is: the more observations, the closer scientists approach âthe truth,â though logic prevents arriving in that ideal place. When the vast majority of climate scientists, worldwide, agree that the earth has heated over the past 100 years, and that much of that heat is due to human activity, and that will likely result in more frequent and severe storms, the agreement represents an incomprehensible number of observations at many sites, at many different times, under many different conditions by many scientists.
Mr. Hodges referred to global climate change as a ploy by major corporations to take âyourâ money. One International corporation, Deutsche Bank, acknowledged this year âa growing realization of the potentially profound impact climate change may have on ...existing portfolios.â That sounds more to me as though they are reacting to, rather than creating, a concern. Note that those business people used a logical qualifier, âpotentially profound.â
During Mr. Hodgesâ âcold side of a cold interglacialâ period, glaciers of Glacier National Park have been reduced to one-third their size according to USGS.gov, and the Northwest Passage opened over Canada as well as the Northern Sea Route over Russia, representing âone million square miles of open water â six Californias â beyond the average since satellites started measurements in 1979,â according to the Oct. 2, 2007 New York Times.
THE THANKS GOES ON
In the May 27 issue of the Mammoth Times, Nancy Mahannah thanked the organizations and individuals who participated in the Senior Symposium, which took place at Mammoth High School during the first part of May. It appears that Wild Iris was inadvertently left out of her kudos, and so I would like to take this opportunity to recognize Jessie McLaughlin and Debbie Painter, who are both Crisis Counselors/Educators for Wild Iris, for their contribution to this event. Jessie and Debbieâs presentation covered the ever-important topic of Teen Dating Violence. Thank you Jessie and Debbie for your contribution to the Senior Symposium, and congratulations to all who participated. It sounds like it was a well received event. | <urn:uuid:8b44ce43-4b73-4315-9d57-dd5869e1527f> | {
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Greenpeace has added its voice to the growing chorus of NGOs calling on people to eat less meat to help tackle climate change.
This week the charity launched a global campaign with the goal of reducing meat and dairy production and consumption by at least 50% by 2050.
A report – Less is More – sets out Greenpeace’s vision for a food system in which there is enough food for all, but one which minimises environmental damage during its production. “For livestock, that means animals are reared respectfully and without suffering, using land that is not required for human food production, yet maintaining enough land for biodiversity,” the report says.
It also states that reducing food waste and meat consumption are imperative for a future based on ecological food and farming.
In a foreword, Professor Pete Smith of the University of Aberdeen wrote: “Having looked at a range of potential options for moving toward a sustainable food system, including the full range of production-side measures available, it has become clear to me that we must significantly reduce consumption of livestock products now and into the future.”
Smith added: “We do not all need to make the once-and-forever decision to become vegetarian or vegan – reduced consumption of meat and milk among people who consume “less and better” meat/milk could have a very significant impact”.
He said Greenpeace’s vision was not driven by ideology but by scientific evidence, noting that reducing demand for livestock products is now a scientifically mainstream view. | <urn:uuid:46a27c99-8718-4376-aaa9-79b55e3b5422> | {
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Stories of Honesty Use these sort stories to enrich your family life: they'll help you to be a better parent, your children to be better kids, and your baby to develop healthy at emotional and intelectual levels. The importance of honesty in PR 08. Awesome story! Please write another one. Examples: Crime pays. Our commitment to you is providing safe and orderly learning environments for about 115,000 students through proactive and comprehensive staffing, policy, equipment, technology, and training. telling the truth. Honesty, dishonesty and integrity idioms, page 1, from 'above board' to 'economical with the truth', with their meaning and an example, for learners of English. This story is very easy to memorize as honesty is the best policy story for class 4 students. Chasing down honesty in BBC’s The Hunt. Often being honest can mean coming under the wrath of others. Whatever your requirement may be, from writing business letters to creating the perfect job application or writing essays to creating study reports, browse examples from various categories of business, education and design. Indeed, honesty is the best policy. Total amount of credit £739 paid over 24 months as 23 monthly payments of £30. The woodcutter took it gladly. His stories weave together to form a moving and. In the absence of honesty, many social diseases appear. The Bible is full of examples of what it means to live with integrity. Who dares wins. you could accurately say "no" if you just ate one cookie. Our first president, George Washington, selected the site for the White House in. Ethics and Virtue. 2 I shoved my threadbare bag into my locker, groping out my phone from the depths of the garbage filled bag and shoved it into my pocket before anyone could see it. -William Shakespeare Be true to your work, your word, and your friend. and professional /school lives. 1 16 Examples of Trolling That Are Nothing Short of Art. Explore The Best Policy Quotes by authors including Robert E. Writing Concise Sentences In addition to reading this section of the Guide and taking the quizzes at its conclusion, we urge you to visit William Strunk's Elements of Style , which has had a salutary effect on several generations of writers who have bought "the little book," and which is now, thanks to the Bartleby Project, online. It is usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle. Another example of his honesty, trustworthiness and reliability is demonstrated in the Truce of Hudaibiyah, wherein he agreed to the article in the treaty which stated that any man who left the Prophet (pbuh) would not be returned to him, and any man who left Makkah would be returned to them. But you’re going to need more than 10 killer subject lines to take your email marketing to the next level. Misconduct by those in high places is always dangerous to reveal. Know dishonesty as dishonesty & repent for it. To be honest is to be real, genuine, authentic, and bona fide. Enroll in our test prep courses today. But is lying really the best policy? When in doubt about leadership issues. Accuracy alone, while important in certain essential facts like birthdates and college degrees, can be the kiss of death in a memoir. I bought biscuit that cost of 8. "Honest Ladybirds" is a short story about honesty. You taught me that modesty is always the best policy, to see the good in everyone and to stand up for the crazy and less fortunate. Then a wonderful thing happened. Honesty is necessary for real happiness. Loan applications are subject to credit approval. It is possible that dishonesty may succeed for a short time, but honesty is sure to succeed better in the long run. At one time or another, you might find yourself in a situation that requires you to tell one or two lies to avoid trouble. BY TRACY WALTERS MCCORMACK AND CHRISTOPHER BODNAR [ OPINION ]. Whether you are starting a family or well into retirement, you can count on Nationwide’s protection and support. that each person…. Honesty is valued in many ethnic and religious cultures. In medicine, honesty is truly the best policy. This is a perfect example where honesty isn't really the best policy. He used to cut wood from the forest and sold in the market. Synonyms include sincerity, integrity and trustworthiness. Also check our youtube video that tells you a simple short story about life and relationship. An urge to extract answers from the clutter of real-world public problems. We bet on the rational case for trust. There is a well said proverb by the Benjamin Franklin that "Honesty is the best policy". Looking at the proverb with this insight, we understand that ‘honesty is the best plan or course of action or guiding principle’. Often being honest can mean coming under the wrath of others. Dishonesty may bring instant success, but in the long run it will only bring disaster. Related links-Article on Honesty. Soaring 52 floors above the Back Bay, Top of the Hub’s award winning cuisine, service and ambiance of comfortable sophistication blend with the serenity of Boston’s best skyline views to deliver a truly one-of-a-kind dining experience. By Hal Urban. A Composition A Week - Honesty is the Best Policy In Learning Partners, composition writing is a very structured process. Honesty is equal to God. Tagged makes it easy to meet and socialize with new people through games, shared interests, friend suggestions, browsing profiles, and much more. ISTJ Weaknesses. ' ' HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY' (Moral Story). The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives is an independent, non-partisan research institute concerned with issues of social, economic and environmental justice. If a person is dishonest, he is ready to tell lies, to bribe, to be bribed, to distort the truth, to cheat, to forge, to deceive others, and to break his promises. Serving every child we can – of any faith or none. I bought biscuit that cost of 8. Created with Sketch. It is better if it is a full statement, with a subject and a verb. For example, when one is at a guest's house and they ask him/her if the food was good. Honesty sets an example that can create more honesty. It can also help one to get what they want easily. , is a research scholar at the Hastings Center, Garrison, New York. Coverage of policy issues sheds light on journalism history, law, and ethics. Defines the types of conduct that are regarded as academic offences, including plagiarism, cheating, impersonation, and other forms of academic misconduct. Suddenly, his axe fell into the river. The remainder of this post will be broken down as follows: Honest Stories. Pottery Barn’s expertly crafted collections offer a widerange of stylish indoor and outdoor furniture, accessories, decor and more, for every room in your home. Follow @StudyNotesApp on Twitter!. Honesty is the adherence to the facts and sincerity. by Penny Smith. The best way to teach honesty is to be honest (VanClay, 2017). -- More than four in five Americans (84%) again rate the honesty and ethical standards of. By Will Yakowicz Staff writer, Inc. and in the best interest of student achievement and well-being. Secretly, the person didn't like it but they are being considerate of the other person's feelings by lying and saying that the food was good. This energy translates into love and can create an on-going circle of loving relationships. That's the truth. Not because of legal requirements – but because it is the right thing to do. " Honest people can be successful in life for some reasons as follows. The author implies that living without lies is the right way. A foreign minister, for example, is an authoritative source on foreign policy but not necessarily on finance. You can make your educational and career goals a reality, too. For example, even a person with the virtue of honesty has to understand and obey the rules of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (International Financial Reporting Standards, outside the USA) in order to produce accurate financial statements. Honesty is the Best Policy adtorres4. Whether you're consolidating debt or remodeling your home, we have a solution for you. The cherry tree myth and other stories showed readers that Washington’s public greatness was due to his private virtues. Simplicity in life cannot be achieved without honesty. Learn how to write an impressive professional bio with the help of these free tips, templates, and inspiring examples. Our commitment to you is providing safe and orderly learning environments for about 115,000 students through proactive and comprehensive staffing, policy, equipment, technology, and training. You want to not only sell the audience on your product but also how you built that product from the ground up. This is the complete story about honesty of a poor woodcutter. Honesty must be a way of life. I’ve lived in Maine my whole life (yes, we exist), so obviously it’s the only professional team in close proximity to me. Life Happens, formerly the LIFE Foundation, is a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping consumers make smart insurance decisions to safeguard their families' financial futures. Most common essay topics for college. We all know the phrase "Honesty is the best policy"; did people understand the real meaning of it?! One can think that speaking truth alone is honesty but actually it is not. In other words, honesty is something you give and something you take: others enjoy your honesty and you enjoy their honesty. Nice story. Images and video are a huge help for bringing people inside your story. Enroll in our test prep courses today. Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom. Also, just some information: This is my first debate on this website, so I'm probably not that good. Despite widespread recognition of the harm. Visit Important Information to access Product Disclosure Statements or Terms and Conditions which are currently available electronically for products of the Commonwealth Bank Group, along with the relevant Financial Services Guide. Over 5 million educators, students, and businesses in 190 countries use ThingLink technology for creating engaging visual stories, presentations, and virtual tours. Many more may exist, but the overall key to costume integration is to define how each period is represented. This maxim teaches us that if a man maintains honest behavior in every day life, it will reveal his good character and sincerity and pays him honor and high status in the long run…though it does not show him any instant result. hard work leading to success Please select the best answer from the choices provided Weegy: The idea of home in the Wizard of Oz is an example of motif. the idea of “home” in the Wizard of Oz D. In 20 years, when it expires, I'll be 55, my. Honesty is a deserving praise for anyone in any walk of life. In-depth DC, Virginia, Maryland news coverage including traffic, weather, crime, education, restaurant. honesty is the best policy Honesty, the quality of being honest, is a value which can be defined in multiple ways. Affirms and clarifies the general obligation for all members of the University to maintain the highest standards of academic honesty 2. Policy definition: A policy is a set of ideas or plans that is used as a basis for making decisions , | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples. Honesty is still, and will always be, the best policy. The importance of the discount rate in cost-benefit analysis of long term problems— such as climate change— has been widely acknowledged. It is regularly said that honesty is the best policy. Images and video are a huge help for bringing people inside your story. Fields for gourmet gifts, cookie baskets, and more. The #1 Grammar and Punctuation Resources Website – English grammar rules, capitalization, punctuation, whom, whomever, whoever, writing numbers, apostrophe, and The Blue Book of Grammar. Get your GED using official GED test study material, classes, and practice questions. Genesis 18:19 For I have chosen him, so that he will direct his children and his household after him to keep the way of the LORD by doing what is right and just, so that the LORD will bring about for Abraham what he has promised him. So today, we want to extend this list of short stories with few more stories. Shop the full range of Clothing and Accessories for Men and Women from the latest collection today. Examples of what I am still being dishonest about Make a list of positive effects that could come about from taking the risks to be honest in those areas that you continue to be dishonest about. Where the conversation begins. Don't confuse honesty with integrity or with strength. The best way you can enforce an ethical mentality is to lead by example, and creating an environment within your business that values decisions made on principles and standards of ethics. The good things that can be taken from these books are that they teach honesty as the best policy. These accounts are drawn from stories that illustrate the value and blessings of being honest in every aspect of our lives. Jesus told his disciples a story to teach them about honesty. He mixed the water of the river generously with the milk that he sold for a good profit. Most common essay topics for college. An interesting objection to my arguments for honesty is the following outside-view perspective: Lying is very common in society, so it must be serving well those who do it. Erin Condren brings fun and functionality together with personalized and custom products including the LifePlanner™, notebooks, stationery, notecards and home décor. This energy translates into love and can create an on-going circle of loving relationships. Kim kardashian research paper. 25 Of The Best Family Movies For Teaching Honesty, Grit, Courage & More. Each week, the pupils are given a theme to write on. Search for:. Hygiene is two thirds of health. The other is "Honesty is the best policy. Honesty is a deserving praise for anyone in any walk of life. The individual believes in speaking the truth at all costs. Reddit is a network of communities based on people's interests. It’s a rigorous two-year. The Official Resorts Of Hersheypark. It may earn money, power and men. Being honest has many benefits. toggle navigation. President Abraham Lincoln is often the example of who we turn to for honesty. Learn more. theSkimm makes it easier to live smarter. Angel was deeply impressed the. Resources A large bag, stuffed with newspaper, with some seed inside. Many patients have considered this time precious, as they have opportunities to reconcile and reminisce. It is important that we live by the word of God and being honest is one of the most important things to follow. Client Value Creation 4. com is the top-level home on the Internet to the online properties of The Walt Disney Company. Learn about Erie Insurance and get an online auto quote. In addition, there are many other strategies for teaching honesty. Good morning to one and all, today I am here to present a speech on the topic “Honest is the best policy” There is an old saying that we should always tell the truth because that way we don’t have to remember what we said. Many common sayings come from Aesop's Fables: "Don't count your chickens before they hatch," and "Honesty is the best policy," and "Look before you leap" are familiar examples. This honesty game will help students understand why honesty is generally the best policy… by trying to guess who’s lying! It breeds distrust, which they will feel, and it will give you a chance to talk about a great Scripture, straight from Peter: “Whoever desires to love life and see good days, let him keep his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit; (1 Peter 3:10). These accounts are drawn from stories that illustrate the value and blessings of being honest in every aspect of our lives. Buy essays online from BestWritingService. honesty is the best policy → lo mejor es ir con la sinceridad por delante. John Hawkins other things cared so much about honesty? in turning out untrue stories for fun and profit. Life Happens, formerly the LIFE Foundation, is a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping consumers make smart insurance decisions to safeguard their families' financial futures. The following are examples of offenses against the Code of Academic Honesty in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. 35 Honesty Quotes And Sayings A lie is like a snowball, it starts of small and then grows and grows until a point were it gets so big it falls apart and then the truth is discovered. ServiceNow makes work, work better for people. “The man who first made up this maxim, ‘Honesty is the best policy,’ must have been a very cunning man. 3 Adherence with Federal, State, and Local Laws As a member of the Brown University community, you are expected to uphold local ordinances and state and federal law. Honesty is the Best Policy tells a story that makes us reflect on the values of our modern society. The honest men fare in all walks of life. The wisdom is in the form of a general observation about the world or a bit of advice, sometimes more nearly an attitude toward a situation. And if you go with an Esurance-approved repair facility, the repair is guaranteed for as long as you own the car. Hillary Clinton’s “basket of deplorables” remark, an apparently sophisticated use of language and wit, is a reluctant example of this “bad” honesty, as is Cusk’s own rudeness to a saleswoman after a trying day, which leads to self-loathing and remorse. By downloading a sample, you will learn how to write reaction paper and avoid common mistakes. Always 100% free. Weebly’s free website builder makes it easy to create a website, blog, or online store. Steve and Sarah stayed with each other and greatly hoped that they will have a child before their […]. Honesty is the best policy. 00 pesos, supposed to be my change will cost of 12. But best of all, be prepared for a crisis so that your confidence is well founded! 4. Shop the full range of Clothing and Accessories for Men and Women from the latest collection today. Whatever your requirement may be, from writing business letters to creating the perfect job application or writing essays to creating study reports, browse examples from various categories of business, education and design. Much of the time, honesty is important to keep these connections going, but some truths can be more destructive than helpful. “I have long believed that stock markets are the best barometer of the health, wealth and security of a nation,” he said in back in 2007. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. All things considered, honesty really is the best policy. This time he brought out an iron axe. Find communities you're interested in, and become part of an online community! Press J to jump to the feed. Moral: Honest is the best policy. Enroll in our test prep courses today. The first reason is honesty is one of the best things to have because with out honesty you will not get friends, you will not get a job, and you will not be trusted. People always trust a person who is honest. -- Find potential answers to this crossword clue at crosswordnexus. Find amazing inspirational stories broadcast on television about the value of good character. Once there were a wood-cutter lived in a village. The Academic Honesty Policy establishes the principles that underpin a consistent, equitable and transparent approach to academic honesty amongst staff and students. comyou won't find them anywhere else on the net. Be kind to him and tell him that you don't feel the same way about him and that you'd appreciate it if he'd let you get on with your life. Honesty gives a man long-lived advantage. Look for additional entries to be added in the future!. A milkman became very wealthy through dishonest means. Honesty is, indeed, the best policy, because it allows humanity to accept its own traits as mundane rather than taboo. Help Kids Learn What's True and False Teach your child the basic difference between truth and falsehood. ” ~George Bernard Shaw. So, here is a story for old times sake. They can go badly or more likely just be canceled at the last minute. The perfect color should be enjoyed for years to come. Teaching the Character Trait Honesty Honesty is one of the most important character traits that children should learn and be able to grasp at an early age. If the teachings of the gospel about honesty make for an honest tithe but wash against an attitudinal wall in terms of business practices, honesty is being applied differentially. For example…. Play longer, explore more, and save big as our guest and enjoy FREE Hersheypark ® benefits!. 5 acres of city owned property to a private firm in exchange for the developer adding space for two public schools in a 12-story building that also houses a Whole Foods store. Here's an example of why you might want one: You're at fault for an accident that injures another driver. All that one needs to do is to create a false reality that can appeal to everyone. David, Nehemiah, Paul and our Lord Jesus Christ. It’s led me to form a network of family, friends and business partners who I trust and respect, as we can all mutually benefit from this truth. Learn more. Much of the time, honesty is important to keep these connections going, but some truths can be more destructive than helpful. The following are examples of offenses against the Code of Academic Honesty in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Use SurveyMonkey to drive your business forward by using our free online survey tool to capture the voices and opinions of the people who matter most to you. This story is an example of employees doing the right things, having professional courage, and demonstrating personal and professional integrity at each step of the journey. Instructions. Visit a Club. One of them (the first one) is a real life short story posted on a community site. Learn 13 examples of good and bad manners around the world. When looking into the definition of integrity a good word used is honesty. Honesty is The Best Policy - Inspirational Real-Life Tale. Scroll below for a few of my most shameful lies that are sure to convince you that honesty is the best policy. Know dishonesty as dishonesty & repent for it. Through extensive interviews we. We must build character and that character must be based on honesty! In Conclusion: Is honesty the best POLICY? The answer is YES. SurveyMonkey delivers People Powered Data to organizations around the world. The second one wanted help but his friend had already left him. This page has the widest range of honesty love and quotes. Honesty is the best policy. Our specialists are the most dedicated and caring in the industry – just take a look at our happy home insurance customer reviews. Determining the integrity and honesty of the candidate is a very tough process. Face and eye makeup, lipstick, makeup tools and pro tips. Though it's a speech you can use most of the part as essay too, this sample essay/speech given in story format, so it fits in for both purposes. Free character education lesson plan teaches honesty for 2nd, 3rd, 4th grade. My goal is to prove to you that honesty is the best policy. Honesty isn't always the best policy. The adage "honesty is the best policy" is illustrated by President Thomas S. 00 pesos, supposed to be my change will cost of 12. They both were really good students with good grades and a good friend circle. In the context of human communication, people are generally said to be honest when they tell the truth to the best of their knowledge and do not hide what they know or think. Plus, a story by David Sedaris, in which he walks among the dead. For example, applicants to the Administrative Assistant position may perform tasks at a workstation highly similar, if not identical, to that found on the job. Multi-national financial corporation providing insurance, investment, retirement, and mortgage products and services to businesses and individuals. For the week leading up to Halloween, scary stories that are all true. 1) When you are breaking up with someone It might seem harmless to tell the other person that you are breaking up for family reasons. Here are 13 ways to demonstrate honesty. Radical honesty is a pledge to see and verbally acknowledge things exactly as they are, to the best of your ability. Created with Sketch. Browse honesty is the best policy pictures, photos, images, GIFs, and videos on Photobucket. We make the best pet foods from the best ingredients — that's part of our "Honest Promise". Being honest in life helps in building healthy relations with others at every phase of life. • Tell it like it is! Give on-going clear direction and feedback and have. This has resulted in a culture of ambition and leadership, where physical scale is matched by bold goals and achievements. Here are a few tips on how to foster an office culture where transparency and openness are more than just goals. A little white lie here or there never hurt anyone, is what we tell ourselves. These accounts are drawn from stories that illustrate the value and blessings of being honest in every aspect of our lives. Today, we see many things around us which are not honest. Introduction. Speaker B has written two best-selling books in the field, and is a sought after consultant with 15 years of experience. The success principle of honesty is a lost art among many people. A magisterial exploration of whistleblowing in America, from the Revolutionary War to the Trump era. "Honesty is the best policy" is one of his sayings that is universally recognized and encouraged. Honesty is a virtue. Sparkle Stories is a great way for us to transition from our very busy days into bedtime and sleep. It is possible that dishonesty may succeed for a short time, but honesty is sure to succeed better in the long run. Tagged - The social network for meeting new people The social network for meeting new people :). This can sometimes be rather tricky. Related: Cheating, White Lies Honesty. Your level of formality, purpose, voice, and audience will determine whether or not to use these words. com provides free sample essays and essay examples on any topics and subjects. You're at the office. HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY When I was in grade 3 student,during recess time in our school canteen, I have a 20. The UPS Code of Business Conduct (“Code”) sets forth standards of conduct for all of UPS. Here's an example of why you might want one: You're at fault for an accident that injures another driver. He sold the wood in the market and earns money. com is India’s biggest and definitive platform for startups and entrepreneurs related stories, resources, research reports and analysis of the startup eco-system, mobile app developers. Members of a corporate board of directors sign conflict of interest policy statements. Enhance your infographic by adding icons and images from our library. Should the five examples above be any indicator, then Wikipedia’s use as a leading example for improving the honesty and integrity of information on the Internet is minimal. Make sure to approach the situation with kindness. Open and honest two-way communication is the common thread that runs through each of these key factors of employee engagement. You can also find lots of stories for your kids on all topics. It involves the absence of lying, cheating others, theft, and lack of other bad habits which hurt people. Having honesty and integrity in the workplace is one of the most important qualities of great leadership in business and I am going to tell you why… Integrity In Business And How It Translates. When your behavior is free from deceit or cheat and you speak the truth, then you are honest. some are just short and humorous, others more serious in their approach. As an Esurance customer, you can choose from a sizable list of highly qualified body shops to repair your car after an accident. The latest Tweets from The New York Times (@nytimes). Nice story. I bought biscuit that cost of 8. By now you must have realized importance of being truthful in life and felt that indeed 'Honesty is really the best policy. The Official Resorts Of Hersheypark. There is the story of Lord Alfred Dreyfuss of France who was convicted for being a spy. Kim kardashian research paper. Transform old, manual ways of working into modern digital workflows, so employees and customers get what they need, when they need it—fast, simple, easy. Thesis employee satisfaction survey. The project marks the 17th P3 deal that New York’s. Get the Job You Want with Pongo's Easy to Use Tools!. Here's a look at the best bars in Montreal for a taste of natural wine. Two friends talked and sang merrily as they walked through the forest. Is honesty really the best policy. Remember, you should not hand in any of these example essays as your own work, as we do not condone plagiarism! If you use any of these free example essays as source material for your own work, then remember to reference them correctly. Honesty also includes your actions. So, maybe you don't need to. The recent Volkswagen emissions scandal, accounts of financial fraud and even cheating on the sports fields have left people wondering if there is anyone they can trust. News releases, investor relations, demutualization report, employment, Smithsonian partnership. By Will Yakowicz Staff writer, Inc. Kim kardashian research paper. Here in this article, we have given a speech on honesty is the best policy. " Now, more than ever, police officers must make that their mantra, as it has become increasingly apparent that there is no quicker road to termination than to tell a lie. In other words, honesty is something you give and something you take: others enjoy your honesty and you enjoy their honesty. Honesty is considered as the best tool of success in the life and a famous person said it as a backbone of the successful relationship which has capability to form a well developed society. Essay on a visit to a flood affected area. Disadvantages: Honesty has certain limitations. Choose from a 100+ infographic templates on Venngage and follow these steps to create your own infographics. Go to any branch to learn about our competitive mortgages, which help people achieve dreams of home ownership. The official site for USA Network, discover full episodes of original series, movies, schedule information, exclusive interviews, episode guides, and news!. | <urn:uuid:b95428c9-0c49-49af-83ac-63ffbc87b105> | {
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Europe was officially declared free from malaria in 1975; nevertheless, this disease remains a potential problem related to the presence of former vectors, belonging to the Anopheles maculipennis complex. Autochthonous-introduced malaria cases, recently reported in European countries, together with the predicted climatic and environmental changes, have increased the concern of health authorities over the possible resurgence of this disease in the Mediterranean Basin. In Italy, to study the distribution and bionomics of indigenous anopheline populations and to assess environmental parameters that could influence their dynamics, an entomological study was carried out in 2005-2006 in an at-risk study area. This model area is represented by the geographical region named the Maremma, a Tyrrhenian costal plain in Central Italy, where malaria was hyperendemic up to the 1950s. Fortnightly, entomological surveys (April-October) were carried out in four selected sites with different ecological features. Morphological and molecular characterization, blood meal identification, and parity rate assessment of the anophelines were performed. In total, 8274 mosquitoes were collected, 7691 of which were anophelines. Six Anopheles species were recorded, the most abundant of which were Anopheles labranchiae and An. maculipennis s.s. An. labranchiae is predominant in the coastal plain, where it is present in scattered foci. However, this species exhibits a wider than expected range: in fact it has been recorded, for the first time, inland where An. maculipennis s.s. is the most abundant species. Both species fed on a wide range of animal hosts, also showing a marked aggressiveness on humans, when available. Our findings demonstrated the high receptivity of the Maremma area, where the former malaria vector, An. labranchiae, occurs at different densities related to the kind of environment, climatic parameters, and anthropic activities. | <urn:uuid:30dfe16a-29a3-4b3e-b4cc-a1a979af439c> | {
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Thanksgiving is a time for enjoying family feasts, a day most of us set
diets aside. Although it’s okay to indulge for the holiday, the
sooner you teach your children healthy eating habits, the better prepared
they will be to maintain a healthy weight and grow normally.
Learning to eat right when children are young will bring them lifelong
benefits. As a parent, you should continually encourage your kids to evaluate
their food choices and their daily physical activities. Also, by modeling
these behaviors yourself, your children will learn by watching you, and
your entire family will reap the rewards of eating better and living a
Your children's pediatrician will evaluate their weight and growth,
and let you know if they need to lose or gain weight and whether any additional
dietary changes need to be made.
Some of the most important aspects of healthy eating are portion control
and cutting down on how much fat, sugar, and processed food that your
child eats. Some simple ways to reduce fat intake in your child's
diet and promote a healthier weight include serving:
- Healthy snacks such as pre-prepared fruits and vegetables
- Low-fat or non fat dairy products
Poultry with no skin (baked is always preferable to deep-fried)
- Limited amounts of whole grain breads and cereals
- Small portions of lean cuts of meat
Also, it is of paramount importance to drastically reduce the amount of
sugar-sweetened drinks, soft drinks, heavily-processed foods, and salt
in your child's diet.
If you are unsure about how to select and prepare healthy meals for your
family, ask your pediatrician or a registered dietitian for nutrition
counseling.It is important that you do not place an overweight child on
a restrictive diet without talking to your family pediatrician first.
Here are some other approaches that help parents develop healthy eating
habits in their children:
Guide, but don’t dictate, your family’seating choices. Make sure a variety of healthy foods are available at home. This will
help your children learn how to make their own healthy food choices and
figure out that healthy foods taste good. Leave junk foods like chips,
soda, and artificial juice at the store.
Encourage your children to eat slowly. A child can detect hunger and fullness much better when they eat slowly
and deliberately. Before offering a second helping or serving, ask your
child to wait at least 15 minutes to determine if they are still truly
hungry. This will give their brain time to register fullness. Also, a
second helping should always be much smaller than the first.
Eat meals together as a family as much as possible. Try not to make a habit of eating meals or snacks while watching TV. And
make mealtime an enjoyable occasion for conversation, not a time for arguing
or nagging. If mealtime isn’t enjoyable, the kids will wolf down
their food and do whatever else it takes to leave the table as soon as
possible. You don’t want your children to associate eating with stress.
Include the kids in food shopping and cooking. This will give you an indication of your child’s food preferences
and is an opportunity to teach them about nutrition. Children are often
more willing to eat or sample new foods if they have helped to make them,
so plan for and prepare healthy snacks.
Encourage your children to drink more water. Always serve water with meals.
Wilfredo Alejo, MD, is a pediatrician at St. Jude Heritage Medical Group.
Learn more about
St. Jude Heritage Medical Group. Learn more about
This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical
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The body changes
You may not notice any changes on the first day of fertilization since it has just started.
Changes in the baby
On the first day, the egg and sperm nuclei fuse to form a structure called the zygote. There is mixing of genetic material and within 12hours, the zygote creates a copy of it self. At this point the sex of the baby is determined. The are two sex chromosomes ( genetic material is carried in the chromosomes) X and Y. Females carry both X chromosomes and males carry the X and Y chromosomes. In preparation for fertilization, the egg losses one of the X pair while the sperm may carry either the X or the Y. So during the fusion, either XX or XY end up producing a girl (xx) or a boy (XY). There is no clear evidence that timing the time of fertilization can determine the sex of the baby.
Congratulations! Now that you are pregnant, you have about 40 weeks ahead of you. Your life, body changes, needs, feelings and above all your baby will require special attention and care. A few things are of paramount importance to you and your baby during this period. Now that you have decided to have this baby, you will need to observe the following:
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists suggests the following exercise guidelines for pregnancy:
- Make sure that your heart rate does not exceed 140 beats per minute.
- Never engage in strenuous activities for more than 1530 minutes. Before you do any exercise sessions, have at least five minutes of warm-up and follow it with a gradual cool-down period.
- Do not over heat your baby. Your inner body temperature should not exceed 38°C, or 101°F. Make sure that you guard against increasing your internal body temperature when exercising. Avoid getting too hot, work out less strenuously and for shorter periods than usual, and exercise in cool weather. And never exercise when you have a fever.
- Never exercise while lying flat on your back after the fourth month.
- Have regular exercise at least three times per week. See exercise program.
- Avoid jerky and bouncy movements. There is an increased laxity of your joints during pregnancy.
- Drink plenty of liquids before and after exercise to prevent dehydration.
- Make sure you wash your hands before and after handling foods. Thoroughly wash your vegetables before cooking or eating them. | <urn:uuid:e1810163-9c08-4f75-9b54-7d118cd8555f> | {
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So, just actually getting your dollar from the bank, rather than keeping a promise of a dollar from the bank. Doesn't seem much different today, right? But it might tomorrow.
In the days of the gold standards, a dollar was defined as a coin with certain specifications — including a specific quantity of fine gold. The problem inevitably arose, under these various forms of gold standard, where enough people demanded what had been specified, the banks were unable to deliver it to all of them as promised. This was inevitable, because money is not gold… money is credit.
People take out credit for all manner of things, with no regard or connection to the availability of gold to physically make all that money into coins for all the Negative Nancies out there who suddenly decide… Hey, wait a minute! I don't trust the bank's promises any more!!
Fortunately, today the dollar (or any other currency) is not specified as something physical that can be demanded — except for demanding a physical piece of paper with 'dollar' written on it from the bank, which you can hand to someone for their goods, instead of paying with your bank debit card or cheque, and they can pass on to someone else in the same way if they wish, or just pay it back into a bank again. Ultimately, it ends up either under a mattress or back inside the banking system… since it's useless for much else besides perhaps lighting a cigar, or wrapping a piece of used chewing gum before you can get to a waste receptacle.
Almost nobody believes money is gold today… meaning that almost everyone is right, which makes for a pleasant change!
You may not like it, but not everyone agrees. | <urn:uuid:862472f8-ed5c-43f8-9a8d-f96888ca89cc> | {
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Preventing Stroke in Women
A stroke can strike anyone—no matter your age, ethnicity, or sex. There is no typical stroke victim. Yet women are slightly more likely than men to have a stroke and die from it. These troubling facts recently led health experts to compile the first female-focused guidelines for stroke prevention.
Why more women?
Earlier this year, the American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association published guidelines on preventing stroke in women. They combed through years of past research to develop them. Their detailed review explains in part why women seem to fare worse when it comes to stroke.
A stroke happens when a part of your brain can’t get the blood it needs. A blood clot or bleeding in your brain can cause this serious health event. Certain factors can boost your chances of having a stroke. High blood pressure is one factor. This condition can make it harder for your heart to pump blood throughout your body.
Some risk factors are unique to women, though. For instance, hormonal changes can raise a woman’s risk for stroke. During pregnancy, some mothers-to-be may develop preeclampsia—a form of high blood pressure. Certain birth control pills can also put a woman at higher risk for stroke. This is especially true if she smokes and is older than 35.
Women—more than men—also tend to develop health problems that may lead to a stroke. These include obesity and atrial fibrillation (AF), a type of irregular heartbeat. People with AF are 4 to 5 times more likely to have a stroke. AF commonly afflicts older people, especially women, because they often live longer than men.
What about stroke symptoms?
Not knowing the symptoms of a stroke may also work against women. In a recent survey, researchers asked more than 1,200 women about stroke. They found that only half correctly knew that sudden numbness in the face or a limb could mean a stroke. What’s more, only 1 out of 4 knew about less common signs of a stroke.
During a stroke, both men and women often report that the following appear suddenly:
Numbness or weakness in the face or limb, usually on 1 side of the body
Dizziness or loss of balance or coordination
Confusion and trouble speaking or understanding
Severe headache with no known cause
Women may also sometimes have hiccups, nausea, chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and a racing heartbeat.
Knowing all these symptoms can save your life. It may also lower your risk for disability. Compared with men, women have a lower quality of life after a stroke. One recent study found women were more likely to have trouble moving and doing daily activities up to a year later.
