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ICT can have a significant impact on teaching, learning and school planning and administration. It offers learners opportunities to realise their individual potential and teachers new opportunities to develop professional skills in the classroom.
Digital Schools Republic of Ireland - Resources and Information
Schools should consider how they can integrate ICT into the school culture to enable sharing and mutual support among the teachers, collaboration with other schools locally and globally while also improving communications with parents and the wider local community.
Understanding the application of digital technology in the classroom and seeing the practical implementation of digital technology in learning and teaching is most important for teachers.
Here schools will find links and resources to assist in the planning and resourcing of ICT infrastructure.
This section provides links to information available on Digital Technology in the Curriclum from organisations such as NCCA, PDST, Scoilnet, etc. | <urn:uuid:753e9b55-6168-4479-97ac-3ce3b821d9c3> | {
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This map shows Systems of Government in the World. A systems of government or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized in order to exert its powers over a house in the congress body politic. Definitions of the major governmental terms are as follows. (Note that for some countries more than one definition applies.):
- Absolute monarchy - a form of government where the monarch rules unhindered, i.e., without any laws, constitution, or legally organized opposition.
- Authoritarian - a form of government in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of citizens' lives.
- Commonwealth - a nation, state, or other political entity founded on law and united by a compact of the people for the common good.
- Communist - a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single - often authoritarian - party holds power; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society).
- Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions, and limits of that government.
- Constitutional democracy - a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution.
- Constitutional monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch is guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom.
- Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.
- Democratic republic - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them.
- Dictatorship - a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws).
- Ecclesiastical - a government administrated by a church.
- Federal (Federation) - a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided - usually by means of a constitution - between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies, or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units.
- Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives.
- Islamic republic - a particular form of government adopted by some Muslim states; although such a state is, in theory, a theocracy, it remains a republic, but its laws are required to be compatible with the laws of Islam.
- Monarchy - a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen, or prince - with constitutionally limited authority.
- Parliamentary democracy - a political system in which the legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor along with the cabinet ministers - according to party strength as expressed in elections; by this system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the people as well as to the parliament.
- Parliamentary government (Cabinet-Parliamentary government) - a government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it; this type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function.
- Parliamentary monarchy - a state headed by a monarch who is not actively involved in policy formation or implementation (i.e., the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature (parliament).
- Presidential - a system of government where the executive branch exists separately from a legislature (to which it is generally not accountable).
- Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.
- Sultanate - similar to a monarchy, but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority.
- Theocracy - a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, but the Deity's laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs, etc.); a government subject to religious authority. | <urn:uuid:5f40a9f1-8a78-41ad-ad95-02b62b5454e5> | {
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Keli’imakekau-o-Nu`uanu was born in Kailua , Kona on Oct. 5, 1819 to Naohulelua (kane) and Kuniakea (wahine). Through his father’s side, he was a descendant of Liloa, Ali’i Nui o Hawaii, who resided in Waipio on the Big Island. Through his mother’s side, he was a descendant of the Kahunanui Hewahewa
He was named for a makua, either a parent or person of parent’s generation, who was given that name by King Kamehameha I himself. (Keli’imakekau-o-Nu`uanu refers to the ali’i who distinguished himself at the battle of Nu`uanu which Kamehameha fought to successfully defeat the armies of the king of Oahu. Because that ancestor fought so fiercely, he was honored by Kamehameha to commemorate his warrior skills.)
Tutu Makekau became a Christian and following the western manner, was baptized under the name “Abel”. Because of his staunch Christian faith, he was known as “E kupa’a ma ka Pono.” He was a deacon at Waine’e, a Kalawina church in Lahaina and served under several Kahu. Still, he observed many traditional customs, especially those that didn’t compromise his new Christian faith, which at the time, was puritanical in orientation.
His family moved to Lahaina, which was the capital of Hawaii at that time. He joined his half-brother, Kalanikini, attending Lahainaluna School, which had just opened. Later, Kalanikini sent for Tutu Makekau and their mother, Kuniakea to join him.
