text
stringlengths 198
630k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Family: Anatidae, Ducks and Geese view all from this family
Description ADULT Has essentially pure white plumage although feathers on neck and belly are sometimes stained with mud, oxides, and algae. Legs are dark and bill is mainly dark, although close inspection reveals base of lower mandible to be pale. Upper surface of bill is straight (cf. Tundra Swan) and follows slope of forehead. JUVENILE Has mucky gunmetal grey plumage. Bill is dirty pink.
Dimensions Length: 60-72" (1.5-1.8 m)
Habitat Nests beside forested lakes. Winters on coastal marshes and interior farmland where birds roost on freshwater lakes.
Observation Tips Easiest to observe in winter, with sightings at Yellowstone (the species also breeds in small numbers in the vicinity) almost guaranteed.
Range California, Great Lakes, Rocky Mountains, Western Canada, Plains, Southwest, Northwest, Alaska
Voice Utters a loud, nasal trumpeting oh-HO.
Discussion Large and impressive swan; the largest of its kind in the region and a conservation icon. Appreciably bigger than Tundra Swan when seen side-by-side. Note the plump body, relatively short legs, and extremely long neck. The bill is triangular in outline and looks disproportionately large for the size of the head (looks more in proportion in Tundra Swan). The sexes are similar. Grazes on grassland, and also feeds on aquatic plants uprooted by submerging long neck. In flight, head and neck are held outstretched. | <urn:uuid:88367a28-9a00-4988-9697-3ef4d7871639> | {
"date": "2014-04-16T13:06:22",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00019-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9175220131874084,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 331,
"url": "http://enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?sortBy=has+audio&curFamilyID=235&curGroupID=1&lgfromWhere=&curPageNum=24"
} |
by Frank Gibson, SRC media intern
by Becca Shelton, RJD intern
If someone had told me that there was a chance I was going to see a great white on one of our trips, I honestly don’t think I would have believed them. White sharks happen to be my favorite shark and I honestly can’t explain how it felt seeing one in person. Most of you have probably already heard the news since it was a phenomenal occurrence but in case you haven’t, here’s a firsthand account of what happened.
David Shiffman, Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy student
Yesterday, during the course of sampling for our ongoing shark population survey, the RJ Dunlap Marine Conservation Program (RJD) team caught a great white shark estimated at 10-11 feet in length. The shark was caught east of Islamorada in the Florida Keys, in approximately 100 feet of water.
by Becca Shelton, RJD Intern
There are few things I love more than sharks and a good debate. The white shark, or great white, (Carcharodon carcharias) is my favorite species of extant sharks and the megalodon shark (Carcharodon megalodon) is my favorite extinct species. It just so happens that both species are in the center of an interesting dispute. Who is the ancestor to the white shark? For a long time, I personally had no doubt it was the megalodon shark because of similar looking teeth and jaws. In reality, this is not an easy question to answer. One of the reasons is that the species of sharks that are theorized to be the “closest” ancestor are extinct. Since sharks possess a cartilaginous skeleton, there is almost never a fully preserved skeleton since cartilage does not preserve well, unlike animals with boney skeletons. However, shark teeth are covered in enamel which helps in preservation and fossilized shark teeth can be found all over the world. Most of the debates surrounding this white shark ancestry involve teeth, especially morphology and serration. The two major theories I will be discussing are the megalodon hypothesis (Carcharodon megalodon) and the hastalis hypothesis (Isurus hastalis).
Privacy Statement and Legal Notices
Copyright © 2018, University of Miami
All rights reserved.
4600 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, Fl 33149-1098
+1 305 421 4000 | <urn:uuid:9fb29d2e-49a0-45ce-af54-22a3f788cf5d> | {
"date": "2019-03-21T10:44:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202510.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321092320-20190321114320-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9363887310028076,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 508,
"url": "http://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/tag/great-white-shark/"
} |
Math is a vital actor in the health care arena. Medical providers must obtain reliable data and calculations to prevent, diagnose and treat medical problems. Mastery of the tools of health care, units of measurements and formulas – both scientific and financial – promotes the efficient and profitable delivery of services and lessens the risk of medical mistakes that blossom into potential tragedies and malpractice lawsuits.
Taking Vital Signs
Vital signs, including temperature, pulse rate, breathing rate and blood pressure, serve as our bodies’ dashboard indicators. Medical assistants and nurses must know the units of measurement for these signs and how to read the instruments that measure them. For example, nondigital thermometers use a long line to represent one degree Fahrenheit and small notches for 0.2 degrees. For blood pressure gauges, each large line equals 10 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury) and each small line stands for 2 mm Hg.
Nurses must translate medication orders into the right doses and number of pills to administer. Essentially, the number of pills needed equals the dosage desired divided by the dosage the hospital has on hand. For example, if a doctor orders half a gram of a drug every 12 hours and the hospital has 250 milligram pills, the nurse must divide 500 milligrams (0.5 grams multiplied by 1,000) by 250 for two pills every 12 hours. Using these formulas often requires the nurse or pharmacy technician to convert units of measurement, such as grams to milligrams.
In the Operating Room
Math is critical to helping anesthesiologists concoct safe solutions and the right levels of oxygen for surgical patients. Anesthesiologists consider variables such as patients’ weight, the desired drug or solution dosages and the amount of dilution needed so that the active chemical is not too strong. A successful anesthesia practice requires command of converting English to metric units, such as pounds to kilograms. In facial and plastic surgery practices, physicians run math-generated computer models to project the results of procedures.
Making Facilities Run Efficiently
Health data analysts collect and crunch numbers to help medical facilities better serve patients. The data may include wait, service or recovery times and instances of multiple appointments and visits for the same or similar conditions. From the figures and mathematical models, analysts, administrators and physicians may implement time-saving and more efficient techniques and scheduling. Statistical models help analysts identify the factors that determine the length of recovery time and success of recovery periods from various diseases and conditions.
The Bottom Line
Accountants calculate the profits and losses of health care facilities, while administrators oversee the finances. Traditionally, medical centers count revenue when the patient is admitted or receives outpatient services. When accountants report revenues based on cash, they must tally insurance reimbursements, out-of-pocket payments and government assistance. Donations also add to revenue. Administrators use math skills to prepare budgets and reports for owners and investors.
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services: Nursing Skills
- American Medical Society: Mathematics in Facial Surgery
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: Using Numbers on the Job
- National Institutes of Health: Improving Operating Room Efficiency by Applying Bin-Packing and Portfolio Techniques to Surgical Case Scheduling
- American Society of Health System Pharmacists: Review of Financial Management and Costs Accounting Principles | <urn:uuid:9fc4035a-e8ce-418d-82fd-67da759fa94b> | {
"date": "2018-09-20T16:07:09",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156524.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920155933-20180920180333-00176.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9066019654273987,
"score": 3.625,
"token_count": 674,
"url": "https://work.chron.com/use-math-health-care-careers-26310.html"
} |
How the New Zealand Church implements Social Justice.
Caritas is the Bishop Conference of Aotearoa New Zealand’s agency for justice, peace and development.
The Treaty of Waitangi is seen as the founding document of the nation of New Zealand. It was signed in 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and Māori chiefs.
Information about the Waitangi Tribunal and the claims. This is the Waitangi Tribunal reports database. The latest information on current claims, and the ability to search the Tribunal’s Report database.
The New Zealand Bishops’ Conference regular issue statements around various issues of social justice
A bruised reed will not break; and a dimly burning wick he will not quench: he will faithfully bring forth justice.
“Crime is often a symbol of woundedness within but so is the retributive concept of justice. The outer reality mirrors an inner reality, only love and compassion can remove such walls. Only respect for others and ourselves can break the cycle of violence and revenge. Biblical justice is fundamentally respectful because people and relationships are central. We learn respect by being respected, not by being disrespected. A justice that heals is a justice that respects.”
(Howard Zehr, Professor of Sociology and Restorative Justice, Eastern Minnonite University, Virginia.)
Is essentially a negative philosophy flowing from feelings of revenge. It is based on punishment and the power of the system is removed from the community and transferred to the State.
Eight R’s of Retribution
Is a positive philosophy flowing from feelings of compassion and reconciliation. It is based on the Biblical concept of shalom and covenant and is powered by the community and fits well with the Māori tradition and those of other indigenous cultures.
Eight R’s of Restoration
In a Court of Law
Either a District Court presided over by a judge who decides the sentence after hearing the case for both the prosecution and the defence, or a High Court presided over by a judge who decides the sentence. A jury of twelve peers who give the judgement, lawyers for the prosecution and the defence who present the case through a system of questioning appropriate witnesses.
In a Community Conference
Presided over by a trained facilitator in the presence of the offender and their families and support persons. The judgement is agreed on by both parties and a form of reparation is recommended to the appropriate authority.
How we currently spend the Annual Justice allocation of Taxes:
Prepared by the Congregational Leaders Conference of Aotearoa New Zealand.
From the beginning, the Church has been committed to the welfare of its member and people in society.
A video reflection that presents the 10 key principles of Catholic Social Teaching.
General information on the background to Catholic Social Teaching relatated to specific ethical issues.
A wide ranging and comprehensive list of social justice links
The social doctrine of the Church A collection of the central statements knowledge of the Roman Pontiffs from a range of texts, including papal encyclicals, apostolic letters, and Conciliar documents, on matters relating to politics, economics, and culture.
Traditionally the Church has taught that there may be some circumstances in which a war is justified.
The Just War. Is it always wrong to wage war?
Visit a Refugee Camp – 14 million refugees and up to 25 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) live in temporary shelters throughout the world. Médecins Sans Frontières – USA takes us on virtual tour of a refugee camp to learn about the basic of shelter, food, water, sanitation, and health care and hear personal stories of refugees and relief workers.
Beyond The Fire, introduces the real life stories of 15 teenagers who have survived war in seven war zones. These stories tell of loss, hope, fear, strength and despair and resilience.
Peace is more than an absence of war it is a determination to be just.
Peace on Earth (Pacem in Terris). The full text of John XXIII’s letter on Peace.
Pope John-Paul II comments on Pacem in Terris on its 40th anniversary in his address for the World Day of Peace
Pax Christi – the Catholic Peace Movement’s response to the recent world unrest.
Peace Movement Aotearoa, is a national organisation concerned about peace related issues in Aotearoa/New Zealand.
The Non-violence Web-zine is home to many of the US Peace groups. It is updated twice-monthly and puts a ‘peace’ slant on world events.
Peace Magazine is published by a non-profit organisation – the Canadian Disarmament Information Service.
If you are being assessed to Achievement Standard 90822 these resources may be useful.
Remember that these are resources that fit the generic title of the standard. You should read the actual standard 90822, the national moderator’s report, and the assessment task that your school has set.
In AS 90822 you are required to explain and analyse in breadth (using a range of examples to support your answer) and depth (using a range of details and reasons) an example of contemporary social action related to a religious tradition. This means that you need to inspect or scrutinise carefully; to observe, test or investigate, to inquire into an action taken by a religious group
There are a wide variety of groups affiliated to the Catholic Church that make a response to contempoary social issues e.g. you may be asked to look at the response to poverty. You could look at the statistics on poverty and reasons for poverty. This background information is not the MAIN focus of your work though. It sets the scene. Then you would look at the response e.g the work of St Vincent de Paul the type of work they do that responds to the issue, how they carry it out. Finally you must make connection between the action of the group within the Catholic Church and the ethical teachings of the Church. For example Church teachings on poverty, how the philosophy of the group flows from Church teaching.
There are a large number of organisations within the Catholic church that respond to contempoary social issues. Schools will make professional decisions regarding what they ask students to look at. Some of the common responders are:
FaithCentral would love to know about sites that you have found useful in your preparation for assessment to any achievement standard. We are also keen to know what you would find helpful to have on FaithCentral. Please share your resources and views with us via [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:306e28a6-5da3-46bb-9e72-b1cd9da3c59c> | {
"date": "2018-02-24T09:40:35",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815544.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224092906-20180224112906-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9387631416320801,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 1353,
"url": "http://www.faithcentral.co.nz/classroom/year-12/12b-justice-and-peace"
} |
The southern channels turn into the land of fjords and glaciers; of steep sparse mountain walls capped in snow, and floors of leaden water whipped by unpredictable winds.
The Pio X1 glacier, in Seno Eyre, has a face nearly 4 km wide.
Distances can be deceptive in an enviroment lacking the visual cues we are accustomed to.
The dinghy from which these photos were taken is kept at a safe distance from the danger of calving…
The channels are home to a variety of interesting and hardy wildlife. The patient photographer may be rewarded.
Icebergs come in different colors and textures. Black ice can cause concern when mistaken for rock.
The Campo de Hielo Sur (Southern Patagonia Icefield) is one of the largest ice caps in the world, and dominates the unseen heights walled in by the channels’ mountain guardians. Colossal glaciers bleed its ice.
These regions have impressed foreign sailors before. Conrad Martens was the illustrator onboard the HMS Beagle as she carried Charles Darwin up the Chilean channels, destination the Galápagos Islands. He recorded their expedition in water color much as we do with photography: this painting depicts Mount Sarmiento towering over the Canal.
Away from such heady heights, creatures go about their more earthly business…
…including the local inhabitants of supposedly higher order. This Chilean submarine surfaced in order to navigate the channel safely with Kiwi Roa passing through in the same direction.
Tensions with neighboring Argentina are maintained, and the Chileans are keen to display a strong naval presence up and down the channels and especially in the Straits of Magellan, where they are seen routinely every day. Their crews however are very friendly.
Quetro no volador, flightless steamer ducks, have developed a curious method of surface propulsion.
The resulting speed is impressive. These birds are seen in pairs in nearly every caleta on the way south. | <urn:uuid:9be3ec16-d343-47fc-9fd2-fa91b368b4f8> | {
"date": "2014-11-24T17:25:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380948.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00064-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9451115131378174,
"score": 2.953125,
"token_count": 408,
"url": "http://www.petersmith.net.nz/photos/patagonia-2.php"
} |
Bethesda, MD—Japanese researchers have made a new step toward understanding why—and how to stop—runaway inflammation for both chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and allergic asthma. In a new report appearing in the August 2013 issue of The FASEB Journal scientists show that two receptors of an inflammatory molecule, called "leukotriene B4," play opposing roles in turning inflammation on and off for allergic asthma and COPD. The first receptor, called "BLT1," promotes inflammation, while the second receptor, called "BLT2," has a potential to weaken inflammation during an allergic reaction. This discovery also is important because until now, BLT2 was believed to increase inflammatory reaction.
"Leukotriene B4 levels are elevated in the airways of the patients with asthma and COPD, and the opposite role of BLT1 and BLT2 in allergic inflammation implies that drug development should target BLT1 and BLT2 differently," said Hiromasa Inoue, M.D., study author from the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences at Kagoshima University in Kagoshima, Japan. "We hope that better anti-asthma drugs or anti-COPD drugs will be produced in the future to treat millions of patients who suffer from severe asthma and COPD."
To make this discovery, scientists compared the allergic reactions in BLT2-gene deleted mice to those in normal mice. Then an allergic asthma reaction was provoked by inhalation of allergens. BLT2-gene deleted mice showed more inflammatory cells in the lung compared to normal mice. Without the BLT2 gene, lung allergic inflammation was stronger than that of normal mice. The production of interleukin-13, an important mediator of allergic inflammation from T lymphocytes, was increased in the group without the BLT2 gene. Results suggest that targeting these two receptors differently and/or separately could achieve vastly different outcomes. Conventional anti-leukotriene B4 drugs block both of the pathways induced by BLT1 and BLT2. By manipulating the specific target, it may be possible to develop more effective anti-leukotriene B4 drugs.
"This is one case where BLT isn't a sandwich! Distinguishing between BLT1 and BLT2 is an important step forward to developing more effective drugs for lung inflammation," said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. "Understanding the specific roles of these and other receptors allow researchers to identify new drug targets, which in turn can lead to new and more effective drugs."
Receive monthly highlights from The FASEB Journal by e-mail. Sign up at http://www.faseb.org/fjupdate.aspx. The FASEB Journal is published by the Federation of the American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). It is among the most cited biology journals worldwide according to the Institute for Scientific Information and has been recognized by the Special Libraries Association as one of the top 100 most influential biomedical journals of the past century.
FASEB is composed of 27 societies with more than 110,000 members, making it the largest coalition of biomedical research associations in the United States. Our mission is to advance health and welfare by promoting progress and education in biological and biomedical sciences through service to our member societies and collaborative advocacy.
Details: Yuko Matsunaga, Satoru Fukuyama, Toshiaki Okuno, Fumiyuki Sasaki, Takehiko Matsunobu, Yukari Asai, Koichiro Matsumoto, Kazuko Saeki, Masahiro Oike, Yukari Sadamura, Kentaro Machida, Yoichi Nakanishi, Masato Kubo, Takehiko Yokomizo, and Hiromasa Inoue. Leukotriene B4 receptor BLT2 negatively regulates allergic airway eosinophilia. FASEB J August 2013 27:3306-3314; doi:10.1096/fj.12-217000 ; http://www.fasebj.org/content/27/8/3306.abstract
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system. | <urn:uuid:691998ed-33ae-48ae-b20d-66fc41180dff> | {
"date": "2014-10-22T07:58:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446323.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00360-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9302951693534851,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 923,
"url": "http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-08/foas-ioa080113.php"
} |
THE EARTH AND ITS PEOPLES presents world history in a balanced, global framework, shifting the focus away from political centers of power. This truly global text for the world history survey course employs a fundamental theme--the interaction of human beings and the environment--to compare different times, places, and societies. Special emphasis is given to technology (in its broadest sense) and how technological development underlies all human activity. Highly acclaimed in their fields of study, the authors bring a wide array of expertise to the program. A combination of strong scholarship and detailed pedagogy gives the book its reputation for rigor and student accessibility. The Fifth Edition features new pedagogy and a beautiful new design
Richard W. Bulliet (PhD, Harvard University) is Professor of Middle Eastern History at Columbia University. He has written scholarly works on a number of topics: the social and economic history of medieval Iran (THE PATRICIANS OF NISHAPUR and COTTON, CLIMATE, AND CAMELS IN EARLY ISLAMIC IRAN), the history of human-animal relations (THE CAMEL AND THE WHEEL and HUNTERS, HERDERS, AND HAMBURGERS), the process of conversion to Islam (CONVERSION TO ISLAM IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD), and the overall course of Islamic social history (ISLAM: THE VIEW FROM THE EDGE and THE CASE FOR ISLAMO-CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION). He is the editor of the COLUMBIA HISTORY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. He has published four novels, coedited THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST, and hosted an educational television series on the Middle East. He was awarded a fellowship by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and was named a Carnegie Corporation Scholar.
Pamela Kyle Crossley received her Ph.D. in Modern Chinese History from Yale University. She is currently the Robert and Barbara Black Professor of History at Dartmouth College. Her books include THE WOBBLING PIVOT: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY OF CHINA SINCE 1800; WHAT IS GLOBAL HISTORY?; A TRANSLUCENT MIRROR: HISTORY AND IDENTITY IN QING IMPERIAL IDEOLOGY; THE MANCHUS; ORPHAN WARRIORS: THREE MANCHU GENERATIONS AND THE END OF THE QING WORLD; and (with Lynn Hollen Lees and John W. Servos) GLOBAL SOCIETY: THE WORLD SINCE 1900.
Daniel R. Headrick received his Ph.D. in History from Princeton University. Professor of History and Social Science, Emeritus, at Roosevelt University in Chicago, he is the author of several books on the history of technology, imperialism, and international relations, including THE TOOLS OF EMPIRE: TECHNOLOGY AND EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY; THE TENTACLES OF PROGRESS: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM; THE INVISIBLE WEAPON: TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS; TECHNOLOGY: A WORLD HISTORY; POWER OVER PEOPLES: TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTS AND WESTERN IMPERIALISM, 1400 TO THE PRESENT; and WHEN INFORMATION CAME OF AGE: TECHNOLOGIES OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE AGE OF REASON AND REVOLUTION, 1700-1850. His articles have appeared in the JOURNAL OF WORLD HISTORY and the JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY, and he has been awarded fellowships by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Steven W. Hirsch holds a Ph.D. in Classics from Stanford University and is currently Associate Professor of Classics and History at Tufts University. He has received grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Massachusetts Foundation for Humanities and Public Policy. His research and publications include THE FRIENDSHIP OF THE BARBARIANS: XENOPHON AND THE PERSIAN EMPIRE, as well as articles and reviews in the CLASSICAL JOURNAL, the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY, and the JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY HISTORY. He is currently working on a comparative study of ancient Mediterranean and Chinese civilizations.
Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Lyman L. Johnson earned his Ph.D. in Latin American History from the University of Connecticut. A two-time Senior Fulbright-Hays Lecturer, he also has received fellowships from the Tinker Foundation, the Social Science Research Council, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the American Philosophical Society. His recent books include DEATH, DISMEMBERMENT, AND MEMORY; THE FACES OF HONOR (with Sonya Lipsett-Rivera); THE PROBLEM OF ORDER IN CHANGING SOCIETIES; ESSAYS ON THE PRICE HISTORY OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LATIN AMERICA (with Enrique Tandeter); and COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA (with Mark A. Burkholder). He also has published in journals, including the HISPANIC AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW, the JOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES, the INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL HISTORY, SOCIAL HISTORY, and DESARROLLO ECONOMICO. He recently served as president of the Conference on Latin American History.
NOTE: Each chapter contains a conclusion, key terms, website resources, a suggested reading list, and notes. PART I: THE EMERGENCE OF HUMAN COMMUNITIES, TO 500 B.C.E. 1. Nature, Humanity, and History, to 3500 B.C.E. African Genesis. Technology and Culture in the Ice Age. The Agricultural Revolutions. Life in Neolithic Communities. Diversity and Dominance: Cave Art. Environment and Technology: The Iceman. 2. The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. Mesopotamia. Egypt. The Indus Valley Civilization. Diversity and Dominance: Violence and Order in the Babylonian New Year's Festival. Environment and Technology: Environmental Stress in the Indus Valley. 3. New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200-250 B.C.E. Early China, 2000-221 B.C.E. Nubia, 3100 B.C.E.-350 C.E. Celtic Europe, 1000-50 B.C.E. First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chavin, 1200-250 B.C.E. Environment and Technology: Divination in Ancient Societies. Diversity and Dominance: Human Nature and Good Government in the Analects of Confucius and the Legalist Writings of Han Fei. 4. The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000-500 B.C.E. The Cosmopolitan Middle East, 1700-1100 B.C.E. The Aegean World, 2000-1100 B.C.E. The Assyrian Empire, 911-612 B.C.E. Israel, 2000-500 B.C.E. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E. Failure and Transformation, 750-550 B.C.E. Diversity and Dominance: Protests Against the Ruling Class in Israel and Babylonia. Environment and Technology: Ancient Textiles and Dyes. Issues In World History: Animal Domestication. PART II: THE FORMATION OF NEW CULTURAL COMMUNITIES, 1000 B.C.E.-400 C.E. 5. Greece and Iran, 1000-30 B.C.E. Ancient Iran, 1000-500 B.C.E. The Rise of the Greeks, 1000-500 B.C.E. The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546-323 B.C.E. The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323-30 B.C.E. Diversity and Dominance: Persian and Greek Perceptions of Kingship. Material Culture: Wine and Beer in the Ancient World. Environment and Technology: Ancient Astronomy. 6. An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E.-330 C.E. Rome's Creation of a Mediterranean Empire, 753 B.C.E.-330 C.E. The Origins of Imperial China, 221 B.C.E.-220 C.E. Diversity and Dominance: The Treatment of Slaves in Rome and China. Environment and Technology: Water Engineering in Rome and China. 7. India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E.-1025 C.E. Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500 B.C.E.-300 C.E. Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324 B.C.E.-650 C.E. Southeast Asia, 50-1025 C.E. Environment and Technology: Indian Mathematics. Diversity and Dominance: Relations Between Women and Men in the Kama Sutra and the Arthashastra. Issues in World History: Oral Societies and the Consequences of Literacy. PART III: GROWTH AND INTERACTION OF CULTURAL COMMUNITIES, 300 B.C.E.-1200 C.E. 8. Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 B.C.E.-1100 C.E. The Silk Road. The Indian Ocean Maritime System. Routes Across the Sahara. Sub-Saharan Africa. The Spread of Ideas. Diversity and Dominance: Travel Accounts of Africa and India. Environment and Technology: Camel Saddles. 9. The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200-1200. The Sasanid Empire, 224-651. The Origins of Islam. The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632-1258. Islamic Civilization. Diversity and Dominance: Secretaries, Turks, and Beggars. Environment and Technology: Chemistry. Material Culture: Head Coverings. 10. Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600-1200. The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200. Early Medieval Europe, 600-1000. The Western Church. Kievan Russia, 900-1200. Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200. The Crusades, 1095-1204. Environment and Technology: Iron Production. Diversity and Dominance: The Struggle for Christian Morality. 11. Inner and East Asia, 400-1200. The Sui and Tang Empires, 581-755. The Emergence of East Asia, to 1200. New Kingdoms in East Asia. Diversity and Dominance: Law and Society in China and Japan. Environment and Technology: Writing in East Asia, 400-1200. 12. Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200-1500. Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 200-900. The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica, 900-1500. Northern Peoples. Andean Civilizations, 200-1500. Diversity and Dominance: Burials as Historical Texts. Environment and Technology: Inca Roads. Issues in World History: Religious Conversion. PART IV: INTERREGIONAL PATTERNS OF CULTURE AND CONTACT, 1200-1550. 13. Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200-1500. The Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1260. The Mongols and Islam, 1260-1500. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia. Mongol Domination in China, 1271-1368. The Early Ming Empire, 1368-1500. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia, 1200-1500. Diversity and Dominance: Observations of Mongol Life. Environment and Technology: From Gunpowder to Guns. 14. Tropical Africa and Asia,1200-1500. Tropical Lands and Peoples. New Islamic Empires. Indian Ocean Trade. Social and Cultural Change. Diversity and Dominance: Personal Styles of Rule in India and Mali. Environment and Technology: The Indian Ocean Dhow. 15. The Latin West, 1200-1500. Rural Growth and Crisis. Urban Revival. Learning, Literature, and the Renaissance. Political and Military Transformations. Diversity and Dominance: Persecution and Protection of Jews, 1272-1349. Environment and Technology: The Clock. 16. The Maritime Revolution, to 1550. Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450. European Expansion, 1400-1550. Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550. Conclusion. Environment and Technology: Vasco da Gama's Fleet. Diversity and Dominance: Kongo's Christian King. Issues in World History: Climate and Population to 1500. PART V: THE GLOBE ENCOMPASSED, 1500-1750. 17. Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750. Culture and Ideas. Social and Economic Life. Political Innovations. Environment and Technology: Mapping the World. Diversity and Dominance: Political Craft and Craftiness. 18. The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530-1770. The Columbian Exchange. Spanish America and Brazil. English and French Colonies in North America. Colonial Expansion and Conflict. Environment and Technology: A Silver Refinery at Potosi, Bolivia, 1700. Diversity and Dominance: Race and Ethnicity in the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchy. 19. The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550-1800. Plantations in the West Indies. Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century. Creating the Atlantic Economy. Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam. Environment and Technology: Amerindian Foods in Africa. Diversity and Dominance: Slavery in West Africa and the Americas. 20. Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1750. The Ottoman Empire, to 1750. The Safavid Empire, 1502-1722. The Mughal Empire, 1526-1761. The Maritime Worlds of Islam, 1500-1750. Diversity and Dominance: Islamic Law and Ottoman Rule. Environment and Technology: Tobacco and Waterpipes. 21. Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800. Japanese Reunification. The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires. The Russian Empire. Environment and Technology: East Asian Porcelain. Diversity and Dominance: Gendered Violence: The Yangzhou Massacre. Issues in World History: The Little Ice Age. PART VI: REVOLUTIONS RESHAPE THE WORLD, 1750-1870. 22. Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850 Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis. The American Revolution, 1775-1800. The French Revolution, 1789-1815. Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789-1850. Environment and Technology: The Guillotine. Diversity and Dominance: Robespierre and Wollstonecraft Defend and Explain the Terror. 23. The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851. Causes of the Industrial Revolution. The Technological Revolution. The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution. New Economic and Political Ideas. Diversity and Dominance: Adam Smith and the Division of Labor. Environment and Technology: Gas Lighting. 24. Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890. Independence in Latin America, 1800-1830. The Problem of Order, 1825-1890. The Challenge of Social and Economic Change. Diversity and Dominance: The Afro-Brazilian Experience, 1828. Environment and Technology: Constructing the Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 25 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1870. The Ottoman Empire. The Russian Empire. The Qing Empire. Environment and Technology: The Web of War. Diversity and Dominance: Chinese Responses to Imperialism. 26. Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870. Changes and Exchanges in Africa. India Under British Rule. Britain's Eastern Empire. Diversity and Dominance: Ceremonials of Imperial Domination. Environment and Technology: Whaling. Issues in World History: State Power, the Census, and the Question of Identity. PART VII: GLOBAL DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE, 1850-1945. 27. The New Power Balance, 1850-1900. New Technologies and the World Economy. Social Changes. Socialism and Labor Movements. Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany, and Japan. The Great Powers of Europe, 1871-1900. China, Japan, and the Western Powers. Environment and Technology: Railroads and Immigration. Diversity and Dominance: Marx and Engels on Global Trade and the Bourgeoisie. Material Culture: Cotton Clothing. 28. The New Imperialism, 1869-1914. The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods. The Scramble for Africa. Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific. Imperialism in Latin America. The World Economy and the Global Environment. Diversity and Dominance: Two Africans Recall the Arrival of the Europeans. Environment and Technology: Imperialism and Tropical Ecology. 29. The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900-1929. Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East. The "Great War" and the Russian Revolutions, 1914-1918. Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919-1929. China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies. The New Middle East. Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World. Diversity and Dominance: The Middle East After World War I. Environment and Technology: The Birth of Civil Aviation. 30. The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949. The Stalin Revolution. The Depression. The Rise of Fascism. East Asia, 1931-1945. The Second World War. The Character of Warfare. Diversity and Dominance: Women, Family Values, and the Russian Revolution. Environment and Technology: The Enigma Machine. 31. Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-1949. The Indian Independence Movement, 1905-1947. Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-1945. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-1949. Environment and Technology: Gandhi and Technology. Diversity and Dominance: A Vietnamese Nationalist Denounces French Colonialism. Issues in World History: Famines and Politics. PART VIII: PERILS AND PROMISES OF A GLOBAL COMMUNITY, 1945 TO THE PRESENT. 32. The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975. The Cold War. Decolonization and Nation Building. Beyond a Bipolar World. Environment and Technology: The Green Revolution. Diversity and Dominance: Race and the Struggle for Justice in South Africa 33. The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration, 1975-2000. Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion. The End of the Bipolar World. The Challenge of Population Growth. Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples. Technological and Environmental Change. Diversity and Dominance: The Struggle for Women's Rights in an Era of Global Political and Economic Change. Environment and Technology: The Computer Gets Personal. Material Culture: Fast Food. 34. New Challenges in a New Millennium. Globalization and Economic Crisis. The Question of Values. Global Culture. Diversity and Dominance: Conflict and Civilization. Environment and Technology: Global Warming. | <urn:uuid:1e3ebc56-ab47-45d5-8ed7-6384a5d4650c> | {
"date": "2015-05-07T04:51:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430460283022.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501060443-00041-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7896851897239685,
"score": 2.796875,
"token_count": 4046,
"url": "http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/earth-and-its-peoples-5th-edition-richard-bulliet/1101417063?ean=9780538744386&isbn=2580538744389"
} |
1. What is meant (here) by Qunoot is supplication to Allah, the Mighty and Magnificent, to relieve a calamity that has afflicted a group of Muslims.2. The main legal and textual evidence for this is the Qunoot of the Prophet Muhammad (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) whereby he performed it for one full month supplicating against some of the Arab tribes that had betrayed and killed the Qur’an Reciters that the Prophet (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) had sent to them. Similarly he (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) supplicated that Allah save some of his Companions from the plots of the Quraysh. Both these narrations are found in the two famous hadith compilations (al-Bukhari and Muslims).Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that whenever the Prophet (may Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) wanted to supplicate against someone, or for someone, he (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) would say after having stood from ruku, “Allah hears him who praises Him, to you is the praise” and would then say:
“Oh Allah, save Al-Walid ibn Al-Walid, Salamah ibn Hashim, Iyash ibn Abi Rab’iah, and the oppressed believers. Oh Allah, put hardship and pressure on the tribe of Mudar and give them years of famine like those during the time of Yusuf.”
He would say this aloud. In some of the Prophet’s (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) prayers, such as the fajr prayer, he would say: “Oh Allah, curse so and so”, cursing some of the Arabs tribes until Allah revealed:
“Not for you is the decision whether He turns in mercy to (pardon) them or punish them; they are the evildoers.”
3. Qunoot takes place after ruku (bowing) in the last rak’ah (unit) of all the obligatory prayers, whether the prayer is silent or loud prayer when performed in congregation. There is no harm if it be confined only to the loud prayers since there is no specific evidence concerning the matter; as such the matter is flexible.
4. Qunoot can commence with supplicating against oppressors without mentioning the praises of Allah, and there is no harm in this – indeed it seems to be closer to the literal understanding of the practice of the Prophet (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) in the hadith previously mentioned. Were one to commence with praising Allah, there is no harm in this due to the generality of his (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) saying,
“If anyone makes du’a, let him start with praising Allah, then invoking salah on the Prophet, and then supplicating for what he wishes.”
8. When the Imam praises or glorifies Allah, Mighty and Magnificent, those who follow him should keep quiet, not saying “aamin, Ya Allah, Subhanaka” or the likes. More than one of the followers (tabi’in) and early fuqaha (legal jurists) have explicitly stated this.
9. If the specific calamity passes, the Imam should stop performing the Qunoot in the prayers.
10. You must follow the Imam whom you pray behind when he makes Qunoot, even if you do not agree with this opinion. This is because following the Imam in that which does not invalidate the prayer is obligatory. Qunoot, in the view of those who do not allow it does not invalidate the prayer; the difference of opinion regards whether it is a Sunnah or not.
11. We advise the Muslims to leave off going to extremes in the Qunoot by beautifying it with poetic words. We should try to employ the supplications of the Messenger (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) which were concise and comprehensive.
12. We must make supplication sincerely and reflect on its meaning in our heart. This is the means for it to be answered by Allah. The Prophet (May Allah’s Peace be Upon Him) said,
“Know that Allah will not answer a supplication arising from negligent and heedless heart.”
May Peace and Blessings be upon our Prophet, Muhammad, upon his family and all his Companions. | <urn:uuid:f52656c0-9c2d-46db-bff1-8ac99b94fc54> | {
"date": "2014-12-23T00:06:19",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802777418.140/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075257-00107-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9524186849594116,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 952,
"url": "http://www.islam21c.com/editorials/encouraging-qunoot-for-muslims-in-libya-and-syria/"
} |
In Mathematics at De Lacy Primary School, we endeavour to provide our children with a secure understanding of place value as we believe that our mathematicians cannot succeed without it. They use this knowledge as a foundation for all other mathematical concepts. They are encouraged to think deeply, try out a range of strategies and develop accurate use of Mathematical vocabulary. Activities are set with the mastery style of questioning at the focus and lessons always include an element of challenge for our children. Equipment is used wherever appropriate to encourage children to move from concrete to abstract methods quickly.
We encourage children to operate with an element of resilience when problem solving in order to achieve numerical fluency. Our children are encouraged to see unsuccessful attempts as opportunities and are not held back by the fear of getting something wrong. We target different children per half-term to make rapid progress and run regular assessment for learning intervention groups on an afternoon. We respond to children who struggle with concepts through proactive pre-teach sessions during assembly time on a morning.
The children complete a daily times tables test through the program: Times Table Rockstars and prepare children for their SATS through regular practise of test-style questions in the test format. We track children’s progress using Target Tracker by applying various types of formative and summative assessment throughout the year.
We follow the Pontefract Academies Trust (PAT) Programmes of Study, utilising an agreed Long Term Plan which can be viewed by clicking the links below: | <urn:uuid:505f9293-089d-4d2a-a30d-3e38d5ce4e35> | {
"date": "2017-10-24T09:22:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828356.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024090757-20171024110757-00756.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9409260153770447,
"score": 3.296875,
"token_count": 300,
"url": "http://www.delacyprimary.net/page/?title=Maths&pid=49"
} |
A thoroughly revised and updated classic. This step-by-step guide takes masters and doctoral students through the five stages of writing a thesis or dissertation: preparing the way, choosing and defining research topics, collecting and organizing information, interpreting the results, presenting the finished product. The authors have successfully led hundreds of graduate students through the masters theses and disseration process. This comprehensive guidebook includes helpful checklists, multiple examples, and practical strategies. It covers both qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research.
Dale L. Brubaker is Professor of Education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. He has also served on the faculties of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. He received his doctorate in foundations of education from Michigan State University. He is the author or coauthor of numerous books on education and educational leadership, including CREATIVE CURRICULUM LEADERSHIP (Corwin), STAYING ON TRACK, (Corwin), and CREATIVE SURVIVAL IN EDUCATIONAL BUREAUCRACIES.
Preface About the Authors 1. The Nature of Theses and Dissertations Stage I. Preparing the Way 2. Sources of Guidance 3. Searching the Literature Stage II. Choosing and Defining Research Topics 4. Sources and Types of Research Problems 5. Building and Adapting Theories 6. Stating the Problem and Its Rationale Stage III-A. Collecting Information 7. Types of Research Methods and Sources of Information 8. Data Collection Techniques and Instruments 9. Things That Go Wrong Stage III-B. Organizing Information 10. Classification Patterns 11. Summarizing Information Verbally, Numerically, Graphically Stage IV. Interpreting the Results 12. Modes of Interpretation Stage V. Presenting the Finished Product 13. Writing the Final Version 14. Mounting a Persuasive Defense 15. Reaching a Wider Audience Appendix: Outline of a Dissertation Proposal References Index
Number Of Pages:
- ID: 9781412951159
2nd Revised edition
- Saver Delivery: Yes
- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
- Courier Delivery: Yes
- Store Delivery: Yes
Prices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly
© Copyright 2013 - 2016 WHSmith and its suppliers.
WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36 | <urn:uuid:e041bc67-eb8d-4b03-9a5e-8a3541f6cdb6> | {
"date": "2016-12-04T19:34:43",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541361.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00280-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8229365944862366,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 522,
"url": "https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/theses-and-dissertations-a-guide-to-planning-research-and-writing-2nd-revised-edition/9781412951159"
} |
A lichen is formed of two or more organisms, a fungus which forms the body of the lichen which in Xanthoria parietina consists of flattened spreading leaf-like lobes, and a green chlorococcoid alga which provides the nutrients for the fungus through photosynthesis.
Xanthoria parietina belongs in the family Teloschistaceae which consist mainly of brightly coloured lichens that contain a compound that acts as both a sunscreen for the algal partner and also protects them from harmful UV rays. Hence Xanthoria is often found in sunny exposed places.
apothecia- spore-producing fruiting bodies of the fungal partner.
foliose lichens - leaf-like lichens with spreading to upright flattened lobes that are attached to the twig from the lower surface of each lobe.
rhizines - root-like attachments from the lower surface of a foliose lichen. They may be simple (left), branched (centre) or bottle brush like (right).
soredia - paler (than thallus) powdery to granular propagules containing algal and fungal partners. Often occurring in specialised bodies called soralia (far left), on the lobe margins or ends (center left), on the upper surface in cracks (center right), or as dots (far right).
spores - produced in fruiting bodies following sexual reproduction.
thallus - the lichen body | <urn:uuid:d7e850ac-57ca-47a6-a665-4189fa5dae4f> | {
"date": "2014-04-20T09:35:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538110.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00443-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9221267700195312,
"score": 4.03125,
"token_count": 304,
"url": "http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/biodiversity/climate-change/xanthoria-parietina/taxonomy/index.html"
} |
New Mexico has the oldest regional cuisine in the United States. Native Americans have inhabited the Southwest for roughly 1,500 years and Santa Fe, the state capital, was established more than four hundred years ago. Northern New Mexico’s history and food are inextricably intertwined because as power shifted and cultures merged, so too did the local food. Santa Fe was the terminus point for both El Camino Real (from Mexico City) and the Santa Fe Trail (from Missouri). The influences of the Native Americans, Spanish, Mexican, and Anglo settlers have shaped New Mexican cuisine.
In Santa Fe, you can’t escape the two Cs: corn and chile. Corn was a vital part of the Native American diet and the crop – whether blue, white, or yellow – continues to be a key ingredient in local cooking.
In New Mexican restaurants, posole (or hominy) is a ubiquitous side dish. Hominy corn is boiled in a mixture of water and lime to soften the kernels. The tough hulls rise to the surface and are removed, while the skinless corn kernels inflate, like solid popcorn. The term posole is used for both the processed corn kernel and the resulting dish. Posole becomes an entrée when chefs add pork and chile, turning it into a stew. Traditionally, this version of posole was served on Native American feast-days.
You can also grind the processed kernels to create dough known as masa, which is used to make corn tortillas. Flour tortillas are also available, but New Mexican ones are thicker (and yummier) than their counterparts in California or Arizona. You can thank the Spanish for that, because they were the ones who first brought wheat to the area. They also imported chile peppers from Central America and given this influence, it makes sense that New Mexico retains the Spanish spelling of chili: chile.
Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, Native Americans spiced their food with chiltepin chiles, which grow wild in the Southwest. These berries are only about a quarter inch in diameter, but they score 100,000 on the Scoville scale, the equivalent of a Thai chili pepper.
Today, New Mexico is the state that produces and eats the most chiles. To ensure quality and to protect the industry, the New Mexico Chile Advertising Act ensures that only chiles grown within the state can be identified as New Mexico chile. Much of the crop is produced near Hatch in the south, but this is a geographic location rather than a variety of produce. There are several types of New Mexico Green Chile, which are distinguishable by their heat levels. Red chiles are simply green ones that are harvested later, after the color has changed. While neighboring southwestern states treat chile as a spice, in New Mexico it is considered a food – and a healthy one at that. Fresh green chile has twice as much vitamin C as citrus fruit.
In Santa Fe, numerous dishes are slathered with chile sauce – it’s New Mexico’s brand of ketchup. In fact, the official state question “red or green?” is asked to determine which kind of chile sauce you’d like over your food. Answering “Christmas” means you want both. In my experience, red tends to be hotter, but factors such as time of harvest, variety of chile, and growing methods affect the kick. Green chile sauce is essentially pureed green chiles with stock and spices. Red chile sauce can follow a similar recipe but sometimes it’s made from dried rather than fresh red chiles.
Enchiladas – Virtually every New Mexican style restaurant offers cheese, chicken or beef enchiladas. It’s as prevalent as burger and fries. Traditionally, the yellow or blue corn tortillas are served open face and stacked, not rolled. You may also see this dish listed as an enchilada casserole. Some restaurants encourage you to add a fried egg on the side or on top, to reduce the burn from the chile.
Where to find it: Maria’s
Sopaipillas – These deep-fried pieces of dough originated in New Mexico. Some claim they are simply smaller versions of fry-bread and, to be sure, sopaipillas are divine when drizzled with honey. If you’re monitoring carbs, don’t take a single bite, because after this flaky cloud of honey hits your tongue, you’re a goner. Served as dessert or in place of bread, sopaipillas with honey offset the spice of chile. Savory versions are stuffed with chicken, beef or beans and covered with melted cheese and chile sauce.
Where to find it: La Choza
Chile rellenos – Although it originates from south of the border, this dish can be found on many New Mexican menus. The classic version involves poblano or New Mexican green chiles stuffed with cheese before being battered and immersed in a deep-fat fryer.
Where to find it: Tune-Up Café
Carne adovada – This dish can have as much kick as an irate mule. Red chile, onion, and spices are pureed into a marinade. The pork takes a lengthy siesta in this mixture, usually for a day or more. Then the meat is baked and the marinade cooked off, leaving dry, very spicy pork. In Santa Fe, carne adovada appears on tortillas and in tamales and burritos.
Where to find it: La Choza, where the pork is extremely moist.
Breakfast burrito – A Santa Fe café claims to have invented the breakfast burrito during the 1970s. In New Mexican cuisine, potatoes are overshadowed by rice for the glue that holds a breakfast burrito together. Other possible ingredients include scrambled eggs, bacon, chorizo, carne adovada, cheese, pinto beans and, of course, chile.
Where to find it: The Pantry, where you can customize the breakfast burritos.
Green chile stew – Roasted and peeled green chiles are combined with meat (usually pork or beef) and potatoes. Restaurants individualize this dish with added ingredients such as beans, corn, or onions.
Where to find it: Tune-Up Cafe (Not for the faint of heart.)
Green chile cheeseburger – New Mexicans believe that failing to apply liberal doses of green chile to any remotely viable food is a grave oversight. It’s even a frequent topping on pizzas, so it’s no surprise that cheeseburgers received a chile makeover. Most joints provide the heat via a green chile sauce, although a few places deliver your burger topped with sliced and grilled chile instead.
Where to find it: Santa Fe Bite
Frito Pie – This snack features the other kind of chili and is often served in a slit-open Frito bag. Beef chili with beans and a blend of Mexican cheeses cover the chips.
Where to find it: The snack bar inside the Five and Dime, where Frito Pie was invented.
Biscochito – New Mexico was the first state to pass a law naming an official state cookie – biscochitos. But that doesn’t mean there is a universally accepted recipe. I’ve sampled cookies similar to shortbread and others with pastry-like layers. Anise or anise seed give the bischochito its unique flavor, and most are dusted with cinnamon. Diehard fans insist that they should be made with lard to guarantee the best taste and texture.
Where to find it: El Parasol, where they are literally made by grandma. Biscochitos are associated with Christmas and are easiest to find around the holidays.
Juliet White co-writes Southwest Compass, a travel blog devoted to the American Southwest, which has a section specifically for food lovers. She is based in Santa Fe, New Mexico. | <urn:uuid:558e964c-71b1-44d6-82b8-2cceaf901450> | {
"date": "2016-07-29T23:35:41",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832399.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00269-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9423895478248596,
"score": 3.421875,
"token_count": 1679,
"url": "https://www.menuism.com/blog/northern-new-mexico-cuisine/"
} |
Swedish and British scientists have shown using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that the hormone oxytocin can inhibit feelings of anxiety in specific individuals. Their discovery might lead to a better understanding and the improved treatment of psychiatric affections in which people feel distressed when meeting others, such as in cases of autism and social phobia.
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is secreted by the body during massage, childbirth and breastfeeding to induce a calming, analgesic effect. Animal studies have also shown that oxytocin promotes social interaction, such as during the courting process. The hormone has a direct influence on the amygdala, a brain area that is important for social interaction and for identifying immediate emotional threats. In a new study scientists at the Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet and the Welcome Trust Functional Imaging Laboratory in London show that oxytocin has a more targeted effect than simply producing a general feeling of well-being.
Subjects were shown pictures of four different faces, two of which were combined with a tiny, harmless but uncomfortable electric shock. As expected, the scientists found that the faces associated with the shock were considered more unpleasant than the others. However, when half of the subjects were then given oxytocin spray and the other half a placebo spray, an interesting change was brought about:
"When we showed the oxytocin group the two faces again that had previously been associated with the shock, they no longer found them disagreeable, while those who had received the placebo still found them so," says Dr Predrag Petrovic from the Department of Clinical Neuroscience at Karolinska Institutet.
Using an fMR scanner, the team also found that subjects who had developed shock-induced feelings of anxiety for certain faces exhibited, when shown these faces, higher levels of activity in two brain areas – the amygdale and the ‘fusiform face area’ – that process unpleasant and threatening faces. These activity levels then dropped when they were given oxytocin, but not when given the placebo.
"This suggests that oxytocin can reduce anxiety and increase the chances of social contact for people with certain types of psychiatric disorder", says Dr Petrovic. "There are also previous studies to show that oxytocin can inhibit amygdala activity, which tells us that we should see this as an opportunity for new forms of treatment."
Funding: The study was conducted at the Welcome Trust Functional Imaging Laboratory in London and the data analysed in London and at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. The study was co-financed by the Swedish Research Council.
- Petrovic et al. Oxytocin Attenuates Affective Evaluations of Conditioned Faces and Amygdala Activity. Journal of Neuroscience, 2008; 28 (26): 6607 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4572-07.2008
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:7d76ecd7-8416-4c1b-b9cf-cb5e86c104e3> | {
"date": "2014-04-19T02:49:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535745.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00411-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9602376818656921,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 599,
"url": "http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080722090555.htm"
} |
The Agility with Sound learning sequence is as follows:
Level 1: 3 letter consonant-vowel-consonant words
Level 2: As above, plus th, sh, ch, and ing, ed, er and y endings.
Level 3: As above, plus ck, ay, le, et and en endings.
Level 4: As above, plus initial blends, ng, ar, ow, y as in fly
Level 5: As above, plus final blends
Level 6: As above, plus a_e, i_e, o_e, (the silent e pattern), ee and ea
Level 7: As above, plus common vowel digraphs, ai, ou, ew and the like, common prefixes.
Level 8: Alternative vowel sounds, (ou as in soup, i as in obvious); alternative consonant sounds, (ch as in echo, ch as in machine); complex suffixes.
All books in the Agility with Sound series are written to build both decoding and comprehension skills. | <urn:uuid:a14862c8-4e1f-4397-bf19-0674fe7cd9aa> | {
"date": "2018-07-17T20:40:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589902.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717203423-20180717223423-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.876941978931427,
"score": 3.375,
"token_count": 221,
"url": "https://agilitywithsound.co.nz/progression-guide/"
} |
Dr. Seuss was born on March 2, and not only does that make the date Dr. Seuss Day, it is also National Read Across America Day. You can find printable activities for the occasion here.
Here are some facts about Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss.
* Dr. Seuss coined the term “nerd.” The word first appeared in print in 1950 in Seuss’ book “If I Ran the Zoo.”
* Dr. Seuss was neither a doctor nor a Seuss – discuss. Dr. Seuss’ father wanted him to practice medicine. Dartmouth, his alma mater, awarded him an honorary doctor in 1956. As for “Seuss,” it was his mother’s maiden name and his middle name. He began using it after he was busted under his given name for drinking in college during Prohibition. When pronounced properly, it rhymes with “voice,” not “goose.”
* After he graduated from Dartmouth, he spent a year studying at Oxford, where he met his wife, Helen, who suggested that he should be an artist and not an English professor. He wisely followed her advice.
* The first book Dr. Seuss published was “And to Think I Saw It on Mulberry Street” in 1937. Mulberry Street is where his grandmother lived. Twenty-seven publishers rejected the book before one accepted it. Dr. Seuss went on to publish more than 40 works.
* His final book was “Oh, The Places You’ll Go,” published in 1990, before he passed away. The book sells several hundred thousan copies each year in large part because it is a perennially popular graduation gift.
* A new Dr. Seuss book has been found and it will be published July 28, 2015! It’s called “What Pet Should I Get” and was found in 2013 by Dr. Seuss’ wife and his secretary, when they were moving some of his belongings and the manuscript included illustrations, reports The Wall Street Journal.
* Dr. Seuss used just 50 words to write “Green Eggs and Ham” on a $50 bet with his editor, Bennett Cerf. Turns out Cerf never paid up.