If you suspect you or a loved one is having a stroke, call 911 right away. Time is essential for receiving lifesaving treatment. Learn more about how a stroke can damage your brain.
American Stroke Association
Office on Women's Health
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Having a good computer security does not only entail protecting a system from external or internal threats. It must also NOT hinder a system user, or a system, from properly and speedily performing its required functions.
Examples of security solutions may include:
1. Firewalls: these monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic against certain set security rules and determines whether to allow or block that traffic.
2. Anti Virus software which detects, prevents and removes malware(malicious software) from a computer.
3. Internet Security: a combination of anti virus, firewall, antispyware, parental control, Spam block. This combines all the functions of its constituent aspects.
4. Threat intelligence software: provides organizations with in-depth information on new cyber threats making it possible for cyber security teams to take proper action against them.
5. Database monitoring software: monitors activities and actions, in real-time, in a database providing alerts on policy violations.
So what are the qualities of a good computer security?
It must preserve:
– Confidentiality: This means that confidential data is not availed or disclosed to unauthorized people and that an individual can control which kind of information is collected and stored about, who stores that information and who the information may be shared with.
– Integrity: Ensuring data is not changed, or deleted unauthorizedly and that a system performs its functions properly without any unauthorized manipulations.
– Availability: Making sure that a system performs and provides services in a timely manner to avoid denial of service (DoS) to its authorized users.
While having top notch computer security is important, some security applications can especially bog down a system. This can retard functionality and availability at inappropriate times. The solution to this would be scheduling your system scan during periods when the system is least active. For example during the night time. | <urn:uuid:fe60c70c-27d4-41aa-a76a-31c05a05c982> | {
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The sympathies of the Whigs, and especially of the Whig prime minister, Lord John Russell, were with the people; and Lord John displayed his dislike to the Romanizing tendencies of the Tractarians by appointing Renn Dickson Hampdenwhose views had been formally condemned by the Hebdomadal Board at Oxfordto the bishopric of Hereford.
The very name consul, no less than the Romanizing character of the best architecture of the time, points to the same revival of antiquity.
The tendency to a celibate clergy increases, together with other romanizing usages, promoted by the papal legate in Beirut, the Catholic missioners, and the higher native clergy who are usually educated in Rome or at St Sulpice.
He settled at Ravenna, which had been the capital of Italy since the days of Honorius, and which still testifies by its monuments to the Gothic chieftains Romanizing policy.
In view of all this there is a strong movement iii favor of romanizing the Japanese script: that is to say, abolishing the ideograph and adopting in its place the Roman alphabet. | <urn:uuid:85ccb88c-3c43-467d-967e-9af10de43b76> | {
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The shadow of hate
The shadow of hate accounts the troubling relic embedded in our country, which is the overwhelming prejudice that has occurred in america for centuries quakers, native americans, and the. The shadow of hate essays and research papers the shadow of hate the shadow of hate the documentary remarks on the origins of race and how it has affected history and its people there. Amazoncom: the shadow of hate: a history of intolerance in america: charles guggenheim: movies & tv.
The shadow of hate chronicles the haunting legacy of prejudice in america over the last 300 years, from the persecution of the quakers in colonial.
The shadow of hate, a project of the southern poverty law center, was produced by academy-award winning filmmaker charles guggenheim using actual historical footage.
The shadow of hate: history of intolerance the shadow of hate: history of intolerance details parent category: stereotype, bias, racism category: defining racism video hits: 10499 prev.
The shadow of hate
Check out our favorite superhero movie posters, watch the latest trailers, explore extended universes, and dive deep with image galleries in imdb's superhero guide.
Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your watchlist and rate your favorite movies and tv shows on your phone or tablet imdb mobile site. The shadow of hate is a 1995 american short documentary film about racism directed by charles guggenheim it was nominated for an academy award for best documentary short references. Four-time academy award ® winner charles guggenheim the shadow of hate trt 38 minutes color the shadow of hate chronicles the haunting legacy of prejudice.
The shadow of hate resource kit provides a videotape program (40 minutes), 20 copies of a 128-page student text (us and them), and a 32-page teacher's guide this. Start studying the shadow of hate notes learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for the shadow of hate: a history of intolerance in america at amazoncom read honest and unbiased product reviews. | <urn:uuid:dbc405c8-e998-4c2c-aa66-133a4fa8fc36> | {
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How Do You Play Minesweeper?
Minesweeper is a logic puzzle set on a square board. The object of the game is to find all the hidden mines. Depending on the size of the board, there are more mines - We've got a beginner minesweeper board, and there is also an intermediate minesweeper game, and an expert minesweeper board.
The game starts with 10 mines hidden in the field. You are the minesweeper!
- Left click a tile to test if it is a mine. The number of mines in the areas around that tile will be revealed.
- Right-click a tile to plant a flag and mark a square as containing a mine.
- You win the minesweeper game by marking all the mines with flags.
- If you click on a mine, you die! | <urn:uuid:16fe4ad0-c3e4-4e9b-ace9-7b2127567083> | {
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Essay feminist movement
Method master thesis essay feminist movement reviews buying research papers homework is helpful for students. Argumentative essay revision checklist printables mla format essay first page quizlet top quality essay writing services questions research papers in education 2008. Feminist movement essays rhetorical analysis essay apa in text citations essay on rural versus urban life youtube essay bibliography or references keyword. Housewives and mothers and looked for other valued opportunities this societal shift became a political movement and spawned the social theory of feminism. Feminist movement in the aftermath of world war ii, the lives of the women have changed dramatically women spoke their minds out and wanted to be heard.
Feminism women have been struggling for over a hundred years to gain basic rights that are equal to men in our society the feminist movement earned women the right. Feminist art movement 1960s jo freeman in her essay among some events that propelled the feminist movement include the introduction of the contraceptive. Feminist movement introduction in the early and the late 1900’s, there was a distinct and a great variation on the roles men and women in the society while men. The feminist art movement that officially began in the 1960's- refers to the efforts and accomplishments of feminists who made art reflecting women's lives.
Essay feminist movement ucf dissertation hours form zoo personal essay on goals in school votive statue of gudea essays on education urban planning essay. An essay on feminism and some other related issues by peter there is such a movement but it can't be serious and therefore it should not be taken seriously. Feminism essay download feminism essay so did the feminist movement of the 1960’s the carriage went on fast and strong with little or no concern for the. Charles, kendra wise history 202 april 6, 2012 dr underwood research paper: the feminist movement the feminist movement during the 19th century, feminism.
If you find it difficult to compose a powerful essay about this anti feminism is a movement that seek to achieve equality and social rights for women in. Free essay: magazine became a great relief to all feminists by giving them a sense of self-determination and hope for the women’s movement feminist women. Introduction to feminism, topics: what is feminism feminism is both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of. A writer for elle magazine recently interviewed me about the waves of feminism and asked if the second the aims of the second feminist movement were never. Women’s rights essay proto-feminist movements contributed to women’s achievements in different spheres of human activity actually, in the 19-th century.
The best feminism essays and feminism articles -- great essays on feminism -- outstanding feminist essays. You have not saved any essays the feminist movement was one of the most important social movements of the 19th and 20th centuries feminist issues range from access. Movement essays feminist gift dissertation advisor quote outstanding dissertation award education books noah: november 2, 2017 another one of my. Feminism essays are essays written on topics related to feminism for which no single definition seems to exist.
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Free feminist movement papers, essays, and research papers. Articles and essays women in the civil rights movement and sexual harassment within the movement and later turned towards the feminist movement in the. Free essays from bartleby | by the end of the 1880's feminist movements did not meet their expectations due to lack of support from women themselves. | <urn:uuid:d43b1776-d8e5-48b7-914e-c878c6992001> | {
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Land Ordinance of 1785
MAY 20, 1785.
An ORDINANCE for ascertaining the Mode of disposing of LANDS in the WESTERN TERRITORY.
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, That the territory ceded by individual states, to the United States, which has been purchased of the Indian inhabitants, shall be disposed of in the following manner.---
A surveyor from each state shall be appointed by Congress or a Committee of the States, who shall take an oath for the faithful discharge of his duty, before the geographer of the United States, who is hereby empowered and directed to administer the same; and the like oath shall be administered to each chain carrier, by the surveyor under whom he acts.
The geographer, under whose direction the surveyors shall act, shall occasionally form such regulations for their conduct, as he shall deem necessary; and shall have authority to suspend them for misconduct in office, and shall make report of the same to Congress or to the Committee of the states; and he shall make report in case of sickness, death, or resignation of any surveyor.
The surveyors, as they are respectively qualified, shall proceed to divide the said territory into townships of six miles square, by lines running due north and south, and others crossing these at right angles, as near as may be, unless where the boundaries of the late Indian purchases may render the same impracticable, and then they shall depart from this rule no farther than such particular circumstances may require. And each surveyor shall be allowed and paid at the rate of two dollars for every mile in length he shall run, including the wages of chain carriers, markers, and every other expence attending the same.
The first line running north and south as aforesaid, shall begin on the river Ohio, at a point that shall be found to be due north from the western termination of a line which has been run as the southern boundary of the state of Pennsylvania: and the first line running east and west, shall begin at the same point, and shall extend throughout the whole territory; provided that nothing herein shall be construed, as fixing the western boundary of the state of Pennsylvania. The geographer shall designate the townships or fractional parts of townships, by numbers progressively from south to north; always beginning each range with No. 1; and the ranges shall be distinguished by their progressive numbers to the westward. The first range extending from the Ohio to the lake Erie, being marked No. 1. The geographer shall personally attend to the running of the first east and west line; and shall take the latitude of the extremes of the first north and south line, and of the mouths of the principal rivers.
The lines shall be measured with a chain; shall be plainly marked by chaps on the trees, and exactly described on a plat; whereon shall be noted by the surveyor, at their proper distances, all mines, salt springs, salt licks and mill seats, that shall come to his knowledge; and all water-courses, mountains and other remarkable and permanent things over or near which such lines shall pass, and also the quality of the lands.
The plats of the townships respectively, shall be marked by subdivisions into lots of one mile square, or 640 acres, in the same direction as the external lines, and numbered from 1 to 36; always beginning the succeeding range of the lots with the number next to that with which the preceding one concluded. And where from the causes before mentioned, only a fractional part of a township shall be serveyed, the lots protracted thereon, shall bear the same numbers, as if the township had been entire. And the surveyors in running the external lines of the townships, shall at the interval of every mile, mark corners for the lots which are adjacent, always disignating the same in a different manner from those of the townships.
The geographer and serveyors, shall pay the utmost attention to the variation of the magnetic needle; and shall run and note all lines by the true meridian, certifying with every plat what was the variation at the times of running the lines thereon noted.
As soon as seven ranges of townships, and fractional parts of townships, in the direction from south to north, shall have been surveyed, the geographer shall transmit plats thereof to the board of treasury, who shall record the same with the report, in well bound books to be kept for that purpose. And the geographer shall make similar returns from time to time of every seven ranges as they may be serveyed. The secretary at war shall have resource thereto, and shall take by lot therefrom, a number of townships and fractional parts of townships, as well from those to be sold entire, as from those to be sold in lots, as will be equal to one seventh part of the whole of such seven ranges, as nearly as may be, for the use of the late continental army; and he shall make a similar draught from time to time, until a sufficient quantity is drawn to satisfy the same, to be applied in manner hereinafter directed. The board of treasury shall from time to time, cause the remaining numbers, as well those to be sold entire, as those to be sold in lots, to be drawn for, in the name of the thirteen states respectively, according to the quotas in the last preceding requisition on all the states: provided that in case more land than its proportion is allotted for sale in any state at any distribution, a deduction be made therefor at the next.
The board of treasury shall transmit a copy of the original plats, previously noting thereon, the townships and fractional parts of townships, which shall have fallen to the several states by the distribution aforesaid, to the commissioners of the loan-office of the several states, who, after giving notice of not less than two nor more than six months, by causing advertisements to be posted up at the court-houses or other noted places in every county, and to be inserted in one newspaper published in the states of their residence respectively, shall proceed to sell the townships or fractional parts of townships, at public vendue, in the following manner, viz. The township or fractional part of a township No. 1, in the first range, shall be sold entire; and No. 2, in the same range, by lots; and thus in alternate order through the whole of the first range. The township or fractional part of a township No. 1, in the second range, shall be sold by lots; and No. 2 in the same range, entire; and so in alternate order through the whole of the second range; and the third range shall be sold in the same manner as the first, and the fourth in the same manner as the second, and thus alternately throughout all the ranges: provided that none of the lands within the said territory, be sold under the price of one dollar the acre, to be paid in specie or loan-office certificates, reduced to specie value by the scale of depreciation, or certificates of liquidated debts of the United States, including interest, besides the expence of the survey and other charges thereon, which are hereby rated at thirty-six dollars the township, in specie or certificates as aforesaid, and so in the same proportion for a fractional part of a township or of a lot, to be paid at the time of sales, on failure of which payment, the said lands shall again be offered for sale.
There shall be reserved for the United States out of every township, the four lots, being numbered 8, 11, 26, 29, and out of every fractional part of a township, so many lots of the same numbers as shall be found thereon, for future sale. There shall be reserved the lot No. 16, of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the said township; also one third part of all gold, silver, lead and copper mints, to be sold, or otherwise disposed of, as Congress shall hereafter direct.
When any township or fractional part of a township shall have been sold as aforesaid, and the money or certificates received therefor, the loan-officer shall deliver a deed in the following terms.
The UNITED STATES of AMERICA, to all to whom these presents shall come greeting.
Know ye, that for the consideration of..........dollars, we have granted, and hereby do grant and confirm unto..........the township [or fractional] part of the township, as the case may be] numbered..........in the..........range, excepting therefrom, and reserving one third part of all gold, silver, lead and copper mines within the same; and the lots No. 8, 11, 26, and 29, for future sale or disposition; and the lot No. 16, for the maintainance of public schools. To have to the said..........his heirs and assigns forever; (or if more than one purchaser, to the said..........and their heirs and assigns for ever as tenants in common.) In witness whereof, A. B. commissioner of the loan-office in the state of.......... hath, in conformity to the ordinance passed by the United States in Congress, assembled, the..........day of..........in the year of our Lord.........., hereunto set his hand, and affixed his seal, this..........day of..........in the year of our Lord..........and of the independence of the United States of America
And when any township or fractional part of a township shall be sold by lots as aforesaid, the commissioner of the loan-office shall deliver a deed therefor in the following form.
The UNITED STATES of AMERICA, to all to whom these presents shall come greeting.
Know ye, That for the consideration of..........dollars, we have granted, and hereby do grant and confirm unto..........the lot (or lots as the case may be) numbered in the township (or fractional part of the townships, as the case may be) numbered..........in the range,..........excepting and reserving one third part of all gold, silver, lead and copper mines within the same, for future sale or disposition. To have to the said..........his heirs and assigns forever; (or if more than one purchaser, to the said..........their heirs and assigns forever as tenants in common.) In witness whereof, A. B. commissioner of the loan-office in the state of..........hath, in conformity to the ordinance passed by the United States in Congress assembled, the..........day of..........in the year of our Lord.........., hereunto set his hand, and affixed his seal, this..........day of..........in the year of our Lord and of the independence of the United States of America
Which deeds shall be recorded in proper books, by the commissioners of the loan-office, and shall be certified to have been recorded, previous to their being delivered to the purchaser, and shall be good and valid to convey the lands in the same described.
The commissioners of the loan-offices respectively, shall transmit to the board of treasury every three months, an account of the township, fractional parts of townships, and lots committed to their charge; specifying therein the names of the persons to whom sold; and the sums of money or certificates received for the same. And shall cause all certificates by them received, to be struck through with a circular punch; and they shall be duly charged in the books of the treasury, with the amount of the monies or certificates, distinguishing the same, by them received as aforesaid.
If any township or fractional part of a township or lot, remains unsold for eighteen months, after the plat shall have been received by the commissioners of the loan-office, the same shall be returned to the board of treasury, and shall be sold in such manner as Congress may hereafter direct
And whereas Congress by their resolutions of September 16th and 18th, in the year 1776, and the 12th of August 1780, stipulated grants of lands to certain officers and soldiers of the late continental war, and by the resolution of 22d September 1780, stipulated grants of land to certain officers in the hospital department of the late continental army; for complying therefore with such engagements, Be it ordained, That the secretary at war, from the returns in his office, or such other sufficient evidence as the nature of the case may admit, determine who are the objects of the above resolutions and engagements, and the quantity of land to which such persons or their representatives are respectively entitled, and cause the townships or fractional parts of towships herein before reserved for the use of the late continental army, to be drawn for in such manner as he shall deem expedient, to answer the purpose of an impartial distribution. He shall from time to time transmit certificates, to the commissioners of the loan-offices of the different states, to the lines of which the military claimants have respectively belonged, specifying the name and rank of the party, the terms of his engagement, and time of his service, and the division, brigade, regiment or company to which he belonged, the quantity of land he is entitled to, and the township or fractional part of a township and range out of which his portion is to be taken.
The commissioners of the loan-offices shall execute deeds for such undivided proportions in manner and form herein before mentioned, varying only in such a degree as to make the same conformable to the certificate from the secretary at war. Where any military claimants of bounty in lands shall not have belonged to the line of any particular state, similar certificates shall be sent to the board of treasury, who shall execute deeds to the parties for the same.
The secretary at war, from the proper returns, shall transmit to the board of treasury, a certificate, specifying the name and rank of the several claimants of the hospital department of the late continental army, together with the quantity of land each claimants is entitled to, and the township or fractional part of a township and range out of which his portion is to be taken; and thereupon the board of treasury shall proceed to execute deeds to such claimants.
The board of treasury, and the commissioners of the loan-offices in the states, shall within eighteen months, return receipts to the secretary at war, for all deeds which have been delivered, as also all the original deeds which remain in their hands for want of applicants, having been first recorded; which deeds so returned, shall be preserved in the office, until the parties or their representatives require the same. And be it further ordained, That three townships adjacent to lake Erie, be reserved to be hereafter disposed of by Congress, for the use of the officers, men, and others, refugees from Canada, and the refugees from Nova-Scotia, who are or may be entitled to grants of land under resolutions of Congress now existing, or which may hereafter be made respecting them, and for such other purposes as Congress may hereafter direct.
And be it further ordained, That the towns of Gnadenhutten, Schoenbrun, and Salem, on the Muskingum, and so much of the lands adjoining to the said towns, with the buildings and improvements thereon, shall be reserved for the sole use of the Christian Indians, who were formerly settled there, or the remains of that society, as may, in the judgment of the geographer, be sufficient for them to cultivate.
Saving and reserving always, to all officers and soldiers entitled to lands on the northwest side of the Ohio, by donation or bounty from the commonwealth of Virginia, and to all persons claiming under them, all rights to which they are so entitled, under the deed of cession executed by the delegates for the state of Virginia, on the first day of March, 1784, and the act of Congress, accepting the same; and to the end that the said rights may be fully and effectually secured, according to the true intent and meaning of the said deed of cession and act aforesaid: Be it ordained, that no part of the land included between the rivers called the little Miami and Scioto, on the northwest side of the Ohio, be sold or in any manner alienated, until there shall first have been laid off and appropriated for the said officers and soldiers, and persons claiming under them, the lands they are entitled to, agreeably to the said deed of cession and act of Congress accepting the same.
DONE by the UNITED STATES in CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, the Twentieth Day of May, in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty-five, and of our Sovereignty and Independence the Ninth.
RICHARD HENRY LEE, P.
CHARLES THOMSON, Sec'ry. | <urn:uuid:08e61176-3612-4178-a703-601fef339dd1> | {
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The length of pregnancy is approximately 280 days. This is 10 lunar months or 40 weeks. Fewer than 6 percent of babies choose to be born exactly 280 days from their conception. Most babies are born with 10 days or so of their due date if nothing is done to artificially start labor. You can determine a conception date based on the average pregnancy length of 280 days.
Planning Conception Date Based on Due Date
Determine when you would like the birth to occur. Count back 10 months before your preferred due date. This will be the conception month of your baby.
Determine the average length of your menstrual cycle. This is the number of days between the first day of one period to the first day of the next period. The average cycle length is 28 days. Your cycle may be longer or shorter than this.
Subtract 14 from the length of your cycle to find your average ovulation date. This number is also the average length of your luteal phase, the time period between the end of your period and ovulation. Conception usually occurs about 14 days before your period begins.
Mark the first day of your last period on the calendar. Using your cycle length, calculate how many cycles you will have before you reach your target month. Mark the specific day your period should begin that month.
Add the length of your luteal phase to that date to arrive at your probable ovulation date. You will want to time your sexual intercourse for the 24 hours before ovulation through the 48 hours following it. If all goes well, you should conceive during that cycle.
Illness, stress, hormone levels and traveling can all affect the regularity of your periods. Disease, stress, hormonal levels, alcohol intake, drugs, herbs, abnormal sleep schedule, traveling, holidays and late nights can all affect whether or not you ovulate during a cycle. Take care to avoid as many of these factors as you can during your target conception period. | <urn:uuid:50de0e68-b2ef-4a02-a41b-fc8bf8a538b9> | {
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“Originalism” is an influential theory of constitutional interpretation. In the 1960s, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, a prominent liberal, marched proudly under the originalist banner. In the modern era, originalism is championed by Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, the court’s most conservative members.
In its least attractive form, practiced by politicians rather than judges, originalism is ideological posturing with a constitutional veneer -- a naive or cynical way of attributing the views of the current political right to the Constitution’s ratifiers. But for all those who seek to restrain judicial power, originalism should be attractive. At the same time, the approach runs into some serious problems.
Originalists insist that the meaning of the Constitution is settled by the original public meaning of its terms -- that is, the meaning of its provisions when they were ratified. According to Scalia and Thomas, the job of the judges is to go into a kind of time machine and learn what history tells them about the “expected applications” of these provisions.
If the Equal Protection Clause was originally understood to allow sex discrimination, the Constitution allows sex discrimination. If the First Amendment was originally understood to allow regulation of commercial advertising, it allows regulation of commercial advertising.
The strongest defenders of originalism recognize that their method has to be defended, not simply asserted. This is important, because it is tempting to think that originalism is built into the very idea of interpretation. That’s a mistake.
True, you can’t ignore the words of the Constitution while claiming to interpret it. But you can be faithful to the Constitution’s text while also believing that its meaning isn’t fixed by the original understanding (and the “expected applications”). You can fully respect the text of the Equal Protection Clause while concluding that the clause bans sex discrimination even if the original understanding was otherwise.
Originalists contend that their approach is best because it reduces the discretion of judges, stabilizes the legal system, and ensures that the Constitution’s meaning is settled by the judgments of We the People, who ratified its provisions. Scalia argues that originalists help to produce a “rock-solid, unchanging” Constitution -- and that if the document reflects the views of people long dead, well, that’s fine, because those who are living are always free to amend it.
It seems like an appealing argument, but it faces three objections. The first is historical. Did those who ratified the Constitution embrace originalism? If not, originalism turns out to be self-contradictory, because the original understanding rejected originalism as Scalia and Thomas understand it.
The Constitution contains broad and abstract terms, such as “equal protection of the laws,” “freedom of speech” and “cruel and unusual punishment.” It is reasonable to object that We the People didn’t understand the meaning of such provisions to be frozen for all time. Some originalists have tried to meet that objection, by pointing to history that seems to support their view, but it isn’t a simple task. And, in fact, other self-described originalists insist that because the Constitution deliberately uses broad terms, originalist judges legitimately understand the meanings of those terms to change over time.
The second objection has to do with changed circumstances. In prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures, the ratifiers of the Fourth Amendment couldn’t have anticipated wiretapping, much less the Internet. But it would be absurd to think that the government has unlimited power to tap our phones and monitor our e-mails.
Whenever circumstances change, originalists have to engage in some extrapolation, asking how the original understanding applies to problems on which We the People had no view. When they engage in that extrapolation, they aren’t asking a purely historical question, but instead about the best or most appropriate understanding of a constitutional principle in an unanticipated context -- the very question that originalists want to avoid.
The final objection, and perhaps the most fundamental, involves the consequences. If we accepted Scalia’s version of originalism, much of the U.S. constitutional system would be deeply unsettled, and in a way that would trouble liberals and conservatives alike.
It’s pretty clear that under the original understanding, states could discriminate on the basis of sex, and there’s a strong argument that they could engage in racial segregation. It’s even clearer that the federal government could freely discriminate on the basis of both sex and race.
There’s also a good argument that our property rights would be far less secure, because history suggests that the founding generation might well have had a pretty narrow understanding of such rights.
Alert to these problems, Scalia has sometimes embraced “faint-hearted” originalism, an approach that is willing to accept settled law, even when it defies the original understanding. That’s to his credit. But if an originalist is genuinely faint-hearted, should he count as an originalist at all?
In its most attractive form, originalism is a response to legitimate and important concerns, involving the importance of self-government and the risk of judicial overreach. But other methods of interpretation also respond to those concerns -- perhaps by asking judges to adopt a presumption in favor of the decisions of the elected branches, perhaps by embracing judicial “minimalism,” in the form of modest, narrow rulings.
Originalism is an alluring siren’s call. Our constitutional tradition has been right to resist it.
(Cass R. Sunstein, the Robert Walmsley University professor at Harvard Law School, is a Bloomberg View columnist. He is a former administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, the co-author of “Nudge” and author of “Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas,” forthcoming in March.)
To contact the writer of this article: Cass R. Sunstein at [email protected].
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1. Tune into the History Channel’s Black History Month Web Exhibit and listen to MLK’s I have a Dream Speech, watch clips from the History Channel’s Black History Milestones series, or embark on an interactive timeline scavenger hunt. Looking for a primary source? Visit the Voices of Civil Rightsspeech archives to hear actual speeches from historical personalities such as Malcolm X.
2. Browse the articles, film clips, photographs, and audio records at The Encyclopedia Britannica Guide to Black History. Send your kids on a premade webquest by completing one of the 6 available learning activities. Don’t worry; lesson plans for each activity are available!
3. Let your children voice their opinions! At Scholastic’s Culture & Change: Black History in America children can read histories about important individuals, study the civil rights movement and the concept of racism, and voice their own thoughts and feelings about the importance of equality in a democracy. Free printables, lesson plans, and worksheets are also available.
4. Apply your Black history knowledge in this interactive game brought to you by PBS Kids. All you have to do is match the African American heroes to the events that made them famous. Good Luck!
5. Remember to celebrate civil rights and Black history all year long. Apply for a free curriculum kit such as The Children’s March, The Legacy of Rosa Parks, or America’s Civil Rights Movement with your kids or browse other excellent classroom activities at Teaching Tolerance.
Photo from Tony the Misfit | <urn:uuid:ed3cccbb-d898-48e0-9b81-d22d4a75b100> | {
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Fort Stark is one of seven forts built to protect Portsmouth Harbor. The others in New Hampshire are: Fort Washington, Fort Constitution (William and Mary), and Fort Dearborn (Odiorne Point State Park), and in Maine: Fort Sullivan, Fort McClary and Fort Foster.
Military - Historic - Forts and Batteries
The earliest forts were built to protect the colonists. As Portsmouth Harbor's importance increased with its Revolutionary War shipbuilding industry and the establishment of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in 1800, additional fortification was needed.
At Jerry's Point there is evidence of earthwork fortification, circa 1842, and a stonework fort, circa 1873. Following the Spanish American War (1898) the improved defense of key harbors became a national priority. Fortifications such as Fort Stark were constructed on both coasts during the Endicott Period (1890-1920) and at Forts Constitution, McClary and Foster. The basic defense concept was to mine the harbor entrances and erect gun batteries. No shots were ever fired in anger.
The final coastal fortification occurred during World War II (WWII) when batteries were added to Fort Foster, and Fort Dearborn was constructed. The five remaining forts are obsolete and today are considered historic sites or parks which are open to the public. Following World War II the navy took over the army installations and used Fort Stark primarily for reserve training until the property was deeded to the state of New Hampshire in 1978 and 1983. | <urn:uuid:54f7b776-4e5d-49b9-a614-1b8a1216300f> | {
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Life Technologies has established the Global Influenza Network, a partnership including scientists at a number of government public health organizations, veterinary agencies, and research institutes. The aim is to increase the speed and efficiency of influenza monitoring and vaccine development. Members of the network are sharing tools, experience, and data using the Ion Personal Genome Machine semiconductor sequencing platform, according to the company.
"Life Technologies exhibited leadership in infectious disease tracking when our scientists worked alongside federal officials to identify the cause of H1N1 outbreak in 2008," explained Greg Lucier, chairman and CEO of Life Technologies. "We are very proud to now bring together a group of such distinguished organizations to tackle the continued threat of influenza worldwide."
Participating scientists include Steve Glavas, head of the NGS Platform, and Mia Brytting, Ph.D., head of the microbial typing unit at the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI); Gabriele Vaccari, Ph.D., researcher at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita in Rome; Mary Lea Killian, microbiologist at the U.S. National Veterinary Service Laboratories in Ames, Iowa; and David Wentworth at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, MD.
Annual seasonal influenza epidemics cause approximately three to five million cases of severe illness and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Pandemics caused by novel influenza strains can result in staggering death tolls; the "Spanish flu" of 1918 is believed to have killed 40 million people, or three percent of the global population, reports the WHO.
Each year, public health agencies around the world collect samples from infected individuals and share data about flu subtypes circulating in their regions. The pooled data are used by the WHO to determine the strains used to design a vaccine that will be effective against that year's epidemic. Costs of sequencing, however, have limited data set to about 20% of the patient samples collected.
"Using next-generation sequencing technology makes whole influenza genome sequencing much easier, and much less expensive than older sequencing techniques, when used appropriately," said Glavas.
Scientists in the Global Influenza Network also believe that by sequencing all patient samples collected ahead of the flu season, they will be able to detect emerging strains earlier and focus resources on areas of the world where these strains are most prevalent in order to better contain new threats. "Now we can easily fully characterize influenza-causing severe outbreaks," said Brytting. | <urn:uuid:89de011d-6cd4-44e5-b142-2653626e0065> | {
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Fracking has barely been out of the news this week and every day brings further dissent to the controversial technique of breaking up shale rock from under our feet to release gas at high pressure with a cocktail of chemicals.
Public opposition and concerns about local impacts have meant there has been no fracking in Britain since a temporary ban was lifted in 2012. Today Scotland has announced a moratorium on fracking, while Lancashire Council - where proposals for fracking are at their most advanced – has delayed its decision on whether to allow fracking once again.
Meanwhile the fracking industry is facing mounting scientific evidence pointing to health, environment and climate concerns. In this crunch week for fracking, what are the top ten questions that need answering?
1. Is it true there are “Serious health concerns”?
Last month New York State banned fracking altogether after the Public Health Commissioner there found “serious health risks”. Breast Cancer UK has concerns about the potentially adverse health effects of increased exposure to harmful chemicals that may occur as a result of fracking. In Britain, the Public Health England report that gave fracking the green light was published before much of the evidence was available.
2. But it creates new jobs and boosts the economy, right?
Everyone agrees that Britain needs more long-term, skilled jobs. But despite early promises from the fracking industry of new manufacturing jobs in the tens of thousands, experience from one of the biggest shale fields in the US shows that job creation is limited to four jobs per well on average. Fracking company Cuadrilla has since admitted that the 6 year fracking project proposed in Lancashire would lead to just 11 jobs at each of the two sites, including those induced by the extra economic activity. A separate study has found that a programme of home insulation would create 10,000 jobs by 2020 in the North West alone.
3. Will it reduce bills?
Another early promise from fracking companies is that it would reduce our energy bills, a line that is now used less and less by the industry. However, Cuadrilla admitted that any impact on bills would be “basically insignificant” and claims from Breitling Energy, a US shale company that fracking would “lower energy bills for millions” in the UK were found to be “misleading” by the Advertising Standards Authority.
4. What's happened where fracking has taken place already?
Denton, Texas, is known as the "birthplace of fracking", where the community has been living side by side with the industry since the late 2000s. However, the town has now banned fracking following a referendum. In this solidly Republican town gas and oil companies reportedly spent $700,000 trying to defeat the ban. And still lost. Denton joins a long list of places with bans and moratoriums including Scotland, France, the Netherlands, and large parts of Canada and the US.
5. Will it pollute water?
Lord Smith, former Chair Environment Agency, has said “groundwater contamination is the biggest environmental risk in this activity”. Contamination of groundwater can occur from a fault in the production well, and surface water contamination could result from spillages associated with waste storage, handling and disposal. As a consequence, the Labour Party had proposed that fracking be banned in “groundwater source protection areas” that feed into aquifers used for drinking water. The Government had accepted this proposal in Monday’s fracking debate, but now appears to backpedalling by trying to instead rule out fracking in only part of the water protection zone.
6. Will it cause climate change?
The only way to stop climate change is to stop burning fossil fuels, not dig up more. Especially when we know only one fifth of the fossil fuels already discovered and owned can be burnt without causing runaway temperature rises and extreme weather. As former special envoy on climate change John Ashton has said: “You can be in favour of fracking, and you can be in favour of tackling climate change, but you can't be in favour of both.”
7. Will we have fracking everywhere in the UK?
The Government was planning on announcing licenses for fracking companies in up to 60 per cent of Britain in the next few months. But just today the Scottish Government has announced its moratorium on fracking. While on Tuesday the First Minister of Wales tweeted that “we should consider a moratorium on fracking”. This would leave only England and Northern Ireland as the potential guinea pigs.
8. Isn’t it just hippies that oppose fracking?
Not so. Of the 200-plus anti-fracking groups that have sprung up over the past couple of years, very few are run by people that have never campaigned about anything before. Grandmothers Against Fracking are a case in point. A group of grandmothers, also known as the ‘Nanas’ have got together to oppose fracking in Lancashire, and recently occupied a proposed fracking site.
9. Why is the Government so keen for it to go ahead?
No one quite knows the answer to this. Fingers have been pointed at the influence of George Osborne’s father-in-law, Lord Howell, who has large interests in fracking. And, earlier this week, a crucial letter was leaked setting out Osborne’s plans to try to push fracking through even if local councils turn it down. David Cameron claims it will reduce dependence on foreign gas imports, but studies show that a similar focus on measures that reduce energy demand, like energy efficiency, could do the same thing with less disruption and pollution.
10. What do the public think?
Support for fracking is low and dropping. A new poll today shows support is at 25 per cent, while opposition continues to rise and now stands at 40 per cent. Most opposition to fracking is concentrated in areas where it is proposed. Only 10 per cent of people would be happy to see it in their area, while around two thirds of people would prefer to live next to a wind farm than a fracking site. If the Government does open up more of England and Wales to fracking, expect opposition to grow.