He worked for the H.P. Baldwin and was a trusted employee who was given much responsibility because of his employer’s high regard for him. Tutu served as luna for over 30 years. He was familiarly known as “Makekau kane” or Mr. Makekau in western equivalency. Makekau derived from the last part of his name.
Through the Great Mahele of 1846, as an ali’i, Tutu Makekau received lands. The Makekau Estates ran from the sugar mill to Lahainaluna School.
In 1851, he married Meli Kahiwa Swinton, a descendant of the highest chiefs of Molokai. She was beautiful and showed her English blood by her fair completion, features and green eyes. Tutu Makekau on the other hand was a pure blooded, very dark Hawaiian and was plain. Our kupuna often said they didn’t know how he landed that beautiful girl. Together, they had 14 children: Hattie Kalanikuinuiamamao, Harriet “Hattie” Nahienaena, David Kala’i-o-Hauola, Maile Akahiakulena, Charles Kuapu’uikealoonaali’i, Jennie Kaakaakaanaali’i, Sam Umihulumakaokalani, Naohulelua, Ramon Hoe, Lele Kekuhemahemaanaikealo’oKahekili, Tamar Piehu, Iamima, Alice Hakaleleponi, and Abel Nakaielua
In 1907, when he was 88, his daughter Jenny Saffrey sent for him to come to visit her in Kukuiha’ele. Tutu Makekau took his granddaughter, Eliza Duncan, to assist him as a traveling companion because he was old and walked with a cane. While there, he died of heart failure on Oct. 16, 1907. | <urn:uuid:ea63577c-95c5-4a0a-af6f-1c7fd5b0cb5e> | {
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God’s conversation with the patriarch Job, recorded in Job 41, was intended to show him that “God is God and Job is not.” In contemplating taking up his complaints with God, Job had been concerned with being overcome by terror (cf. Job 9:32-35; 13:20-22). In Job 41, Jehovah showed the suffering Job that his apprehensions were not misplaced. If Job would have to retreat in terror before a creature like leviathan, he certainly was unfit to argue with Almighty God! In the middle of His description of leviathan, the Lord asked Job: “No one is so fierce that he would dare stir him [leviathan—EL] up. Who then is able to stand against Me? Who has preceded Me, that I should pay him?” (Job 41:10-11). The Lord’s questions, of course, are meant to be rhetorical. No one can stand against God. He is the Almighty. He is Lord of all—even of the magnificent leviathan.
What is this amazing creature that God described in Job 41? God called it “leviathan.” But what is a leviathan? There are no animals today known by that name, are there?
Some modern scholars suggest that leviathan is a crocodile. In fact, certain versions of the Bible identify this creature in the marginal notes or chapter headings as the crocodile. But is God’s description of leviathan really consistent with a crocodile? By way of summary, Job was told
You can’t catch leviathan with a hook. You can’t kill him with a spear. In fact, leviathan laughs at the threat of javelins. When he raises himself up, the mighty are afraid. When he swims, the water boils with commotion. His underside is like sharp pieces of broken pottery that tear up the ground underneath him. Flashes of light and smoke expel from his nostrils like steam coming out of a boiling pot. Sparks of fire shoot out of his mouth, and his eyes glow like the morning sun. Leviathan is too powerful and ferocious to be captured by man.
God’s description of leviathan simply does not fit the crocodile (or any other another animal present in the world today). Steve Irwin, better known as “the crocodile hunter,” and his associates have shown us that crocodiles can be captured by man with little (if any) “high-tech weaponry,” just as they were by the ancient Egyptians. The Greek historian Herodotus discussed how the Egyptians captured crocodiles, and how that, after being seized, some even were tamed (Rowley, 1980, p. 259; Jackson, 1983, p. 87). Such a scene hardly depicts the animal of Job 41. If it did, then one would have to wonder what the purpose was behind God’s speech? If Job or others of his day could capture and tame this animal, could he also “stand against” God? That seems to be the conclusion one would have to draw if this creature were anything other than the untamable, ferocious creature God described. Thus, reason compels us to admit that leviathan must be some other kind of creature. But what kind? God’s description of leviathan is similar in every way with the descriptions we have of dinosaur-like, water-living reptiles that once roamed the Earth.