* If necessity is the mother of invention, maybe boredom is the parent of imagination? Dr. Seuss thought the beginning readers Dick and Jane” were hopelessly boring. He wrote “The Cat in the Hat” with the intention of providing a more interesting alternative. Mission accomplished, sir.
* He won both the Pulitzer Prize and an Academy Award. He received a special Pulitzer Prize in 1984 for “his special contribution over nearly half a century to the education and enjoyment of America’s children and their parents.” Dr. Seuss took home the Oscar for writing the winning animated short, “Gerald McBoing-Boing,” in 1951. He also worked on “Design for Death,” a documentary that won the Oscar in 1947.
* Geisel worked for Standard Oil as a cartoonist and his contract was restrictive regarding what other work and writing he could do, but it said nothing about pieces for children. “I would like to say I went into children’s book writing because of my great understanding of children. I went in because it wasn’t excluded by my Standard Oil contract,” he told Dartmouth librarian Edward Connery Lathem in 1975.
You and your kids can read more about Geisel and his legacy as well as find other ways to celebrate Dr. Seuss Day at www.seussville.com.
You can find great quotes from Dr. Seuss here.
Sources: 15 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About Dr. Seuss from FW.com; 10 stories behind Dr. Seuss stories from CNN.com; and 5 Stories About Dr. Seuss from Mental Floss.
This post contains some affiliate links.
You may also like: Ways to celebrate Dr. Seuss Day with older kids
Don’t miss a post! Please subscribe to Between Us Parents completely safe, spam-free email list in the box in the top right corner of the page!
Please like Between Us Parents on Facebook.
Pin for later: | <urn:uuid:253a8557-037a-4643-95d3-64df4fe0a4b6> | {
"date": "2018-03-24T15:33:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650730.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324151847-20180324171847-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9806411862373352,
"score": 2.921875,
"token_count": 911,
"url": "http://betweenusparents.com/happy-dr-seuss-day-fun-facts-about-the-favorite-author/"
} |
Mary Stuart (Maria Stuarda) synopsis
Music by Gaetano Donizetti
Libretto by Giuseppe Bardari after Schiller
First performed: 1835
(n/a) Scene 1 The Palace of Westminster It is a day of revelry at the court of the young Elizabeth. The courtiers are celebrating in anticipation of the queen’s decision to accept the marriage proposal of the King of France. Elizabeth arrives and announces her inclination to accept the proposal; however, she loves Leicester, and in private confesses that her freedom to love as an individual conflicts with her public duty as a sovereign. Talbot and the courtiers plead for mercy for the imprisoned Mary Stuart, but Elizabeth angrily cuts them short. Cecil, who wants Mary executed, urges Elizabeth to come to a decision about her. The queen declares that should Mary pose a threat to her then she would not hesitate to act. When he arrives at court, Leicester is ordered by Elizabeth to take a ring to the King of France as a token of her provisional acceptance of the marriage proposal. Annoyed by his indifference to this news, the queen departs. Talbot hands Leicester a portrait and a letter from Mary in which she asks for his help. Leicester’s love and sympathy for Mary are reawakened. He vows to champion her cause, despite Talbot’s warnings of the dangers involved. Elizabeth returns and confronts Leicester, suspecting that he has had a message from Mary. He persuades her to meet Mary face to face. Scene 2 The grounds of Fotheringhay Castle Leicester has contrived that Mary be temporarily released from her confinement so that she may ‘inadvertently’ meet Elizabeth. Mary is innocently walking with her companion Hannah Kennedy in the grounds of the castle, where the beauties of the natural world remind her of her early life in France. The sounds of the royal hunt are heard and Mary realizes that Elizabeth is close by. Leicester arrives to prepare her for her meeting with Elizabeth; he asks her to be submissive before the English queen, but Mary is both resentful and afraid. Mary rushes off before Elizabeth, Cecil and the hunting party approach, but is later brought back into Elizabeth’s presence by Talbot. The two queens meet for the first time. Elizabeth is infuriated by Mary’s demeanour and, although Mary is humble and pleads for mercy, Elizabeth is scornful and haughty, accusing Mary of treachery and murder. Mary can take no more of these insults and turns on Elizabeth, denouncing her as the bastard daughter of Anne Boleyn. Furious, Elizabeth summons the guards to return Mary to custody and swears to be avenged.
(n/a) Sixteen years have passed Scene 1 Elizabeth’s private chamber Cecil tries to persuade Elizabeth to sign Mary’s death warrant. She eventually does so, ignoring Leicester’s final pleas for Mary to be spared. He upbraids Elizabeth for her cruelty and jealousy when she refuses to reconsider. Elizabeth orders Leicester to witness the execution. Scene 2 Fotheringhay Castle Cecil delivers the death warrant to Mary. Left alone with Talbot, she becomes distraught, imagining ghosts from her past. Talbot, however, urges her to place her trust in God, confess her sins, and prepare to face the inevitable. Scene 3 The courtyard of Fotheringhay Castle A crowd has gathered to witness Mary’s execution. She enters and asks her faithful companions to join her in praying for forgiveness. A cannon shot is heard and Cecil announces that the moment of execution draws near. Mary forgives Elizabeth. Leicester enters in a state of agitation, but is unable to help Mary. As a second cannon shot is heard, Mary takes her final farewells and prays for the welfare of England. She is led towards her executioner.
Back to full list
Already a member?
Sign in now to access the members only area
Not a member?
Join now to receive priority booking, invitations to dress rehearsals and members-only events and much more. | <urn:uuid:c4292207-2992-476a-b1e5-c0f748869175> | {
"date": "2013-05-26T03:03:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706499548/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121459-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9537273049354553,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 841,
"url": "http://www.eno.org/explore/knowledge-bank/synopses.php?id=332"
} |
A furnace works to keep a home warm in the winter and plays a critical part in the operation of an air conditioning system. Furnaces produce heat through the combustion of natural gas, oil or propane in the furnace’s burner. The heat produced from this process then passes through a heat exchanger. Air from your home’s return air ducts is blown over the heat exchanger, thus warming the air. The furnace’s blower then blows the warmed air into the duct-work, which carries and disperses the warmed air throughout the home. During warmer months, the blower inside a furnace continues to circulate return air throughout the home–only this time, the return air has been cooled by being blown over the indoor coil portion of the home’s split-system air conditioning system. The condensing coil is typically installed on top of the furnace. Benefits Indoor warmth any time it is required. Energy efficiency – The efficiency of a furnace can be determined by its AFUE – or Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency. The minimum efficiency level for furnaces currently manufactured in the U.S. is 80% AFUE. A rating of “80% AFUE” means that for every dollar you spend heating your home; 80 cents are actually applied to the generation of warmth. Compared to many of the 60% AFUE furnaces in older homes, 80% AFUE furnaces are a significant improvement.
As your HVAC system draws air out of various rooms in the house through return air ducts, the air is pulled through an air filter, which removes airborne particles such as dust and lint. Sophisticated filters may remove microscopic pollutants, as well. The filtered air is then routed to air supply duct-work that carries it back to rooms. Whenever the HVAC system is running, this cycle repeats continually, constantly filtering and cleaning the air in your home. This cleaning process improves with the installation of a variable-speed furnace. Variable-speed furnaces use variable-speed blowers, which shift between several speeds. These furnaces will run longer at a low speed, which causes them to filter the indoor air more frequently. And remember – because the furnace plays an important role in the operation of the air conditioner, its variable-speed blower helps maintain both a consistent indoor temperature and improved air quality. | <urn:uuid:95c73602-6dc0-4deb-9ac9-727dbe07f328> | {
"date": "2018-08-20T20:50:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217006.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820195652-20180820215652-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9453968405723572,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 481,
"url": "http://brubakerheating.com/heating/furnaces/"
} |
Insulation Materials And Their Properties
|Common Name||Material||Temperature Range||Features|
|ETFE||Ethylene tetraflouroethylene||-70 to +150||Used in wire-wrap applications.|
|mPPE||Modified polyphenylene ether||-40 to +105||
|PDVF||Polyvinylidene fluoride||-40 to +125||Used in wire-wrap applications.|
|PTFE||Polytetrafluoroethylene||-55 to +200||
|Silicone||Silicone||-40 to +150||
|XL-PVC||Cross-linked PVC||-55 to 105||
|XLPE||Cross-linked polyethylene||-55 to 125||
The National Electrical Code (NEC) is an American standards body which defines a set of standards for certain types of cabling and how they should be installed and used.
NEC types are acronyms consisting of a prefix describing cable type (e.g. coax, CATV, fiber optic) and a suffix indicating the type of flame test it has passed and where it can be installed.
Computer cable can also be called “Security” or “Alarm” cable.
Underwriters Laboratories categorises some computer cable as appliance wiring material (AWM). It has become an industry standard. There are 5 different style numbers.
AWM cable is designed for the internal wiring of factory-assembled, “listed” appliances such as computers, whitewear, and industrial equipment.
UL2464 is a loose standard defining some of the properties of computer cable, maintained by Underwriters Laboratories.
|Lay||Not specified (circular is common)|
Reference standard: UL Subject 758, UL 1581 & CSA C22.2 No.210.2 – Stranded, bare or tinned copper conductor – Colour-coded SR-PVC insulation – Cores cabled under aluminum mylar shield – Tinned or bare copper stranded drain wire – Tinned or bare copper wire braid shield up to 95% coverage – Lead free PVC jacket – Passes UL VW-1SC & CSA FT1 vertical flame test
Features Specifications: UL2464 Double Shielded Computer Cables – Rated temperature: 80°C – Rated voltage: 300V – Reference standard: UL Subject 758, UL 1581 & CSA C22.2 No.210.2 – Stranded, bare or tinned copper conductor – Colour-coded SR-PVC insulation – Cores cabled under aluminum mylar shield – Tinned or bare copper stranded drain wire – Tinned or bare copper wire braid shield up to 95% coverage – Lead free PVC jacket – Passes UL VW-1SC & CSA FT1 vertical flame test Common Colours In UL2464 Cable:
- Light Green
Common Colours For 12 Core Cable
- Light Green
Posted: November 22nd, 2012 at 8:50 am
Last Updated on: March 7th, 2016 at 2:50 pm | <urn:uuid:5d3c4ed0-e6bc-4729-8e02-7b35001e5907> | {
"date": "2018-05-26T21:47:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867904.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526210057-20180526230057-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7455812692642212,
"score": 2.703125,
"token_count": 639,
"url": "http://blog.mbedded.ninja/electronics/components/cables"
} |
The siege of Yorktown started with hordes of American and French soldiers wielding picks and shovels.
But not until three days later -- on Oct. 9, 1781 – did those same soldiers begin to dismantle nearly 200 years of British rule through the first of thousands of rounds fired by battery after battery of cannon.
Popular lore says that George Washington presided over the first shot -- just as he'd delivered the first swing of a pick during the construction of the Allies' initial 2,000-yard-long artillery entrenchment on the night of Oct. 6.
But in truth he deferred to the Grand French Battery that commanded the left side of the first siege line, listening with the rest of the American army as the opening barrage boomed out over the battlefield at about 3 p.m., slamming into the British defenses and driving one of their frigates across the York River.
Not until two hours later did the American guns begin to roar, with Washington commanding the first shot and -- at least according to tradition -- finding his mark in a British officers' dining table.
Exactly how many pieces of artillery took part in the historic siege is unknown. According to some estimates the number of guns from all sides combined may have approached 400.
By far the biggest and possibly best wielded were the weapons manned by the French army, which in the initial stages of the siege trained 12 24-pound and eight 16-pound field guns on the British lines from their grand battery alone.
On the American side of the line, the largest pieces included three 24-pounders, three 18-pounders, two eight-inch howitzers and six mortars.
Supplemented with additional guns from the French fleet, the combined artillery of the Allies are believed to have pummeled the British works with as many as 1,700 shells, bombs and solid shot per day.
Washington compounded the impact of this relentless pounding by ordering the guns to fire throughout the night.
"The superiority of the fire of these different batteries over those of the enemy, silenced the firing from the town," a French officer noted.
As the siege wore on -- and the Allies dug a second, much closer trench paralleling the British defenses -- the number of guns that joined the bombardment grew still larger, writes historian Jerome A. Green in "The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781."
In his diary, Washington noted the opening of a French battery boasting four 24-pounders and two 16s, plus an additional battery of 10 mortars and two howitzers.
On the American side, the general described a new Grand Battery that opened up with a dozen 24s and 18s, plus four mortars and two howitzers.
"The whole of our works are now mounted with cannon and mortars, not less than 100 pieces of heavy ordnance have been in continual operation during the last 24 hours," an American surgeon wrote in his journal, describing the increasingly fierce barrage.
"The whole peninsula trembles under the incessant thunderings of our infernal machines; we have leveled some of their works in ruins."
Exactly what that bombardment felt like among the harried defenders on the receiving end can be imagined from an entry in a Hessian soldier’s diary:
"The cannonade from the enemy this morning is completely astounding," he wrote.
No wonder that after more than a week of pounding, a drummer appeared on the top of the British earthworks on the morning of October 17, followed shortly thereafter by an officer waving a white handkerchief.
Minutes later, the boom of big Allied guns stopped, their silence signaling the end of the siege and the beginning of American independence.
-- Mark St. John Erickson
Just a note:
Several folks in the Williamsburg area are hoping to organize an American Revolution Round Table group. Their goal is to begin meeting in February 2014 somewhere in the Williamsburg area, site to be determined.
Copyright © 2014, Daily Press | <urn:uuid:ff24856e-ae36-4317-a64c-9ffde88722a4> | {
"date": "2014-12-19T12:03:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768425.151/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00171-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9699611663818359,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 816,
"url": "http://www.dailypress.com/features/history/our-story/dp-the-siege-that-won-americas-independence-20131009-post.html"
} |
September 18th, 2002, 06:22 AM
Building your own box from scratch
Welcome to my first and thus far only tutorial. This tutorial will deal with the decisions and actions required when building a PC (personal computer) from the ground up.
The first, and by far most important step, is to do a realistic analysis of exactly what you want your computer to be capable of on both a short term and long term basis. You should always leave yourself in a position that makes it relatively easy to upgrade or expand your system in the future. The one thing you can’t conveniently add to a PC once you’ve built it is room to grow. After you’ve decided what you want your computer to be capable of, then it’s time to start gathering your components. An excellent source for parts is www.pricewatch.com .
Choosing a Motherboard
The first thing you are going to be looking at is, of course, the motherboard and processor. The MB (motherboard) is more or less like the ‘body’ of your computer as it connects the processor (the brain) to the peripherals of the system. There have been several form factors of motherboard thru the years, the most prevalent at the present time being the ATX form factor. It is important to note that the form factor of your MB must match the form factor of your case and power supply. MB’s come with a variety of chipsets which control the interaction of the MB and the processor, which means you can’t just throw any processor into any MB. Add to that the fact that there are different processor ‘sockets’ and ‘slots’ for different processors and it can become very confusing to the beginner. For simplicity’s sake, I’ll recommend that you find the motherboard that suits your needs and then shop for what is called a ‘MB combo’, where the MB is shipped with the proper chip. This helps avoid confusion and return shipping charges.
Other MB FACTORS
To EIDE or not to EIDE, that is the question. The answer, for the basic user, is to EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics), which is an attachment interface that allows fast data transfer as well as LBA (Logical Block Addressing) schemes that allow the use of high performance drives with a large storage capacity. The alternative is called SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) which allows you to ‘daisy chain’ (hook up in series) a total of 8 devices, including the host device. It can be a pain to configure, so we’ll just let that sleeping dog keep on sleeping for now. Several MB manufacturers now sell EIDE MB’s that are RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) capable if you are looking for the massive storage capacities that SCSI is famous for. I know of at least 10 different types of RAID, so there’s a little online research for you to occupy your leisure time with. One last thing to mention is that MB’s with onboard video and sound support have generally lackluster performance. If you can afford to buy an AGP (Advanced Graphics Port) video card and a decent sound card, by all means do so….you won’t be sorry. Also give consideration to the number of PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slot the MB has. Any add-on cards (sound, modem, video capture) that you want in your system will require one of these slots each.
As for processors, you have 2 basic choices…Intel and AMD. Intel chips are reliable and fast, AMD’s are reliable and inexpensive, generally with a slower clock speed than the Intel chips but able to compete performance-wise. I’m not going to make a recommendation here as each has its own set of good and bad qualities. You will find a plethora of information concerning each by doing a simple search on the internet or the AO forums.
The Beige Box
OK…there are more choices out there than just beige, but color isn’t really important and should only be a determining factor in case selection after certain criteria have been met. As mentioned before, you need to make sure that your case will match your MB. Otherwise, you will be investing in a DREMEL rotary tool to modify your case, and I don’t want to go there with this tutorial. A case with a removable MB tray is nice, but not a necessity. A case with a sufficient power supply is an absolute must, and if you go with the AMD processor/MB, please makes sure your PS is AMD compatible. Standard rule of thumb here is the more devices you’re going to have, the higher the wattage needs to be. If you are going to be adding lots of Bells and whistles now or down the road, then go with at least a mid-tower case. If you have a RAID MB and intend to use it to its fullest potential, splurge for the full-tower. Remember, you are going to have to have an open bay for every drive you install. Floppy drives and most hard drives use the 3 ½” bays, while CD burners and DVD drives use the larger 5 ¼” bays. The number of bays in your case is directly proportionate to the number of drives you can install. I will also advise you to try to find a case that has front-mounted USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports. Reaching behind your case to plug in USB peripherals can be a real pain.
Mating the MB to the “Box”
Rule one is to always discharge any static charge from your person as static electricity will KILL your new motherboard. Get a wrist grounding strap to avoid this potential snafu. Rule two is never use magnetic screw drivers to mount any components. Computers use magnetic storage, so it shouldn’t take a PHD to figure out why you shouldn’t do this. The manual that comes with your MB will diagram the procedure for mounting your specific MB. You will be provided screws and insulating washers for mounting the MB, and you better make sure you use them…they are there for a reason. Be gentle when placing the MB on the mounting plate, and do not use undue force when tightening down the mounting screws. After you get the MB mounted, keep the manual handy, you’re going to need it again very soon.
<EDIT> It's almost 24 hours later and WHAM!! out of the blue it hits me...AL, you idiot, you never even mentioned RAM. The type of RAM (Random Access Memory) you buy MUST be compatible with your MB, and the more the merrier here, especially when using Windows as the OS. There are several flavors to choose from, the most prevalentat present being RDRAM (Rambus), SDRAM, and DDR RAM. This is one of the specs that will be prominently advertised while you are shopping for you MB. In my book, you're going to get the most 'bang for your buck' out of the DDR variety. The exact position of where the RAM slots are will vary from MB to MB, but this is info that is usually well diagramed in the MB manual.
Installing the Drives
Let’s start with the 3 ½” floppy drive. It has its own unique cable, as well as its own unique FDC (Floppy Disk Connector) on the MB. Check the manual for its specific location. You have the capacity for two drives, most folks only use one. The drive itself will mount in one of the 3 ½” bays. I prefer the topmost position as it allows placement of the hard drives in close proximity to a front-mounted case fan. Mounting the afore-mentioned hard drive(s) follows basically the same procedure as used when mounting the floppy drive. The manual will refer you to the specific connector on the MB where your hard drive plugs in. Please use the manual and the installation guide for the hard drive to make sure that you have connected the ribbon cable properly. In the case of an ATA (AT Attachment Interface) 100 drive, the BLUE end of the ribbon cable MUST plug into the MB. If you only use one drive, make sure the jumper on the rear is set to use the drive as a MASTER drive. If you have two devices on one ribbon cable, one must be set as MASTER and one must be set as SLAVE. This holds true for the CD drives as well. And it should go without saying that you have to hook a power cable to each of these devices. Your CD, DVD or CD-RW drives will follow the same cabling procedure as the hard drive(s), but will be mounted in the 5 ¼” bays. I also advise that you always set a CD burner as the master device in order to avoid buffer under-run errors when burning CDs.
Not a lot to say here. Make sure you have a good heatsink and fan on your processor, or it will surely die a quick and somewhat smelly death. And you will note that your case has several spots where you can hook up extra fans...use as many of them as you can afford to. A cool system is a happy system.
Installing the Graphics Card
If you are using an AGP card, you will notice that the topmost peripheral slot on the MB is shorter that the rest and paced at a slight offset when compared to the PCI slots. Again, refer to the MB manual to confirm its position. Basically I’ll tell you two things about AGP cards. The more memory they have, the faster your computer will run when gaming or using graphics-intensive applications. Secondly, they have to be WELL SEATED in the slot to be recognized and function. Don’t break the MB, but make sure the AGP card is in the slot tight!
Time to Power Up
Now it’s time to hook up the monitor, put in a boot disk and see if this bird will fly. After a successful boot, it’s time to FDISK and FORMAT your hard drive(s). This is done to create and prepare a partition to install your OS (Operating System) on. After restarting the computer, you can install your OS. When you have installed the OS, the first action will be to refer back to the MB manual and install the software that came with the MB in the exact order specified. Any variation from this order of installation can, and usually will, result in a GPF (General Protection Fault). You will also want to note if there are any recommended BIOS settings that need to be adjusted and do so according to the directions specified in the manual.
Now you can begin to add the other components of your system. With the system powered down, insert a PCI card (your sound card, for instance) and then power up the computer. Have the driver software ready to insert into the CD (or floppy) drive when your system requests it. After a successful installation, turn the system off and install the next peripheral, repeating the above process until all of your peripherals are installed. Take a break, grab a snack, then enjoy the new computer that YOU just built!
It isn't paranoia when you KNOW they're out to get you...
September 18th, 2002, 07:56 AM
Great tutorial allenb1963 - could have used it last week when I built a computer for my sister, it was my first go at building from the ground up and was a real trial and error affair.
Until then I didn't know that the floppy cable can only go on one way - might fit both ways but only likes the correct way
Your tutorial has been saved away as quick reference as I am bound to have forgotten things by the time I get around to building one for myself.
Anyway my sisters is really pleased with her brand new P4, 512Mb ram machine , she can now consign the old 333 to a linux firewall role. The benefit of this was the whole machine was built for 1/2 the cost of an off the shelf system.
September 18th, 2002, 12:03 PM
Awesome tutorial! Thanks, I needed one of these! Anyways, aside from needing this, I need a how-to build computers guide telling me how to put them together. That's going to be hard for me since I never did it, but it's worth a shot. I need to find a book or tutorial on putting everything together and sh*t. Nice tutorial Allenb1963! -- JCHostingAdmin
September 18th, 2002, 12:16 PM
I enjoyed reading this. Infact i copied the entire content for further reference. Its like a novice too can understand the procedure. Good. Nice work.
September 18th, 2002, 12:19 PM
Good info AllenB.
I have built hundreds of systems and some of the worse mistakes I have made are failing to hook up the processor fan and/or forgetting the thermal grease. Intel systems(from 900 to 1500mgz anyway) can actually post and begin to load the OS before they fry. An AMD chip?
They will burn in microseconds if not cooled properly. Also in the mb has jumpers(many still do) make sure they are configured properly
September 18th, 2002, 01:54 PM
yup....2 key things I omitted were jumper settings (these are covered in the MB manual) and thermal grease. Thermal grease provides maximum contact and heat conductivity between the processor and the heatsink/fan combo. Note to self: Don't write tutorials at 1 a.m.
It isn't paranoia when you KNOW they're out to get you...
September 18th, 2002, 02:09 PM
Great post AllenB... I have built a few systems and I found your tut great... I like many other copied it for future reference...
\"Nuts!\"- Commanding General 101st Airborne Division Dec 1944 in answer to German request that he surrender Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge
Life has a certian flavor for those who have fought and risked it all that the sheltered and protected can never experience.- John Stewart Mill
White, Hetrosexual, Christian male. I own guns, hunt, eat meat, burn wood, and my wife wears fur... Any questions?
September 18th, 2002, 06:52 PM
Cooling is one thing, but noise too. Make sure you purchase the right cooler for the right place. If you want coolers for 'an always on box' in your study room, I advice to get coolers with low noise. If it's for on a computer floor it doesn't matter cause there is a lot of noise anyway (scsi disks, airconditiong, fans in switches...)
Not a lot to say here. Make sure you have a good heatsink and fan on your processor
About computer noise:
you can use a Dynamat Computer Noise Reduction Kit (c) , it stops noises due to vibration and resonance, this is called "Vibro acoustic energy copnversion". It's most effective in mid and high noise frequencies.
info at: www.dynamat.com
You can also use a cooler that changes rpm speed when needed therefor reducing noise when only low rpm is required. An example the Volcano 9 from thermaltake.
info at: www.thermaltake.com
Or get the "supersilent" Alpha PAL8942 + PAPST N/2GML 80 mm Fan. It's silent: only 19 dBa
info at: www.papst.de/english/home.html
Or the Zalman CNPS-6000Cu (cnps stands for computer noise prevention system).
but make sure you attach and install the thing properly... add some Arctic Silver to get better cooling. It's a silent fan but not cheap, and performance could have been better.
info at: www.zalman.co.kr/english/intro.htm
About thermal paste/grease, today some processors (like Intel P4 S478) ship in boxes with a cooler and thermal grease already been spread. It's better not to use the thermal grease if the processor already has some kind of thermal grease... sounds obvious... otherwise use it like allenb1963 said.
for instance good thermal compounds are silver or ceramic based to assure optimal thermal conductivity.
note: do not use the Arctic Silver 3 on older slot type Xeon processors they require a thermal pad. (see www.arcticsilver.com for more info)
note: there are fake tubes sold for Artic, make sure you don't purchase some fake stuff.
info about thermal compounds: www.arcticsilver.com
more on cooling and noise: http://www.antionline.com/showthread...hreadid=234950
Anyway nice tut allenb1963
edit: added some links and nfo:
September 18th, 2002, 09:28 PM
Not to mention, but always handy:
I always end up scraping my hands and cutting my self while working in small boxs.
September 18th, 2002, 09:55 PM | <urn:uuid:2c4a121a-6392-42ec-8e1d-2d8aced73690> | {
"date": "2017-03-28T05:22:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189667.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00496-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9348390698432922,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 3620,
"url": "http://www.antionline.com/showthread.php?233728-Building-your-own-box-from-scratch&p=572172&viewfull=1"
} |
Ever since our ancestors sharpened sticks and shaved flints around the campfire, humans have been tool makers. Today, engineers apply this maker impulse to the realm of nanotechnology. In her Stanford lab, mechanical engineer Xiaolin Zheng has one initiative underway to turn water into a sort of nanotech battery to store solar energy. A second research thread aims to turn flames into nanomaterial factories.
“By making the materials really, really small, we can tune their properties to perform better,” says Zheng, who offers one concrete example from her team.
Solar panels absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. But unless you use the power immediately or have a bank of expensive batteries, the electricity is wasted.
Zheng and her team are working on a solution. They create nanomaterials that utilize the sun’s power to produce energy that is both clean and plentiful. When submerged in water, these nanomaterials would absorb sunlight. That absorbed energy would trigger an electrochemical reaction to split water molecules into oxygen and clean-burning hydrogen. Both elements can be stored for later use, getting around the need for massive batteries.
“Water splitting is promising for utilizing and storing solar energy,” Zheng says.
Or it would be, if it were easy, but solar water splitting is challenging in terms of finding the right materials and the right methods to create those materials. To solve the first problem, Zheng is seeking to fine-tune molybdenum disulfide, a well-known engine lubricant.
Nano-engineers understand that bulk materials have defects and imperfections that weaken their overall structure. As we shrink objects to the nanoscale, the presence of defects is greatly reduced, making nanomaterials stronger than their large-scale counterparts. A brittle plastic that snaps in your hand, for example, becomes strong and stretchy at the nanoscale.
Nanomaterials are also chemically more reactive than their macroscale equivalents. That’s because catalytic chemical reactions occur when molecules meet surfaces in an energetic stat—more surface area translates to more reactions. So breaking a bulk catalyst down into billions of nanoparticles provides a vastly greater active surface area.
This is not merely a theoretical concept. Car companies have saved millions of dollars in materials costs by fragmenting large particles of precious metals down to the nanoscale to greatly improve the pollution-cleansing properties of catalytic converters.
Zheng is following that tack with molybdenum disulfide. In its bulk state, it is oily and a great engine lubricant. In its nano state, molybdenum disulfide is a catalyst for splitting water molecules due to the active edges of the nanoscale material. Until recently, it was assumed that only the edges, not the face, of molybdenum disulfide had catalytic activity. But Zheng’s team was able to tweak the molecular structure of its monolayer to make the face reactive as well. They did this by removing certain sulfur atoms from the faces to create active sites critical to catalytic activity. To fine-tune it, they stretched the monolayer, seeing when it reached its most effective state.
When submerged in water, Zheng’s modified molybdenum disulfide can successfully split water to generate hydrogen to be stored for later energy use. Zheng envisions that such a system could be integrated with solar panels or it could be used as a standalone energy generation system. But first engineers must solve the problem of custom manufacturing billions of nanomaterials.
“If nanomaterials are going to impact society at a large scale, we have to find a way to make them cheaply,” says Zheng, who believes that one of humankind’s oldest technologies, flame, could hold the key to nanoscale mass production.
Reaching back into her academic past, when she studied the ancient art of combustion, Zheng and her team are developing a flame-based way to grow nanomaterials in quantities.
This involves exposing metal to a flame to create a vapor, and then creating the conditions to condense that vapor onto a prepared surface. The result is solid nanowires. The advance is the rapid growth of high-quality and long nanowires.
Though Zheng’s main focus at the moment is further developing the flame-based method and using the materials for water-splitting, she is already collaborating with many other departments to use nanomaterials to address other issues.
“People have been branching out to all kinds of applications, not only energy but electronics and medicine—anything you can imagine,” Zheng says. “It’s exciting to work on so many different things.” | <urn:uuid:70c2f1fb-02ee-4fc3-b828-a75820f80101> | {
"date": "2019-09-21T01:13:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574159.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921001810-20190921023810-00536.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9440439939498901,
"score": 4.09375,
"token_count": 988,
"url": "https://me.stanford.edu/news/applying-mechanical-principles-visible-world-nanorealm"
} |
What you'll need
What you learned: Place text into a scene
The 3D Camera Tracker effect analyzes video footage to recreate the camera movement originally used to create a shot. After the analysis, you can place text that looks like it's part of the original scene.
- Select the video layer in the timeline.
- Select Animation > Track Camera.
As the footage is analyzed in the background, you can see a status update of the progress in the Effect Controls panel.
- After the analysis is complete, make sure the effect is selected in the timeline or Effect Controls panel so you can see the rainbow-colored tracking markers.
- Select track points to specify the placement of text and line up the target along the ground plane.
- Hover the mouse over the middle of the target to reposition it, if needed, and then right-click the target and choose Set Ground Plane and Origin.
- Right-click the target again and choose Create Text and Camera.
- Adjust the orientation parameters to fine-tune the text placement.
What you learned: Add a blur over a moving section of video footage
Any mask can follow movement with the Track Mask function. You can apply an effect to the mask to blur a section:
- Select the video layer in the Timeline.
- Select the Pen tool and draw a mask around the area to blur in the Composition panel. Click back on the first mask point when you finish to close the mask.
- Right-click the words Mask 1 in the Timeline and choose Track Mask. Notice the Tracker Panel opens in the lower right corner of the interface.
- In the Tracker Panel, click the Method drop-down and choose Postion, Scale & Rotation.
- Click the inner right-facing arrow to track all frames to the right of the CTI in the Timeline.
- In the main menu, select Effect > Blur > Fast Box Blur and set the blur value.
- Open the options for the Fast Blur Effect in the Timeline, scroll to the bottom and click the plus (+) button to the right of the Compositing Options to apply the mask to the Fast Box Blur instead of the entire image.
- Press the spacebar on your keyboard to view the results.
What you learned: Create transparency in greenscreen video using the Keylight effect
Keying uses a specific color or luminance value to determine transparency. The process of removing that specific color or luminance value from an image is known as keying or “pulling a key.”
- To pull the initial greenscreen key using the Keylight effect:
- Select the video layer in the composition and select Effect > Keying > Keylight (1.2) from the main menu.
- Notice that the effect appears in the Effect Controls panel. Leave the View drop-down menu set to Final Result.
- Select the eyedropper in the Screen Color section and click the greenscreen background in the Composition panel to choose the color you want to remove. Pick an area where the green is well lit and nicely saturated.
- To see the quality of the key, change the View drop-down menu from Final Result to Screen Matte. White pixels are opaque, black pixels are transparent, and anything gray is semi-transparent.
- Adjust the Screen Balance setting to heighten the effect of the key (these changes are subtle).
- Increase the Screen Gain value if the background has too many gray pixels. (Generally, it’s a good idea to keep this value at 110 or less.) This setting increases or decreases the amount of variance in the green used to pull the key.
- To refine the key using Screen Matte:
- Open the options for Screen Matte.
- Adjust Screen Matte parameters, such as Clip Black, Clip White, Clip Rollback, Screen Shrink/Grow, Screen Despot Black.
- Set the View menu back to Final Result.
- Set the Replace Method menu to Source to mix the original footage pixels back into the keyed footage and remove noise.
What you learned: Clean up keyed footage
Greenscreen footage can sometimes display extra noise around the edge of the image that is hard to remove using the Keylight effect alone.
- To quickly remove noise from the edges of keyed footage, apply a mask to the video layer. This kind of mask is called a garbage matte:
- Select the video layer and use the Rectangle tool to draw a rectangle around the subject of the key.
- Press MM to reveal the mask feather settings and set the feather value.
- Press the spacebar to preview the scene and make sure the subject stays inside the mask.
- Some areas are difficult to fix with one Keylight setting. You can create a duplicate layer to fix the problem:
- Mask out the area in question from the original keyed footage then duplicate the layer.
- Change mask settings of the duplicate layer to reveal only the problematic section of the key.
- Adjust the Keylight settings of the duplicate layer to fix the problematic area.
What you learned: Retime video to create visual impact
When you slow down video, the higher the frame rate, the more you can slow down the action and keep the action smooth.
- To change the frame rate for how After Effects interprets footage:
- Right-click the video in the Project panel and choose Interpret Footage > Main.
- Enable Conform to new frame rate and enter a new frame rate.
- To retime a video layer to a specific duration:
- Right-click the video layer and go to Time > Time Stretch.
- Type the new desired duration into the New Duration setting and click OK.
- To retime any video layer using Time Remapping:
- Rght-click the layer and choose Time > Enable Time Remapping.
- Add keyframes where the retiming is to take place by clicking once on the diamond button between the two arrows and to the left of the words Time Remap in the Timeline.
Time Remapping keyfames record a specific point in time.
- Slide added Time Remapping keyframes left or right in the timeline to increase or decrease playback speed of the footage.
- To adjust speed changes over time between retiming keyframes with the Graph Editor:
- Make sure the words Time Remap are selected in the Timeline and enable the option Edit Value Graph under the Graph Type and Options button on the bottom left of the Graph Editor.
- Drag keyframes vertically up or down to change playback speed
The angles between keyframes determine playback speed:
- Steeper = Faster
- Flat = still frame
- Downward = Playing in Reverse
Presenter: Ian Robinson | <urn:uuid:c427de2f-1aeb-41e2-b418-24d91479dd5f> | {
"date": "2019-05-27T04:43:29",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232260658.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527025527-20190527051527-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7871082425117493,
"score": 2.625,
"token_count": 1407,
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/after-effects/how-to/create-video-visual-effects.html?playlist=/ccx/v1/collection/product/after-effects/segment/designer/explevel/beginner/applaunch/ccl-get-started-2/collection.ccx.js&ref=helpx.adobe.com"
} |
“That very day God freed the Israelites from the land of Egypt, in their legions.” (Exodus 12:51)
Because this Shabbat falls during Pesach, the regular cycle of parashot (Torah portions) is interrupted by a special reading related to the holiday. Not surprisingly, the reading focuses on the night of the Exodus: God’s instructions to the Israelites to paint the doorposts with blood, the death of the Egyptian first-born, Pharoah’s surrender, and the escape to freedom.
Embedded within this gripping drama is an important but curious verse. Its first half offers one reason for eating matzoh on Pesach: “The people picked up its dough before it could become leavened…” The second half of the verse, though, is less known: “…Their leftovers bound up in their garments upon their shoulders.” (Exodus 12:34) Rashi (an acronym for Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki, the pre-eminent 11th century Jewish commentator) reads this as a statement of how important the commandments of Pesach were to the Israelites; they loaded their valuables onto their pack animals, but the dough that would become matzoh and the bitter herbs they carried themselves.
Pesach is a wonderful holiday, but let’s face it: it’s a lot of work to observe all the rituals of eliminating chametz (leavened foodstuffs). The Israelite’s were running for their lives; they had no choice. We’re not (mostly). So why bother?
Understood symbolically, unleavened dough represents the unfulfilled aspirations we have for the world. Carrying those aspirations on our shoulders represents our commitment to that vision. Pesach then becomes a holiday not about searching for crumbs, but about finding our dreams.
Good Shabbos, Good Yontif/Shabbat Shalom, Chag Sameach, | <urn:uuid:2c16cb68-6d4c-4375-b181-d1bfc8649e40> | {
"date": "2014-10-31T09:49:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899531.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00201-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9509497880935669,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 422,
"url": "http://jcca.org/pesach-passover-exodus-1221-51/comment-page-1/"
} |
|Athens the capital of Greece with almost 3.5 million ihabitants ,famous for its history tightly associated with ancient and modern civilization of the whole world .
- It is a must visiting for the foreigner for its famous Acropoliswith the Parthenon. It is the most important and characteristic monument of the ancient Greek civilization and still remains its international symbol. .
The Acropolis hill, so called the “Sacred Rock” of Athens, is the most important site of the city. During Perikles’ Golden Age, ancient Greek civilization was represented in an ideal way on the hill and some of the architectural masterpieces of the period were erected on its ground.
- The Acropolis Museum . It is one of the most important museums in the world. It temporarily houses masterpieces of the ancient Greek civilization, dedicated to the most important of the Athenian sanctuaries, the “temenos” of Athena Parthenos.
Worth visiting the picturesqueue Plaka area and Monasterakifull of graphic tavernas and shops .
- The Ancient Agora was the heart of ancient Athens, the focus of political, commercial, administrative and social activity, the religious and cultural centre, and the seat of justice.
- National Archaeological Museum of Athens. It is the most important archaeological museum in Greece and one of the richest in the world concerning ancient Greek art. Its collections are representative of all the cultures that flourished in Greece.
Here are some interesting sites about Athens : Complete Athens guide | <urn:uuid:571ed33f-ae8f-4684-91a3-ccbbc77e9540> | {
"date": "2019-09-23T04:00:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575860.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923022706-20190923044706-00096.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9248372912406921,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 314,
"url": "http://rent-car-crete.milatos.com/holidays-athens/"
} |
On November 15, 1948, William L. Mackenzie King resigned as prime minister. He was succeeded by Louis St. Laurent.
William Lyon Mackenzie King grew up hearing stories about his grandfather, William Lyon Mackenzie, who he was named after. About how he became Toronto’s first mayor, how he led the Rebellion of 1837, and how he managed to escape from to the United States, and only returned after being pardoned. So of course he would wonder about how he too could serve the Country.
In 1927, he said, “A nation, like an individual, to find itself in the service of others.”
In his time in office, King (Canada’s tenth prime minister) cut the cost of shipping by freight train, he lowered Canadian tariffs against American goods, and he paid back some of Canada’s bigger loans from World War I. He even passed a bill for pensions to Canadians over the age of 70.
King died in 1950 at Kingsmere, Quebec.
there are many sites that cover this great man, including my own BiteSizeCanada. | <urn:uuid:d2a92b4a-ac40-4d2e-ac4b-096516c0b915> | {
"date": "2018-03-24T04:37:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649683.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324034649-20180324054649-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9813291430473328,
"score": 3.40625,
"token_count": 228,
"url": "https://tkmorin.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/a-real-companion-and-friend/"
} |
Despite having its roots in ancient Greece,
the theory of evolution was first brought to the attention
of the scientific world in the nineteenth century. The most
thoroughly considered view of evolution was expressed by the
French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in his Zoological
Philosophy (1809). Lamarck thought that all living things
were endowed with a vital force that drove them to evolve
toward greater complexity. He also thought that organisms
could pass on to their offspring traits acquired during their
lifetimes. As an example of this line of reasoning, Lamarck
suggested that the long neck of the giraffe evolved when a
short-necked ancestor took to browsing on the leaves of trees
instead of on grass.
This evolutionary model of Lamarck's was invalidated
by the discovery of the laws of genetic inheritance. In the
middle of the twentieth century, the discovery of the structure
of DNA revealed that the nuclei of the cells of living organisms
possess very special genetic information, and that this information
could not be altered by "acquired traits." In other words,
during its lifetime, even though a giraffe managed to make
its neck a few centimeters longer by extending its neck to
upper branches, this trait would not pass to its offspring.
In brief, the Lamarckian view was simply refuted by scientific
findings, and went down in history as a flawed assumption.
However, the evolutionary theory formulated by
another natural scientist who lived a couple of generations
after Lamarck proved to be more influential. This natural
scientist was Charles Robert Darwin, and the theory he formulated
is known as "Darwinism." | <urn:uuid:835a54bd-d89c-489f-a937-f916d41b5e54> | {
"date": "2014-10-22T07:56:21",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446323.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00360-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9633687138557434,
"score": 4.15625,
"token_count": 352,
"url": "http://www.darwinismrefuted.com/short_history.html"
} |
Matrices, like any other expressions,are also subjected to basic algebraic operations. Multiplication is one of those. In addition to normal restrictions on matrix operations, multiplication of two matrices has additional restrictions and the method is a bit strange.
Suppose A and B are two matrices, their product is defined only if the number of columns of A and the number of rows of B must be same. Else, the multiplication is not defined. The algorithm for multiplying 3x3 matrices is described below.
The first element of first row and first column of the product C of matrix A and matrix B is the sum of the products of the elements of the first row with the corresponding elements of the first column of B.
For the second element in the same row, the products are now first row of Avs second column of B. Like this the entire elements of C are found.
With the restrictions and strange algorithm of the process, it can clearly be concluded that multiplication of matrices is not commutative.
A matrix just conveys the details of the data and it does not give any solution to any question on the relations between the items. On the other hand if the same arrangement of data indicates an operation for a solution, then that particular arrangement is called the determinant of the same matrix.
A matrix is denoted by containing the items of a data within a set of elongated square brackets. In a determinant the same are enclosed by two thin vertical bars (similar to absolute value symbol). The following is an example.
The determinant of the matrix indicates the solution by the operation (a1 *b2- a2*b1).
The determinant of a matrix with 3 rows and 3 columns is called a determinant 3x3 matrix or just as determinant 3x3.
To find determinant of 3x3 matrix, first rewrite the elements in the same order but with the symbol of a determinant. To find the value of determinant of a 3x3, the following is the procedure.
Consider a11, the first element in the first row and column. By deleting the row and column that includes a11, you are left with a 2 x 2 determinant which is called as the minor of the element a11and denoted as, M11.
Same way, for the second and third elements in the first row a12 and a13 , the minors are M12 and M13 respectively. Now the formula for the value of the determinant D is,
D = (a11*M11 -a12*M12 + a13*M13) | <urn:uuid:f5e1642f-e848-437e-920b-07f0c2343593> | {
"date": "2014-08-20T16:31:30",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500811391.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021331-00176-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9232329726219177,
"score": 4.3125,
"token_count": 541,
"url": "http://mathlogicactivities.blogspot.com/2013/01/finding-determinant-value-of-3x3.html"
} |
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI)Article Free Pass
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI), Northern Ireland’s oldest interdenominational party, a small, moderate party that represents middle-class interests primarily in the eastern areas of the province.
The Alliance Party was launched in April 1970 in an attempt to break the sectarian mold of politics in Northern Ireland through the pursuit of moderate policies. It was self-consciously biconfessional, attracting members from the Roman Catholic and Protestant communities in proportion to their numbers. Although there was no official leader between 1970 and 1972, Oliver Napier acted as de facto leader during that period. Since then the party has been led by Phelim O’Neill (1972–73), Napier (1973–84), John Cushnahan (1984–87), Lord John Alderdice (1989–98), Sean Neeson (1998–2001), and David Ford (2001– ), the last of whom entered the Northern Ireland Executive in 2010 as justice minister.
APNI drew members from the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) who were concerned that the UUP was becoming too extreme. Most of its founding members had not been actively involved in politics, and the party was perceived to be a middle-class phenomenon seeking the “middle ground.”
The APNI achieved its greatest electoral success in the first decade of its existence. In 1972 three sitting members of the British Parliament—two Protestants and one Catholic—“crossed the floor” and joined the Alliance. The party was represented by two members in the first biconfessional government of Northern Ireland, the power-sharing executive body of 1973–74. In 1977 APNI reached its highest electoral standing when it won 14.3 percent of the vote. By the end of the 20th century it had not yet elected a member of the British or European parliaments, though Alderdice was ennobled in 1996.
In June 1998 the party won approximately 6 percent of the vote and 6 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly, the power-sharing legislative body created in the Good Friday Agreement of April 1998. The APNI’s support was drawn from the more affluent areas of Greater Belfast, and it was virtually unrepresented in the western areas of Northern Ireland. In the Assembly elections of 2003, its overall vote share dropped, but it maintained its 6 seats; in 2007 it rebounded slightly and captured an additional seat in the Assembly. In the British general election of 2010 it won its first seat in the British House of Commons, with Naomi Long winning the Belfast East seat that was held by Democratic Unionist Party leader Peter Robinson. In elections for the Assembly in 2011, the Alliance increased its representation to eight seats.
By the end of the 20th century the APNI had not achieved its goal of eliminating sectarianism in Northern Irish politics. As a party that worked within unionist-dominated political institutions in Northern Ireland, it did not attract sufficient support from Catholics who aspired to a united Ireland. Because it was not a unionist party, however, it did not appeal to Protestants who considered it essential to maintain Northern Ireland’s link to the United Kingdom. As a party of moderation, it suffered from the tensions created in a climate of political violence. Finally, its lack of elected representation in the British and European Parliaments limited its political visibility.
Policy and structure
The APNI advocates improving cross-community relations through integrated education, a bill of rights, and reform of the security forces. Its politics, apart from issues related to Northern Ireland, are slightly left of centre. Alderdice sat on the Liberal Democratic benches in the House of Lords after his appointment in 1996, and the party has established links with the Progressive Democrats in the republic of Ireland; the European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party at the European Parliament; and the Liberal International, a worldwide organization of liberal parties.
The APNI’s main organizational body is its Party Council, which consists of eight delegates from each local branch, all the party’s councillors, and the party officers. Meeting annually, the Party Council elects the party leader, chair, and vice-chair; selects delegates to the Party Executive; and approves or amends policy documents. Party manifestos are drafted by the Executive Committee, which deals with issues of day-to-day party policy and responds to current events in its strategy committees. The Alliance Party leader holds a relatively powerful position, as he or she appoints the party officers and the members of the strategy committees.
What made you want to look up "Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI)"? Please share what surprised you most... | <urn:uuid:8cd0142f-0482-41ea-bb62-ef43b5b29378> | {
"date": "2013-05-19T02:24:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383156/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9716103672981262,
"score": 2.609375,
"token_count": 965,
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/709890/Alliance-Party-of-Northern-Ireland-APNI"
} |
New automatic pollinating robot created in Poland
WARSAW, June 29 (Xinhua) -- An automatic robot which is able to move independently between rows of plants, find flowers and bring pollen between them has been built recently at Warsaw University of Technology, the Polish Press Agency reported.
The newly constructed device, B-Droid, is not remotely controlled by any man, but wholly autonomous.
The robot is a moving device, going along the cultivated plants row and through delicate movements of small broom collecting pollen and placing it on another flower of the same species.
Due to its advanced software, the device can localize flower and complete pollinating without any harm to it.
"So far, test on strawberries and garlic have been conducted," Rafal Dalewski, the project manager, was quoted as saying in the report.
Bees from all over the world have been vanishing for many years, mostly due to pollution, fungus, viruses and parasites.
According to researchers, one-third of arable crops and about 90 percent of wildly growing plants need to be pollinated -- mostly by bees. | <urn:uuid:f1b1b38b-fbf6-4042-b101-31f21c1c5770> | {
"date": "2017-09-24T21:15:33",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690211.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924205308-20170924225308-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9666587710380554,
"score": 2.84375,
"token_count": 225,
"url": "http://sundominica.com/articles/new-automatic-pollinating-robot-created-in-poland-3522/"
} |
St. Nikolai, Varna
Saint Nicholai's icon (Holy image) labels the light house at the tip of the outskirt pier of the Port of Varna. Saint Nicholai (see also Saint Nicholas) is patron saint of sailors, fishermen, ships and sailing. In centuries of Greek folklore, Nicholas was seen as "The Lord of the Sea", often described by modern Greek scholars as a kind of Christianised version of Poseidon (after the advent of Christianity).
- St. Nicholas of Myra
- St. Nicholas tomb in Myra and Normans' domination in sea
- St. Nicholas born in Turkey and become bishop of Myra
- The Church of St. Nicholas (Aya Nicola Kilisesi), (also ancient Myra - port of Adriake, Demre River)
- The Church of St. Nicholas in Demre (about 50 km or 30 miles from Kaṣ)
- In the first crusade, year 1100, the Venetians on the way to Jaffa steal the body of St. Nicholas from a monastery
- 'War of relics' - The importance of the cult of saints who specialized in the protection of maritime adventures in the creation of the Venetian self-image. Sailors from Bari managed to gain possession of some relics of St. Nicholas and returned to their city with them
- St. Nicholas (d. 350), Bishop of Myra in Lycia, one of the most popular Greek saints but also much venerated in the West. He is said to have been imprisoned by Diocletian but afterwards released. He is known for his good deeds. Justinian built the first church known to be dedicated to him, the church of Priscus and St. Nicholas, in Constantinople. The popularity of St. Nicholas caused the sailors of Bari to cross over to Myra to capture his remains from the infidel and rebury them in their native town, where they have since rested.
- St. Nicholas has been venerated in Germany since 12th century. St. Nicholas was 4th century Bishop of Myra in Asia Minor, revered for his generosity and worshiped by sailors for miracles at sea in harbour. He also helped poor girls by providing their dowries. Hung by the fire to dry, stockings were miraculously filled with gold so the girls could marry. St. Nicholas is said to have brought back to life three children who had been murdered and stored as pickled meat in the house of a wicked butcher. The children carried out church duties thereafter and were rewarded with small gift on December 6. Thomas Nast (1840-1902), who came to America from Germany as a child created the white-bearded Santa Claus with a pack on his back, combining St. Nicholas and Knecht Ruprecht.
- Nelles Guide Greek Islands (Nelles Guides) by Nelles Verlag and Nelles Verlag (2000) p.190
- St. Paul the Traveler and Roman Citizen by William Mitchell Ramsay and Mark Wilson 2001 p226
- Wonderworker: The True Story of How Saint Nicholas Became Santa Claus by Vincent A. Yzermans (2004) p25
- True Believer by Nicholas Sparks (2005) p20
- Frommer's Turkey (Frommer's Complete) by Lynn A. Levine (2006) pp.300-301
- Insight Pocket Guide Turkish Coast by Metin Demirsar (1998) pp. 60-61
- Venice Observed (Art and Places) by Mary McCarthy (1963) p 26
- Venice Triumphant: The Horizons of a Myth by Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan and Lydia G. Cochrane (2002) p170
- Byzantine Aspects of Italy by Daniel Crena De Iongh (1967) p.39
- German-American Life: Recipes and Traditions by John D. Zug and Karin Gottier (1991) p.91 | <urn:uuid:349add00-a135-44c4-ba28-01e6f05d8f8c> | {
"date": "2017-05-26T06:11:27",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608642.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526051657-20170526071657-00428.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9540312886238098,
"score": 3.25,
"token_count": 823,
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nikolai,_Varna"
} |
A fisherman in Niantic, Connecticut found a strange version of lobster recently.