The future is not looking bright for the fracking industry. Lancashire’s decision today is likely just delaying the inevitable demise of the fracking dream. But with promises of jobs and lower bills already gone, and growing concerns over water contamination, health impacts, 24 hour drilling, flaring and traffic, it was looking more like a nightmare anyway. Perhaps soon Britain can get back to building a green economy that could deliver skilled jobs and lower bills, as well tackling the urgent threat from climate change.Reuse content | <urn:uuid:27b068de-fbe2-449c-9a3a-4b49b0a1f069> | {
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Both the form natalis (sc. Dies) and natalicium were used by the Romans to denote what we call a birthday, i.e., the anniversary of the day when a man was born. Also the Greek words genesia and genethlios were similarly employed. But in both Greek and Latin a certain extension of this primitive use seems to have taken place even in pre-Christian times. In Latin natalis apparently came, at least sometimes, to mean little more than "anniversary", and it was used of the accession day of the emperor as well as of his birthday. Moreover we know that the games celebrated on an emperor's birthday during his life, were often continued after his apotheosis upon the anniversary of his birthday as if he were still living. In Greek genesia came to be frequently used in connection with the annual commemoration of a dead person by sacrifices and other rites (cf. Herodotus IV, 26). This commemoration is said to have taken place not upon the anniversary of the day of death but upon the actual birthday of the defunct person (C.I.G. 3417, and Rhode, Psyche, 4th ed., I, 235). When, therefore, the Christians of Smyrna about A.D. 150 write to describe how they took up the bones of St. Polycarp, "which are more valuable than precious stones and finer than refined gold and laid them in a suitable place, where the Lord will permit us to gather ourselves together, as we are able, in gladness and joy and to celebrate the birthday of his martyrdom" (epitelein ten tou martyriou autou hemeran genethlion), it is not easy to say how far they were influenced by pre-existing pagan usages. This phrase "the birthday of his martyrdom" certainly seems to indicate the commemoration of the day on which he died, and all the subsequent history of the Church confirms the practice of keeping this as the usual feast of any saint or martyr. None the less, knowing as we do that the Greeks also commonly celebrated what they called nekysia (commemorative sacrifices), on the anniversary of the death of parents, it would seem that the faithful of the early Church did little more than christianize a pagan custom. This they accomplished, first by offering the holy sacrifice of the Mass in honour of their deceased brethren instead of the blood of flesh of animal victims, and secondly by giving to this commemoration of a true believer's passage to another life the name genethlios, or in Latin natalis, rather than to the day upon which he had been born into this world.
One cannot however entirely eliminate the doubt whether at the introduction of Christianity genethlios and natalis had not already come to mean little more than "anniversary" or "commemoration rite". Tertullian says "oblatones pro defunctis pro nataliciis annua die facimus" (De Coronoa, cap. 3), which seems to mean "we offer Masses for the dead on their anniversary as a commemoration rite." Similarly the Chronographer of 354 notes in his calendar against 22 February, VIII Kal. Martias Natale Petri de cathedra; where natale clearly signifies anniversary rather than birthday. Indeed where we find the Fathers emphasizing the etymology of the word, their language rather suggests that they expected the primary meaning of "birthday" to pass unnoticed. In any case the sense of anniversary alone fits a wide range of phrases which meet us in the calendars and other documents of the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries. Avitus of Vienne (d. 518) and Eligius of Noyon (d. c. 650) both refer to Maundy Thursday under the name "natalis calicis" (the commemoration of the chalice), a reference, of course, to the institution of the Blessed Sacrament at the Last Supper, and the feast appears under the same name in the calendar of Polemius Silvius of 448. Again in the Leonian Sacramentary we have the phrase "in natali episcoporum", which the context shows to mean the anniversary of a bishop's consecration (cf. Probost, Die ältestenröm. Sacramentarien, 124 and 247, and Paulinus of Nola, Epistle 20), while the Gelasian Sacramentary uses such expressions as "natale consecrationis diaconi", etc. So also in the Hieronymian Martyrologium (c. 590), besides the constantly recurring natale applied to the festivals of martyrs we have, e.g. on 2 August, In antiochia natalis reliquiarum Stephani protomartyris et diac. None the less a certain stress was often laid in Christian sermons and in mortuary inscriptions upon the idea that the day of a man's death was his birthday to a new life. Thus St. Ambrose (Serm. 57, de Depos. St. Eusebii) declares that "the day of our burial is calledour birthday (natalis), because, being set free from the prison of our crimes, we are born to the liberty of the Saviour", and he goes on "wherefore this day is observed as a great celebration, for it is in truth a festival of the highest order to be dead to our vices and to live to righteousness alone." And we find such inscriptions as the following
PARENTE FILIO MERCURIO FECE
RUNT QUI VIXIT ANN V ET MENSES VIII
NATUS IN PACE ID FEBR
Where "natus in pace" clearly refers to eternal rest. So again Origen had evidently some similar thought before him when he insists that "of all the holy people in the Scriptures, no one is recorded to have kept a feast or held a great banquet on his birthday. It is only sinners (like Pharaoh and Herod) who make great rejoicings over the day on which they were born into this world below" (Origen, in Levit., Hom. VIII, in Migne P.G., XII, 495). Naturally a certain amount of confusion resulted from this use of the same word natalis sometimes to signify natural birth, sometimes the passage to a better life. The former was consequently often distinguished as natale genuinum, natale de nativitate, the latter as natale passionis or de passione, sometimes abbreviated as N.P.
KRIEG in KRAUS, Realencyklopadie; KELLNER, Heortology (Eng. Tr. London, 1907); PROBST, Kirch. Disciplin in den drei ersten Christ. Jahrhunderten (Tübingen, 1873).
APA citation. (1911). Natal Day. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10709a.htm
MLA citation. "Natal Day." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10709a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Thomas M. Barrett. Dedicated to Margaret Johanna Albertina Behling Barrett.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:0fc4c82c-8f0d-4ce4-b25f-ba82ab69c196> | {
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Most engine overhaul procedures are fairly standard. In addition to specific parts replacement procedures and specifications for your individual engine, this section is also a guide to acceptable rebuilding procedures. Examples of standard rebuilding practice are given and should be used along with specific details concerning your particular engine.
Competent and accurate machine shop services will ensure maximum performance, reliability and engine life. In most instances it is more profitable for the do-it-yourself mechanic to remove, clean and inspect the component, buy the necessary parts and deliver these to a shop for actual machine work.
Much of the assembly work (crankshaft, bearings, piston rods, and other components) is well within the scope of the do-it-yourself mechanic's tools and abilities. You will have to decide for yourself the depth of involvement you desire in an engine repair or rebuild.
The tools required for an engine overhaul or parts replacement will depend on the depth of your involvement. With a few exceptions, they will be the tools found in a mechanic's tool kit (See General Information & Maintenance of this repair guide). More in-depth work will require some or all of the following:
The use of most of these tools is illustrated in this section. Many can be rented for a one-time use from a local parts jobber or tool supply house specializing in automotive work.
Occasionally, the use of special tools is called for. See the information on Special Tools and the Safety Notice in the front of this guide before substituting another tool.
Aluminum has become extremely popular for use in engines, due to its low weight. Observe the following precautions when handling aluminum parts:
When assembling the engine, any parts that will be exposed to frictional contact must be prelubed to provide lubrication at initial start-up. Any product specifically formulated for this purpose can be used, but engine oil is not recommended as a prelube in most cases.
When semi-permanent (locked, but removable) installation of bolts or nuts is desired, threads should be cleaned and coated with Loctite® or another similar, commercial non-hardening sealant.
See Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4
Before the engine and its components are inspected, they must be thoroughly cleaned. You will need to remove any engine varnish, oil sludge and/or carbon deposits from all of the components to insure an accurate inspection. A crack in the engine block or cylinder head can easily become overlooked if hidden by a layer of sludge or carbon.
Most of the cleaning process can be carried out with common hand tools and readily available solvents or solutions. Carbon deposits can be chipped away using a hammer and a hard wooden chisel. Old gasket material and varnish or sludge can usually be removed using a scraper and/or cleaning solvent. Extremely stubborn deposits may require the use of a power drill with a wire brush. If using a wire brush, use extreme care around any critical machined surfaces (such as the gasket surfaces, bearing saddles, cylinder bores, etc.). Use of a wire brush is NOT RECOMMENDED on any aluminum components. Always follow any safety recommendations given by the manufacturer of the tool and/or solvent. You should always wear eye protection during any cleaning process involving scraping, chipping or spraying of solvents.
An alternative to the mess and hassle of cleaning the parts yourself is to drop them off at a local garage or machine shop. They will, more than likely, have the necessary equipment to properly clean all of the parts for a nominal fee.
Remove any oil galley plugs, freeze plugs and/or pressed-in bearings and carefully wash and degrease all of the engine components including the fasteners and bolts. Small parts such as the valves, springs, etc., should be placed in a metal basket and allowed to soak. Use pipe cleaner type brushes, and clean all passageways in the components. Use a ring expander and remove the rings from the pistons. Clean the piston ring grooves with a special tool or a piece of broken ring. Scrape the carbon off of the top of the piston. You should never use a wire brush on the pistons. After preparing all of the piston assemblies in this manner, wash and degrease them again.
When cleaning the cylinder head, remove carbon from the combustion chamber with the valves installed. This will avoid damaging the valve seats.
REPAIRING DAMAGED THREADS
See Figures 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
Several methods of repairing damaged threads are available. Heli-Coil® (shown here), Keenserts® and Microdot® are among the most widely used. All involve basically the same principle-drilling out stripped threads, tapping the hole and installing a prewound insert-making welding, plugging and oversize fasteners unnecessary.
Two types of thread repair inserts are usually supplied: a standard type for most inch coarse, inch fine, metric course and metric fine thread sizes and a spark lug type to fit most spark plug port sizes. Consult the individual tool manufacturer's catalog to determine exact applications. Typical thread repair kits will contain a selection of prewound threaded inserts, a tap (corresponding to the outside diameter threads of the insert) and an installation tool. Spark plug inserts usually differ because they require a tap equipped with pilot threads and a combined reamer/tap section. Most manufacturers also supply blister-packed thread repair inserts separately in addition to a master kit containing a variety of taps and inserts plus installation tools.
Before attempting to repair a threaded hole, remove any snapped, broken or damaged bolts or studs. Penetrating oil can be used to free frozen threads. The offending item can usually be removed with locking pliers or using a screw/stud extractor. After the hole is clear, the thread can be repaired, as shown in the series of accompanying illustrations and in the kit manufacturer's instructions. | <urn:uuid:8fce7ab7-1e80-41a7-ab38-2e1a1b2856cd> | {
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is examining the restoration of its popular volunteer mapping program, The National Map Corps. In light of swiftly changing technical landscapes and increasing uses of social networking, the USGS is exploring a new approach to the volunteer program, and is launching a project to test options for volunteer participation in providing data to The National Map. Volunteer mapping programmes had been suspended in 2008 in order to explore new methods for using volunteer data.
The project involves mapping man-made structures and facilities, such as schools and fire stations, in the state of Colorado. Using an internet mapping application, volunteers can help the USGS update The National Map by correcting or adding information about structures. "Even members of the public who can't tell a sandstone from a rhyolite but have internet access can now help the USGS keep its popular maps up to date through our new experiment in crowd sourcing," said USGS Director Marcia McNutt. "Correctly locating and identifying fire stations, police stations, schools, and hospitals not only makes USGS maps more useful, but can literally save a life." | <urn:uuid:0397bad4-33de-4ace-9370-31cf45cef309> | {
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A popular Christmas plant
Ivy refers to any large number of climbing or creeping ornamental vine plants. The most popular ivy seen at Christmas is the variety Hedera helix, a member of the ginseng family. An excellent creeper, this plant remains lush and green even during the coldest months of December, and can cling to some of the smoothest of surfaces with ease. Ivy will flower in late autumn and small blackberries are produced in late winter. In natural settings the berries are an important source of food for winter animals but are incredibly poisonous for people. Decorative ivy is not typically purchased with the berries in tact. Artificial ivy used to make Christmas decorations and wreaths will sometimes contain the berry look.
Ivy's symbolic meanings are various. Its symbolism is based on the fact that it is an evergreen plant, it clings and it grows in the shade. Like holly, ivy has a peculiar connection with foretelling the future. This theme of the eternal beauty of evergreen plants reaching beyond seasons to another time is consistent through many different superstitions and beliefs. For example, in Scotland, should a woman be curious about her future mate she might hold the ivy leaf to her breast and recite, "Ivy, Ivy, I love you, In my bosom I put you, The first young man who speaks to me, My future husband he shall be." Perhaps it was because of such incantations, or because early use of ivy was associated with the Roman god of wine and revelry, Bacchus, that ivy was successfully removed from Christian homes and banished from churches for a time. The negative associations with ivy were first inspired by the fact that it grows in the shade. The way that ivy flourishes in the shade connected the plant to notions of secrecy, debauchery and hidden desires.
The clinging look of ivy signifies the faithfulness and connection of close friendships and love relationships. Through its association with holly, early English carols sang of holly as a symbol of manhood and resiliency, whereas ivy was considered to be feminine and grasping.
Pagan winter festivals used ivy to ward off evil spirits. Since contemporary Christmas celebrations tend to be a mix of pagan and Christian traditions, ivy continues to be a popular decoration for hearths and stairways. It is still not as popular as evergreen plants and holly but it makes an interesting and festive addition to hearth and home. | <urn:uuid:42d95652-73c3-46ec-a2ad-f2f38a3509a3> | {
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India is the land of diversity. It is full of the cultural heritage and geographical antiquity. There are thousands of historically dated places that are having great enigma. Lots of secrets, stories and mysteries are buried under the grounds of such places that places are termed as the haunted places all across the India.
These historically significant buildings and places are having numerous secrets that have become notable that are reported to be haunted by the ghosts.
Here is the list of these 10 Haunted Historical Monuments in India that have their own cultural importance
10. Savoy Hotel
This is the luxury hotel that is located in the Mussoorie, Uttarakhand state of India. This hotel is owned by the Controls Pvt. Ltd. This building is the true representative of the English Architecture and once the building was the great summer resort. But once the woman named Miss Frances Garnett-Orme found mysteriously dead in the hotel due to the poisoned drink, the hotel is considered to be the haunted one.
9. Golkonda Fort
Next on the list is another haunted fort from the state of India, Hyderabad. This fort was built by Hindu Kakatiya dynasty. This fort is considered to be the haunted place of India because the tourists that visit this place have narrated that Taramati, the queen, have been spotted dancing in the royal courtroom late at time. Other stories include lingering of the shadows, hurling of the objects and pictures turned upside down.
8. Shaniwarwada Fort
Next on the list is another fort that has been considered to be one of the most important haunted places in India. This place is located in Pune that was known for its architecture. This place remains open for the tourists but they are advised not to visit this place after sunset because of the story of the murder of the 13 year old prince. The screams of this young prince are still heard in the midnight. It is said the shrieks are most vivid on the full moon night.
7. Agrasen Ki Baoli
This monument is located in the heart of the India, Delhi. It is considered to be another haunted monument because of the fact that this unique fort was once trapped by the black water which hypnotized the visitors and committed them to suicide. Many of them have died due to unintentional suicide and this place has now been termed as the haunted place.
6. Feroz Shah Kotla
Another haunted monument from the state of Delhi, Feroz Shah Kotla is supposed to be the home of evil Djinns. A number of murders, suicides and torture had taken place their and due to the reason, this place is regarded as the fort of the ghosts. There is the well in the fort that is rumored that the fairies descend around the well.
5. Brijraj Bhawan Palace
This one is the palace that is located in Rajasthan. The palace is rumored to have the ghost of the resident of this palace who was killed by spy of India inside the palace. It is also reported that the guards of the place were slapped while sleeping on the duty. This palace is turned into hotel and the guests have complaint of discomforting while living in that place.
4. Bhangarh Fort
This fort is the place that is regarded as the best architectural site in India. This site is open for public but not during the dark hours. Because it is cited that anyone who enters the fort in the dark hours does not return back. It is also said that the ghosts lurk inside this fort.
3. Writers’ Building
Erected in Kolkata, this building is another famous monument that is having some irregular activities. It is believed that the ghost of the notorious inspector, who was killed by three brave fighters of India, still roams in the building.
2. Hastings House
Located in Alipur, this house is also been termed as the haunted place in India because this house when turned into the girl’s college seems to show some spooky sightings. It is said that the Hasting sometimes enter the college to search for some of his lost documents.
1. National Library
Another place from Kolkata is the National Library that is the major building in Belvedere Estate. It is said that the student was disappeared from the library that entered in the odd hours of the night. | <urn:uuid:736f73c2-61fb-4cd3-bc69-f0315e6477a6> | {
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The understanding of scholasticism metaphysics presented in textbooks to the history of philosophy would be comprises universally in the patern dominated by followers of Thomas Aqiunas's conception. However one should be value different metaphysical conceptions of this period of scholasticism, in this the first of all so criticized by Thomas's pupils thought of John Duns Scotus. It is possible put, that Scotus's metaphysics states very important alternative for Aquinas's metaphysics, though - it should be strongly underline - at all it not locates itself in so sharp opposition in relation to solution of Aquinas. To be visible influence Scotus's thought in later centuries, for example his metaphysical intuition we can see at F. Suarez, Ch. Wolff, and also I. Kant. The novum of Scotus's approach to metaphysics in large reduction depends thereon that he asks about conditions of metaphysics possibility. This resulted with perspective of later development of metaphysics two momentous decision in its area. firstly, Scotus captured metaphysics with perspective of transcendental then it means he understood metaphysics as transcendental science. Secondly, basis of such metaphysics resulted in execution 'the criticism of reason'. From this perspective Scotus proposed understanding of the metaphysics as science on the first adequate object of human intellect. The object of it is being as being (ens inquantum ens) and in consequence the metaphysics according to Scotus is science on being and its transcendental proprieties. The metaphysics is so transcendental science - scientia transcendens.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
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Labor Day is supposed to honor all American workers. And every year, union Labor Day rhetoric does just that. Unfortunately, it then makes the false leap to the claim that unions advance the interests of all American working men and women, not just their members. In fact, despite unions’ pro-worker rhetoric, the effect of most union activities and union-backed policies is to harm most American workers.Unions succeed by preventing competition from other workers who are willing to do the same work for less. Those workers either become unemployed or must go elsewhere to find jobs, increasing the supply of labor services in non-union employment, pushing down wages for all workers in such jobs as a result. The resulting union wage premium does not come out of the pockets of employers as much as from the pockets of other workers, as a result. Since less than 10 percent of the American private-sector workers are unionized, this means that more than 90 percent of private-sector workers are injured by this most basic exercise of union power.
Anti-worker effects are also vividly illustrated by the history of union violence and threats against “non-cooperative†employees. There have been thousands of attacks against such workers in recent decades, and well more than 100 deaths.
Aware that their government protection against workers who are willing to do the same job for less stops at the border, unions have also been the primary movers behind government protectionism of all stripes. But protectionism undermines the interests of all those workers who would have gained from expanded exports, as well as those who, as consumers, would have gained from access to lower cost and superior quality imports.
There are many other ways unions have sold workers’ interests short. Their opposition killed the 1996 Teamwork for Employees and Management Act, which would have raised workers’ value to employers by putting their productivity-enhancing insights to better use, because such cooperation would not be controlled by unions. They have conducted campaigns to harass and regulate non-union apprenticeship programs out of existence, keeping non-union workers from acquiring the skills to earn a better living in order to stave off future competition for union workers. They have long undermined enforcement of the Supreme Court’s 1988 Beck decision that workers can withhold support for unions’ political activities, as well as spending over $100 million to defeat “paycheck protection†initiatives. Their support for the Davis-Bacon Act has inflated government construction costs for decades, raising the tax burden on all American workers. Similarly, they have been the primary opponents of privatization and other reforms that would improve government operations from education to poverty programs, but threaten their existing chokehold on those jobs. And all this has occurred even though more than a third of union members routinely vote against the positions their union leaders fund.
Unions are also major supporters of schemes that require higher taxes (and regulatory burdens, which act as taxes), at a time when the average American already spends more to fund government than on food, clothing and shelter combined. And because taxes reduce saving and investment, they also reduce the accumulation of capital, which is the source of increased productivity, they reducing workers’ future earning power.
American workers have accomplished incredible things in our history. There is nothing wrong with taking pride in those accomplishments this Labor Day. But there is something wrong with unions hijacking that pride by taking credit for what they did not do, especially when they claim that they represent all working men and women, when most of what they do and support injures the vast majority of workers, in order to protect their own vested interests. | <urn:uuid:d8917d17-fdaa-4ecd-bdec-fc68d169319e> | {
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This collection is being developed for the revised MCAT® exam that will first be administered in spring 2015. Videos will be added to the collection through fall 2014. All content in this collection has been created under the direction of the Khan Academy and has been reviewed under the direction of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). All materials are categorized according to the pre-health competencies tested by the MCAT²⁰¹⁵ exam; however, the content in this collection is not intended to prescribe a program of study for the MCAT²⁰¹⁵ exam. The content is also included in the Pre-health Collection within MedEdPORTAL’s iCollaborative sponsored by the AAMC: www.mededportal.org/pre-health
*MCAT® is a program of the AAMC and related trademarks owned by the Association include Medical College Admission Test, MCAT, and MCAT²⁰¹⁵. For more information about the MCAT exam visit : www.aamc.org/mcat2015
2A: Not all shall pass! Yards have fences, and cells have membranes. You don’t want just anybody waltzing into your backyard. Similarly, a healthy cell doesn’t just let in any random molecule - this is the concept of selective permeability. Some molecules (e.g. steroids) more easily cross the barrier whereas others (e.g. charged ions) have a more difficult time getting inside the cell without a little help from transporters in the membrane.
2A: The human body is composed of about 100 trillion cells (this is not counting your bacterial buddies, who actually outnumber your cells 10 to 1!) Your cells must speak to each other to coordinate this massive symphony of life. In this tutorial, you will learn about the molecular basis of cellular signaling that makes this vast network speedy and efficient.
2A: Each cell in your body has a “membrane potential.” Think of it like rolling a ball to the top of a hill - once the ball is at the top, it is smooth sailing down. Similarly, this electric membrane potential allows ions to flow down a gradient of electrical energy (the inside of the cell is negative relative to the outside). We will discuss this concept as well as other mechanisms for movement of ions, water, and other molecules across cellular membranes. | <urn:uuid:53e36cb5-3e58-4b44-ac86-d64eaff00b20> | {
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In my 8th grade classes, we have been winding down our astronomy unit. This past week, I challenged students with some graph interpretation. The first activity is one that I think we will revisit, as they really struggled, but the second activity, I think they really excelled. The first activity was called: Where in the World? I modified it only very slightly from how it was presented to me in my IMPACT course, in which our Globe instructor took us through the activity.
This used data from temperatures. I shared a link with students to an online sticky note board. Each table team was assigned two different graphs. The first class period the table teams were assigned two graphs, but in the second class, I assigned each half of the table team a graph. After a few minutes, I had each half talk with the other half for feedback and input. The sticky note board is from Linoit. Students do not have to have an account to access this board. All that I needed to do was to make sure that the public had access to post on the board. The students matched the lettered graph to a numbered location on the world map. Some of the locations are quite close together, so they would be very difficult to tell the difference between the graphs without additional information. There was also information on elevation of the sites. With this information, students may have been able to more clearly figure out which location matched with the right map.
Here is the link to one my boards that I used: Where in the World?
Please keep in mind that we don't necessarily have the correct maps matched up. This first try was really to get them thinking and have a discussion about why it makes sense or doesn't.
The second activity is taken from a GEMS book: Reason for the Seasons. In the past, I've had students graph the data, but we are sort of short on time, and graphing isn't the skill I'm focusing on with the activity. So this year, I marked up a pdf copy (so I could have color). Honestly, I think I'd just create a color graph and scan it in or setup a graph in Google Docs or something before I do that again. Can you say TEDIOUS!!?? Anyway, for this activity, I shared a Google Presentation and had each table team write on white boards the color and the latitude that it matched up with. The showed Daylength vs. Month Here is a link to that presentation: Daylength Graph
I was especially proud of how well the students did with the second activity. Almost all of my students, even my very reluctant to do much of anything, really got into figuring out the locations.
Earlier in the week, I had students participate in another white board challenge. This was called What Would Happen If? Students were given a hypothetical situation in their teams and they presented to the class their thoughts based on our learning thus far. Other teams could comment if they agreed or thought there be something different that happened. Here is a link to these situations: What Would Happen If?
What things do you teach during your astronomy units? How do you use white boards in your classroom? I'd love to hear your thoughts! | <urn:uuid:ac306d31-787e-4db9-9bf2-36a35feda5fd> | {
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Question: What started on this day in 1970 and has grown from 20 million participants in the U.S. to over 1 billion people in more than 180 countries?
Answer: Earth Day!
While we’ve undoubtedly made some good headway in the past several years regarding the amount of good information that’s out there, Americans still continue to account for a lion’s share of the world’s total energy consumption. In fact, according to one WSU study, while Americans make up just 5% of the earth’s population, we consume about 24% of the energy. To put it another way, the average American uses the same amount of energy as 370 Ethiopian citizens!
Fortunately, there are some simple to implement changes you can make in your home or office to reduce your carbon footprint and they start with the lights overhead.
“Widespread use of LED lighting has the greatest potential impact on energy savings in the United States.” -Energy.gov
Just the facts, ma’am:
Here’s a quick look at where we’re at-
– About 82% of the current light bulb market is still comprised of incandescent bulbs.
– Only about 1% of outdoor lighting in the world has been converted to LED lighting.Most electric bills in the U.S. average about 25% of their total from lighting alone.
– Incandescent bulbs lose about 90% of their energy in the form of heat.
– Most LED Lights have a Minimum 5 year warranty with an estimated life of 15 years.
– LED lights are Environmentally Friendly and devoid of hazardous materials such as mercury.
– In less than 20 years, it’s estimated that LEDs will account for 75 percent of all lighting sales.
Show me the money:
By making the switch from incandescent bulbs to LED lights, most consumers see an immediate 50-90% energy savings- plain and simple. In thinking about this on a grander scale, one Energy.gov study suggests that over the last two years, “about 49 million LEDs were installed in the U.S. for a total saving about $675 million in annual energy costs.”
The same study suggests that over the next two decades making the switch to LED lights entirely could save the U.S. about $250 billion in energy costs, reduce electricity consumption for lighting by nearly 50 percent and avoid 1,800 million metric tons of carbon emissions.
‘Tips’ of the trade:
So we’ve got you on the LED wagon- that’s great! Here are some things you put into practice to further reduce your energy spending in addition to making the switch from incandescents-
– Take advantage of controls and timers which will automatically shut off lights when not in use.
– Install dimmers in the rooms you use most often. The lower light levels will save you big in the long run.
– Use the sun’s natural light to brighten your home during the day. A light-colored, loose-weave fabric will allow daylight in without forcing you to compromise on privacy.
– Switch out lights on the exterior of your home or business’s walkways, porches, stairs and parking lots which are generally left on a long time. LEDs not only reap those additional immediate savings, they are also more weather durable than their non LED counterparts.
– Finally, Turn Off the Lights! Sounds like a given; however according to one Reader’s Digest poll, only 50% of adults say they diligently switch off lights when exiting a room.
When you think about the fact that there are roughly 2 billion light bulbs sold on an annual basis, switching even half of those to environmentally friendly, energy efficient LED Lighting could mean big things for the health of our little planet. BuyLEDs.com is proud to light the way.
Happy Earth Day- Shine on! | <urn:uuid:0bf02f7b-d4b5-44d4-a452-fee6ea01adbb> | {
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When former Land Trust President Tom Reimers found evidence of bears on his property in the town of Danby, he set up a motion-sensing camera to confirm his suspicions.
The camera hasn’t succeeded in photographing any bears yet, but last summer it captured a picture of a fisher (Martes pennanti). The photo shows a large, dark animal, something like a cross between an otter and a large cat, strolling nonchalantly across the forest floor.
Fishers, sometimes called “fisher cats,” may look vaguely feline, but in fact they are mustelids – long, sinuous, fierce members of the weasel family. Thanks to its varied habitat, upstate New York is unusually rich in mustelid species: otters swim in the waterways; mink hunt at the water’s edge; weasels live in the uplands and hedgerows; martens are adapted to deep snow at higher elevations; fishers inhabit old-growth coniferous forests.
That, at any rate, was the received wisdom about fishers, but it turns out to be only partially correct. Like so many other North American animals, fishers almost went extinct in the nineteenth century as the forests were clearcut and the animals themselves were indiscriminately trapped for their dense, glossy fur. When it was all over, the only fishers left in the state were in the Adirondacks. Adirondack fishers were live-trapped and released into the Catskills in the late 1970s, where they flourished. Because the animals were only found in undisturbed wilderness, biologists wrongly assumed that they could only survive in old-growth forests.
This misconception persisted until fisher sightings began trickling in from all over the state, from Albany to western New York. DEC wildlife biologist Lance Clark saw his first fisher in the mid-90s in Bear Swamp State Forest in Cayuga County; a roadkilled animal turned up in Onondaga County at about the same time. Beginning in 2007, naturalist Linda Spielman has found fisher tracks in Tioga and Tompkins Counties.
Fishers, it turns out, are a lot more adaptable than anyone had expected. As largely arboreal predators, they will not live in treeless areas, but they do not seem to be bothered by most human activities and have made themselves at home in many areas throughout the northeast. In fact, so-called “edge habitats”– areas at the junctions between distinctly different habitats, especially forest and field – are particularly attractive to fishers because they are home to high populations of the small mammals that are their primary prey. Fishers aren’t picky, however: they will eat amphibians and reptiles, birds, eggs, insects, carrion, and even berries and acorns.
They are also one of the few animals that dare to prey on porcupines. A fisher will repeatedly attack the porcupine’s face until it weakens and can be flipped over for a kill. In some cases, they can force porcupines to fall out of a tree and then attack their stunned prey on the ground.
As marginal farmland reverted to woodland in recent decades, most of upstate New York turned into potential fisher territory. Fishers were reintroduced into Pennsylvania in 1994 and, combined with populations from West Virginia, are now dispersing into western New York. Animals from both the Adirondacks and the Catskills are colonizing central New York, including the Finger Lakes forests.
In fact, fishers are in the process of reclaiming many parts of their former range. When they were eradicated in Vermont, porcupine populations skyrocketed; the forests didn’t get a break from those voracious bark-eaters until Maine fishers were imported to control them. Vermont fishers then moved into New Hampshire and Massachusetts, and have recently even been spotted just outside of Boston.
There have been many sightings of “black panthers” in upstate New York. Panthers, or cougars, were long ago extirpated from the state and, in any case, are never black. If you see a “black panther,” it is most likely a fisher. At approximately three feet long, the animal may look formidable, but even a very large specimen rarely weighs more than fifteen pounds. Unlike cougars, these animals are no danger to human beings, but forest-dwelling owners of free-ranging cats and poultry would be wise to take appropriate precautions.
Angie Berchielli, a trapper and naturalist who assisted in the efforts to restore fishers to the Catskills and Pennsylvania, is excited by the growing fisher population. “It is truly one of the greatest success stories [showing] what very good management of a species by the DEC can do. They are now available for all of us, whether we are trappers, photographers, or people who just like to watch wildlife.”
The NYS DEC is collecting information about fishers. Please report any sightings to [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:0d5fbb97-59c7-4a27-b664-3d5789ed0371> | {
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Plate taken from the 'Illustrated London News' (Vol 74/1 p 601). Tsar Alexander's visit to England in 1874 included a trip to the Crystal Palace, the Albert Hall, and a review of troops as well as this inspection of naval weaponry. Since 1867, the race to develop new gunnery capable of defeating iron-clad opponents had been based on muzzle loaders. By 1874, these weighed around 35 tons, leading to them being ironically referred to as the 'infants'. These guns were used on ironclads such as HMS 'Devastation', whose building had excited much attention because of the ships' unusual weight.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library | <urn:uuid:4bb304ea-3052-4c24-bcf8-c5503f329b56> | {
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If anyone ever wondered where Lakeland's abandoned pet turtles end up, a team of researchers from Florida Southern College has the answer. They're in Lake Hollingsworth.
LAKELAND | If anyone ever wondered where Lakeland's abandoned pet turtles end up, a team of researchers from Florida Southern College has the answer.
They're in Lake Hollingsworth.
That's one of the discoveries coming from a research project on the lake's turtle population, said Gabriel Langford, assistant professor of aquatic biology at Florida Southern.
"Most of the turtles we're finding are red-eared sliders, which are not native to this part of Florida," he said.
Langford said he had expected a more balanced turtle population on a restored lake.
Red-eared sliders, which are native to the Mississippi River basin, are now found all over the United States and in foreign countries as a result of releases by pet owners, according to a 2006 field guide published by University Press of Florida.
Langford said the sliders outnumber the native turtles he and a team of 10 students have found so far.
Native species they've found in the lake are Florida red-bellied, snapping, Florida softshell and Florida mud turtles.
Langford said he selected Lake Hollingsworth because of its convenient location to the college.
Documenting Lake Hollingsworth's turtle population involves setting traps to catch the turtles and then picking them up, examining them and tagging them with a computer chip to be able to study how the turtles move around the system.
Langford said another part of the study will involve looking for nesting sites and trying to observe turtles coming ashore to lay their eggs.
That could give them a better understanding of why the native turtles are outnumbered by the non-native species, he said.
That is, are they better at competing with native turtles for nesting sites, or is their population simply increasing as a result of regular releases by pet owners?
In doing the research, he has encountered conditions that aren't good for turtles.
The lakeshore appears to be aggressively managed by the city, and so there are few fallen logs or other places where turtles can bask.
Langford said there have been challenges in doing the research.
Last summer, someone stole their traps, he said.
Langford said he plans to erect some education signs along the lakeshore about the project to explain what they're doing and to assure the public that the turtles are not being harmed.
He said he expects to complete the survey by the end of this summer.
He said part of the project is a learning experience for the students, and he makes sure they're not harmed, either.
Softshell and snapping turtles have long necks, and their bite can cause serious injuries.
"I lecture the students and make sure they wear thick leather gloves and handle the turtles properly," Langford said.
And turtles aren't the only aquatic wildlife they've encountered in their study.
Langford said they've also been looking for salamanders, which are amphibians.
They found a greater siren, which is widespread, but also found a one-toed amphiuna, which is unknown from this part of Florida and whose habitat is poorly known.
Langford said he will look for more.
Residents who want to keep up with the project can go to FSC Turtle Research group page on Facebook.
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He is only the third pope to be given this honor. Millions of Catholics are expected to visit the basilica to pay homage to John XXIII, one of the most respected pontiffs of the 20th century.
The embalmed body of Blessed John XXIII, who died on Pentecost Sunday, June 3, 1963, had since his death been in the crypt, alongside the remains of dozens of other popes. The remains of many other popes are buried in the interior of the basilica.
The only other popes in glass coffins for public viewing are Blessed Innocent XI (who died in 1689, and was beatified by Pius XII in 1956) and St Pius X (who died in 1914, was beatified in 1951 and canonized in 1954 by Pius XII).
When John XXIII's coffin was opened 38 years after his death, his body was practically intact. "A miracle," some Italians declared, but without support from the Vatican authorities.
Gennaro Goglia, who in 1963 was a professor of anatomy at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Rome, also rejected suggestions that there had been a miracle.
Dr Goglia told the daily newspaper Famiglia Cristiana that he injected Pope John's body with a "special liquid" to preserve human remains which had been developed by Professor Winkler of the University of Lausanne (Switzerland), an "authority in this field."
Before Sunday's ceremony, Blessed John's body was clothed in pontifical vestments and placed in a 450-kilogram bronze-and-glass coffin. On Pentecost Sunday, June 3, the coffin was carried in procession to St Peter's Square, ... | <urn:uuid:67665bfb-f81f-421d-bb8b-5d156fcc29ef> | {
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What Is the Hamstring?