Some may wonder why this topic deserves to be “tackled” in an article such as this? Why not just accept what the “scholars” tell us about the identity of leviathan? Why? Because many of those who teach that this creature was a crocodile, and who reject the possibility of this creature being a dinosaur-like, water-living reptile, do so on the basis that dinosaurs and humans never lived together on the Earth at the same time. They believe and teach that dinosaurs, and dinosaur-like, water living reptiles, lived many millions of years ago—long before Job ever came along. Yet the Bible says: “For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them” (Exodus 20:11). He created water living animals on day five, and land animals on day six—the same day He created man (see Genesis 1:20-31; cf. Mark 10:6). The bottom line is: man and dinosaurs did live together. Job and dinosaurs easily could have been contemporaries (and, in my judgment, were). To say that leviathan could not have been a dinosaur-like, water living reptile because dinosaurs lived millions of years ago is to reject the biblical truth that God created everything in six days.
Jackson, Wayne (1983), The Book of Job (Abilene, TX: Quality).
Rowley, Harold Henry (1980), Job (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans) | <urn:uuid:87b91614-b205-47bf-84fb-8e0970801c2a> | {
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Mahatma Gandhi and the Kundalini Process
Mahatma Gandhi is generally considered
one of the greatest practitioners of
non-violent resistance through civil
disobedience. The title Mahatma
means "Great Soul."
by Gopi Krishna
Let us suppose that a public leader, of the same mental constitution as Gautama the Buddha, Christ, Socrates or Gandhi, all famous figures of history, universally respected for the excellence of their character and model way of life, were to be elected to the position of a President or a Prime Minister in one of the forward countries of the world. Does it stand to reason that he would behave in the same way as our present-day leaders do and be an active participant or a passive onlooker of the suicidal race for more and more destructive nuclear engines run day and night before our eyes?
The answer is an emphatic ‘no’. Such a personality would never be a party to or an idle spectator of the horrid game. On the contrary, he would raise heaven and earth to rid mankind of this hideous nightmare and even stake his life to achieve this aim. Has it ever struck you that if only one among the top leaders of the nuclear nations were to throw all his weight on the side of peace, with a ban on the use of nuclear armaments, and show his preparedness to make any sacrifice for it, he would gain the support of millions all over the earth and ignite a fire which only disarmament would quench.
But, apart from lip service, no leader of rank would risk his position, what to say of life, to take up this cause, the noblest and the most urgent of our day, for the simple reason that political consideration of power, prestige and domination would outweigh the self-preservative and humanitarian instincts, a clear symptom of incipient decay. It is obvious that the leading political minds of our time lack in proportion, when compared to the personalities that have made the greatest appeal to the human mind or, in other words, the personalities nearest to the standard of excellence, demanded by evolution, to which willy nilly the race has to conform.
What I am expounding is not entirely new. A glance at the basic tenets of the current faiths of mankind would amply corroborate what I say. Further confirmation will come from the experiments on Kundalini. In fact, no political system set up on the earth is true to any religion, principle or creed. It is a gangrenous mass that needs a surgeon’s knife to remove. If this does not happen, a mentally deformed humanity will result of which the signs are plain to see even now.
For a harmonious human personality, there should be a correspondence between the qualities of the head and the heart. This is the reason why, in every form of Yoga, cultivation of cardinal virtues and noble traits of character has been accorded the premier place. Love of fellow human beings, truth, compassion, humility and austerity are the first marks of a harmoniously evolved mind. How can we debate on evolution, when we do not know where it would lead? It cannot be a blind process that can over-haul a most intricate organ like the brain, while its neurons are occupied with a thousand tasks. It must be an Intelligence beyond our grasp. That is Kundalini, and that is what the Third Eye can reveal.