Jere Lacoske had been fishing in the area of Black Point for almost a decade. His captain, John Wadsworth, began fishing in 1996 and has never seen anything like the yellow lobster Lacoske pulled out of the water. At first, he didn’t recognize it as a living thing. When he did, he wasn’t even sure it was a lobster at all.
“First I thought it was a joke. I said hopefully… joke is it cooked or is it plastic? And then it was in with six other lobsters so it was kind of hiding in the corner,” said Lacoske.
He caught the lobster in roughly 75 feet of water. It weighed approximately a pound and a quarter.
“It’s a female lobster and she’s in great shape. As you see she’s very active,” said Lacoske.
Yellow lobsters are extremely uncommon. The chance of a fisherman finding one is just about 1 in 30 million.
According to Cathy Billings of the Lobster Institute at the University of Maine, the coloring of the yellow lobster is a result of a recessive gene that alters pigmentation. The function of the gene is similar to the gene at work in the human eye in relation to eye color variations.
Brownish-green is the color of the most common lobster. Other variations can include blue and orange, or even bi-colored, lobsters. The Lobster Institute issued a report, One in a Million, that indicated that bi-colored lobsters tend to be hermaphroditic (having sex organs of both male and female variety).
The rarest of all, however, is the crystal lobster. The crystal lobster is an albino and the odds of pulling one of out of the water can be greater than 1 in 100 million.
Lacoske intends to try and share his rare find with the people. Since the Mystic Aquarium already has a yellow lobster, along with a great many other strange forms of sea life, he’s looking for another place to keep the lobster. Project Oceanology at Avery Point seems to be his greatest possibility.
“See if they’ll take it down there and show the kids down there for a while at least,” said Lacoske.
If Project Oceanology doesn’t take the yellow lobster, and he can’t find another way to protect it, he’s vowed to put the creature back into the water he pulled it from. If he has to do that, he hopes another fisherman will be able to find the yellow lobster and share in his excitement.
[Image courtesy of Yahoo News ] | <urn:uuid:07c66427-3e10-4261-b1af-1c95a80c179a> | {
"date": "2014-07-23T12:01:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877881.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00168-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9566640853881836,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 577,
"url": "http://www.inquisitr.com/1298086/rare-yellow-lobster-is-one-in-30-million-catch/"
} |
Beating the femtosecond limit
Feb 15, 2001
The quest for ever-shorter laser pulses inevitably results in each pulse containing fewer and fewer oscillations of the laser field. Indeed, the shortest visible and infrared laser pulses are typically just a few femtoseconds (10-15 seconds) in duration and contain just a few cycles of the laser field. However, there is a need for even shorter pulses to study fundamental physical, chemical and biological processes on shorter and shorter timescales. Moreover, many applications require photons with higher energies, so there is a corresponding need for ultrashort pulses at shorter wavelengths in the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray regions of the spectrum. Ferenc Krausz of the Technical University of Vienna and co-workers in Germany and Canada have now taken a major step in this direction (M Drescher et al 2001 Science Express 1058561).
They used a technique known as 'high-harmonic' generation to convert a 7 femtosecond infrared pulse into a 1.8 femtosecond X-ray pulse. In harmonic generation a large number of photons are combined in a noble gas - the Vienna team used neon - to create a single photon with a correspondingly reduced wavelength. By filtering the harmonics, it is possible to control the duration and wavelength of the X-ray pulse. Krausz and co-workers used such a pulse to study an laser-induced energy shift in krypton atoms with a time resolution that was shorter than a single cycle of their laser source (which lasts 2.6 fs).
Physicists may be able to use the new technique to study processes that occur on sub-femtosecond timescales such as inner-shell phenomena in atoms and ionization via 'optical tunnelling'. Drescher and colleagues are optimistic that their discovery will pave the way for ultrafast spectroscopy - the study of processes that take place on timescales of just attoseconds - 10-18 seconds.
Over the last four years, other groups have produced laser pulses with durations of around 10 femtoseconds using the high-harmonic method. However, the light in these pulses had longer wavelengths - in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. These pulses could not be shortened further because they were already approaching the fundamental lower limit for light of these wavelengths. | <urn:uuid:6f4aa1e7-b955-4091-87b9-6ea8176df638> | {
"date": "2014-11-26T17:42:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00220-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9220713973045349,
"score": 3.4375,
"token_count": 491,
"url": "http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2001/feb/15/beating-the-femtosecond-limit"
} |
He goes on to say: “He [Alexander] has further demonstrated the very important psychological principle that the proprioceptive system can be brought under conscious control, and can be educated to carry to the motor centres the stimulus which is responsible for the muscular activity which brings about the manner of working (use) of the mechanism of correct posture.”
It is not easy to translate this into popular language. The proprioceptive system stands for sensory nerves serving the muscles, tendons and joints, and the middle ear with is nerves. But it should not be confounded with local or cutaneous sensation. It generates the general feeling we associate with our every posture and activity. But it is important to note that this general feeling becomes habitual and feels right and normal, whether we make the correct use of our bodily mechanisms or the reverse. It is no check of itself. It offers the channel whereby correct use may be re-established in one not using self correctly, but it is not an initiator of correct use where incorrect use is established, no matter how damaging this incorrect use may be.
How can it become a check on incorrect use? Only if it is given the experience of correct use — hence the necessity of tuition! Then, by supplying the sensorium of the subject with a standard of comparison, two general feelings are presented to consciousness where one alone (the faulty one) existed. When the two general feelings — that of the proprioceptive system with correct use, and that with incorrect use, are presented to consciousness, it becomes possible to repeat the former ad lib.; the only obstacle is then the persistent general feeling associated with wrong use which, as might be expected, continues for a long while to press itself on the consciousness of the subject as right. But what does all this talk about the mechanisms of the psycho-physical organism mean?
No more than that the human organism, like that of the animals, is a mechanical contrivance and that, like all such contraptions, it may, in functioning, be used to the best or worst advantage. True, the organic contrivance is complicated by the fact that it is run on proprioceptive lines dependent on nervous controls, but it remains a mechanism and is, therefore, subject to right or wrong use. In other words it is not foolproof!
But surely these things may safely be left to Nature! In all of us there must have been bred, through evolution, the right use of our psycho-physical organisms!
“Alas!” Professor Coghill may be imagined as replying, “it is precisely on the possible right or wrong use of the psycho-physical organism that evolution to some extent depends!”
Suppose the particular pattern of muscular and skeletal co-ordination once and for all fixed for every activity in every type of organism, where would have been the loophole for escape, and hence for survival, if a quadruped had for once to limp home — often to survive — on three legs? How, indeed, could evolution have been possible at all, if some means of consciously making fresh adjustments accompanied by fresh, proprioceptive feelings had not existed? Could a quadruped have ever become a biped? Thus the intervention of consciousness to alter instinctive co-ordinations was a sine quâ non of mutation.
But there was a snag in the provision. For consciousness may initiate faulty as well as correct use. In the animals, as in prehistoric man, rigorous conditions, and the exigencies of environment over long periods, would eliminate those individuals or strains incapable of correct fresh conscious readjustments to fresh demands, and thus only those whose correct use became standardized achieved the perfect condition needed for survival.
The moment, however, that Man alone began to tread the highway leading to civilization and the historical period, and to encounter innovations too constantly to allow of a standardization of the new correct use in each case, faulty use necessarily established itself as an ever more frequent factor in human life. As civilization developed there was certainly science with its artificial aids to rescue the failures and to make them viable malgré eux. Civilization, moreover, mitigated the rigour of the conditions; made environmental demands less exacting. Thus even the worst users of their bodies ceased to be eliminated and survived and multiplied to serve as bad examples to child, youth and adult alike.
Meanwhile, however, innovations calling for fresh adjustments did not cease. From the first chairs to pedal cycles, from bows and arrows to the tractor, is a far cry, and the intervening centimes were full of new-fangled contrivances and occupations, demanding fresh adjustments.
How could we know the means whereby to recover correct use — i.e. the art of correctly intervening consciously to use ourselves aright in all these new adjustments? How, indeed — for it has come to that! — can we now recover the correct use of ourselves in the simplest activities of standing, walking, sitting and performing all the ordinary movements of our day’s round? For the wrong use, as Alexander has conclusively shown, leads to every kind of unfavourable condition and faulty functioning and thence inevitably to sickness and disease.
Here we come to his most genial discovery — abundantly confirmed by independent scientific investigators.
He found that not one, but every activity of the human organism, from sitting in a chair to driving a golf ball, is amenable to one golden rule of adjustment. He says in effect: “I discovered that a certain use of the head in relation to the neck, and of the head and neck in relation to the torso and the other parts of the organism, if consciously and continuously employed, ensures the establishment of a manner of use of the self as a whole, which provides the best conditions for raising the standard of the various mechanisms, organs and systems.”
This, he says, constitutes “a primary control.”
He speaks of “the great majority of civilized people” as having “come to use themselves in such a way that in everything they are doing they are constantly interfering with the correct employment of the primary control of their use.” And he adds, “and this interference is an influence constantly operating against them, tending always to lower the standard of functioning within themselves.”
In 1924, Professor Rudolf Magnus located the seat of this primary control in the same area as Alexander had done some twenty years previously, and it is important to note that Magnus’s discovery, as his book Körperstellung reveals, was the result of an approach utterly different from that of Alexander.
This then, all too briefly, constitutes a description of the completely new light on human well-being and efficiency, which we owe to the Newton of Health. It would be difficult to exaggerate its importance. It opens a new era for human happiness and accomplishment in all spheres. It would seem beyond the power of popular leaders to make enough noise about it. The relative silence with which the ordinary channels of publicity have so far greeted it, therefore, can only reflect unfavourably upon these channels as a national service. | <urn:uuid:0a1cfb26-c294-432d-80a1-7306dc085f74> | {
"date": "2017-07-21T12:47:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423774.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721122327-20170721142327-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.960377037525177,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 1460,
"url": "http://alexander.area24.net/AnthonyLudovici-ANewtonOfHealth-2.htm"
} |
Scam School has just released an episode featuring yet another submission from Grey Matters!
Besides showing you the trick, originally published by Martin Gardner in Mathematics Magic and Mystery, I'll teach you an extra tip that wasn't included in the episode!
This trick is called The Purloined Objects:
As Brian says, yes, it was I who came up with the sentence "ABsolutely, BriAn's ACtive shows BeCkon CheAting ContriButions" as a way to help promote his show. In Mathematics Magic and Mystery, Martin Gardner includes other sentences you can use to remember the needed information. Some are for specific objects, such as coins and bills, but he does include some for assorted objects.
How exactly does the trick work? As you might recognize from the use of 1, 2, and 4 as the multiples, the binary system is involved, but we don't even need to delve into the basics of binary in order to explain the workings of the trick.
You might think that 3 people and 3 objects mean that there are 9 possibilities. Actually, since any object chosen means that the others can't choose that object, there are actually only 3 × 2 × 1, or 6 possibilities. Let's take a look at each possibility. As in the video, 1, 2, and 3 will represent the people, and A, B, and C will represent the objects:
1-A 2-B 3-C: 1 takes 1, 2 takes 4, 3 takes 12 = 17 Tic-Tacs taken 1-A 2-C 3-B: 1 takes 1, 2 takes 8, 3 takes 6 = 15 Tic-Tacs taken 1-B 2-A 3-C: 1 takes 2, 2 takes 2, 3 takes 12 = 16 Tic-Tacs taken 1-B 2-C 3-A: 1 takes 2, 2 takes 8, 3 takes 3 = 13 Tic-Tacs taken 1-C 2-A 3-B: 1 takes 4, 2 takes 2, 3 takes 6 = 12 Tic-Tacs taken 1-C 2-B 3-A: 1 takes 4, 2 takes 4, 3 takes 3 = 11 Tic-Tacs taken
In short, each combination of objects, with the rules you give, produces a unique number of objects removed, Therefore, the number of remaining objects codes the arrangement of where the objects were taken! I could take this part of the explanation deeper, but this is enough to understand the trick itself.
Don't forget that you also handed out 6 Tic-Tacs (1 + 2 + 3 = 6) at the beginning, so you actually wind up with a number of objects from 17 (11 + 6) up to 23 (17 + 6). 24 is used in order to give a nice easy code from 1 to 7 when you return. Unfortunately, the different possibilities don't work out in a nice numerical order, so the mnemonic is needed.
Bonus TipHere's an extra tip, first used by the late Stewart James. You may be more familiar with his work than you think. His most famous trick is called Miraskill, which was taught in episode 31 of Scam School as Pigment Prediction.
Perform the trick up to the point where everyone has taken their Tic-Tacs, but you haven't turned around yet. Have a 4th person pick up all the remaining Tic-Tacs, and emphasize to that 4th person that they are to keep them in their hand, and NOT eat them!
Now you turn around, and there seems to be no possible clues that would help you determine anything. You start by divining the number of Tic-Tacs held by that 4th person, and after that, you divine who holds which object! How is this possible?
The answer comes, once again, from Scam School. This time it concerns episode 47, The Coin Trick That Fooled Einstein:
For the 4th person, you divine the number of Tic-Tacs using the principle in the video immediately above. The important point here is to make sure that, in the process of performing this part, you don't forget how many Tic-Tacs the 4th person initially laid down.
After appearing to know how many Tic-Tacs the 4th person had, you continue as in the Purloined Objects video, revealing which person had which object. Notice that this just isn't mixing two tricks together, it also takes the trick to another level by emphasizing your complete lack of information to your audience!
Note: If you're wondering about the title to this post, it's a sort of sequel to the other three posts where Grey Matters was mentioned in Scam School - Scam School Meets Grey Matters, Scam School Meets Grey Matters...Again!, and Scam School Meets Grey Matters...Yet Again!. | <urn:uuid:370f2662-1344-4d38-8c51-3ea0fd63e617> | {
"date": "2017-01-17T04:54:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279468.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00432-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9709856510162354,
"score": 2.53125,
"token_count": 1019,
"url": "http://headinside.blogspot.com/2011/08/scam-school-meets-grey-mattersstill-yet.html"
} |
C. diff on Rise in Kids -- and Outside Hospital
Study Shows Cases of Dangerous Diarrhea Bug Increased 12-Fold Among Children
May 21, 2012 -- The potentially deadly diarrhea bug Clostridium difficile, or C. diff, is spreading among children in the community, a new study shows.
"The typical person with C. difficile is thought of as being older, taking antibiotics, and in the hospital. For the first time, we are describing a substantial rise in new cases in children outside the hospital," says researcher Sahil Khanna, MBBS, a gastroenterologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn.
"Our most striking observation is that three-quarters of cases in children are being contracted in the community, not in the hospital," he tells WebMD. "That's huge compared to the past."
Based on the findings, parents whose child comes down with persistent diarrhea may want to consult a doctor to make sure it's not C. diff, he says.
Khanna presented the study today at Digestive Disease Week 2012 in San Diego.
Diarrhea Is Cardinal Symptom
C. diff are bacteria that produce toxins that damage the lining of the gut. There are about 337,000 hospital stays due to C. diff infection reported each year, resulting in 14,000 deaths, according to the CDC.
Common symptoms of a mild infection include watery diarrhea two or more times a day for two or more days and mild abdominal cramping and tenderness. In severe cases, the bug can lead to inflammation of the colon, resulting in fever, blood, or pus in the stool, nausea, dehydration, loss of appetite, and substantial weight loss.
For the study, researchers examined the medical records of people in Olmsted County, Minn., to identify children and teens 18 and under with C. diff infections from 1991-2009. The county's records are ideal for such a study, as every person seen in any health care facility or who fills a prescription is tracked, Khanna says.
A total of 92 children, whose average age was about 2 years, were identified. Nearly half were babies less than a year old.
- The number of infections in children was more than 12 times higher in the 2004-2009 time period, compared to the 1991-1997 time period (32.6 cases per 100,000 vs. 2.6 cases per 100,000).
- A total of 75% of cases were "community-acquired," meaning that the patients had not been recently hospitalized prior to contracting C. diff.
- Nine percent of cases were severe, and 1% died; 20% developed recurrent infections.
- A total of 76% of cases occurred in children that had recently been prescribed antibiotics, which can kill "good" bacteria in the gut that keep C. diff at bay. Also, 20% had taken stomach acid-reducing drugs linked to risk for C. diff infection.
David Bernstein, MD, a gastroenterologist at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, N.Y., tells WebMD the findings are concerning. | <urn:uuid:4509e595-10ed-49ff-b019-170e11a0aab0> | {
"date": "2015-12-01T12:54:14",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398467979.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205427-00283-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9687274098396301,
"score": 3.125,
"token_count": 644,
"url": "http://www.webmd.com/children/news/20120521/c-diff-on-rise-in-kids-and-outside-hospital?src=rsf_full-7001_pub_none_rltd"
} |
A. Garcia is responsible for more than 30 previously undiscovered
species of prehistoric animals. He lives in Ruskin, Florida.
In 1983 Frank Garcia discovered
prehistoric remains in the Leisey Shell Pit near the Little Manatee
River. These included saber-toothed cats, mastodons and giant sloths.
Some of his findings can now be
seen at the SouthShore Regional Library in Ruskin.
Garcia also maintains a much
larger exhibit at Camp Bayou Outdoor Learning Center, also in Ruskin. | <urn:uuid:8ce75e59-9eee-4b15-8bb2-ce014f6ac0f6> | {
"date": "2015-10-07T08:18:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736682947.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215802-00164-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9211389422416687,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 116,
"url": "http://www.ruskinhistory.org/paleo-case-library.htm"
} |
The Pilgrims First Thanksgiving
This following little piece is called "The First Thanksgiving."
The brave little band of Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620 almost perished in the long, hard winter because of inadequate supplies and no knowledge of how to conquer the wilderness in the New World.
They found unexpected assistance in the last days of the winter when an armed Indian, Samoset, walked into their council meeting and amazed them by saying in English, "Welcome!"
Samoset, an Abenaki Indian, had heard of the landing of the English Party.
He helped them by acting as ambassador between the Pilgrims and Massasoit, the Wampanoag chief.
Later tow other English speaking Indians appeared, Tisquantum, usually called Squanto, and Hobomok
Each in his way was a tower of strength in the early struggles of the Pilrims.
They taught them the lore of the forest, methods of fishing and hunting, and first introduced them to the growing of corn which they planted along with their supplies of wheat and rye seed.
At the first harvest in the fall of 1621, Indians and Pilgrims joined for a harvest feat and celebration, with the Indian and Pilgrim hunters supplying deer, duck and geese.
Although the feast was in October, it was the forerunner of our own Thanksgiving celebration, first proclaimed by President Lincoln in 1863 for the last Thursday in November.
The Above Little Story is from the book "The Plimoth Colony Cook Book" by the Plymouth Antiquarian Society.
Date Published Unknown.
Photo of a Cranberry Bush in Fruit
Cran Berry or Bearberry, because the bears use much to feed upon them, is a small trayling plant that grows in salt marshes that are overgrown with moss.
The Berries are of a pale yellow color after-ward red, as big as a cherry; some perfectly round, others oval; all of them hollow with a sower astringent taste and
they are ripe in August and September.
The Indians and English use them much boyling them with Sugar for Sauce to eat with their meat;
and it is a delicate sauce, especially for roasted Mutton; Some make tarts with them as with Goose Berries.
The above Cranberry Information is from "New England's Rarities Discovered" by John Josselyn (1672),
Which was published in "The Plimoth Colony Cookbook" published by the Plymouth Antiquarian Society
Must Have Household Hints and Cleaning Tips for the Entire Family
Kids Crafts and Recipes
Easy Children's Crafts for Kids
Safe Educational Fun Sites for Kids of all ages
Memorial Day Information
Information about Memorial Day-What does Memorial Day Mean?
Nineteenth Century American Women
Information, Recipes, Household Hints, and Books about 19th Century American Women and Families
Nineteenth Century Advertising
Old Advertising information including Trade Cards and Links to Good Books about collecting old advertisement items
Nutrition for the whole Family-Calories, Vitamins, Minerals and Diet information
Native American Prayer of Thanksgiving
O Great Spirit, Creator and source of every blessing, we pray that you will bring peace to all our brothers and sisters of this world.
Give us wisdom to teach our children to love, to respect and to be kind to each other.
Help us to learn to share all the good things that you provide for us.
Bless all who share this meal with us today.
We ask your special blessing on those who are hungry today, especially little children.
Help us to be just and to bring your peace to all the earth.
Praise and Thanksgiving be to you, my Lord. Amen
Thanksgiving Day Trivia
What government agency is open on Thanksgiving Day?
Find the Answer Here!
This Thanksgiving Be Food Safe
Turkey Says "Don't Bite the Bird
A Pilgrim Breakfast
Here are 4 recipes from "The Plimoth Colony Cook Book"
These are recipes for a Pilgrim Breakfast that is served at the Harlow Old Fort House in Plymouth, Ma.
These breakfasts are served outdoors in the summertime and they are served by waitresses dressed as pilgrims.
Recipe for Harlow House Fish Cakes
4 cups potatoes, cut in 1 inch cubes
1 cup salt fish, picked and shredded
2 slightly beaten eggs
Boil together the potatoes and fish until potatoes are tender.
Drain, mash and beat in the eggs.
Drop by spoonfuls in hot fat (390 degrees F) and fry for 1 minute.
Drain on absorbent paper.
Makes 6-8 servings.
Recipe for Harlow House Baked Beans
2 pounds pea beans
2 teaspoons mustard
1/2 cup molasses
2 tablespoons salt
3/8 pound salt pork
Pick over, wash and soak the beans overnight.
In the morning, drain, rinse and cover with cold water, bring to a boil and cook until the beans can be pierced with a pin.
Drain, put in bean pot with an onion in the bottom.
Add mustard, molasses, and salt.
Scrape and score the pork and bury it in the beans so that only the top shows.
Cover with water and bake in a slow oven (300 degrees F) for about 6 hours, adding water as needed.
Uncover the pot for the last hour to brown the pork.
AppetizersCream of Tomato Soup and Cheese Straws
Main Entree Roast Turkey
with Oyster Stuffing and Turkey Gravy
Marshmallow Sweet Potatoes
Tiny Green Peas with Celery
Mince Meat Pie
Coffee, Tea or Milk
AppetizerCream of Mushroom Soup
Main Entree Roast Duck
with Wild Rice Stuffing with Gravy
Green Lima Beans and Pickled Beets
Orange Sherbert in Orange Cups
Fresh Fruits, Cheese and Nut Platter
Coffee, Tea or Milk
The above Menus were taken from the old book "The Successful Hostess, published in 19449 by
Elizabeth Hedgecock, the food editor of the Winston Salem Sentinel and Journal
Thanksgiving Recipes and Information
Information about Thanksgiving and Recipes for Thanksgiving
Back to More Thanksgiving Recipes
More Recipes and Information about Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving Coloring Page for Kids
Fun Pilgrim and Turkey for Kids to Color
Thanksgiving Food Safety Tips from the USDA
Tips for a Safe Thanksgiving
More Tips for a Safe Thanksgiving
What Government Agency is Open on Thanksgiving?
A Delicious Exploration of the Thanksgiving Holiday
Giving Thanks explores the delicious, fascinating history of Thanksgiving, complete with trivia, recipes, and an amazing collection of archival imagery of the holiday’s history.
Thanksgiving Recipes and History, from Pilgrims to Pumpkin Pie
Tips for Parents of Kids of all ages
Pet Goodies for Dogs & Cats
Make Your Own Dog and Cat Food, plus Dog and Cat Care and Fun with Pets
Recipes from the 1800's
100 Year Old Recipes and Household Hints for you to try
Helpful Sewing and Knitting Tips for the beginning sewer
Thanksgiving recipes and Menus plus Thanksgiving Information and Entertaining
Wine and Beer Information
Beer And Wine Recipes & games plus tips on making and buying wine and beer
Food Fun and Facts has over 900 pages
Use the Menu, or for a quick search of Food Fun and Facts, use the Site Search Bar Below. Enjoy!
Recipe for Harlow House Doughnuts
Often called "Wonders"
1 cup sugar
2 beaten eggs
1 cup milk
1 tablespoon butter, melted
3-4 cups flour
4 teaspoons baking powder
1/2 teaspoon nutmeg
1/2 teaspoon salt
Beat sugar, eggs and milk together, add butter.
Sift the 3 cups of flour with the rest of the ingredients and then add to the first mixture and stir until smooth.
Add more flour, if necessary, to make a soft dough.
Chill dough overnight.
Roll out on floured board and cut with a doughnut cutter.
Fry in fat hot enough to brown a 1 inch cube of bread in 40 seconds (375 degrees F.)
As doughnuts rise to the top, turn and brown on the other side
Remove Doughnuts carefully and drain on paper towels
Harlow House Mulled Cider Recipe
3 quarts cider
1-1/2 teaspoons cinnamon
3/4 teaspoon cloves
1/3 teaspoon nutmeg
1/8 teaspoon salt
Add the spices and salt to the heated cider and simmer 10-15 minutes.
Makes 24 punch cup servings.
Sugar Free, Milk Free and Wheat Free Recipes
Army Air Corp Photos WWII
World War 2 Photos of B17's and Information about the Army Air Corp
Tips and Hints on Baking, Candy Making and Cooking
Recipes for all types of drinks
Include Old Remedy for curing drinking too much alcohol
Book Care and Repair
Learn how to clean and repair books
Easy Kids Recipes to Make with your Kids
Chinese New Year
Information about Chinese New Year and Chinese New Year Recipes
Christmas Entertaining Recipes
Christmas Recipes, Menu's for Christmas and Information for Entertaining at Christmas
Read reviews on Cookbooks published in the past ten years
Cooking and Food Links
Great Foodie Sites and Related Food and Cooking sites
Cooking for a Large Group
Recipes and Information on Cooking for groups of 25-100 People
More Cooking and Baking Tips and Hints from Food Fun and Facts
Creative Holiday Cooking
Learn how to entertain and cook for fancy holiday affairs
History of Food and Food History Time Line
Easter Information and Recipes
Easter Fun-Easter Recipes,Information and Entertaining on Easter for Kids and Adults
Economical and Easy Tried and True Recipes
Entertaining Tips and Recipes
More Tips on Entertaining at home
Fun with Food
Fun with Food ,Fun Facts and Food Games
Great Fun with Food Trivia and Food Trivia Games
Recipes for Halloween and Halloween Fun Ideas
Old Time Herbal Remedies for Home Use
Herbs and Spices
Information on how to use herbs and spices | <urn:uuid:0f00867a-7910-4c92-b4a6-2dae26d05d2d> | {
"date": "2017-09-20T07:27:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686705.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920071017-20170920091017-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.890238344669342,
"score": 3.484375,
"token_count": 2121,
"url": "http://recipesfoodandfacts.com/thanksgiving.html"
} |
Many environmentalists in Australia angrily reacted to the decision of the dredged sediments dumped near the Great Barrier Reef.
Conservationists stressed on the fact that the dumping activities could damage the overall site’s fragile ecosystem, risking and poisoning all the marine and coral life in danger.
This project is world’s most controversial project. It is the biggest coal port across the globe expanding the existing facility at Abbot Point near south of Townsville in Queensland.
However, this decision to approve the dumping and dredging operation is argued judiciously.
The Abbot Point is recorded to have 30 percent fine silts and clays, and about 70 percent sand of dredged material in the vicinity, said Russell Reichelt of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
This project will pave several ways for lucrative coal reserves to be exported out of the country, in turn boosting the nation’s economy, but the locals are not sure yet.
Terry Must – a fisherman said that if they had dumped the soil on the land it would have caused better economic benefits to the whole town, but the approval has been given to dump it in the sea.
Dozens of conditions have been put down by the environmental watchdogs including no new ports to be built along the Great Barrier Reef’s coastline. Nevertheless, the critics of this project accuse it of ignoring the caving in under pressure offered by the government, Marine Park’s charter, and the multinational developers and the mining industry.
In addition, UNESCO has also brought to light the water quality concerns in the area and commented that the Barrier Reef problems would be placed on the list of world heritage sites in the utmost danger. | <urn:uuid:6572de54-8c55-4a44-92b1-7854705a5034> | {
"date": "2017-01-20T05:38:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00202-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9526181221008301,
"score": 2.90625,
"token_count": 345,
"url": "http://www.qyresearchreports.com/news/great-barrier-reef-is-at-a-major-risk-from-its-coal-development-plan.htm"
} |
Wilderness: A Place Apart
On Sept. 3, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Wilderness Act, a law whose purpose was to "establish a National Wilderness Preservation System for the permanent good of the whole people, and for other purposes." Years in the making, this law was intended to recognize not so much a place, but an idea.
This idea is by no means a new one, coming as a result of the industrialization and mechanization of the Western world in the 18th and 19th centuries. The act beautifully encompasses many features of the Romantic Movement permeating society in the mid-20th century in its emphasis on places "untrammeled by man" whose primary characteristic is "primeval" nature, where a "natural" world reigns.
In other words, wilderness is valuable because it is the place where humans are not. It is also valuable, as historian Michael Lewis reminds us, in its scope -- it dwarfs us geographically and conceptually.
And yet, Congress also chose to recognize the redeeming qualities of wilderness for humans, a place where we can go to find "solitude," a state most sought after in a world where culture seems to be everywhere.
There are now roughly 107 million acres of land designated as wilderness, up from the original 9.1 million set aside in 1964. Western states such as California, Alaska and Idaho have the most, while Connecticut, Rhode Island and four other states have no federally recognized wilderness areas as defined by the act.
I am sure that many of us would agree that the Wilderness Act of 1964 has been a boon to the nation, if not the world. But why do we value wilderness?
In 1964, we were arguably a nation becoming ill at ease with our postwar economic expansion, the growth of our suburbs, our population explosion -- our inability to escape each other. We were beginning to ask then, as we still ask now, how best to care for what we as a country thought we had a surfeit: land.
Nowhere was our attempt to understand our relationship to the land demonstrated as aptly as it was in 1962 when Rachel Carson published "Silent Spring," which inaugurated the modern environmental movement. Among Carson's insights, she noted that we were not only poisoning ourselves with herbicides and insecticides, we were also being poisoned by those with good intentions.
Carson's lasting legacy was her demonstration -- still relevant today -- that even in the United States we often have little control over our communities; that state, local and federal agencies -- peopled by experts trained at our universities, often at public expense -- often determine the fate of human and ecological health.
Thus, as Congress considered the Wilderness Act, Carson was documenting our treatment of the Earth far closer to home. This paradox is important.
The Romantic sentiment prevailed. Thanks to the federal government, there would always be a mountain or a lake or a vista where we could not screw things up, where we might be assured of finding God, or ourselves, or some charismatic fauna. The effects of our thoughtlessness and rapine elsewhere would be mitigated by our non-presence in this magnificent wilderness.
But as environmental historians remind us, that pristine place has always been difficult to find. And this is why wilderness is so profoundly important as an idea, because it reflects our own changing attitudes about nature; what it is for, and what it means.
For instance, we no longer recognize the "hideous and desolate wilderness" that William Bradford noted as he decamped the Mayflower. Nor, however, is wilderness the romantic salve for industrial capitalism. To go into the wilderness today is unhappily to meet with any number of examples of culture: the planes overhead, the SUVs driven by Sierra Club members, the fast-food chains ringing its edges.
Perhaps we need to start seeing wilderness differently, more holistically, as a part of our urban and suburban worlds. It makes me ask, along with environmental historian William Cronon, whether our drive to preserve wilderness areas has had one very detrimental effect: allowing us to despoil those places where we live, where our daily choices are most keenly felt.
William Major is an associate professor of English at the University of Hartford.
Copyright © 2008, The Hartford Courant | <urn:uuid:e3307814-2fcd-4fa1-b538-179c5c8c202e> | {
"date": "2014-12-22T04:24:12",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773201.145/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00035-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9691061973571777,
"score": 3.484375,
"token_count": 879,
"url": "http://www.commondreams.org/views/2008/06/16/wilderness-place-apart?quicktabs_1=0"
} |
Physics Fast Facts
Explore our extensive list of fun facts about physics. This set of physics facts feature wide variety of topics including electricity, sounds, gravity, light and more. Read on and enjoy these interesting physics facts!
Did you know?
- Looking for electricity facts for kids? Electric eels can shock their prey and predators with the use of electric stun ranging around 500 volts?
- It just takes 1.2555 seconds for light coming from the Earth to reach Moon.
- Water works against gravity. It can move up in a narrow tube through the process known as capillary action.
- Of all known planets in the solar system, Uranus is the only one that revolves on its side, whilst the planet Venus is the only one that rotates in opposite direction to the Earth.
- In order to enlarge particular figure, magnifying glass utilizes the convex shaped lens properties.
- Sound Facts: did you know that sound can travel at the speed of 757 mph?
- The energy we accumulate from the food we eat is measured in calories or joules.
- The title of being the fastest land animal on earth goes to Cheetah, reaching the maximum speed of approximately 70mph.
- Albert Einstein won the 1921 Nobel Prize for his work in theoretical physics field.
- A 100kg person could weigh 38kg on Mars due to gravity differences.
Filed under: Quick Facts
Like this post? Subscribe to my RSS feed and get loads more! | <urn:uuid:2d69e849-6491-4deb-9d72-a72dc3198486> | {
"date": "2014-09-15T09:27:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657104131.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011144-00326-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.924981951713562,
"score": 3.3125,
"token_count": 307,
"url": "http://www.sciencefactsabout.com/physics-fast-facts.html"
} |
This blog will expand on themes and topics first mentioned in my book, "The Automobile and American Life." I hope to comment on recent developments in the automobile industry, reviews of my readings on the history of the automobile, drafts of my new work, contributions from friends, descriptions of the museums and car shows I attend and anything else relevant to those interested in automobiles and auto history. Copyright 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 , 2016, 2017, by the author.
Saturday, June 29, 2013
Technological Antecedents to the Automobile– The Bicycle
Technological Antecedents – The Bicycle
to ICE technological advances were developments related to the bicycle that
took place in America
between 1880 and 1900. The bicycle created a widespread demand for flexible,
personal transportation, and it brought freedom to both women and young people.
While the nineteenth century railroads exposed Americans to rapid (for the day)
land transport, the very fact that tracks limited transverse spatial mobility
opened the door to possibilities for more adaptable movement on roadways.
Bicycles, despite their shortcomings associated with muscle power, difficult
terrain, and weather, put urban dwellers in motion. In particular, their
introduction and diffusion raised important questions concerning the quality of
roads, manufacturing techniques, social changes, and legislation. Without
exaggeration, the bicycle set the stage for the automobile that followed.
story began in Europe around 1819 with the
introduction of a hobbyhorse design. Its historical evolution is traced in
David Herlihy’s beautifully illustrated monograph.9 The first
mechanical bicycle is credited to the Scotsman Kirkpatrick MacMillian, who in
1839 constructed a home-built, treadle-driven device so that he could more
easily visit his sister who lived some 40 miles away. This invention was for
the most part ignored until the 1860s, when in France so-called pedal velocipedes
were manufactured by carriage maker Pierre Michaux and his son Ernest. These
designs were a cross between the modern bicycle and the wooden hobbyhorse. The
velocipede’s wheels consisted of wooden spokes and rims held together by a
steel band. The front wheel was larger than the rear, and pedals were attached
directly to the axle. With ivory handlebar grips, and a seat resembling an
animal’s spine, this awkward-looking device weighed sixty pounds. It quickly
earned itself an appropriate nickname – “the bone-shaker” – as it traversed the
rough roads of that era. In 1869 the velocipede made its way to American
shores, where a number of American firms improved its design. An American
version incorporated hollow instead of solid steel tubes, and a self-acting
brake. To stop, the rider pushed against the handlebars, thus compressing the
seat spring and causing a brake shoe to engage against the rear wheel. It was seat-of-the-pants
driving at its best, more a curiosity and sport than everyday technology.
velocipede craze followed in the late 1860s. At the same time, several social
clubs were organized. It was difficult to ride the velocipede on the bumpy roads
of the day, and one had to walk it uphill. But after 1871 interest in this
less-than-practical device waned, in part because so many of the machines built
were poorly designed. A radically new design was needed, and that would come as
a result of the efforts of Englishman James Starley, who, to this day the
British honor as the father of the bicycle industry.
Starley introduced his Ariel bicycle. Like its predecessors, the Ariel featured
front drive pedals. However, for greater efficiency Starley made the front
wheel as large as it could be, limited only by the length of the rider’s legs,
and thus increased the wheel circumference and relative efficiency.
Correspondingly, the rear wheel was reduced in size, making it just large
enough to maintain balance. Thus, the era of the bone-shaker had ended and that
of the “high wheeler” or “ordinary” began.
production techniques soon incorporated steel tubes, ball bearings, and solid
rubber tires. One riding a high-wheeler could reach 20 mph, but it was
dangerous and there was always the possibility of the rider “talking a header,”
and flying over the handlebars. It was awkward and precarious, but in Britain a wide
following soon emerged as clubs of cyclists were formed.
American ordinary craze was fueled by the efforts of manufacturer Colonel
Albert A. Pope, a Civil War veteran from Boston
who traveled to England,
began importing British models, took the lead in establishing the American
League of Wheel Men in 1880 and built his own models under the Columbia trademark. By 1884, Pope’s firm made
some 5,000 “Columbia” units, and the technological gap between the U.S. and the
British narrowed.10 The inherent problem with the ordinary, however,
was that its size was connected with the stature of its rider, and thus
standardization was impossible. Therefore, economies of scale in manufacturing
could not be truly achieved.
The greatest advantage of British
bicycle manufacturers during the 1880s lay in superior metallurgical
techniques. Birmingham’s W.C. Stiff (an appropriate name given the technology
he developed!) perfected a method of weld-less tube manufacture that permitted
the brazing of light tubing to solid forging. By limiting the use of heavy
gauge metal to stress points, a considerably lighter bicycle could be made
without any loss of strength. Throughout the 1880s, American manufacturers were
forced to use English tubes if they aspired to build first-class products. The
British also modified the ordinary’s design by introducing gearing in the front
of the vehicle, thus allowing the rider to pedal easier. These geared bicycles
were called Dwarfs or Kangaroos, but most bicyclists saw them as no safer than
the conventional design. If safety was an issue, and it certainly was for many
women, they moved to a tricycle. American designers also attempted to reverse
the large and small wheels of the ordinary, putting the large wheel in the back
and gearing it, thus reducing the possibility of a rider going over the
handlebars due to a sudden stop or maneuver.
made valuable technical contributions to bicycle design, particularly during
the 1880s and 1890s. Just as the Americans seemed to be taking a lead in
bicycle technology, in the mid-1880s John Kemp Starley, nephew of the creator
of the Ariel, came up with the concept of the safety bicycle. This design
featured a triangular frame, two wheels of about 2 feet in diameter, and a rear
wheel driven by a sprocket connected to a chain. While the idea was not totally
new, it was the industrial commitment to this design that was so important.
Indeed, what emerged was the notion that safety was important, so much so that
high wheelers became market curiosities by 1890.
impact of the safety bicycle was enormous, particularly after 1888 when the
design was coupled with John Boyd Dunlop’s pneumatic tires. The cycling
population expanded greatly, and women, who had shunned the earlier models,
embraced the dropped frame safety bicycle design. The dropped frame was
introduced in 1888, and shortly thereafter women bicyclists’ skirts were
shortened and their ankles exposed. Women began wearing bloomers, leading
Elizabeth Cady Stanton to remark, “Many a woman is riding to the suffrage on a
bicycle.”11 Further, young men and women could now go for rides
without third party supervision. Patriarchal and matriarchal controls were
increasingly being challenged by a machine, and as machines would become more
complex with the coming of the automobile, so would the resulting social
leaped forward in the 1890s, and an acetylene flame lamp was introduced in 1895
so that cyclist could travel safely at twilight and in the dark. For several
years during the trend-driven Gay 90s, bicycling became a full-fledged boom.
Bicycle racing became a popular sport, and many colleges established bicycling
teams. Further, the bicycle inspired sheet music, trading cards, and board
games. Undoubtedly the most famous of all songs inspired by the bicycle was
Harry Dacre’s “Daisy Bell,” composed in 1892 with its chorus:
Give me your answer do!
I'm half crazy,
All for the love of you!
It won't be a stylish marriage,
I can't afford a carriage,
But you'll look sweet on the seat
Of a bicycle built for two!12
some 300 firms made more than a million bicycles in the U.S., making it a world
leader. Innovations that followed included the coaster brake, a springed fork
in the front, and cushioned tires. The cost of the bicycle halved from $100 to
$50 during the 1890s, and thus American industry liberated the bicycle from its
status as a plaything for wealthy sportsmen to a far more popular tool for
travel. In doing so, the bicycle literally paved the way for the automobile,
including the innovations of Henry Ford that would follow in the first decade
of the twentieth century.
raising consciousness concerning flexible travel and its impact on road
improvements in the United States, no preceding technological innovation – not
even the internal combustion engine – was as important to the development of
the automobile as the bicycle. The bicycle was the object of scorn by horsemen
and teamsters long before the appearance of the horseless carriage. Further,
bicyclists gained the legislative right to use public roads in Massachusetts as
early as 1879. Key elements of automotive technology that were first employed
in the bicycle industry and then subsequently made their way into early
automobiles included steel-tube framing, ball bearings, chain drive, and
differential gearing. The bicycle industry also developed the techniques of
quantity production using specialized machine tools, sheet metal, stamping, and
electric resistance welding that would become essential elements in the volume
production of motor vehicles.
innovation of particular note is the pneumatic bicycle tire, invented by Dr.
John B. Dunlop in Ireland in 1888.13 Dunlop was far from working in
a vacuum, however, as numerous inventors patented similar designs during the
late 1880s and early 1890s. Also, the rubber tire had a long history that
Dunlop undoubtedly built upon. Solid rubber tires were first introduced around
1835, and in 1845 Robert William Thompson, a civil engineer from Middlesex,
England, patented a pneumatic tire similar to Dunlop’s design. An important
issue was how to keep the tire on the rim, and it was not until the early part
of the twentieth century before a system employing a wire-reinforced bead was
widely adopted. Bicycle tires were the basis of automobile tires in France by
1895 and in the United States in 1896 when the B. F. Goodrich Company
scaled up a single-tube bicycle tire for one of Alexander Winton’s early
greatest contribution of the bicycle, however, was that it provided its owner
with the ability to go when and where one wanted to. Sunday trips to
out-of-the-way scenic places were now within the reach of the common man and
his family. As one commentator of the period poignantly remarked, “Walking is
on its last legs.”14 Thus, the bike was the first freedom machine,
as it remains to this day for younger children who want to travel beyond the
pale of an observing and controlling parent. It demanded, however, muscle power
and a willingness to be exposed to the weather. To this day in many European
cities the bicycle is an environmentally-friendly alternative to the | <urn:uuid:d4c1f7c7-956a-4393-adb3-c2081678fa02> | {
"date": "2017-08-19T11:03:15",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105341.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819105009-20170819125009-00136.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9624737501144409,
"score": 3.0625,
"token_count": 2573,
"url": "https://automobileandamericanlife.blogspot.com/2013/06/technological-antecedents-to-automobile.html"
} |
Definitions of sequence
n. - The state of being sequent; succession; order of following; arrangement. 2
n. - That which follows or succeeds as an effect; sequel; consequence; result. 2
n. - Simple succession, or the coming after in time, without asserting or implying causative energy; as, the reactions of chemical agents may be conceived as merely invariable sequences. 2
n. - Any succession of chords (or harmonic phrase) rising or falling by the regular diatonic degrees in the same scale; a succession of similar harmonic steps. 2
n. - A melodic phrase or passage successively repeated one tone higher; a rosalia. 2
n. - A hymn introduced in the Mass on certain festival days, and recited or sung immediately before the gospel, and after the gradual or introit, whence the name. 2
n. - Three or more cards of the same suit in immediately consecutive order of value; as, ace, king, and queen; or knave, ten, nine, and eight. 2
n. - All five cards, of a hand, in consecutive order as to value, but not necessarily of the same suit; when of one suit, it is called a sequence flush. 2
The word "sequence" uses 8 letters: C E E E N Q S U.
No direct anagrams for sequence found in this word list.
All words formed from sequence by changing one letter
Browse words starting with sequence by next letter | <urn:uuid:50eecf30-76b9-4d24-bfda-42f67f9bf92a> | {
"date": "2017-10-17T12:15:34",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821088.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017110249-20171017130249-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9138643145561218,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 314,
"url": "https://www.morewords.com/word/sequence/"
} |
February 6, 2017
(New Atlas) – Glioblastoma is an aggressive form of brain cancer that kills most patients within two years of diagnosis. In tests on mice last year, a team at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill showed that adult skin cells could be transformed into stem cells and used to hunt down the tumors. Building on that, they’ve now found that the process works with human cells, and can be administered quickly enough to beat the ticking time-bombs.
The views, opinions and positions expressed by these authors and blogs are theirs and do not necessarily represent that of the Bioethics Research Library and Kennedy Institute of Ethics or Georgetown University. | <urn:uuid:c8d21385-9799-4daa-9003-13976ebc4ede> | {
"date": "2018-10-20T21:29:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513441.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020205254-20181020230754-00336.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9369345307350159,
"score": 3.15625,
"token_count": 139,
"url": "https://bioethics.georgetown.edu/2017/02/stem-cells-beat-the-clock-for-brain-cancer/"
} |
Fungi erupt on Erebus
Discovery of fungal communities in ice caves highlights human contamination
Posted June 28, 2013
Researchers have identified more than 60 species of fungi from an ice cave near the top of Mount Erebus, an active volcano in Antarctica. The find demonstrates the hardiness of organisms to survive in extreme environments — and the potential for human contamination in even the most pristine places.
Laurie Connell at the University of Maine and Huber Staudigel with Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California in San Diego published their findings last month in the journal Biology. Connell’s laboratory analyzed soil samples taken from Warren Cave near the top of the 3,794-meter-tall volcano.
It’s the first report of a fungal community being associated with what scientists call a dark oligotrophic volcanic ecosystem (DOVE) in Antarctica. DOVEs are nutrient-poor places in the Earth’s lithosphere, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, where life is able to subsist despite the absence of light for photosynthesis.
“We don’t know how this deep biosphere works with the surface biosphere that we see all the time,” Staudigel said. “We suspect it’s important, but we know very little about it.”
Staudigel is the principal investigator on a five-year field project in Antarctica to examine extreme environments like Mount Erebus to learn more about life in the early stages of Earth, when there would have been few if any sources of organic matter. Instead, microorganisms would have fed on rock minerals or perhaps the noxious gases of a hyper-volcanic young planet.
The ice caves that dot the flanks of Mount Erebus are an ideal place to study such extremophiles.
Gas and steam vent from the sides of Mount Erebus through fissures called fumaroles, sometimes carving out caves just below the ice-crusted surface. Warren Cave is located about 300 meters from the volcano’s rim near an established field camp called Lower Erebus Hut.
Its easy accessibility for scientists and field parties — some visits perhaps dating back to the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration during the early 20th century — has made it one of the most visited and studied of the 120 known caves on the volcano. That has also made it more susceptible to human contamination.
About a third of the 61 fungi species that Connell and her team identified represented Malassezia species, fungi that are associated with skin surfaces of animals and require high lipid content for growth.
“I was surprised at [the high diversity] at first, but when I started looking at what we had, I realized we had a lot of things that were human associated,” said Connell, a co-principal investigator on the National Science Foundation-funded project and lead author on the Biology paper.
Until recently, the decades-long research at Mount Erebus, led by Phil Kyle at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (New Mexico Tech), focused on volcanology, geology and related sciences. But now there is a growing awareness by biologists like Connell that the ice caves offer tremendous potential for studying life in extreme environments.
But human contamination, from food scraps to dandruff, has the potential to upset these natural laboratories, Connell said, “because the communities are so tiny there, adding even a small amount of carbon and other nutrients is probably going to impact it significantly.”
Last year, the United States presented a working paper at a meeting of the Antarctic Treaty nations in Hobart, Australia, that urged developing a code of conduct to help manage human impact to the subterranean system on Erebus and other geothermal environments.
In the interim, the National Science Foundation (NSF), which manages the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP), instituted a moratorium on visits to all ice caves unless for scientific research. Access to pristine caves was restricted except for purposes of collecting data on microbial communities. In those cases, scientists must use clean-access protocols.
Staudigel said development of the protocols is still ongoing in cooperation with members of Kyle’s team, particularly Aaron Curtis, a graduate student at NMT whose research on Erebus has focused on the interplay between the caves and volcano.
“Having protocols in place for newer caves will really change the way we’re working in the caves, but it shouldn’t really change what science we can do,” Connell added. “It will just change the way we’re doing the science.”
During the 2012-13 field season, researchers collected samples from 10 geothermal ice caves on Mount Erebus to determine the current level of microbial contamination. The analyses will focus on using the fungal communities identified by Connell as the smoking gun for human impacts.
In addition to Warren Cave, two other ice caves near Lower Erebus Hut, Hut and Helo caves, have been indentified as likely to be “highly contaminated” from previous visits. At this year’s Antarctic Treaty meeting, the United States and New Zealand pledged to garner more international input into a permanent code of conduct for the Mount Erebus caves and other geothermal sites used for research.
Staudigel said it was important “to protect these environments as much as we can,” while still ensuring the ice caves are available to researchers, as well as others, such as journalists and documentary filmmakers who can help tell the story about such unique places to a bigger audience.
“If we get kids interested in these amazing environments, we might eventually get microbiologists or whatever,” he said. “The excitement that’s involved with the caves is a fantastic [outreach] tool.”
There are already signs that there is an intriguing story to tell about the biology in the Erebus ice caves. Although several of the fungal species found in Warren Cave are cosmopolitan, some have shown to be capable of colonizing minerals and sterile soils, according to the Biology paper.
For example, a species called Aureobasidium pullulans has been identified previously in Antarctica, including from the dry soils in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, and has even been found on the inner part of the Chernobyl inner containment system. An explosion and fire at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine in 1986 created one of the worst nuclear disasters in history.
“The ability to withstand radiation and to withstand desiccation appear to be very similar pathways in some fungi,” Connell said, noting that A. pullulans has even been used in radiation experiments in outer space.
The Biology paper makes further comparisons between the McMurdo Dry Valleys and volcano ice caves. While both ecosystems are low in nutrients, the soil samples from Warren Cave come from a relatively moist, humid and warm environment thanks to the volcanic vent system.
The soils in the Dry Valleys, on the other hand, experience low temperatures and rapid temperate swings, high UV radiation and desiccation.
“It’s a much more benign environment in the caves,” Connell said.
What else might the soils of the volcano ice caves contain? Analyses are continuing at co-principal investigator Bradley Tebo’s lab at Oregon Health and Science University, which is looking at other microorganisms, particularly bacteria.
Samples from Warren cave and others may throw yet more light on the dark ecosystems.
“The fun part is getting [the samples]. The drudge part is doing all the extractions and everything involved to get the data out of them,” Connell said. “The data is the next fun part.”