The hamstring is actually 3 muscles in one, stretching from the knee to the hip at the back of the thigh, attaching muscle to tendon. The hamstring is meant to stretch and lighten the stress on the back, but if it is tight, it doesn't allow adequate motion in the hip, forcing the lower back to do more motion. Tight hamstrings putting more pressure on an already stressed low back or one that is prone to stress, especially in the case of spondylolisthesis, is not a good situation. Stretching tight hamstrings in New York may benefit back pain sufferers, especially those with spondylolisthesis.
Spondylolisthesis and the Hamstring
Spondylolisthesis is a fracture of the pars interarticularis, part of the vertebral bone in the spine. If the hamstring is tight, forcing the low back to do more flexing, the fracture is irritated and may cause pain. Keeping the hamstrings flexible is important in spondylolisthesis' pain control as well as in prevention of spinal pain flare-ups.
Why Worry About Hamstring Flexibility?
The incidence of hamstring tightness in adolescent lumbar disc herniation is high. (1) Tight hamstring syndrome in childhood can be an initial symptom of an associated, more serious disease like higher-grade spondylolisthesis / spondyloptosis, disc herniation and even osteomyelitis or spondylodiscitis. (2)
In one study of bending and motion, it was found that the lumbar spine has a greater contribution to early forward bending. The lumbar spine and hips contributed almost equally to middle forward bending, and the hips had a greater contribution to late forward bending. Two groups were compared, those with a history of low back pain and those without. Hamstring flexibility was strongly correlated to motion in subjects with a history of low back pain, but not in healthy subjects. The authors concluded that hamstring stretching is recommended in patients with low back pain history to bend at the hips sooner. (3)
How to Stretch Hamstrings and Increase Flexibility?
Just how to stretch the hamstrings has been a topic of research and debate for some time. Active vs passive stretching. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) technique vs self-stretching or static stretching. For the most part, stretching period gives good results.
- In one study, active stretching is reported to be more time efficient as well as less demanding to produce sustainable effects. (4)
- In another study, hamstring flexibility results of active stretching was better at 4 weeks, then passive stretching results were better after 8 weeks. PNF showed better knee range-of-motion. (5)
- Another study of active stretching vs static stretching vs PNF stretching showed that all three showed improvement in hamstring flexibility, but static stretching showed statistically more improvement over control patients at 4 weeks. (6)
One Hamstring Stretching Method To Try
So what is best? Likely in New York, the best is the technique that will keep a patient who needs to stretch the hamstrings stretching! One way that seems to work well is PNF hamstring stretching which requires the contraction of the muscle then the relaxation of the muscle during which stretching is easier and more successful. Three ways of doing PNF hamstring stretching are presented for you to consider if recommended for your condition: PNF with an assistant/towel/alone These are easy to do. First contract the muscle against resistance (towel/assistant/your hands) then relax the muscle and pull the leg toward you. See the full explanation of PNF hamstring stretching at this link.
In New York, discuss how hamstring stretching may benefit your lumbar spine condition with your chiropractor at Dr. Gary Stefanick. Contact Dr. Gary Stefanick today.
- Zhu Q, Gu R, Yang X, Lin Y, Gao Z, Tanaka Y: Adolescent lumbar disc herniation and hamstring tightness: review of 16 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Jul 15;31(16):1810-4.
- Kayser R, Mahlfeld K, Heyde CE, Grasshoff H, Mellerowicz H. Tight hamstring syndrome and extra- or intraspinal diseases in childhood: a multicenter study. Eur Spine J. 2006 Apr;15(4):403-8. Epub 2005 May 24.
- Esola MA, McClure PW, Fitzgerald GK, Siegler S. Analysis of lumbar spine and hip motion during forward bending in subjects with and without a history of low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996 Jan 1;21(1):71-8.
- Meroni R, Cerri CG, Lanzarini C, Barindelli G, Morte GD, Gessaga V, Cesana GC, De Vito G. Comparison of active stretching technique and static stretching technique on hamstring flexibility. Clin J Sport Med. 2010 Jan;20(1):8-14.
- Fasen JM, O'Connor AM, Schwartz SL, Watson JO, Plastaras CT, Garvan CW, Bulcao C, Johnson SC, Akuthota V. A randomized controlled trial of hamstring stretching: comparison of four techniques. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Mar;23(2):660-7.
- Davis, Ashby, McCale et al: The effectiveness of 3 stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility using consistent stretching parameters. J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Feb;19(1):27-32. | <urn:uuid:bc1ed25d-49fd-48c6-9924-3353cdfb4ce4> | {
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Division of Plant Sciences
Insects are the most abundant animals on earth. They exert important effects, both positive and negative, on our lives in ways we may not even think about. While the vast majority of insects are either beneficial or harmless, we often are most familiar with those insects that cause problems. For example, the mosquito is responsible for more deaths each year than any other insect.
On the whole, insects are enormously beneficial. Insects pollinate plants and provide food for birds, fish and animals. Many beneficial insects prey on other insects that are pests. By studying insects, we gain a better understanding of their role in the web of life, as indicators of environmental quality, as predators of harmful species, and as potential threats to crops, homes and health. Also through the study of insects, we help to preserve beneficial species by understanding their behavior patterns and modifying their habitat. Our ultimate goal as Master Gardeners is to reduce the damage caused by insects.
All insects have three main body segments — head, thorax and abdomen. The head contains the mouth and associated parts for food manipulation, the main sensory organs, including antennae and the compound eye, and the brain. The thorax contains the body parts used for locomotion — legs and wings. The abdomen contains the internal organs. Many females have an ovipositor for placement of eggs.
Insects are divided into categories using a standard classification system. Each insect is identified by a unique genus and species, just as plants are. This system is known as binomial nomenclature, which means "naming with two names." Common names differ from state to state and country to country. The binomial nomenclature system ensures that the scientific name of an organism is the same throughout the world in whatever language is prevalent. Binomial classification is just a filing system for information about organisms, organizing them within related groups based on shared common attributes such as structure, function and life history.
The phylum Arthropoda — the highest level in this classification — includes all organisms with an external skeleton, jointed legs and ventral nerve cord. The arthropods are then subdivided into smaller groups, each with its own unique features. This additional grouping based upon like features is known as a class, the largest of which is Insecta, which includes all insects.
The class Insecta refers to organisms with three pairs of legs, external mouthparts, three body regions of head, thorax and abdomen, and one pair of antennae (Figure 1). Several other types of arthropods commonly confused with insects are spiders, ticks and mites. These organisms are in the class Arachnida, primary characterized by four pair of legs and only two body regions.
Insects, like all other living organisms, are grouped into orders, often by characteristics such as physical appearance and behavior. Each insect order consists of any number of families, within which are genera (the plural of genus) and species.
Three main sections of an insect
Insects sense their enviroment with antennae. Insects mainly sense smell but also sound and vibration, finding food as well as mates by perception of chemicals. Antennae are important in insect identification.
The head is the hardened region at the front of the body, which includes the eyes, antennae and mouthparts. There are two types of eyes. Simple eyes are small eyes located on top of the head in adults. Compound eyes are the large eyes found on most adult insects. These eyes contain a few to several thousands of individual eye units.
Insects have one pair of antennae, which are two long, jointed feelers that grow from the insect's head. Antennae come in many forms and can be used to aid in insect identification. Antennae function as sensors to detect the odor, sound, taste and feel of the surrounding environment (Figure 2).
Insect mouthparts and implications for control
Insect mouthparts are of two main types: chewing and piercing-sucking (Figure 3). Some insects have modifications of these two basic types. Mouthparts determine how an insect feeds and therefore play a role in the type of insect control that is most effective. Insects feed on leaves, buds, stems, roots, fruits and seeds, as well as on plant tissue at various stages of decay. They feed internally or externally. Insects that restrict their feeding to one type of plant only are referred to as monophagous. Others may be general feeders and include a diversity of plants in their diet and are said to be polyphagous. Insects that are moderately discriminating in their tastes are referred to as oligophagous. An example is the Colorado potato beetle, which feeds only on plants in the genus Solanum.
Insects exhibit great variation in their mouthparts, which have evolved to fit the various diets on which insects feed. The most basic mouthparts, from which all other types have evolved, are for chewing. Predators such as the lady beetle have chewing mouthparts, but the mandibles have evolved into long, pointed appendages they can also use to grasp prey.
Chewing mouthparts allow the insect to bite or rasp off and swallow solid food. Symptoms of the damage caused by chewing insects include holes in plant tissue, missing leaves, "windowpane" leaves showing bared veins, and scraped areas. Insects with chewing mouthparts feed externally on the plant parts and have strong mandibles. Caterpillars use their chewing mouthparts to consume many times their own weight in plant tissue in the course of their development. Much fibrous tissue passes through the caterpillar gut undigested and forms a major part of the large fecal pellets caterpillars leave behind. These pellets are a characteristic sign of caterpillar damage and serve to distinguish these pests from those with other kinds of mouthparts.
Many insects feed on liquid food for which chewing mouthparts are not effective. Many of these insects have a beak, referred to as a proboscis, that is modified to suck up liquids. The "piercing-sucking" mouthparts of such insects have evolved into fine stylets that can pierce plant and animal tissue to extract fluid nutrients.
Insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts feed on plant sap by piercing plant tissue and extracting plant fluids. Their delicate stylets can penetrate leaves, stems and even tree bark, and are flexible enough to pass between fibrous plant elements and probe to find phloem or vascular bundles. Because they are removing plant fluids, symptoms of their feeding damage include spotting, curling, wilting and ultimately tissue death. Insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts feed internally on plant tissue. Damage results from the removal of plant fluids, the toxicity of insect saliva to the plant, or diseases transmitted by the insect mouthparts. Insects with these mouthparts ingest primarily plant fluids, and their feces are watery and sticky (referred to as honeydew in some insects such as aphids and scales).
Butterflies and moths have a long, slightly coiled proboscis that serves to siphon plant nectar. House flies have a proboscis that has modified into a kind of sponge. House flies regurgitate salivary enzymes onto their food and then lap up the predigested, liquid food with their sponging mouthpart. Thrips have a short, stout proboscis and three stylets modified for rasping-sucking. It is thought that thrips scrape the surface of a plant to make the epidermal layer easier to penetrate. The stylets of mosquitoes are slender and needle-like to penetrate the skin of animals and suck blood. The itching sensation associated with mosquito bites is due to an anticoagulant that is injected into the skin to keep the blood flowing while mosquitoes feed.
Identification of mouthparts is a key to correct diagnosis of insect damage, which in turn is critical to selecting correct control tactics. If an insect has chewing mouthparts, it will ingest a pesticide that is present on the surface of the plant. However, if an insect has piercing-sucking mouthparts, any pesticide on the surface of the plant will not be ingested because the insect feeds internally within plant tissue. To kill insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, an insecticide must have contact toxicity — meaning it kills by just contacting the insect. (See section on insect control for more information.)
Insect mouthparts are highly variable, depending on how an insect feeds. Chewing mouthparts are the most general type. Piercing-sucking mouthparts have become modified for piercing the skin of animals or plants and sucking liquid food. Other common modifications enable particular insects to collect liquid food with long, coiled tubes or spongelike structures.
The thorax of an insect is specialized for locomotion and has three pairs of jointed legs. Each leg is composed of six segments. Many insects have a pair of claws (tarsi) at the end of their legs. These claws enable insects to climb and hang on surfaces upside down.
The thorax is the second section of the insect's body and contains the muscles that control the insect's movement. Wings and legs are attached to the thorax. Insects have three pairs of legs, and each leg has five parts even though these can be hard to distinguish in many species. Legs come in many forms depending on their function, such as running, jumping, grasping or swimming (Figure 4). Insect wings also vary greatly in shape, size, color, thickness and vein pattern. The shape of the insect wings and the pattern of veins are used widely in identification (Figure 5). Not all adult insects have wings.
Insect wings are almost always found only on mature insects. Most insects have two pairs of wings. In several groups of insects, such as beetles, the front wings are more hardened and serve as protection for the hind wings. Some insects (e.g., fleas and lice) have no wings.
The abdomen is the third and final section of an insect's body. It may be visible or hidden under the wings. This section contains the internal organs of an insect, including the stomach and intestines, where food is digested and absorbed. The sexual organs are in the abdomen as well. The abdomen has glands that secrete various fluids to mark the insect's trail, for example, or to drive enemies away, attract mates or signal to others the location of food supplies. The abdomen may also have a needle-like projection for piercing or stinging.
Most female insects have an added appendage called an ovipositor at the end of the abdomen. The primary function of the ovipositor is for placing eggs in a protected location during egg laying. Most insects with an ovipositor make a hole with this appendage and then place the egg in that hole. In some insects such as many bees and wasps, the ovipositor has been modified into a stinger for protection. Male bees and wasps cannot sting as they do not have an ovipositor. Parasitic wasps that lay their eggs on or in their hosts use the ovipositor to sting the prey before placing the egg in or on the prey.
How insects grow and develop
Insects pass through a series of stages as they develop, and these changes from one life stage to the next are called metamorphosis.
Insect development occurs through changes not only in size but also in form. The series of changes that insects undergo as they grow and develop to the adult stage is known as metamorphosis (Figure 6). Almost all insects begin as eggs, although in a few cases the eggs hatch within the mother so they are born alive. The young insect develops through a series of distinct stages. As an insect develops, its outer skeleton (cuticle) does not grow and must be shed and replaced. Insects are especially vulnerable during the period when they shed an old cuticle and until the new one hardens.
Most insects undergo "complete" metamorphosis with four primary stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Caterpillars pass through several stages, shedding their skin between them, as they feed and develop. Caterpillars of some insects, such as moths, spin silken cocoons to protect the pupa as it develops into an adult.
Most insects undergo "complete" metamorphosis (Figure 7). Adults lay eggs, which hatch into larvae (caterpillars). The larva is the primary feeding stage with complete metamorphosis — usually the primary function of the adult stage is reproduction. The larva becomes a pupa, which is the sedentary stage as the larva transforms into an adult. Insects that exhibit complete metamorphosis include beetles, butterflies and moths, flies, bees and wasps. It is important to consider the life stage of an insect when deciding which control methods to use. If insect damage is observed on the leaves of a tree, but the insect has already pupated, it is of no use to apply a pesticide because the damage is done and the insect has moved on.
Incomplete metamorphosis has three stages — egg, nymph and adult (Figure 8). The immature stages are similar to the adult in appearance, food habits and habitat. Development is a gradual increase in size of the wing pads until the final molt, after which the wings and reproductive organs are fully formed. Insects with incomplete metamorphosis include aphids and scales, true bugs, grasshoppers and katydids, crickets, cockroaches, mayflies, dragonflies and stoneflies. As stated above, the immature stages are similar to adults in food habits and therefore all stages have the potential for feeding damage to the plant. Therefore control should be considered at all stages if damage is severe enough to warrant control.
Immature insects that undergo "incomplete metamorphosis" are called nymphs, which resemble the adults. Growth from one nymph stage to the next occurs by molting. A nymph's wings get larger with each successive shedding of skin, and by maturity as an adult, the wings are fully developed.
The vast majority of insects are either neutral or beneficial in the garden. Many people spend a great deal of time and effort to destroy insects only to find out later that the insects they destroyed were beneficial.
Insects as pollinators
Insects provide a huge benefit in the pollination of plants. Many plants require an insect to transfer the pollen needed to fertilize the flower and set fruit. Apple crops are not self-pollinated and rely almost exclusively upon insects for pollination. It has become common for orchards to have honey bee hives among the trees to promote pollination. It is suggested that the pollination activity of bees annually provides benefits worth tens of millions of dollars to regional agriculture. Many native plants are dependent upon insect pollination for their survival. Insects that pollinate plants include honey bees, flies, butterflies, moths, bumblebees and wasps.
Insects and the natural recycling of nutrients
Insects play a key role as scavengers in recycling nutrients by feeding on decaying plant or animal material, thus hastening decomposition. Insects help break down organic matter they scavenge on and also add organic matter to the soil as they live and breed. Dung beetles, for example, are usually found beneath cow dung, horse manure or carrion. Without insects such as dung beetles, the manure of cattle and other animals would not break down. Fly maggots (larvae of flies) play a vital role in the decomposition of animal material, especially carcasses. Termites are considered pests when they destroy wooden structures but are extremely valuable scavengers that enhance the decomposition of wood materials in the environment.
Insects in the food webs of wildlife
Insects play a valuable role in the food chain of life as food for other species such as fish, birds and small mammals. Many game fish such as trout depend on insects as a major component of their diet, as do many songbirds. Mayflies, which are primarily aquatic insects, are reliable environmental indicators of water quality. If the mayfly populations are good in a water source, then it can be assumed that the water quality is good. However, declining populations of mayflies may indicate the water quality is declining as well.
Insects as biological control of pests
Biological control is any activity of one species that reduces the adverse effects of another species. Virtually every pest (weed or insect) has natural enemies that reduce its population under certain circumstances. For many pest insects, the most important factor keeping their populations in check is the activity of other insects. There are two categories of insects used for biological control, phytophagous insects that feed on plants and act as biocontrol agents by destroying or limiting plant growth, and entomophagous insects that feed on other insects and keep pest populations in check.
The Klamathweed beetle was one of at least 268 species of insects (mostly flies, beetles and moths) that have been introduced in attempts to control various noxious weeds. Klamathweed beetles have virtually eliminated Klamathweed (also called common St. Johnswort) from millions of acres of rangeland in the western United States, Australia, Canada, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa. Introduced insects have significantly reduced puncturevine, musk thistle, tansy ragwort and waterlettuce. There is reason to hope that insects can also help control leafy spurge and purple loosestrife.
The single most important factor in keeping plant-feeding insects in check is that other insects feed upon them. Insects that feed upon other insects are considered either predators or parasites. Predators actively hunt and feed on other insects as prey. The prey is typically smaller than the predator, but not always. Parasites live on or in the bodies of their hosts and get their food from them. Parasitic wasps or flies lay eggs on certain kinds of insects, and their young feed inside the host, killing it and emerging in the adult form. Hosts are typically larger than the parasites and are not killed immediately but continue to live in close association with the parasite. Lady beetles can consume up to several hundred aphids during the two or three weeks that they are growing and many more after the beetles become adults.
Insects as pests
Less than 1 percent of insects are pests, but that small fraction can do expensive damage. Insects cause damage in a variety of ways.
One way an insect feeds is to bite off and chew the external parts of a plant. This type of injury may weaken the plant and cause it to be less productive or to die. Many pests such as grasshoppers feed on many different plants, while other insects such as cabbageworm and Colorado potato beetle feed on only a few types of plants.
Insects such as aphids and scales feed on the sap from plants by piercing the epidermal layer of the plant and sucking the plant sap from the cells. In this process, they damage the plant cells and remove valuable nutrients. Plant damage may include distorted leaves, curled leaves, chlorotic-looking (yellow) tissue, deformed fruit and even death of the entire plant. Some insects inject a salivary toxin into the plant that does additional damage. Well-known insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts include aphids, scales, leafhoppers, squash bugs and plant bugs.
Many insects feed internally within the plant tissue, which makes control difficult or impossible. These insects enter the host plant either through the egg stage when the female adult lays the egg within the plant tissue, or they hatch and immediately eat their way into the plant tissue. Internal feeders include wood borers, codling moth in apples, leaf miners, seed weevils and gall insects. Perhaps the most widely noticed internal feeders are those that cause galls. These unusual growths on plants can be caused by many different insects, including wasps and flies. Most internal feeding insects emerge as adults. Control must be aimed at the immature stage before it enters the plant or at the emerging adult to reduce the population in subsequent generations by reducing the number of females that will lay eggs.
Insects that transmit plant diseases
Many insects pick up plant viruses and bacteria as they feed and then later transmit diseases to healthy plants. They may actually carry the disease from plant to plant on their body, or transmit the disease through plant injection as they feed. This can result in severe damage or death to the plant. Insects that transmit plant diseases include the bark beetles that move fungi that cause Dutch elm disease and the aster leafhopper that injects the bacteria that cause aster yellows. Insects can spread plant diseases in many different ways. Their feeding or boring into plants can create openings through which diseases can enter the plant.
It is crucial that an insect pest be properly identified to know what treatments are appropriate. Insect behavior can determine which insecticides work best. If a particular insect species must come into contact with the chemical to die, and if that insect characteristically feeds on the underside of leaves, then it cannot be controlled by a general spraying of the garden. Squash bugs are an example of an insect that feeds on the underside of leaves. Sevin spray is effective against squash bugs, but when applicators do not get the chemical under the leaves, failures result.
Insect mouthparts also play a role in the effectiveness of the control options available. For example, Sevin dust is an example of a stomach poison that must be ingested to be effective and therefore provides good control against insects with chewing mouthparts. Insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts do not chew external plant material and therefore would not ingest the Sevin dust. Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, dust is another product that must be ingested to provide control. Contact chemicals kill most insects on contact and do not need to be ingested to be effective. Contact chemicals include Sevin spray, malathion, orthene, soaps and oils.
Methods of insect control
Several types of control are available for managing insect pests. Many times a combination of controls is more effective than one type by itself.
Cultural controls are the first line of defense when controlling insects in the garden. Selecting resistant varieties if available saves time, energy and money by not having to worry about pests whatsoever. Keeping plants healthy gives them the extra edge they need to overcome insect feeding. Healthy trees, for example, are not as easily attacked by wood-boring insects. Sanitation is crucial to remove insect-infested plant material. Beneath an infested tree, twigs may fall to the ground with insects inside them; these insects can be controlled by simply removing the infected material. Pruning tent caterpillar egg cases from tree limbs removes the insect from the area. Squash left on the ground will attract squash bugs and will provide a reservoir for them to overwinter unless they are removed. Finally, proper planting ensures plant vigor, which helps the plant to tolerate and even overcome insect damage. Rotating the crop helps manage insects by not providing a host in subsequent seasons, and altering the planting times to avoid pests can provide effective control.
Mechanical or physical controls involve using all available means to control the insects. Handpicking the insects and use of water sprays are two effective mechanical controls. Other methods include trapping insects and subjecting insects to freezing temperatures such as placing food items infested with grain insects in a freezer.
Biological control involves using natural controls that already exist in the environment such as beneficial insects or naturally occurring soil bacteria such as Bacillus thuriengensis (Bt). Beneficial insects such as ladybird beetles can be encouraged by having diverse plants in the garden and by providing profuse nectar-producing plants. Perhaps the most important single step toward improving the survival of beneficial insects in the garden is to reduce the use of insecticides.
- Carroll, Steven B., and Steven D. Salt. 2004. Ecology for Gardeners. Portland, Ore.: Timber Press.
- Cranshaw, Whitney. 2004. Garden Insects of North America: The Ultimate Guide to Backyard Bugs. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Cranshaw, Whitney. 1998. Pests of the West. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Publishing.
- Dreistadt, Steve H. 2004. Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs. Davis: Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
- Salsbury, Glenn A., and Stephan C. White. 2000. Insects of Kansas. Manhattan: Kansas Department of Agriculture. | <urn:uuid:c722bb4e-a268-42bc-a745-b229da40990e> | {
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Extremophiles teach us that life is found in unlikely places, which is why after looking at microbes happily living in hot springs or surviving after 18 months in space, scientists are trying to expand our definition of what a habitable environment is. So perhaps this ancient Martian volcano would be an example.
Meet Arsia Mons. It’s the third-tallest volcano on the Red Planet and one of the largest volcanoes we know of in the solar system.
New research shows that a combination of eruptions and a glacier on its northwest side could have formed something called “englacial lakes”, which is water that is created inside glaciers. (The researchers compare this to “liquid bubbles in a half-frozen ice cube.”) These in sum would have been massive, on the order of hundreds of cubic miles.
“This is interesting because it’s a way to get a lot of liquid water very recently on Mars,” stated Kat Scanlon, a graduate student at Brown who led the research, adding that she is also interested to see if signs of a habitable environment turn up in even older regions, of 2.5 billion years old or more.
“There’s been a lot of work on Earth — though not as much as we would like — on the types of microbes that live in these englacial lakes,” Scanlon added. “They’ve been studied mainly as an analog to [Saturn’s moon] Europa, where you’ve got an entire planet that’s an ice covered lake.”
While the glacial ice idea is not new — it’s been talked about since the 1970s — Scanlon’s team pushed the research forward by bringing in new information from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
“Scanlon found pillow lava formations, similar to those that form on Earth when lava erupts at the bottom of an ocean,” Brown University stated.
“She also found the kinds of ridges and mounds that form on Earth when a lava flow is constrained by glacial ice. The pressure of the ice sheet constrains the lava flow, and glacial meltwater chills the erupting lava into fragments of volcanic glass, forming mounds and ridges with steep sides and flat tops. The analysis also turned up evidence of a river formed in a jökulhlaup, a massive flood that occurs when water trapped in a glacier breaks free.”
Scanlon estimated that two of the “deposits” would have had lakes of 9.6 cubic miles (40 cubic kilometers) each, while a third would have had 4.8 cubic miles (20 cubic kilometers). They could have stayed liquid for hundreds or perhaps thousands of years.
That’s a short period in the history of life, but Scanlon’s team says it could have been enough for microbes to colonize the locations, if microbes were on Mars in the first place.
You can read more about the research in the journal Icarus.
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Although problem behaviors are a common reason owners cite for surrendering their dog to a shelter, and many shelters do implement a modification program to resolve or minimize a dog's problem behavior, there has been little formal research to examine the characteristics of different problem behaviors and the effectiveness of various programs. The Center for Shelter Dogs has done extensive research in this area to help shelters understand problem behaviors and the effectiveness of treatment options and when to deploy them.
Food-related aggression in shelter dogs
Food-related aggression in shelter dogs: A comparison of behavior identified by a behavior evaluation in the shelter and owner reports after adoption
In order to assess the relationship between food-related aggression in the shelter as identified by a standardized canine behavior evaluation and owner-reported food-related aggression after adoption, this retrospective cohort study followed 97 dogs adopted from a shelter and their adoptive owners. The Match-Up II Shelter Dog Rehoming Program, a standardized canine behavior evaluation that was administered to all the dogs in the study prior to adoption, was used to classify dogs as either food aggressive (FA+) or not food aggressive (FA-). Adoptive owners were subsequently surveyed to assess the dogs' behavior after adoption, the owners' perception of food-related aggression, and their satisfaction with the dog as a pet. Twenty (20.6%) dogs evaluated were deemed FA+ in the shelter, and slightly more than half (11/20; 55%) of them were later reported by adopters as exhibiting FA+ behavior in the home after adoption. Of the 77 dogs that were deemed to be FA- in the shelter, 17 (22%) were reported to be FA+ by adopters. Conversely, the majority (60/77; 78%) of the dogs identified as FA- in the shelter were reported by adopters as not having exhibited FA+ behavior in the home (P = 0.004). Most adopters, including those whose dogs were reported FA+ in the home, did not consider FA+ behavior to be a challenge to keeping the dog as a pet. In conclusion, in this sample of shelter dogs, the observation of FA+ behavior during a standardized dog behavior evaluation was associated with FA+ behavior in the home following adoption. However, an almost equal number of dogs observed to be FAA+ on the behavior evaluation did not show food aggression after adoption. Failure to observe FA+ behavior on the shelter test was associated with the absence of FA+ behavior after adoption. The detection of FA+ behavior via a behavior evaluation should be interpreted with caution, since a positive finding in the shelter evaluation does not consistently indicate that the behavior will occur in the home nor that a dog is unsuitable for adoption.
Read the full study here.
Behavior training for excitable dogs
Excitable dog behavior is the most common (about 40%) behavior problem reported by shelters that use the Match-Up II Behavior Evaluation. Usually, this problem manifests itself as: pulling on leash; jumping on people; mouthing hands and arms; grabbing clothing; destroying household items; and not performing behaviors when cued, such as 'sit' and 'down'. Excitable behavior is a problem behavior that may be challenging to manage in a shelter environment and also often results in reduced interest from adopters. At the Center for Shelter Dogs, we evaluated whether a five-day behavior modification plan for excitable dogs reduces the frequency of excitable behavior during a standardized assessment. All dogs (N=29) in the study participated in daily playgroups and time outside their kennel; dogs in the experimental group also received individual training. The goals of the training plan were to reduce the dog's excitable behavior during interactions with familiar and unfamiliar people; improve the dog's performance of cues; and engage the dog in structured, interactive training games.
The Center for Shelter Dogs found that the group that received individual training in addition to playgroups and time outside of the kennel showed on average less excitable behavior than those dogs in the group that participated only in playgroup and time outside of the kennel. However, the results were not statistically significant. Sample size, environmental factors, or sample demographic may interfere with the effect of the modification plan. The length of the modification plan could not be sufficient enough to see the improvement as well. If behavior modification plans for excitable dogs are not effective, or if they require a longer period of time in order to be effective, shelters need to seriously consider these aspects before implementing training plans to modify excitable behavior. This study is in the process of submission; please follow our newsletter for more information. | <urn:uuid:83c9d3b1-9ea0-493c-937f-c0cbceacabc6> | {
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Miss Walker ordered another big box of exciting books for her class. The children helped her to choose ooks on the internet. You can read the stories, facts and poems that they enjoyed.
- Fiction, Non-fiction and Poetry are presented in the core books
- Children are exposed to different genres of reading
- Photographs are used in the non-fiction sections
- The books include a wide variety of poems to promote enjoyment of language
themes of high interest encourage children's engagement
- All the stories promote thinking and problem solving
- The stories and non-fiction passages also relate to other curricular areas | <urn:uuid:a7bb16d1-d959-4dbd-ba43-d5e125f9637a> | {
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Background: Policies for open access to scientific knowledgeProviding standard, responsible copyright agreements ensuring the right of scholars to archive their work on the public Internet.
Scholarly communication primarily involves three kinds of information: (1) data generated by research, (2) peer-reviewed journal articles explaining and interpreting the data and (3) metadata that describes or interprets articles or their underlying data. At each of these levels, the Internet and associated digital networks create a range of opportunities and challenges for changing the nature of what information is gathered, stored and communicated, as well as how and when such information is communicated, identified and located.
Unfortunately, the emergence of powerful new technological approaches, such as text mining and semantic indexing, has not resulted in powerful new public resources. Contracts between publishers and universities can explicitly forbid the use of technology on scholarly resources, and the opportunities dfimplicit in the Internet are falling by the wayside. Efforts to further the open access movement have shown real success. Unfortunately, the majority of scholarly research remains unavailable, either for reading or machine-assisted processing.
There are a number of policy developments that show promise for addressing this problem. Major government funding agencies have begun to join foundations like the Wellcome Trust in adopting policies to mandate open access to funded research. Faculty at educational institutions like Harvard University, and key organizations like the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), are promoting and implementing policies to open access to institutional knowledge. Extensive research has been conducted into the technical barriers to providing access to the literature, resulting in both software and “how-to” guides for open archiving.
However, critical barriers remain. Even when research is funded by taxpayer monies, it is not yet flowing routinely into open repositories. Faculty bodies and university administrators are recognizing the growing importance of open access, and have started to implement institutional policies, yet a gap persists between the enactment of policy and the emergence of an infrastucture to make it easy for researchers to comply. Further, the legal issues surrounding sharing research are highly complex, and standards have yet to take hold.
Barriers to complying with policy
The most authoritative resource on journal policy for self-archiving (the RoMEO/SHERPA project) asserts that more than 90% of journals allow some form of archiving. In theory then, most authors in most journals can indeed legally self-archive. In practice, whatever the journals may state as a policy, many scientists are deterred by the legal issues, which many authors do not understand.
Restrictions against archiving arise from the industry practice of requiring that authors assign copyright to the publishers. In return for the publisher absorbing the costs of peer review and publication, the authors alienate their copyrights. These agreements do often allow authors to make archival copies available on the Internet, but policies and terms vary widely with regard to the timing of release, file formats and location of archives. Some journals obscure their archiving policies on the back pages of websites, or don’t publish an archiving policy at all.
Scholars are reluctant to challenge these policies, out of a fear of retribution or rejection by the journals, or because publication is central to to the scientific career, figuring in grant review, tenure decisions and peer esteem. This means that any legal barrier to archiving, perceived or real, makes elusive the goal of universal archiving.
The legal friction has not gone unaddressed. Funders, librarians and universities have devised several addenda to copyright transfer agreements and suggested contract language to make compliance rights explicit. These proposals provide a mechanism and tools to negotiate and modify an existing copyright transfer agreement. Other approaches include replacing the copyright alienation systems with non-exclusive grants of a “license to publish,” wherein the author retains copyright and thus the rights to archive the article.
Early anecdotes suggest some success in terms of publisher acceptance of these new approaches, but none of the existing legal tools rises to the level of a standard. This creates, in turn, the risk of exacerbating the level of confusion, inconsistency and arbitrariness of the present system.
What would a solution look like?
Authors need to have the clear and unambiguous freedom to engage in their normal everyday scholarly activities without contending with complex technology, continuous amendments to contracts or the need for a lawyer.
Although institution, funder and policymaker may craft different legal text to reserve archiving rights for different classes of journal policy, these variations reveal clear patterns of use: the key variations are time to release an archived document, the format of the archived document and the location of the archived document. These patterns can be identified and expressed in standard contract language. With significant community participation, the scientific community can build a new set of shared norms instead of wasting valuable resources through repeated negotiations.
The solution can also draw on lessons from culture and software. For maximal impact, final customized agreements should exist not only in complex legal terminology (“lawyer-readable” form), but also in a “layperson-readable” summary to enhance understanding and delineate choice.
Furthermore, the solution can also draw on new technologies. The final customized agreements should exist in a machine-readable format, which confers an advantage in ease of use: scholars can pose a set of questions, such as, “In what journal am I publishing?” and automatically create a legal document appropriate to their needs. A secondary benefit of machine readability is a trackable set of outcomes that will facilitate further improvements of both forms and policies. | <urn:uuid:493cc858-e19a-48a4-9214-ed5302963594> | {
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Depression glass is an inexpensive glass that was manufactured in large quantities during the 1920s and early 1930s. It was made in many colors and patterns by dozens of factories in the United States. Glass labeled elegant by collectors refers to American hand-pressed items made from about 1925 to 1955. Most patterns were also made in clear glass, which the factories called crystal. The name Depression glass is a modern one and also refers to machine-made glass of the 1940s through 1970s. Sets missing a few pieces can be completed through the help of one of the many matching services listed on our website, kovels.com. | <urn:uuid:d72f85a1-13f5-4c36-baa5-4499ad5971e3> | {
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The Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center is a facility used to train as many as 50,000 Arkansas National Guardsmen each year. Due to the nature of ongoing training and also to a poor understanding of environmental procedures that were practiced in the World War II era, areas within Fort Chaffee have the potential to be sources of a large number of contaminants. Because some streams flow on to Fort Chaffee, there is also the potential for sources that are off post to affect environmental conditions on post. This study evaluates constituent concentrations in water, fish tissue, and bed sediment collected from waterbodies on Fort Chaffee between September 2002 and July 2004. Constituent concentrations detected in the three media and measured at nine stream sites and four lake sites were compared to national and regional criteria when available. Two of the larger streams, Big and Vache Grasse Creeks, were sampled at multiple sites. All three sampled media were analyzed for insecticides, PCBs, explosives, and trace elements. Additionally, water samples were analyzed for nutrients and herbicides.