Continued evolution of the human mind cannot be taken lightly or treated as a process which can go on by itself without our racking our brains about it. The transition from the human to the transhuman consciousness would create for mankind such a host of intricate problems and entail such care and attention that, with all her resources of knowledge and skill, she would find it hard to carry the load of duties and responsibilities involved. It is for this reason, Kundalini is addressed as Mother for it is only through her grace that the brain can be saved from cracking under the pressures exerted on it, when there is a conflict between the demands of evolution and the unwholesome life led by self-deluded human beings.
It would be a mistake to suppose that the knowledge gained since the collapse of the ancient cultures would prevent a repetition of the same process of degeneration and decay, for the reason that the present world is yet completely in the dark about the problems arising out of the still operative evolution of the brain. The tempo of progress can serve as an index to show at what speed the brain is up soaring. The greater the speed the more urgent is the need to put our house in order to avoid a conflict. The world is asleep while a crisis is mounting in every human brain.
Had the discovery been made in time, the state of the world would not be what it is at present. There would be better planning, healthier living conditions, a united mankind, more advanced social and political orders, widespread awareness about the target of human life and the methods to achieve it. What we have now is an intellectual confusion and chaos, a Tower of Babel in which everyone is crying at the top of one’s voice to make oneself heard. The cries mingle together into an incoherent roar which save its loudness, has no saving wisdom to impart.
With the first experiments on Kundalini many of the current systems of thought, many of the concepts of science and the assumptions of psychology will come tumbling down to earth. The reason is that the universe we perceive is only a creation of consciousness. In one dimension, it is all there with its atoms and molecules, books and charts, suns and planets; in the other it melts away like a vanished dream. But the mystery is not over; the universe of consciousness, now unfolded, is a greater wonder and presents a more unfathomable mystery to solve. Mankind, when arrived at this stage, would not be at the journey’s end, but begin another lap of it entirely beyond our imagination to conceive. One of the most amazing features of our time, in the eyes of our progeny, towards the end of the 21st century, would be the blindness of the intellect which assumes that what it perceives with the senses is the totality and not only the tip of an iceberg of which the bulk is beyond our power to discern.
The leading personalities of our day are far in advance in quick thinking, political acumen and temporal knowledge of the greatest thinkers of the past. But many of them are pygmies compared to the spiritual giants of those times, like Janaka, Buddha, Christ or Socrates. The former present a disproportionate appearance in their psychic buildup, giants of intellect on the one side, and dwarfs in spiritual wisdom on the other. This disproportion in the mental structure, invisible to the normal eye, makes them oddities on the astral plane, the result of a lopsided evolution of the brain.
It is because of this well marked disproportion in leading minds that the intellectually more advanced 20th century has been the era of the most barbarous cruelties, massacres and wars in history. It is for this reason that there has come into existence a most infernal weapon of self-destruction, devised by the most advanced brains of all time, completely dead to the idea that the use of such a weapon to destroy millions of innocent women and children only because they are born in a hostile land, is a mark of cowardice that has no parallel in the annals of the race.
A monstrous weapon of this destructive power has been fashioned and is tolerated because a well defined reflection of this disproportion is clearly noticeable in the collective racial mind - a most alarming symptom, heralding an upheaval of gigantic proportions in the racial body to correct the fault. It is incredible that, even at this stage of progress, the learned should still be unaware of the fact that the psychic waves that sweep over a large or small segment of humanity, driving it to a revolution or war, come as surely from the Cosmic Mind as individual thoughts and feelings do. The ceaselessly agitated surface of an ocean in a storm or the endlessly vibrating fields of energy, forming the material universe, bear a poor comparison to the tornado of activity raging in the Pranic world.