NSF-funded research in this story: Laurie Connell, University of Maine, Award No. 0739696; Hubert Staudigel, University of California-San Diego Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Award No. 0739712; and Bradley Tebo, Oregon Health and Science University, Award No. 0739731.
About the Sun | <urn:uuid:1e55e374-3261-44d1-8fdc-2f75f939468b> | {
"date": "2014-08-02T02:25:40",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276250.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00444-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9386377930641174,
"score": 3.421875,
"token_count": 1697,
"url": "http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/printArticle.cfm?id=2864"
} |
In the Jain conception, the world has neither beginning in time nor any end. The world and the Jain Church exist eternally. The Jains liken time to a wheel with twelve spokes. The Wheel is going round and round since time began and will go on doing so for all time. At any moment half the wheel is descending. The descending half of the wheel is called Avasarpini, and the ascending half is called Utsarpini. We are living in the Avasarpini half or the descending half of the Time Wheel when the human life and manners are becoming worse year by year. Each of these halves is divided in to Aras (spokes) or Ages. The Aras in the Avasarpini are the following:
Name of the Age Duration
1. Susama Susama Four crore crore Sagaropama year
2. Susama Three crore crore Sagaropama years
3. Susama Dusama Two crore crore Sagaropama years
4. Dusama susama One crore crore Sagaropama years
less 42,000 ordinary years
5. Dusama 21,000 ordinary years
6. Dusama Dusama 21,000 ordinary years.
Sagaropama or "comparable to ocean" is a number too large to express in words.
The same Ages occur in the Utsarpini period but in the reverse order.
In the first Age, in the Susama susama Age, man lived Three palyas or palyopamas a long period not to be expressed in a definite number of years (one crore-crone palyas make one "comparable to ocean years). The Nirvana of Rishabha the first Tirthankara occurred 3 years and 8 1/2 months before the end of the third Age. The other 23 Tirthankara were born in the fourth age. Mahavira the last of the Tirthankara died 3 years and 8 1/2 months before the beginning of the fifth age which began in 527 BC We are thus living in the fifth, that is, the Dusama Age.
The mythical history of Jainism starts from a period near about the end of the third Age, i.e., the Susama Dusama Age. In this period the first of the sixty-three supermen of the Jain mythology, Rishabhanatha, appeared. The other sixty-two supermen appeared in the fourth, i.e., Dusama-susama Age. The Svetambaras call these supermen Shalakapursha, while the Digambaras call them Lakshana-purusha.1 Mahavira was the last of the sixty-three supermen.
Both the Svetambaras and the Digambaras have written a number of works giving the lives2 of these sixty-three persons. One of the most famous of these works is the Trishashti- shalakapurusha- charitra by Hemachandra. Generally speaking, there is not much difference in the versions of the lives given by the two sects. In fact the notable differences occur in the case of the two Tirthankara Malli and Mahavira only. In all other cases the two sects are in agreement about the mythology of their religion.
The sixty-three supermen were the following:
Shvetambara names Digambara names
Thirhankaras Tirthankara 24
Cakravartins Cakravartins 12
Baladevas Baladevas 09
Vasudevas Nrayanas 09
Prativasudevas Pratinarayanas 09
In addition to these sixty-three supermen there were some kulagaras or legislators. They all arrived in the third Age. The first Tirthankara Rishabha was also the last of the kulagaras. The kulagaras were the persons who first introduced punishment in the world. These, however, consisted in not more than admonition, warning and reprimands hakkara, makkara and dhikkara.3 A kulagara was something like Manu, the legislator of the Hindus.
Among the Baladevas and Vasudevas, the most interesting are Balaram and Krishna (Kanha in Prakrit). They appeared at the time of Nemi, the 22nd Tirthankara. In fact Krishna was Nemi's cousin, We get here the Jain version of the Mahabharat The Story of the Kauravas and Pandavas and the descendants of Krishna and Balaram is described. The Kauravas and Pandavas are converted to the Jain religions. Finally the Pandavas also become ascetics and like Nemi, attain Nirvana.4 One interesting point is that the main battle here is not the one described in the Hindu Mahabharat. Krishna, the Vasudeva, fights a battle with Jarasandha, the Prativasudeva, and kills him. This is the main battle in the Jain version. In this battle between Krishna and Jarasandha, the Pandavas take the side of Jarasandha. In fact, the main story in this Jain version is the life of Krishna, and this is nearly the same here as given in the Bhagavati Purana of the Hindus. Even otherwise the Krishna is the only Vasudeva who plays some part in the Jain canonical works- Antakriddasah and Jnatadharma Katha.
The Jain version of the Ramyan is given in Padmacaritras or Padma - Puranas. Padma is actually the Jain name of Ram and his story in the Jain version differs in many particulars from that of Valmiki.
Hemachandra in this Trishashti-shalakapurusha- charitra gives the legend of Ram in detail. According to him, Dasharath, king of Saketa had four queens: Aparajita, Sumitra, Suprabha ad Kaikeyi. These four queens had four sons. Aparajita's son was Padma, and he became known by the same name of Ram also. Sumitra's son was Narayana: he became to be known by another name, Lakshmana. Kaikeyi's son was Bharata and Suprabha's son was Shatrughna.
Sita was the daughter of Janak. She had a twin brother Bhamandala who was kidnapped while still an infant. Once Janak was attacked by barbarians. Ram was sent to help Janak, and he easily repulsed the enemies. Janak was delighted and wanted Ram to marry his daughter Sita.
Dasharath had married Kaikeyi in a svayanvara festival where she had selected him as her husband out of the many kings who had attended the festival. The other kings who were rejected attacked Dasharath. In the battle that ensued, Kaikeyi had acted as the charioteer of Dasharath. She did her job so skillfully that Dasharath had promised her any boon that she desired. She had said that she would ask for her boon on a suitable occasion.
When Dasharath became old he wanted to abdicate and become a beggar. When Kaikeyi heard this she demanded her boon, and this was that her son Bharata should take over the kingdom as Dasharath's successor. Ram readily agreed to this proposal but said that if he stayed on in the capital, Bharata would not accept the throne. He therefore thought that he should leave the capital and live in the forest. Sita and Lakshmana accompanied him. The rest of the legend is more or less the same as in Valmiki's Ramyan There is, however, an important difference. It is Lakshmana and not Ram who actually kills Ravana. In the Jain system therefore it is Lakshman who is Vasudeva, Ram is Baladev, and Ravana is Prativasudeva.
There is another and perhaps an older version of the Jain Ramyan. This version is given in the 14th Chapter of Sanghadasa'a Vasudevahindi and also in the Uttarapurana of Gunabhadracarya. This version is not popular and is in fact not known to the Svetambaras at all. The story in brief is as follows: Dasharath was a king of Varanasi. Ram was his son by his queen Subala, and Lakshman by Kaikeyi. Sita was born to Mandodari, wife of Ravana, but since there was a prophecy that she would be the cause of her father's death, Ravana had sent her through a servant to be buried alive in Mithila. She was accidentally discovered by the king Janak when was plowing the field, and brought up as his daughter. When Sita grew up, Janak performed a yajna where Ram and lakshman were invited. Janak was impressed by Ram's personality and he gave his daughter Sita to him in marriage. Ravana had not been invited to this yajna, and when he heard that Sita was a beautiful girl, he decided to abduct her. There is no mention in this version of the Ramyan of the exile of Ram. Ravana in fact abducts Sita from Citrakuta near Varanasi. Ram recovers her by killing Ravana in Lanka. Therefore Ram and Lakshman come home and rule over their kingdom.
All the Chakravartins have more or less similar careers. Their lives are spent in obtaining the fourteen imperial crown treasures or jewels. After long reigns, they perform the act of purging known as apurva-karma obtain kevala knowledge and enter Nirvana. The first of the Chakravartins was Bharata, son of the first Tirthankara Rishabha.
Rishabha's name occurs in the Hindu Visnu-purana and Bhagavat Purana also. It is stated there that the emperor Rishabha handed over his empire to his son Bharata and went to the forest where he practiced severe penance and died. He was nude at the time of his death. (This suggests that the Purana story might have come originally from the Jain sources) From the time Rishabha gave away his empire to his son Bharatta, they started calling this country Bharata- Varsa. Formerly this country was called Himavarsa. Name of no other Tirthankara is mentioned in the Hindu religious literature.
The detailed lives of the twenty four Tirthankara were given in the various Caritras and Puranas written in the later part of the first millennium AD the earlier books such as the Kelp Sutra of the Svetambaras give little details about most of them. In fact the Kalpa Sutra gives some particulars only about the lives of Parshva, Arishtanemi and Rishabha in a stereotyped manner. It gives the life of Mahavira in some detail, and so far as the other twenty Tirthankara were concerned, mentions only the periods when they appeared.
There is some uniformity in the lives of the Tirthankaras. All of them were born of Kshatriya mothers and lived princely lives before they renounced the world, and nearly all of them attained Nirvana in the Sammeta mountain (Parasnatha) in Bihar. There were only four exceptions in regard to the place of Nirvana. The place of Nirvana of the following four Tirthankaras were as below:
1. Rishabha in Kailasa
12. Vasupujja in Champa
22. Arishtanemi on the Girnar Hills
24. Mahavira in Pava
The twenty-third Tirthankara Parshvanatha is said to have died 250 years before Mahavira, while Parshva's predecessor Arishtanemi is said to have died 84,000 years before Mahavira's Nirvana. Naminatha died 5,00,000 years before Arishtanemi and Munisuvrata 1,00,000 year before Naminatha. The intervals go on lengthening until they reach astronomical periods.
It thus goes without saying that all the Tirthankaras, except Parshva and Mahavira are mythical figures. We thus need not discuss their lives given in the various Puranas and Charitras. It will, however, be clear from what has been stated above that the Jains have a philosophy of history (i.e. the theory of the wheel of time) and this is distinct from the philosophy of history of any other people. Also the Jains throughout the last fifteen hundred years or so, have taken great delight in writings about the history of their Church up to Mahavira. In fact the Digambaras have practically ignored the history of their church after Mahavira. Except for some pattavalis, which gives the names of their successive Patriarchs, the Digambaras section of the Church has no other history after Mahavira. For Jain sources of the history of the Church after Mahavira we have therefore to depend on the Svetambaras works only.
1. Schurbing, The Doctrine of Jains p. 23.
2. The Digambaras call these lives Purana whereas Svetambaras call them Charitras.
3. Schubring op. cit. p.20
4. Winternitz, A History of India Literature Vol. II, p.495
5. A reference to the Chakravartins possessing 14 is found in the Hindu Vishnu Purana also. Of these 14 Jewels, 7 are inanimate, viz. Cakra (wheel), rath (chariot), khanga (sword), charm (shield), dhvaja (flag), nidhi (treasury), and 7 are animate, viz. wife, priest, commander of the army, charioteers foot soldiers, troops mounted on horses, and troops mounted on elephants. Other books give other lists.
6. Bk.2. ch.1
7. The term "Aristameni", which occurs sometimes in the Vedic literature, for instance, in Rigveda X. 178.1, is not the name of any person. | <urn:uuid:91d14072-e6da-4045-9926-95261ac622e3> | {
"date": "2014-04-24T00:41:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00163-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9670858979225159,
"score": 3,
"token_count": 3034,
"url": "http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/images/18/Legendary_History.htm"
} |
We can all be prone to negative thinking, and children are no exception with their often black and white perspective on things.
If a child struggles or fails at something it can lead to blanket statements like: “I’m dumb”, “I can’t do anything right”, “I’m a failure”.
I have seen this in my own children, particularly my 11 year old son, who is very hard on himself if he doesn’t get things right the first time, doesn’t excel at something or if he thinks people will think less of him.
Personally, I know the pitfalls of negative self-talk and the traps you can get into. It is damaging to your self-esteem and to your motivation.
Ironically, having someone tell you that what you are thinking about yourself isn’t true can make you feel even worse!
Teaching your child how to switch out of negative self talk and overcome challenges is an important part of building their resilience and teaching them how to regulate their emotions.
Here are some tips for dealing with a child’s negative self-talk:
Show them empathy & name their feelings
Validating their emotions is a good way to get them to do the next step – regulating them. Rather than echoing their words, label the emotion for them, for example, “I know it can be frustrating when you can’t work something out”.
Teach them to challenge their thoughts and emotions
After all, our feelings are valid but not necessarily the truth. Get them to recall times they have successfully overcome challenges and how they felt when they persevered. Getting them to reflect on their positive traits and strengths is also a good reflective practice.
Change their script
Teach them to flip their negative self-talk to more constructive patterns of thinking. For example:
“I’m not good at this” = “What am I missing?”
“This is too hard” = “This may take some time”
“I give up” = “I’ll try another way”
“I made a mistake” = “It’s ok, mistakes help me to learn”
Help them problem solve
This doesn’t mean you fix their problem for them, but help them work through things to find a solution.
Watch your criticism
Our reactions to situations and the words we use can really stick with our kids. Getting angry and yelling “You are so clumsy!” when your child knocks a drink over can become part of their negative self-talk. A spilt drink is nothing compared to your child’s self-worth.
Model positive self-talk
Or at least watch your own negative self-talk. I have a very bad habit of saying “I’m such an idiot” when I make mistakes. It’s easy to forget that you have little sponges around you who soak up all the little things you do and say. Often our internal dialogue is a script from our own childhood.
If you think about your own negative self-talk and where it might have come from, it can help you guide your child (and your inner child!) to a more positive place. | <urn:uuid:c29fb2ca-cd24-46d0-9d35-8cc586e92e18> | {
"date": "2018-02-24T17:51:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815918.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224172043-20180224192043-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9623236656188965,
"score": 3.078125,
"token_count": 694,
"url": "http://schoolmum.net/parenting/challenges-parenting/negative-self/"
} |
If you suffer from hay fever, pollen warnings can be extremely useful in helping you manage your allergies. Trouble is, most pollen- detection methods still rely on time-consuming manual microscopic analyses. Now there may be an alternative: the particle analyser 300 (PA-300), developed by Geneva-based start-up Plair. The device uses lasers to provide fully automated, real-time detection of airborne pollens. The PA-300 can identify various pollen species as well as other particles such as air pollutants. The Catalan Institute of Climate Sciences recently selected it for its research.
People allergic to birch pollens often also have reactions to foods like celery, nuts, apples, kiwi and soy. This is due to “cross-reactivity”, a phenomenon in which the immune system recognises structures similar to those of the birch in other sources.
Non-allergenic substances in pollen heighten the immune response
Up to now, research into pollen allergies has largely focused on allergens – those components of pollen that trigger hypersensitivity reactions. When it comes into contact with the nasal mucous membrane, however, pollen releases a host of other substances in addition to allergens. In a pilot study, a team of researchers from the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the Helmholtz Zentrum München investigated for the first time the effects of these substances on allergy sufferers. It emerged that the non-allergenic components of pollen have a significant influence on the way the body reacts. The results of the study suggest that it may be time to rethink the current methods of treating allergies. | <urn:uuid:2783fd53-92e2-4501-8f5d-63e28eab0734> | {
"date": "2017-04-24T21:07:49",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119838.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00116-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9248690009117126,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 333,
"url": "http://www.technologist.eu/improved-warnings-for-pollen/"
} |
Why You Should Never Keep A Pet Coyote
There are plenty of things to think about if you are planning on having a pet coyote. The first would be, that you may not even be able to keep one. In some states it is illegal to keep coyotes or wolves as pets and if you do you can be heavily fined or even arrested. Before you even consider keeping a pet coyote, check the laws in your state.
The prairie wolf or coyote can be found anywhere from Alaska to South America. Their ability to adapt in places that are frequented by humans makes them better able to cope than a wolf. They are multicolored and this can depend on where the live. In warmer climates the coyote is more of a yellowish color and in cooler climates their fur is considerably darker. They have puffs of white color on the chest area and reddish brown tips on the paws, the muzzle and on the head. They are beautiful creatures that resemble a mix of a dog and a wolf.
The average coyote can reach thirty four inches long when they are fully matured and can stand up to twenty six inches in height. The average weight for a normal coyote is around fifty pounds. It can run at a rate of forty three miles per hour and have they have been known to jump or leap a full thirteen feet.
Coyotes live and thrive in packs and they are nocturnal. They were at one time diurnal but they learned to be awake and aware at night to avoid human contact. They mate once a year between January and March. The female will come into heat for a two week period during this time and they usually keep the same partners year after year. They have a distinctive quality that sets them apart from dogs. They will howl and yip to communicate with each other. Every sound means something different to the coyote but most of the time howling occurs during mating season.
Because the coyote is not domesticated, it isn't a good idea to keep a pet coyote. They have instincts that make them dangerous. But people normally do not come in contact with full grown coyotes. For example, if the parents of the coyote have been killed, you may be able to go near or touch an orphaned baby. This is usually how people get the idea to raise a pet coyote.
Baby coyotes are docile. They may act exactly like a puppy and can seem playful and happy. But as they start to mature, instincts can kick in and they may start to act in an aggressive manner. This is because they are not used to being indoors or caged. They will start to act anxiously and they may even pace back and fourth in front of a door or window.
A pet coyote can harm or even kill a family pet. Instinctively in the wild coyotes go after small rodents, squirrels and anything else they can catch and eat. If they are allowed to go outside they will hunt down and kill a cat or other small dog that crosses their path. This can also be a problem if the coyote owner has neighbors with smaller animals or live stock. Since coyotes do not like to be caged and need a very large area to run and thrive, it is a bad idea to keep them as pets.
When people do attempt to keep a pet coyote who does not have enough room to roam, the results can be disastrous. They become aggressive and unsafe to be around. | <urn:uuid:4ce2d357-e049-4efe-bac2-e35c41ed5901> | {
"date": "2014-04-24T19:22:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206672.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00515-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9754204154014587,
"score": 2.6875,
"token_count": 712,
"url": "http://www.interestinganimals.net/pet_coyote/pet_coyote.html"
} |
The collapse of bee populations has been in the news lately, but a recent thread has suggested that this may be the result of genetically modified crops. Der Spiegel in Germany reports (March 22): "No one knows what is causing the bees to perish, but some expertsbelieve that the large-scale use of genetically modified plants in the US could be a factor."
How so? GM crops have been created by inserting the gene of a bacterial insecticide - Bt - so that they resist certain pests. But the pollen also contains Bt and bees pick it up. One study found a relationship between the Bt toxin and bee deaths. Der Spiegel says:
The study in question is a small research project conducted at the University of Jena from 2001 to 2004. The researchers examined the effects of pollen from a genetically modified maize variant called "Bt corn" on bees. A gene from a soil bacterium had been inserted into the corn that enabled the plant to produce an agent that is toxic to insect pests. The study concluded that there was no evidence of a "toxic effect of Bt corn on healthy honeybee populations." But when, by sheer chance, the bees used in the experiments were infested with a parasite, something eerie happened. According to the Jena study, a "significantly stronger decline in the number of bees" occurred among the insects that had been fed a highly concentrated Bt poison feed.
According to Hans-Hinrich Kaatz, a professor at the University of Halle in eastern Germany and the director of the study, the bacterial toxin in the genetically modified corn may have "altered the surface of the bee's intestines, sufficiently weakening the bees to allow the parasites to gain entry -- or perhaps it was the other way around. We don't know."
Of course, the concentration of the toxin was ten times higher in the experiments than in normal Bt corn pollen. In addition, the bee feed was administered over a relatively lengthy six-week period.
Kaatz would have preferred to continue studying the phenomenon but lacked the necessary funding. "Those who have the money are not interested in this sort of research," says the professor, "and those who are interested don't have the money." | <urn:uuid:fdc4bf56-4625-41f0-a2e3-5aa6defbdfee> | {
"date": "2019-07-16T22:36:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524972.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716221441-20190717003441-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9720528721809387,
"score": 3.484375,
"token_count": 454,
"url": "http://www.chewswise.com/chews/2007/04/02/are_gm_crops_be"
} |
Definition of Marx, Karl in English:
( 1818–83), German political philosopher and economist, resident in England from 1849; full name Karl Heinrich Marx. The founder of modern communism with Friedrich Engels, he collaborated with him in the writing of the Communist Manifesto (1848), and enlarged it into a series of books, most notably the three-volume Das Kapital.
Marxian adjective & noun
- Example sentences
- Drawing heavily on the support of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, they united the opponents of Marxian socialism in a new organization.
- The mainspring of the new Left wing can only be a revolutionary Marxian party.
- For a few minutes, the peace conference was transformed into a Marxian propagandist class for beginners.
Definition of Marx, Karl in:
- US English dictionary | <urn:uuid:c3a96f74-355c-434d-9cca-db0651d8a3f7> | {
"date": "2014-11-26T23:42:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007607.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00212-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8823675513267517,
"score": 3.34375,
"token_count": 173,
"url": "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Marx-Karl"
} |
First Published: The Marxist, No. 12, Autumn 1969
Transcription, Editing and Markup: Sam Richards and Paul Saba
Copyright: This work is in the Public Domain under the Creative Commons Common Deed. You can freely copy, distribute and display this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit the Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line as your source, include the url to this work, and note any of the transcribers, editors & proofreaders above.
’In the final analysis, national struggle is a matter of class struggle.’ – Mao Tse-Tung.
ABOUT TWO YEARS ago a group in Edinburgh, originally a constituent part of the ’Committee to Defeat Revisionism for Communist Unity’ declared the formation of the ’Workers Party of Scotland (M-L)’. Following this, the CDRCU, in statement deplored this move and accused the Edinburgh group of acting arbitrarily before fully debating the national question within the parent organisation.
The WPS, after thus being formed unilaterally, issued a statement on party building in Britain in which it proposed the following as one of the criteria for unity with other organisations:
’that they recognise the principle of a Federal Communist Party of Wales, Ireland, Scotland and England and conciliators (at the moment those who hold the chauvinist view on the National Question) as the immediate enemy.’
The same document also declares that the national question has become the ’touchstone’separating ’true revolutionaries’in Britain from the ’sham pretenders’. In our turn, we shall employ Marxism-Leninism as the touchstone to examine the national question as presented by the WPS.
A nation is a historically constituted stable community of people who possess in common four major attributes, namely language, economic life, territory and culture. This set of characteristics, which provides the basis on which nations are formed, also distinguishes one nation from the other.
The world’s first nations arose in the epoch of rising capitalism. Nations cannot be formed under feudalism as disunity in almost all spheres of life is the characteristic of this period.
The above theories of historical materialism about the origins and development of nations were formulated by Stalin in his celebrated work, ’Marxism and the National Question’(1913). In it regarding the formation of nations in Western Europe he wrote:
’The process of elimination of feudalism and development of capitalism is at the same time a process of the constitution of people into nations. Such, for instance, was the case in Western Europe. The British, French, Germans, Italians and others were formed nations at the time of the victorious advance of capitalism and its triumph over feudal disunity.’
Nations have their beginnings and their end. They rise and develop in the period of the democratic revolution, and as the whole of humanity approaches a communist society all nations will begin to fade away.
As early as the days of the ’Communist Manifesto’Marx observed that national differences and antagonisms between the peoples were vanishing more and more. Over the long period from post-feudalism to present-day declining capitalism the different nations in the British Isles have been forced to live together and have intercourse within the same socio-economic system. As a result of this, they have largely lost the characteristics which identified them as distinct nations in the past. Thus in Britain today the separate existence of the English, Scottish or Welsh nations is more subjective than objective.
Such is the concrete historical condition in which the nations in Britain find themselves to-day. It is only in this historical context that Marxist-Leninists can examine the question of self-determination of these nations.
Lenin’s observed (1916) three types of countries in relation to the self-determination of nations:
1. The advanced capitalist countries of Western Europe and the USA. In these countries the bourgeois, progressive, national movements came to an end long ago.
2. Eastern Europe, Austria, the Balkans and particularly Russia. Here it was the twentieth century that particularly developed the bourgeois-democratic national movement and intensified the national struggle.
3. The semi-colonial countries like China, Persia, Turkey and all the colonies. In these countries the bourgeois democratic movements have either hardly begun or are far from having been completed.
The basis of the above classification, i.e. the stage of the democratic revolution, is the basis upon which to examine the national question in a given country at a particular time.
Britain is the world’s oldest capitalist country. The bourgeois democratic revolution, as Lenin pointed out, was completed here ages ago and thus the democratic development of nations in Britain has long since ceased. Bourgeois democracy in this country is now in process of rapid decay and a corporate state is developing instead. All that can be achieved through bourgeois democracy has been achieved in Britain. So to proceed towards socialism there is no intermediate stage of People’s Democracy’or ’National Democracy’for Britain – here all problems of revolution are those of direct transition to socialism.
This of course does not mean that there is no problem in Britain in connection with the national question.
Since any system based on the profit motive cannot but have heterogeneous economic development, capitalism has not uniformly developed all over Britain. Though it is still debatable whether these irregularities in economic development also reflect ’discriminations’against certain regions, i.e. Scotland and Wales, the table opposite presented by Professor Keith of the University of Wellington (New Zealand) should not be ignored.
|Percent Unemployed (March 1967)||2.3||4.0||4.0|
|Percent workforce receiving industrial injury benefits (1965-1966)||0.3||0.5||0.9|
|Expenditure on roads per mile (1964-1965)||£1,667||£1,145||£1,089|
|Motorways planned (miles per million population)||15.1||11.5||8.9|
|Expenditure on railways electrification (1965-1966)||£197 m.||£15 m.||nil|
|Percent of households with telephones (1966)||25.6||23||15|
|Expenditure on defence industry (percent UK total, 1965-1966)||74||6||3|
A planned economy which takes into account regional requirements is the safeguard against the type of irregularities shown there, but this is only possible in a socialist economy. As an interim measure, the establishment of regional administrative bodies should be demanded.
As well as regional economic development another important question for the socialist movement is the protection of regional cultures. This is not a matter of principle, but an intermediate development towards an international socialist culture.
In the early stages of capitalism the proletariat and the bourgeoisie had, more or less, a common culture, which can be called a ’national culture’. With large-scale industrialisation the class-struggle became more and more acute and this ’national culture’ began to ’melt away’giving rise to ’class-cultures’. Today, the dominant culture in Britain is that of the British bourgeoisie (and also of US imperialism). It is the task of the socialists in Britain to develop and consolidate the proletarian culture.
The chauvinist attack on the Scottish and Welsh cultures is part of the development of capitalism in Britain. Capitalism, in the world arena, has brought different nations closer together culturally and economically, but in the process one nation has been subordinated to the other. However, there is no point in retreating from internationalist motivations; what is needed is to replace bourgeois internationalism with proletarian internationalism. To develop a proletarian culture, nationally and internationally, further development of regional cultures is a necessary step.
The above points out some of the problems involved in the solution of the national question in Britain. These problems are the sources of petty-bourgeois nationalism of various kinds represented by the Scottish Nationalist Party, the Welsh Nationalist Party and the WPS. The question involved should not be one of separatism, but of proper resolution of the contradictions amongst the people which arise from national differences, on the basis of mutual respect and recognition of the right to self-determination.
Separatism cannot be the Marxist-Leninist standpoint of the national question. Lenin pointed out:
’This demand’(for self-determination) ’is by no means identical with the demand for secession, for partition, for the formation of small states. It is merely the logical expression of the struggle against national oppression in every form. The more closely the democratic system of states approximates to complete freedom of secession, the rarer and weaker will the striving for secession be in practice; for the advantages of large states, both from the point of view of economic progress and from the point of view of the interests of the masses, are beyond doubt, and these advantages increase with the growth of capitalism. The recognition of self-determination is not the same as making federation a principle.’
Lenin developed his thesis from Marx’s famous dictum on Ireland: federation if possible, secession if inevitable. So, it follows that one should not confuse the rights of nations with the duties of Marxists. Every nation has the right to secede but this does not mean that it should exercise its right under all circumstances, for separation is not always advantageous. It is the duty of all Marxists not to encourage separatism if it is not beneficial to the proletariat and if it goes against the course of revolution.
The theory of national separatism has led the WPS to demand segregation in party structure. This is nothing new in the history of the working-class movement. The once united Austrian party began to break up after the 1899 party congress, which adopted national autonomy as part of its programme. By 1913, there existed six national parties in Austria, and the Czech party had nothing to do with the German party! In Russia, ’The Bund’demanded ’the reorganisation of Russian Social-Democracy on a federal basis’(1902). To this demand Stalin replied:
’We know where the demarcation of workers according to nationalities leads to. The disintegration of a united workers’party, the splitting of trade unions according to nationalities, aggravation of national friction, national strike breaking, complete demoralisation within the ranks of social-democracy – such are the results of organisational federalism. This is eloquently borne out by the history of Social Democracy in Austria and the activities of the Bund in Russia.’
’The only cure for this is organisation on the basis of internationalism.
’To unite locally the workers of all nationalities of Russia into single, integral collective bodies, to unite these collective bodies into a single party – such is the task.
’It goes without saying that a party structure of this kind does not preclude, but on the contrary presumes, wide autonomy for the regions within the single integral party.’
The objections to a federal party structure are thus fundamental. In a given state, formation of parties according to nationalities leads to the destruction of class-solidarity of workers in the face of their common enemy.
The WPS makes federation a principle, but while calling for a ’Socialist Republic of Scotland’it does not advocate at the same time, socialist republics for England and Wales! It is willing to see a ’Provisional Sovereign Government of Scotland’before 1970. And to carry out this great revolutionary task it looks to no other force but the SNP! ’Scottish Vanguard,’ journal of the WPS, writes:
’a great National Convention...for the purpose of constituting a provisional sovereign government of Scotland. ..would certainly inspire enormous support and redound to the credit of the SNP.’
Even the ultra-revisionist CPGB has not gone so far in tailing behind the Labour Party.
The most important problem, however, is to relate the national question to the question of class-struggle and revolution. In an extensive article entitled ’National Question and Class-struggle’, Liu Chun lo has clearly shown how the solution of the national question is dependent on the completion of the revolution. He firmly states that those who think that the national question can be solved without carrying out class struggle within the national minorities are in fact unwilling to solve the question and opposed to its solution. Thus the national question is not an independent question but is intimately connected and subordinate to the question of socialist revolution.
The prime question in any revolution is the recognition of enemy and friend and the identification of the nature of the existing state machinery. For the strategy of the revolution can only be based on objective reality and not on one’s own subjective emotions, but the WPS wishes to do the opposite:
’The Scottish Nation is a grossly underprivileged part of the imperialist state, known as ’Great Britain’whose dominant power and authority is the English capitalist establishment.’
The above Marxist gem is from the Manifesto of the WPS! The reference to ’English Imperialism’ in earlier publications has now been replaced by, “British” Imperialism’ – making the concept mystical by using quotation marks!
But this is not all. Its Secretary, in answering the question as to why the WPS supports the movement for Scottish independence, says:
’once having achieved independence it will be for the Scottish working class to overthrow the national bourgeoisie and ruling class and establish Worker’s Power.’
So we have a national bourgeoisie in Scotland! And our task is to win ’a thorough victory in the national democratic revolution and win the socialist revolution.’ A national democratic revolution in one of the homelands of monopoly capital! Even considering the socio-economic set up of Scotland in isolation, none can suggest, without being ridiculous, that Scotland is a semi-feudal country.
The reality is that the enemy of the Scottish working class is British monopoly capital, allied with US imperialism, and not English imperialism, which does not exist. The friends of the Scottish workers are the English and the Welsh working class, who are oppressed in common with them and live under the same political system. It will be suicidal for the Scottish and the Welsh workers to fight the British state machinery in isolation.
Hence it follows that it is the task of the Scottish and the Welsh workers to unite with their English counterparts in a revolutionary organisation based on democratic centralism. A federated organisation is not the type which is capable of carrying out the objective task – to overthrow the rule of the British bourgeoisie by smashing the British state. It is only through this that the Scottish and the Welsh workers can acquire the right to self-determination. Monopolists have no interest in self-determination other than encouraging diversion from real issues. The petty-bourgeoisie does not and cannot lead a socialist revolution. So the right to self-determination cannot be acquired through any struggle other than that for socialism. It is only under socialism that the acquired right can be exercised, if necessary.
The standpoint of the Marxist-Leninists on the national question has been correctly laid down in our policy document which says:
’The Movement recognises that the working people of the whole of the British Isles are oppressed in common by British Imperialism.
’It also recognises that the degree of exploitation is different in England, Scotland and Wales. These places also have cultural differences and aspirations for independent development. Therefore the Movement, while standing for immediate separate administrative bodies for each of these places and proclaiming their right to secede, will not advocate separate working class organisations for these places at present. For, national aspirations for independence can only be satisfied after the replacement of the present system by a socialist one through unified struggle against the common enemy constituting a single class.
’The struggles for liberation in Russia and China, where the problems of nationality were more acute than is the case in Britain, were led successfully by one united party acting on behalf of all nationalities within the then existing state structure. Representing as they did all nationalities, these parties recognised the right of any nationality to independence. Likewise the struggle against the British capitalist state must be waged by a single party, which recognises the right of nations to secede.’
In the days when monopoly capital is waging renewed attacks against the workers in a vain attempt to survive another acute crisis, any struggle which is not a part of class-struggle is a dangerous distraction from real issues and, therefore, has to be vigorously opposed. The struggle against the ’Workers Party of Scotland’cannot be avoided without damaging the Marxist-Leninist movement in Scotland and indeed in the whole of Britain.
Statement supporting the Afro-Americans in their just struggle against racial discrimination by US imperialism. August 8, 1963.
The Committee To Defeat Revisionism for Communist Unity and the Workers Party of Scotland, Vanguard, October 6, 1967, p 2.
Declaration of the Workers Party of Scotland on the subject of Party building.
Collected works, vol 3, p 313-14, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow 1953.
’The Socialist revolution and the right of nations to self-determination’(Theses), Jan.-Feb. 1916. Included in ’Lenin on the national and colonial questions (three articles)’, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1953.
Monthly Review, vol. 19, No 10, March 1968, p 40-41.
As 5, p 5-6.
As 4, p 377-78.
Vol. 2, No 1., p 2.
Peking, 1966.
Scottish Vanguard, Vol 2 No 8/9, p 17.
As II, p 18.
Where We Stand – Glasgow Communist Movement, July, 1969. | <urn:uuid:1c317d8a-9f86-4745-8f1f-90a09e621793> | {
"date": "2016-12-04T23:17:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541426.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00256-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9295246005058289,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 3742,
"url": "https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.firstwave/gcmonwps.htm"
} |
When the directory is infected with shortcut virus, some believe that all the folders or files in the directory were disappeared and not hidden since "show hidden files" option did not help. Actually, all the folder are hidden using other different attribute. The folders are converted to 'protected operating system file' by the virus; which mean we cannot see the folder using "show hidden file option" or changing the attribute like we always did in the file properties.To change the attribute we can use command prompt (cmd) or any necessary third-party software.
To unhide folder hidden with 'protected operating system file' attribute:
1. Open directory (which was infected with Shortcut Virus).
2. Make new notepad file (right click anywhere > new > text document)
3. Rename new text document with your desired name + *.bat. e.g. unhidefolder.bat (if you unable to rename the extension, you should unchecked "Hide extensions for known file types" located in organize > folder and search option > view tab. - windows 7 user)
4. Edit *.bat file that you created earlier by right clicking on the file >edit. This will launch the notepad.
5. Copy this code onto the notepad:
attrib -h -r -s /s /d *?
7. Run *.bat by double clicking on it. Wait for a few seconds until you see your folder appear.
Notes : The *.bat file should be in the same directory as the hidden folder.
Tip: If you see unrecognized *.exe file after unhide the folder, delete it. It must be a virus. e.g. asjgha.exe
Term: *.bat refer to Batch file, *.exe refer to Executable file
Tip2: You can hide your folder with more powerful attribute (than changing the properties) manually by reversing the code given above. | <urn:uuid:a2224060-272d-46d9-9a97-a760e32c533d> | {
"date": "2015-05-25T21:18:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928715.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00219-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9013741612434387,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 394,
"url": "http://aira-studio.blogspot.com/2010/11/how-to-unhide-folder-hidden-causes-by.html"
} |
02 Dec Kano is a $250 laptop simple enough for kids to build themselves
Kano’s clever coding games will enthrall curious kids.
Today’s kids have access to free software that teaches coding through blocks that are pieced together like a puzzle. Now, companies such as Piper and Kano are taking that one step further by pushing kids into building the very computers they’re targeting with code. We tested the latest do-it-yourself PC kit from Kano, the $250 Computer Kit Complete. Can you turn your kid into a coding genius?
Getting their hands dirty
With Kano’s kit, kids build an all-in-one PC sporting a 10.1-inch screen. Kids plug in color-coded components and wires using an easy-to-read manual, such as red for power, and blue for sound. The manual is 81 pages long, but it’s small in size, and provides large illustrations on each page. Its length is a sign of Kano’s complete instructions — it dedicates seven pages to illustrating speaker installation, for example.
The kit is based on the popular $35 Raspberry Pi 3 Model B board. It’s a self-contained computer that includes a processor, memory, four USB-A ports, a microSD card slot for storage, Wi-Fi connectivity, and more. The board plugs directly into the back of the screen via dedicated LEGO-like pegs, which are also provided for the other important plug-in computer components. The display comes with its own hardware-based driver already installed, so connecting it to the Raspberry Pi 3 is as simple as attaching the supplied HDMI cable to the dedicated ports.
Over the course of the assembly, kids connect the power button to the Raspberry Pi board’s 40-pin input/output connector, install a cable block for cable management, install the speaker, the USB-based microphone, the external USB ports, and the battery (which didn’t plug in securely in our kit, and may end up needing tape). All this hardware is enclosed in a clear case that snaps onto the back of the screen, which also serves as a stand, like an all-in-one PC.
Our resident 13-year-old to blazed through the assembly. The instructions were also simple enough for our resident 9-year-old, too. However, we do think the manual’s first six pages should’ve been a stand-alone fold-out blueprint — these pages merely list the component — so kids can jump straight into building. Our teen thought the first six pages asked the builder to pull everything out of the box first, which could lead to confusion.
Easy to build, but supervision is advised
Parents of younger children may want to stay close. Even with older kids, supervision should be applied, especially during the process of installing the provided microSD card. This card comes pre-installed with Linux-based Kano OS 3.0 “Lovelace,” a kid-friendly operating system with an interface targeting “exploration, creation, and play.” The microSD card is extremely small, and could get lost in the building process if not supervised by an adult.
Kano’s Computer Kit Complete is unique in how it teaches to code.
Once everything was built, and the AIO PC booted up and dove directly into a setup screen. At the start, the device introduced itself through a text-based command prompt, asking for the child’s name. It then went through a few tests to make sure the speaker and USB-based microphone worked correctly. After that, the introduction jumped into a more visually pleasing presentation that required a local wireless network connection. We then created a free Kano World account, and a customizable avatar.
With setup complete, the computer rebooted into Kanos OS – and we had no idea what to do next. The manual ends when kids snap on the clear casing on the display’s back. The Kanos OS desktop includes a large assortment of installed programs, but given the hand-holding the kit provided up until this point, we were surprised there was no direction of how to start using the device. Our teen test subject immediately jumped into Hack Minecraft, but we also noticed a large Story Mode shortcut that took up about a quarter of the screen’s total space.
The quest for Pong
Honestly, as an adult who still loves playing Pokémon games, Story Mode is great fun. It turns the installed code-teaching programs into an 8-bit role-playing game. You control a character that adventures through the many aspects of the AIO PC, interact with its residents, and take on quests. You’re not slaying dragons, performing irrelevant errands, or saving the princess, but instead understanding the ins and outs of computers, while also learning to code.
Kids start out on the shores of SD Beach. An Information Booth sitting in the sand sports a “!” above its roof, indicating it has a quest to acquire. The NPC attending the booth introduces players to the world’s map, half of which won’t be unlocked until players accomplish everything in the current unlocked areas. To kick things off, the NPC provides the first quest — complete two challenges that result in a Pong-like game.
Kevin Parrish/Digital Trends
Thus, our coding lessons began with the installed program, Make Pong. Here, kids connect blocks of code together like puzzle pieces — pick a background for the scene (code block one), choose a color for the lines (code block two), and build. In Make Pong alone, there are 16 challenges that add on to the previous lesson, such as naming the game, limiting the winning score to 10, adding a turbo mode, and more. There’s also an open-ended “playground” mode for creative coders.
The manual is a hefty 81 pages long, but provides large illustrations on each page.
Other quests kids can grab at the beginning of Story Mode include mastering Pong creation, following the white rabbit down the Power Path, and visiting Python Jungle. Like a Pokémon game, Power Path and Python Jungle are connected, explorable areas with specific themes. Python Jungle introduces kids to the Terminal, while Power Path teaches kids about the AIO PC’s power requirements.
Besides serving up quests, in-game characters act as teachers, waiting for kids to approach and interact. “You can send packets on the UDP train. I’m sending one to my friend Eleanor. I hope she gets it…” says a character sitting in the Ethernet-based Ether Street Station. Another standing around in Port Ether (get it? Ethernet port?) explains the meaning of stereo sound, which is then added to the game’s Codex library, which serves as a reference manual when needed. Another explains the difference between Wi-Fi and Ethernet.
It’s more than just a teaching tool
Again, this RPG-type Story Mode “game” is tied directly to the installed programs. Kanos OS includes code-learning utilities such as Kano Code, Make Art, Hack Minecraft, Scratch, Make Pong, Make Snake, Terminal Quest, and Make Light. All programs listed here rely on code-based blocks that are pieced together like a puzzle, although there are examples like Make Light that require kids to type in lines of code to understand how each line works.
- Of course, these programs can be accessed outside Story Mode, along with standard programs like the internet browser, office tools, a calculator, and so on. The kit creates a fully functional AIO PC that’s kid-friendly, and even comes with Minecraft: Pi Edition already installed (v0.1.1 alpha). For the hacking aspect, the game includes an interface and tutorial for dragging blocks of code together to create TNT towers, large spheres, and more.
Meanwhile, Kano Code just focuses on piecing code blocks together via Events, Control, Draw, and Speaker categories. Naturally, our resident teen programmed the AIO PC to curse at us, but hearing an “you have the butt cheese” loop spoken by the artificial voice was simply hilarious. Teens — gotta love ‘em.
A great gift for your little computer nerd
Kano’s Computer Kit Complete is fun in the way it comes together and teaches kids how to code. The manual, albeit long, is a lengthy, detailed hand-holding experience that explains each step with big, colorful illustrations. Everything comes together in an orderly fashion, though we re-routed some of the cables for better management. Our only beef with the kit was with the battery, which didn’t want to correctly plug into the back of the screen. The manual could be slightly shorter, too.
Where this device shines is Story Mode, which offers a role-playing game experience that not only teaches coding, but all aspects of PC hardware. The drawback is the price, which at $250, could be applied to a Windows-based laptop supporting similar, free code-learning programs. In addition to the DIY experience, you’re mostly paying for the 10.1-inch screen, given that Kano OS is free, and the Raspberry Pi 3 board is a mere $35.
Still, we can’t deny we – and our young testers — had fun with Kano’s assembly and coding introduction. This is a great holiday gift for tiny, yet inquisitive, geeks. | <urn:uuid:6f1ac8a8-a5bc-4bd9-b635-2224c6577744> | {
"date": "2019-12-06T03:49:05",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540484477.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206023204-20191206051204-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9334803223609924,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 1987,
"url": "https://www.codeforchildren.com/kano-is-a-250-laptop-simple-enough-for-kids-to-build-themselves/"
} |
Technology Rules for The Struggle of Nations
Copyright 2016 by M.E. Brines – all rights reserved.
The descriptions of tech levels are meant to describe nations on the cutting edge, say a TL7 nation in the 1860s. For backward nations, items of two TLs lower than the highest world TL are commercially available, although they will be increasingly rare the lower the actual productivity of the region and may be found only in wealthier households.
Players may support research projects and scientific expeditions of their TL or lower by expending research points (RP), generally thirty unless another amount is specified. RP are a form of production representing engineering and scientific talent and if not allocated by the government will be used by the free market. Players may not allocate more production as RP than their R&D limit (.3% of their production) and may only allocate to projects of their TL or lower. Countries that develop a technology can “share” it with others, reducing by half the RP required.
The first nation to achieve a particular scientific expedition gains a propaganda bonus. In the event multiple nations attempt the same expedition the same turn the missions occur in order of RP budgeted, highest to lowest, with the highest budget getting there first.
TL1 – Metalworking
This tech level is roughly the way the Human Race has existed since metalworking was developed until the late Medieval period. Armies are equipped with swords, spears, bows and other traditional weapons.
TL2 – 16th and 17th Centuries
The development of gunpowder weapons in the 16th and 17th centuries changed the face of warfare while making little difference in everyday life. Infantry are equipped with harquebus muskets, pikes and a smattering of crossbows. Cannon are deployed in support. Cavalrymen have swords and wheelock pistols.
TL3 – 18th Century
The awkward harquebus develops into a flintlock musket. The detachable bayonet eliminates the need for pikemen. Elite troops are known as “grenadiers” and employ little, round black bombs when assaulting fortifications. Artillery calibers are standardized and pre-measured charges introduced. Ships-of-the-line have 64 or more large cannon on multiple decks. Heavy siege guns demolish the remaining castles. The first hot air balloons take flight.
TL4 – Industrial Revolution
At this TL (circa 1815) steam power becomes more widespread. Canned food is invented. Artillery now employs flintlock percussion lanyards and spherical case shot (shrapnel) ammunition. Chemists discover a method to synthesize hydrogen gas allowing tethered observation balloons to stay aloft indefinitely.
TL5 – Steam Power
At this TL (circa 1830) steamships and trains are developed. Other notable inventions include matches, mechanical reapers and percussion caps. Artillery employs explosive shells to devastating effect. Warships add auxiliary steam power to augment sails.
Arctic Expeditions become possible.
TL6 – Ironclads (circa 1845)
At this TL armored warships become practical. Photography, anesthesia, sewing machines, revolvers, nitroglycerin and electric telegraphs become commercially available. Minie balls make rifled muskets devestating giving them a rate of fire like a smoothbore musket with the range and accuracy of a rifle. Field guns now fire improved explosive shells. Often guncotton is used as a propellant. Broadside ironclads make unarmored vessels obsolete.
Steam panzers with large iron wheels or self-laying track mechanisms are slow and break down a lot. But they are terrifying and armored to resist small arms and shell-fire.
Coast defense submarines are propelled by crank, armed with spar torpedoes, run awash (not fully submerged) and lack any substantial range. At higher Tls they're steam or gasoline powered and come equipped with self-propelled torpedoes.
Railroad networks cost 13 RP. Railroad networks can be built in any region lacking one except Canada, Manchuria, Siberia and Vladivostok. Regions that achieve TL 7 automatically gain a railroad network at no cost.
The Canadian Pacific Railroad requires 39 RP.
TL7 – Circa 1860
Notable inventions include brass cartridges, hypodermic syringes, storage batteries, antiseptics, cold storage, ice machines, Gatling guns, primitive internal combustion engines and the Bessemer steel process. Pressurized cylinders make chemical warfare possible, although not practical. The firepower of rifles has made cavalry charges suicidal. Cavalrymen with single shot carbines are really little more than mounted infantry. Central battery ironclads are low-slung heavily armed ironclads with their vitals protected inside a heavily armored citadel. Low freeboard and lack of supplies make this vessel only suitable for coastal defense. Monitors can’t be deployed on the high seas or for long overseas journeys. Invented by a swede, they quickly spread to America, Russia and many other navies.
Chemical warfare can be developed for 30 RP giving the player the ability to purchase chemical depots and chemical defense battalions. Engineer units, airships and aircraft can employ cylinders of chlorine gas in battle, releasing clouds of poison gas upwind of enemy positions. (Better hope the wind doesn't shift or blow too hard) employing a number of chemical ammunition depots equal to their LR in addition to their usual supplies. A similarly equipped enemy will retaliate in kind. Chemical defense battalions count as ten units for loss purposes for chemical warfare.
TL8 – Electricity (circa 1875)
Notable inventions include underwater torpedoes, dynamite, bicycles, color photography, typewriters, pressure cookers, telephones, phonographs, the microscope and electric lights. Improved ironclads with a few super-heavy guns mounted in armored barbettes or rotating turrets become available. Torpedo boats, tiny speedboats armed with a few infernal torpedoes and a machine gun or two, have short range and no endurance and can only be used for coast defense. Their threat prompts development of the first escort vessels: torpedo boat destroyers.
Land Ironclads (or land dreadnoughts or super-heavy tanks) weigh in excess of a thousand tons and are armed with battleship weapons and heavy armor. Very slow, they break down a lot. They cannot be used in amphibious landings. 300 RP
Human torpedoes (30) are larger than standard size torpedoes with controls for divers/frogmen used for suicide attacks or as “chariots” to allow special forces to attack ships in harbor by attaching magnetic mines to the hulls of anchored ships.
TL8 Scientific Expeditions & Technical Achievements
Amur River Line establishes a railroad network in Vladivostok. Requires 2 years and 39 RP.
Channel Tunnel requires 100 RP over eight years to connect England and France by railroad.
Chinese Eastern Railway completes a rail network in Manchuria for 13 RP. As long as Manchuria is Russian-controlled Vladivostok is also considered to have a rail network
Cross Greenland by sled requires a previous arctic expedition.
Discovering a North East Passage across Siberia to the Orient requires two previous arctic expeditions.
Explore the Yukon requires 30 RP.
Kiel Canal allows the controller of Germany to transit to and from the Baltic freely. It requires 78 RP and six years.
Trans-Siberian Railway requires 390 RP and 7 years to build a railroad network for Siberia.
TL9 – Autos & Airships (circa 1890)
Electric lights become more widespread. Notable commercial innovations include steam turbines, diesel engines, automobiles, airships and recoil-operated machine guns. Real submarines are developed, short-ranged submersible torpedo boats suitable only for coastal defense which can’t be deployed at sea or for long overseas journeys. The new fully submersible submarines aren’t terribly effective but neither is anti-submarine warfare. Maxim’s new weapon uses recoil to reload the weapon, a true machine gun. Quick-firing recuperating artillery pieces, typically of 75mm caliber, dominate the battlefield. Modern battleships mount paired 250mm (10”) guns fore and aft in armored rotating turrets with an assortment of smaller caliber weapons for defense against torpedo boats and the torpedo boat destroyers that now mount torpedoes of their own.
Airships cost 100 RP to develop. They have 800 km range and can be used for ground attack. Players who possess airships or air transports can then develop paratroops (30 RP) and Special forces (30 RP).
Armored cars (30 RP) with machine guns allow formation of reconnaissance regiments.
Motorized infantry (30) ride into battle on trucks.
Rotating cannon batteries (30) are large-caliber Gatling guns, typically 40mm (2-pounder) with explosive shells. Often called pom-pom guns from the noise of their firing.
Zalinski's pneumatic cannon (30) uses air pressure to shoot packets of unstable dynamite or nitroglycerin.
Discovering a North West Passage across Canada to the pacific requires 3 previous arctic expeditions and costs thirty RP.
To be the first to winter over in Antarctica requires 4 previous arctic/antarctic expeditions and 30 RP.