The different constituents detected in the three sample media (water, fish tissue, and bed sediment) indicate that land-use activities both on and off post are influencing environmental conditions. Contaminants such as explosives that were sometimes detected in water samples have an obvious relation to military training; however, the occurrence and locations of some nutrients, insecticides, and trace elements suggest that land use both on and off post also could be influencing environmental conditions to some degree.
Constituent concentrations at sites on Vache Grasse Creek, and particularly the most upstream site, which was located immediately downstream from an off-post wastewater-treatment facility, indicate that environmental conditions were being influenced by an off-post source. The most upstream site on Vache Grasse Creek had both the highest number of detections and the highest concentrations detected of all sites sampled. Event-mean storm concentrations and storm loads calculated from storm-flow samples at two sites each for Big and Vache Grasse Creeks indicate that storm loads were highest at the two Vache Grasse Creek sites for 24 of the 25 constituents detected. Further evaluation by normalizing storm loads at Big Creek to storm loads at Vache Grasse Creek by stream flow indicate that event loads at Vache Grasse Creek were about two or more times higher than those on Big Creek for 15 of the 25 constituents measured. Low concentrations of arsenic and lead were detected in water samples, but all detections for the two trace elements occurred in samples collected at the upstream site on Vache Grasse Creek. The nickel concentration in fish livers collected from the upstream site on Vache Grasse Creek was 45 percent higher than the median of a national study of 145 sites. Mercury concentrations in edible fish tissue, which are a widespread concern in the United States, exceeded an USEPA criterion for methylmercury of 300 ?g/kg in four of nine samples; however, concentrations are typical of mercury concentrations in fish tissues for the State of Arkansas.
Constituent concentrations at some sites indicate that environmental conditions are being influenced by on-post activities. Of the 55 (excluding total organic carbon) organic constituents analyzed in water samples, only 10 were detected above the minimum detection limit but four of those were explosives. Bed-sediment samples from one site located on Grayson Creek, and nearest the administrative and residential (cantonment) area, had detections for arsenic, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc that were above background concentrations, and concentrations for arsenic and nickel at this site exceeded lowest effect level criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The site on Grayson Creek also had the only detections of DDT metabolites in bed sedi
Additional Publication Details
USGS Numbered Series
Water Quality, Fish Tissue, and Bed Sediment Monitoring in Waterbodies of Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center, Arkansas, 2002-2004 | <urn:uuid:043712c9-98aa-4177-ad50-c46688ed5581> | {
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Having just returned from Dartmouth and meetings with the Center for Health Care Delivery Science, I’ve been thinking about the phrase “Delivery Science.” World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim’s use of the term in recent speeches is related to using evidence-based experimentation to improve poor health, education, water, and basic service outcomes in the developing world.
Reflecting on this, I think, in many ways, “science” and “delivery” are distinct and need to be understood as different but reinforcing principles. So let’s break it down.
Building a stronger evidence base on implementation: the ‘science’
The science part is about getting empirical and transparent about what works, what fails, and the reasons behind both. Do we even understand why things work when they do, and can we consistently deliver basic goods and services to poor citizens in predictable ways at comparable costs? To do this, we need data: empirical, experiential, and lots of it.
The health atlas developed in the United States comes to mind. Based on disciplined and data-driven experiments, we can see how many doctors practice across the United States, the disease burden on the population in particular areas, and how much we spend to treat specific conditions. Once we have the data, we can ask important questions such as: Are improved health outcomes positively correlated to expenditure, the number of doctors, or something else? Are patient preferences considered in deciding what treatments are used? Do we have comparable data against which to ask important questions? The short answer is often no, and without it we can’t develop a science to drive improvements in delivery.
Delivery is ‘art’ as much as a science
But it’s not enough to develop know-how. The hardest problems in the world (water for the urban poor, jobs for youth, or mitigating climate change) are as much about do-how as science. Wicked problems are never purely technical and generally involve many moving pieces.
It reminds me of the challenge of improving performance in sport. We can assemble data and run the analytics, but what about coaching, practice, and continuous improvement? How much of greatness in delivery is about translating know-how into do-how and how much of that is inspiration and motivation combined with good data and disciplined practice?
Coaches, practice, and feedback loops
Michael Barber from Tony Blair’s famous public service delivery unit talks about the importance of focusing on a few things that matter, the importance of developing routines, collecting data, measuring results, learning fast, and iterating. Eric Ries, the famous start-up entrepreneur, writes about a “lean start-up method” characterized by disciplined, data-driven experimentation, iteration, a strong focus on learning, and rapid cycle times. Lant Pritchet, Michael Wolcoock, and Matt Andrews use the language of problem-based iterative adaptation to convey a similar point about experimentation, iteration, and learning from practice to solve problems.
Malcolm Gladwell describes talent as the desire to practice. Master practitioners spend no less than 10,000 hours to hone their skills. Professional athletes and musicians use coaches to continue improving and honing their skills. So how do we translate evidence, knowledge, and data into better results in the delivery of public services?
These insights come from very different places but are connected. They converge around the importance of running data-driven experiments with a clear hypothesis, relentless focus on results, rapid feedback loops, and iteration. And no matter how good a technical solution may appear, execution is always harder than it looks and requires adaptive leadership and drawing on the strengths of multi-skilled teams.
And enabling conditions also matter. The World Bank has a project cycle (scoping, project preparation, loan approval, and evaluation) which is not always aligned with the problems we’re trying to solve (call it the problem cycle). It can take us several years to prepare a project, several more to implement, and then a year or more to evaluate it. Meanwhile, the world has moved on, problems mutate and practitioners need real-time data to learn as they do and respond to shifting client priorities. There is value in conducting disciplined experiments but also value in real-time learning and adaptive iteration. What would it take to do both? | <urn:uuid:de101302-a9ce-41c8-8bf2-0c57b7a33624> | {
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If the 787 wings were aluminum, rather than composite, Boeing probably would have elected to have a fuel-inerting system for only the center fuel tank, Sinnett said.
The 787 inerting system will add about 200 pounds to each plane, or the equivalent of one passenger. At full power, it will draw about 40 kilowatts. Sinnett said the system operates automatically as a function of the flight profile and the electrical demands on the plane.
The system is also not "dispatch critical," Sinnett said. That means an airline could keep the jet in service for a period of time even if the inerting system malfunctioned.
One reason that airlines oppose fuel-inerting systems is a concern that they will add a layer of complexity that drives up maintenance costs and could keep a jet at the gate if the system were not working properly. Boeing is working with the FAA to allow a 787 to remain in service for up to 10 days if the fuel-inerting system should fail.
P-I aerospace reporter James Wallace can be reached at 206-448-8040 or .
787 FUEL SAFETY EFFORTS Boeing has developed a fuel-interting system for the 787 that reduces the level of oxygen in its fuel tanks to reduce the chance of an explosion
1) Air is drawn from a long tube with tiny holes in it that runs the length of the cargo bay.
2) The air goes through a compresser and is then filtered through a device that separates out the oxygen.
3) As fuel is used, nitrogen is pumped into the fuel tanks in the wings and the center fuel tank. The level of oxygen in the tanks would be too low to support a fire or explosion should there be an electrical spark, rendering any fuel vapors intert.
Source: The Boeing Co.
The inerting system that will be used on the 787 works pretty much the same way as one that is being tested on two 747-400s and two 737-700s that are in service with airlines and cargo operators.
More than 1o years after the TWA Flight 800 crash, the NTSB says that fuel tanks are just as flammable.
Nearly nine years after a fuel tank explosion caused the fatal crash of TWA Flight 800, safety officials say little has been done to reduce the flammability of vapors in aircraft fuel tanks. | <urn:uuid:ab78da0e-94dd-42b1-bd50-b1f7438c8119> | {
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NNSA’s Sequoia supercomputer, housed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is ready to shake out and fully develop its capabilities required to fulfill its national security missions, starting early next year.
Researchers from NNSA's three nuclear weapons laboratories are testing Sequoia's power and versatility by running unclassified science codes relevant to NNSA missions. Science being explored by Lawrence Livermore researchers includes high energy density plasmas and the electronic structure of heavy metals.
The early science runs are part of the "shakeout" of the 20-petaflop peak IBM BlueGene/Q system, which will transition in March 2013 to classified work for NNSA's Advanced Simulation and Computing program, a cornerstone of the effort to ensure the safety, security and effectiveness of the nation's nuclear deterrent without underground testing. Sequoia's mammoth computational power will be used to assess physical weapons systems and provide a more accurate atomic-level understanding of the behavior of materials in the extreme conditions present in a nuclear weapon.
Read more about Sequoia. | <urn:uuid:8723f25e-8b3f-43ad-a136-9f45598c3fc8> | {
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Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology - Elsevier E-Book on VitalSource,6th Edition
Learn to recognize, diagnose, and manage a wide range of common ocular conditions with Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6th Edition. This thoroughly updated text provides the latest, most practical information on structure and function of the eye, the ophthalmic examination and diagnostic techniques, medical and surgical management of ocular disease, and management of ocular emergencies. Enhanced and logically organized coverage includes dogs, cats, horses, livestock, birds, and exotic pets. In addition, over 1,000 color photos and illustrations accurately depict ocular conditions encountered in practice and demonstrate diagnostic and surgical techniques. Edited by three of the most revered authorities in the field of veterinary ophthalmology, this reference is an essential aid to successful veterinary practice and education.
- Clinical Tips boxes such as "The Controversy Remains", "Did You Know?", "Look Again", and "Note" offer helpful practice advice and facts.
- UPDATED Additional species added to the exotics chapter include birds, small mammals, and others.
- A team of internationally respected veterinary ophthalmologists provide comprehensive, clinical expertise in all areas needed to evaluate, diagnose, manage, and monitor a patient with ophthalmic disease.
- Practical, clinically focused coverage provides a one-stop diagnostic guide to ophthalmic disease in small and large animals including dogs, cats, horses, livestock (cows, sheep, goats), birds, and exotic pets.
- Chapters on equine, livestock, and exotic pet ophthalmology written by specialists in these fields for the most clinically relevant coverage.
- NEW! Chapter on ophthalmic surgical techniques describes instrument and suture choice, patient positioning, surgical preparation, and general techniques.
- NEW! Additional drawings depict ophthalmic surgeries.
- NEW! In-depth equine and livestock ophthalmology content
- NEW! Suggested reading lists included at the end of each chapter.
1. The Eye and Vision 2. The Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostic Testing 3. Ophthalmic Medications and Therapeutics 4. Principles of Ophthalmic Surgery 5. Diseases of the Orbit 6. Diseases of the Eyelids 7. Diseases of the Conjunctiva 8. Diseases of the Third Eyelid 9. Diseases of the Lacrimal System 10. Diseases of the Cornea and Sclera 11. Diseases of the Uvea 12. The Glaucomas 13. Diseases of the Lens 14. Diseases of the Vitreous 15. Diseases of the Retina 16. Neuroophthalmic Diseases 17. Ophthalmic Emergencies 18. Equine Ophthalmology 19. Livestock Ophthalmology 20. Exotic Pet and Avian Ophthalmology
APPENDIX Breed Predisposition to Eye Disorders Glossary Index
David Maggs, BVSc(Hons), DAVCO, Professor, Comparative Ophthalmology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Paul Miller, DVM, DACVO, Clinical Professor of Comparative Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences and Ron Ofri, DVM, PhD, DECVO, Professor, Veterinary Ophthalmology, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel | <urn:uuid:5a7926ec-8e8a-4fb8-ad03-73362fe19c62> | {
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Galileo – The First To Orbit Jupiter
Revealing Jupiter’s Secrets!
Below you can check out cool facts about the historic Galileo probe and learn about its many discoveries! Galileo was the first probe to orbit Jupiter and to study the solar system’s biggest planet and its fascinating moons. Launched by the Space Shuttle Atlantis, Galileo made flybys of Earth, Venus and two asteroids before witnessing comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collide with Jupiter in 1994!
Fast Summary Facts About Galileo
- Type: Obiter
- Destination: Jupiter
- Status: Complete
- Launch Weight: 2,562 kgs (5,648 lbs)
- Launch Location: Cape Kennedy, Florida
- Launch Date: October 18th 1989
- Jupiter Arrival: December 8th 1995
- Deorbited: September 21st 2003
- Mission Duration: 13 years, 11 months, 3 days
Interesting Fun Facts About The Galileo Spacecraft!
- The Galileo spacecraft is named after Galileo Galilei who first observed Jupiter through a telescope and discovered its four largest moons in the year 1610!
- The spacecraft was made up of the main orbiter and a decent probe which parachuted through Jupiter’s atmosphere.
- The descent probe entered the Jovian atmosphere at an incredible 47.8 km/s (29.7 mi/s) before slowing and deploying its parachute. The module returned data on Jupiter's atmospheric conditions and composition before being crushed by intense pressure.
- Galileo was launched, and deployed, by the Space Shuttle Atlantis. The spacecraft's solid-fuel booster then powered the probe towards Venus for its first gravity boost as the probe was too heavy to launch directly towards Jupiter!
- The scientist working for NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) which built the spacecraft, communicated with the probe via the Deep Space Network.
- The Galileo orbiter was powered by two small nuclear generators called RTGs. The power they produce is smaller than a typical toaster in your kitchen!
- There was 7.8 kilograms (17.2 pounds) of Plutonium in each RTG! Learn more about how scientist power space probes.
- Enroute to Jupiter the spacecraft would flyby Venus and Earth for gravity assists (to increase its speed by 11.1 km/s) while also flying by the unexplored asteroids 951 Gaspra and 243 Ida!
- When Galileo flew by asteroid Gaspra and Ida it became the first spacecraft to visit an asteroid and the first to discover an asteroid moon (Ida's moon Dactyl)!
- Galileo was also lucky to be near Jupiter to view comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 colliding with Jupiter!
- Five previous space missions have flown by Jupiter (Pioneer 10&11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2 and Ulysses), Galileo will be the first to enter orbit.
- After being released towards the gas giant, the decent probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere travelling 170,600 kph (106,000 mph). At that speed, you could drive from Los Angeles to New York in 90 seconds!
- The Galileo orbiter completed 35 orbits over nearly 8 years exploring the Jovian system.
- To avoid the possibility of Galileo impacting one of Jupiter’s moons and contaminating it with Earthly bacteria, the spacecraft was intentionally crashed into the gas giant. Galileo impacted Jupiter at a speed of 173,700 km/h (108,000 mph)! This is the fastest impact speed ever achieved by a space probe!
- Galileo dramatically improved our knowledge (and returned some amazing images) about Jupiter and its largest moons; Ganymede, Callisto, Io, Europa and Amalthea.
- The Juno spacecraft is the latest mission to visit and orbit Jupiter. Future missions called the ‘Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer’ and ‘Europa Clipper’ are planned to launch in the early 2020’s! | <urn:uuid:fe1daa9d-5692-4ecc-8315-5f7c1dab75fa> | {
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Cats can reproduce at an incredibly high rate. A cat can have up to 5 litters a year. They can have six or more kittens each time. That’s approximately 30 kittens or more a year from one mature female cat.
That explains why the Trap-Neuter-Return program can really help put the feral cat population under control. However, how can we tell which cats have been taken in for fixing at a distance?
Often many rescuers do not know that a cat has been fixed until after he is sedated and shaved. Cats do not deal with stress well. Some cats can even develop respiratory illness under duress. So if a fixed cat carries an identification that can help people distinguish him from afar, the rescuers will make sure that he will not be re-trapped.
Many rescue centers recommend that all feral cats while under general anesthetic for spaying or neutering, have the tip of their left ear removed. This is called ear tipping which is NOT equivalent to ear cropping for cosmetic reason for dogs. It is a universally accepted practice for identifying sterilized feral cats.
However, the procedure should be done with care by a trained professional. A feral cat that is ear-tipped shows that the cat comes from a managed colony and will not be re-captured for spaying or neutering.
Initially there was enormous opposition to ear tipping because it somehow fell under the same category as cat delawing, dog ear cropping or tail docking. The alternative methods at the time were ear tags, ear tattoos, collars, etc. Over time rescuers realized that ear tags tend to fall off. Sometimes they even ripped open the ears. Tattoos are too hard to read. The rescuers or animal control would have to capture the cat in order to see the tattoo. Collars did not work well with feral cats and there were many incidents where cats got choked by the collars. Many other methods also failed.
“Eartipping has been used around the world on thousands of feral cats for 4 decades” said Alley Cat Rescue.
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Every Kitten At Bedtime | <urn:uuid:8f8f501e-33c4-4aa8-be1b-a9d7334628ef> | {
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Old Holland has been making artist colors since 1664, as one of the oldest continuously operating companies in the art supply industry. The company is known for uncompromising adherance to its techniques and standards. All color making is done by hand
Color Swatch created using heavy application/medium application/50% tint and was applied on acrylic primed canvas (7 oz) material.
beta copper phthalocyanine
Phthalo Blue PB15:3 is a structural variant of Phthalo Blue PB15 that produces more greenish tones.
Phthalo Blues are completely lightfast and stable and are permanent for all paint uses. They are currently used in inks, coatings, and many plastics due to their stability and are considered a standard pigment in printing ink and the packaging industry.
Phthalo Blues have no significant hazards, although those made before 1982 contained some PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls).
Developed by chemists using the trade name Monastral Blue, the organic blue dyestuff now known as Phthalo Blue was presented as a pigment in November 1935 in London. Its discovery was accidental. The dark color was observed in a kettle where a dye was being made from a British dyestuff plant. The demand for such a pigment came from commercial printers who wanted a cyan to replace Prussian Blue.
Phthalo Blue Green Shade, Winsor Blue Green Shade
organic synthetic, quinacridone
Quinacridone Red is a high performance, transparent pigment with an average drying time and uneven dispersal. It is another name for Quinacridone Violet (PV19) and Quinacridone Red (PR192). Quinacridone pigments have relatively low tinting strength in general. For this reason, quinacridone colors are often expensive, because more pigment is required in the formulation.
Quinacridone Violet has excellent lightfastness and is considered the most lightfast organic pigment in this shade range.
Quinacridone Violet has no known acute hazards. Overexposure to quinacridone pigments may cause skin irritation. Quinicridone pigments contain a compound found to be a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant.
Although quinacridone compounds became known in the late 19th century, methods of manufacturing so as to make them practical for use as commercial pigments did not begin until the 1950s. Quinacridone pigments were first developed as coatings for the automotive industry, but were quickly adopted by artists.
Quinacridone Red (PR192), Quinacridone Red (PR19).
Lamp black is a very opaque, heavily staining black pigment that does not have much covering or tinting power. It is typically the most opaque black in watercolor form. Though a very pure black, it tends to muddy slightly in mixtures. Natural sources may be brownish or bluish in tone because of impurities. When used in oil paints, it is one of the slowest drying pigments, and should not be used in underpainting or applied in layers underneath other colors.
Lamp Black is very lightfast and absolutely permanent. It is used in all techniques in permanent painting.
Carbon itself is not considered hazardous, however other combustion products that are hazardous are often present as impurities when Lamp Black is produced from natural materials. For this reason, commercial preparations of the pigment should be considered slightly toxic. Avoid skin contact and inhalation. Where such impurities are present, Lamp Black is a possible human carcinogen.
Lamp Black is a carbon based black traditionally produced by collecting soot (known as lampblack) from oil lamps. It has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. It is the black found in Egyptian murals and tomb decorations and was the most popular black for fresco painting until the development of Mars Black.
Carbon Black, Channel Black, Furnace Black, Oil Black, Vegetable Black. Flame Black is an impure version of Lamp Black. An alternate spelling is Lampblack, in which the first syllable is stressed and the two words are elided to form a closed compound.
® Old Holland is a registered trademark. | <urn:uuid:805302b9-9f1d-495c-93cb-478f5c6a7b80> | {
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The education challenge we must address
By Fred Wentzel
A highly skilled workforce is the lifeblood of any successful company, industry, or national economy. The U.S. has been the breeding ground for the world’s most innovative economy, companies, and products in large part because it offered a diverse pool of talented, highly educated workers. But evidence of a decline is surfacing, precipitated by three gathering trends: an increasingly ill-prepared domestic workforce, a steadily depleting stock of highly skilled and educated foreign nationals, and an aging population.
During most of the 20th century, the U.S. economy provided Americans with a high quality of life unparalleled across the globe, the result of the rising productivity of our workforce, increasing technological advances, and many successfully commercialized innovations.
Eleven years into the 21st century, the tide is turning in large part because of the impact of globalization, dependency on foreign oil, and the expanding economies of Asia. Many American workers today are competing with lower-wage workers in Asia and Central Europe and seeing jobs disappear as American companies move plants and research facilities off-shore. The advantages American workforce members had in the 20th century are eroding, especially as small and medium-sized companies find it difficult to compete with foreign companies at home and abroad.
Equally disturbing is the fact that the U.S. education system is not keeping pace with the changing needs of U.S. employers who require workers with increasingly technical skills that will enable them to compete successfully in the global economy. Too many secondary students lack the reading, writing, problem-solving, and STEM skills they need to succeed in postsecondary education and/or the ever-changing world of work … too many drop out of high school before graduating … and too many high school graduates never enroll in postsecondary institutions of learning.
If American students and workers are to compete successfully in the 21st century workforce, they must have access to a learning system that provides them with the knowledge and skills built on world-class academic and workforce standards.
To address these growing challenges and to help U.S. students gain access to the knowledge and skills they need, the National Council for Advanced Manufacturing recommends policy makers incorporate six basic principles in any future education and training policies:
- Promote and support the adoption of appropriate, validated, and rigorous world-class learning standards, assessments, and curricula for Pre-K–16 students.
- Include applied learning in the curricula for all students in grades Pre-K–12, leveraging business/education partnerships to ensure workplace-relevant learning activities.
- Require all graduating high school students to demonstrate mastery of the academic and workplace competencies outlined in the Employment and Training Administration Competencies Model.
- Strengthen career counseling for students in grades 7–12 to help ensure graduates gain access to postsecondary schools or productive employment.
- Assist adult workforce members in mastering nationally-recognized academic and workplace competencies and commit themselves to lifelong learning by upgrading their skills and/or acquiring new skills to remain in productive employment for as long as they wish to do so.
- Periodically rethink and change existing learning paradigms to ensure these principles are achieved.
By focusing on the realities of the 21st century global economy and taking a long-term view of America’s role in the expanding global marketplace, these recommendations envision a learning system that equips all students and workers for jobs and careers that will keep this nation innovative, productive, and economically secure for years to come.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Fred Wentzel is the executive vice president of the National Council for Advanced Manufacturing and president of The Saratoga Group, a consulting group that focuses on education and training issues confronting employers, education entities and policy makers. | <urn:uuid:8763d808-6a69-4195-af81-a8fdbf3b49ae> | {
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What is coastal erosion? Video clip from the government’s Environmental Agency in the UK
AS: Wave refraction
AS: Coastal Systems: Estuaries 2 Excellent video on haloseres!
Movie time! Flood (2007) The Flood predicts the unthinkable. When a raging storm coincides with high seas it unleashes a colossal tidal surge, which travels mercilessly down England’s East Coast and into the Thames Estuary. Overwhelming the Barrier, torrents of water pour into the city. | <urn:uuid:102ade35-c13f-45f4-a9ac-e8c2355d04d3> | {
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Death the manhunt, the soldier, a wide in london, dulce et decorum est, mametz wood let us write you a custom essay sample on wjec 2017 poetry anthology comparisons. Analysis - dulce et decorum est - wilfred owen - download as word doc (doc / docx), pdf file (pdf), text file (txt) or read online school. Who’s for the game and dulce et decorum est poem is about war the structure “dulce et decorum est” is and who’s for the game homecoming and dulce.
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Dulce et decorum est», wilfred owen (1917, 1920) «dulce et decorum est» is a poem written by british poet wilfred owen, during world war one, in 1917. In this essay i will compare both poems and this is because i didn’t grow up with the threat nuclear war dulce et decorum est has altered my attitude to ww1. Horror of war in dulce et decorum est wilfred owen's dulce et decorum est is a magnificent, and terrible, description of a gas attack suffered by a group of. Dulce et decorum est et decorum est” which has negative views on war dulce et decorum est -wilfred owen the poem ‘dulce et essay sample written strictly.Download
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Our class has been introduced to the Cornell Notetaking System (click on link to view lesson). Now, we discuss alternate ways of organizing our notes. I take out a stack of colored index cards and ask students to remember our first Biography research on Mae C. Jemison (Click link to see lesson). Students recall how we organized the categories of the Biography research: Early Life, Middle Life, Later Life, and Interesting Facts. I ask students how we can organize the color cards to make taking notes easier. Students make the connection that each category can be correlated to a color of the index card. For example, all information about Early life will be recorded on the blue index card, information about middle life will be recorded on the pink index card, etc.
I tell the class that this is called "Color Coded Notetaking." We make the connection that it is similar to a graphic organizer because it is a great visual way to organize. Reading carefully to grasp concepts in complex text requires concrete ways to decontextualize the content. The emphasis of Common Core is for writing to be grounded from textual evidence, not solely prior knowledge. The more information gathered on a sub-topic, the deeper students are delving into this topic. I encourage students to record as many facts possible for each sub-topic when I send them off to take notes. However, I remind them to record their sources on the back each notecard, following guidelines on the References Templates: Book Reference Template and Online Reference template.
I ask students to work in their cooperative groups and asked students to record the information gathered for our Mae C Jemison research (click link to see this lesson) on the color coded note cards. I decided to start with something familiar and scaffold so that students could practice the new color coded system. In order to accomplish complex tasks in my instruction, I want students to access prior knowledge and scaffold into more rigorous tasks. Students need to start at their independent level of learning, which for my students is their experience with using a template and guiding questions for the Mae C. Jemison research.
Creating a tactile graphic organizer gained positive feedback from students. We folded a piece of construction paper into four sections to create a Note Sorting Mat. Each section was labeled with a topic of the research. Students sorted the cards matching not just colors, but also topics. We do a lot of sorting using digital graphic organizers on our Promethean board. This is another way to kinesthetically use graphic organizers.
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Learner's definition of MOVIE
a recording of moving images that tells a story and that people watch on a screen or television
He's making a movie [=film, motion picture] about growing up in a small town.
a Hollywood movie
We went to (see) a movie after dinner.
Do you want to rent a movie [=rent a video or DVD] tonight?
an action movie
a horror movie
— often used before another noun
see also home movie
a showing of a movie in a theater
the business of making movies
the film industry | <urn:uuid:a70b2ff3-1a5d-4fd0-a64f-43dd9eeecc82> | {
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“The nitrogen laser will give 100kW pulses of light at 337.1nm (UVA light). The pulses are only 6ns long, so the energy per pulse is just 0.6mJ. It is a very simple laser, and it does not require mirrors or glass working at all! But using a mirror at one end of the laser will boost the output to over 250%. And if the nitrogen entering the laser (it is a flowing gas laser, but it can be made sealed) is cooled, it can go up to 120 pps. So if it is running at 120 pps, and has a mirror at one end, the average power output will be 180 mW. Although the beam is invisible it can be used to pump dye lasers to give beams with wavelengths ranging from infrared to ultraviolet.” Link.
The Homemade Nitrogen Laser | <urn:uuid:32681b88-5c22-4c84-a159-4a2df2a10943> | {
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3. Relieve Stiffness Due to Arthritis: Cinnamon
As we age, many of us may experience muscle and joint pain due to arthritis. Cinnamon contains anti-inflammatory compounds that can help relieve that pain. Furthermore, cinnamon’s antibiotic properties help prevent urinary tract infections, tooth decay and gum disease, and have been shown to kill the harmful bacteria, E.coli.
2. Fight Just About Everything: Cloves
Dr. Mercola describes cloves as “cinnamon on steroids.” Like cinnamon, cloves can be beneficial against muscle pains and arthritis. Of all spices, cloves received the highest ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) Score, meaning it is the highest in antioxidants. Additionally, cloves contain eugenol, which has mild anesthetic benefits useful for toothaches, gum pain, and sore throats. Cloves also offer relief from respiratory ailments such as asthma and bronchitis, and eliminate intestinal parasites, fungi, and bacteria. It makes you wonder, is there anything cloves can’t do?
1. Prevent Cancer and Alzheimer’s: Turmeric
Far too many of us have felt the effects of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease in our lives. Yet in India, where turmeric is widely used, the prevalence of the four most-common US cancers is 10 times lower. Researchers attribute this, in part, to curcumin, the compound that gives turmeric its yellow color. Laboratory studies suggest that curcumin is effective both in protecting against cancer and in inducing the programmed death of colon cancer cells. Furthermore, population studies have shown that elderly villagers in India appear to have the lowest rate of Alzheimer's disease in the world.
When it comes to combating aging, the best approach is adopting a healthy lifestyle. That means regular physical activity, quality sleep, and packing your diet full of healthy foods. According to Dr. Mercola, adding some or all of these spices to your cooking won’t just spice up your meal, it may just save your life. | <urn:uuid:a7849446-1b25-4087-aa18-ad16eba03d7c> | {
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In the Seven Years' War (1754, 1756-63) British forces soundly defeated those of the Spanish and the French. One result was a new British province, West Florida, fashioned in 1763 from what had been enemy possessions in what are now Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, and the Florida panhandle. Territorially, British West Florida included more than half of the present state of Alabama. Its first northern boundary was just below modern Montgomery, but as a result of lobbying by West Florida's first governor, George Johnstone, the boundary was expanded in 1764 to below present‑day Birmingham. The only towns of significant size in West Florida were its two ports on the Gulf of Mexico: Pensacola, British West Florida's capital, and Mobile, which had been the most significant French post on the Gulf. Apart from a scattering of traders, the population in the hinterland was primarily Native American, of whom the most important in what is now Alabama were the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee.
The onset of the American Revolution in 1775 hobbled the growth of population and the expansion of trade that usually followed. American privateers further hampered the flow of goods and immigrants to British territories. One even dared to enter Mobile's harbor and seize a loaded merchant vessel. The one population group that did increase during the Revolution was the Tories. Looking for a refuge from persecution, Tories found the province an especially attractive haven because the British crown offered free land in West Florida as a reward to anyone who met any of three criteria: proven Loyalism, service in the Seven Years' War, or head of household. Despite this influx, even at its height in 1779, it is unlikely that the number of white inhabitants of West Florida exceeded 6,000.
Throughout the colony's existence the military comprised a major component of the population. In 1763 the 22nd Infantry Regiment occupied Mobile's Fort Conde, established by the French in 1702, and renamed it Fort Charlotte to honor Britain's queen. At the time Mobile was home to 40 French families of perhaps 200 individuals. British military leaders thought that a military presence might preserve order if the port's French inhabitants grew restless under British rule. In fact the residents accepted British authority without resistance, but also without noticeable enthusiasm.
The many entrepreneurs who flocked to West Florida to make fortunes through trade with the Spanish empire found frustration, but Native Americans of West Florida clamored for the products of England's factories and New England's distilleries. Native Americans exchanged deerskins for muskets, textiles, hardware, and rum. Although large vessels could not enter Mobile harbor with ease, a 130‑ton vessel arrived annually to ship skins and furs to Britain, and the many rivers flowing into Mobile Bay provided easy access to the interior. The Creeks and Choctaws were at war for a decade prior to the American Revolution, so no doubt their supply of hides for trading was low. Even so, merchant houses of Mobile, and the partnership of James McGillivray, John Miller, William Struthers, and Peter Swanson in particular, exported tens of thousand of skins each year.
Land was either cheap or free in West Florida, so many immigrants were able to acquire large holdings and establish plantations worked by slaves. Planters produced indigo, tobacco, and rice, but the most profitable export was timber products. Around Mobile, and along adjacent rivers, including the Tensaw, Dog, Fowl, and Fish, the light soil made cattle raising and the production of tar, turpentine, and potash the most common pursuits.
During the first three years of the American Revolution, West Florida remained uninvolved and unmolested, even though it spurned overtures from the Continental Congress, and its legislature and council proudly professed loyalty to King George III. The apparent immunity of the province disappeared in 1778 when James Willing of the U.S. Navy launched a raid through the province's back door, the Mississippi River. Meeting almost no resistance, his force of about 100 men destroyed many plantations in the colony's western districts. Although his success was short‑lived, and Willing soon saw the inside of a British jail, his achievement alerted the British crown to West Florida's vulnerability. Two regiments of Loyalists from Pennsylvania and Maryland and a German regiment from Waldeck arrived in January 1779 to bolster the 16th Infantry Regiment, until then the sole regular unit available during the Revolution for the defense of the colony.
These reinforcements proved no match for the dashing and resourceful Bernardo de Gálvez, Spanish governor of Louisiana, who invaded West Florida as soon as he could after Spain declared war on Britain on June 21, 1779. Having conquered small British garrisons on the Mississippi, Gálvez laid siege to Mobile's Fort Charlotte in March 1780. The commandant of the crumbling fort, Elias Durnford, had in his command a few regulars, a number of sailors, two dozen dragoons of the West Florida Royal Foresters, some volunteers, and armed slaves supplied by local citizens. All told he had 304 defenders to pit against almost 2,000 besiegers. After Spanish artillery smashed breaches in Fort Charlotte's walls, Durnford surrendered on the 13th day of the siege. Gálvez acknowledged the spirit of Durnford's defense by allowing him the full honors of war, that is, he allowed the defenders to march out with drums beating and colors flying before they surrendered their weapons to the victors.
For the next year the new governor of Mobile, José de Ezpeleta, attacked the Pensacola garrison and Britain's Native American
allies from Mobile. Pensacola was West Florida's last stronghold. It surrendered to Gálvez in May 1781, thus ending British
rule in West Florida.
Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida. 1791. Reprint, New York: Penguin, 1988.
Braund, Kathryn H. Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.
Fabel, Robin F.A. The Economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988.
Hamilton, Peter J. Colonial Mobile. 1910. Reprint, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1976.
Johnson, Cecil. British West Florida, 1763-1783. Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1971.
Rea, Robert R. Major Robert Farmar of Mobile. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990.
Romans, Bernard. A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida. Ed. by Kathryn Braund. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999.
Starr, J Barton. Tories, Dons, and Rebels: The American Revolution in British West Florida. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1976.
Published March 7, 2007
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Developing countries are most vulnerable to the devastating impacts of climate change. It is therefore of utmost importance to empower these countries to cope with the loss and damage already happening as a consequence of climate change. However, next to these necessary adaptation measures it is also important to mention, that the Global South can accelerate the economic development along a green trajectory while reducing poverty through the development of renewable energies. This has to be taken into account when discussing the design of newly emerging international funding mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
November 12, 2013 No Comments
Qatar has the highest per capita CO₂ emissions in the world and 7 planets would be needed if everyone lived like an average citizen of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). With these opening remarks we kicked off the side event of the HafenCity University, World Wildlife Fund and World Future Council in at the UNFCCC COP18 in Doha. The ingredients for a fruitful discussion on the future of resilient and regenerative Gulf States were already there.
All the panellists agreed that water will be the main challenge for Gulf States as sea levels rise and the availability of fresh water is likely to decrease in the future. Since most Gulf cities sit on the coastline, a sea level rise of just 1 metre will directly impact 41,500 km² of land and 37 million people, while a sea level rise of 5 metres would impact 113,000 km² in the GCC. [Read more →]
December 10, 2012 No Comments
Jakob Von Uexkull, Founder of the World Future Council and Right Livelihood Award, talks about the need to create new money to save the climate. It is absurd that we are about the destabilise the climate because we claim there is no money when there are actually means of creating new money. He describes an ‘economic witch doctor’ that is able to find huge sums of money to stablise the banks and says all that is needed is for the climate lobby to be as big as the bank lobby and to demand new money to be created. This would have a win-win affect helping to deal with the economy, create new jobs and drive a low-carbon transition.