Count roughly the ghastly massacres that occurred in this century, of thousands to millions of innocent human beings, in Russia, China, Germany, India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Persia, Lebanon, Ireland, Africa, South-America and other places and also count the sadistic leaders and their hundreds of thousand genocidal accomplices who perpetrated the crimes, resulting in the brutal murder of over 20 million human beings. Count also the number of the battles and wars, large and small, fought in the same period and the even greater number of soldiers killed or disabled for life. Project this picture into the 21st Century, with the additional terror of the all-destroying nuclear bomb, and you will have a pretty clear idea of the horrors to come. If this grisly march of events is not arrested, while there still is time, the race is doomed.
Why I am drawing attention to this critical situation of the world today in a conference of The Transpersonal Psychology Association is because the phenomenon relates most closely to the science of the mind. It is an alarming foreshadow of the events to come that, even at this stage, when a volcano is about to burst under their very feet, the people of the world look on nonchalantly at the hideous preparations made for a holocaust, as a herd of cattle looks on passively at the arrangements made for its slaughter. This is an ominous sign, the result, to a lesser degree, of the same disproportion that has occurred in the more evolved leading brains. Had the guiding lights of the race been as normal in their response to this suicidal threat, a hue and cry would have been raised from the very beginning, forcing the leaders to abandon the project. But they did not. It could be that many of them tacitly nodded their assent keeping, by their silence, the masses unaware of the hazards to which they are exposed.
It is only now, through the heroic efforts of a few saner minds, that the people are becoming more and more aware of the grave danger to their life. It is this growing awareness which is at the root of the anti-war and anti-nuclear movements now launched in many parts of the earth. The real cause for the crisis created, as also of the apathy shown by the bulk of the earth’s population towards it, is still unsuspected by the world. It rests on something that is still unknown to science.
So far as I know, there is not the slightest inkling either among the scholars or the laity, that, by a gross disregard of spiritual values during the last few centuries, the evolution of the human mind has taken an unhealthy direction with the result that a large section of the population is affected by a disproportion which, if not set right, can have the gravest consequences for humanity. The imbalance is more clearly marked in the more intelligent minds.
The millions of known cases of mental disorder, in spite of the crimes committed by some of them, are not a menace to the race. The danger comes from the crowds of smart, highly efficient people whose instincts are not balanced and who lack the moral counterpoise to off-set the enlarged ego, boundless ambition and immoderate greed of the highly intelligent mind. Keeping in view the picture of this mental disproportion, count now the number of abnormal people, occupying the highest seats of power, among the nations of the earth. Remember that there will be in a few years no less than twenty nuclear states and that even one abnormal at the head of any one of them, can ignite a fire that would set the world ablaze.
The only possible way to save the world from this grave danger is to gain knowledge of the evolutionary mechanism and the conditions needed for its healthy operation to create the harmonious personalities that can bring peace to the world. The only method to gain this knowledge, apart from what is contained in the religious and occult literature of the world, is to undertake extensive studies of the phenomenon in various parts of the earth.
There are many fields of study and research in the various departments of science, but none of such urgency and importance as the research on Kundalini. Nature has left no other door open for the study of mind or other intelligent forces of nature, except this one, for the reason that further evolution of the brain is needed before entry to the super-sensory planes of creation can be gained. It is only the accomplished products of Kundalini who will be able to guide the race beyond the intellectual level now reached by her.
I now come to another aspect of Kundalini which, I believe, would bring the phenomenon more sharply into focus, especially among the learned. For this purpose it is necessary to draw attention to a few historical instances to show how Kundalini acts as a divine instrument in shaping human destiny and how the extraordinary personalities, fashioned by her, become instruments in causing mass upheavals to change the fate of empires and the multitudes under their sway.
One of the most remarkable personalities of our time has been M.K. Gandhi, who brought independence to India. There was an episode in the life of this extraordinary man of which no satisfactory explanation has been provided so far. The authors of the book Freedom at Midnight, on which the Gandhi film is based, describe this episode as a drama whose unique dimensions eventually scandalized some of his oldest associates, alarmed millions of Indians and baffled the historians who tried to comprehend all the intricate facts of Gandhi’s complex character.