TL10 – Radios & Airplanes (circa 1905)
Notable commercial products include wireless telegraphy (radio) heavier-than-air craft, motorcycles and motion pictures. Anti-submarine warfare develops hydrophones. Chemical weapons include tear and mustard gasses. A cure for Yellow Fever is developed along with effective treatments for malaria and other tropical diseases. Infantrymen with bolt action magazine rifles have machine-guns and trench mortars in support. Modern “dreadnought” battleships with eight or more 300mm (12”) guns mounted in multiple armored rotating turrets dominate the seas. Long-range submarines make commerce protection difficult. Airships have 1600 km range. Aircraft are short-ranged and fragile, often with two or even three wings.
Research programs include: air cushion vehicles, aircraft carriers, air transports, the Paris Gun, and long range bombers. 30 RP each.
Biological warfare (also known as “public health in reverse”) costs 100 RP to develop a deliverable weapon, and thirty each turn you wish to employ it. Biological attacks can be made by aircraft, missile or special forces units, typically against the enemy's population.
Cruise missiles are unmanned aircraft programmed to crash a payload into a target. Given technical limitations, before TL14 the target has to be something very large like an enemy city or industrial complex. Cruise missiles are not units but allow long-range bombers, and short-range missile regiments the ability to make attacks with an 800 km range. Cruise missiles, being small aircraft, can be defended against by tactical aircraft and anti-aircraft units.
Mustard gas permits artillery units to use a number of chemical depots up to their LR to make chemical attacks. Engineers replace their unreliable chlorine cylinders with mortars firing gas shells. Must have chemical warfare to develop mustard gas.
First to reach the North Pole requires 5 previous arctic expeditions.
First to reach the South Magnetic Pole requires 6 previous arctic/antarctic expeditions.
First to reach the South Pole requires 7 previous arctic/antarctic expeditions.
Building the Panama or Central American Canals links the Caribbean with the Pacific Ocean and requires 403 RP over a minimum of ten years.
TL11 – Motorization (circa 1920)
Commercial radio stations begin broadcasting and airlines begin operations. Plastics become commercially available. Tanks and armored vehicles become military essentials. Sonar is developed to hunt submarines. Auto-gyros (a weird hybrid between a helicopter and an airplane) are invented. Anti-tank rifles are large caliber sniper rifles with armor-piercing ammunition designed to penetrate light armored vehicles. Modern battleships mount eight or more 350mm (14’) guns in multiple armored rotating turrets. Capital ship aircraft carriers carry between 60 to 90 aircraft. Tanks with light armor mount 37mm to 50mm guns. LRB have 1600 km range.
Auto-giros, a weird airplane/helicopter hybrid useful for hunting submarines or providing ground support, can be developed for 30 RP.
Heavy Cruisers. After the First World War the Washington Naval Treaty limited battleship construction leading to development of heavy cruisers. Cruisers are suitable for commerce raiding or protecting commerce from enemy cruisers. They can't really stand up to enemy battleships. 10 RP
Pocket Battleships are just super-heavy cruisers armed with a few large battleship-type guns but with cruiser armor and speed to theoretically outgun anything they can't outrun. (Kind of like a junior battle cruiser.) Requires heavy cruisers plus 5 RP.
TL12 – Rockets & Radar (circa 1935)
Atomic theory has advanced to the point atomic weapons become technically possible. Air defense systems begin experiments with radar. Rockets capable of reaching space become possible. Helicopters are invented. Anti-tank weapons typically include 50mm to 75mm artillery as well as light rocket launchers or anti-tank rifles for infantrymen. Tanks mount 75mm guns and heavier armor. Field artillery weapons range from 105mm to 155mm. Modern battleships mount eight or more 400mm (16”) guns in multiple armored rotating turrets. Aircraft carriers dominate naval warfare. Tactical aircraft have 800 km range. Drop tanks can double the range of tactical aircraft if the bomber fanatics in your air force allow their use. Long range bombers have a 3,000 km range.
A 3-stage rocket such as the Saturn-V requires ICBM development plus 100 RP.
Atomic Weapons (300 RP) allow one long-range bomber unit to drop A-bombs on enemy targets. The amount of production lost depends on the number of weapons used. One will destroy 20pp. Primitive atomic weapons are much too heavy (ten tons) to be used as a missile warhead.
Death ray (X-ray lasers or particle beams) are huge, immobile air defense installations requiring vast amounts of power. They also function as a missile defense system. 300 RP.
Die Glocke Projekt attempts to develop a time displacement device but fails, inadvertently discovering a way to open portals to alternate dimensions, leading to development of the jump drive after a further cost of 300 RP
Dirty bombs are standard high explosive bombs seeded with radioactive waste. These require no RP to develop if you already have atomic weapons or thorium reactors. Any aircraft can attack with dirty bombs. These do no additional damage, only poisoning the target area for years with radiation. This is widely viewed as a criminal atrocity.
Establishing the first permanent antarctic base requires 8 previous expeditions. Maintaining one takes 1 RP per turn.
Heavy lift launch vehicles (HLLV) are mega-size booster rockets larger than a Saturn-V. They require 3-stage rocket development plus 100 RP.
High pressure pump guns are too big to move. They're built in place and can attack large enemy targets such as cities up to 160 km away.
Intercontinental-range missiles require IRBMs and 100 RP, allowing the purchase and use of ICBM regiments.
Intermediate-range missiles requires short-range missiles and 100 RP, allowing the purchase and use of IRBM regiments and development of ICBMs and missile submarines.
Missile submarines require IRBM and 100 RP.
NERVA atomic rocket engines require 100 RP plus ICBM and either atomic weapons or a thorium reactor. They count as an HLLV.
Rocket plane interceptors (30 RP) are designed for air defense, not ground attack. They're considered TL13 jets for air-to-air combat purposes.
Short-range missiles (300 RP) allow purchase and use of short range missile regiments with a 320 km range and development of longer range missiles.
Space shuttle is a reusable ground to orbit transport that can also be used as a “antipodal bomber” with global range. Development requires ICBMs and 300 RP.
Tactical nuclear weapons require atomic weapons and 300 RP. By ramping up plutonium production and developing smaller weapons, any aircraft, artillery, battleship, destroyer, submarine, engineer, missile or special forces unit may employ tactical nuclear weapons. Tactical nuclear attacks destroy enemy units but also inflict production losses through fallout in the regions they are detonated in.
Heilobeam “sun gun” is a giant mirror in space that concentrates solar energy in a tight beam devastating to entire regions. Requires an existing space station plus the same cost again in RP.
Hydrogen bomb requires atomic weapons and 300 RP, allowing any long-range bomber or missile units to employ fusion warheads. Fusion bombs reduce production but can only be delivered by long-range bomber or missile. The damage per weapon depends on the number of weapons detonated in a region and decreases the more weapons used at the same time. (Eventually all you do is make the rubble bounce.) A single one megaton bomb destroys 200 production.
Hundred megaton bomb requires hydrogen bomb + 30 RP and is mostly a propaganda stunt demonstrating (when you test it) that you have the biggest bombs.
Orion Project (fission pulse engine) requires tactical nuclear weapons and allows construction of space ships on the earth at the standard production cost of a regular naval vessel of the same class if you don't mind the fallout of a surface launch. (Estimated to cause one death by cancer per launch or landing.) Or build them in orbit with a space station paying in RP a cost based on your most advanced rocket booster.
Philadelphia Experiment attempts to develop a way to make warships invisible to enemy radar but fails spectacularly, leading to development of the jump drive after a further expenditure of 300 RP.
Thorium reactor (100 RP) allows generation of atomic power without making atomic weapons possible. (Thorium reactors don't create plutonium.)
Unmanned space exploration missions
Orbital satellite requires an IRBM.
Animal in orbit requires 1 previous satellite mission.
Weather satellite requires 1 previous satellite mission.
Communications satellite requires 1 previous satellite mission.
Radiation probe requires 1 previous satellite mission.
Lunar probe requires an ICBM & 3 prior satellite missions.
Venus probe requires a previous lunar probe mission and a 3-stage rocket
Mars probe requires a previous lunar probe mission and a 3-stage rocket.
Jupiter probe requires a previous successful Mars probe mission.
Mercury probe requires a previous successful Venus probe mission.
Probe to the Outer Planets requires a successful Jupiter probe mission.
Manned Space Missions
Manned sub-orbital mission requires an IRBM + 3 previous space missions.
Manned orbital mission requires an IRBM + 4 previous space missions.
2-person capsule requires 6 manned missions.
Spacewalk requires 3 manned flights and a 2-person capsule.
3-person capsule requires a successful spacewalk.
Docking requires a successful Spacewalk
Orbital Spacelab requires a 3-stage rocket or space shuttle + 3 previous docking missions
Space Station requires an Orbital Spacelab + either HLLV +60 RP -or- space shuttle +150 RP -or- 3-stage rocket +180 RP -or- ICBM +3,000 RP. A space station can be built as an orbital weapons platform equipped with nuclear warheads.
Maintaining a space station requires 30 RP a turn.
Lunar Orbit mission requires 3-stage rocket and a 3-person capsule + 3 previous docking missions -or- HLLV and 15 previous manned missions
Building lunar landing craft in orbit requires space station and 30 RP + 3-stage rocket, space shuttle or HLLV. A lunar landing craft can be used once.
Lunar Landing requires either 3 previous Lunar Orbit missions, a lunar landing craft or a deep space scout vessel.
Establishing a moon base requires HLLV, a previous Lunar Landing and 100 RP.
Maintaining a lunar base requires 30 RP a turn.
Building a deep space vessel in orbit requires either a space station -or- a Bifrost Bridge. A deep space vessel has an cost based on your most advanced boosters. LR is always half the cost. Cost is always in RP unless you have a Bifrost Bridge when you can use regular production.
Deep space vessel type
Best booster is...ICBM
HLLV or NERVA
Scout, escort, gunboat, missile boat, monitor, or transport
Mars landing requires a lunar landing plus a deep space vessel.
Establishing a base on Mars requires a Mars landing + 300 RP.
Maintaining a Martian base requires 30 RP per turn.
Locating & surveying a habitable world orbiting another star requires jump drive and a deep space scout vessel plus 30 RP.
Colonizing a habitable world requires jump drive and a colonial transport, which is expended establishing the colony.
TL13 – The Atomic Era (circa 1950)
Notable innovations include jet aircraft, the maturity of television and the growth of suburbs and highways. Historically nuclear weapons became developed as well as atomic power reactors. Infantry are equipped with assault rifles combining the firepower of sub-machine-guns with the range of a rifle. Recoiless rifles make light artillery man-portable. Tanks are equipped with heavy armor and 90mm guns. Surface to air anti-aircraft missiles and helicopters become commonly available. Fuel guzzling jet aircraft have 800 km range.
Aerial refueling requires 30 RP and gives long-range bombers unlimited range.
Beamed power requires 300 RP and allows a new social program: free beamed power.
Doomsday device requires 30 RP plus salted warheads and the hundred megaton bomb to produce vast clouds of radioactive fallout designed to make the Earth uninhabitable.
Nuclear attack submarines require 30 RP and either atomic weapons or a thorium reactor.
Salted Warheads seed normal hydrogen bombs with cobalt or other elements designed to maximize fallout. They require hydrogen bombs plus 30 RP.
TL14 – The Computer Age (circa 1965)
Regions of this tech level have technical abilities similar to the US during the late 1960s and 1970s. Notable innovations include the development of computers and lasers. Infantry now field grenade launchers and body armor. Anti-tank guided missiles make recoiless rifles obsolete. Tanks with heavier armor now mount 105mm guns.
Anti-ballistic missile defense systems allow defense against enemy missiles and warheads, typically with 80% effectiveness meaning it takes two or three to guarantee a kill on incoming missiles.
FOBS warheads are launched into orbit and then remain there until deorbited on command. An ICBM regiment can place 50 warheads in orbit as a regular attack, but re-entry and detonation can be delayed indefinitely.
MIRV warheads allow one missile to strike multiple targets. As the multiple warheads are much smaller than a single large warhead, this is only an advantage if used against enemy missile silos, where one missile can now guarantee destruction of an enemy silo where in the past it required two or three.
TL15 – Guided Munitions (circa 1980)
Regions of this tech level have technical abilities similar to the US during the historical 1980s and early 1990s. Notable innovations include the development of personal computers and laser-guided munitions. Tanks mount 120mm guns.
Improved cruise missiles have 2500 km range.
Neutron bombs allow use of tactical nuclear weapons with greatly reduced fallout.
The Bifrost Bridge laser launch system uses advanced lasers to project capsules into orbit very cheaply. With it you can build spacecraft in orbit for the same cost as standard naval vessels of the same class. 300 RP
Strategic Defense Initiative allows deployment of missile defenses in space (OWP) for 300 RP. SDI unit cost depends on the best booster available: Bifrost Bridge=2, HLLV=4, Space shuttle=10, 3-stage rocket=12, ICBM=200. Upkeep is half this. OWP units are 100% effective against attacking missiles.
TL16 – Stealth (circa 1995)
The Internet becomes commercialized.
Project Thor (also known as the “Rods from God”) are tungsten rods the size of telephone poles placed into orbit with computerized guidance systems. Upon command they can be deorbited, striking the surface with the force of a tactical nuclear weapon but without any fallout. They can't be stopped by missile defenses. With IRBMs or any more advanced space program a player can place rods in orbit at a cost of 1 RP each.
TL17 – Drones (circa 2010)
Advances in computer technology allow smaller and more capable robots, which soon become ubiquitous in society. Autonomous cars reduce road accidents. Tanks become automated, initially piloted by an operator in a secure location but becoming more autonomous as technology becomes more trusted and capable. Larger warships are equipped with mass drivers (electromagnetic cannon) having such high rates of fire they virtually eliminate missiles and manned aircraft from naval warfare. Electronic deflector shields make tanks almost immune to missile attack. Laser air defense weapons make manned aircraft obsolete.
Jump drive (300 RP) allows spacecraft built with a grid of rare earth alloys embedded in their hull to transit into an alternate universe where locations correlate to those in our universe but distances are much smaller. The ship moves a short distance there, then jump back to our universe having covered a vast distance, making faster than light travel possible without actually exceeding the speed of light. Spacecraft can now reach other star systems in weeks rather than millennia, permitting exploration and colonization of the galaxy.
Fusion power can be developed, becoming commonly available as TL18 is reached.
TL18 – The Cusp (circa 2025)
The relentless advance of technology places Mankind on the cusp of The Singularity which takes an unexpected form. The widespread expectation of computer AI proves to be a fantasy. Computers continue to grow in complexity but never become self-aware. However, the development of medical science makes humans essentially immortal (if they can pay for the treatments) but Man's philosophical (and moral) deficiencies remain. Evolution comes to an abrupt and unexpected end with no god-like, enlightened non-corporal beings, just flawed but non-aging humans moving out into the galaxy, clashing with similarly technically advanced but morally handicapped alien civilizations.
A Heim hyper-drive (or Heimer drive) consists of a net of rare earth wiring embedded in the hull of a spaceship. Charged with power, it jumps the ship into Hyperspace, another dimension that correlates to our own but is much “smaller” so that distances moved there equate to much longer distances here. Ships in hyperspace move normally and can detect, encounter, and even fight other ships there. However, stellar objects there are microscopic compared to our universe and cannot normally be seen, let alone landed upon. After traveling a short distance there, the ship energizes its hyper-drive and jumps back to normal space, having moved a vast distance. Hyper-drive allows spacecraft to move vast distances without violating the light speed limit. Its main limitation is that ships cannot make jump to or from hyperspace within 100 diameters of a gravity well. So, for example, this means no ship can jump within 800,000 miles of Earth, a 32-hour journey at escape velocity. Typically, spacecraft have to break orbit, and travel a day or two away from a world before they can jump. No ship can enter normal space within the same radius. Since most movement occurs in Hyperspace, picket boats could be stationed there along your frontier to give warning of approaching fleets. Battles could occur in either hyper or normal space.
On unexplored or frontier worlds, Orion or NERVA ships are designed to land in the sea, taking advantage of the water to carry away any radioactive fallout. On developed worlds, space shuttles or a Bifrost Bridge are generally used to reach the surface.
Colony ships are designed to land colonists on the surface and then be broken up for building materials. The ship's reactor is re-purposed to power the settlement and a Bifrost Bridge.
Ship weapons are generally missiles with nuclear warheads, with small lasers or mass driver guns for point defense or close range attack. Scout ships are optimized for reconnaissance and survey. They're armed with a laser for point defense and a small shuttle or landing craft for exploration. Transports are unarmed but can transport 5 LR of military units. Gunboats mount rail or coil guns with nuclear shaped-charge shells. Missile boats mount the maximum missiles generally in external mounts for the greatest size volley. Monitors mount a particle beam for the maximum damage at short range. A battleship mounts massive generators and one very large laser array designed to swat enemy warships up to a few light seconds range (500,000 km), well outside the range of guns and missiles.
While direct hits by coil or rail gun mass drivers can only damage spacecraft, a casaba cannon or nuclear-tipped missile (often armed with an x-ray or gamma ray bomb-pumped one-shot laser) will obliterate a ship even with a near miss. | <urn:uuid:70938925-f388-4442-82de-0fcd78245be4> | {
"date": "2017-03-24T21:49:53",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188623.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00096-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9058943390846252,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 6096,
"url": "http://www.mebrines.com/Technology.htm"
} |
|"New" Jersey City reservoir, c. 1880|
Water companies and departments have appealed to consumers from time to time to restrict consumption in order to avert a water famine in the city, and meters are used largely to prevent waste; but we believe it is something new to impose a penalty for excessive consumption. As told last week, Jersey City, N. J., has been fined by the state $22,285 for using from the Rockaway river more than the 100 gallons per day per capita which had been allotted to it.
The right of state or federal government to guard the quality of river waters has been recognized and become familiar, and western states have long controlled the amount that could be withdrawn for irrigation; but limiting the amount that cities can use for their public supplies is a novelty. There is every reason, however, why power to limit the amount that can be used should rest in a central authority and be exercised on occasion. No one city has a right to monopolize a water supply because it “saw it first.” The water flowing in the rivers of a country comprises the run-off from every square foot of land in that country; and as the entire area yielded it, the entire area has a right in it. Moreover, to permit one or a few cities to monopolize all the water available in a state would be fatal to the growth in population and industrial development of the state outside of such cities.
The New Jersey plan seems to be a rational one and one that all states must adopt in some form, sooner or later; and the sooner, the less will be the confusion and individual hardship and the greater the benefit resulting therefrom.The blog adds a commentary:
I do not know what action Jersey City took after being fined, but I can guess that they fought the fine in court. The water rights principle espoused in the editorial sounds more like a public trust doctrine which courts have only recently been applying to allocation of water rights in a river basin.Actually, all this is imprecise from a legal point of view (though conceptually perhaps not so far off). What was at issue was not a fine but a fee imposed on the city by the state Board of Conservation and Development for diverting water from the Rockaway River. The 1907 statute under which the fee was imposed allowed municipalities to continue diverting water as they had done before free of charge, but required them to pay a fee (one dollar per million gallons!) for increased diversions.
The city did indeed challenge this fee in court, leading to a decision of the state's Court of Errors and Appeals (the highest court in New Jersey), State v. Jersey City (111 A. 544 (1920)). The court explained that as the control of
the running streams, lakes and ponds within the borders of the state... rests in the state in its sovereign capacity, as representative of, and for the benefit of, the people in common, the only way in which a municipality can acquire the right to appropriate and use such waters is by a grant directly from the state itself....It turns out that Jersey City was not the only New Jersey municipality unhappy with the 1907 law; Trenton and Newark went to court soon after Jersey City to challenge its validity, claiming it unconstitutionally took their property. The New Jersey court, in rejecting the claim (State v. Trenton (117 A. 158 (1922)), explained that the 1907 law served
to mark the parting of the ways between the legislative conception of the old order and the new; between a public policy which left the appropriation of the public domain to the haphazard necessities of sporadic local interests and a state-wide policy of conservation and distribution.On error to the United States Supreme Court, the decision was upheld, with the court citing the earlier Jersey City decision in support of the proposition (Trenton v. New Jersey, 262 U.S. 182 (1923), citations omitted):
The State undoubtedly has power, and it is its duty, to control and conserve the use of its water resources for the benefit of all its inhabitants, and the Act of 1907 was passed pursuant to the policy of the State to prevent waste and to economize its water resources. The only way the City could acquire the right to take the water of the Delaware River was by grant from the State or by authorized purchase or condemnation from one to whom the right had been granted by the State. The power to determine the conditions upon which waters may be so diverted is a legislative function. The State may grant or withhold the privilege as it sees fit. | <urn:uuid:b752e7c7-cae0-4d7d-bbbd-c3907c452784> | {
"date": "2017-11-22T12:51:00",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806586.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122122605-20171122142605-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9704316854476929,
"score": 2.8125,
"token_count": 932,
"url": "https://environmentlawhistory.blogspot.com/2017/06/property-in-water-and-urban-water-supply.html"
} |
Identify a load bearing header (left) vs. non-load bearing header (right)
Excessive framing in a non-load bearing wall above a sliding glass door (above left), in a non-load bearing door opening (above right)
Excessive framing in a non-load bearing wall above a window (above left) and in a non-load bearing wall above a bay window (above right)
Framing non-load bearing doors and windows the same as load bearing walls.
Description of Implementation Error
Extra framing used around non-load bearing windows and doors throughout building.
Incorporating Advanced Framing techniques around the windows would greatly reduce the wood required below the top plate of the upper story, and it’s estimated that between $500 and $750 in material costs could be saved in this example alone had a single beam been used directly under the roof trusses.
Identify non-load bearing walls and use Advanced Framing techniques to reduce the amount of wood required around windows and doors. | <urn:uuid:392df13d-887f-4430-bfa0-193e0341170a> | {
"date": "2014-10-22T07:56:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446323.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00360-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8911148905754089,
"score": 2.671875,
"token_count": 212,
"url": "http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/information-sheets/information-sheet-wrong-non-load-bearing-framing?topic=doctypes/information-sheets"
} |
What is Management? Definitions
According to Harold Koontz,
"Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organised groups."
Harold Koontz gave this definition of management in his book "The Management Theory Jungle".
According to Henri Fayol,
"To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control."
Henri Fayol gave this definition of management in his book "Industrial and General Administration".
Image Credits © Michael Heiss.
According to Peter Drucker,
"Management is a multi-purpose organ that manages business and manages managers and manages workers and work."
This definition of management was given by Peter Drucker in his book "The Principles of Management".
According to Mary Parker Follet,
"Management is the art of getting things done through people."
Meaning of Management
According to Theo Heimann, management has three different meanings, viz.,
- Management as a Noun : refers to a Group of Managers.
- Management as a Process : refers to the Functions of Management i.e. Planning, Organising, Directing, Controlling, etc.
- Management as a Discipline : refers to the Subject of Management.
Management is an individual or a group of individuals that accept responsibilities to run an organisation. They Plan, Organise, Direct and Control all the essential activities of the organisation. Management does not do the work themselves. They motivate others to do the work and co-ordinate (i.e. bring together) all the work for achieving the objectives of the organisation.
Management brings together all Six Ms i.e. Men and Women, Money, Machines, Materials, Methods and Markets. They use these resources for achieving the objectives of the organisation such as high sales, maximum profits, business expansion, etc.
Features of Management
Following image depicts fourteen important features of management.
The nature, main characteristics or features of management:
- Continuous and never ending process.
- Getting things done through people.
- Result oriented science and art.
- Multidisciplinary in nature.
- A group and not an individual activity.
- Follows established principles or rules.
- Aided but not replaced by computers.
- Situational in nature.
- Need not be an ownership.
- Both an art and science.
- Management is all pervasive.
- Management is intangible.
- Uses a professional approach in work.
- Dynamic in nature.
Now let's briefly discuss each feature of management.
1. Continuous and never ending process
Management is a Process. It includes four main functions, viz., Planning, Organising, Directing and Controlling. The manager has to Plan and Organise all the activities. He had to give proper Directions to his subordinates. He also has to Control all the activities. The manager has to perform these functions continuously. Therefore, management is a continuous and never ending process.
2. Getting things done through people
The managers do not do the work themselves. They get the work done through the workers. The workers should not be treated like slaves. They should not be tricked, threatened or forced to do the work. A favourable work environment should be created and maintained.
3. Result oriented science and art
Management is result oriented because it gives a lot of importance to "Results". Examples of Results like, increase in market share, increase in profits, etc. Management always wants to get the best results at all times.
4. Multidisciplinary in nature
Management has to get the work done through people. It has to manage people. This is a very difficult job because different people have different emotions, feelings, aspirations, etc. Similarly, the same person may have different emotions at different times. So, management is a very complex job. Therefore, management uses knowledge from many different subjects such as Economics, Information Technology, Psychology, Sociology, etc. Therefore, it is multidisciplinary in nature.
5. A group and not an individual activity
Management is not an individual activity. It is a group activity. It uses group (employees) efforts to achieve group (owners) objectives. It tries to satisfy the needs and wants of a group (consumers). Nowadays, importance is given to the team (group) and not to individuals.
6. Follows established principles or rules
Management follows established principles, such as division of work, discipline, unity of command, etc. These principles help to prevent and solve the problems in the organisation.
7. Aided but not replaced by computers
Now-a-days, all managers use computers. Computers help the managers to take accurate decisions. However, computers can only help management. Computers cannot replace management. This is because management takes the final responsibility. Thus Management is aided (helped) but not replaced by computers.
8. Situational in nature
Management makes plans, policies and decisions according to the situation. It changes its style according to the situation. It uses different plans, policies, decisions and styles for different situations.
The manager first studies the full present situation. Then he draws conclusions about the situation. Then he makes plans, decisions, etc., which are best for the present situation. This is called Situational Management.
9. Need not be an ownership
In small organisations, management and ownership are one and the same. However, in large organisations, management is separate from ownership. The managers are highly qualified professionals who are hired from outside. The owners are the shareholders of the company.
10. Both an art and science
Management is result-oriented. Therefore, it is an Art. Management conducts continuous research. Thus, it is also a Science.
11. Management is all pervasive
Management is necessary for running a business. It is also essential for running business, educational, charitable and religious institutions. Management is a must for all activities, and therefore, it is all pervasive.
12. Management is intangible
Management is intangible, i.e. it cannot be seen and touched, but it can be felt and realised by its results. The success or failure of management can be judged only by its results. If there is good discipline, good productivity, good profits, etc., then the management is successful and vice-versa.
13. Uses a professional approach in work
Managers use a professional approach for getting the work done from their subordinates. They delegate (i.e. give) authority to their subordinates. They ask their subordinates to give suggestions for improving their work. They also encourage subordinates to take the initiative. Initiative means to do the right thing at the right time without being guided or helped by the superior.
14. Dynamic in nature
Management is dynamic in nature. That is, management is creative and innovative. An organisation will survive and succeed only if it is dynamic. It must continuously bring in new and creative ideas, new products, new product features, new ads, new marketing techniques, etc. | <urn:uuid:e48d67a2-30b5-46b5-b30c-2113fcdade4d> | {
"date": "2015-10-05T16:42:48",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736677484.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215757-00038-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9492416977882385,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 1447,
"url": "http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/04/what-is-management-definitions-meaning.html"
} |
History Reconsidered, Via Newsreel
Posted: June 15, 2013 Filed under: Genealogy | Tags: Good Reads, Link Love, old photos
Another modern methodology story:
It was 100 years ago this month that a suffragist named Emily Wilding Davison surged onto the track at Epsom at the Derby, throwing herself under the hooves of the King’s racehorse and sustaining fatal injuries in a suicidal bid to draw attention to the fight for women’s voting rights.
Or did she?
Many historians have argued that Davison was not suicidal — there was a return train ticket in her pocket, and she had made plans to go on holiday with her sister shortly after the Derby. In that case, what was she doing? Some have argued that Davison merely intended to dash across the track waving a suffragist banner, and she misjudged the timing. Others believed she intended to attach a flag to King George V’s horse, Anmer.
But that newfangled development, the newsreel, was very much in place at the 1913 Derby. As Guardian reporter Vanessa Thorpe writes, there were three newsreel cameras rolling. Today’s sophisticated imaging technology, plus fresh, cleaned-up images from the original nitrate stock, literally brought the event into clearer focus, strongly suggesting that Davison, while on a very risky mission, wasn’t intending to kill herself.
One of the wonderful things about new techniques like digital film analysis is the reminder that history can be a rather fluid thing. The new things we learn have the ability to firm up the outlines of established pictures, or shift them into new shapes.
Emily Davison (at left) and jockey Herbert Jones on the ground at the Derby in Epsom, 1913. Hulton Archive photo reproduced on http://www.guardian.co.uk. | <urn:uuid:62fdecab-c3a2-43ba-8c2a-130a38922617> | {
"date": "2014-12-21T02:35:38",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770616.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00019-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9592683911323547,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 390,
"url": "http://scribbler714.wordpress.com/2013/06/15/history-reconsidered-via-newsreel/"
} |
Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Gastrointestinal disorders are medical problems that disrupt the body's ability to absorb nutrients and expel waste. Many people experience pain, inflammation, nausea, and other uncomfortable symptoms related to gastrointestinal malfunctions. Some of the most common gastrointestinal disorders include constipation, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and cancer.
Constipation is a very common problem that affects most people at some point during their lives. The condition can be caused by a number of factors, including dehydration, sickness, a lack of fiber in the diet, excessive stress, or a range of more serious gastrointestinal disorders. Most cases of constipation are temporary and symptoms are generally relieved in a few days by drinking plenty of water, engaging in regular exercise, and consuming more fiber. An individual who remains constipated for several days, or experiences frequent episodes, should consult a doctor to check for serious disorders and prescribe appropriate medications.
There are several different types of inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal disorders that causes significant abdominal pain and inflammation of the stomach lining, digestive tract, and colon. The most common types of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. An individual suffering from ulcerative colitis often develops ulcers and inflammation in their intestines, leading to painful bowel movements, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, fatigue, and dehydration. Crohn's disease primarily affects the digestive tract and stomach, and results in symptoms very similar to those of ulcerative colitis. There are no proven medical cures for most forms of inflammatory bowel disease, though individuals can find relief from their symptoms by taking anti-inflammatory medications and improving their diet and exercise routines.
Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder that causes functional problems in the large intestine. Bloating, excessive gas, stomach pain, and cramps occur frequently in people with the disorder, and may be accompanied by bouts of severe diarrhea or constipation. The condition is most likely to develop in individuals who are under excessive stress, maintain poor diets, experience hormonal imbalances, or have a genetic predisposition to gastrointestinal problems. Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic, long-lasting condition in most patients, and doctors usually suggest long-term management strategies such as taking fiber supplements and avoiding certain problem foods.
Perhaps the most dangerous of all gastrointestinal disorders is cancer in the stomach or colon. Cancerous tumors can severely disfigure and disrupt the gastrointestinal tract, leading to serious medical problems and often spreading to other parts of the body. Cancer in the colon or stomach can cause nausea, pain, indigestion, internal bleeding, fatigue, and weight loss. Individuals who suspect they may have cancer should consult primary care physicians or oncologists immediately so that proper diagnoses and treatment plans can be made.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:4dc729dc-954c-4bef-adfc-4bc4c06c471e> | {
"date": "2016-02-10T00:47:20",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158481.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00049-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.938035786151886,
"score": 3.390625,
"token_count": 615,
"url": "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-gastrointestinal-disorders.htm"
} |
The word "mycorrhiza" is built from classical Greek roots. Myco means "fungus" and rhiza means "root," so the word mycorrhiza literally means "fungus-root." When the hyphae of certain fungi form specialized sheaths around the roots of certain plants, that fungal root-coating is the mycorrhiza.
Having mycorrhiza on its roots improves a plant's ability to deal with droughts, to acquire mineral nutrients, to store carbohydrates, and more. These benefits are further discussed below.
In the image at the right, the thicker pine-tree root is covered with mycorrhiza while the slender root at the right is not. In the drawing below you see a cross section of a root with mycorrhiza. The fungal sheath, which constitutes the main part of mycorrhiza, is a mass of hyphae encasing the root. Notice that some hyphae penetrate between the root's outer cells, but they do not invade the cells themselves. Also note the hypha growing away from the root, thus giving the mycorrhiza more surface area for absorbing water and nutrients.
Mycorrhiza forming an exterior sheath on roots are called ectomycorrhizae. Some trees with ectomycorrhizae are species of pine, oak, beech, spruce, maple, juniper, willow and elm. Mycorrhiza with cells not forming a sheath but rather living deep inside the root are endomycorrhizae. Plants with endomycorrhizae include the legumes, grasses, tomatoes, apples, strawberries and peaches.
Though some plants cannot survive without mycorrhiza -- certain orchid species, for instance -- most plants can get along without it. Mycorrhiza simply improves their ability to survive. The hyphae of many kinds of fungus, including some of our most common mushroom producers, form mycorrhiza. Some fungus species form mycorrhiza on the roots of a broad range of plant species, while others "infect" only a few. Similarly, some plants can have any of several fungus species forming the mycorrhiza on their roots. Douglas Firs form mutually helpful (symbiotic) relationships with around 2000 fungal species!
Here are some specific ways in which mycorrhizae help plants: | <urn:uuid:f21f44ac-9342-415f-97a5-ccff027cfb7c> | {
"date": "2017-10-17T20:44:03",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822488.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017200905-20171017220905-00156.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9153597354888916,
"score": 3.6875,
"token_count": 500,
"url": "http://backyardnature.net/f/mycorhza.htm"
} |
Research Changes Conclusions on Gulf War Exposures
By Staff Sgt. Kathleen T. Rhem, USA
American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Dec. 6, 2000 Researchers said Dec. 5 they have changed their minds about who might and might not have been exposed to nerve agents after the destruction of a weapons storage facility in Khamisiyah, Iraq, at the end of the Gulf War.
The areas in green were identified by the latest research and computer modeling as potentially exposed to nerve agents after Iraq's Khamisiyah weapons storage facility was destroyed following the 1991 Gulf War.
(Click photo for screen-resolution image);high-resolution image available.
Roughly 100,000 veterans of the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War will receive letters in coming days notifying them they either were or were not in what is now believed to be the affected areas.
DoD also notified veterans of their possible exposure after it released a 1997 report. Since then, more extensive research and better computerized atmospheric and mathematical modeling technology have redrawn the map of potentially affected areas.
The department now believes 32,000 troops notified after the 1997 report were never in a potential hazard area. However, about 34,000 troops not included in the original notification were in areas of concern drawn by the new study.
The report refers to events at Khamisiyah on March 4 and 10, 1991, when U.S. Army engineers demolished a sprawling Iraqi ammunition supply point. Investigators later learned some of the bunkers contained munitions with the chemical nerve agents sarin and cyclosarin.
"It wouldn't have mattered if we had emptied every bunker there. We discovered later that those chemical munitions were unmarked," said Tom Whitsett, lead investigator on Khamisiyah for the Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness and Military Deployments.
Bernard Rostker, the special assistant and also undersecretary of defense for personnel and readiness, said the 1997 report was completed quickly. Researchers knew at the time that their work would have to be revised as more information became available, he said.
Rostker said new information in three main areas prompted the new models.
- The CIA provided more complete information on the volume of chemical munitions present at Khamisiyah.
- DoD undertook an extensive study to determine more closely where U.S. troops were at the time of the demolition. The 2000 report pinpointed units down to company level while the 1997 report only went to battalion level.
- More research was done into the toxicity of the nerve agents destroyed and how they break down in the atmosphere.
Rostker stressed the new and old information is based on supposition and there's no way to know for sure exactly what happened at the time. "No one had sensors on the battlefield," he said in an American Forces Press Service interview. "They're the best predictions we can make, but I can't tell you with any certainty that these are the actual readings. They're simply simulations."
It's imperative to keep studying incidents from the Gulf War to ensure the health of veterans, Rostker said. "We have an obligation to provide our veterans with the best information we can about what happened in the Gulf so that they can make informed decisions about their health."
Whitsett urged veterans not to panic if they should receive letters telling them they were in the new, potential hazard area. He and Rostker insisted there were no reported symptoms of nerve-agent poisoning in the area surrounding Khamisiyah during the time of the demolitions.
Rostker said active duty members with health concerns related to Persian Gulf service should enroll in the Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation Program at their nearest military medical facility or by calling 1-800-796-9699. The program was designed to study and treat veterans suffering from Gulf War-related illnesses.
Veterans no longer affiliated with the military can receive information about a similar Department of Veterans Affairs program by calling 1-800-749-8387.
Whitsett said individuals can call the special assistant's hot line at 1-800-497-6261 if they think they were in the possible hazard area around the time of the Khamisiyah demolitions or would like to provide more information.
To learn more about the special assistant's office and activities, visit DoD's Gulflink Web site at www.gulflink.osd.mil. | <urn:uuid:81d7dd16-2a07-4660-b4e4-811665bd564c> | {
"date": "2014-11-25T00:47:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416405325961.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119135525-00024-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9676178097724915,
"score": 2.71875,
"token_count": 901,
"url": "http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45666"
} |
Life can be very lonely when it feels like people don’t “get” you. Our campers tell us that camp gives them an opportunity to be a part of something bigger, to be a member of a community where people understand them and appreciate them for who they are. Many people find it hard to imagine that summer camp can provide more than a few weeks of fun activities. And yet, camp is so much more. Residential camp gives children an opportunity to meet peers who have similar interests and experiences, but also to be more independent, to learn resiliency, to feel a sense of agency.
Our camp is intentionally designed for children (ages 8-18) who identify as “quirky”. Many of them have an NVLD diagnosis, some have an ASD (Aspergers) diagnosis and others aren’t formally diagnosed but struggle to make friends in a “typical” setting. We sometimes hear from parents who are considering camp that they can’t imagine sending their child away for three weeks and they worry that not only might their child be lonely or anxious but that “she won’t make it”. It’s often hard to help parents understand that taking the first step is the hardest and once at camp, campers tell us they experience a sense of relief. So many of our campers have shared stories with us over the past 10 years that echo similar themes: feeling isolated, being lonely, sad, depressed, being scared, feeling like no one really understands them.
Some campers tell us they don’t even know where to begin socially. Camp allows us to help campers practice those skills. Often, in typical camp settings, bunk groups are made up of 12-15 children. Not only is there a lot of social pressure to “fit in”, but bunks can be loud, chaotic and disorganized. Programs are designed to keep campers guessing about what’s next and schedules feel rushed. For many children, this works and that type of camp is an amazing experience that can be navigated seamlessly. For our campers, a loud and chaotic living situation would pose many challenges. By creating groups that are smaller with bunks that are well organized with visual reminders and expectations clearly laid out, our campers are more relaxed. They have more emotional energy to be socially available to one another and receptive to staff feedback.
Camp parents often provide the best insight into how a summer at camp has changed their lives. Here is one piece of feedback that was shared with us:
Your camp is a special and unique place. There our “quirky” daughter is at home and feels like an important part of the community. She has true friends and feels safe enough to take social risks. Many years ago when we realized the complexity of Sarah’s learning challenges and potential impact a “typical” setting had on her self-worth, we sadly gave up the thought/dream of our Sarah experiencing overnight summer camp; it was not a risk we were willing to take. Then, we found your camp! After 3 ½ weeks, Sarah returned a confident, independent, articulate, and stunningly more mature teenager who not only braved through a challenging case of homesickness but in the end proudly labeled camp as her “home away from home”. We are forever grateful for not only the countless skills Sarah will take with her throughout her life but the spirit of Akeela that is forever imprinted into her heart.
Sending a child to camp can be scary for any parent. If your child has learning and/or social skills differences, it can be even more intimidating. However, it’s these children who have the most to benefit from a camp experience. The key is to find the right camp for your child.
Debbie and Eric are the directors of Camp Akeela (campakeela.com), a co-ed, overnight camp with locations in Vermont and Wisconsin. Debbie has a Masters in School Counseling and a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology; Eric has a Masters in Education from Harvard University. Within a well-rounded, traditional camp program, Akeela is a small, supportive community that helps campers improve their social skills. Akeela focuses on building a community in which campers feel great about themselves, make friends, try new things and have fun! | <urn:uuid:ebc4d564-c72c-4188-a424-bdcbe64bcaac> | {
"date": "2017-10-21T21:13:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824899.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021205648-20171021225648-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9705793857574463,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 902,
"url": "http://nvld.org/the-right-summer-camp-can-make-a-world-of-difference-to-children-with-nvld-by-debbie-eric-sasson/"
} |
Mid-Book Test - Hard
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. According to McConnell, both humans and dogs are ______and_______.
2. According to McConnell, what do decades of research indicate about what almost all dogs respond to?
3. What will primates do with the objects around them?
4. When an owner yells at a dog to stop barking, what is she or he encouraging the dog to do?
5. What is "doggie play bow"?
Short Essay Questions
1. What are the differences between the way humans and dogs show affection, and why is it significant?
2. What is the "guy-with-the-gold-chain" hypothesis and what does it signify?
3. What myth do humans perpetuate about how dogs respond to them, and what does it signify?
4. In what ways are dogs' personalities similar to humans, and why is it significant?
5. What do the steps in teaching a dog how to come illustrate about training dogs?
6. What is the command McConnell teaches that mimics pack behavior, and how is it executed?
7. In what circumstances is a dog wrong for a home and what are the consequences?
8. According to McConnell, what are the repercussions of a dog who has had a sensitive period?
9. What biological and anatomical differences are their between humans and dogs in terms of smell, and why is it significant for owners and trainers?
10. How does a person spot submissiveness in a dog, and why is it important?
Essay Topic 1
Define and discuss paedomorphism.
1) Why are both humans and dogs paedomorphic?
2) Provide five example of paedomorphism in humans and 5 examples in dogs.
3) What is the relationship between paedomorphic behavior and mental and physical well-being?
Essay Topic 2
Choose three dogs from the book and discuss them as characters. What are their physical and psychological attributes? What purpose do their stories serve for McConnell's argument?
Essay Topic 3
McConnell discusses Motherese in the book to illustrate several ways humans and dogs communicate. What is Motherese and how does it influence human and dog communication?
This section contains 810 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:de123a10-2084-4330-91ab-bf7e582398d3> | {
"date": "2014-10-02T08:06:04",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00260-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9389690160751343,
"score": 3.34375,
"token_count": 522,
"url": "http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/the-other-end-of-the-leash/test5.html"
} |
North Rhine-Westphalia(redirected from North-Rhine Westphalia)
Also found in: Dictionary.
North Rhine–Westphalia(nôrth rīn-wĕstfāl`yə), Ger. Nordrhein-Westfalen (nôrt`rīn-vĕst'fä`lən), state (1994 pop. 17,759,000), 13,111 sq mi (33,957 sq km), W central Germany. Düsseldorf is the capital. The state is bounded by Belgium and the Netherlands in the west, Lower Saxony in the north and east, Hesse in the southeast, and Rhineland-Palatinate in the south. Situated in the lower Rhine plain, North Rhine–Westphalia includes the Teutoburg Forest and the Rothaargebirge. It is drained by the Rhine, Ruhr, Wupper, Lippe, and Ems rivers. A highly industrialized state, it contains the largest industrial concentration in Europe (see RuhrRuhr
, region, c.1,300 sq mi (3,370 sq km), North Rhine–Westphalia, W Germany; a principal manufacturing center of Germany. The Ruhr lies along, and north of, the Ruhr River (145 mi/233 km long), which rises in the hills of central Germany and flows generally west to the
..... Click the link for more information. district), with one of the largest mining and energy-producing regions in Europe. It has excellent transportation facilities, including superhighways, electrified rail service, river transport, and two large airports. Its manufactures include chemicals, machines, processed foods, textiles, clothing, and iron and steel. More than half of the state's total land is occupied with commerical farming as well as gardens and orchards, although these enterprises amount to only a small portion of the area's gross annual product. North Rhine–Westphalia is also the most populous state in Germany and has numerous large cities, including Aachen, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Essen, Dortmund, Remscheid, Oberhausen, and Wuppertal. There are universities at Bielefeld, Bochum, Bonn, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Cologne, and Münster. The state was formed in 1946 through the union of the former Prussian province of WestphaliaWestphalia
, Ger. Westfalen, region and former province of Prussia, W Germany. Münster was the capital of the province. After 1945 the province was incorporated into the West German state of North Rhine–Westphalia, now a state in reunified Germany.
..... Click the link for more information. , the northern part of the former Prussian Rhine ProvinceRhine Province,
Ger. Rheinprovinz, former province of Prussia, W Germany. The province was also known as Rhenish Prussia and as the Rhineland. The northern section of the former province (which contained part of the industrial Ruhr district) is now included in the state
..... Click the link for more information. , and the former state of LippeLippe
, former state, N central Germany, between the Teutoburg Forest and the Weser River. It was incorporated in 1947 into the state of North Rhine–Westphalia. Detmold, the former capital, was the chief city.
..... Click the link for more information. . It possesses little historic unity because of significant cultural differences among the various peoples in the state; this diversity has been enlarged by substantial immigration from other European countries to cities throughout the region.
(German, Nordrhein-West-falen), a Land (state) of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), located in the Rhine River basin. Area, 34,000 sq km. Population, 17.1 million (1972). The capital is the city of Düsseldorf. Bonn, the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, is located in the state.
There are lowlands in the north and west, and the Wester-wald is in the south and east. North Rhine-Westphalia is the most urbanized and most densely populated state of the FRG (more than 500 persons per square kilometer). More than 90 percent of the population lives in cities (1973); 24 cities have more than 100,000 inhabitants. These include Cologne, Essen, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, Duisburg, and Wuppertal, which together form the Ruhr-Lower Rhine area, the largest urban region in the country, with a population of 10 million.
North Rhine-Westphalia is an important economic region of the RFG, accounting for 30 percent of the country’s gross national product and industrial output. Its economic significance is due to the Ruhr Coal Basin (a major factor in the development of the Ruhr industrial region) and the proximity of one of Europe’s main arteries, the Rhine. More than 88 million tons of hard coal (85 percent of the national total) are extracted in the Ruhr and Aachen basins, while more than 101 million tons of brown coal (90 percent of the national total) come from the Cologne basin.
Hydroelectric power plants in North Rhine-Westphalia produce approximately one-half of all the electrical energy in the country (151 billion kW-hr in 1973) and supply other regions with electricity. Imported petroleum is received in Cologne through pipelines from Wilhelmshaven and Rotterdam. Petroleum refineries in Cologne, Gelsenkirchen, and other cities account for 40 percent of all petroleum refined in the FRG.
Most of the country’s ferrous metallurgy (70 percent) is concentrated in the Ruhr, including the cities of Duisburg, Dortmund, and Düsseldorf. Nonferrous metallurgy is also highly concentrated around the Ruhr. North Rhine-Westphalia is the center for much of the country’s heavy machine building, including 85 percent of the mining equipment, 90 percent of the blast-furnace and rolling-mill equipment, more than one-half of the railroad cars, and approximately one-half of the machine tools. It also produces river ships, motor vehicles, power machinery, and electronic equipment. The chemical industry produces plastics, synthetic fibers, and rubber; there is also petroleum refining, basic chemical production, and coke production. The textile industry (cotton and silk) is centered in the Münster area and along the left bank of the Rhine, as is the food industry, mainly beer brewing. North Rhine-Westphalia is the country’s leading producer of cement and glass. The predominance of old branches of industry in the overall volume of production and the crisis in coal extraction have caused a relatively low rate of overall industrial development.
Agriculture, which accounts for only 2.5 percent of the gross national product, is a major economic factor only in outlying parts of the Ruhr-Lower Rhine area. Vegetables are raised, and there is dairy farming. Grain and sugar beets are raised at an inlet of the Rhine near Cologne.
North Rhine-Westphalia has a dense network of railroads, highways, and waterways, including the Rhine and the Dortmund-Ems Canal, which link the state with the sea. There is also a concentrated system of petroleum, gas, and petroleum-product pipelines and electric power transmission lines. There is an airport serving Cologne and Bonn.
S. B. LAVROV | <urn:uuid:95504e63-98bc-436f-b123-6bff6308606a> | {
"date": "2018-07-16T13:12:58",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589270.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716115452-20180716135452-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9389910697937012,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 1644,
"url": "https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/North-Rhine+Westphalia"
} |
Cold And Flu
Nov 1, 2010
I recently read a question to a well-known doctor at another HIV site about colds and flu. The doc said people with HIV are no more likely to get colds or flu than HIV neg folks. He also said having HIV would not make a cold or flu worse than if you were neg. He explained this is due to colds and flu affecting a different part of the immune system or something like that.
So, I'm wondering why so many HIVers believe they get more colds and flu and/or are very scared to get them? And, why do health professionals really push the flu vaccine for us? Don't get me wrong, I get my vaccinations and believe in them. However, I was planning to get mine at my next appt next month, but they keep saying, "You better get it now. Getting the flu would be really bad for you."
So, what's the deal? Are we more prone to cold and flu than neg people? And, are we more likely to have problems if we do get sick? I remember with H1N1, it was people with really healthy immune systems who died with researchers believing their great immune system is what killed them.
Thank you very much for all you do!
Response from Dr. McGowan
Thank you for your timely question. People living with HIV are at increased risk from the complications of seasonal influenza infection and for this reason it is recommended that they receive an annual 'flu vaccination. The interplay between H1N1 influenza infection and HIV is not completely understood. Even so, it is a good idea that people living with HIV receive the H1N1 vaccine. Indeed, the current inactivated flu vaccine (which is the vaccine recommended in people living with HIV) in the US incorporates vaccination for both seasonal influenza and H1N1 influenza. Thanks Joe
Get Email Notifications When This Forum Updates or Subscribe With RSS
This forum is designed for educational purposes only, and experts are not rendering medical, mental health, legal or other professional advice or services. If you have or suspect you may have a medical, mental health, legal or other problem that requires advice, consult your own caregiver, attorney or other qualified professional.
Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material. | <urn:uuid:141fcd8f-1e27-4705-932b-c3fdb8719b3b> | {
"date": "2017-04-29T00:13:51",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123102.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00119-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9711494445800781,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 507,
"url": "http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Meds/Q211576.html"
} |
- WND - http://www.wnd.com -
NASA: Dangerous sunspot aligning with Earth
Posted By F. Michael Maloof On 08/28/2014 @ 4:24 pm In U.S.,World | No Comments
WASHINGTON – NASA is warning a new sunspot spewing powerful X-class flares is beginning to rotate to a position directly in line with Earth.
A direct hit on Earth from an X-class flare could cause major disruptions – or even destruction – to the U.S. electrical grid, which already is very vulnerable, as well as to life-sustaining critical infrastructures dependent on the grid to function.
NASA said the warning regarding the sunspot, AR 2151, could last for weeks.
Eruptions that drew the attention of space experts began last Sunday with an M5.6 solar eruption, which is one tenth the strength of an X-class flare.
X-class flares are the most power solar flare. The least intense flare is a C-class. M-class flares ranked as mid-range.
“Solar flares are powerful bursts of radiation,” explained NASA spokeswoman Karen Fox. “Harmful radiation from a flare cannot pass through Earth’s atmosphere to physically affect humans on the ground. However, when intense enough, they can disturb the atmosphere in the layer where GPS and communications signals travel.”
Some of the flares spewing from the sun’s surface can be at least 14 times the size of Earth.
NASA and the National Science Foundation has estimated that if the U.S. sustained a direct hit from an X-class flare, it would cost the nation upward of $2 trillion in the first year and kill up to 90 percent of the U.S. population due to the lack of services, starvation and disease.
The Defense Department is preparing to harden its systems to defend against an EMP event, whether from a solar flare or nuclear attack. But EMP experts point out DOD relies on the civilian electrical grid, which will remain vulnerable unless action is taken.