December 5, 2012 No Comments | <urn:uuid:7c17a835-4c49-4051-939d-e7b44fa662b7> | {
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There has been talk of printing blood vessels for a few years, but it's tricky to make tissue that fits the complex shapes of a human body while remaining effective. However, a research team at Brigham and Women's Hospital may have licked that problem: they've 3D printed vessels using a new techn
6 months ago
Making stem cells in the lab is typically a complicated process, and there isn't much variety in the results without resorting to foreign DNA. However, researchers at both Brigham and Women's Hospital and Japan's RIKEN may have found a way to easily create most any stem cell a doctor would need.
10 months ago
If you think the picture above looks like droplets of blood being snared in a sticky tentacle, then you have a scarily active -- but in this case accurate -- imagination. It's actually a microfluidic chip that's been coated with long strands of DNA, which dangle down into the bloodstream and bind
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The Duke community congratulated its first standing professor to win a Nobel Prize Wednesday, but two other Nobel Prize winners are appreciated here among the scientists who utilize their work.
Sir John Gurdon and Dr. Shinya Yamanaka were awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine Monday for their discovery that mature cells can be turned into stem cells. Their discovery opened up new ways for doctors at Duke and elsewhere to treat diseases including Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and heart disease, and allows scientists to gather stem cells without taking them from an embryo. The scientists will share the $1.2 million award.
“This is exciting because this opens the door to tissue engineering, where you can take cells from an individual,” said Dr. Vann Bennett, James B. Duke professor of cell biology, biochemistry and neurobiology. “Say you need to replace the cells in your heart. In principle you could take a cell from your skin and turn it into a heart cell and replace the damaged heart cells.”
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the capacity to develop into a variety of different cell types. This versatility means that they can become specific cells to repair damaged tissues in organs, a key step in fighting certain diseases. Gurdon and Yamanaka researched the process for taking adult cells and giving them the characteristics of stem cells. The products of this process are called induced pluripotent stem cells.
The discovery of iPS cells is a culmination of 50 years of work for Gurdon. In 1962, he conducted an experiment and discovered that he could take cell nuclei of a frog, implant them in a frog egg that had its nuclei removed, and create healthy new tadpoles.
“Gurdon’s experiment was not believed by people at the time because the central dogma was that once cells are differentiated, they could not go back,” Bennett said. “His experiment set the stage for the principle that differentiated cells are not a one-way trip.”
In 2006, Yamanaka expanded upon Gurdon’s work and performed an experiment that created mouse stem cells from adult mouse cells by inserting four specific genes. Through his experiment, he identified the genes that are able to convert a differentiated cell into a versatile stem cell.
“Yamanaka’s discoveries in 2006 were transformative,” Bennett noted. “He demystified the process of this differentiation of cells and put a molecular framework around it.”
Brigid Hogan, chair of the department of cell biology, said Yamanaka’s discovery took great insight and courage.
“I don’t think anybody really believed that it would be possible to take a cell and induce the expression of particular genes to make it reprogram into a pluripotential cell in a cultured dish,” Hogan said. “It was absolutely astounding. Everyone was taken by great surprise that it worked.”
One of the powerful uses of the discovery is modeling the development of human disease, which is especially useful for understanding neurodegenerative diseases, which lead to the decline or death of neurons. Scientists use iPS cells as models of human disease to test if drugs will stop degeneration, Hogan said.
The iPS cells also provide a method to obtain stem cells without taking them from an embryo, which has been a hotly debated ethical dilemma. Scientists previously derived pluripotent stem cells in a process that required separating the inner cell mass of an embryo four or five days after fertilization.
Research going on at Duke makes use of the iPS cell approaches, said David Goldstein, director of the Center for Human Genome Variation. Duke now has an iPS cell core facility that reprograms the cells.
“We’ve given them fibroblasts—a kind of cell from the skin—from the patient with the disease,” Goldstein said. “We’ve found the mutation that causes the disease and have given them to the core to try to understand the biology of the disease.”
The core has been running at Duke for about nine months. Although there were others conducting stem cell research at Duke before, the core facility makes the technology systematically available to people studying disease, Goldstein noted. Although iPS cells have proven useful in understanding disease, some scientists are concerned that iPS cells share too much in common with tumor-forming cancer cells.
“[The possibility of cancer] is a real concern, but you have to start somewhere,” Bennett said. “Once the principle is established, then techniques can be modified and refined. Before these discoveries were made, this would have been considered science fiction.” | <urn:uuid:f58ef0bb-f223-46f0-a5da-d41ce0dab667> | {
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Problem: Warming Up!
Luke likes to consumer CDs (good1) and pizzas (good 2). His preference over both goods is given by the utility functio
U(x1; x2) = x21 x42.
If Luke allocates $200 to spend on both goods and if a case of CDs costs $20 and a pizza costs $10, how many cases of CDs and pizzas would he consume in order to maximize his utility subject to his income. Show your work and illustrate your answer graphically.
The problem in economics in price theory deals with deriving maximum marginal utility and marginal rate of substitution. | <urn:uuid:ae74b7f3-c2ac-443b-8123-b21f6604cd20> | {
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Medical Strides Push Society Into
It's hard to sit down with a couple expecting a child and tell them there is a problem, says Dr. Mark Hughes.
"It's even harder," he adds, "if they already have a child who is suffering from an incurable, inherited disease."
Hughes, a professor of molecular medicine and genetics, obstetrics, gynecology, and pathology at Wayne State University, spoke on "Human Reproductive Genetics: The Science, the Medicine, and the Ethical Challenges," April 28 in the Chemistry Building. The lecture was the first in the Chancellor's Distinguished Lecture Series.
Hughes said that until recently, couples that carried genes for deadly diseases had few options.
"Most families in this situation elected not to have any kids," he said. "They weren't going to throw the genetic dice and take a chance. Some would adopt, and that's wonderful. Some would use artificial insemination with sperm of an anonymous donor, and more people do that than you would imagine. If they opt for children, they have 15 weeks of super-high anxiety while they're trying to decide whether they want a prenatal test like amniocentesis or not."
Hughes, director of the State of Michigan Applied Genomics Center, uses new technologies in genomics and proteomics to diagnose genetic disease, and examine patterns of complex gene expression.
Today, couples at high risk of having a child with a lethal inherited disease have another option: an embryo screening procedure known as Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. This technology involves testing a single cell taken from an in vitro fertilized human embryo. Hughes, a pioneer in this procedure, has used it to help scores of families conceive healthy children.
There are tests for certain genetic diseases that develop later in life, such as Huntington's disease, but many people would rather not be tested, Hughes said. "About 80 per cent of individuals who have a parent who has a disease for which they are at risk, opt not to find out if they have the gene," he said. "They say, 'I don't want this crystal ball to tell me what my future's going to be like. If there's no treatment or cure, why would I want to know? I'd have to lie to my boss, employer, or insurance company.'"
Data suggest that everyone carries 10 or 12 lethal genes, Hughes said: "Most of us have no idea what they are. We merrily go through life blissfully having no clue about them. When it comes time to have children, people start thinking genetics."
The ethical implications of genetic testing abound. "We can test for lots of things," Hughes said. "The question is, should we? We should be testing at-risk parents for genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs, but is it ethical for adult onset diseases? And if not, why not? And if so, should we be able to do anything, or is there a limit? And who will set it, someone in Washington? Parents with their doctors?
"If I were to scrape the back of your hand and get 10 or 15 cells, each one would contain all the genes to make a whole new person," he added. "If you were to take one of the cells out and break it open, pull out the DNA, and sit down at your word processor and type the letters of the genetic alphabet of that DNA in standard type size, when you were finished you would have a 300-volume set of the Encyclopedia Britannica."
Hughes said a chromosome is "like one of the books of this massive encyclopedia of life. You have a certain number of books. If you have too many or too few, you have problems."
A gene is "like a paragraph in this massive encyclopedia. So when we're explaining genes to Aunt Millie, we say there are thousands and thousands of genes in the 300-volume set of the encyclopedia, each gene saying something specific to the story of life."
"Some paragraphs are really, really important and others are not," Hughes said. The gene that causes the most common form of muscular dystrophy would be a paragraph about 16 pages long, whereas the gene that decides that your fingers are going to come out of the end of your hand, not out of your shoulder, is a tiny little sentence.
"Technology often drives science," he said. "Science drives medicine, and medicine is always pushing society into ethical corners."
Hughes earned bachelor of science degrees in chemistry and biology from St. John's University in Minnesota. He earned a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of Arizona College of Medicine, and his MD from Baylor College of Medicine in Texas. Before joining Wayne State in 1998, he was at the National Institutes of Health. | <urn:uuid:e02a782a-18fb-4955-801a-60bc08988953> | {
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I want to send email out to the Internet with command line (actually from a shell script). I just want to send a simple email with no more than 2 lines.
I tried something like
echo "XXX Message" |mail -s "XXX Subject" [email protected]
But my Linux server failed to deliver the email.
I know my syntax above is right as I have successfully sent an email with another Linux server.
System Config :
Red Hat Linux ver 8.0.
After combing the net for answers, I noticed that there are a few commands related to mails : mail, sendmail, qmail, etc etc.
Can anyone explain or point me to a tutorial that explains these different mail commands ? Differences ?
Why can't I send my email ? I know there could be quite a number of possible problems like network config not set properly... but can anyone give me a guideline on what/how to check ?
What does it take for the mail command to work ?
Thanks a lot. | <urn:uuid:9689babc-b41c-47e1-a22a-c7c6a772a540> | {
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The golden age of photography is really all about silver, and the new exhibit at Hiram “Before Digital: The Silver Age of Photography,” celebrates the days before Photoshop and memory cards through images with strong Hiram connections.
The exhibit, which kicks off with a reception from 5:30-7:30 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 8 at the Gelbke Fine Arts Center on the lower campus, features many photos of Hiram, from the College’s archives, dating back as far as the 1880’s, as well as photos by past Hiram students and faculty, all of which were produced through the “silver process.”
Linda Bourassa, professor of art, who assembled the show said from its first appearance in the 19th century, until the late 1990’s, most photographs were produced using film, cameras and print surfaces which relied on the different combinations of the interaction of light with silver and chemicals to produce the black and white or color images.
She has made the study of the now-antiquated process the basis for her freshman colloquium this fall. Her students have created their colloquium projects around photos of Hiram using the old process each will make a presentation about it.
“I got some photos from the archives by Otto Gilpin, who was a student here before the First World War,” she said. “And then he returned after the War, and continued to document Hiram and Hiram life.”
Other photos are by Dennis Kievets, who taught photography at Hiram in the 1970s and 80s, as well as several other Hiram faculty and students.
“The idea is to present sort of a history of photography through the eyes and lenses of Hiram photographers who worked in the era of silver,” Bourassa said. “We have also put out some early equipment and artifacts, so visitors get some idea of how the process worked.”
Although the rise of digital imaging in the 1990’s has greatly reduced the use of the silver-based processes, Bourassa say some photographers still use it.
“I still like it,” she said. “It’s important that we don’t lose sight of its place in history.”
The exhibition will run through Dec. 18 at the Gelbke Fine Arts Center. Gallery hours are 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday. | <urn:uuid:ac38c365-923e-476b-930f-2663def39e20> | {
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Nuda | Beroida
Greve, W. 1975. (Ref. 1094)
Size / Weight / Age
Max length : 3.0 cm H male/unsexed; (Ref. 1094)
Climate / Range
Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. Subtropical to temperate.
Feeds on Pleurobranchia, Bolinopsis and siphonophores; found in dense swarms at the surface and a fast swimmer (Ref. 2376). Members of the phylum Ctenophora are hermaphroditic. Life cycle: Eggs develop into planktonic juveniles called cydippid and later gradually adopt the form of adults (Ref. 833).
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 114614)
CITES status (Ref. 94142)
Threat to humans
| FisheriesWiki |
Estimation of some characteristics with mathematical models
Low vulnerability (10 of 100) | <urn:uuid:74d7c016-cd31-483a-8687-e2fe1d68293f> | {
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Friday, December 30, 2011
Frostweed or winged stem (Verbesina virginica) is common statewide, occurring most often at the edge of hammocks where it receives part sun and average to moist soil, though it is remarkably tolerant of a wide variety of conditions. It also occurs throughout much of the eastern half of the U.S. - west to Texas and north to Iowa and then east to Pennsylvania. Throughout this range, it is rather common.
The common names for this plant are self-evident; "frostweed" because it blooms so late in the fall and "winged stem", because of the wing-like appendages on the stem seen in the bottom photo above. This is a coarse, robust herbaceous species that dies to the ground each winter (some basal leaves may remain depending on latitude) and emerges quickly each spring. Though not woody, it eventually reaches heights of 6-8 feet by October. The tough scabrous leaves are toothed along the margins and can be nearly 12 inches long - especially near the base. At its mature height, this is a somewhat weedy looking wildflower and large enough to overwhelm smaller species around it.
Despite this nature, there are good reasons to admire frostweed when it is in bloom. In October and November, individual plants produce large numbers of white flowers with porcelain white ray petals. At this time, they are a bevy of activity, attracting pollinators of all types. The first time I encountered this plant, at Highlands Hammock State Park in Highlands County, I must have counted at least 50 tiger swallowtails nectaring on a patch that lined an old citrus grove. There were other pollinators too, but the swallowtails captured my attention and I pretty much ignored everything else around me.
Frostweed is sold by a number of commercial nurseries affiliated with FANN - the Florida Association of Native Nurseries, but it should be added to a home landscape with forethought. For one, it is tall and dominating. Use it at the back of a mixed wildflower area or as a screen, but if used to screen a view, realize that it is deciduous and absent during the winter months. Second, it spreads quickly once established and will require annual thorough weeding to keep it only where you want it. But, if you take this all into account, it can be a very valuable addition to a pollinator garden.
Frostweed thrives in a very wide variety of conditions. It may perform best if planted in partial sun or locations where it gets sun for half days, but it will flower if given more or less sun than that. It prefers moist soil, but is amazingly tough in droughty soils as well. Just don't plant it in submerged locations or in full sun on top of a sand dune.
Thursday, December 29, 2011
Salt and pepper (Melanthera nivea), also known as "snow squarestem", is a robust perennial wildflower found statewide in Florida and throughout much of the Southeast. It is a Species of Concern in Kentucky and endangered in southern Illinois. This plant often acts like a weed; it occurs in disturbed open habitats, is variable in growth form, and can tolerate a very wide range of conditions. This makes it an easy wildflower to add to nearly any landscape setting, but with caution... as it will require some pruning and control over time.
Although natural short forms are sometimes encountered, salt and pepper most frequently is seen as a tall and lanky semi-woody specimen that reaches a mature height of 3-4 feet. Like dotted horsemint (Monarda punctata), it is deciduous in winter or retains some of its basal leaves, and then quickly grows upright beginning in early spring. This is in the Aster family, though its stems are square like those of the mints. The diamond-shaped leaves are tough and coarse, and often opposite on the stem.
Flowering occurs in late summer and may last well into early winter. The plants photographed above still had a few flower heads in late December. It's the flowers that give it its common name. There are no ray petals and the central disk is composed of small white tubular blooms. Arising from inside each are black anthers (the male portion of the flower). This is what gives it its Latin genus name.
These flower heads are especially attractive to pollinating insects. Bees, butterflies, and a host of others are drawn to these blooms and they are a focal point of activity in the garden. Each flower ultimately produces a number of achenes (seeds) and they are released as the heads dry.
Salt and pepper can make a valuable and interesting addition to a wildflower garden if it is maintained. I would recommend periodic pruning to keep plants no taller than 3 feet and so they remain fuller. I would also recommend deadheading them once the blooms are spent to reduce the number of seedlings that will come up the following year.
Salt and pepper is only occasionally offered by nurseries affiliated with FANN - the Florida Association of Native Nurseries so it may take some looking to find it if you wish to add it to your landscape. We do not propagate it at Hawthorn Hill.
Tuesday, December 27, 2011
Rose of Plymouth (Sabatia stellaris) is one of Florida's most widely distributed marsh pinks; found statewide from the western panhandle to the Keys. It is a species of the Southeastern Coastal Plain and is distributed from Louisiana to Florida and north up the Eastern Seaboard to New York and Massachusetts. It is quite rare, however, in the northern portion of its range; it is listed as state endangered in Connecticut and Massachusetts and threatened in New York and Rhode Island.
Rose of Plymouth is sometimes called "sea pink", and it is both tolerant of salt and flooded soils. Although it is considered an "obligate" wetland plant by the National Wetland Inventory, I have found it often in seasonally wet pine flatwoods where soils are often dry for months at a time.
Sabatias/marsh pinks are annuals and require open soil to reseed and spread over time. Depending on the latitude in Florida, seedlings quickly emerge in early spring and reach their mature height by summer. The plants above, that I photographed in a mesic pine flatwoods in Lee County, were only about 6 inches tall, but they often reach heights of about 12 inches. The foliage is much reduced and the plant consists mostly of thin stems that overlap each other and form an almost rounded mass. Flowering occurs at the ends of the stems and lasts for many weeks.
Like most in this genus, rose of plymouth produces a great many soft-pink blooms. The centers are vivid yellow and form a star-shaped pattern around the green ovary. There are five petals.
Marsh pinks, because they are annuals perhaps, are not often grown commercially by any of the commercial nurseries affiliated with FANN - the Florida Association of Native Nurseries. We also do not propagate these species at Hawthorn Hill. To grow this in a landscape would require providing it with ample moisture, especially in the summer season, and ample light. To persist, it would also require open soil to reseed into. But, perhaps this is a species and a genus that is simply best admired in those wild places where it occurs.
Saturday, December 24, 2011
Like other species in this small genus, pinebarren rockrose is a perennial sub-shrub. Its thin wiry stems rarely stand taller than 12 inches and the plants are tardily deciduous in late winter. Over time, this species slowly suckers and produces a mounded colony that can be several feet across.
The foliage is sparse; often clustered near the ends of the stems. Each leaf is elliptical, bluish green and with deep-set veins. The edges of each leaf tend to roll under along the leaf margin as well.
Flowering can occur for several months; from late spring to early summer. This is when this plant truly "shines". Large numbers of bright yellow blossoms adorn the top of each stem. They have five petals and, in sharp contrast to each, are bright orange anthers. Each bloom last only a day, but the buds are arranged in clusters and they open in succession.
The rockroses make excellent additions to the front of a mixed wildflower garden, but they are rarely offered. We have been growing pinebarren rockrose for several years at Hawthorn Hill, but generally have it only in small numbers.
This is an easy wildflower to maintain. Give it plenty of sun and good drainage. It is forgiving if not exposed to too much water or shade. Give it some room too, as it will want to spread out and it will be more striking if it isn't competing for space. Because of its low stature, it should be grown with other small wildflowers such as twinflower, wild petunia, pink penstemon, and the like.
Thursday, December 22, 2011
Wild petunia (Ruellia caroliniensis) is a very common wildflower in Florida; found statewide in a variety of habitat types. It is also distributed throughout the eastern half of North America, though it becomes much more rare in states such as Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Wild petunia extends its range in the south as far west as Texas.
Though its flowers closely resemble those of the common garden petunia in shape, they are not related. True petunias are members of the Solanaceae, the family that includes tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, and nightshades. Ruellias, the "wild petunias", are members of the Acanthaceae; a family that includes a great many tropical and semi-tropical plants commonly grown in Florida for their flowers - e.g. Justicia and Thunbergia. The one characteristic that members of this family share is that their ripened seed capsules explode and send the seeds off a good distance away from the parent plant. Because of this, all Ruellias tend to move around a landscape over time.
Wild petunia is one of the most adaptable and easy to grow wildflowers available to home gardeners in Florida. Though it is most often encountered in sandy & sunny uplands, it will tolerate a great deal of shade and moisture as well. I have found it in shady hammocks in nearly saturated soils and in pure sand in exposed scrub. In the garden, it will grow nearly everywhere, though it will be leggier and bloom less often in shade.
Wild petunia is a long-lived perennial that dies back to the ground each winter. Its leaves emerge in early spring and it quickly reaches its mature height of about 12-18 inches by late April - early May. The leaves are ovate and opposite on the stem. Often, many stems arise from the basal portion near the root mass and the plants develop a nice rounded form.
Blooming occurs almost non-stop from late spring to late summer/early fall. The trumpet-shaped flowers are about 1 inch across and vary in color from nearly white to a deep purple. Often, they occur in pairs and they remain open for only one day. I have found that butterflies relish the nectar from these flowers; in some of my gardens, they have been the top choice among nectar plants.
Wild petunia scatters its seed everywhere in the landscape. Once established, you will find new plants many feet from their parents, and after several years, you may find them in the front and the back yard - as well as everywhere in between. Often, this is a good thing. How many attractive wildflowers in your garden are this easy to propagate? And, their small size does not make them crowd out larger neighbors. But, it can be a nuisance to weed them if you are wanting a more formal look.
Wild petunia is one of the most widely propagated wildflowers in Florida and is grown by a great many nurseries affiliated with FANN - the Florida Association of Native Nurseries. Be careful NOT to purchase the incredibly invasive Mexican wild petunia (R. simplex; syn. R. brittoniana; R. tweediana) pictured below, however. They are very different plants and Mexican wild petunia...
Use our native wild petunia in mixed wildflower gardens. Do not use it in large patches because it is absent in the winter and this will create bare patches of dirt that are unattractive. Use smaller patches mixed with short grasses such as pinewoods dropseed (Sporobolus junceus) and wiregrass (Aristida spp.) and mix it with short wildflowers that maintain their basal leaves, such as pink penstemon (Penstemon australis). | <urn:uuid:d8710a12-03ee-40db-a932-41d74fd96f9a> | {
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Falu Rödfärg is an iconic red paint in Sweden and the West coast of Finland. I just recently learned about it after realizing that many of the log cabins back home are painted red and were made by my Finnish family members (in Northwestern Ontario). You can read more about that here (Great Grandpa Johnson Built Log Cabins).
Is red a Finnish colour? Yes.
Here are 10 things you might not know about Falu Red:
- In Finland, falu red is known as punamulta (red earth).
image from skandium.com
- Falu Rödfärg or punamulta is made with pigments from the Falun Mine in Dalarna/Sweden. The paint is created from ore with a low copper content that has decomposed over the centuries. In addition to copper, red mull contains a rare compound of iron ochre, silica and zinc.
- The Falun mine is actually a Unesco World Heritage site.A person can hike around the grounds, read information plaques, and learn about the iconic colour. To see photos of the mine and learn about visits underground, visit falugruva.se/en (the site is in English, just scroll down).
- Falu Rödfärg’s classic colour is not available as an exact paint number that can be mixed in a machine.The colour is created by experts who burn the pigment. It is a craft that has been handed down since the Falun mine started pigment manufacturing in 1764.
- In warm evening light, the red colour becomes intense, almost glowing.When the powder and linseed are mixed thoroughly, it creates a beautiful, matte finish. A translucent surface with course silicon dioxide crystals helps reflect rays of light.
- Houses that were painted a 100 years ago still have pigment granules that are red. The pigment is highly stable in terms of light.
- The paint produces an open coat that allows the wood to breathe.It lets in moisture, but equally allows moisture to evaporate quickly, minimizing the risk of rot.
- Falu Red paint was used as far back as the 1500s.Timber houses were painted red as symbols of wealth and status, mimicking the look of red brick buildings. Eventually it spread from the city to the countryside, first being used on the homes of the wealthy, then to farmers in the 1800s.
- Falu red is a traditional colour that remains popular today due to its effectiveness in preserving wood.
Since the binder is starch, the paint is permeable to water. An upside, it only needs to be repainted every 20 years.
- NCS S5040-Y80R is the Swedish colour code for Falu red.
Do you now also have a little colour crush on Falu Red?! It’s kind of a cool story behind the pigment.
Note from Lainie:
When Mom and Dad go up to the cabin on Clearwater Lake this weekend, I’m going to see if Mom will take a few photos for me of some red cabins.
It’s kind of cool to actually see a piece of Finnish history on the lake. All of these years, I had no idea. It makes me wonder which cabins my Great Grandpa Johnson and William Juhala built and whether or not they made ours. Can you imagine?!
They probably didn’t but if they did, we would still have the logs they used. When my parents built their new place, they incorporated pieces of the old log cabin creatively into the design. I’ll share some pictures tomorrow so you can see!
And if you’re interested in reading more about the colour, here’s where I found some of the information shared: | <urn:uuid:78a2d1f5-4a14-47bb-844e-ec3b25a877a7> | {
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Story Ideas From NCAR: Seasonal Hurricane Forecasts, El Niño/La Niña, Wind Energy, and More
Source Newsroom: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
Newswise — BOULDER – Researchers at NCAR and partner organizations are making significant headway in predicting the behavior of the atmosphere on a variety of fronts, including:
• improving weather forecasts
• advancing renewable energy capabilities
• helping satellites avoid space debris
• estimating the risk of a crop slowdown due to climate change
These advances are summarized in short online features now published each week on our AtmosNews website: www.ucar.edu/atmosnews.
To get a jump on stories about new research, we invite you to sign up for our concise weekly email newsletter: http://bitly.com/subscribeatmosnews. We're also on Twitter @AtmosNews.
Here are some recent research highlights:
-----Seasonal hurricane forecasts-----
The quiet Atlantic hurricane season of 2013 came as a surprise to many, as seasonal forecasts had consistently predicted an unusually large crop of named storms. A new study by scientists at NCAR and North-West University (South Africa) points to a reason that seasonal forecasts are inherently limited. The scientists found that small-scale natural variations that cannot be predicted ahead of a hurricane season, such as a cluster of thunderstorms over a particular location, can make one season twice as active as another, even when El Niño and other large-scale hurricane-shaping elements remain the same.
-----Airborne wind energy-----
What if all the energy needed by society existed just a mile or two above our heads? NCAR, the University of Delaware, and the energy firm DNV GL have begun to weigh in on an emerging field known as airborne wind energy, examining where the strongest winds are and how much electricity they may be able to generate. Such winds, the researchers find, offer the potential to generate more than triple the average global electricity demand and are particularly strong above the U.S. Great Plains, coastal regions along the Horn of Africa, and large stretches of the tropical oceans.
----- El Niño and La Niña -----
For millions of people, the onset of El Niño or La Niña in northern autumn indicates whether they’re likely to face unusually warm, cold, wet, or dry conditions over the coming winter. A new study pins down the process that apparently determines why La Niña events often last twice as long as typical El Niño events—a result with major implications for seasonal predictions extending more than a year out.
-----Avoiding space debris-----
Space debris poses serious risks to a wide array of satellites critical to society. NCAR is part of a collaborative effort, commissioned by the U.S. Air Force and brought into testing mode this summer, that takes into account real-time information on satellite tracks and space weather to predict future satellite paths as much as 72 hours in advance. The project will help operators steer spacecraft more accurately around debris.
-----Climate change and crop yield-----
Researchers have long projected that climate change will negatively affect crop yields, but NCAR and Stanford scientists recently went a step further by analyzing the risk of a major slowdown in crop yields in the next 20 years. Although the odds of a major production slowdown of wheat and corn are not very high, the risk is about 20 times more significant than it would be without global warming. This may require planning by organizations that are affected by international food availability and price.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is a federally funded research and development center devoted to service, research, and education in the atmospheric and related sciences. The National Science Foundation is NCAR's primary sponsor, with significant additional support provided by other U.S. government agencies, other national governments, and the private sector. NCAR is managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, a nonprofit consortium of more than 100 member colleges and universities focused on research and training in the atmospheric and related Earth system sciences.
For news stories, images, and more: | <urn:uuid:5ae3bdd5-0b9a-4769-ab2c-abbafb70e7b0> | {
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Tool-making crows have the ability to “reason”, say scientists.
In an experiment, researchers found that crows were more likely to forage when they could attribute changes in their environment to a human presence.
This behaviour may suggest “complex cognition”, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Until now the ability to make inferences based on causes has been attributed to humans but not animals.
The study was a collaboration between researchers from the University of Auckland, New Zealand, the University of Cambridge, UK and the University of Vienna, Austria.
In their experiment eight wild crows used tools to remove food from a box.
Inside the enclosure there was a stick and the crows were tested in two separate series of events that both involved the stick moving.
In one instance a human entered the hide and the stick moved. In the other, the stick still moved but no human entered.
On the occasions when no human was observed entering the hide, the crows abandoned their efforts to probe for food using a tool more frequently than they did when a human had been observed. | <urn:uuid:7a7b03bb-114c-4f05-89e6-d437e82c1ef8> | {
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Bo Han, a social media researcher at Texas A&M University-Commerce, finds that users are likely to experience the "social media burnout" issue. Ambivalence, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization are usually the main symptoms if a user experiences social media burnout. Ambivalence refers to a user's confusion about the benefits she can get from using a social media site. Emotional exhaustion refers to the stress a user has when using a social media site. Depersonalization refers to the emotional detachment from a social media site a user experiences. The three burnout factors can all negatively influence the user's social media continuance. This study provides an instrument to measure the burnout a user can experience, when her social media "friends" are generating an overwhelming amount of useless information (e.g., "what I had for dinner", "where I am now").
Social media is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas and information and the building of virtual networks and communities. By design, social media is internet based and offers users easy electronic communication of personal information and other content, such as videos and photos. Users engage with social media via computer, tablet or smartphone via web-based software or web application, often utilizing it for messaging.
Users typically access social media services via web-based technologies on desktops and laptops, or download services that offer social media functionality to their mobile devices (e.g., smartphones and tablets). As users engage with these electronic services, they create highly interactive platforms through which individuals, communities, and organizations can share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-generated content or pre-made content posted online. | <urn:uuid:376d9545-665a-49c4-a335-f7e8ae609496> | {
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This project will explore the creative process involved in the crafting of prehistoric wooden artefacts beginning with the ‘Pallasboy Vessel’, an Iron Age wooden artefact discovered in 2000 in Toar Bog, Co. Westmeath.
Experimental archaeology can tell us what materials and tools were used to craft prehistoric wooden artefacts, but little is known of the experience or process of crafting such objects. Using a detailed and thorough recording strategy, this project will reveal and document a contemporary experience of craft and in doing so provide a new perspective on an ancient creative process.
Aside from high profile finds such as prehistoric ‘bog bodies’, the value and richness of the organic archaeological finds from peatlands are arguably under-promoted and under-appreciated in Ireland. Amongst other significance, this record is critical for our understanding of past creativity and artistic skills, such as those required for the crafting of the remarkable prehistoric ‘Pallasboy Vessel’.
Due to its state of preservation, the vessel provides a unique record of the materials and techniques that were used in its construction: it is 1.29 m high, 0.57m wide and 0.49m deep and was carved out of a single piece of alder wood.
The replica vessel was crafted by woodworker Mark Griffiths in 2015 using appropriate replica tools (and contemporary equivalents for comparison). The process of re-creation was documented by a Cork-based archaeologist and photographer Brian Mac Domhnaill. The project is being led and informed by archaeology specialists Dr. Benjamin Gearey and Caitríona Moore and is funded by the World Wood Day Fund via the International Wood Culture Society, whose support is gratefully acknowledged.
In the second phase of the Pallasboy Project we will be developing and extending our practical and theoretical investigations of creativity, craft and woodworking in prehistory. We will broaden our chronological focus to consider woodworking during the Bronze Age (2500-600 BCE) and our geographical focus to take in a particular form of prehistoric wooden artefact: the striking anthropomorphic wooden figurines recovered from wetland contexts across Europe.
In the third phase of the project we will be focusing one Irish example of prehistoric water craft, namely the Lees Island 5 Iron Age logboat, which lies on the bottom of Lough Corrib, Co. Galway. The boat is just one of various sunken vessels that litter the watery depths of the Lough; a remarkable array of watergoing craft from the Bronze Age through to recent times (including the wreck of a Victorian pleasure cruiser!) which have been documented thanks to the work of Karl Brady and Ireland’s Underwater Archaeology Unit. | <urn:uuid:87ba4638-6b19-42ea-b40f-43c402a9c730> | {
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Darryl Reid plays the Steel Pan at the Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean cruise industry booth at the Seatrade Cruise Shipping convention Tuesday March 11, 2008 in Miami Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/David Adame)
From The Ghettos Of Trinidad and Tobago To The Hallowed Halls Of The International Community
As Trinidad and Tobago celebrates 51 years of independence from Great Britain it is perhaps apropos to examine the remarkable evolution of the only musical instrument invented in the 20th century. That this instrument originated in ghettos of Trinidad and Tobago’s depressed and exploited laboring class make the instrument’s march to respectability and prominence all the more historic.
Today, as the steelpan continues its evolution it has paradoxically retained its bacchanalian relationships that have helped to define the instrument since its birth. The steel pan instrument, (a name I’m still having trouble to associate with an instrument I have known simply as “pan” or “steelband”) has moved during its tortuous ascendancy from the realm of the poor to the sacred halls of Westminster Abbey and, at the start of the 21st century, become somewhat respectable.
Now recognized by the government of Trinidad and Tobago as its national instrument, the steel pan has finally gotten the praise that it so richly deserves at home and abroad. For the steel pan it has been a long, sometimes bitter and tortuous march to legitimacy and respect. And the quixotic thing is that it is here in the United States – miles away for its ghetto origins – that the instrument has the greatest potential to grow and develop.
Waves of immigrants from Trinidad and Tobago came and settled in New York, Boston, Washington, Baltimore and Florida bringing with them the steelpan and setting up “pan groups” in their adopted homelands. Today, it is fitting that first, second and third generation Caribbean – Americans are keeping the pan alive and have furthered its longevity and popularity having had the good fortune “learning the ropes” from these original immigrants and pan players.
Of course the instrument is still riddled with controversy over the issue of standardization. The problem is that there are many schools of the pan’s musical formation and herein lies the ongoing and sometimes heated debate. Panists (again, one of those modern politically correct words used to describe one who plays the pan. I know that simply as “a pan man.”) agree that there needs to be some level and form of standardization to make the instrument internationally acceptable and to be played by all and sundry. Yet how to get there is still being debated.
The steel pan’s evolution is imbedded in the ingenuity of the poor of Trinidad and Tobago. The only musical instrument invented in the 20th Century was a grassroots, urban ghetto creation. The steel pan’s humble beginnings took place in the squalor and poverty of Trinidad and Tobago around the early 1930s in places like Laventille and John John. Enterprising Trinidadians hit upon the idea of using discarded (today we call it garbage) steel oil drums, not only for storing water, but to make music. By a sustained process of evolution these early panists added to and improved upon the instrument known today as the steel pan.
That pan’s early roots were to be found among the so-called social outcasts of the day – a euphemism for Trinidad’s poor and disenfranchised – was no accident, and pan’s tortuous march, cloaked in controversy and the like, was a virtual double baptism of fire. Indeed, the hot fires and the banging of the nail and hammer that early pan tuners used to create the instrument were the tools that ordinary folks had at their disposal. So that even after being forged and refined by fire the instrument still had to withstand the fire of vicious ostracism and scorn of so-called genteel, prejudice society that looked down on the instrument with loathing.