The drama centered round a 19 year old girl, Gandhi’s grand-niece, Manu. The girl, orphaned at an early age, had been brought up by Gandhi and his wife as their own grand-daughter. On the death of his wife, Gandhi promised to be a mother to the girl and actually cared for her as mothers do. One day, when 19, Manu shyly confessed to him that she had never felt sexual arousal, normal in a girl of her age. Gandhi himself had taken a pledge to be a Brahmachari, that is, to abstain from sex and had taken this decision to his wife in 1906. After the vow was taken Gandhi did all in his power to obliterate the faintest signs of erotic desire in himself. For years, he experimented with different diets to choose one that had the least effect on his libido.
As the result of his rigid control, he came to believe that he had killed the last vestige of sex in himself. But his confidence was shattered 30 years later, when he noticed himself in a state of erection one night. He was greatly depressed at the thought that he had not been able to achieve the goal for which he had battled so long. The perfect Brahmachari, in the view of Gandhi, was a man who could lay by the side of a Venus, in all her naked beauty, without being physiologically or mentally disturbed. He firmly believed that the sublimation of his sexual energies would give him the moral and spiritual power to accomplish his mission in life.
After listening to the confessions of Manu, Gandhi decided to put himself and her to the test. With this idea in his mind, he announced his decision to Manu that they would share the same pallet and sleep together, like a mother and daughter, without the least idea of an erotic nature. Manu agreed and the plan was put into effect. But soon rumors began to float and scandals to spread. As his confidence in his mastery over himself grew, Gandhi extended the range of physical contact with women. He nursed them when they were ill, and allowed them to nurse him. He had his daily massage on his bare body, done by young girls, and in that state gave interviews or consulted with the leaders of his party.
As the word of what was happening spread beyond the limits of the Ashram, the news caused an intense shock to the party-leaders, face to face with a critical situation at the time. Gandhi confronted the rumors in an evening prayer meeting. His words calmed his immediate associates, but the calumny continued to spread. Emissaries came from Delhi to protest against this strange behavior, but Gandhi flatly refused to deviate from his course. Finally it was Manu herself, perhaps on a hint from one of the emissaries, who persuaded him to abandon the practice with the assurance that in all other matters she would continue to act as before.
This riddle in the life of Gandhi has not been satisfactorily answered so far. In the case of a scrupulously conscientious man, like him, who staked his life for his principles, not once but several times and did not yield, even in the face of death, it would be unfair to suppose that he had libidinous aims which he deliberately concealed under the pretext of acting as a mother to Manu. It is, indeed, a puzzle why Gandhi himself should have been so insistent on her sharing his bed in order to steel himself or her in the discipline of Brahmacharya, as he must have been conscious that such a behavior on his part could be misunderstood and create scandals, seriously inimical to his reputation and mission. We cannot imagine that a shrewd public leader, like Gandhi, could be so naive as not to be aware of the consequences that could ensue from his strange behavior.
This paradoxical episode in the life of Gandhi is easily explainable in the light of Kundalini. As the result of a favorable heredity, his own ideas and, perhaps, even practices, Kundalini must have started to stir in him even before he ceased his relations with his wife, that is, the energy must have started to flow into his brain. In other words, he must have felt that he was becoming an urdhva-retas, which in Sanskrit means, one with an upward flow of reproductive energy.
In the first phases of the awakening, the demand on the energy is so much that sexual appetite is lost and the male organ shrinks. This is clearly brought out by Arthur Avalon in his The Serpent Power. Gandhi, too, must have experienced it. This is patently clear from his own remarks that "the sexual organs of a real Brahmachari begin to look different. They remain as mere symbols of his sex, and his sexual secretions are sublimated into a vital force pervading his whole being."