The flares from AR 2151 were first detected Sunday by NASA’s powerful Solar Dynamics Observatory and Solar Helospheric Observatory, or SOHO, a joint NASA and European Space Agency activity.
The sun is going through an 11-year cycle, which at its peak is called a solar storm maximum. The current cycle is known as Solar Cycle 24.
Even as the intensity of flares from the sun begins to diminish, they could hit Earth well into subsequent years, until the cycle reaches a so-called solar-storm minimum. Then, a new cycle will begin some five-and-a-half years out.
Not ready for prime time?
In response to defense-system vulnerabilities to an electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, strike, the Defense Department has decided to harden all its “ground-, air-, maritime, and space-based platforms, electronic and electrical systems, subsystems and equipment.”
Rather than after-the-fact remedial measures, the DOD directive said such measures will take place at the time of acquisition of military systems and equipment that incorporate electronics.
The directive states DOD will “interface with federal agencies and other organizations as required to promote cooperation and information exchange.” That means DOD will need to work with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, which deals directly with national emergencies and has a say on protecting the national grid.
However, DHS presently does not include an EMP event as one of 15 emergency National Planning Scenarios, which include responses to floods, hurricanes and terrorist attacks.
Until now, DOD has left it to DHS to deal with protection of the electrical grid from an EMP event.
Yet, DOD facilities rely 99 percent on the vulnerable civilian electrical grid to function. While it own platforms and equipment may be hardened against an EMP event up to an E3 level, characterized by a very slow pulse, the bases could become defenseless, depending on backup generators.
EMP experts point out to WND that President Obama can sign an executive order requiring DHS to include EMP as one of its national planning scenarios.
Because DOD facilities rely on the civilian electrical grid to function, unless it similarly is hardened, U.S. defense systems could be seriously affected.
EMP experts add that while DOD’s initial undertaking is a good start, such hardening won’t protect defense platforms and equipment from a high-altitude nuclear detonation.
Article printed from WND: http://www.wnd.com
URL to article: http://www.wnd.com/2014/08/nasa-dangerous-sunspot-aligning-with-earth/
© Copyright 1997-2013. All Rights Reserved. WND.com. | <urn:uuid:726d5cfd-3a6c-4f33-9849-4b4bd5a1f13a> | {
"date": "2015-01-31T08:38:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118108509.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124164828-00056-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9339134097099304,
"score": 2.59375,
"token_count": 991,
"url": "http://www.wnd.com/2014/08/nasa-dangerous-sunspot-aligning-with-earth/print/"
} |
Moses Maimonides (1135-1204) was a medieval physician and one of the greatest Jewish scholars and philosophers of the Middle Ages. Maimonides argued that metaphysics was the greatest possible human activity, making extensive use of Aristotle. He is known to Jewish writers as "Rambam," a name derived from the initial letters of Rabbi Moses ben Maimon.
Maimonides is particularly well known for his exposition of the apophatic way of understanding God. The term apophatic comes from the Greek term for "denial," and this method of coming to know God involves approaching God by denying everything that God is not. Thus, Maimonides wrote: "God has no positive attributes ...the negative attributes of God are the true attributes."
Also Known As: Moses ben Maimon
Alternate Spellings: none
Common Misspellings: none
What is Theism?
What is the difference between monotheism and monolatry? Between pantheism and panentheism? How about between animism and shamanism? Or theism and deism? What the heck is henotheism? For that matter, what is and is not a religion?
What is Religion?
A system of human beliefs, ideals and practices which is harder to define than it may at first appear. | <urn:uuid:02546695-24cb-4aae-80d4-2828ecc15471> | {
"date": "2016-10-27T22:34:11",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00294-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9567934274673462,
"score": 3.75,
"token_count": 273,
"url": "http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/judaism/bldef_maimonides.htm"
} |
The first book in the cultural literacy debate that also considers the new classroom technology available to students, Brave New Schools is a vision of schooling for the twenty-first century. A response to the work of Hirsch and Bloom, as well as a guide for parents and teachers, Brave New Schools describes a world of students, teachers, and parents globally connected by the Internet, thereby able to communicate across geographical and cultural barriers once thought impassable. Brave New Schools also contains a valuable section on K-12 networking resources, lists of published materials available, and descriptions of successful networking activities. Stunning in its implications for the future of learning guided by technology, Brave New Schools offers hopeful solutions to the problems of cultural difference and the future of our children.
Back to top
Rent Brave New Schools 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Jim Cummins. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by St. Martin's Griffin.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now. | <urn:uuid:24d50066-52b6-4c28-a2e6-7735e9845029> | {
"date": "2016-08-27T10:16:13",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982298977.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195818-00050-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9467804431915283,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 226,
"url": "http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/brave-new-schools-1st-edition-9780312163587-0312163584?ii=11&trackid=de403cde&omre_ir=1&omre_sp="
} |
I want to know the rules of using articles like A, An, The, Last, The last .
This i know that A is used before consonant and An before Vowel but many times it is confusing. e.g A university, where as i thought An university because i thought it is a vowel sound or e.g An X-ray, whereas X is a consonant sound. so pls tell me how should i recognize the sounds or of there are some others rules pls let me know.
There's a difference between a consonant letter and a consonant sound.
In "university", although we usually count "u" as a vowel letter, the sound the words starts with is actually a "y" sound -- we say "you-niversity".
In "X-ray", although "x" is a consonant letter, the sound the words starts with is actually a vowel -- we say "eks-ray".
The a/an rule is about pronunciation, not spelling. | <urn:uuid:a88aad1c-6452-4c09-9c0c-74708f902711> | {
"date": "2015-05-30T05:39:18",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930895.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00004-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9268631935119629,
"score": 3.859375,
"token_count": 210,
"url": "http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/24207-articles"
} |
Discussion of everything related to the Theory of Evolution.
6 posts • Page 1 of 1
The idea of a single universal ancestor of all biology on Earth is mistaken.
Early eukaryotes and early bacteria evolved independently and later combined to form archaea.
This is represented with the paradigm which specifies construction and evolution across cosmology and biology.
The paradigm is presented in the essay, "Debunking Physics and Discovering the Logic of the Universe", which is locted at: http://members.westnet.com.au/paradigm/forever.pdf
You have one post to provide evidence for your "paradigm shift" If you cannot make your case, you better stop posting, or I will use my evil mod power to do so.
Science has proof without any certainty. Creationists have certainty without
any proof. (Ashley Montague)
Archaea are formed from a combination of bacteria and eukaryotes? Not likely... General consensus is that Eukaryotes are formed from a combination of a bacteria and something that was more closely related to ancestral archaea. From my knowledge modern molecular analysis has continued to support this notion.
Any respectable hypothesis that would look to counter the consensus would need to explain the general relatedness of all living things (why even the most distantly related still share a very significant number of genes).
Chroma, you are correct in your statement regarding eukaryotes forming from a combination of bacteria and a primitive archaea, along with some scattered symbiotic events and horizontal gene transfers.
At least that's what PostDocs from the Center for Evolutionary Functional Genomics discussed in my course last week.
Experience: Cell Biology, Confocal Microscopy, Developmental Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Physiology
Common ancestor of all multicellular organisms were reasonable Myxomycetes. They managed to create a special company - the state, which then degenerated into a multicellular Myxomycetes. This Myxomycetes once had his eyes with the lens, touch, hearing, taste, brain, etc.
http://translate.google.com/translate?h ... ge_id%3D82
Not likely. If you wish to posit that they evolved independently, then the onus is on you to explain why they share so much in common at the molecular-biological level, starting with the (nearly, but with a few exceptions) Universal Genetic Code. Do you have a biochemical model which suggests that the code associations are the result of laws of biochemistry and that such a code is inevitable? Can you refute the null hypothesis that suggests that at least some code associations were the result of "fixed accidents"?
Does your independent evolution idea have an explanation for the same holochirality of certain molecules (namely carbohydrates and amino acids) among the two?
What about the similarities and evidence that suggest that, despite the fact they do use the same type of phospholipids for membranes (glycerol-ester lipids) as eubacteria (which is probably from HGT from the endosymbiosis that lead to mitochondria), Eukarya appears to have originated from within the Archaea?
In short, is there anything in your model that simplifies it and gives it better explanatory power than the "Universal Common Ancestor" theory? Does your model have any predictive or retrodictive power by suggesting things to look for that would be evidence for this model?
If you want to come out and posit something like that, essentially overturning what is already a very fitting explanation for a very large body of evidence, you are going to not only need to explain the existing evidence but also provide some rather extraordinary evidence which suggests your model is better.
Care to put that into layman's terms? I skimmed the biology section and it looks less like biology than it does numerology? I haven't read the whole thing, but it set of a lot of alarms in my pseudoscience detectors.
"Empathise with stupidity, and you're halfway to thinking like an idiot." - Iain M. Banks
6 posts • Page 1 of 1
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 2 guests | <urn:uuid:a8ba7bd3-9672-428d-ad14-2fb9d72d33b9> | {
"date": "2016-07-31T00:49:07",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258944256.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072904-00018-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.943678617477417,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 888,
"url": "http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/post-117620.html"
} |
You can still grow vegetables — even during water restrictions — if you plan, plant and tend plants wisely. And drought or no drought, it always makes sense to conserve this precious resource. Here are twelve tips for healthy, water-wise vegetables.
After a wild winter filled with abundant snow and unusually cold temperatures, I’m itching to get out in the garden. But the garden won’t be ready for me for weeks; it’s still covered in snow and the ground underneath is frozen. So I’m satisfying my need to grow by starting seeds indoors.
If you start plants from seed, eventually you’ll have to master the technique of potting up. It’s what you do when a seedling gets too big for the pot or cell it’s growing in. Usually it’s too early to plant outdoors, so you pot up. Not all seedlings require potting up, but many do.
If you’re gardening in compact spaces and plan to grow only a few vegetables this year, these are the ones to choose. With careful watering and regular fertilization, you can easily harvest fresh greens, cucumbers, eggplants, summer squash, peppers and tomatoes all season long. | <urn:uuid:93525f28-ccf3-449a-a279-969eda24ca6c> | {
"date": "2017-01-22T22:16:52",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00284-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9159485697746277,
"score": 2.9375,
"token_count": 257,
"url": "http://blog.gardeners.com/category/vegetables/page/3/"
} |
STEEP AND CROOKED: THE MINING RAILROADS OF THE CANADIAN BORDER
By Bill Laux
RAIL OPERATIONS, TRAIL TO ROSSLAND (1896 – 1929)
On the narrow gauge line to Rossland, three freight trains ran daily, bringing ore down to the smelter, and hauling coal, machinery and supplies to the Rossland Camp from barges on the Columbia. At the riverfront, a steep track ran diagonally down the riverbank to a switchback, and reversed down to the extreme low water line. A steamer or a barge moored alongside the track at any stage of the river allowed transfer of freight or passengers directly to the little cars of the Trail Creek Tramway.
Dispatching was from the Tramway office at Smelter Junction, a two story building, with operations on the first floor. The second floor was comfortably fitted up as accommodations for Fritz Heinze where he spent one week of every month in Trail looking after his Canadian enterprises. The freight schedule had one train loading at the ore bunkers above Rossland, while another was on the line, and a third unloading at the smelter. The ore cars were the 12 ton wooden coal gondolas that had come from Alberta. They had link and pin couplers, hand brakes, and typically ran in trains of seven cars with no caboose. Upgrade, the little Hinkleys would have been taxed to their tractive limit by eight empties, or fewer if a car of coal was in the uphill consist. The Tramway ran several passenger trains daily between the Trail waterfront station and Rossland. Passenger service began on June 5, 1896, with a morning and an afternoon train each way. The fare was $2.00. As the Tramway had no proper passenger cars as yet, three freight cars had windows cut in their sides, wood stoves installed, and a double bench was run down the length of the car, the passengers facing outward, back to back, and bracing their feet against the sides of the car for the rough ride up the hill.
The afternoon train of these improvised coaches left Trail at 5:00 PM, and , according to the Trail Creek Times, regularly carried a hundred or more passengers, local people, and travellers disembarking from the sternwheelers down at the riverfront. At times space in the train was fully occupied and passengers sat on the car steps, on the roofs, and even on the locomotive pilot. Frequently, in those early days, extra cars had to be added to handle the baggage off the boats, and a second locomotive had to be coupled onto the train to haul it up the steep grades to Rossland. These were bonanza times, and in their eagerness to get to the golden promise of the mines, travellers were undeterred by such inconveniences; the more overcrowded the trains, the more wonderful the mines above must be. Miners, promoters, salesmen, saloon keepers, gamblers, prostitutes: everyone was frantic to get in on the roaring days while they lasted. Farmers and ranchers from the surrounding district rode the Tramway as well. They made regular trips to Rossland to solicit restaurants, hotels, grocers, for contracts for their produce, fruit and meat. Many of the orchardists along the Arrow Lakes would contract their entire crop to a retailer in Rossland and ship the fruit, as it came ripe, on the daily CPR sternwheelers that would pause at every rural wharf where boxes of fruit were stacked. Taken off the steamer that same day at Trail, these perishables would ride the cars up the steep and twisting rails to Rossland. With this coordinated boat-rail service, strawberries, cherries, raspberries, apples and pears, could be in the Rossland grocers’ windows the day after being picked. It is deceptively easy for us to dismiss the 19th Century as crude and rustic. A look at the wilted produce at the market today should remind us that we often grossly overestimate the fruits of progress. Similarly, in the cold months of the year, when lack of refrigeration was no problem,. fresh killed pork, beef and lamb rode the boats and rails to the mines. Retired farmers and orchardists assert that the golden days of the Rossland Bonanza were the making of their homesteads. The Red Mountain mines made millionaires out of the Spokane Colonels, but more importantly, it kick-started a brand new Kootenay agriculture which flourished in those years as it has not done since.
The Spokane passenger train left that city at 8:45 AM daily, and its Northport connection on the Red Mountain Railway did not get into Rossland until 4:10 PM, too late to catch the last passenger train down the hill. They would likely have taken the stage down the steep, twisting wagon road the last eight miles to Trail. The 10:00 AM Red Mountain Railway departure from Rossland got its passengers into Spokane at 5:35 PM, making the 147 mile trip at and average of 19 miles per hour. Chartered private trains, not obliged to make station stops, probably made the journey in two thirds of that time.
The timetable above shows that the passenger schedules on the Rossland hill left two daylight windows for freight operations, one from 9:15 AM to 11:00 AM, probably for a run of empty ore cars up to the mines, and another from 1:30 PM to 3:00 PM, to bring down the first loads of ore. Nighttime was open, and the other two freight runs were certainly made in the dark.
Motive power on the narrow gauge consisted of the two Hinkley 2-6-0 locomotives bought second hand from the Alberta Railway and Coal Company, successors to the Northwest Coal and Navigation Company, when they standard gauged their “Turkey Trail” line to Great Falls, Montana. Hinkleys No. 1 and No. 2 were construction numbers 1780 and 1781 respectively, with 12 x18 cylinders and tiny, 31” drivers which gave them 13,000 pounds of tractive effort. The Hinkleys were built as 0-6-0 machines with the pilot truck added later. They probably handled the passenger runs on the narrow gauge with the more powerful Brooks locomotive making the freight runs. The Brooks was construction number 578, with 14 x18 cylinders, 42 inch drivers, and weighed 20 tons. Two more moguls were reportedly obtained in 1899. No. 4 was a Mogul of unknown origin, and No. 5 was a 2-6-0 from the Canadian Locomotive Company of Kingston. No photographs are known to exist. Possibly one or both were bought for spare parts. On December 6, 1896, the refurbished private car made its first trip up the line to Rossland with Heinze and a party of contractors who had come to bid on the C&W line to Robson West.
The Trail Creek Tramway from the outset was worked as hard as its diminutive equipment would allow, to bring down the tonnage Heinze required for his smelter. In the summer of 1896 a new blast furnace was installed at the smelter and capacity was raised to 500 tons per day. This was more than the little 12 ton cars could handle. In the middle of August, 1896, the tramway was delivering 200 tons a day. 50 tons came from Le Roi, 50 from the War Eagle and a hundred tons from other mines. A further 50 tons of very high grade ore in sacks was brought down daily and taken to the riverbank to be put aboard the Lytton for Northport and rail shipment from there to the Tacoma smelter. Heinze boasted his tramway was earning $25,000 a month. In October of 1896, fourth freight run was instituted and the tramway was able to bring down 325 tons daily. About half this ore was was coming from the stockpiles accumulated at the mines during the years before the railway had come. The mines themselves were not producing more than 175 tons daily, all told. When the tramway should have caught up with this backlog, the smelter would need new ores or have to cut back to a reduced capacity. This prompted Fritz Heinze to go after those Slocan silver-lead ores with his C&W line to Robson West.
The Trail Creek Tramway did not keep its employees long. The pay was low, only $1.75 per day, from which $1.25 was deducted if one used the company boardinghouse. As well, the operation was a difficult and hazardous one, bringing heavy trains down one of the steepest railroads in the West at night and without air brakes. Brakemen had to ride between the cars, with a foot on each, and twist down the brake wheel, with a pick handle for leverage, at whistle signals from the engineer. In winter the job was particularly brutal. Most men stayed only long enough to earn a grub stake, then moved on.
In one instance, remembered by freight conductor, Tom Peck, the entire train crew rebelled. During the obligatory stop at the Tiger switchbacks to let the wheels and brake shoes cool, the grumbling men discovered that they were of one mind: Fritz Heinze could have his damned railroad in a place that would cause him severe discomfort. Led by conductor, “Lean Dog” McLean, they took a sight on a lighted window in Anable and walked off in a body, leaving the train to look after itself. For such a steep and difficult line, accidents were surprisingly few. A passenger train demolished an ore car which had somehow strayed onto the main line in July of 1896. In August of 1897, the second loaded ore car of a ten car train left the rails on the Davis Street curve in Rossland, just above the Spitzee mine. Conductor Abercrombie and his crew made two unsuccessful attempts to re-rail the car with track frogs. On the third try, Hackett, the impatient engineer,. took slack, threw the Johnson bar over and opened the throttle wide. The sudden jerk, instead of pulling the car up onto the frog, threw it over on its side, tumbling it down the embankment, and pulling the first car and the locomotive with it. Engineer Hackett, Fireman Harkness, and another man leapt free from the locomotive as it rolled, and scrambled away, uninjured. No. 3, the Brooks Mogul, came to rest upside down, its drivers still turning until someone closed the throttle. The wreck came at the wrong time, as No. 2 was in the shop for repairs, and Hinkley No. 1 was left to run the Tramway by itself. Tragedy came during the efforts to right the wreck, and get No. 3 back up on the rails. The company’s blacksmith, trying to loosen a bolt, had his wrench slip, and falling backward, crushed his kidney on a tree stump. The injury proved fatal, the first casualty of the little line.
After three years of operation as a narrow gauge line, the Canadian Pacific, when it took over, standard gauged the line in 1899. The loops at Warfield were widened from 25 to 20 degrees, and at Tiger, the alignment was changed. The switchbacks could not be dispensed with, but the line linking them was lengthened to reduce the grade. All but one of the line’s tight curves were eased to 20 degrees, but still the standard CPR Mikado locomotives were never able to be used since their trailing trucks lacked the swing necessary to negotiate a 20 degree curve. The grade on the line after standard gauging was still 4 percent with short stretches of 4.6 percent, and two sections of 4.8 percent, one at Anable and the other on Le Roi Avenue in Rossland.
In the process of conversion, standard gauge ties were slid under the rails, and the old six foot ties were sent down to the smelter to be used as fuel. 60 pound rails replaced the old 28 pound steel, but one 28 pound rail was left in place so that the narrow gauge traffic could continue uninterrupted during the changeover. 60 pound rail for all the standard gauge switches was cut and set out, and on June 15, 1899, a hundred men, in six gangs, replaced the 14 narrow gauge switches with standard gauge, and the changeover was complete. By 3:15 PM, on that same day, the first standard gauge train, following the changeover crews up the hill, arrived in Rossland.
The narrow gauge equipment was sold by the CPR. Hinkley No. 1, went in November, 1899, to Mc Lean Brothers, contractors working on the C&W extension to Midway. It worked at Bulldog tunnel, on the long fills above Dog Creek and doubtless at other locations as well. It was reported in 1905 at Midway, working on the abortive Midway and Vernon grade. In 1907, a locomotive of identical appearance shows up in a photograph as No. 2 of the Belcher Mine Ry, an 8 mile narrow gauge line serving the Belcher mine up Lambert creek near Karamin in Ferry County, Washington. This may have been Trail Creek Tramway No. 1 or a sister locomotive from the Turkey Trail in Alberta.
Master Mechanic Garlock, left Trail to work in Seattle for the White Pass and Yukon Railway. He was charged by them with the job of finding narrow gauge equipment for the new line. He bought Hinkley No. 2 in October, 1900 and shipped it to Skagway where it worked on the White Pass as its No. 64. It was scrapped there in 1918. No. 3, the Brooks Mogul, was also bought by Garlock in July,1900, and shipped north to become WP&Y No. 65. When it was replaced some years later by heavier locomotives, the White Pass sold it to Tanana Mines in Alaska to become their No. 51. It was scrapped by the Alaska Railroad, probably in 1917, when it standard gauged the Tananna Mines line. The fate of Mogul No. 4 is unknown; some reports have it sent back to the Alberta Railway and Coal Company. No 5, the C.L.C. locomotive, went to McDonnell and Gzowski, contractors, and was put to work on the construction of the spiral tunnels above Field as No. 15. Its ultimate fate is unknown. There are reports in Trail that Garlock sent the first class passenger coach and Heinze’s private car to the WP&Y as well. However, there are no records in Skagway to bear this out.
The early coaches on that line have been thoroughly rebuilt and no evidence of origin remains. However, early photos of the WP&Y show a “duckbilled” roof Billmeyer and Smalls coach, which could have come from either the Trail Creek Tramway or the Coeur D’Alene Railway which was standard gauged about the same time. In 1900, the CPR bought the first of three large three truck Shay locomotives to work the Rossland Hill. No 111, the first of the Shays, was a 90 ton machine, (120 tons in working order with a full boiler and tank) with three 15 x 17 inch cylinders and 41” drivers. The big Shay had greater tractive power than any other locomotive the Canadian Pacific possessed at that time. As the CPR intended to run mixed trains on the Rossland hill, the Shay was fitted with an elegant wooden cowcatcher as the law required for a passenger locomotive. Wooden cowcatchers were favored by the CPR for mountain districts in the early years of the century. It was noted that on encountering a boulder on the track at speed, a wooden cowcatcher would disintegrate into splinters, while a steel pilot would be mangled into mass of bent metal, which, passing under the wheels, would frequently derail the locomotive. But Shay 111, though powerful, was slow, and it is doubtful that the mandated cowcatcher was ever able to overtake a cow in good health.
The Shay could bring eight steel gondolas up the hill, while the light Consolidations assigned to the branch could bring up but four. Capacity of the Shay on the hill was 213 tons, the Consolidations, 184 tons. For winter service it was found necessary to sheathe that elegant wooden pilot with steel to throw the snow, and to also extend steel sheathing outside the front truck to keep wet snow from balling up in the gears. The curves on the Rossland line were too tight to permit a standard snowplough to operate; its long wheelbase caused it to overhang the sharp curves and derail when pushing snow. A special short coupled plough was built for the Rossland line, and a tiny flanger was constructed on a single truck, weighted with lengths of rail.
The CPR bought two more Shays to the same pattern as 111, for the Motherlode and Phoenix branches, and these locomotives probably worked the Rossland hill as well. No 112 came in 1902, and was scrapped after a wreck in 1911. No 113 arrived in 1903. In 1913 it was sold to become No. 5 on Dan Corbin’s coal line in the East Kootenay. It was sent to Contractors’ Machinery in Seattle the same year in trade for a lighter Shay, and disappears from the record. Probably it served out its time on some Northwest logging line.
Winter brought special problems at the ore receiving pockets at the smelter. All of the Red Mountain ores came out of the mines wet, and in the winter whole train loads of ore would come off the hill frozen solid. A special thawing house was built at the smelter into which the cars of frozen ore would be shunted and the doors closed. Stoves would lit to raise the temperature, and steam lances employed in the wooden cars to loosen the ore. Later, when steel ore jennies were introduced, oil fired torches would be played against their sides and workers with sledge hammers would pound the cars until the ore could be broken up. The scorched and battered sides of these cars testified to dozens of combats with frozen ore. Finally, the engineering department built a car shaker to break up frozen ore.
Other problems abounded on the steep and crooked line, even in summer. T.L. Bloomer, who worked on the Rossland hill, remembered, “One of the most trying difficulties on the Rossland Hill in the old days was bad rails caused by smoke from the smelter combining with dew or mist from the heavens. All sorts of schemes have been tried for overcoming this combination — steam jets to blow it off and different methods of sanding. I have seen it so bad that the train crew had to get shovels and throw dirt from the side of the track onto the rails, and still the engine would slip.” As the smelter stack was belching tons of sulfur dioxide, the oxygen of the air and the dew on the rails, converted it into sulfuric acid, an oily liquid. Another slippery rail problem was caused by caterpillars in the summer, which, Bloomer reported, “…would cluster on the rails for warmth when the sun went down. And how they would smell!”
Acid rain, shivering caterpillars, unremarked on a normal railroad, became serious on the 4.6 percent grades, stalling trains and magnifying the trivial into the serious. Bloomer, and other engineers on the Rossland hill, noted that a light day snow gave ideal traction on the tight curves. It held the sand on the rail and provided just enough moisture to lubricate the flanges. The trains always ran better through the loops, the crews found, when the outer drivers had just the right amount of slippage on the super-elevated outer rail. The Rossland hill was a challenge for engineers and train crew, winter and summer.
Coming down the hill with a loaded train or ore, a stop had to be made .4 miles below the old narrow gauge wye for a safety switch. Here retainers were set up to hold 15 pounds of air on the brakes, the switch was thrown, and the train proceeded down the hill. The switch was normally lined for an old quarry and if the descending train was unable to stop, the switch would divert it into a pile of loose rock in the quarry.
Freights were limited to 10 miles per hour downhill, passenger trains to 20. At the Tiger switchbacks, freights had a mandatory stop of ten minutes, to allow brakes and wheels to cool before proceeding down to Warfield. Most tricky of all, was bringing down a light engine. The engine brakes in that case could be used only sparingly, for if the steel driver tires overheated, they would expand and come off the drivers, derailing the locomotive. Engineers put the Johnson bar in the second notch of reverse and open the cylinder cocks slightly and came down on compression, rather than on brakes.
Up above Rossland, the Highline leading to the War Eagle and Le Roi ore bunkers crossed Acme Creek (Centre Star Gulch) on a high trestle built on a 26 degree curve. Only the Shays and rod engines with blind second and main drivers could negotiate it. Later, new ore bunkers were built down on the lower line and the ore sent down to them by cable trams to eliminate this awkward spur.
The Canadian Pacific operating department never did like the Shays bought for the steep mine branches. With their limited speed, they were not interchangeable with rod engines for mainline service. In 1910, with the coming of the heavy Consolidations of the M4 class, these engines were assigned to the Rossland hill and the Shays confined to the the Phoenix and Motherlode branches in the Boundary district. The M4 3400s and 3500s were rated at 184 tons on the Rossland hill, and could when required, work the line to Castlegar and Nelson, or wherever else they might be needed. The Shays could out pull them, but that was all. Later, the N2 class Consolidations worked the hill, the heaviest engines permitted on the line.
With the standard gauging of the line in 1898, passenger connections to Nelson, where all court and government business had to be transacted, and to the outside world, were greatly improved. A 1905 timetable shows daily except Sunday departures from Rossland at 6:55 PM, dropping down to Trail to pick up passengers, and then climbing back to Smelter Junction to take the line to Castlegar. The train arrived at the dock at Robson West at 9:00 PM, and passengers would board the sternwheeler “Rossland,” “Kootenay,” or “Minto,” leaving at 11:00 PM for the sixteen hour run up the lakes to the rail connection at Arrowhead. Arrival at Revelstoke was at 5:30 PM to make connections with trains to Vancouver or Calgary and the East.
On the inbound trip, passengers would leave Revelstoke at 8:15 AM on the branch line train to Arrowhead where they would board whichever one of the three sternwheelers was running that day at 9:15 AM for a 10:15 AM departure. Arrival at Robson West was at 8:30 PM, after a fast ten hour run down the lakes. Waiting at the dock would be the Rossland-Trail train, departing at 8:50 PM, and reaching Rossland at 10:50 that evening. The Nelson and Grand Forks trains would be at Robson West as well, for passengers bound to those destinations.
Robson West was a busy place with a twice daily interchange of steamer and three trains. At 9:24 AM the Rossland train arrived, followed six minutes later by the arrival of the Nelson train. After transferring passengers, the train from Rossland departed for Grand Forks and Midway. At the same time, the train from Midway which had been standing all night, departed for Nelson, and a third train departed for Rossland.
At 8:30 in the evening, the Revelstoke steamer would arrive and ten minutes later, trains began arriving. First, the Nelson train, then five minutes later,the train from Grand Forks, Greenwood and Midway. Fifteen minutes later, the Rossland train would pull in.
Passengers from the boat boarded their trains; train passengers boarded the boat, and at 8:45 all three trains departed, for Rossland, for Nelson and for Midway. The steamer took on coal, and at 11:00 PM she departed up lake. Nothing remains of Robson West today but a double line of rotting piles where the trains used to back down the long, sloping ramp to lie alongside the steamers to transfer freight and passengers. Directly across the river was the terminus of the Columbia and Kootenay line to Nelson and in the early years, after the steamer had discharged its passengers, it would barge rail cars across to the line on the other side. In 1902, the CPR bridged the Columbia at Castlegar and the Robson terminus was abandoned. Robson West continued to function as the rail-boat transfer point until the last sternwheeler, the “Minto,” was withdrawn in 1954.
All of the trains from Rossland, bound for Nelson, or Grand Forks, or Robson West, stopped at Smelter Junction, (now called Tadanac) and backed down the switchback line to Dublin gulch, took the switchback, and proceeded down Trail Creek to the Trail City Station on Cedar Avenue. Passengers and express would be loaded and the train would back up the gulch to the switchback and then up the 3.9 percent grade to Smelter Junction. In the 30s trim Ten Wheeler D10g class locomotives were assigned to the Trail- Nelson run. Gibson Kennedy reports that some engineers with their light, two car train, would work the grade with a short cutoff which yielded a satisfyingly sharp bark from the stack, but produced a surge in train motion with every revolution of the drivers. This caused the clerks in the mail and baggage car to lose their footing while trying to sort mail. They registered a complaint to the company and engineers were subsequently ordered to moderate their efforts to save fuel on this particular grade. | <urn:uuid:4d999394-852a-4128-8ef9-84a72481c74b> | {
"date": "2018-07-17T11:21:39",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589710.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717105812-20180717125812-00616.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9761964678764343,
"score": 3.015625,
"token_count": 5531,
"url": "https://klopp-family.com/2017/02/22/steep-and-crooked-by-late-writer-artist-castle-builder-bill-laux-chapter-vii/"
} |
Georgias wild turkey population has undergone a tremendous change. In 1973, when Georgias turkey restoration project was initiated, the estimated statewide turkey population was only 17,000 birds. Over 4,500 turkeys were trapped and relocated from 1973-1996. Today, turkeys exist in every county and the statewide population is nearly 300,000 birds. As the population exploded, many hunters developed an interest in turkey hunting. Hunters often inquire about changes to hunting seasons and When will Georgia initiate a fall hunting season? is a common question. Many factors must be considered when answering this question. These include wild turkey biology, hunter objectives, conflicting user groups, number of hunters, population trends, and hunting regulations that are compatible with the long-term good of Georgias wild turkey resource.
The most important consideration is to maintain the long-term survival of the turkey population. Because of the biology of wild turkeys, it is difficult to over-harvest the turkey population with a gobbler-only season in the spring. A single gobbler is able to mate with numerous hens during the spring. After mating, a hen lays about 12 eggs and incubates them for 28 days. If a hens nest is destroyed, the hen is able to re-nest without mating again. A high spring gobbler harvest might mean that fewer birds are heard in the spring, but enough will remain to mate with the hens to produce good turkey populations for future years.
During Georgias spring season only gobblers, which are a small part of the population (and the most expendable), are exposed to the pressures of hunting. Fall seasons are typically either-sex seasons because it is difficult to differentiate between hens and gobblers during that time of year, especially in flocks of young birds. Consequently, fall hunting would impact all segments of the population. Additionally, a fall season would overlap our existing deer season, which could greatly increase the number of hunters in the woods pursuing turkeys (Georgia has many more deer hunters than turkey hunters). Consequently, it would be much easier to over harvest turkeys during a fall season than during a spring gobbler-only season.
If fall hunting pressure was added, the population could be exposed to significant harm. Turkey populations typically increase in years following excellent reproduction and decline following consecutive years of poor reproduction. Biologists collect data throughout the summer to determine turkey production trends. However, hunting regulations are established in the spring, long before production is known. When summer poult production is great, it may be possible to harvest a substantial number of turkeys in the fall without significant impact. However, during years of moderate or poor reproduction (years with poor hatching success or survival), it would be easy to overharvest the population and thus add to the decline, especially when hens are also harvested. Some states that have attempted fall seasons show that 60% of the statewide turkey harvest occurred during the fall. When you compound these risks with concerns about overlapping turkey season with deer season, it is apparent that a fall turkey season could have a negative effect on our turkey population.
Because Georgia has no fall turkey season, we are able to have the most liberal spring season in the country. It is likely that a fall season would eventually mean a decline in the overall turkey population and thus would result in a significant reduction in spring hunting opportunity. This is a tradeoff that few avid turkey hunters would be willing to accept. Careful management of Georgias turkey population has resulted in some of the very best turkey hunting opportunities in the nation, our goal is to keep it that way. | <urn:uuid:be3acace-f28e-4796-b967-1b605cf55356> | {
"date": "2014-11-24T00:56:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380236.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00184-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9692792892456055,
"score": 3.453125,
"token_count": 730,
"url": "http://gofishgeorgia.com/Hunting/NoFallTurkey?cat=1"
} |
There is incontrovertible evidence that Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted pathogen, but the best screening and testing to determine infection, and then the correct treatment, remains a bit uncertain. M. genitalium is hard to study because this bacteria is fastidious in its growing environment, and takes weeks or months to grow each one.
M. genitalium is known to attach to the genital tract cells using a surface adhesion protein, then enters cells, which causes the inflammatory process to commence. M. genitalium can also attach to sperm, allowing increased dispersion into the vaginas and the upper genital tract of women.
In women, M. genitalium can be found in the genital tract, and is found commonly with symptoms and/or those with an infected male partner. The most common findings are cervicitis and urethritis, with fallopian tube inflammation (salpingitis). M. genitalium can be found in women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and in one recorded instance was found in a fallopian tube. There is an association with past infection of M. genitalium and tubal factor infertility.
Diagnosing M. genitalium
There is a clear and urgent need for better testing for M. genitalium. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) is the only tool we have for detecting M. genitalium. One of the issues is that there may be a low number of the microbes present, so testing needs to be sensitive at this low load level. A cervical swab combined with a urine test in women may be the best approach.
Antibiotic treatments for M. genitalium – hit and miss affair
Varying degrees of success have been observed with antibiotic treatments for M. genitalium, since this bacteria does not have a cell wall, making traditional antibiotics ineffective. Tetracyclines looked promising, but failure rates have turned out to be high. Macrolides (specifically azithromycin) offers the best clearance rates (84 per cent in one study of men). Quinolones like moxifloxacin have good success rates, with ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin less effective. Doxycycline seems to come with a high recurrence rate.
M. genitalium is a slow-growing microbe, thus a longer course of treatment may be indicated – for example one study used azithromycin 1g with an 85 per cent success rate, while a dose of 500mg on day one, followed by 250mg daily for four days eradicated 95 per cent of infections.
Women who present with vaginal discharge, bleeding between periods (metrorrhagia) and pelvic pain may benefit from being tested for M. genitalium.
Best course of action for treating M. genitalium
Symptomatic people who have evidence to suggest that they are infected with M. genitalium are often given first-line therapy of a 5-day course of azithromycin. Single doses of azithromycin are thought to be less effective, however for those who don’t respond to azithromycin, successful treatment may be found with moxifloxacin 400mg daily for 10 days. The risk of antibiotic resistance is high with this treatment, so it should be the second option. | <urn:uuid:414b7d37-6b8b-474d-9831-c1df1a10ae41> | {
"date": "2017-12-14T20:39:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948550986.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214202730-20171214222730-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9310490489006042,
"score": 2.640625,
"token_count": 685,
"url": "https://www.allthingsvagina.com/testing-treatment-mycoplasma-genitalium/"
} |
Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Table of Contents|
| Part Number:||1926|
| Part Title:||Safety and Health Regulations for Construction|
| Subpart Title:||Electric Power Transmission and Distribution|
| Standard Number:||1926 Subpart V App C|
| Title:||Appendix C to Subpart V of Part 1926-Protection From Hazardous Differences in Electric Potential|
| GPO Source:||e-CFR|
Appendix C to Subpart V of Part 1926-Protection From Hazardous Differences in Electric Potential
Current passing through an impedance impresses voltage across that impedance. Even conductors have some, albeit low, value of impedance. Therefore, if a "grounded" 1 object, such as a crane or deenergized and grounded power line, results in a ground fault on a power line, voltage is impressed on that grounded object. The voltage impressed on the grounded object depends largely on the voltage on the line, on the impedance of the faulted conductor, and on the impedance to "true," or "absolute," ground represented by the object. If the impedance of the object causing the fault is relatively large, the voltage impressed on the object is essentially the phase-to-ground system voltage. However, even faults to grounded power lines or to well grounded transmission towers or substation structures (which have relatively low values of impedance to ground) can result in hazardous voltages.2 In all cases, the degree of the hazard depends on the magnitude of the current through the employee and the time of exposure. This appendix discusses methods of protecting workers against the possibility that grounded objects, such as cranes and other mechanical equipment, will contact energized power lines and that deenergized and grounded power lines will become accidentally energized.
II. Voltage-Gradient Distribution
A. Voltage-gradient distribution curve. Absolute, or true, ground serves as a reference and always has a voltage of 0 volts above ground potential. Because there is an impedance between a grounding electrode and absolute ground, there will be a voltage difference between the grounding electrode and absolute ground under ground-fault conditions. Voltage dissipates from the grounding electrode (or from the grounding point) and creates a ground potential gradient. The voltage decreases rapidly with increasing distance from the grounding electrode. A voltage drop associated with this dissipation of voltage is a ground potential. Figure 1 is a typical voltage-gradient distribution curve (assuming a uniform soil texture).
BILLING CODE 4510-26-P
Figure 1 - Typical Voltage - Gradient Distribution Curve
BILLING CODE 4510-26-C
B. Step and touch potentials. Figure 1 also shows that workers are at risk from step and touch potentials. Step potential is the voltage between the feet of a person standing near an energized grounded object (the electrode). In Figure 1, the step potential is equal to the difference in voltage between two points at different distances from the electrode (where the points represent the location of each foot in relation to the electrode). A person could be at risk of injury during a fault simply by standing near the object.
Touch potential is the voltage between the energized grounded object (again, the electrode) and the feet of a person in contact with the object. In Figure 1, the touch potential is equal to the difference in voltage between the electrode (which is at a distance of 0 meters) and a point some distance away from the electrode (where the point represents the location of the feet of the person in contact with the object). The touch potential could be nearly the full voltage across the grounded object if that object is grounded at a point remote from the place where the person is in contact with it. For example, a crane grounded to the system neutral and that contacts an energized line would expose any person in contact with the crane or its uninsulated load line to a touch potential nearly equal to the full fault voltage.
Figure 2 illustrates step and touch potentials.
BILLING CODE 4510-26-P
Figure 2 - Step and Touch Potentials
BILLING CODE 4510-26-C
III. Protecting Workers From Hazardous Differences in Electrical Potential
A. Definitions. The following definitions apply to section III of this appendix:
Bond. The electrical interconnection of conductive parts designed to maintain a common electric potential.
Bonding cable (bonding jumper). A cable connected to two conductive parts to bond the parts together.
Cluster bar. A terminal temporarily attached to a structure that provides a means for the attachment and bonding of grounding and bonding cables to the structure.
Ground. A conducting connection between an electric circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.
Grounding cable (grounding jumper). A cable connected between a deenergized part and ground. Note that grounding cables carry fault current and bonding cables generally do not. A cable that bonds two conductive parts but carries substantial fault current (for example, a jumper connected between one phase and a grounded phase) is a grounding cable.
Ground mat (grounding grid). A temporarily or permanently installed metallic mat or grating that establishes an equipotential surface and provides connection points for attaching grounds.
B. Analyzing the hazard. The employer can use an engineering analysis of the power system under fault conditions to determine whether hazardous step and touch voltages will develop. The analysis should determine the voltage on all conductive objects in the work area and the amount of time the voltage will be present. Based on the this analysis, the employer can select appropriate measures and protective equipment, including the measures and protective equipment outlined in Section III of this appendix, to protect each employee from hazardous differences in electric potential. For example, from the analysis, the employer will know the voltage remaining on conductive objects after employees install bonding and grounding equipment and will be able to select insulating equipment with an appropriate rating, as described in paragraph III.C.2 of this appendix.
C. Protecting workers on the ground. The employer may use several methods, including equipotential zones, insulating equipment, and restricted work areas, to protect employees on the ground from hazardous differences in electrical potential.
1. An equipotential zone will protect workers within it from hazardous step and touch potentials. (See Figure 3.) Equipotential zones will not, however, protect employees located either wholly or partially outside the protected area. The employer can establish an equipotential zone for workers on the ground, with respect to a grounded object, through the use of a metal mat connected to the grounded object. The employer can use a grounding grid to equalize the voltage within the grid or bond conductive objects in the immediate work area to minimize the potential between the objects and between each object and ground. (Bonding an object outside the work area can increase the touch potential to that object, however.) Section III.D of this appendix discusses equipotential zones for employees working on deenergized and grounded power lines.
2. Insulating equipment, such as rubber gloves, can protect employees handling grounded equipment and conductors from hazardous touch potentials. The insulating equipment must be rated for the highest voltage that can be impressed on the grounded objects under fault conditions (rather than for the full system voltage).
3. Restricting employees from areas where hazardous step or touch potentials could arise can protect employees not directly involved in performing the operation. The employer must ensure that employees on the ground in the vicinity of transmission structures are at a distance where step voltages would be insufficient to cause injury. Employees must not handle grounded conductors or equipment likely to become energized to hazardous voltages unless the employees are within an equipotential zone or protected by insulating equipment.
BILLING CODE 4510-26-P
Figure 3 - Protection from Ground-Potential Gradients
BILLING CODE 4510-26-C
D. Protecting employees working on deenergized and grounded power lines. This Section III.D of Appendix C establishes guidelines to help employers comply with requirements in § 1926.962 for using protective grounding to protect employees working on deenergized power lines. Section 1926.962 applies to grounding of transmission and distribution lines and equipment for the purpose of protecting workers. Paragraph (c) of § 1926.962 requires temporary protective grounds to be placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner that the employer can demonstrate will prevent exposure of each employee to hazardous differences in electric potential.3 Sections III.D.1 and III.D.2 of this appendix provide guidelines that employers can use in making the demonstration required by § 1926.962(c). Section III.D.1 of this appendix provides guidelines on how the employer can determine whether particular grounding practices expose employees to hazardous differences in electric potential. Section III.D.2 of this appendix describes grounding methods that the employer can use in lieu of an engineering analysis to make the demonstration required by § 1926.962(c). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration will consider employers that comply with the criteria in this appendix as meeting § 1926.962(c).
Finally, Section III.D.3 of this appendix discusses other safety considerations that will help the employer comply with other requirements in § 1926.962. Following these guidelines will protect workers from hazards that can occur when a deenergized and grounded line becomes energized.
1. Determining safe body current limits. This Section III.D.1 of Appendix C provides guidelines on how an employer can determine whether any differences in electric potential to which workers could be exposed are hazardous as part of the demonstration required by § 1926.962(c).
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Standard 1048-2003, IEEE Guide for Protective Grounding of Power Lines, provides the following equation for determining the threshold of ventricular fibrillation when the duration of the electric shock is limited:
where I is the current through the worker's body, and t is the duration of the current in seconds. This equation represents the ventricular fibrillation threshold for 95.5 percent of the adult population with a mass of 50 kilograms (110 pounds) or more. The equation is valid for current durations between 0.0083 to 3.0 seconds.
To use this equation to set safe voltage limits in an equipotential zone around the worker, the employer will need to assume a value for the resistance of the worker's body. IEEE Std 1048-2003 states that "total body resistance is usually taken as 1000 Ω for determining . . . body current limits." However, employers should be aware that the impedance of a worker's body can be substantially less than that value. For instance, IEEE Std 1048-2003 reports a minimum hand-to-hand resistance of 610 ohms and an internal body resistance of 500 ohms. The internal resistance of the body better represents the minimum resistance of a worker's body when the skin resistance drops near zero, which occurs, for example, when there are breaks in the worker's skin, for instance, from cuts or from blisters formed as a result of the current from an electric shock, or when the worker is wet at the points of contact.
Employers may use the IEEE Std 1048-2003 equation to determine safe body current limits only if the employer protects workers from hazards associated with involuntary muscle reactions from electric shock (for example, the hazard to a worker from falling as a result of an electric shock). Moreover, the equation applies only when the duration of the electric shock is limited. If the precautions the employer takes, including those required by applicable standards, do not adequately protect employees from hazards associated with involuntary reactions from electric shock, a hazard exists if the induced voltage is sufficient to pass a current of 1 milliampere through a 500-ohm resistor. (The 500-ohm resistor represents the resistance of an employee. The 1-milliampere current is the threshold of perception.) Finally, if the employer protects employees from injury due to involuntary reactions from electric shock, but the duration of the electric shock is unlimited (that is, when the fault current at the work location will be insufficient to trip the devices protecting the circuit), a hazard exists if the resultant current would be more than 6 milliamperes (the recognized let-go threshold for workers 4).
2. Acceptable methods of grounding for employers that do not perform an engineering determination. The grounding methods presented in this section of this appendix ensure that differences in electric potential are as low as possible and, therefore, meet § 1926.962(c) without an engineering determination of the potential differences. These methods follow two principles: (i) The grounding method must ensure that the circuit opens in the fastest available clearing time, and (ii) the grounding method must ensure that the potential differences between conductive objects in the employee's work area are as low as possible.
Paragraph (c) of § 1926.962 does not require grounding methods to meet the criteria embodied in these principles. Instead, the paragraph requires that protective grounds be "placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner that the employer can demonstrate will prevent exposure of each employee to hazardous differences in electric potential." However, when the employer's grounding practices do not follow these two principles, the employer will need to perform an engineering analysis to make the demonstration required by § 1926.962(c).
i. Ensuring that the circuit opens in the fastest available clearing time. Generally, the higher the fault current, the shorter the clearing times for the same type of fault. Therefore, to ensure the fastest available clearing time, the grounding method must maximize the fault current with a low impedance connection to ground. The employer accomplishes this objective by grounding the circuit conductors to the best ground available at the worksite. Thus, the employer must ground to a grounded system neutral conductor, if one is present. A grounded system neutral has a direct connection to the system ground at the source, resulting in an extremely low impedance to ground. In a substation, the employer may instead ground to the substation grid, which also has an extremely low impedance to the system ground and, typically, is connected to a grounded system neutral when one is present. Remote system grounds, such as pole and tower grounds, have a higher impedance to the system ground than grounded system neutrals and substation grounding grids; however, the employer may use a remote ground when lower impedance grounds are not available. In the absence of a grounded system neutral, substation grid, and remote ground, the employer may use a temporary driven ground at the worksite.
In addition, if employees are working on a three-phase system, the grounding method must short circuit all three phases. Short circuiting all phases will ensure faster clearing and lower the current through the grounding cable connecting the deenergized line to ground, thereby lowering the voltage across that cable. The short circuit need not be at the worksite; however, the employer must treat any conductor that is not grounded at the worksite as energized because the ungrounded conductors will be energized at fault voltage during a fault.
ii. Ensuring that the potential differences between conductive objects in the employee's work area are as low as possible. To achieve as low a voltage as possible across any two conductive objects in the work area, the employer must bond all conductive objects in the work area. This section of this appendix discusses how to create a zone that minimizes differences in electric potential between conductive objects in the work area.
The employer must use bonding cables to bond conductive objects, except for metallic objects bonded through metal-to-metal contact. The employer must ensure that metal-to-metal contacts are tight and free of contamination, such as oxidation, that can increase the impedance across the connection. For example, a bolted connection between metal lattice tower members is acceptable if the connection is tight and free of corrosion and other contamination. Figure 4 shows how to create an equipotential zone for metal lattice towers.
Wood poles are conductive objects. The poles can absorb moisture and conduct electricity, particularly at distribution and transmission voltages. Consequently, the employer must either: (1) Provide a conductive platform, bonded to a grounding cable, on which the worker stands or (2) use cluster bars to bond wood poles to the grounding cable. The employer must ensure that employees install the cluster bar below, and close to, the worker's feet. The inner portion of the wood pole is more conductive than the outer shell, so it is important that the cluster bar be in conductive contact with a metal spike or nail that penetrates the wood to a depth greater than or equal to the depth the worker's climbing gaffs will penetrate the wood. For example, the employer could mount the cluster bar on a bare pole ground wire fastened to the pole with nails or staples that penetrate to the required depth. Alternatively, the employer may temporarily nail a conductive strap to the pole and connect the strap to the cluster bar. Figure 5 shows how to create an equipotential zone for wood poles.
BILLING CODE 4510-26-P
Figure 4 - Equipotential Zone for Metal Lattice Tower
Figure 5 - Equipotential Grounding for Wood Poles
Figure reprinted with permission from Hubbel Power Systems, Inc. (Hubbell).
OSHA revised the figure from Hubbell's original.
BILLING CODE 4510-26-C
For underground systems, employers commonly install grounds at the points of disconnection of the underground cables. These grounding points are typically remote from the manhole or underground vault where employees will be working on the cable. Workers in contact with a cable grounded at a remote location can experience hazardous potential differences if the cable becomes energized or if a fault occurs on a different, but nearby, energized cable. The fault current causes potential gradients in the earth, and a potential difference will exist between the earth where the worker is standing and the earth where the cable is grounded. Consequently, to create an equipotential zone for the worker, the employer must provide a means of connecting the deenergized cable to ground at the worksite by having the worker stand on a conductive mat bonded to the deenergized cable. If the cable is cut, the employer must install a bond across the opening in the cable or install one bond on each side of the opening to ensure that the separate cable ends are at the same potential. The employer must protect the worker from any hazardous differences in potential any time there is no bond between the mat and the cable (for example, before the worker installs the bonds).
3. Other safety-related considerations. To ensure that the grounding system is safe and effective, the employer should also consider the following factors: 5
i. Maintenance of grounding equipment. It is essential that the employer properly maintain grounding equipment. Corrosion in the connections between grounding cables and clamps and on the clamp surface can increase the resistance of the cable, thereby increasing potential differences. In addition, the surface to which a clamp attaches, such as a conductor or tower member, must be clean and free of corrosion and oxidation to ensure a low-resistance connection. Cables must be free of damage that could reduce their current-carrying capacity so that they can carry the full fault current without failure. Each clamp must have a tight connection to the cable to ensure a low resistance and to ensure that the clamp does not separate from the cable during a fault.
ii. Grounding cable length and movement. The electromagnetic forces on grounding cables during a fault increase with increasing cable length. These forces can cause the cable to move violently during a fault and can be high enough to damage the cable or clamps and cause the cable to fail. In addition, flying cables can injure workers. Consequently, cable lengths should be as short as possible, and grounding cables that might carry high fault current should be in positions where the cables will not injure workers during a fault.