But in those times, like today, the early panists were their own worst enemies. Petty rivalries between “pan sides” often turned violent and bloody and gave the upper classes the excuse to say: “see, playing pan is the devil’s work, and all pan men are hooligans and Bad Johns.” Naturally, in those days playing pan was a “man’s thing,” and like early calypso, excluded women. And so the instrument, partly because of its humble roots, and partly because of its early pioneers, was covered in prejudice and stigmatized by a society that measured musical acceptance by the Eurocentric violin, piano or the clarinet. So for much of its lifetime, the steel pan – that wondrous instrument – remained outside of the social pale, to be resurrected only at carnival time and then put aside until the next year.
But that was then. The steel pan’s history although filled with obstacles, roadblocks and social rejection, was and is like its inventors. The pan is a survivor and today it marches on playing its own music and gathering devoted adherents in the process. From being played with a rope or strap slung around the neck, with simple arrangements and tonal adjustments, the pan of today is a sophisticated instrument with an incredible tonal range. It is now played in churches, taught in schools, and has gained international acceptance – grudgingly though that is – as an instrument of class.
Here in New York the steel pan is experiencing its strongest growth rate. Labor Day Carnival’s Panorama competition features about twelve bands with a collective playing list of over 600. There are more than 12 steelbands in the New York Metro Area but competition has to be limited to only about twelve bands because it could run well into the next day if more were added. Most of these bands average between 60 and 100 players. These are full steel orchestras and are the ones competing from over 40 or 50 bands found in the New York Metro area. And as new waves of immigrants from the Caribbean settle in New York the pan fraternity continues to draw more and more members.
But one curious dynamic is the large number of youths that are now playing pan in New York. There are many 10 and 11-year olds in bands like CASYM and Sesame Flyers. Many of these pan organizations also have a community/youth component that involves not only playing pan, but also getting good grades and discipline as criteria for membership. How ironic it is that an instrument that once was vilified and held up as a symbol of violence, ill-discipline and disunity, is today a vehicle to prevent youth violence and focuses on education?
Another interesting development in the evolution of the pan is that there is now the first all-female steel pan orchestra in the United States. Called “WOMEN IN STEEL” this band comprises young women from Trinidad, Jamaica, Haiti, Grenada and Barbados. They have been making waves in the community, not only with their sweet pan music, but also with the organization’s outreach programs. These programs help young women in a variety of ways, including help in education and job skills. WOMEN IN STEEL is one more example of the positive evolution of the steel pan in a society that places emphasis on the rights of women.
Then there is the growing fraternity of panists in states where Caribbean nationals have made their adopted homes: Florida, New Jersey, Boston and many other states in the U.S. The truth of the matter is that here are more steelbands in the United States than most places, including the Caribbean. And it is here that recognition and eventual standardization might happen. | <urn:uuid:ff3745fe-2cfc-4f1f-a48d-36723006f756> | {
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Giant rainforest trees, rare and beautiful orchids, spectacular palms, minute fungi, wild coffees and an ancient aquatic plant are among more than 250 new plant and fungi species discovered and described by botanists from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in this, the botanical organisation's 250th anniversary year. The new species come from a wide-range of fascinating locations including Brazil, Cameroon, East Africa, Madagascar, Borneo and New Guinea. Nearly a third are believed to be in danger of extinction.
Following in the footsteps of their famous botanical predecessors such as Sir Joseph Banks, Sir Joseph Hooker, and Charles Darwin, taxonomic botanists at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew continue to explore and study the world's plant and fungal diversity, making astonishing discoveries every year. Their work involves a combination of fieldwork in remote and exotic parts of the world, and research in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Herbarium, a vast scientific collection of over seven million dried plants specimens, perhaps the largest of its kind in the world. This work has never been more relevant and pressing than in the current era of global climate change and unprecedented loss of biodiversity -- especially as we count down to the International Year of Biodiversity in 2010.
"These new discoveries highlight the fact that there is so much of the plant world yet to be discovered and documented. Without knowing what's out there and where it occurs, we have no scientific basis for effective conservation. It is vital that these areas of botanical science are adequately funded and supported.
Examples of the new discoveries are listed below.
Canopy Giants from the rainforests of Cameroon
Among the most gigantic of the new species discoveries are three towering rainforest trees discovered by Xander van der Burgt, and colleagues in the Korup National Park in Cameroon. Talbotiella velutina (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/talbotiella-velutina.htm) and Lecomtedoxa plumosa both reach more than 30m into the forest canopy, but Berlinia korupensis (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Berlinia-korupensis.htm), named by Dr Barbara Mackinder, tops these at more than 42m in height with a buttressed trunk almost 1m wide. The Berlinia is a member of the pea family (Leguminosae). It bears beautiful white flowers from which enormous pods some 30cm in length develop. The pods explode when ripe, propelling the seeds ballistically away from the mother tree. Surveys of the Korup National Park revealed that this tree is extremely rare. "We found just 17 trees in our surveys," says van der Burgt. "Even though Korup is protected, Berlinia korupensis is critically endangered due to human pressures on the park." The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and in-country collaborators have discovered and described more than 100 new plant species from Cameroon since 1995, although Dr Martin Cheek, leader of the programme in Cameroon, comments that "species discovery is accelerating [with] more than 50 of these new species described since 2005."
From the tallest to the smallest
The smallest species on this year's new species list are wood-rotting fungi, which are less than a millimeter thick and cover their hosts like a lick of paint. With a Swedish colleague, Dr Brian Spooner and Dr Peter Roberts, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's experts on fungal taxonomy, have just described five of these minute fungi. "They are small, but they perform a vital role in decomposition of plant material and recycling of nutrients," says Dr Spooner. These new fungi were among many specimens collected during a joint Anglo-Australian expedition to the Kimberley Region of Western Australia in 1988 and which are still under study. Other miniature discoveries in this year's list include two new species of Gymnosiphon; bizarre little flowering plants less than 10cm tall that derive their energy not from the sun but from underground fungi (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/gymnosiphon-afro-orientalis.htm). Marie Briggs, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew botanist, who discovered one of these plants in Madagascar in 2007, seems to have a penchant for discovering small plants. While on an expedition to western Madagascar in 2009 she found specimens of a new genus of succulent belonging to the coffee family (Rubiaceae), and which is less than 3cm tall.
Mountains of orchids
With just over 25,000 species, the orchids are probably the world's largest flowering plant family. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's orchid experts Dr Jeff Wood and Dr Phil Cribb have added 38 new species to the total this year alone. Wood has been studying the orchids of Mount Kinabalu, the highest mountain in Borneo (4095m), for more than a decade and yet continues to discover species new to science. "Kinabalu is unbelievably rich," says Dr Wood. "In an area of just 1,200 square kilometres 866 different orchids occur, including 13 new species described this year alone." But there is trouble in paradise; Borneo's forests are being devastated by widespread logging for timber and oil palm plantations. Dr Wood has named a further 15 new species this year, all of which have been discovered in logging areas in Borneo. Orchids face a further threat -- illegal collection for the horticultural trade. Wood's research is essential -- put simply, by placing these spectacular plants on the map, he is throwing them a lifeline.
Two dozen new palms
An astounding 24 new species of palm feature on the list. Some are enormous forest canopy trees, such as the 25m tall Cyrtostachys bakeri (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Cyrtostachys-bakeri.htm), discovered by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew palm expert Dr Bill Baker in Papua New Guinea, but most are slender, elegant palms from the rainforest undergrowth. Twenty of the new palms come from Madagascar, which is home to 188 palm species. "After 20 years of research, we're still finding new species in Madagascar," says Dr Baker. "A half of all known Madagascar palms have been discovered by Kew botanists." Less than 10% of Madagascar's original vegetation remains and a further 200,000-300,000 hectares of forest are destroyed every year. As a result, 90% of Madagascar's palms, including all of the 20 new species, are threatened with extinction because of habitat loss and destruction of palms for the numerous useful products that they provide, such as food and construction materials. Some are incredibly rare; for example, fewer than 10 individuals of one of the new species, Dypsis humilis (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Dypsis-humilis.htm), were found in a single forest patch used heavily by local people for timber. Innovative conservation strategies involving local communities are needed to save these species. This approach has been effectively employed for the conservation of the 'suicide palm', Tahina spectabilis (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Tahina-spectabilis.htm), discovered in Madagascar by a collaborative team led from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 2007.
The coffee species that could save your daily cup from climate change
Seven wild coffee species, mostly native to the mountains of northern Madagascar, feature on the list. This takes the total number of new coffee species discovered by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and its partners over the past ten years to nearly 30, including some weird and wonderful species. Coffea labatii and Coffea pterocarpa (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Coffea-pterocarpa.htm) have winged fruits, while Coffea namorokensis and Coffea bissetiae are distinctly hairy, and Coffea ambongensis and Coffea boinensis have the largest seeds of any coffee species: their 'coffee beans' are more than twice the size of those of Coffea arabica (Arabica coffee www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Coffea-arabica.htm), the main species used in the commercial production of coffee.
"We're still finding new species of coffee, including those directly related to crop plants," says the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's coffee expert Dr Aaron Davis. "Coffee is the world's second most traded commodity, after oil, with at least 25 million farming families dependent on its production for their livelihoods, yet we still have much to learn about its wild relatives. We estimate that 70% of wild coffee species are in danger of extinction due to habitat loss and climate change.
"Conserving the genetic diversity within this genus has implications for the sustainability of our daily cup, particularly as coffee plantations are highly susceptible to climate change. Those involved in the coffee trade could help to future-proof the industry by working with Kew and its partners to create reserves to conserve coffee genetic resources."
Ancient aquatic plant on the rocks
Isoetes eludens (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/isoetes-eludens.htm), a species of an ancient group of spore-plants known as quillworts, and so named because it eluded its discoverers for seven years, was found in a mountain-top rock pool in a remote corner of Namaqualand, South Africa by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Director, Professor Stephen Hopper. Botanists are concerned that these exposed temporary rock pools -- known by the local Nama people as !gau -- are vulnerable to climate change which could mean the 5cm high plant's days are numbered. Urgent collection of spores and long-term storage in seed banks is an important next step to secure the conservation of this intriguing species. Quillworts date from fossils aged more than 150 million years old in an era before the evolution of flowering plants.
"To discover a completely new species in a small pool just 2m in diameter and 15cm deep was an unexpected delight. It highlights how much more work is needed to reveal the full diversity of the Cape's world-famous flora," says Professor Hopper.
Critically endangered 'cancer cure' yam
Dioscorea strydomiana is a critically endangered species from South Africa with only two populations of about 200 plants known in the wild. It does not look like a typical yam -- it is shrub-like in appearance with a huge, slow growing, lumpy wooden tuber above the ground measuring up to 1m in height and diameter. The tuber sprouts multiple shoots each spring. The species is regarded as a cancer cure in the region where it grows and as a result is under threat from over-collection by medicinal plant collectors who cut pieces off the tubers. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's yam expert, Dr Paul Wilkin, describes this species as "the most unique and unusual yam I have come across, and probably the most threatened."
Indigos and relatives
Fourteen species of the blue dye indigo producing genus Indigofera have been described as new to science in 2009. Few natural by-products have played as prominent a role in history and in international trade as indigo. It has been a valued dye from the earliest human civilizations because of its compatibility with all types of natural fibres and its ability to be combined with other natural dyes to create a range of colours not possible to produce with synthetic substitutes. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew has had a long-standing interest in the research of this genus and these discoveries arose during ongoing research in southern tropical Africa.Of the 14 new species described, 11 are highly localised and are threatened with extinction.
Indigofera has more than 750 species and occurs throughout the tropical regions of the world. It is member of Leguminosae (pea family).
Discovered in a glasshouse
Most of this year's discoveries come direct from the wild, but in one case, a new species was found closer to home -- in Kew Gardens' Princess of Wales conservatory. Dr Iain Darbyshire, an expert on African botany, stumbled across Isoglossa variegata (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/isoglossa-variegata.htm) during a lunchtime wander in the glasshouse, where it was used for tropical bedding. Dr Darbyshire, who has contributed 36 new species from the Acanthus family (Acanthaceae) alone to this year's list, later found specimens in the Herbarium. It was first collected nearly 100 years ago but on another specimen from the 1950s there is a note stating "Name urgently desired." Fifty years on, the job is now done, the delay reflecting the overwhelming task of charting the world's plants. Isoglossa variegata is one of more than 100 new species from East Africa and southern tropical Africa and is part of a major commitment by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, initiated some 50 years ago, to document the flora from this area in two major projects, the Flora of Tropical East Africa and Flora Zambesiaca. These great works, which document around 12,500 and 10,000 species respectively, are now nearing completion.
Passiflora cristalina (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/passiflora-cristalina.htm) is among the 20 new Brazilian species discovered by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew this year. It is a striking red passionflower with edible egg-shaped fruits and is thought to be pollinated by hummingbirds. Dr Daniela Zappi discovered it during an expedition to the Amazon rainforest in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The plants in this part of the Amazon are poorly known and threatened by deforestation from cattle farming. "We are almost certainly losing species from this region before they are known to science, and our work is a race against time." says Dr Zappi. "The survey work we have carried out so far is a major step forward in scientific knowledge and is being used by local government agencies to develop a much-needed plan to protect this area."
Also on the list is a new legume genus, Tabaroa catingicola, discovered by Brian Stannard from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and his Brazilian colleagues, on the lower slopes of the Rio de Contas mountain range in southwestern Bahia. The legume family is of great research significance because so many species are used throughout the world as sources of food and medicine. Great potential exists to utilise more species, which is why continued taxonomic research into this family is essential.
Knee-high eucalyptus discovered in SW Australia
To many British gardeners the eucalyptus is a fast growing monster; casting shade and debris… usually in the neighbour's garden. In Australia, however, the over 900 species of eucalypts are integral to the landscape and culture and come in all shapes and sizes. It seems fitting, therefore, that the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Director, Professor Stephen Hopper, an Australian himself, has recently described two fantastic new species in southwest Australia. "You might expect that the plants of Australia are already well-known," says Professor Hopper, "but these kinds of finds are far from unusual, especially in the southwest." Professor Hopper discovered Eucalyptus sweedmaniana (www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Eucalyptus-sweedmaniana.htm) with his colleague Luke Sweedman, after whom he named the plant. It is a dwarf in comparison to most eucalyptus species, forming a low-growing mallee (shrub) around 1m high. It survives the bush fires that are common in the area by dying back to a woody underground rootstock, known as a lignotuber, from which it can resprout later. The second new species (Eucalyptus brandiana www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Eucalyptus-brandiana.htm), although larger than sweedmaniana, isn't so lucky; it lacks a lignotuber and is killed by fire. Both species are known from just a few hundred plants each and are in need of conservation. However, both have potential as ornamentals in Australia (and perhaps elsewhere), which could provide a welcome backup plan to secure their futures.
The full list of over 290 new discoveries can be found on www.kew.org/new-discoveries, together with profiles of selected species, an interactive map and a link to a specially created Google Earth layer.
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You see, the same word in the English language can have different meanings depending on the context it is used in. And this is one of the main problems why content spinners don’t create the perfect human readable content we all want. The other problem is that most of us need hundreds if not thousands of variations for a single piece of content of about 1,000 words which, if spun by a theoretical article spinner that creates human readable content, won’t have that many variations – not even close.
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So what to do? Where you need fresh content always, your resolution is Article Rewriter or Paraphrasing Tool. It is also Article spinner tool that is free as well as easy to use. An article writer always thinks to generate something that has the quality and uniqueness as well as productive. The tool Article rewrite of seo wagon giving you the chance to meet your goal with less effort. | <urn:uuid:2f247d6f-d7bc-4d86-a4b1-0fdf05e4abde> | {
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SwapCrypt - Computer Definition
An earlier encryption system for securing laptops from SCM Microsystems Inc., Fremont, CA (www.scmmicro.com). It used a 128-bit encryption key stored on a smart card that was inserted into the laptop's PC Card slot in order to encrypt/decrypt the data. If the laptop were stolen, the data could not be retrieved without the SwapCrypt card. The key was theoretically unbreakable, because it used an additional 160K bits of random data as part of the key. | <urn:uuid:b30594f2-c84b-4d9a-96ec-fbd074449484> | {
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Format Type: PDF
Read Online: 1055
Language is an expression of ideas, and as ideas change over time, words take on new meanings. Hence, Noah Webster's monumental 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language is a work of great importance to modern readers who care about traditional values. The founding documents of the United States of America are contemporary with this 1828 dictionary, as are many other important books and documents of that time. The 1828 dictionary defines the language of these materials in the context of their era and thus becomes a valuable reference tool to enhance understanding. In addition, Noah Webster based his work extensively on the King James Version of the Bible, so that not only the words but also the values of the early nineteenth century are reflected in the definitions. As Webster wrote, "In my view, the Christian religion is the most important and one of the first things in which all children, under a free government ought to be instructed. . . . No truth is more evident to my mind than that the Christian religion must be the basis of any government intended to secure the rights and privileges of a free people." To make Webster's monumental work available at a more affordable price, this new edition has been carefully prepared in a proprietary compact format: All of the words, definitions, and examples have been preserved, but the explanations of word origins have been omitted to save space, as has Webster's lengthy technical introduction. Scripture references have been standardized in modern format, and many abbreviations have been spelled out for greater understanding. Also, for the first time since the book's original publication, the text has been newly typeset; the clear and sturdy Charter typeface makes the text highly readable in spite of its small size. In addition, the book has been printed on acid-free, archival-quality paper, ensuring many years of useful service. This new, compact edition is published with the same hope expressed by Webster himself: "I present it to my fellow citizens, not with frigid indifference, but with my ardent wishes for their improvement and their happiness; and for the continued increase of the wealth, the learning, the moral and religious elevation of character, and the glory of my country." | <urn:uuid:6d98bdb9-469e-4503-8546-9c44f38d7678> | {
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The Winter Olympics are being watched for many things: sporting excellence, of course, but also for headway on the US-North Korea nuclear stand-off and even tentative rapprochements between Seoul and Pyongyang.
In New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art is commemorating the Games with an exhibition of Korean art, much of it displayed for the first time in the United States, and which introduces an acclaimed Korean natural wonder to a new audience.
That site is Mount Kumgang, in today’s North Korea, and renowned throughout the peninsula for its beauty. It’s where Pyongyang last week called off a joint cultural event, underscoring the fragility of the Games-led warming of ties between North and South Korea.
Thousands of South Koreans visited the area from the 1990s to 2008, until Seoul suspended the trips after a North Korean soldier shot dead a South Korean tourist who strayed into a restricted area.
The exhibition features nearly 30 paintings depicting what are known, in English, as the Diamond Mountains. For a decade largely inaccessible, ironically as the bird flies the site is not too far from where the Olympics will open in Pyeongchang on Friday.
Spanning the 18th century to the present, the delicate ink and colors on silk, scrolls, painted screens and contemporary works evoke a magical, even mystical terrain of jagged peaks, stunning views and steep trails.
“Given the mystery around this site in North Korea I hope that that will pique people’s interest,” said Soyoung Lee, curator in the Department of Asian Art at the museum and organizer of the exhibition.
“And through the art that has been created over the last 200 years or so, that people will come to also love this incredible, natural wonder.”
Called “Diamond Mountains: Travel and Nostalgia in Korean Art,” the exhibition opens on Wednesday and runs until May 20.
The highlight is an early 18th century album from the National Museum of Korea by Jeong Seon who revolutionized Korean painting by breaking with conventional generic imagery and depicting native scenery.
Included are two 1920s works by Scottish artist Elizabeth Keith, then one of only a handful of foreign visitors to Korea who wrote of her stay: “I would not have missed the grandeur for all the danger… The beauty of the climb was a revelation.”
The exhibition took three years to put together and most of works are on loan from institutions in South Korea. “Given the geopolitics,” Lee says, there was no contact with the North.
“The topic of the show is about travel and nostalgia,” she said. “We focused on the idea of inaccessibility and nostalgia from the South Koreans’ perspective.”
Bae Kidong, director general of the National Museum of Korea, expressed hope for future overseas collaborations.
“The history and art of Korea is not well known to the Western world,” he told AFP. “Korea has a very special culture, distinctive from Japanese or Chinese.”
Like Lee he hopes, one day, to visit in person. “You can see from the DMZ line the southern reaches of Diamond Mountain,” he said.
Provided by AFP Sport
Russia has been banned from sending a team to February’s Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.
The International Olympic Committee announced the suspension of the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) on Tuesday, meaning only invited Russian athletes will be allowed to compete and they will be considered neutral competitors.
The decision was reached after the IOC’s 14-strong executive board received a recommendation from a disciplinary commission set up to investigate claims Russia conducted a state-sponsored doping programme that culminated at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi.
As well as the immediate suspension of the ROC, the IOC announced a raft of sanctions against senior officials implicated in the scandal, including Russia’s deputy prime minister Vitaly Mutko.
It has also fined the ROC 15 million US dollars (£11.16million) to reimburse the costs of the various investigations into Russia’s cheating and help set up the IOC’s new independent testing authority.
Zahra Lari made history when she decided to pursue figure skating professionally, not only becoming the first Emirati to do so but she rightly earned the moniker ‘Ice Princess of the UAE’.
The three-time UAE national figure skating champion is now all set to represent her country in the 2018 Winter Olympics qualifying competition held in Oberstdorf, Germany from September 27-30.
The 22-year-old Emirati is excited to rub shoulders with some of the biggest names in the world of figure skating at the competition, and while qualifying for the Olympics is her ultimate dream, Lari says skating clean will be enough for her to leave Germany with her head held high.
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Who Is James Webb
The man whose name NASA has chosen to bestow upon the successor to the Hubble
Space Telescope is most commonly linked to the Apollo moon program, not to
Yet, many believe that James E. Webb, who
ran the fledgling space agency from February 1961 to October 1968, did more
for science than perhaps any other government official and that it is only
fitting that the Next Generation Space Telescope would be named after him.
(High-res pic available, credit: NASA)
A Balanced Program
Webb's record of support for space science would support those views. Although
President John Kennedy had committed the nation to landing a man on the moon
before the end of the decade, Webb believed that the space program was more
than a political race. He believed that NASA had to strike a balance between
human space flight and science because such a combination would serve as a
catalyst for strengthening the nation's universities and aerospace industry.
As part of an oral history project sponsored by the LBJ Library
in Austin, Texas, Webb recalled his conversations with Kennedy and Vice President
Lyndon Johnson. He was quoted as saying in one transcript, "And so far
as I'm concerned, I'm not going to run a program that's just a one-shot program.
If you want me to be the administrator, it's going to be a balanced program
that does the job for the country..."
Webb's vision of a balanced program resulted in a decade of space science
research that remains unparalleled today. During his tenure, NASA invested
in the development of robotic spacecraft, which explored the lunar environment
so that astronauts could do so later, and it sent scientific probes to Mars
and Venus, giving Americans their first-ever view of the strange landscape
of outer space. As early as 1965, Webb also had written that a major space
telescope, then known as the Large Space Telescope, should become a major NASA
By the time Webb retired just a few months before the first moon landing in
July 1969, NASA had launched more than 75 space science missions to study the
stars and galaxies, our own Sun and the as-yet unknown environment of space
above the Earth's atmosphere. Missions such as the Orbiting Solar Observatory
and the Explorer series of astronomical satellites built the foundation for
the most successful period of astronomical discovery in history, which continues
Webb supported science behind the scenes, as well. Shortly after assuming
the job vacated by Keith Glennan, Webb chose to continue the same basic organization
that his predecessor had adopted for the selection of science programs. However,
he enhanced the role of scientists in key ways. He gave them greater control
in the selection process of science missions and he created the NASA University
Program, which established grants for space research, funded the construction
of new laboratories at universities and provided fellowships for graduate students.
The program also encouraged university presidents and vice presidents to actively
participate in NASA's Space Science Program and to publicly support all of
A Notable Record
This record of accomplishment is perhaps more notable given Webb's initial
reluctance to accept the job. An experienced manager, attorney and businessman,
the North Carolina native had served as Director of the Bureau of the Budget
and as Undersecretary of State in the Truman administration. Webb also served
as president and vice president of several private firms and served on the
board of directors of the McDonnell Aircraft Company. He was not, however,
a scientist or engineer-something he noted when President Kennedy asked him
to consider the job as NASA Administrator.
He told an interviewer that, "I felt that I had made the pattern of my
life, and I was not really the best person for this anyway. It seemed to me
someone who knew more about rocketry, about space, would be a better person." Kennedy
did not see it that way. With his keen political savvy and exceptional managerial
skills, Webb was perfect for the job, the President believed. He made it clear
to Webb that the NASA Administrator's job was a policy job. He needed someone
who could handle the large issues of national and international policies.
The scientific community was equally anxious about Webb. The scientists at
NASA Headquarters had wanted someone with a keen interest in space science
and a desire to bolster the involvement of universities in the space program.
Within a few months, Webb proved where he stood.
A Fitting Honor
At the height of the Apollo program, NASA had 35,000 employees and more than
400,000 contractors in thousands of companies and universities across the U.S.
Under Webb's direction, the agency undertook one of the most impressive projects
in history-landing a man on the moon before the end of the decade.
As NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said when he announced
the new name for the next generation space telescope, "It is fitting
that Hubble's successor be named in honor of James Webb. Thanks to his efforts,
we got our first glimpses at the dramatic landscape of outer space. He took
our nation on its first voyages of exploration, turning our imagination into
reality. Indeed, he laid the foundations at NASA for one of the most successful
periods of astronomical discovery. As a result, we're rewriting the textbooks
today with the help of the Hubble Space Telescope , the Chandra X-ray Observatory
, and the James Webb Telescope."
Want to learn more?
- Watch a lecture on James Webb by science writer Piers
- Audio and transcript of a historic 1962 meeting
between President John F. Kennedy, NASA Administrator James Webb, Director of the Bureau of the Budget David Bell, and several other people to discuss
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60th Anniversary of Desegregation
Celebrating Our Past, Embracing the Future
“Mary Ford Holland’s first steps on our campus as a student in the summer of 1955 set in motion 60 years of history and significant contributions by Murray State’s African-American students, faculty, staff and alumni.”
Bob Davies, President
“I know every black Murray State graduating senior truly thinks about Nancy Tyler Demartra every time he or she crosses the stage at graduation to mark the end of their own academic journey on campus. Her impact lives in the hearts and minds of each of our black Murray State graduates and I am so pleased the university is honoring her legacy throughout the upcoming two semesters with our planned 60th anniversary celebrations.”
Cami Duffy, executive director of institutional diversity, equity and access
Mary Ford Holland - first African-American student at Murray State University
Murray State honors Holland as first black student at school
When the late Mary Ford Holland enrolled at Murray State College in the summer of 1955, she was a nontraditional student in more ways than one.
Not only was she 48 years old, but she was the first black student on campus. "She was recruited by MurrayState College to continue her education there," said Holland's niece, Elnora Ford of Westland, Mich. "She was asked to enter quietly. She was a modest woman, anyway, and a small woman in stature, so she did."
Murray State University is using several activities this year to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first black students on campus. Ford will be in Murray to share her aunt's story in a lecture set for 5 p.m. March 31 in the Alexander Hall Atrium. Then at homecoming in October, a historical marker commemorating the milestone will be unveiled on campus.
Holland died in 1999 at age 92 at Hilltop Nursing Home in Kuttawa. She and her husband, Charles Edward Holland, who died in 1987, had no children.
Holland was born in 1907 in Trigg County. "My grandmother home-schooled all the family," Ford said. "She had to, there were no schools for blacks. Aunt Mary did not attend public school until she qualified to be in the fourth grade. They moved to Eddyville then."
Ford's father, the late Charles Ford, moved to Michigan in 1926 and sent money home so his eight sisters could attend school. "It was a family affair," Ford said. "I had three aunts to go to college. At that time it was difficult for anyone, besides being a poor black family."
Holland graduated from a boarding school in Paducah and then attended West Kentucky Industrial School."She got her first teaching certificate in 1933 from West Kentucky, but she didn't graduate until 1935," Ford said. "That was standard practice back then. She had been teaching since 1933 in one-room schools, mostly in Lyon County. She started school at Kentucky State University (in Frankfort) in 1941. She took correspondence courses and went to Frankfort in the summer. She was going part time, trying to earn her bachelor of science."
In 1955, Murray State accepted about 70 credit hours Holland had earned at the two other schools, according to Dr. Joan Niffenegger, co-chairwoman of the Murray State College of Education Multicultural Education Committee, the sponsor of Ford's lecture.
"That summer she was escorted by the police and the president for her safety," Niffenegger said.
There is no record of the kind of riots or protests that took place at other Southern universities when black students entered for the first time, according to Annazette Fields, director of the Murray State Office of Equal Opportunity. "That speaks for itself," Fields said. "When you think of desegregation at Murray State University, it took us a while to identify (Holland). It happened without incident."
Ford said Murray State found her only because she still receives her aunt's alumni magazine. Ford said Holland told her she was called a racial slur only once. "She said, ‘I wasn't too discriminated against,’” Ford said. "She didn't seem to be worried. She always said she took the Lord with her wherever she went.
"She was a very modest person. I was very active in the civil rights movement, and she had a fit. I met Martin Luther King and Medgar Evers, but she was modest talking about racial things. She wouldn't discuss it in detail."
Ford, retired administrative assistant to the provost at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, said she thinks of her aunt's accomplishments often.
"At the University of Michigan, I co-founded a program to help retired people go back to school. I thought about her frequently as we developed our program. She was determined. She wanted her degree. She earned it, and she was very proud of it."
Holland continued teaching while attending school, and graduated in 1961.
"She was a trailblazer at Murray State, but she had to go back into a segregated environment to teach," Ford said. "She didn't teach at a desegregated school until the mid-1960s."
Holland ended her career as a reading specialist at Lyon County Elementary School. She retired in 1972. She remained an active member of the Retired Teachers' Association and the Republican Women's Club. She was a 75-year member of Locust Grove Baptist Church.
Holland received a key to the city of Eddyville in 1998. "She refused to come to Michigan with me," Ford said. "She said, ‘I was born in Kentucky, and I will die in Kentucky.’”
Nancy Tyler Demartra - first African-American graduate at Murray State University
Celebrating 60 Years of Integration: Tyler Demarta's Story
Although many have heard of Mary Ford Holland, the first black student enrolled on Murray State's campus, Nancy Tyler Demartra was the first black graduate at Murray State.
Demartra graduated May 29, 1961 and Ford Holland graduated in August of 1961.
This year marks the 60th anniversary of integration on Murray State's campus and it is important because it shows how far the university has come since the 1950s. It recognizes the struggle, perseverance and courage of students like Nancy Tyler Demartra, Mary Ford Holland, Vador Perry Warfield, Harvey Langford, Illah Perry Grant and many others.
The Graves County native graduated in 1961 with her bachelors of arts in elementary education and a masters of arts in education 1963. Demartra said the reunion was an important part of Murray State's history, she thought the 60 year events and reunion was needed. The events should be widely publicized and attended. It’s important to celebrate and should be widely promoted and attended.
“Dean Sparks was an excellent person,” Demartra said. “If there were any problems he always had an open door. I had permission to take graduate courses while I was an undergraduate student. In my senior year I earned 30 hours necessary to receive a masters degree. When one of the professors found out that I would receive a 2 degrees at the same commencement, he gave me a C although I had been earning mostly A’s and B’s. This prevented me from receiving the masters in 1961, however, I returned and earned my masters in 1963. It happened so close to the end of graduation I didn’t tell Dean Sparks, although, looking back I’m sure he would have taken care of it.”
Not only did Demartra excel in her studies, she also worked part-time to pay for college. Demartra rode the bus from Hickory, Kentucky to Mayfield every morning to work from 6:30a.m.-7:22a.m. Then she took the bus from Mayfield to Murray for classes. After finishing up a long day of classes, Demartra returned to Mayfield to work afternoons and evenings.
Teaching in Paducah for three years following graduation, Demartra returned to Murray State to retake the class and obtained her masters of arts. Demartra credited much of her success as a teacher to the excellent education and preparation she received at Murray State.
“Well I think any student that goes from high school to college experiences a different level of education which means you have to study more,” Demartra said. “Lonnie Sooter and Ruby Smith were two professors who taught in the college of education. They also taught in the training school. I think the training school experience was a very excellent experience. I think our colleges and university’s need to have training schools today.”
Demartra moved to Louisville school district and taught for 12-13 years. After the school district merged Demartra spent the rest of her teaching days in Jefferson County.
“I think the greatest experience, I’ve worked my whole career with children who are economically poor,” Demartra said. “To see a lot of them end up being teachers that was the most rewarding thing.”
In addition to her work as a teacher, Demartra has been a civil rights activist. The Kentucky Commission on Human Rights inducted Demartra into their Hall of Fame in 2010. Some of Demartra’s inspirations include Dorothy Height, Maya Angelou, Shirley Chisholm, Barbara Jordan and Mary Ann Edelman.
“I felt great, I felt a lot of emotions, I’ve done a lot of things in my life and I haven’t done them for accolades or anything,” Demartra said. “My greatest accomplishment has been being able to help economically poor children to change their economic situation.”
Her mother was an inspiration teaching Demartra to always strive to be excellent and encouraged her to continue thinking about things differently.
from Racer Alumni
Listen to Nancy Tyler Demartra in her own words
As featured on wkms.org
Murray State's First African American Graduate Speaks on Human and Civil Rights Accomplishments
A group of six college students walked from Murray State University across the street to a small restaurant, about to quietly protest its “white-only” policy. Entering the establishment, the five white boys from New York ordered meals for the group. When the food was ready, Nancy Tyler Demartra, the first African American to attend Murray State full-time and eventually graduate, stood up to pay. When the cashiers refused her money, the entire group said “no, thanks,” and walked out. It took about three months of visits like these, but with the help of others on campus the group finally pushed the restaurant to adopt an “open” serving policy. That was 1961. Fifty-four years later, Nancy speaks with Kate on Sounds Good about her experiences at Murray State and her accomplishments in the Human and Civil Rights arenas.
Elected to the Kentucky Commission on Human Rights Hall of Fame in 2010, Nancy says that despite all the trials she’s been through, her life hasn’t been necessarily tough.
“I come from a family that believes in challenging things that are wrong,” Nancy said. “A family that works on righting wrongs.”
At ten years old, Nancy’s grandfather brought her along with him as he decided to go vote, without paying the poll tax he was historically forced to pay.
“I was in the back seat,” she laughs, “with his 44-gage shotgun. When we got there, the people told him that they were not going to charge poll taxes anymore.”
Nancy’s father was a clay-miner, her mother a teacher who believed in the power of education. Not attending college was not an option for Nancy. She took graduate courses simultaneously with her undergraduate program, attending four full years, including summers. Her senior year she was 21 years-old and set to graduate with both Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees. Until one of her professors found out.
While Nancy had been making all A’s and B’s in this particular course, the professor told her that he “received his Master’s at 26 and she was too young to be receiving hers at 21.” He gave her a C as her final grade, preventing her from obtaining the two degrees at once. The next semester, however, Nancy re-enrolled in two courses and received her Master’s degree despite the hurdles.
After graduation, she taught in Paducah for three years and then in Louisville until 1975 when the school district merged with Jefferson County. She remained a teacher in the Jefferson County school system until her retirement.
Nancy has always been involved in the Human and Civil Rights movements in some form. In the wake of the recent church shootings in South Carolina, Nancy believes that the movements are needed just as much now as they have been in the past.