1 This appendix generally uses the term "grounded" only with respect to grounding that the employer intentionally installs, for example, the grounding an employer installs on a deenergized conductor. However, in this case, the term "grounded" means connected to earth, regardless of whether or not that connection is intentional.
2 Thus, grounding systems for transmission towers and substation structures should be designed to minimize the step and touch potentials involved.
3 The protective grounding required by § 1926.962 limits to safe values the potential differences between accessible objects in each employee's work environment. Ideally, a protective grounding system would create a true equipotential zone in which every point is at the same electric potential. In practice, current passing through the grounding and bonding elements creates potential differences. If these potential differences are hazardous, the employer may not treat the zone as an equipotential zone.
4 Electric current passing through the body has varying effects depending on the amount of the current. At the let-go threshold, the current overrides a person's control over his or her muscles. At that level, an employee grasping an object will not be able to let go of the object. The let-go threshold varies from person to person; however, the recognized value for workers is 6 milliamperes.
5 This appendix only discusses factors that relate to ensuring an equipotential zone for employees. The employer must consider other factors in selecting a grounding system that is capable of conducting the maximum fault current that could flow at the point of grounding for the time necessary to clear the fault, as required by § 1926.962(d)(1)(i). IEEE Std 1048-2003 contains guidelines for selecting and installing grounding equipment that will meet § 1926.962(d)(1)(i).
[79 FR 20728-20736, July 10, 2014]
Next Standard (1926 Subpart W)|
|Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Table of Contents|
The Department of Labor does not endorse, takes no responsibility for, and exercises no control over the linked organization or its views, or contents, nor does it vouch for the accuracy or accessibility of the information contained on the destination server. The Department of Labor also cannot authorize the use of copyrighted materials contained in linked Web sites. Users must request such authorization from the sponsor of the linked Web site. Thank you for visiting our site. Please click the button below to continue. | <urn:uuid:a231eb25-30b0-49c9-846c-0e50dd639ffe> | {
"date": "2015-07-28T13:19:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981921.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00341-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9173974394798279,
"score": 3.171875,
"token_count": 4617,
"url": "https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=847"
} |
Experience America's Best Idea
National Park Getaways
A New National Park Getaway Every Wednesday
Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site
Charles Larpenteur, a clerk for the American Fur Company, founded in 1808, once said, “Thanks to kind providence, here I am again in good old Fort Union,” a place he called home for most of the fort's history. The place Charles Larpenteur experienced was the most important fur-trading post on the upper Missouri from 1828 to 1867. Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site also bears significance because it commemorates a brief time in history when two very different cultures gathered peacefully for economic and cultural exchange. A painting representing such peaceful trade between American Fur Company employees and Northern Plains tribes crowns the main entrance of the fort. At this post, the Assiniboine, Crow, Cree, Ojibwa, Blackfeet, Hidatsa, and other Northern Plains tribes traded buffalo robes and other furs for goods such as cloth, guns, blankets, knives, cookware, and beads.
I first discovered Mr. Charles Larpenteur by reading the journal he kept while working at Fort Union. This volume transported me back in time, helping me understand how the fort operated. I could almost see all the people who lived and worked here — Euro-American, American Indian, and Métis (of mixed ancestry) — during the nearly 40 years it served as an active trading post for at least nine Northern Plains tribes. Diversity existed not only among the tribes but among the workers at the fort as well. They came from various European backgrounds and were known as engagés, a French term meaning “laborers.” The majority of these workers couldn't read, write, or speak in English.
In the trade house, which is open seasonally, a costumed interpreter can share Fort Union's history and deepen your appreciation of this place where two cultures interacted. Here, chiefs and headmen negotiated for their tribes, while the bourgeois — the one in charge of the trading post — and his top clerks represented the fur company. Their ability to communicate through sign language must have been amazing.
Fort Union sits on the North Dakota–Montana border, on what were the traditional homelands of the Assiniboine. The Missouri River lies about 200 feet south of Fort Union. North of the fort is the Bodmer Overlook Trail, named for Swiss artist Karl Bodmer, who came in 1833 and painted the fort from a distant hilltop. You can view the same upper-Missouri landscape today: the trail was designed to lead to the location where Bodmer stood.
In addition to interpretive talks, Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site offers demonstrations of blacksmithing and Plains Indian sign language, and talks presented by volunteers and members of Native American tribes. The biggest event of the summer is the Fort Union Fur Trade Rendezvous in June, which commemorates the spirit of the fur trade on the Upper Missouri. Another event is the Indian Arts Showcase in August, which brings Native American culture to life with traditional singing and dancing; elders speaking about their culture; and artisans doing quillwork, making pipes, tanning hides, and practicing other traditional arts.
Whenever you visit, be sure to stop at the visitor center, located in the reconstructed Bourgeois House, the impressive, two-story building within the enclosure of the trading post. Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site is open daily year-round. Please consult the site's summer and winter operating hours.
By Loren Yellow Bird Sr., Chief of Interpretation, Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site
NPS.gov homepage photo: Fort Union Trading Post behind the palisade walls. (NPS photo) | <urn:uuid:679026d5-6a39-4ed0-837d-56866b4178cd> | {
"date": "2015-07-02T16:47:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-27",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095632.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00136-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9473893642425537,
"score": 3.28125,
"token_count": 777,
"url": "http://www.nps.gov/getaways/fous/"
} |
Figure 2-41.Tunnel-diode amplifier.
The desired frequency input signal is fed to port 1 of the circulator through a bandpass filter. The
filter serves a dual purpose as a bandwidth selector and an impedance-matching device that improves the
gain of the amplifiers. The input energy enters port 2 of the circulator and is amplified by the tunnel
diode. The amplified energy is fed from port 2 to port 3 and on to the mixer. If any energy is reflected
from port 3, it is passed to port 4, where it is absorbed by the matched load resistance.
TUNNEL-DIODE FREQUENCY CONVERTERS AND MIXERS.Tunnel diodes make
excellent mixers and frequency converters because their current-voltage characteristics are highly
nonlinear. While other types of frequency converters usually have a conversion power loss, tunnel-diode
converters can actually have a conversion power gain. A single tunnel diode can also be designed to act as
both the nonlinear element in a converter and as the negative-resistance element in a local oscillator at the
Practical tunnel-diode frequency converters usually have either a unity conversion gain or a small
conversion loss. Conversion gains as high as 20 dB are possible if the tunnel diode is biased near or into
the negative-resistance region. Although high gain is useful in some applications, it presents problems in
stability. For example, the greatly increased sensitivity to variations in input impedance can cause high-
gain converters to be unstable unless they are protected by isolation circuitry.
As with tunnel-diode amplifiers, low-noise generation is one of the more attractive characteristics of
tunnel-diode frequency converters. Low-noise generation is a primary concern in the design of today's
extremely sensitive communications and radar receivers. This is one reason tunnel-diode circuits are
finding increasingly wide application in these fields.
Q-48. Name the procedure used to reduce excessive arcing in a magnetron?
Q-49. What causes the negative-resistance property of tunnel diodes?
Q-50. What determines the frequency of a tunnel-diode oscillator?
Q-51. Why is the tunnel diode loosely coupled to the cavity in a tunnel-diode oscillator?
Q-52. What is the purpose of the circulator in a tunnel-diode amplifier? | <urn:uuid:101e4ae7-69cc-44b4-993c-dcd5381908ea> | {
"date": "2017-03-26T20:44:25",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189252.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00136-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8966801762580872,
"score": 3.03125,
"token_count": 517,
"url": "http://electriciantraining.tpub.com/14183/css/Tunnel-Diode-Devices-Continued-124.htm"
} |
The language of the law. Part Latin, part Anglo-Saxon, all confusing.
J. K. Russell went into the District Court in Mills County, Texas, in May of 1890 and said enough was enough.
He told the court that he and Esther Doyle were married in Buchanan County, Iowa, on 29 August 1869, and from then until 1 October 1884, they lived together as husband and wife. He was a “kind, affectionate and indulgent husband.” But Esther had left him. And he wanted a divorce.1
But all of his witnesses were out of state, not in Texas. Two lived in Buchanan County, Iowa, and two in Beaverhead County, Montana, and Russell — no relation to The Legal Genealogist, by the way — had no way to compel them to come to court in Texas and testify.
So he did the next best thing. He went into court and got orders that notified the defendant that “a Commission will issue to take the Depositions of … witnesses… in answer to … Interrogatories propounded and filed… ”2
Commission? Deposition? Interrogatories?
Even when the words are in English, words used by the courts sometimes might as well be in Latin!
Fear not. These are easy. Really.
A commission is simply a “warrant or authority or letters patent, issuing from the government, or one of its departments, or a court, empowering a person or persons named to do certain acts, or to exercise jurisdiction, or to perform the duties and exercise the authority of an office.”3
In this particular context, it’s an order “issued under the seal of the court and the signature of the clerk, directed to some person designated as commissioner, authorizing him to examine the witness upon oath on interrogatories annexed thereto, to take and certify the deposition of the witness, and to return it according to the directions given with the commission.”4
A deposition, in turn, is “testimony of a witness taken upon interrogatories, not in open court, but in pursuance of a commission to take testimony issued by a court, … reduced to writing and duly authenticated, and intended to be used upon the trial of an action in court.”5
And the interrogatories? They’re “a set or series of written questions drawn up for … a witness whose testimony is taken on deposition; a series of formal written questions used in the judicial examination of a party or a witness.”6
So what J.K. got here was an order from the court in Texas to a qualified official in each of the two other out-of-state counties to bring the two witnesses in, make them swear to tell the truth, and then ask them a series of questions sent with the order. The answers were written down by that qualified official and sent back to the Texas court where they could be used as evidence.
The first order J.K. got was for the Iowa witnesses, and Esther was served with the notice on the 11th of June that the commission was going to be issued.7 On 9 August, he got an order for depositions of witnesses in Beaverhead County, Montana, and Esther was served with that notice on 14 August.8
The orders of the Texas court asked “any Clerk of a Court of Record, having a Seal; any Notary Public, or any Commissioner of Deeds for the State” where the witnesses lived to bring the witnesses in to answer the written questions.9
The first set of answers came back from the Iowa witnesses. The documents came in an envelope delivered to the Quasqueton, Iowa, Post Office by the Buchanan County notary public who posed the interrogatory questions to the witnesses and wrote down their answers. That envelope was picked up at the post office in Goldthwaite by the Mills County Clerk.
One of the witnesses, L.M. Doyle, was Esther’s brother. He said J.K. and Esther had been living apart for about five years, but that Esther hadn’t abandoned him: “J.K. Russell left & she stayed.” He didn’t know anything about what had happened between them but, when asked if he thought there was any possibility that they might get back together, he answered: “I don’t think there is.”10
The other witness, John Ginter, had known J.K. for 35 years and Esther for 20 years. He too didn’t know why they’d separated but knew they’d been living apart for about seven years and that J.K. had treated her well. In terms of details, he too didn’t know anything… except that there wasn’t any chance the Russells would get back together.11
The Montana witnesses’ answers arrived next. Brigham Nelson said J.K. and Esther had been living in Eagle Rock, Idaho, in 1884. He didn’t think Esther had abandoned J.K., but quoted her as saying in 1889 that she’d never live with J.K. again. And, he said, Esther had sold the property she and J.K. had lived in. He thought J.K. treated Esther kindly, but didn’t think they’d ever lived together again.12
O.R. Goodale, the second witness, said J.K. was a locomotive engineer. He too had also heard Esther say she’d never live with J.K. again. He agreed that Esther and her son had sold property she and J.K. owned while he was away and built a new house elsewhere. When J.K. came home, he went to the new house and they turned him away.13
But neither witness could say who was at fault, and Esther came to court in September 1890 and denied J.K.’s allegations.14 That made J.K. stop and think; his lawyer asked the court to delay the trial. On 22 September the court agreed.15
Looking at the evidence, and faced with a fight from Esther, J.K. gave up. The answers he’d gotten to his questions weren’t strong enough to make his case. In March 1891, he asked the court to dismiss the case: “the Plaintiff says he will no further prosecute this suit.”16
And what happened to Esther and J.K. afterwards?
Like J.K.’s witnesses, I don’t have the details…
- Mills County, Texas, Divorce Case No. 99, J. K. Russell v. Esther Russell, complaint filed 26 May 1890; County Clerk’s Office, Goldthwaite, Texas; digital images, “Texas, Mills County Clerk Records, 1841-1985,” FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org : accessed 25 Feb 2013). ↩
- Ibid., Precept (Notice) to Serve Deft with Notice & Copy of Interrogatories, 31 May 1890. ↩
- Henry Campbell Black, A Dictionary of Law (St. Paul, Minn. : West, 1891), 226, “commission.” ↩
- Ibid., 227. ↩
- Ibid., 357, “deposition.” ↩
- Ibid., 639, “interrogatories.” ↩
- Mills County, Texas, Divorce Case No. 99, J. K. Russell v. Esther Russell, Precept (Notice) to Serve Deft with Notice & Copy of Interrogatories, 31 May 1890, reverse. ↩
- Ibid., Notice and service, 9 August and 14 August, 1890. ↩
- Ibid., Commission to Take Deposition Out of the State, 27 June 1890 (Iowa), 20 Aug 1890 (Montana). ↩
- Ibid., Deposition of L.M. Doyle, 16 July 1890. ↩
- Ibid., Deposition of John B. Ginter, 16 July 1890. ↩
- Ibid., Deposition of Brigham Nelson, 2 Sep 1890. ↩
- Ibid., Deposition of O.R. Goodale, 2 Sep 1890. ↩
- Ibid., answer by defendant, 20 September 1890. ↩
- Ibid., Mills County District Court Minute Book 1: 234, 22 Sep 1890. ↩
- Ibid., Minute Book 1: 251, 16 Mar 1891. ↩ | <urn:uuid:4b4071d5-632e-40e3-b381-97466e72ae2d> | {
"date": "2017-03-27T02:54:08",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189377.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00141-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9708002805709839,
"score": 3.046875,
"token_count": 1786,
"url": "http://www.legalgenealogist.com/2013/02/26/and-the-answer-is-2/"
} |
Lately I have been drawn to Merlin, everywhere I turn I find him, today was no different. I was gifted a wonderful piece of Preseli Bluestone – the stone that the inner Stonehenge circle is made from. So I did some research…
Around 2100 BC the Preseli Bluestones were brought from West Wales to Stonehenge and erected in a circle (the X and Y Holes). Around 100 years later, this first Bluestone circle was dismantled and work began on the final stage of the site. The Bluestones were rearranged in the horseshoe and circle that we can still see today.
Information from www.britannia.com:
Although we now believe that we know how the stones were erected, the reason why the Bluestones were brought from over 250 miles away from the Preseli Hills in Pembrokeshire, West Wales has remained a mystery. There has been much speculation and research as to how the feat was achieved.
The mythology attached to the moving of the Preseli Bluestones to Stonehenge has been attributed to the magic of Merlin. In Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia, Aurelius Ambrosius sends his brother Uther to bring the Giant's Dance from Mount Killaraus in Ireland, at the suggestion of Merlin, to be used as a memorial for the dead slain in the Night of the Long Knives. It is probable that this account contains a trace of an oral tradition that the stones were transported from a great distance, over water, by 'superhuman' powers. At this time, the Preseli Hills were ruled over by the Kings of Ireland. However, the Merlin talked about in the 12th Century and the Merlin of the Welsh legends supposedly existed during the Dark Ages, some 4,000 years after the Bluestones were moved.
To medieval man in Geoffrey of Monmouth's time, the stones were so huge and unwieldy that none of their own engineering techniques would have been capable of moving or erecting them, so it is only natural that they believed that such an undertaking was a magical one. As Arthur C Clarke said "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic", although perhaps in this case it should be considered as any sufficiently different technology.
One current theory speculates that the stones were dragged by roller and sledge from the inland Preseli Hills to the sea at Milford Haven. From there they were sailed along the Welsh south coast to Bristol, then up the Avon to a point near what is now Frome in Somerset. From there the stones were probably pulled overland to a place near what is now Warminster in Wiltshire and then floated down River Wylye to Salisbury, up the Salisbury part of the Avon river to West Amesbury, near Stonehenge.
In 2000 a group of local volunteers from Pembrokeshire gathered to attempt to re-enact this ancestral journey by moving one three-ton Preseli Bluestone block from its source in the Preseli Hills to Stonehenge as a Millennium Project. The idea was to use wooden rollers for the land routes and a curach raft for the sea route from Milford Haven to Bristol and then to take it up the River Avon with the final overland journey to Salisbury Plain. Unfortunately the design of the raft failed and the project was abandoned through lack of funds.
In fact, this was not the first time that such a project had been undertaken. In 1954, the boys from Bryanston and Canford Schools in Dorset attempted a similar feat. They moved a four-ton concrete block over a short distance of land and floated it to show that such a thing was possible. Another recent Stonehenge project was the raising of a 40-tonne trilithon made out of concrete that a team of engineers successfully completed for the BBC series "Secrets of Lost Civilisations", using the ancient technology of levers and wooden A frames.
There are still some academics who believe that the stones were moved by glaciation as 'erratics', but our having recently submitted Preseli Bluestones to geological analysis and that of previous researchers concludes there is no doubt that all of the 45 Bluestones left at Stonehenge come from the Preseli Hills, with each stone identifiable to specific areas of those hills and they have no glaciation markings on them. There are certainly no other stones on Salisbury Plain showing glaciation markings. The environmental archaeology of the area also disputes this geological theory (see Boscombe Bowmen).
The 45 remaining stones at Stonehenge, now called Bluestones, are in fact a mixture of spotted dolerite, blue dolerite, rhyolite, volcanic ash and one of Cocheston sandstone (which is a pale green stone studded with garnets). This particular stone is commonly called 'The Altar Stone' and also has its source near Preseli. It would thus seem that they had a very particular 'shopping list' when they chose their stones, although the effort in obtaining them was considerable. Of course, there is no reason to suppose that these primitive people were not able to harness the use of beasts of burden to move the stones across land and so the difficulties of the movement and the erection of the stones are now overcome but we are still left with the question why? Why these stones? Now at last, after 5,000 years, we believe that we have uncovered this part of the mystery.
The geological name for Preseli Bluestone is Dolerite which is an intrusive volcanic rock of plagioclase feldspar and is in fact harder than granite. Forms of dolerite are found all over the world and were used for making tools to work on granite statues in ancient Egypt. Polished Bluestone axe-heads from Preseli have also been found but whether these were ceremonial axe-heads or actually used as tools is unknown. In 2001 I discovered a memorial stone in the Preseli Hills which had been polished and then, during a geological survey, the Bluestones were cut open and then the proverbial penny dropped. Inside the stones we found feldspar crystal formations and mica. When polished, the stone looks like the night sky studded with stars and now, having seen its beauty when polished, it seemed obvious to me that this was reason enough to move them and erect a circle of them. The ancient Egyptians revered Lapis Lazuli (Blue Stone) for the same reason.
The Preseli Hills themselves are crisscrossed with ley lines, ancient trackways, standing stones, burial chambers and stone circles and the hills sparkle with shining white crystal quartz. Even during early Christian times, the place was considered almost as holy as Jerusalem and Rome. This is also the land of Druids who still continue this 5,000-year old tradition of building stone circles in Wales each year for their National Eisteddfods.
Locally, the stones are considered as stones of healing and magical and as stated in the early Welsh mythologies, such as the Red Book of Hergest and the Black Book of Carmarthen, Merlin transported some of them to build Camelot, thus Preseli is Merlin and Arthur territory, home to the fairies and gods of the Underworld. | <urn:uuid:a64d1774-29ad-4380-887f-b024743ecd9d> | {
"date": "2018-02-24T19:40:56",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815934.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224191934-20180224211934-00656.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9739320874214172,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 1500,
"url": "http://tansyfiredragon.blogspot.com/2010/10/preseli-bluestone.html"
} |
1 Answer | Add Yours
Chaucer had a difficult time with the hypocrisy he so often saw in the Roman Catholic Church during the medieval period. Priests who were to be celibate, taking a vow of poverty, often kept women and lived better than their poor parishioners. Those who were supposed to help the unfortunate often ignored or took advantage of them. Pardoners would forgive the sins of those who could line the Pardoner's purse.
This seems to be Chaucer's purpose in writing The Canterbury Tales. The Prologue is Chaucer's way to introduce the members of the pilgrimage (a journey to a holy place in order to earn favor in God's sight and improve the condition of one's soul) to the reader. Chaucer not only pretends that he is one of the pilgrims, using this "tool" so that he can travel with them and observe them, but in life he was known for being a student of human nature. He is very observant and relays not only vivid details of the appearance of each pilgrim, but studies their behavior to point out those who are truly pious (holy minded) and those who are hypocrites. Many see this as a satirical writing.
Chaucer is very critical of those who pretend to serve the Holy Church while taking advantage of the poor. However, Chaucer does credit some of those in his traveling party who were truly decent folks. The Knight is one.
The Prologue's premise is that the travelers all agree to tell a story each night when they rest at the inn to entertain each other. In this way we meet each character, seeing him/her from Chaucer's point of view.
We’ve answered 331,164 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:2fa7d0d9-d4d2-4beb-b85c-2794e5b9e1ee> | {
"date": "2016-07-31T00:32:24",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258944256.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072904-00018-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9834561944007874,
"score": 3.40625,
"token_count": 366,
"url": "http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-chaucers-main-reason-writing-about-197631"
} |
About the workshop
In discussions of Latin America, a frequent perception is that science and technology come from elsewhere. This notion is furthered by ideas of modernization and development that originated outside Latin America and encouraged the transfer and diffusion of machinery and knowledge imported from more industrialized nations. Within Latin America science and technology were popularly likened to forms of “imported magic” that were universal, highly effective, sometimes mysterious, and always from somewhere else (Marques 2005). Such views elevate the transfer of technologies and ideas from north to south and do not acknowledge that innovation, invention, and discovery occur in multiple contexts and travel in many directions. Critical frameworks from science and technology studies (STS) challenge these assumptions and encourage the formulation of new ideas about how Latin American peoples, countries, cultures, and environments create and adapt science and technology. These critical perspectives further suggest how we might reframe the role of local knowledges in the production of science and technology and break down well-used but misleading dichotomies such as center/periphery and developed/underdeveloped.
This workshop aims to provide a nuanced analysis of science and technology in a “developing” part of the world and address an underrepresented area of the STS literature. However, the workshop aims to do more than fill a geographic gap. It uses Latin American experiences to challenge assumptions about science, technology, and their study. For example, proposed workshop papers question the past primacy STS scholars have given to acts of technological invention and instead highlight local adaptation and reinvention, as well as local and hybrid forms of knowledge production. Moreover, the workshop views science and technology as more than a component of diffusion or transfer models (both of which suggest that science and technology travel unaltered from the north to the south). Building on one of the central findings of STS scholarship, the proposed workshop emphasizes that dominant forms of science and technology are neither universal nor neutral but instead result from complex negotiations among nations, organizations, and communities. However, the workshop also aims to extend this argument and use science and technology to examine the complex and often fraught relationship of Latin America and “the West.” Such analyses reveal how values and assumptions are embedded in scientific and technological knowledge production and illuminate the ways that ideas and artifacts are continually being produced, adapted, and reinvented as they travel among communities, institutions, and nations. In addition, the workshop will explore such questions as
- How might the study of science and technology in the context of Latin America open new spaces to critique, discuss, understand, and improve science and engineering practices?
- How might Latin American experiences offer a more nuanced and reflexive understanding of modernity?
- How do legacies of colonialism and economic dependency shape practices of technology selection, innovation, and adaptation?
- How have historical, political, geographical, and economic contexts shaped Latin American science and technology policies, and what happens when such policies are imported from elsewhere?
- What lessons can we learn from Latin America about the development of science and technology policies that take limited resources into consideration?
- How have scholars from U.S., European, and Latin American institutions studied the relationship of science, technology, and society, and what might we learn from these differences? | <urn:uuid:34b70f35-459c-410d-a9c3-0331ab2b8508> | {
"date": "2015-01-30T15:23:45",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115858580.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161058-00233-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9320167303085327,
"score": 2.765625,
"token_count": 660,
"url": "http://www.magic.indiana.edu/"
} |
Caffeine is a ubiquitous drug that you almost undoubtedly consume in coffee, soft drinks, tea or chocolate. Caffeine has a wide variety of effects on the body, some of which may enhance running performance. But, like any drug, caffeine also has side effects, and some of them can be detrimental, particularly in high doses.
Can caffeine help you race better? Several hundred studies have been conducted on the effects of caffeine on sport performance, and the answer is: probably. Studies with runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve performance in the lab during simulated events lasting from five minutes to several hours. Extrapolating from run-to-exhaustion studies in the lab, the likely benefit of taking caffeine is in the range of 1 to 2 percent (20 to 50 seconds in a 10K, 90 seconds to four minutes in a marathon).
Hardly any studies have investigated the effects of caffeine on race performance, however, so we do not really know if it can help improve your next 10K or marathon. One reason that caffeine may not work as well during races as in lab tests is that caffeine increases epinephrine (adrenaline) levels, which are also stimulated by the excitement of competition, so the caffeine may be redundant during a race.
How does caffeine affect running performance? Despite all the research, no one is sure. The conventional wisdom is that caffeine improves endurance performance by increasing the activity of enzymes for fat metabolism. By using relatively more fat, the runner’s glycogen stores are used more slowly, so they last longer. This theory is under question, however, because caffeine also improves performance in events that last only a few minutes, in which glycogen depletion is not a factor.
The primary effect of caffeine in improving endurance performance may be stimulation of the central nervous system, which increases alertness and concentration. There is intriguing evidence that central nervous system stimulation reduces perception of effort so that a given pace feels easier. Determining how caffeine improves running performance is difficult because the metabolism of caffeine in the body is complicated, with caffeine quickly broken down into three other compounds that have a variety of effects on the mind and body.
How much caffeine is required to enhance running performance? Most of the studies that have found caffeine to improve endurance performance used 3 to 6 mg of caffeine per kg body weight taken one hour before exercise (for a 147-pound [67-kg] runner, 3 mg per kg body weight would require 200 mg of caffeine). Recent studies have also found that ingesting 1 to 2 mg per kg body weight has a positive result. Doses above 6 mg per kg body weight have increased negative side effects and do not lead to greater improvements in performance.
Coffee contains many chemicals other than caffeine, and a 1998 study found that drinking coffee did not have the same performance-enhancing effects as pure caffeine. Energy drinks are not a good choice because they typically contain many other substances and may not be readily absorbed. If you choose to take caffeine for performance enhancement, it is probably better to take a caffeine tablet so you can regulate the dose more precisely.
What are the risks? As of January 2004, caffeine is no longer a restricted drug by the World Anti-Doping Agency. There are risks, however, in taking caffeine before a race. The side effects include headaches, dizziness, anxiety, gastrointestinal distress, and heart palpitations. Caffeine is also a mild laxative, which can be particularly inconvenient during a race.
The side effect that is most likely to reduce running performance is caffeine’s diuretic (urine producing) effect. Caffeine may increase dehydration, which would cancel out its performance-enhancing benefits. Interestingly, taking caffeine during exercise does not seem to increase urine formation, and caffeine is less of a diuretic in individuals who are regular caffeine users.
The positives and negatives of caffeine vary between individuals. A dose that has few side effects and improves performance for one runner may cause marked side effects and reduce performance in you (and the effects may even vary from day-to-day). If you have any medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, check with your doctor before using caffeine.
My view is that runners should only consider using caffeine if they are already training hard and intelligently, have an excellent diet, and are working to optimize various other aspects of their lifestyle. If you decide to try caffeine to improve your race performance, start with a low dose and do not experiment in an important race. | <urn:uuid:b44235c2-362c-411c-b8e6-6f8e6ab362c7> | {
"date": "2014-10-02T06:57:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00260-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9491620659828186,
"score": 2.890625,
"token_count": 921,
"url": "http://www.runnersworld.com/drinks-hydration/coffee-tea-and-me?page=single"
} |
We all have something that we would like to do better or more regularly. Sometimes it is a simple as being able to walk out the door easily in the morning and be on time for work, for others they want to create healthy habits such as exercising, taking vitamins regularly or drinking plenty of water. Our habits are also linked to our goals and the things that we want to accomplish. Positive habits help us continually move closer to the things that we want. What habits would you like to start or modify?
What do you want to change? Once you have identified the behavior that you want to change or begin take a look at the things that you are already doing. Is there a habit that you already have that you can pair with the new habit? For example, if you want to remember to take vitamins every evening or morning, add them to a routine that you are currently doing such as brushing your teeth.
What isn’t working? Have you tried to begin a habit and failed to make it stick? Most of us have at one time or another. Habits are hard to start and even harder to quit if it is a bad habit. Take a look at what did not work. Do you simply forget to do the task? Did you not have what you needed or did you simply not want to do it? Is the task not convenient? Habits are much easier to maintain when they are simple and easy to do. Create routines around your preferences rather than someone else’s recommendation.
How can you change the current behavior to make it work for you? Take a look at the time, location and your energy level. Are you trying to make a morning habit that takes too long before work or you simply aren’t a morning person? Try different times of day or week and see if the timing makes a difference.
If at first you don’t succeed, try again. Just because the first few attempts did not work out does not mean that you should give up. If the habit or task is worthwhile, then it is worth continuing. You may need to modify your goal or give yourself permission to be less than perfect.
Bring in a professional. Sometimes the most efficient solution is to bring in outside help. A professional organizer can see the problems from many different angles at once without the emotional filter that you have. They can also ask you questions that you most likely have not thought of yet and help you set up a system that will work for you and your habits rather than against them. | <urn:uuid:94f4c589-b8d8-4d77-9b9d-3457de798ac1> | {
"date": "2018-12-12T05:17:31",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823738.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212044022-20181212065522-00576.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9708196520805359,
"score": 2.578125,
"token_count": 511,
"url": "http://simplyandi.blogspot.com/2012/10/do-you-have-trouble-making-healthy.html"
} |
Submitted to: International Evapotranspiration Irrigation Scheduling Conference
Publication Type: Proceedings
Publication Acceptance Date: November 4, 1996
Publication Date: N/A
Technical Abstract: Evapotranspiration is the largest component of the overall water balance and is responsible for the movement of water from the soil profile into the atmosphere. Water is a solvent that moves many of the chemicals and nutrients from agricultural fields to offsite locations. This offsite movement causes much concern in terms of the quality of drinking water and the impact of agricultural practices on the environment. There are two paths of water movement that contribute to offsite impacts, leaching through the soil profile and surface runoff. In order to understand the management possibilities, it must first be recognized that the water balance is a year-round process and not just during the growing season. While components of the water balance are in a continuous state of flux, the spatial and temporal variation of these components are very complex. Management of the water balance to reduce surface runoff could potentially increase leaching and conversely, increasing the storage in the soil profile may increase the potential for surface runoff. There are many opportunities to manage the water resources through soil and plant management. | <urn:uuid:3dcbc9dd-ad69-4d88-a9a9-5afc569fcb2f> | {
"date": "2014-03-07T22:22:01",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651529/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9485387206077576,
"score": 3.515625,
"token_count": 249,
"url": "http://ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=72269"
} |
A study published in the Journal for Bone and Mineral Research this summer suggests that excessive TV watching during childhood may be associated with lower bone mineral content in young adulthood.
The researchers followed 1,181 children over time and measured their weekly hours of TV watching at ages 5, 8, 10, 14, 17 and 20. The bone mineral content (BMC) of each was measured at age 20. The study found that individuals that routinely watched more than 14 hours a week had lower BMC for their whole
body and in their arms than those that watched less. Higher BMC helps protect the body against osteoporosis later in life.
While all screen time should be monitored in children, TV appears to be the most harmful medium. A report published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adoles- cent Medicine studied 111 children between the ages of 3 and 8 and measured their TV viewing and other screen time, as well as their blood pressure levels. The study linked higher blood pressure with excessive TV viewing, but did not nd the same link between the condition and computer usage. | <urn:uuid:cbdcfbda-4e8b-422d-932e-70d0dad98c49> | {
"date": "2018-07-23T09:57:47",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723090751-20180723110751-00256.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9739367961883545,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 216,
"url": "http://naturalawakeningsdetroit.com/articles/healthbriefs/heavy-tv-watching-linked-ato-poor-bone-health/"
} |
Monastaries of Carinthia - Part I
Part I: Stift Millstatt - Stift Ossiach - Stift Maria Wörth
The ancient monastery of Millstatt (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stift_Millstatt) was founded as a Benedictine monastery in 1086. It had a nunnery until 1455. In the 12th century, it was famous for its scriptorium that created fine manuscripts. But as early as in 1287, the Archbishop of Salzburg - who was responsible for Millstatt - had to release sanctions against the monastery that had a reputation for low moral standards and general anarchy. As a result, the monastery was re-structured and rebuilt in 1291.
Things did not change for the good and towards the end of the 14th century, another investigation followed. The monastery was eventually dissolved by Emperor Friedrich III in 1469. He gave the possessions of the monastery to the knight′s order of St. George. In 1598, Millstatt was given to Jesuits.
Under Emperor Joseph II′s moves against the Jesuits, it became a public property in 1773. The cloisters and the courts are used as a hotel today and can be visited. The Romanesque church is now used as a parish church. There are many stone carvings and masonry work in the Romanesque parts of the buildings with displays of animals and biblical motives.
Stift Ossiach in Southern Carinthia
Ossiach (http://www.ossiach.at/kultur/stiftossiach.html) was founded under King Otto III and is considered to be the oldest abbey of Carinthia. According to legend, the Polish king Boleslaus II died here after hiding in the monastery unrecognised as an anonymous frater. His tomb is in the church. In 1279, the small abbey went under the rule of Salzburg. It survived the reformation, but was sacked by Turkish troops repeatedly. It was refurbished in Baroque style, but was in economic trouble by the 18th century.
Under Emperor Joseph II, the monastery was dissolved in 1783. The library was partly destroyed, most of the books, however, went to Graz University. The church became a parish church (which it still is) and the abbey partly destructed. In the 19th century, it was used as an army base, stable and homeless shelter. Today, it holds a hotel and is the site of the festival "Carinthischer Sommer".
Stift Maria Wörth on a peninsula
Not far from Ossiach, you will find Carinthia′s most famous collegiate convent: Maria Wörth (http://en.woerthersee.com/) is not used anymore, but a popular tourist destination due to its scenic location on a peninsula in Lake Wörther See. It was started by the Bishop of Freising in the late 9th century to compete with the missionary activities of Salzburg. It later received generous endowments and a collegiate convent was founded on this site that had probably been a religious site ever since pagan times in 1150.
In the late Middle Ages, the convent was sacked repeatedly by several local noblemen, but it defended the peninsula successfully against Turkish troops in 1478. In 1529, the St. George knight order from Millstatt received the convent and its possessions. After the dissolution of the order under Emperor Joseph II, the buildings including the church were used by the local parishes. Parts of Maria Wörth were given to the Benedictine abbey of St. Paul in Lavanttal in 1809. The pretty church with its Romanesque-Gothic cemetery is famous, but like all of the Wörther See region, it can be quite crowded in the summer.
All Monasteries by Province
back to "sightseeing carinthia" | <urn:uuid:d8714742-62f5-473a-b38c-577a3db7b3b7> | {
"date": "2019-03-19T08:50:50",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201922.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319073140-20190319095007-00067.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9765242338180542,
"score": 2.859375,
"token_count": 823,
"url": "http://www.tourmycountry.com/austria/monastery_carinthia.htm"
} |
name given to the Christian Church of the British Isles before the mission (597) of St. Augustine of Canterbury from Rome. Founded in the 2d or 3d cent. by missionaries from Rome or Gaul, the church was well established by the 4th cent. when it sent representatives to the Synod of Arles (314) and to the Council of Rimini (359). It continued to spread in the 5th cent. due to the work of St. Ninian in Scotland, St. Dyfrig in Wales, and St. Patrick in Ireland. The heresies of the 4th cent. that played a significant role in church affairs on the Continent seem to have had little influence in Britain, and although it was the home of Pelagius (see Pelagianism), his teachings did not gain followers there until 421 with an influx of refugees from the Continent. The missions of St. Germanus of Auxerre (429 and 447) against the Pelagians in Britain and the spread of monasticism from Gaul attest to contacts with the church on the Continent. The Saxon invasions, beginning c.450, all but destroyed Celtic culture, dealing a deathblow to the Celtic Church in England through the destruction of the towns in which it had gained its greatest following. The few small Christian communities that survived were to be found in Wales and Ireland and in N and SW Britain. The period of peace that followed the British defeat of the Saxons at Mons Badonicus (c.500) once again allowed for growth of the Celtic Church (especially through the work of St. Columba), although isolation from the Continent continued until the mission of St. Augustine. Having converted King Æthelbert of Kent to Christianity, St. Augustine attempted to convince the leaders of the Celtic Church to change those practices (such as the dating of Easter and the forms of baptism and tonsure) that were at variance with the Roman Church and to accept the imposition of a diocesan organization on the essentially monastic structure of their church. He failed, and it was not until the Synod of Whitby (664, see Whitby, Synod of) that such agreement was largely reached, although independent Celtic churches continued on in Wales and Ireland.
Summary Article: Celtic Church
from The Columbia Encyclopedia | <urn:uuid:edcc7001-92af-4ad2-871f-d28179c3d4e0> | {
"date": "2018-12-17T10:57:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828501.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217091227-20181217113227-00016.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9735147953033447,
"score": 3.59375,
"token_count": 472,
"url": "https://search.credoreference.com/content/topic/celtic_church"
} |
At stake in this election:
- 342 seats in the National Assembly
Description of government structure:
- Chief of State: President Pervez MUSHARRAF *
- Head of Government: Interim Prime Minister Mohammadmian SOOMRO
- Assembly: Pakistan has a bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consisting of the Senate with 100 seats and the National Assembly with 342 seats.
* The Electoral College consists of members of the Senate, National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies.
Description of electoral system:
- The President is elected by an electoral college to serve a 5-year term.
- Interim Prime Minister is elected by parliament.
- In the Senate 100 members are elected by indirect vote to serve 6-year terms*. In the National Assembly 342 members are elected by party-list system with proportional distribution of seats to serve 5-year terms.**
* Senate members are indirectly elected by the provincial assemblies and the territories | <urn:uuid:788325a4-674c-44b6-9191-9af3ccc4e6ae> | {
"date": "2018-11-14T07:10:26",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741660.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114062005-20181114084005-00216.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9524320960044861,
"score": 2.828125,
"token_count": 204,
"url": "http://digest.electionguide.org/elections/id/931/"
} |
Precedent means judgment or decision of a court of law cited as an authority for the legal principle embodied in it. The doctrine of precedent which is also known as stare decisis, i.e. stand by the decision, is based on the principle that like cases should be decided alike. Once a case is decided by judge by applying the principle, a case on similar facts which may arise in future must also be decided by applying the same principle. This is not always saves the time and labour of judges, but also secures certainty, predictability and uniformity in the applications of law.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRECEDENT
Original and Declaratory Precedents
The judicial decisions are of two types, namely those which create a new law, and those which apply known and settled principle of law to the particular facts of law. Both these types of decision are treated as precedent. It is because the legal principles embodied there in are authoritative guides to courts for the determination of future controversies. Decisions which create a new law are called original precedents, while those which apply known and settled principles of law to the particular facts of the case are called declaratory precedents. A declaratory precedents is not a source of new law where as an original principle is.
There are several declaratory precedents of law, for the law on most of the points is already settled, and judicial decision are mere declarations of pre-existing rules. On the other hand, original precedent, though fewer in numbers, are greater in importance, as they alone develops the law.
This distinction between original and declaratory precedents is based on two diametrically opposite theories of precedents. One theory supported by jurist like Austin and Friedmann concide they law making role of the judge. In their view some precedents may be original because they laid down original new principle of law. Jurist like Blackstone do not agree with this, and consider the precedents is the declaratory only , i.e., they merely reiterate recognise principles of law the common law contains a rule for every situation and the judge’s function is only to discover and apply it to the case at hand. This is known as declaratory theory of precedent.
AUTHORITATIVE AND PERSUASIVE PRECEDENT
Classification of precedents into authoritative and persuasive is a widely accepted classification. An authoritative precedent is one which the judge is bound to follow the irrespective of whether he approves it. In other words the judge has no choice. For instance, are decision of Supreme Court of India is binding on a judge of Kerala High Court. Similarly, a decision of Kerala High Court is binding on lower courts in Kerala. In a system of precedent, decisions of superiors are always consider as authoritative precedents.
Authoritative precedents are further classified in absolute and conditional. An absolutely authoritative precedent is absolutely binding and must be followed without any question, however, unreasonable or erroneous it may be appear to be. It has a legal claim to implicit and unquestioned by the court. Conditionally authoritative precedent is one which is normally binding on the judge may be disregarded by him in limited circumstances.
A persuasive precedent is one which the judge under no obligation to follow. Here, he has a choice in deciding whether to follow a precedent. If he is convinced of the crime of the merits of a decision, he may follow it; otherwise he may refuse. A decision of the Delhi High Court is only a persuasive precedent as far as the Madras High Court concerned, under it is under no obligation to follow it. Foreign judgements may also be considered as persuasive. Persuasive precedents though not binding, often exert a decisive influence on judicial decisions. The distinction between a persuasive precedent and a conditionally a authoritative precedent lies in the fact that the former requires reason to supported while the latter requires are reason to reject it. Authoritative precedents are considered to be legal source of law, while the persuasive precedent is only historical sources.
In ‘oxford dictionary’ precedent defined as ‘a privious instance or case which is, or may be taken as an example of rule for subsequent cases or by which similar act or circumstances may be supported and justified’ A number of jurists
Decisions of English courts lower in the hierarchy. For example, the House of Lords may follow a Court of Appeal decision, and the Court of appeal may follow a High Court decision, although not strictly bound to do so. In India Supreme Court may follow judgments of High Courts and High Courts may follow judgments of other High Court.
The English decisions referred to by Supreme Court are of courts of a country from which India has derived its jurisprudence and large part of Indian laws and in which the judgments were delivered by Judges held in high repute. Undoubtedly, none of these decisions are binding upon Supreme Court but they are authorities of high persuasive value to which Courts may legitimately turn for assistance. Whether the rule laid down in any of these cases can be applied by Courts must, however, be judged in the context of Indian own laws and legal procedure and the practical realities of litigation in India. Forasol v. Oil and Natural Gas Commission, AIR 1984 SC 241; 1984 Supp. SCC 263.
The Supreme Court is not bound by the dicta and authority of English cases.
Chatturbhuj Vithaldas Jasani v. Moreshwar Parashram and others, AIR 1954 SC 236:
Supreme Court although can be guided by English judgement but can not ignore the rulings of Supreme Court itself.
Samant N. Balakrishna, etc. v. George Fernandez and others etc. AIR 1969 SC 1201; 1969(3) SCC 238.
American cases relating to American constitution cannot be relied for the purpose of examining fundamental rights under Indian Constitution because of difference of social conditions and habits of people of both the countries. Pathumma and others v. State of Kerala and others, AIR 1978 SC 771: 1978(2) SCC 1:
The Courts have to evolve new principles and lay down new norms which would adequately deal with the new problems which arise in a highly industrialized economy. Courts cannot allow its judicial thinking to be constricted by reference to the law as it prevails in England or for the matter of that in any other foreign country. Indian Courts no longer need the crutches of a foreign legal order. Indian courts have to build up their own jurisprudence. M.C. Mehta and another v. Union of India and others, AIR 1987 SC 1086: 1987(1) SCC 395:Forasol v. Oil and Natural Gas Commission, AIR 1984 SC 241; 1984 Supp. SCC 263.
American cases relating to American constitution cannot be relied for the purpose of examining fundamental right under Indian Constitution because of difference of social conditions and habits of people of both the countries. Pathumma and others v. State of Kerala and others, AIR 1978 SC 771, 1978(2) SCC 1.
Decisions of Privy Council or Federal Court are not binding on Supreme Court. State of Bihar v. Abdul Majid, AIR 1954 SC 245.
THEORY OF PRECEDENT
This theory was propounded by Sir Mathew Hale as early as i 1713 when he said:
“…the decision of courts of justice…do not make a law properly so called, for that only the king and parliament can do; yet they have a great weight and authority in expounding, declaring, and publishing what the law of this kingdom is.”
However, it was Blackstone who formally enunciated this theory. According to him:
“A judge is sworn to determine , not according to his own judgement, but according to the known laws and customs of the land, not delegated to pronounce a new law but to maintain and explain the old one jus decree et non jus dare.”
This means that the judges can only declare the law, and never make or give new law. The staunchest supporters of this Blackstonian doctrine were the judges themselves For example, Lord Esher MR said;
“…there is in fact no such things as judge made law, for the judges do not make the law , though they frequently have to apply existing law to circumstances as to which it has previously been authoritative laid down such law is applicable.”
This Blackstonian doctrine uncompromisingly asserts that the function of judge is jus decree et non jus dare, i.e., to discover in the existing rules of the law the particular principle that govern the facts of individual cases. Judges are, therefore, only ‘law finders’ rather than law makers.
Criticism of the Theory
This classical theory of Blackstone has been subjected to severe criticism by eminent jurists. The great law reformer Jeremy Benthan said that the statement that judges only declare the law is ‘ a wilful falsehood having for its subject the stealing of legislative power by and for hands which could not or durst not openly claim it’. His discipline john Austin also has assailed it as a ‘childish fiction employed by our judges that judiciary or common law is not made by them, but it is a miraculous something made by no body ,existing, I suppose from eternity and merely declared from time to time by the judges.’ Several other eminent jurists like Munro Smith and Holmes also consider that this orthodox theory cannot be taken seriously.
Judges as Lawmakers Theory
The second theory of precedent is that judges make law. Law made by a judge is as real and effective as any statute. A number of jurists have supported this view. Prominent among them is Prof. Dicey who says;
“As all lawyers are aware, a large part and, as many would add, the best part of the law of England is judge made law –that is to say, consists of rule to be collected from the judgements of the courts. This portion of the law has not been created by acts of parliament and is not recorded in the statute boo. It is the work of the courts it is recorded in the reports, and it is, in short, the fruit of judicial legislation.”
An American jurist Prof. gray has however taken an extreme view contending that judges alone are makers of law. He says, ‘Whoever hath an absolute authority to interpret any written, it is he who is truly the law giver to all intents and purposes and not the person who first wrote or spoken them,’ and he concludes, A fortiori whoever hath an absolute authority not only to interpret the law but to say what the law is truly the lawgiver.’
Limitation of the theory
Although this theory proclaims that the judges make law, it is to be admitted that they do not enjoy an unrestricted power of laying down abstract principle of law. There are certain well-defined limitations on the power of judicial legislation. For instance;
(i). The judges has no power to ignore or override the provision of a statute. he is duty bound to enforce the statutory provisions ,leaving to the legislature to deal with any unpleasant consequences not foreseen at the time of passing the act.
(ii). An authoritative precedent limits the law making power of the judge.
(iii). The judicial legislation is restricted to the facts of the case placed before the judges, which is the outcome of an accidental course of litigation.
(iv).Only the ratio decidendi, and not the obiter dicta, has a binding force and authority of law.
It is thus clear that within certain limit judges have the power of profoundly influencing the development of law. Even if they do not ‘make’ the law in the usual sense of promulgating at will the rules of human conduct, it must be acknowledged that they develop the law by contributing several original precedents.
HIERARCHY OF COURTS
For the operation of the doctrine of precedent, a settled hierarchy of courts is imperative, because the basic rule of precedent is that a court is bound by the decisions of all superior courts. In India, as we know, the Supreme Court is the highest court of law in civil, and constitutional matters. There are high courts at the state level and civil and criminal courts below the high court. Article 141 of the Constitution states that the law declared by the Supreme Court of India shall be binding on all courts in India. The question whether the Supreme Court is bound by its own decision under art 141 was raised in Bengal Immunity Co Ltd v State of Bihar. In that case it was held that although the words, ‘all courts in India’ appear to be wide enough to include the Supreme Court. As a result, the Supreme Court is not bound and is free to reconsider its previous decisions in appropriate cases. This position was reiterated in Sajjan Singh v State of Rajasthan wherein it was held that the Constitution does not place any restrictions on the powers of Supreme Court to review its earlier decisions or even to depart from them. The court made it clear that the doctrine of stare decisis should not permitted to perpetuate erroneous decisions to the detriment of the general welfare. The court recognised the need for exercising restraint in overruling previous decisions stating that the power must be exercised only when consideration of a substantial and compelling make it necessary to do it.
When there is conflict between the two decisions of the Supreme Court, the decision of the larger Bench prevails over that of the smaller Bench. This principle is true that in the case of high courts also.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRECEDENTS
* There is certainty in the law. By looking at existing precedents it is possible to forecast what a decision will be and a person can plan accordingly.
* There is uniformity in the law. Similar cases will be treated in the same way. This is important to give the system a sense of justice and to make the system acceptable to the public.
* Judicial precedent is flexible. There are a number of ways to avoid precedents and this enables the system to change and to adapt to new situations.
* Judicial precedent is practical in nature. It is based on real facts, unlike legislation.
* Judicial precedent is detailed. There is a wealth of cases to which to refer.
* Difficulties can arise in deciding what the ratio decidendi is, particularly if there are a number of reasons.
* There may be a considerable waiting period for a case to come to court for a point to be decided.
* Cases can easily be distinguished on their facts to avoid following an inconvenient precedent.
* There is far too much case law and it is too complex.
EXCEPTIONS TO BINDING PRECEDENT
If two judges Bench find a judgement of a three judges Bench to be so incorrect that it cannot be followed in any circumstances, keeping view of judicial discipline and propriety, the proper course is to refer the matter before it to another Bench of three judges. Pradip Chandra Parija v/s Pramod Chandra Patnaik AIR 2002 SC 296 ;(2002) 1 SCC 1 .
It is impermissible for a High Court to overrule the decision of the Apex Court on the ground that the Supreme Court laid down legal position without considering any other point. High Court cannot question the correctness of the decision of the Supreme Court even though the point sought before the High Court. Suganthi Suresh Kumar v/s Jagdeeshan (2002) 2 SCC 420.
When a court differs from the decision of a co-ordinate bench of a Single Judge of High Court, the decision should be referred to Larger Bench. Ayyaswami Gounder and others v. Munnuswamy Gounder and others, AIR 1984 SC 1789: 1984(4) SCC 376.
If a division bench of a High Court differs from the view expressed by another division bench of the same court, it is appropriate that the matter is referred to a larger bench.Rajesh Kumar Verma v. State of Madhya Pradesh and others, AIR 1995 SC 1421: 1995(2) SCC 129; Sundarjas Kanyalal Bhathija and others v. The Collector, Thane, Maharashtra and others, AIR 1991 SC 1893; 1989(3) SCC 396. Union of India and others v. Godfrey Philips India Ltd., AIR 1986 SC 806; 1985(4) SCC 369.