“We have a lot of people who hate, and we’ve always had people who hate,” Nancy said. “And we live in a system where people who do wrong have been protected, and definitely folks who have done wrong to African Americans, Indians and immigrants.”
In moving forward, Nancy believes there are many things the Human and Civil Rights groups must tackle. She sees the recently emerging Black Lives Matter movement as essential to furthering awareness.
“I believe that the Black Lives Matter movement is important because there has constantly been times when our lives have not been considered important, in the courts, in the streets and everywhere else,” she said. “I think these people will bring some bearing upon what needs to change.” | <urn:uuid:e9cd0deb-e02f-46a7-8511-51bdab59a014> | {
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Boating is a favorite pastime for many Floridians. The Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and the state's many lakes and rivers provide almost unlimited opportunities for fun and recreation. But accidents can happen to both experienced and novice boaters. If an emergency situation occurred on your boat, would you know how to respond and what to do?
One morning last month, before setting off for a day of fishing, a local boater filed a float plan with his wife, telling her he was launching from Bayport and would be back by 5 p.m. It was a sunny day on the Gulf of Mexico — clear skies, low wind — and the fish were biting. Later in the day as he was about to head for home, a bracket on the boat's starter motor fell off, disabling the engine and leaving him stranded 20 miles off the coast of Hernando Beach.
He had grown up on the water, had taken the Coast Guard Auxiliary's "about boating safely" class and knew what to do. His boat was equipped with a waterproof emergency kit, four hand flares, flare gun, air horn, whistle and a distress flag. He had attached the distress flag to the boat's radio antennae.
His boat also had a VHF radio, which he used to call the Coast Guard for help. Six boats passed before the Coast Guard arrived. As the other boats sailed by, he fired flares, sounded his air horn and used hand signals.
No one stopped. In fact, some people on a boat that passed close by waved back to him. Presumably, they did not recognize the orange-and-black distress flag and were unaware that boaters are required by law to stop and assist other boaters in an emergency.
The Coast Guard had dispatched a 47-foot motor lifeboat from Station Sand Key. The motor lifeboat began to tow the disabled vessel but could not bring it all the way to shore due to its 4.6-foot draft. Recognizing that a shallower draft boat would be needed, the Coast Guard called upon the Coast Guard Auxiliary at Hernando Beach.
The Coast Guard Auxiliary members support the Coast Guard with all missions except military and law enforcement actions. Thus, they responded to the call, a crew was organized and an auxiliary boat launched from Hernando Beach at 7:35 p.m. Less than an hour later, the auxiliary boat rendezvoused with the Coast Guard. The tow was transferred, and the 18.5-foot vessel and its owner were towed to shore. Both vessels arrived safely around 11:30 p.m. An auxiliary volunteer had contacted the boater's wife, and she was on hand to welcome him home.
Earlier in the evening, when he had not returned as scheduled, she had tried to call his cell phone but was unable to reach him. As nighttime approached, she became concerned and went to Bayport to look for him. She saw his car and boat trailer but no sign of her husband. She contacted the Sheriff's Office and was relieved to hear that her husband had been rescued by Team Coast Guard and was on his way home.
The boater was unharmed and in good spirits. This story has a happy ending because he was prepared and knew what to do. Lack of boating knowledge can be deadly. For 16 of the past 20 years, Florida has led the nation in boating-related fatalities.
Sadly, last year was no exception. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission reports that, during 2010, 78 people died in boating accidents, and nine of them were from the Tampa Bay area. The wildlife commission estimates that 77 percent of boating accidents involve people who have not taken a boating education class. Florida law mandates that anyone born on or after Jan. 1, 1988, who operates a vessel powered by 10 horsepower or more complete a state-approved safe-boating course.
The Coast Guard Auxiliary offers a variety of courses, including "about boating safely," a beginner program that satisfies Florida's boating safety education requirements. For more information on the Auxiliary's programs, visit www.cgaux7.org.
Geralyn M. Ryan is the staff officer for public affairs for U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, Flotilla 15-8, based in Hernando Beach. | <urn:uuid:fecb872f-2e7f-4fa3-9c12-e3ffac5e817f> | {
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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Burmese)
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Those who have the kindness of benefit for others
For the sake of living beings, do not relax their powers.
Though these holy beings bear a heavy burden,
They never put it down and dwell in discouragement.
Burma is known as a golden land made of several ranges (or ‘Yoma’ in Burmese) where thousands of tribal memories, wisdoms, religions, cultures and beauties of plants and animals dwell. The rivers, all of them are indeed important to the people and other existences, snake through these beautiful mountainous regions and flow from the north to the south where Indian Ocean is. The peoples, Burma has 103 ethnics, all of them used to be really generous and all they knew was to give.
Since the modern day’s dictators have systematically destroyed, now the golden land is famous for its narcotic trades, refugees, migrant workers and various atrocities and sufferings.
One day, we’ll be free again and the land will be again famous for its beauty.
War Crafts Also Must Be Ready
Whilst the junta has to show its ethic to govern Burma as a good government, we have to see its actions and concern on the survivors. We have to see tens of thousands of survivors in shelters well fed and cared. We have to see hundred of nurses and doctors curing injuries and mental problems – instead of unmotivated soldiers carrying aid supplies. We have to see cleaning up actions in affected areas, burying the deaths, removing debris blocking the waterways. We have to see the junta discussing on plans to reoccupy the delta with future crops and resetting villages so that the survivors can return and live again. Yes, there are more actions needed to be done. That will certainly need millions of dollars, hundreds of aid workers and various resources to be spent in the next few years so that Burma would become normal again.
But we don’t see any of such actions at all. We can’t hear plans at all. Worse, we can’t even see any supplies for the victims in huge volumes. The junta hasn’t shown what it has. The junta hasn’t calculated how much will be spent and where these resources will come from. All we can see is the photos of the generals and soldiers walking through a few survivals. All we can hear is the junta’s denial of real event.
Even though the junta wants to govern the country, it knows nothing about governing and managing resources. It’s also clear the junta is incompetent in handling the disasters.
It’s unacceptable that the junta is blocking the helps to the survivors. It’s must unacceptable to wait and see how the victims are going to be victimized again. Indeed, the UN needs quick action and quick response. Any dilatory will result in more agony.
The UN cannot fail this time – as all it has to do is solely to supply aids. UN has to work out whether it will fail or succeed in very short period and declare the possibility. We have to demand quick results as the victims can no longer wait for nothing as are dying.
We should also demand the free-world to declare action that it is capable of helping the victims. We should see shipments of aid supplies and hundreds of helpers waiting to be ready to come in to the victims. We know this is not easy as they will certainly have to face the fierce complaints and agitation of junta. So apart from supply ships, we have to see battleships and aircraft carriers too ready for action.
Suddenly I wanted to search the information about something I did with my long lost friends. Haven't seen them so long! Some have al...
Is there proof for rebirth? What is proof? Can we consider all types of proof? There are proofs only for reasons, but not as something you ...
you can read full screen
Starting a new life from ground zero is not easy. It’s a mammoth task to be done with nothing in hand to start with. It’s like a super hero...
Wisdom is something you have to make time to time. Fire is always everywhere but to get the flames of your own, you have to make it where ...
Certainly difficult to type in Burmese as to be searching and picking the consonants and the vowels. Even about important issues related t...
The picture is for everyone. This film seems supporting our cause of democracy and freedom. It seems not art for art sake or film for fi...
Awareness of the body as a collection of organs is a wa y to unconstruct... The four foundations of awareness is a wa y to this uncreate... | <urn:uuid:4bea8eaa-ca11-4527-9658-68f18bca5e1c> | {
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There have been discussions to evolve the new education
policy which would integrate the teaching of ancient knowledge in different
subjects such as science, mathematics, peace, values and environmental education.
These have found their way into NCERT books.
This fact is startling as there were 33 themes proposed out
of which 13 mainly focused on different issues. These included learning
outcomes, vocational education, school examination systems, inclusive
education, and promotion of information & communication technology in
school. However, there was no mention of this theme.
Everybody is surprised as when discussion began for
regional-level, 10 themes were discussed including the one on ancient knowledge.
The ancient knowledge was to be introduced at regional level as there was no
recommendation at district-level, confirmed a senior official at NCERT. NCERT
director Hrushikesh Senapaty suggested that maybe at district-level it was
discussed resulting it into the course.
The apex national committee has also included this theme and
its policy will be finalized by 2016 confirmed a senior official of NCERT.
This theme suggests that we need to find out steps to
promote ancient Indian knowledge and explore it, especially searching out how
it can be mixed with the present system. We need to find out steps for
contribution of this theme in different subjects like peace, values, science,
mathematics and environment. | <urn:uuid:e4853877-89ac-47fa-977f-056c843cef4d> | {
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13 Sep 2017
ancient babylonians create the abacus
chinese use wire and beads to innovate the abacus.
john napier creates "napiers bones" for calculating multiplication equations for the first 9 multiples of a number.
Charles Xavier Thomas invents the ARTHMOMETER that becomes first mass produced calculator
first electronic calculators invented: Anita MK VII and Anita MK8
hand held electronic calculatorts include popular models canon pocketronic, busicom junior and sharp EL-8.
liquid crystal display (LCD)
first graphing calculator
first cellphones with calculators.
todays calculator is very advanced. blah, blah, blah... (copy)
About & Feedback | <urn:uuid:439ecb28-ecd9-4510-946b-07521c62985b> | {
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"url": "https://time.graphics/line/3102"
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From the analyses of the phonological developments given above it is clear that in some phonetic surroundings laryngeals survived into PIE as independent phonemes. Only on such an assumption can we explain the differing reflexes of laryngeals which are found in various dialects; PGmc. has reflexes of laryngeals in the neighborhood of /y w r l m n/ but none in the neighborhood of /p t k kʷ/. On the other hand Plnd.-Ir. shows only slight traces of reflexes of laryngeals in the neighborhood of resonants, but has aspirated stop phonemes that developed from stop and laryngeal. One cannot account simply for this variety of development by assuming that laryngeals were lost in pre-IE but left as reflexes compound phonemes in PIE; by such an assumption PIE ph th kh would have survived only in a few dialects, PIE hw and wh in another. If we were to assume for PIE compound reflexes of laryngeals we would have to draw up complicated formulae of their development in the various dialects. It is more credible to assume laryngeals as independent PIE phonemes. In some phonetic surroundings they were already lost in PIE. In the phonetic environments in which they survived into the dialects their loss or survival varies from dialect to dialect.
Although the developments investigated above have established the necessity of assuming laryngeal phonemes for PIE, they do not enable us to determine their number, whether two or more, or their allophones, whether these had laryngeal articulation, or the occurrences of these in PIE. From the contrast in development of resonants in Gk. we need only assume two pre-Gk. phonemes, one voiceless, the other voiced; the Ind.-Ir. and Gmc. developments likewise require the assumption of no more than two phonemes in any of the environments examined. Whether more than two such phonemes are to be assumed for PIE can be determined only after examination of these and whatever other developments are ascribed to laryngeals.
Examination of the reflexes of laryngeals in PIE as well as in the dialects is necessary to determine their positions of occurrence in PIE, and their allophones in PIE and pre-IE. By PIE they had been lost in various environments, e.g.
The most general reflexes of laryngeals in PIE are the ‘original long vowels’ and their unstressed forms, ‘schwa indogermanicum.’ Most of the commonly accepted evidence in favor of the laryngeal theory is based on these reflexes, as was noted in chapter 3. All long vowels which did not arise as a result of compensatory lengthening upon loss of a following vowel, that is, Dehnstufe,1 or possibly sporadic rhythmic laws,2 developed from short vowels lengthened upon loss of laryngeals.
The reconstructions of PIE long vowels and resonants have been based on various criteria: A. on the reflexes in the dialects; B. on the ablaut relationships; C. on the parallelism in PIE morphological classes. A. Since virtually all dialects have a long vowel in an adjective for ‘alive’, Skt. jīvá, Lat. vīvus, OCS živъ, a long ī has been reconstructed for PIE. B. Since the ablaut relationships of Gk. ἰτός : εἰ̑μι ‘I go’ parallel those of στατός : Dor. Gk. ἵστᾱμι ‘I stand’, for which an ‘original long vowel’ is assured by comparison with Skt.
Brugmann and Indo-Europeanists who follow him have reconstructed for PIE nine long vowels: ā ē ō ī ū ṝ ḹ ṃ̄ ṇ̄. Evidence of all three types may be adduced for the first five of these; for ṝ ḹ ṃ̄ ṇ̄ there are no similar reflexes in the dialects. Other Indo-Europeanists assume clusters rather than PIE ṝ ḹ ṃ̄ ṇ̄; thus Hirt reconstructs ırə, ılə, ımə, ınə. In seeking an answer to this and other problems of the PIE long vowels one must rely on ablaut theory as well as on the laryngeal theory; both Brugmann's (Saussure's) reconstruction ṝ and Hirt's ırə were arrived at by analysis of ablaut relationships. The laryngeal theory provides us with new interpretations of pre-IE phonology; it does not modify the theory of ablaut. The theory of ablaut is an attempt to state the pre-IE phonological relations for all PIE phonemes other than the obstruents. Because the laryngeal theory provides new conjectures about pre-IE vowels and continuants, some provisions of the ablaut theory will be modified. Among these are the relationships between the stressed vowels [a· e· o·], and the vowels [i· u· r̥· l̥· m̥· n̥·] and ə which developed in unstressed syllables. Since most of these unstressed vowels have their origin in a short vowel plus laryngeal, we must further attempt to find any possible traces of a diversity of laryngeals in their reflexes. These vowels are examined below in three groups: A. the combinations of [r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥] with laryngeals; B. [i u] plus laryngeal; C. the weakened forms of PIE /e· a· o·/.
There is general agreement on the reflexes of the vocalic allophones of the PIE resonants; the following chart is a composite one based on various handbooks. It gives the chief developments of resonants, when vocalic, in the various dialects. The IE reconstructions are those of Brugmann.
|i||i||i||i||i||i, e||i, e||ĭ(ι)||i|
|ṛ + C||ṛ||ar, ra||or, ur||ar||ri||ur, ru||rĭ, rŭ||ir̃, ur̃|
|+ V||ir, ur||ar||ar||ar||ar||ur||ĭr, ŭr||ir, ur|
|ṝ||īr, ūr||rā, rō, ara||rā, ār, ara||ar||ar/rā?||ur||rĭ, rŭ||ìr, ùr|
|ḷ + C||al, la||ol, ul||al||li||ul, lu||lĭ, lŭ||il̃, ul̃|
|+ V||see r||al||al||al||al||ul||ĭl, ŭl||il, ul|
|ḹ||lā, lō, ala||lā, āl, ala||al||al/lā?||ul||lĭ, lŭ||ìl, ùl|
|ṃ + C||a||a||em, um||am||em||um||ẹ||im̃, um̃|
|+ V||am||am||am, em||am||am||um||ĭm, ŭm||im, um|
|ṃ̄||ā, ām||mā, ama||ām, mā, ama||am||am/mā?||um||ẹ||ìm, ùm|
|ṇ + C||a||a||en, an||an||en||un||ẹ||iñ, uñ|
|+ V||an||an||en, an||an||an||un||ĭn, ŭn||in, un|
|ṇ̄||ā||nā, ana||ān, nā, ana||an||an/nā?||un||ẹ||ìn, ùn|
Examination of the reflexes shows that the evidence for assuming PIE /i· u·/ differs from that for assuming r̥̄ l̥̄ m̥̄ n̥̄. The parallelism between the reflexes of PIE /i· u·/ in the dialects leaves without question the assumption of these phonemes for PIE. The four other long vocalic resonants are posited by assumption of a complete parallelism between the vocalic resonants. Ablaut relationships supply the chief evidence. The PIE etymon of Skt. jātá, Gk. γνητός ‘born’ stands in the same ablaut relationship to
Hirt preferred reconstructions which indicated the morphological relationships of the ‘long resonants.’ ‘Long resonants’ are found primarily in the unaccented forms of laryngeal bases, e.g. Skt. jātá beside jánita, pūṛṇá beside prāti. Since for Hirt the laryngeal bases were characterized by a final long vowel, not a laryngeal consonant, he reconstructed PIE gınə, as the unstressed form of
The weakness of Hirt's reconstructions lies in the difficulty of accounting for their developments. By the usual laws Hirt's ırə, for example, should have developed to Skt. ari. Since instead it developed to īr and ūr, Hirt had to set up an additional phonetic law for the treatment of ə in combination with ır and other resonants; the aberrant developments here Hirt ascribed to accent. (See BHL 14-5.)
Both Hirt's and Brugmann's reconstructions are unsatisfactory, Hirt's for its disregard of phonological developments, Brugmann's for its disregard of morphological relationships. With Brugmann's formulation we cannot account for the prevocalic forms of the supposed ‘long resonants,’ e.g. Gk. aor. inf.
12.3a. With the laryngeal theory we analyze the seṭ-roots of the Skt. grammarians as laryngeal bases, not like Hirt, as heavy bases; we write them with final laryngeal rather than with final long vowel; instead of Hirt's
Only a few dialects have reflexes pointing to PIE long [r l· m· n·]. In Armenian, Gmc., Baltic, Slavic, and possibly Celtic3 the laryngeals were lost with no effect on the quantity of the preceding resonant. The difference in intonation in some Baltic and Slavic dialects is sometimes ascribed to a quantitative loss. The quantity is ascribed to an earlier syllabic loss. By the laryngeal theory we need only posit one stage instead of two, and this is a syllabic loss affecting intonation. The alternative theory, the assumption of PIE r̥̄ l̥̄ m̥̄ n̥̄, must hold that the laryngeals were lost in PIE with increase in quantity, that is, that pre-IE
The chief evidence for the assumption of long vocalic resonants is found in Skt. and Gk. The development of these reflexes becomes clear when we compare them with reflexes of the short vocalic resonants. The reflexes of the short vocalic allophone of the resonants, e.g. [r̥], are twofold in many dialects; we find one reflex before consonants, e.g. Skt. r̥, another before vowels, e.g. Skt. ir, ur. Other dialects, notably those with only one development of vocalic resonant plus laryngeal, have, only one development for short vocalic resonants, e.g. Arm. and Lith. I assume that such dialects preserved the original allophonic pattern; originally the vocalic allophone of resonants was limited to preconsonantal position. After this distribution was disturbed, further allophones developed in some dialects depending on the following phonemes, e.g. in Skt. I assume that one such reflex became generalized to the exclusion of others. The way to such generalization may be indicated by Gk.; here one reflex of [r̥] before consonant is the same as that before vowel, another different. One such development may have been generalized to the complete exclusion of the other.
Before laryngeals the reflexes of PIE [r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥] parallel those elsewhere. I assume that by interchange resulting from ablaut a weakened vowel was preserved before the laryngeal in some forms, e.g.
12.3b. Although only one reflex of vocalic resonant plus laryngeal is usually found, I assume that we still have evidence for a twofold development of [r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥] before laryngeals, e.g. in the reflexes in Skt. of [m̥X]. Two reflexes are found in Skt. for [m̥X], the pre-consonantal reflex in Skt. dāsá ‘slave’, the pre-vocalic reflex in dāntá ‘tamed’. Since the minority of forms has ā, I assume that the prevocalic forms here too were being generalized. For
In Gk. too we find a twofold development of [r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥] before laryngeal, to ρᾱ, αρα λᾱ, αλα μᾱ, αμα νᾱ, ανα; here both reflexes are maintained for all resonants. ρω, λω correspond to the pattern of ρᾱ, λᾱ; the difference in vowel-color will be discussed below. The reflexes αρα, αλα, αμα, ανα have been the subject of much discussion, see Gdr. I.418-9, IG 2.136-8; Buck, CGLG 113-7; the reason for the twofold development has apparently been obscured by later changes. For we find such twofold developments in words similar in morphological structure, and presumably similar too in phonological structure at an earlier time: ανα in θάνατος ‘death’, νᾱ in θνητός ‘dead’. Although the original distribution can only be suggested, I assume from comparison with Skt. that Gk. ρᾱ etc. are the lengthened reflexes of [r̥] to be expected before consonant, αρα etc. the lengthened reflexes of [r̥] to be expected before vowel. I assume that
After the Gk. accent replaced the PIE accent the pattern was broken; from compounds with an accent pattern like that of *ἄθανατος were made forms like θάνατος ‘death’. We may see in their accentual patterns an indication that θάνατος, δάμασις were secondary. θάνατος like πότος ‘drink’, OHG mord ‘murder’ has root accent; θνητός ‘mortal’, like ποτός ‘drunk’, Skt. mr̥tá ‘dead’ has suffix accent; see IG 5.220-3 for further examples. Although we-do not have such doublets for all αρα : ρᾱ words, I conclude from the conformity of θνητός, δμητός with the expected accentual and semantic pattern that they developed from the PIE tó-form with suffix accent and consequent loss of
With the assumption that laryngeals were preserved into PIE after [r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥] and that [r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥] developed regularly before them, we can account for most of the developments in the dialects, e.g. Skt. īr, ūr beside ir, ur, ā beside a, ā, ām beside a, am. Gk. μᾱ and νᾱ do not show the expected developments, that is, the lengthened form of the reflex of [m̥] and [n̥]; I assume that they continue lengthened forms of [m̥] and [n̥] older than is represented by α, the usual Gk. reflex of these. In Italic too some of the developments are lengthened forms of the short resonant; others are reflexes of forms that elsewhere were lost.
The diversity of development in the individual dialects such as Gk., Ital., Celt., and even Skt. may be ascribed to the small number of words with vocalic allophone of resonant before laryngeal, and the lack of morphological patterning between them. Analogical regularization is hardly to be expected between words of such different morphological categories as παλάμη, σφαραγέομαι, and θνητός.
We cannot explain why in some dialects laryngeals were lost everywhere without compensatory lengthening, why in others they were lost without such lengthening only before vowels. Presumably in Skt., Gk., Lat., and Celt. the laryngeals were lost before consonants at a time when they still caused compensatory lengthening, as they had after [i] and [u]. Whether this lengthening was ever found in Armenian is unknown. In Baltic and Slavic the loss of laryngeals produced a modification in intonation. On the basis of the evidence of forms cited in chapter 7 I assume that in Gmc. the loss occurred at a period when there was no longer such compensatory lengthening.
The reflexes in the dialects lead us to conclude that [iX] [uX] before consonants had contracted to [i·] [u·] already in PIE. [i·] [u·] became phonemic in PIE, presumably upon loss of the following laryngeal. I assume further that this change in phonemic status was aided by coalescence with [u·], and possibly [i·], from other sources; thus Skt.
Before vowels, however, the laryngeals were lost after [i u] without lengthening. Reflexes of such prevocalic uncontracted forms are Skt. ábhuvat ‘became’ beside bhūtá, gen. sg. dhiyás or
Besides these uncontracted forms we find in Gk. nom. sg. forms of yā-stems ending in
We find such uncontracted forms also medially in reflexes of a few laryngeal bases: πρίαμαι ‘buy’ but Skt. krīṇā́ti,
Such forms then are parallel to the
For /e· a· o·/ there is no evidence of uncontracted forms. None of the dialects have reflexes of
The long PIE vowels then point to a gradual loss of laryngeals, varying according to phonetic environment. They were lost earliest between /e a o/ and consonant. The resulting long vowels became phonemes, falling together with the /e· a· o·/ that had developed in Dehnstufe.4 The raising of [i·] and [u·] to phonemic status was apparently also aided by the prior presence of long [i·] and [u·]. But there were no previous long [r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥] in PIE with which the short vocalic resonants might have fallen together; after [r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥] laryngeals were lost in the individual dialects leaving the reflexes listed in the chart given 12.3.
12.5a. Although there is general acceptance of /e· a· o·/ as PIE phonemes, the unaccented form of these is disputed. Most Indo-Europeanists assume one unaccented form, ə. By a less widely held theory there were three unaccented vowels corresponding to the three long vowels. Proponents of the schwa theory, ə, base their arguments on the presence in most dialects, and in most unstressed forms, of one reflex, i in the Ind-Ir. dialects, a elsewhere. Proponents of three unaccented vowels point to e and o which are found as reflexes of PIE unstressed vowels, especially in Gk. Proponents of the schwa theory have been unable to explain these e and o vowels except by recourse to analogy, a method which is not particularly credible for words for which no source of the analogical vowel can be discovered. On the other hand the assumption of three vowels seems unnecessarily complicated because most dialects have a uniform reflex of the three hypothetical vowels.
With the laryngeal theory this complication can be avoided. It is a statement of the ablaut theory that the unstressed vowels assumed for PIE developed from full vowels. Although formerly, original long vowels of various colors were assumed, it is now clear that this diversity of ‘original long vowels’ is a result of contraction with laryngeals. Since we do not assume three different ‘original long vowel phonemes,’ but rather a diversity of laryngeals, we no longer assume three different unaccented vowels, but rather one
This problem can be solved only from examination of the reflexes in the dialects. The threefold reflexes in Gk. are inexplicable by the schwa theory. Yet the schwa theory has not been discarded, for the weighty evidence against it is taken primarily from one dialect. If, however, material from other dialects could be assembled that would point to PIE
12.5b. The usual forms in Gk. that are cited in favor of three unstressed vowels are στατός, cf. ἵστᾱμι ‘I stand’, θετός, cf. τίθημι ‘I put’, δοτός, cf. δίδωμι ‘I give’; for others see IG 2.34-5, 119-21, Gdr. I.174-5, Introduction 154ff. Proponents of the schwa theory explain the ε, α, ο of the unaccented syllables as analogical vowels from those of the accented syllables. Such an explanation can apply only for words beside which are found such accented forms. These are not always attested, e.g. no long e is found beside ἄνεμος ‘wind’, no long ο beside ἀρόω ‘I plough’.
Other forms with e where an unaccented vowel is expected are so wide-spread that the e has been explained as an aberrant PIE
12.5c. In chapter 2 I assumed that by ablaut there was only one unaccented variant of
- A. Gk. sigmatic aorists, e.g. ἐδάμασα, ἐκόρεσα, ὤμοσα.
- B. laryngeal bases as the first component in compounds, e.g. γέλασμα, γενέτειρα, ὄνομα.
- C. beside uncontracted forms of unaccented laryngeal bases with α, e.g. Gk. πρίαμαι, we find two forms with ε, διερός, δίεμαι.
In addition we find unexpected vowel color o in some laryngeal bases. Such are the o in aorists, beside ρω, λω in other forms of the verbs. Examples are:
- ἔμολον, μέμβλωκα, βλώσκω ‘come’
- ἔπορον, πέπρωται ‘it has been fated’
- ἔθορον, θρώσκω ‘spring’
- ἔτορον, τρώω, τιτρώσκω ‘wound’
- ὀλόμην, ὄλλυμι ‘destroy’
- ἐστόρεσα, στρωτός ‘spread’.
A. For most laryngeal bases we find in the s-aorist a weakened form of the base ending in α, e.g. ἐδάμασα ‘tamed’. (Schwyzer, Gr. Gr. 752.) For many of these there are cognates giving evidence for an a-colored laryngeal; cognate with ἐδάμασα are Lat. domāre and OHG zamōn.
Beside these, however, are found seven aorists with ε: ἐκάλεσα, ἐκόρεσα, ἐλόεσα, ἐστόρεσα, ἤμεσα, ἤνεσα, ὤλεσα. For some of these, we have evidence of an e-colored laryngeal in the base: Gk. καλήτωρ beside ἐκάλεσα, Lat. crēscō ‘grow’ beside ἐκόρεσα. WP find evidence for such a base also beside ἤμεσα 1.262-3, and ἐστόρεσα, 2.638-40. Cognates of the three other aorists give us no evidence to assume an e-colored laryngeal.
There are two aorists with o-vowel; for one of these, ὤμοσα, WP 1.178-9 assume a root omō; for the other, ἤροσα, they assume a root
B. We also find such threefold development of vowels in the form of laryngeal bases found in word compounds. Beside the usual α found in γέλασμα ‘laughter’,
C. For the two compounds with unaccented ε, δίεμαι and διερός, WP 1.775 assume spread of ε by analogy; but again this assumption is apparently based on the supposition that only α should be found in such an environment.
D. Aorists made from laryngeal bases generally have α in the root, which here was unaccented, e.g. ἔβαλον, cf. βέλεμνα, βλη̑το; ἔθανον, cf. τέθνηκα, θάνατος, etc. Some aorist forms, however, have ο; these have been listed above. Beside most of these are found forms with long ō. Such long ō vowels, which are reflexes of resonant plus laryngeal, are also found in:
- κνώδαλον ‘wild animal’ cf. Lith. kándu ‘bite’
- μω̑λος ‘exertion’ cf. ἀμαλός ‘weak’
- βιβρώσκω ‘eat’ beside βορά ‘food’
- τετρώκοντα ‘forty’ beside τέτορες ‘four’.
Such reflexes of resonant plus laryngeal, in which α plus resonant would be the normal development, are found also in a number of Gk. substantives: (Schwyzer 363)
- ὀρθός ‘straight’ cf. Skt. ūrdhvá ‘high’
- ὀργή ‘temper’ cf. Skt. ūrjā́ ‘strength’
- κόρδᾱξ ‘a dance’ cf. Skt. kūrdati ‘jumps’
- κου̑ρος < *κόρϜος ‘boy’ cf. Lith. šérti ‘feed’
- οὐ̑λος ‘crooked’ cf. Skt. ū́rṇā, Lat. lāna ‘wool’
- κονι-ορτός ‘dust stirred up’ cf. Skt. īrṇa ‘stirred up’
- κόρση ‘side of head’ cf. Skt. śīrṣá ‘head’
- ἀμόργη ‘mush’ cf. Lat. marceō ‘be limp’.
I assume that when vowels other than a are found in the neighborhood of unstressed resonants that the vowel color is a result of assimilation to the articulation of a neighboring phoneme. In some forms, e.g. μολει̑ν, the laryngeal was lost before lengthening the reflex of the resonant; in others e.g. βλώσκω, it changed both the color and the quantity of the vowel resulting from the preceding resonant.
12.5e. Assumption of such an influence of neighboring laryngeals may be supported by the Skt. development of [r̥] in the neighborhood of laryngeals. [r̥x] may develop either to ūr or īr. Only ūr is found after labials, including u, cf. Wackernagel, Aind. Gr. I.28. After other consonants and initially īr is usually found. In some forms, however, only ūr is attested after consonants other than labials; Wackernagel, Aind. Gr. I.28 lists thirteen such forms. Most of these have a labial elsewhere in the base, e.g. kūrpara, kūrmá. In kūrdati ‘leaps’ which is cognate with Gk. κόρδαξ ‘dance’ there is a development of back vowels in both languages, but we have no evidence for a labial in the base. A similar correlation of back vowels is found in Gk. ὀρθός, Skt. ūrdhvá (with labial, to be sure), ὀργή, ūrja, οὐ̑λος, ū́rnā. Since the vowel color in Skt. of [r̥] plus [X] was influenced by surrounding phonemes, I assume that here too the color was so determined. The only phoneme with such possible effect was the laryngeal.
I assume that in forms with preceding consonant other than labial the possible development was not fixed; [r̥X] developed either to īr or ūr in the same root, e.g. śīrtá and śūrtá from
Such influence of a neighboring laryngeal was not restricted to reflexes of PIE [r̥]. A relatively great number of Gk. forms have been cited above to show such influence also on reflexes of
12.5f. Before i, the Ind.-Ir. reflex of these sequences, there was secondary palatalization of velars. Wackernagel, Aind. Gr. I.1.42, cites the isolated word duhitr̥ ‘daughter’ in support of the statement that such palatalization did not spread analogically from related forms in which the velar consonant stood before /e e· y i·/. Two Vedic words, however, have an unpalatalized velar before i, okivas from
If we assume on the basis of unaccented vowels PIE laryngeals of three colors, we must also describe their development in the neighborhood of stressed vowels. There is little doubt about
There are very few roots on which to base a description of the development of PIE
/o·g-/from /eγg-/‘grow’ WP 1.173 /do·-/from /deγ-/‘give’ WP 1.814 /ko·-/from /keγ-/‘sharpen’ WP 1.454-5 /po·-/from /peγ-/‘drink’ WP 2.71-2 /po·-/from /peγ-/‘protect’ WP 2.72.
The reflexes of these roots are not very wide-spread in the dialects. Only Baltic and Slavic dialects give us evidence for the accented vowel of
The roots /do· ko· po·/ give unambiguous evidence for assuming a development of eγ to o·; various forms from each have been cited above. The second root
Although the evidence is small I assume that
There is thus a marked difference between the effect of
With such an analysis of the effect of laryngeals, the development of the PIE unaccented vowel,
None of the dialects has a similar contrast. In all dialects the short vowels may occur in unaccented as well as accented syllables. None of the dialects has a vowel which is restricted to unaccented syllables as was
The most frequent vowel in accented syllables was
12.7a. By a comparison of the structural systems of PIE and the dialects we can understand the sharply divergent developments of PIE
I assume that originally
In Indo-Iranian, with its phonological shift in vowel system from a contrast in timbre to one of quantity, the allophones of
Because of their differing effects on vowel timbre I conclude that we must posit at least three laryngeals for PIE:
- ʔ has no effect on contiguous vowels;
- A changes the timbre of contiguous vowels to a;
- γ has no effect on contiguous vowels unless it coalesces with them; it then gives them an o timbre.
This correlates with other evidence for laryngeals. In our Hittite records
I conclude that until we have further evidence from Hittite or other Anatolian languages we can most simply account for the various reflexes of laryngeals by assuming four laryngeal phonemes in PIE.5
2 No evidence for an origin in laryngeal, like that of Skt. bhū́ <
3 The reflexes of the resonants followed by laryngeal are disputed in Celtic; see IG 2.133 and Lewis-Pedersen 4-8.—A. Vaillant has discussed the Lithuanian intonation in Le probléme des intonations balto-slaves, BSL 37.112-4.
4 Kurylowicz suggested in 1937, Mélanges de Linguistique et de Philologie offerts à Jacques van Ginneken . . . 199-206 (Paris, 1937) that ā and ō cannot be assumed for PIE because laryngeals survived into the dialects. I cannot subscribe to this suggestion. I assume that laryngeals survived into PIE in some phonetic environments and were lost in others with compensatory lengthening. The status of laryngeals in PIE may be compared with that of r in modern British English. In pre-modern British English r is attested before and after vowels; in modern British English r has been lost after vowels with compensatory lengthening, but its status elsewhere is unchanged.
5 Compare Sapir, Language 14.270: ‘If, now, we posit an IE series | <urn:uuid:90844570-7085-4347-bd4c-ce1c73fa7658> | {
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With the ever increasing share of renewable energies in energy supply, energy storage for electricity and heat is becoming increasingly important. Decentralized electricity storage systems are one of the essential elements that determine the successful conversion to a sustainable energy system. The rate of adoption of storage solutions for electricity produced by photovoltaics in the household sector is currently low due to the high acquisition costs in Austria.
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According to a study by WU Wien, Deloitte and Wien Energie (Renewable Energies in Austria 2015), a quarter of the photovoltaic owners decided to install an electricity storage in the future. In addition, photovoltaic owners are willing to pay an average 10% surcharge for an included electricity storage. At present, the costs for an electricity storage are exclusive installation costs for a family home between 1,500 and 2,600 Euros per kWh storage capacity. | <urn:uuid:8d3c15cc-f15e-4bc4-a349-c6806519aef1> | {
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