Division Bench of Supreme Court consisting of two Judges cannot over rule the decision of a Bench of two Judges as it would be an inappropriate.
Javed Ahmed Abdul Hamid Pawala v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1985 SC 231; 1985(1) SCC 275. When there is a conflict of opinion that is when there is disagreement by one single judge with the decision of another single Judge it is appropriate that the appropriate course is to refer the matter to a larger bench for an authoritative decision.
Shridhar son of Ram Dular v. Nagar Palika, Jaunpur and others, AIR 1990 SC 307; 1990 Supp. SCC 157. One Full Bench decision cannot over rule another Full Bench Decision delivered by Judges of equal strength. Shyamaraju Hegde v. U. Venkatesha Bhat and others, AIR 1987 SC 2323: 1987 Supp. SCC 321.
CIRCUMSTANCES DESTROYING OR WEAKENING THE BINDING FORCE OF PRECEDENTS.
- Abrogated Decisions: A decision ceases to be binding if a statute or statutory rule is inconsistent with it is subsequently enacted or if it is reversed or overruled by a higher court.
- Ignorance of Statute: A precedent is not binding if it was rendered in ignorance of a statute or rule having the force of statute i.e. delegated legislation. Such decisions are per incuriam and not binding. The mere fact that the earlier court misconstrued a statute or ignored a rule of construction is no ground for impugning the authority of precedent. It is clear law that a precedent loses its binding force if the court that decided it overlooked an inconsistent decision of a higher court. Such decisions are also per incuriam. A court is not bound by its own decision that is in conflict with one another. If the new decision is in conflict with the old, it is given per incuriam and is not binding on later courts. In this circumstance the rule is that where there are previous inconsistent decisions of its own, the court is free to follow either i.e. earlier or later.
To come within the category of per incuriam it must be shown not only that the decision involved some manifest slip or error but also that to leave the decision standing would be likely, inter alia, to produce serious inconvenience in the administration of justice or significant injustice to citizens.
3 Sub Silentio: Precedents sub silentio or not argued: A decision passes sub silentio when the particular point of law involved in decision is not perceived by the court or present to its mind. When a decision is on point A upon which judgement is pronounced but there was another point B on which also court ought to have pronounced before deciding he issue in favour of the party, but that was not argued or considered by the Court. In such circumstances although point B was logically involved in the facts and although the case had a specific outcome , the point B is said to pass sub silentio.[ Gerard v/s Worth of Pipers Ltd (1936) 2 All. E R 905(A)]. It is rightly said that an hundred precedent sub silentio are not material. Where a judgement is given without the losing parties having been represented , there is no assurance that all the relevant consideration have been brought to the notice of the court and consequently the decision ought not be regarded as absolute authority even if it does not fall within sub silentio rule. A precedent is not destroyed merely because it was badly argued, inadequately considered and fallaciously reasoned. Total absence of argument vitiates the precedent. A decision is an authority only for what it actually decides and not for what may logically or remotely follows from it. Decision on a question which has not been argued cannot be treated as precedent. M/s. Goodyear India Ltd. v. State of Haryana and another, AIR 1990 SC 781: 1990(2) SCC 71: 1989 Supp. (1) SCR 510: 1989(2) Scale 982
When observation of the court on a question about validity of a statutory provision which was neither raised nor argued would not be a binding precedent.Rajpur Ruda Meha and others v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1980 SC 1707: 1980(1) SCC 677.
- Distinguishing:A binding precedent is a decided case which a court must follow. But a previous case is only binding in a later case if the legal principles involved is the same and the facts are similar. Distinguishing a case on its facts, or on the point of law involved, is a device used by judges usually in order to avoid the consequences of an earlier inconvenient decision which is, in strict practice, binding on them.
If a Court deems fit to follow a precedent of a superior court the proper course , in such a case, is to try to find out and follow the opinions expressed by larger benches of SuperiorCourt in the manner in which it had done this. The proper course for a Court , is to try to find out and follow the opinions expressed by larger benches of superior Court in preference to those expressed by smaller benches of the Court. If, however, the Court was of opinion that the views expressed by larger benches of this Court were not applicable to the facts of the instant case it should say so giving reasons supporting its point of view.
Union of India and another v. K.S. Subramanian, AIR 1976 SC 2433;1976(3) SCC 677.
Even Apex Court is bound by its earlier decisions. It is only when the Supreme Court finds itself unable to accept the earlier view, it shall be justified in deciding the matter in a different way.
Income Tax Officer, Tuticorin v. T.S. Devinatha Nadar etc., AIR 1968 SC 623.
- Overruling: A higher court can overrule a decision made in an earlier case by a lower court eg. The Court of Appeal can overrule an earlier High Court decision. Overruling can occur if the previous court did not correctly apply the law, or because the later court considers that the rule of law contained in the previous ratio decidendi is no longer desirable.
The overruling is retrospectively except as regards matters that are res judicata or accounts that have been settled in the meantime.
The Apex Court or any superior court cannot allow itself to be tied down by and become captive of a view which in the light of the subsequent experience has been found to be patently erroneous, manifestly unreasonable or to cause hardship or to result in plain iniquity or public inconvenience. The Court has to keep the balance between the need of certainty and continuity and the desirability of growth and development of law. It can neither by judicial pronouncements allow law to petrify into fossilised rigidity nor can it allow revolutionary iconoclasm to sweep away established principles. On the one hand the need is to ensure that judicial inventiveness shall not be desiccated or stunted, on the other it is essential to curb the temptation to lay down new and novel principles in substitution of well established principles in the ordinary run of cases and the readiness to canonise the new principles too quickly before their saintliness has been affirmed by the passage of time. It may perhaps be laid down as a broad proposition that a view which has been accepted for a long period of time should not be disturbed unless the Court can say positively that it was wrong or unreasonable or that it is productive of public hardship or inconvenience.
Manganlal Chhagganlal (P) Ltd. v. Municipal Corpn. of Greater Bombay, AIR 1974 SC 2009; 1974(2) SCC 402.
The decision of Full Bench of High Court passed after considering the local conditions and history should not be easily disturbed.
Nityananda Kar and another, etc. etc. v. State of Orissa and others, AIR 1991 SC 1134; 1991 Supp (2) SCC 516.
- Reversing:.Reversing is the overturning on appeal by a higher court, of the decision of the court below that hearing the appeal. The appeal court will then substitute its own decision.
- Concession: Concession made by counsel on a question of law is not binding as precedent.
The Government of Tamil Nadu and others v. Badrinath and others, AIR 1987 SC 2381: 1987(4) SCC 654; State of Rajasthan v/s Mahaveer Oil Industries (1999) 4 SCC 357.
- Consent: When a direction or order is made by consent of the parties, the Court does not adjudicate upon the rights of the parties nor lay down any principle.
Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Gurnam Kaur, AIR 1989 SC 38: 1989(1) SCC 101; 1989 Supp. (2) SCR 929.
- Non Speaking Order: Non speaking order dismissing special leave petition would not constitute binding precedent as to the ratio of the High Court involved in the decision against which special leave petition to appeal was filed. Ajit Kumar Rath v/s State of Orissa (1999) 9 SCC 596.
11.Specific Exclusion:A judgment stating therein itself that the ratio laid down there in shall not be binding precedent or shall not be followed or relied upon , cannot be treated as binding precedent. Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan v/s Ram Ratan Yadav(2003) 3 SCC 437.
12 .On Facts: If a judgment is rendered merely having regard to the fact situations obtaining therein , the same could not be declaration of law within meaning of Article 141.UP State Brassware Corp. Ltd v/s Uday Narain Pandey AIR 2006 SC 586 ;(2006)1 SCC 479;.
There is nothing in the Constitution which prevent the Supreme Court from the reversing its previous decision.
State of West Bengal v. Corporation of Calcutta, AIR 1967 SC 997: 1967(2) SCR 170.
An earlier decision cannot be departed unless there are extra-ordinary or special reasons for doing so.
Manganese Ore (India) Ltd. v. The Regional Assistant Commissioner of Sales Tax, Jabalpur,AIR 1976 SC 410;: 1996(4) SCC 124.
Non-consideration for foreign decisions. The decision of Constitution Bench which held the field a quarter of century without challenge. Reconsideration on account of non-consideration of an American decision, not cited before the bench, is not called for.
Smt. Maya Rani Punj v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Delhi, AIR 1986 SC 293: 1986(1) SCC 445: ;India Electric Works Ltd. v. James Mantosh and another, AIR 1971 SC 2313; 1971(1) SCC 24.
Thus , one of the tools of an Advocate to persuade a Court on the point canvassed before it, that is to cite a binding precedent, is not always without limitations and it has to be an endevour of every advocate to perform an exercise to find out the ratio decidendi of a judgement and its relevancy to the proposition put before the court in the context of the facts of the case, before the same is quoted.
PRINCIPLES OF PROSPECTIVE OVERRULING
Prospective overruling implies that an earlier decision of the same issue shall not be disturbed till the date of the later judgement. It is resorted to mould relief claimed to meet the justice of the case. It means that relief though the Petitioner may be entitled to in law because of interpretation of the law made by the Supreme Court, the same shall not be applicable to past transactions. Frequently such situations arise in service matters or tax matters where in the person already appointed for a long time based on interpretation of a law by the Apex Court in its earlier judgment, but the same is overruled in the later judgement, and therefore the person already in public employment need not be directed to vacate the post or the tax already imposed and collected is not directed to be refunded.
In normal course, a law declared by Supreme court is the law assumed to be from the date of inception and prospective overruling is only an exception when the Supreme Court itself make the applicability of the ration of the judgement prospectively to do complete justice to the parties or to avoid chaos.
It is therefore necessary that if a law is to be made applicable prospectively , the same is required to be so declared in the judgement when it is delivered .M.A.Murthy v/s State of Karnataka (2003) 7 SCC 517. If Supreme court does not exercise such discretion to hold that the law declared by it would operate only prospectively, High Court can not of its own do so. Sarwan Kumar v/s Madanlal Agarwal AIR 2003 SC 1475; (2003) 4 SCC 147.
The law laid down by Supreme Court of India is binding upon all courts in the country under Article 141 of the Constitution, and numerous cases all over the country are decided in accordance with the view taken by Supreme Court.
Now it is desirable that some light should be thrown on the future precedents. As observed above, the courts are performing a very valuable creative function in modern times. This role of the court is assuming in favour importance and their field of any activity is rapidly widening. On the other hand, the trend of opinion is in favour of freedom from the binding effect of precedents, at the first place these two trends may appear divergent but they are not so and are perfectly consistent. It is the creative spirit that desires the removal of the shackles of the binding precedents. In England the doctrine of stare decisis has been modified. It may be hoped that some device would be invented to get rid of it. However the decisions of higher tribunals shall remain binding on subordinate courts. There is no possibility of departing from this rule in the near future nor are there very strong reasons for to undergo any considerable modification. The federation, as envisaged by the Indian Constitution, requires it, It will help in bringing about national integration and uniformity in law, and will cause a uniform development of law. But some technique or method will have to be envolved to save the lawyer and the judge from the labour and wastage of time in finding from the rapidly multiplying volumes of reports and the constant danger of overlooking authorities. | <urn:uuid:0139f962-09b4-4490-9144-c12796754825> | {
"date": "2018-04-23T13:09:59",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946011.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423125457-20180423145457-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9524309039115906,
"score": 4.125,
"token_count": 6408,
"url": "https://www.legalbites.in/precedent/"
} |
The primary function of a central bank is to control the nation's money supply (monetary policy), through active duties such as managing interest rates, setting the reserve requirement, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of bank insolvency or financial crisis. Central banks usually also have supervisory powers, intended to prevent bank runs and to reduce the risk that commercial banks and other financial institutions engage in reckless or fraudulent behavior. Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference. Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies usually exists.
The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, CBRT (Turkish:Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası, TCMB) is the central bank of Turkey and is founded as a joint stock company on 11 June 1930.
Shares of the CBRT are divided into four classes. Class A shares belong solely to the Turkish Treasury. Class B and Class C shares are allocated to national banks operating in Turkey, banks other than national banks and privileged companies. Finally, Class D shares are allocated to Turkish commercial institutions and to real and legal persons of Turkish nationality.
The CBRT determines, at its own discretion, the monetary policy to pursue and the policy instruments to use in achieving price stability in Turkey. This implies that the CBRT enjoys instrument independence. In order to attain its objective of price stability, the CBRT has implemented a full-fledged inflation targeting regime since 2006.
The preparations to establish a central bank of Turkey began in 1926, but the organization was established on 3 October 1931 and opened officially on 1 January 1932. The Bank had, originally, a privilege of issuing banknotes for a period of 30 years. In 1955, this privilege was extended until 1999. Finally it was prolonged indefinitely in 1994. | <urn:uuid:d2eb071f-c340-4732-90f0-4c068d35d306> | {
"date": "2019-09-19T04:09:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573439.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919040032-20190919062032-00296.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9629194140434265,
"score": 3.671875,
"token_count": 371,
"url": "https://upge.wn.com/?activate=0&from=centralbanksystem.net&ads=1&title=Central+bank+system&auto=Central+bank+system&author=system&template=cheetah-photo-search%2Findex.txt&query=Central+bank+system&pagenum=2"
} |
The papers from the first two International Study Association on Teachers and Teaching conferences are presented in this title as book chapters. Each paper has historical value, marking as they do, both a change in topic focus and a revolution in research practice. They also have a practical value in that they provide a large reference source for, and a wide range of examples of, both topics and methods of research. Value for the future can be found in the texts that note lacunae in research and unresolved issues. Further, since the chapters derive from research conducted in a variety of national contexts, revealing some evidence of common constraints and opportunities impinging on education at the time, questions are stimulated about what has changed and what has stayed the same in the interim. | <urn:uuid:9417ef70-7ade-440a-a36d-0e9eba6d2db6> | {
"date": "2016-12-04T03:06:23",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541170.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00376-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9684143662452698,
"score": 2.515625,
"token_count": 148,
"url": "https://www.qbd.com.au/teacher-thinking-twenty-years-on/9780203971031/"
} |
Plan to Ban Oil Drilling in Amazon Is Dropped
- August 17, 2013
- Clifford Krauss
- New York Times
Six years ago, President Rafael Correa of Ecuador offered the world what he considered an enticing deal: donate $3.6 billion to a trust fund intended to protect nearly 4,000 square miles of the Amazon jungle and his country would refrain from oil drilling in the rain forest.
The plan won applause from environmentalists, and international luminaries like Bo Derek and Leonardo DiCaprio opened their wallets. The plan was backed by the United Nations, but governments generally balked at contributing, and only $13 million was collected.
"The world has failed us," President Correa said as he withdrew the offer in a nationally televised news conference on Thursday night. "With deep sadness but also with absolute responsibility to our people and history, I have had to take one of the hardest decisions of my government."
The pioneering effort was administered by the United Nations Development Program. It was originally set up after potential reserves of nearly 800 million barrels of oil were found in the Yasuni national park, which is inhabited by two isolated Indian tribes.
Its goal was not only to protect a pristine rain forest with a rich mix of wildlife and plant life but also to ease future climate change by preventing more than 400 million tons of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere. The park was designated a world biosphere reserve by Unesco in the late 1980s.
Local and international environmentalists expressed disappointment with President Correa's decision, and hundreds of protesters gathered outside the presidential palace in Quito, the nation's capital.
"It could have been used as a model for other sensitive areas," said Matt Finer, a scientist with the Center for International Environmental Law, referring to the fund. "But now that it has failed, there is really no alternative model that is attractive to governments unable or unwilling to forgo drilling solely on ecological grounds."
Oil pollution in the Ecuadorean jungles has been highlighted by two decades of lawsuits against Chevron, whose predecessor, Texaco, worked as a partner with Petroecuador, the state oil company, in the 1970s before it was acquired by Chevron.
Chevron lost a case in an Ecuadorean court two years ago, but it has refused to pay more than $18 billion in damages. It argued that Texaco had done a cleanup and that most of the pollution that was left was caused by Petroecuador after Texaco left. Enforcement proceedings are at various stages in several countries since Chevron has no assets in Ecuador.
President Correa has publicly sided with Amazon residents who complain that their homelands were spoiled. But the Ecuadorean government still relies on oil for one-third of its tax revenue, and the government is running a large budget deficit. Ecuadorean oil production is about 500,000 barrels a day, making it the fifth-largest producer in South America. Although President Correa is a frequent critic of the United States and its foreign policy, most Ecuadorean oil exports go to the United States.
The three oil fields in the park represent roughly a fifth of the country's 7.2 billion barrels of oil reserves and could generate more than $7 billion in revenue over a 10-year period, according to Ecuadorean oil experts.
China, which has become the largest source of financing for the Ecuadorean government as it seeks to secure more oil supplies from Latin America, is a likely beneficiary of any increased Ecuadorean production. In July, Ecuador obtained a $2 billion loan from the China Development Bank in exchange for nearly 40,000 barrels a day of oil from Ecuador to PetroChina over two years. | <urn:uuid:1d3c4cfe-3b6d-43cb-b6d8-5dcccc2cdee0> | {
"date": "2015-01-25T22:17:10",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115891802.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161131-00080-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9775933027267456,
"score": 2.875,
"token_count": 763,
"url": "http://amazonwatch.org/news/2013/0817-plan-to-ban-oil-drilling-in-amazon-is-dropped"
} |
The Congo Basin is home to the second largest tropical forest on the planet. It hosts a tremendous biodiversity, including some of the most iconic species in Africa. The forest elephant is a species unique to Central Africa. Gorillas and chimpanzees, both found in these forests, are humankind’s closest living relatives. Leopards still roam these forests. The regal bongo can be found in forests in the north of the country, and the gregarious mandrill in the forests in the south. A diversity of primates, a myriad of bird species, and uncountable species of plants, insects, and fungi make their homes in the Central African forests as well.
Tragically, all of these iconic species are victims of illegal wildlife traffic. Beyond habitat loss and environmental change, illegal poaching and trafficking is rapidly driving a number of species directly towards extinction. Illicit bushmeat trafficking is a major cause for the decline of species like the gorilla, the chimpanzee and the mandrill. Sadly, bushmeat is only part of the problem. Other species are killed most specifically for their trophies. Leopards and bongos are killed for a shockingly vigorous trade in their skins to both national and international markets; and in Central Africa the ivory trade is threatening the very survival of the forest elephant.
The modern wildlife crisis
The dynamic of the hunt in Congo has changed dramatically over the last century. Traditional methods are barely used anymore and guns—even semi-automatic firearms in some cases—are remarkably common and easy to take into the forest. Instead of hunting to feed a family, hunting has become an organized crime where commercial bushmeat dealers might send many hunters into the forest at once to collect substantial quantities of bushmeat that is later sold to urban centers.
Until recently, these organized groups have found little resistance from local law enforcers. Authorities are often implicated in the crimes, either directly or indirectly through corrupt facilitation of these illegal activities. Even when caught, a wildlife dealer can find recourse in the corruption by paying off authorities to be freed or by corrupting the judicial system.
Trafficking is big business and complex networks are used to kill wildlife and move products onto local and international markets. Protecting national parks and reserves is only the first step in the fight against the illegal trade. WCS is a member of a project called PALF (Project for the Application of Law for Fauna) through which it is working to fight the illegal commerce from a variety of angles by controlling the urban trafficking and the pervasive corruption that enables it. PALF is part of a movement across Central Africa to include support for the application of wildlife law as a fundamental element of national conservation strategies.
PALF – Project for the Application of Law for Fauna
PALF is a multi-partner project involving WCS, Congo’s Ministry of Sustainable Development, Forest Economy and the Environment and the Aspinall Foundation. In 2010, these partners signed an agreement that marked the opening of the PALF project. PALF collaborates with the Lusaka Agreement Task Force—an inter-governmental organization that facilitates investigations into wildlife crimes—and local informants, as well as other WCS projects. Cases that might otherwise virtually disappear in a matter of days are now followed by an entire team of PALF legal experts who address issues of corruption. The media, via television, internet, newspapers and radio in multiple languages, publicize the advances made in the application of wildlife law, so, together with prison sentences and fines, wildlife traffickers are deterred from their illegal practices.
A legal guide has been prepared and distributed to authorities in various ministries, including the courts. Congolese law is the strongest in the region with regard to punishment for wildlife crime. But as a text without application, it is impotent. Little by little, that is changing and the text is leading to sentences being handed down and corruption rooted out of the way wildlife law is addressed. Both in Congo and around the world, the improvements have been widely congratulated and continued amelioration has been strongly encouraged.
Some of the most important recent cases have involved collaborative efforts between PALF and PROGEPP (Project for the Management of Ecosystems Adjacent to the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park) in Northern Congo, working on cases involving some of the biggest ivory traffickers in the country and the corruption that lets these criminals get away with their business. PALF’s work has also led to the sentencing of Chinese nationals trafficking ivory. China is known to be the biggest demand country for elephant ivory. In all cases involving Chinese nationals, the criminals spent some time in jail, and additionally they paid large fines, up to around $19,000. In addition to ivory trafficking (both raw and sculpted), PALF has assisted in getting criminals sentenced for dealing in leopard skins, illegal bushmeat, and live great apes as well. The fight is only beginning, but change is only possible through determination. | <urn:uuid:fb5af20f-e897-4015-99af-10bb1b4a9efd> | {
"date": "2015-07-30T16:07:42",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987402.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00109-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9521616101264954,
"score": 3.25,
"token_count": 1008,
"url": "http://www.wcswildlifetrade.org/Initiatives/ProjectfortheApplicationofLawforFauna.aspx"
} |
State's people brought us to where we
People are starting to gather around the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum and History Museum which are slated to open today on the state's 200th birthday. President Donald Trump is expected to be on hand and make remarks to a closed crowd beforehand. Justin Vicory/Clarion Ledger
Native son and literary giant William Faulkner is credited with saying that “to understand the world, you must first understand a place like Mississippi.” It’s not clear if Faulkner actually spoke those words, but if he didn’t, he should have. Mississippi has a rich, raw and complicated history, filled with rich, raw and complicated people.
On Dec. 10, 1817, Mississippi became the 20th state to join the Union. On this bicentennial milestone, it bears reflecting on how we got here, who we are, and what we want to become.
Mississippi’s history long predates statehood. Tribes of Choctaw, Natchez, Chickasaw and Biloxi Native Americans lived off of this land well prior to the arrival of European settlers. The French, the English and the Spanish all built or controlled settlements within our borders at various times. Their collective marks on our culture are visible across the state.
Slavery was present from the time of French settlement. But near the time Mississippi became a territory, cotton became a cash crop and the Magnolia State one of its leading producers. Demand for cotton led to great concentrated wealth for a few. It also escalated the dehumanization of an entire people.
Visit the plantations of Natchez and it is hard not to imagine banquets with women clad in fine gowns and men cloistered in smoke-filled studies. Among these antebellum mansions, there is a romantic conjuring of images of genteel Southern society. And yet, if you consider the oppression and sin which afforded the construction of places like this, there is an abiding sadness.
Mississippi was, of course, ravaged by the Civil War. Through Reconstruction, and beyond, it struggled to regain economic footing. Our struggle went beyond subsistence, though. While the institution of slavery ended, institutionalized racism did not. The fight for racial equality was brought to a brutal head in the tumultuous Civil Rights Era of the 1960s. The fight for understanding and reconciliation continues today.
Mississippi has scars, but those scars alone do not define us. Even more, they can be a source of learning and growth. Our shared heritage includes the birth of the blues and rock-n-roll. Maybe you’ve heard of Robert Johnson, Howlin’ Wolf, B.B. King or a guy named Elvis. Mississippi inspired and cultivated writers like Faulkner, Welty, Ambrose, Percy, Foote and Grisham. Of course, you needn’t pick up a book, because our communities are full of great storytellers, who need only a porch and a glass of sweet tea to spin a tale. The fields and gyms of Mississippi have produced world class athletes, though we are partial to the pigskin — think Brett Favre, Walter Payton, Jerry Rice and a “redhead from Drew.”
Our Mississippi Gulf Coast is lined with sugar sand beaches, its waters teeming with bounties of seafood. The fertile soils of the Delta have fed and clothed the world over. Countless little boys have learned to fish, hunt and play catch with their daddies here. Countless little girls have, too.
Mississippi is the most diverse state in the nation, but there are shared values that bind us. We are a proud bunch — intensely loyal, hardworking and resilient. We are people of faith who'd give the shirts off our backs to help a friend in need. This may explain why, despite low wages, we give a greater percentage of our income to charity than any other state. And when the chips are down, we know how to “hitch up our britches.”
In America today, there is growing division and tribalism, where those who are different than us are often viewed with suspicion and sometimes with outright antipathy. Mississippi has not been immune from this trend. The end result is that we are more isolated from people and ideas that challenge us. The truth is frequently subjugated to emotional rhetoric that confirms our biases. We are worse off for it.
It doesn’t have to be this way. Every Mississippian, regardless of background or politics, wants to see a better Mississippi. We all want more opportunities for our families, communities and future generations. It starts with a recognition of this shared vision. It continues when we put down our iPhones, turn off the cable talking heads and directly engage in our communities, both with people who think like us and people who don’t.
Zero-sum politics will not solve Mississippi’s problems. People can. It requires having faith in our state and its people. It requires work that will sometimes be uncomfortable or sacrificial.
I wouldn’t trade the splendor, soul and even pain of Mississippi for all the lavish skyscrapers and soy lattes in the world. This is home. So, as we learn from our past and celebrate what makes us unique on our 200th birthday, let’s simultaneously commit to working together for a better Mississippi.
Russ Latino is an occasional writer of things. He and his wife live in Madison with their two children. | <urn:uuid:a59a2640-0b7a-4525-9c49-dec9f9f7276e> | {
"date": "2019-11-11T20:22:36",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664437.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191111191704-20191111215704-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.954086422920227,
"score": 3.46875,
"token_count": 1142,
"url": "https://www.clarionledger.com/story/opinion/columnists/2017/12/09/states-people-brought-us-where-we-over-200-years-russ-latino/937511001/"
} |
Thomas Tingey was born in London on 11 September 1750. As a youth, he served in the British Navy commanding a blockhouse at Chateaux Bay on the Labrador coast. He later commanded merchant vessels in the West Indies before coming to the colonies and investing in the East India trade. According to unverified tradition, Tingey served in the Continental Navy during the War for Independence.
In September 1798, Tingey was commissioned a captain in the United States Navy and distinguished himself in the undeclared war with France as commander of the man-of-war Ganges. During that time, Tingey commanded a squadron which cruised the waters of the Windward Passage between Hispaniola and Cuba to protect American shipping from French privateers. Tingey commanded Ganges as she took four prizes and is known for his bloodless encounter with the British frigate Surprise.
In January 1800, Tingey was appointed to supervise construction of the new navy yard at Washington, D.C., and became its first commandant on 23 November 1804. In the summer of 1814, as the British advanced on Washington, the Secretary of the Navy ordered Tingey to set fire to the yard. Tingey returned after the withdrawal of the British forces and commanded the yard until his death on 23 February 1829. Commodore Tingey was buried with military honors in what is now known as Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
(Destroyer No. 272: dp. 1,215 (n.); 1. 314'4½"; b. 30'11½"; dr. 9'9¾" (aft); s. 34.53 k. (tl.); cpl. 122; a. 4 4", 1 3", 12 21" tt., 2 dct; cl. Clemson)
The second Tingey (Destroyer No. 272) was laid down on 8 August 1918 at Quincy, Mass., by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp.; launched on 24 April 1919; sponsored by Miss Mary Velora Arringdale; and commissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 25 July 1919, Comdr. Alfred W. Brown in command.
After fitting out, the destroyer proceeded to the west coast and joined Division 31, Squadron 2, Flotilla 10, at San Diego late in December. For the next two and one-half years, the destroyer operated out of San Diego with the Pacific Fleet. During most of that period, however, she had only 50 percent of her normal complement. Consequently, though she did conduct operations and patrols along the western coast of Mexico, she remained in a quasi-reserve status throughout her brief period of commissioned service. She made but one organizational change during her active career and that came in the latter part of 1921 when she was reassigned to Division 29, Squadron 10.
In 1922, the antimilitarist feeling prevalent following World War I combined with the government's policy of financial retrenchment to cause the deactivation of a substantial portion of the Navy's recently expanded destroyer fleet. Tingey, therefore, was placed out of commission on 24 May 1922, berthed at San Diego, and remained there for the remainder of her career. After 14 years of inactivity, Tingey's name was struck from the Navy list on 19 May 1936. She was sold to the Schiavone-Bonomo Corp., of New York City, on 29 September 1936 and was scrapped in December. | <urn:uuid:3924da56-8ad8-4f47-b3cf-7af2f2e4bc81> | {
"date": "2014-10-23T10:14:16",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413510834349.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017015354-00359-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.973079264163971,
"score": 2.5625,
"token_count": 713,
"url": "http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/t6/tingey-ii.htm"
} |
Anthony Kennedy on Civil Rights
Supreme Court Justice (nominated by Pres. Reagan 1988)
No longer deny gays the profound liberty of marriage
In a long-sought victory for the gay rights movement, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5-to-4 vote that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. "No longer may this liberty be denied," Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote for the majority
in the historic decision. "No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice and family. In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were."
The decision, which was the culmination of decades of litigation and activism, set off jubilation and tearful embraces across the country, the first same-sex marriages in several states, and signs of resistance--or at least stalling--in others.
It came against the backdrop of fast-moving changes in public opinion, with polls indicating that most Americans now approve of the unions.
The court's four more liberal justices joined Justice Kennedy's majority opinion.
Source: N.Y. Times on 2015 SCOTUS decision on Obergefell v. Hodges
, Jun 27, 2015
Living Constitution: apply 14th amendment to gay marriage
Justice Kennedy was the author of all three of the Supreme Court's previous gay rights landmarks. The latest decision came exactly two years after his majority opinion in United States v. Windsor, which struck down a federal law denying benefits to
married same-sex couples, and exactly 12 years after his majority opinion in Lawrence v. Texas, which struck down laws making gay sex a crime.
In all of those decisions, Justice Kennedy embraced a vision of a living Constitution, one that evolves with
societal changes. "The nature of injustice is that we may not always see it in our own times," he wrote in Obergefell v. Hodges. "The generations that wrote and ratified the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment did not presume to know the extent
of freedom in all of its dimensions, and so they entrusted to future generations a charter protecting the right of all persons to enjoy liberty as we learn its meaning."
Source: N.Y. Times on 2015 SCOTUS decision on Obergefell v. Hodges
, Jun 27, 2015
Concurred on allowing federal ObamaCare subsidies
The Supreme Court upheld one of the main tenets of ObamaCare, ruling 6-3 that millions of Americans are entitled to keep the tax subsidies that help them afford insurance. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the court's majority opinion and was joined by
Justices Anthony Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan.
The ruling, the 2nd case in which the justices have decided in favor of the Affordable Care Act, preserves benefits for an estimated 6.4 million Americans &
deals a crippling blow to the law's Republican opponents, who have attempted to undermine it since its passage in 2010.
The law's architects claimed that subsidies were always meant to be distributed through both federal and state channels, and that
the goal of the law was to cover all Americans. The Supreme Court agreed. Roberts said [forbidding federal subsidies] "would destabilize the individual insurance market, and likely create the very 'death spirals' that Congress designed the Act to avoid."
Source: US News&World Report on 2015 SCOTUS decision King v. Burwell
, Jun 25, 2015
Overturn DOMA; equal protection for same-sex couples
In United States v. Windsor, the Supreme Court ruled that the Defense of Marriage Act, which defined the term "marriage" under federal law as a "legal union between one man and one woman" deprived same-sex couples who are legally married under state laws
of their Fifth Amendment rights to equal protection under federal law.
Situation: Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer were married in Toronto, Canada in 2007. Their marriage was recognized by New York state, where they resided. Upon Spyer's death in 2009,
Windsor was forced to pay $363,000 in federal taxes, because their marriage was not recognized by federal law.
OnTheIssues explanation: This ruling led to a series of state legalization of same-sex marriage, as well as federal equality of
same-sex rights (but not federal equality of marriage).
Opinions:Majority: Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, & Kagan; dissent: Roberts, Alito, Thomas & Scalia, on mixed grounds of federalism & traditionalism.
Source: CNN.com on 2012 SCOTUS docket #12-307
, Jun 26, 2013
Right to define one's own concept of existence, even if gay
In 2003, the Supreme Court heard the case of two homosexual men who had been arrested and convicted under a Texas law that prohibited the act of sodomy. Reversing its decision from 17 years earlier (upholding a Georgia ban), the Court found a right to
homosexual sodomy. Justice Kennedy explained why by digging back into a special concurrence from the "Casey" decision upholding abortion when he wrote, "At the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of meaning, of the
universe, and of the mystery of human life."
I don't even know what that means, but it certainly has nothing to do with the Constitution or the law.
The real concern lies with the direction the Court clearly wishes to take the nation yet refuses to
admit. Gay marriage will soon be the policy of the United States, irrespective of federalism the Constitution, or the wishes of the American people. Not because it actually is protected in the Constitution, but because judges will declare it so.
Source: Fed Up!, by Gov. Rick Perry, p.109-110
, Nov 15, 2010
Recognize GLBT as a constitutionally-protected class
In "Romer v Evans", the Supreme Court struck down, 6-3, the Colorado constituent's provision that homosexual, lesbian, or bisexual status should not entitle any person to claim quota preferences, protected status, or discrimination. Thus, a women with a
room to rent could refuse to let it to a pair of homosexual men, or a church whose religion prohibited homosexual conduct could deny a practicing homosexual a position on its staff. The Supreme Court held, nevertheless, that the state's decision to
withdraw this special protection, which it was not required to give in the first place, was motivated only by "animus" and so could not stand under the rationale of the equal protection clause.
The decision is an unsupported victory for homosexual
activists. As Justice Scalia said in dissent, the Colorado constitutional provision was merely a "rather modest attempt to preserve traditional sexual mores against the efforts of a politically powerful minority."
Source: Slouching Towards Gomorrah, by Robert Bork, p.112-114
, Dec 16, 2003
Can’t outlaw flag burning
Usually conservative, and part of the majority bloc that favors states’ rights, but voted against states that wanted to outlaw flag burning.
Source: (X-ref government) Reuters article in Boston Globe, p. A45
, Dec 1, 2000
Disallow all sodomy laws against same-sex activity.
Justice Kennedy wrote the Court's decision on Lawrence v. Texas on Jun 26, 2003:
In a landmark 6-3 ruling, the Court struck down a sodomy law in Texas and, by proxy, invalidated sodomy laws in the 13 other states where they remained in existence, thereby making same-sex sexual activity legal in every state. The court had previously addressed the same issue in 1986 in Bowers v. Hardwick, where it upheld a challenged Georgia statute, not finding a constitutional protection of sexual privacy.
HELD: Delivered by Kennedy, joined by Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer; O'Connor concurringIn reversing a Texas court ruling, the Court overruled its previous decision in Bowers v. Hardwick, holding that a Texas statute prohibiting certain sexual acts--namely those between same-sex partners--violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court voted 6–3 to strike down the Texas law, and Sandra Day O'Connor found that it violated equal protection guarantees.
DISSENT #1: By Scalia, joined by Rehnquist, Thomas
Scalia objected to the Court's decision to revisit Bowers, pointing out that there were many subsequent decisions from lower courts based on Bowers that, with its overturning, might now be open to doubt. Scalia also criticized the writers of the opinion for their unwillingness to give the same respect to the decision of stare decisis that some of them applied in Casey. Scalia also averred that state laws against bigamy, same-sex marriage, adult incest, prostitution, masturbation, adultery, fornication, bestiality, and obscenity are likewise sustainable only in light of Bowers's validation of laws based on moral choices.
DISSENT #2: By ThomasThe law which the Court struck down was "uncommonly silly", but he voted to uphold it as he could find "no general right of privacy" or relevant liberty in the Constitution. He added that if he were a member of the Texas Legislature he would vote to repeal the law.
Source: Supreme Court case 03-LAWR-TX argued on Mar 26, 2003
1st Amendment protects church's anti-gay funeral pickets.
Justice Kennedy joined the Court's decision on SNYDER v. PHELPS on Mar 2, 2011:
Marine Matthew Snyder was killed in the line of duty in Iraq. On public property about 1000 feet from his funeral service, the Westboro Baptist Church followed its custom of protesting at the funerals of service members with signs condemning both homosexuality and the US for supporting it. Snyder's father has been stricken by a grievous emotional reaction since. He sued the protestors and the church for intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED).
HELD:Delivered by ROBERTS, joined by SCALIA, KENNEDY, THOMAS, GINSBURG, SOTOMAYOR, BREYER & KAGANThe Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment can be a defense, including those for IIED, if speech regards a public, rather than private, concern. The protestor's signs here concerned plainly public matters such as the moral conduct of the US and its citizens, the fate of the nation, homosexuality in the military, and scandals involving the Catholic clergy. The protestors can't be said to have used speech on
public issues to cloak an attack on the plaintiff. The protestors chose the location to increase publicity, but this does not mean the speech is less protected.
CONCURRED: BREYER concursThe State is not always powerless to provide protection, but upholding IIED liability on the protestors here would not serve the State's interest in protecting citizens against severe emotional harm. In this case, the protestors complied with police directions, picketed where it was lawful to do so, and could not be seen from the funeral.
DISSENT: ALITO dissentsThe protestors engaged in a personal attack on Snyder's memory through signs implying he was a homosexual, a Catholic, and doomed to hell for these “sins.” The direct nature of this assault on the dead marine and his family were made clear in a subsequent Internet posting directed at Snyder's character and his parents. The First Amendment does not shield these verbal assaults at such an emotionally vulnerable moment.
Source: Supreme Court case 11-SNYDER argued on Oct 6, 2010
Sociological analysis insufficient to prove gender bias.
Justice Kennedy joined the Court's decision on WAL-MART v. DUKES on Jun 20, 2011:
The plaintiffs were certified as a class by the district court in their suit against Wal-Mart, on behalf of 1.5 million female employees, seeking punitive damages and backpay owing to Wal-Mart's alleged discrimination against them in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
HELD: Delivered by SCALIA; joined by ROBERTS, KENNEDY, THOMAS & ALITOThe certification of the class was inappropriate. Class certification requires proof that a class of persons have suffered the same injury by a general policy of discrimination. Wal-Mart's corporate policy forbids discrimination, and the plaintiff's only evidence of a general policy of discrimination is a sociologist's analysis asserting that Wal-Mart's corporate culture made it vulnerable to gender bias. Since the expert testified he could not estimate what percent of Wal-Mart employment decisions might be determined by stereotypical thinking, his testimony was not significant proof.
That Wal-Mart gave local supervisors discretion over employment matters did not show that a central direction to use that discretion in a discriminatory manner. The claims for backpay were improperly added onto a class provision that allows only equitable relief, not monetary relief.
DISSENTED: GINSBURG concurs in part, dissents in part; joined by BREYER, SOTOMAYOR & KAGANI agree this class should not have been certified, but such a class might have proper under Rule 23(b)(3) seeking money damages. The Court should not have ruled on the class at this time, but rather remanded the issue for consideration and decision. The district court found evidence that 70% of hourly employees are female, but only 33% of managers. That, with other evidence, could support a common question, necessary for the resolution of all class members' cases, that corporate culture and lack of formal standards or training for employment decisions may have led to discrimination.
Source: Supreme Court case 11-WALMART argued on Mar 29, 2011
State laws can protect gay rights.
Justice Kennedy wrote the Court's decision on Romer v. Evans on May 20, 1996:
An amendment to the Colorado state constitution that would have prevented taking any action to recognize gay and lesbian citizens as a protected class was passed by voters in a referendum. Romer v. Evans is a landmark Supreme Court case; the first dealing with gay rights since Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), when the Court had ruled that a law criminalizing homosexual sex was constitutional.
HELD: By Kennedy, joined by Stevens, O'Connor, Souter, Ginsburg, BreyerThe court ruled 6-3 that Colorado's Amendment was unconstitutional. Rejecting the state's argument that the Amendment merely blocked gay people from receiving "special rights", Kennedy wrote, "To the contrary, the amendment imposes a special disability upon those persons alone. Homosexuals are forbidden the safeguards that others enjoy or may seek without constraint." Kennedy argued that protection offered by antidiscrimination laws was not a "special right" because they protected fundamental rights already enjoyed
by all other citizens. Though antidiscrimination laws "enumerated" certain groups that they protected, this merely served to put others on notice.
DISSENT: By Scalia, joined by Rehnquist, ThomasThe dissent states that the Colorado amendment is "a modest attempt by seemingly tolerant Coloradans to preserve traditional sexual mores against the efforts of a politically powerful minority to revise those mores through use of the laws. That objective is unimpeachable under any constitutional doctrine." Scalia argued that the Amendment did not deny homosexuals access to the political process but merely made it more difficult to enact laws that they favored. Scalia concluded, "Today's opinion has no foundation in American constitutional law, and barely pretends to. [The Colorado amendment] does not even disfavor homosexuals in any substantive sense, but merely denies them preferential treatment."
Source: Supreme Court case 96-ROMER argued on Oct 10, 1995
Hate crimes should allow racial intent to affect sentencing.
Justice Kennedy joined the dissent on APPRENDI v. NEW JERSEY on Jun 26, 2000:
Apprendi fired several shots into the home of an African-American family and made a statement that he did not want the family in his neighborhood because of their race. He was charged with possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose, which carries a prison term of 5 to 10 years. The count did not refer to the State’s hate crime statute, which provides for an enhanced sentence [for racial intimidation]. After Apprendi pleaded guilty, the prosecutor filed a motion to enhance the sentence. The court found that the shooting was racially motivated and sentenced Apprendi to a 12-year term on the firearms count.
Held: (Stevens, joined by Souter, Ginsburg, Scalia & Thomas)
The Constitution requires that any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum, other than the fact of a prior conviction, must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
Concurrence: (Thomas & Scalia)
My view is that the Constitution requires a broader rule than the Court adopts. If the legislature defines some core crime and then provides for increasing the punishment of that crime upon a finding of some aggravating fact—then the core crime and the aggravating fact together constitute an aggravated crime, just as much as grand larceny is an aggravated form of petit larceny.
Dissent:(O’Connor, joined by Rehnquist & Breyer)
Our Court has long recognized that not every fact that bears on a defendant’s punishment need be charged in an indictment, submitted to a jury, and proved by the government beyond a reasonable doubt. Rather, we have held that the “legislature’s definition of the elements of the offense is usually dispositive.” The Court today casts aside our traditional cautious approach and instead embraces a universal and seemingly bright-line rule limiting the power of legislatures.
Source: Supreme Court case 99-478 argued on Mar 28, 2000
Uphold "Miranda", informing people being arrested of rights.
Justice Kennedy joined the Court's decision on DICKERSON v. UNITED STATES on Jun 26, 2000:
Mr. Dickerson, under indictment for bank robbery and related federal crimes, moved to suppress a statement he had made to the FBI, on the ground he had not received “Miranda warnings” before being interrogated. The Government appealed [on the grounds that] his statement was voluntary [as allowed by a Congressional law]. That court concluded that Miranda was not a constitutional holding, and that, therefore, Congress could by statute have the final say on the admissibility question.
Held:(Rehnquist, joined by Stevens, O’Connor, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer)
In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), we held that certain warnings must be given before a suspect’s statement could be admitted in evidence. Congress then enacted a rule that the admissibility of such statements should turn only on whether or not they were voluntarily made. We hold that Miranda, being a constitutional decision of this Court, may not be in effect overruled by an Act of Congress,
and we decline to overrule Miranda ourselves.
Dissent:(Scalia, joined by Thomas)
Today’s decision is not a reaffirmation of Miranda, but a radical revision of the most significant element of Miranda. Marbury v. Madison (1803), held that an Act of Congress will not be enforced by the courts if what it prescribes violates the Constitution. That was the basis on which Miranda was decided. One will search today’s opinion in vain, however, for a statement (surely simple enough to make) that [the law in this case] violates the Constitution. [Instead, the Court is adopting] a significant new principle of constitutional law, in which statutes of Congress can be disregarded, not only when what they prescribe violates the Constitution, but when what they prescribe contradicts a decision of this Court that “announced a constitutional rule.” I dissent.
Source: Supreme Court case 99-5525 argued on Apr 19, 2000
Boy Scouts may exclude gay scoutmasters.
Justice Kennedy joined the Court's decision on BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA v. DALE on Jun 28, 2000:
The Boy Scouts is a private, not-for-profit organization engaged in instilling its system of values in young people. It asserts that homosexual conduct is inconsistent with those values. Mr. Dale is an adult whose position as assistant scoutmaster of a New Jersey troop was revoked when the Boy Scouts learned that he is an avowed homosexual and gay rights activist. Dale alleged that the Boy Scouts had violated the state statute prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in places of public accommodation.
Held: (Rehnquist, joined by O’Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, & Thomas)
Applying New Jersey’s public accommodations law to require the Boy Scouts to admit Dale violates the Boy Scouts’ First Amendment right of expressive association. An intrusion into a group’s internal affairs by forcing it to accept a member it does not desire [is an] unconstitutional burden. However, the freedom of association is
not absolute; it can be overridden by regulations adopted to serve compelling state interests.
Dissent:(Stevens, joined by Souter, Ginsburg, & Breyer)
New Jersey “prides itself on judging each individual by his or her merits” and on being “in the vanguard in the fight to eradicate the cancer of unlawful discrimination of all types from our society.” Since 1945, it has had a law against discrimination. The law broadly protects the opportunity of all persons to obtain the advantages and privileges “of any place of public accommodation.”
The majority holds that New Jersey’s law violates BSA’s right to associate and its right to free speech. But that law does not “impose any serious burdens” on BSA’s “collective effort on behalf of its shared goals,” nor does it force BSA to communicate any message that it does not wish to endorse. New Jersey’s law, therefore, abridges no constitutional right of the Boy Scouts.
Source: Supreme Court case 99-699 argued on Apr 26, 2000
Page last updated: Jun 08, 2017 | <urn:uuid:791908e1-e85c-4327-ae48-25199a57b9b1> | {
"date": "2020-01-28T01:41:32",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00456.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9551932215690613,
"score": 2.65625,
"token_count": 4642,
"url": "https://archive.ontheissues.org/Court/Anthony_Kennedy_Civil_Rights.htm"
} |
Word count: 432
What is it?
A project will expand in size to the time to give to complete it.
Why it is useful?
Knowing this you can apply methods to prevent it. Organisations are only useful if they increase efficiency. People who get comfortable will always lose some of their focus. If a group is given an amount of time to do something by someone in a higher authority they will perceive that it should take that long which explains the rush at the deadline, when the time has to be matched up to the amount of work still left to.
How do I use it?
Smaller groups with more responsibility over their own time, using agile techniques, monitoring the number of bureacrats should help. Its particularly something for large corporations and organisations. Being aware of this phenomena can allow it to be observed and countered.
First articulated by Cyril Northcote Parkinson as part of the first sentence of a humorous essay published inThe Economist in 1955: that work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion.
The rate at which bureaucracies expand over time.
Much of the essay is dedicated to a summary of purportedly scientific observations supporting his law, such as the increase in the number of employees at the Colonial Office while Great Britain ‘s overseas empire declined (indeed, he shows that the Colonial Office had its greatest number of staff at the point when it was folded into the Foreign Office because of a lack of colonies to administer).
Data expands to fill the space available for storage.”Parkinson’s Law” could be generalized further still as:The demand upon a resource tends to expand to match the supply of the resource.The amount of time which one has to perform a task is the amount of time it will take to complete the task.
He explains this growth by two forces:
“An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals”
“Officials make work for each other.”
He notes in particular that the total of those employed inside a bureaucracy rose by 5-7% per year “irrespective of any variation in the amount of work (if any) to be done”. | <urn:uuid:6c430148-ac4b-42bf-83b4-cb783cbddc90> | {
"date": "2018-01-21T06:48:46",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890314.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121060717-20180121080717-00056.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9471935033798218,
"score": 2.75,
"token_count": 448,
"url": "http://www.designmethodsandprocesses.co.uk/parkinsons-law-reduce-project-time-for-better-results/"
} |
Hey, I'm reading through some notes, and I don't really understand congruent modulos I was hoping someone could explain better than the sites I found on google. Am I solving for something? I see a bunch of examples, but I don't understand what the problem is, or what I'm solving for... a = b (mod p) -1 = 1 (mod 2) -12 = 3 (mod 5) I don't understand how the negative numbers work. 22 = 1 (mod 3) 12 = 2 (mod 5) What I'm getting right now is 22/3 is remainder 1. and 12/5 is remainder 2.. but for -12/5.. wouldn't the remainder be -2? and -1/2.. wouldn't the remainder be -1? Sorry if this seems like a dumb question, thanks in advance. | <urn:uuid:4cfee202-1c00-44b1-aa02-d1673de20cae> | {
"date": "2017-01-22T01:50:57",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00064-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9809027910232544,
"score": 2.734375,
"token_count": 177,
"url": "https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/congruent-modulo.174504/"
} |
Many frogs have been steadily laying their frogspawn over the last few weeks, with some ponds now fit to bust!
Following hibernation, female frogs can lay several thousands of eggs. As she lays them into the water, the male is right behind her, ready to fertilise each egg.
From day one the small black dot in the middle of egg starts to grow, gradually becoming recognisable as a tadpole.
The eggs will usually hatch within a month of being laid, so you can expect to see newly hatched tadpoles towards the end of April or early May.
Like some other vertebrates, the tadpoles will continue to feed on the yolk they were born with for a few days after hatching.
This means they won’t need anything to eat whilst newly hatched, giving them an extra chance of survival in the jungle that is the back garden!
You can also leave a comment below or email a picture and you could be featured in our future blogs! You can email us at: | <urn:uuid:ec871017-9c3c-439a-ba1c-018acf68058c> | {
"date": "2019-07-23T22:51:44",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529737.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723215340-20190724001340-00416.warc.gz",
"int_score": 3,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9675799608230591,
"score": 3.09375,
"token_count": 209,
"url": "https://www.naturetalksandwalks.co.uk/when-do-tadpoles-hatch/"
} |
Earthwatch volunteers study hyenas and jackals in South Africa’s Pilanesberg National Park, helping to develop a long-term conservation plan.
This study focuses on the carnivore species that are typically scavengers in South Africa: the brown hyena and the black-backed jackal. Scavengers play a vital role in the environment by maintaining the balance of ecosystems through their specialized feeding habits; however, they also regularly come into conflict with people. Around the globe, conflict between humans and wildlife is growing due to increased pressure on land use and resources. It is estimated that there are fewer than 1,700 brown hyenas left in South Africa, and black-backed jackals are the most persecuted carnivore in the region.
As part of this Earthwatch team, you’ll help assess carnivore populations in areas with different levels of protection and management in order to help develop our understanding of the ecology of these animals, their role within ecosystems, the threats they face, and how they are viewed by locals, to aid future conservation strategies.
As a volunteer, you’ll be involved in many different aspects of the project, including survey work and education. But for all of your hard work, there will also be exciting opportunities to experience and learn more about other wildlife, enjoy the local cuisine and traditional activities, and relax and take in the African sunset. | <urn:uuid:d5f7ed5e-6f4b-4b59-a1f8-6f6b43fe46b0> | {
"date": "2015-08-31T08:46:37",
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065910.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00289-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"int_score": 4,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.956656813621521,
"score": 3.5625,
"token_count": 282,
"url": "http://eu.earthwatch.org/expeditions/south-africas-hyenas"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.