The first phase of the awakening can last for months and years, depending on the constitution, heredity, life-style and the behavior of the subject. The awakening of the power signifies a new activity in the brain, leading to an expansion of consciousness which ultimately terminates in the Mystical Vision. The opening of the brain-centre does not occur at once as that would be calamitous and can end in instant insanity or death. But, in benign cases, it occurs by slight degrees, each small expansion followed by a period of adjustment, time after time, until the maximum possible for the subject is achieved. After each adjustment, when the demand on the secretions diminishes, the partially or completely lost virility is restored.
The attempt of the mechanism of evolution is to adapt the body to the expanding new activity of the brain, so that the flame of extended consciousness is maintained undimmed, with the combined activity of the organs and tissues, as is the case with normal consciousness. For this vital purpose, every single drop of the reproductive fluids is sucked up and used as the driving force for the changes wrought. For this reason, although from the outward appearance, the male member appears to shrink, there is, on the whole, a heightened activity of the reproductive organs to supply, for inner consumption, as much of the secretions as possible. In this process there occur periods when the demand on the generative secretions is so great that the subject needs constant stimulation to increase the supply of the reproductive juices. This stimulation is provided by an erotically pleasing object. The Tantras and other works on Kundalini clearly acknowledge the need of an attractive female partner in the practices undertaken to awaken Shakti. The real reason for this lies in the demand of the brain to condition itself for the manifestation of a more extended state of consciousness. If this demand is denied, due to some fault in the reproductive system, or if the precious essence is wasted in pleasure, the results that follow can be disastrous.
Gandhi, as the leader of the independence movement of a subcontinent, carrying a population of over 400 million, with a hundred problems constantly on his head, needed an enormous consumption of psychic energy to keep himself in a state of balance and calm. The expansion in his consciousness, which had already started, added vastly to the problem. Only a man of iron resolve could maintain his composure in the crises that surrounded him on every side. The drain on his procreative organs, to sustain his brain in such a situation, must have been terrific. It is, therefore no wonder that this great son of India needed a stimulant to keep up an uninterrupted supply of the food which his brain needed.
Most probably Gandhi himself had no inkling of the transformative process at work in him. This needed a life’s experience of a power-fully active Kundalini. The adjustments must have taken a much longer time in his case, on account of the severe ordeals he had to undergo, the extremely austere way of life he led, the load of tasks he had to do and the fasts he kept. He was cast into a severe fit of depression 30 years later, when he noticed that he was still prone to sexual arousal, as he was unaware of the cyclic operation of Kundalini.
Gandhi could never know of the real reasons for his attitude towards Manu. He submitted to the organic need of his brain without knowing why he was so insistent in acting as a mother to his niece. Compared to the colossal task he had on his shoulders, this little episode of his affection for Manu, or his preference for daily massage has no significance. Nature accomplishes her great tasks in her own way and leaves short-sighted mortals wondering how it could happen. But for this subconsciously motivated behavior, which he himself could not consciously understand, it might not have been possible for this great soul to carry out the herculean task which had been entrusted to him.
The experiments on Kundalini will keep the world breathless with wonder for centuries to come. Every great historical event, every great revolution and every war, that has occurred in recent times, has been the result of a ferment in the brains of the leading personalities involved, resulting from the activity of Kundalini. When Kundalini starts to act, every facet of the personality in which she acts is known to her. The rigid, unbending Gandhi who would not deviate from his principles had to be tackled in his own way. In order to keep the overtaxed brain supplied with the fuel which it needed for its sanity, stimulation was indispensable. How could it be provided consciously, in the existing frame of his mind, against the principles he had cherished all his life. For this reason, the subconscious came into play, as it does in the life of many of us, to impel to actions unconsciously, which, otherwise, we would refuse to do.
There are certain peculiarities in the life of Gandhi which unerringly point to the conclusions I have drawn. He was married at the age of 13, and entered the delightful rose-bed of married life with exuberant joy. It seems he had a strongly marked erotic side. This is clearly brought out by a curious incident. One day, while massaging the legs of his dying father, whom he dearly loved, Gandhi was seized by a sudden burst of sexual desire that made him tip-toe to his room and wake up his pregnant wife. A few minutes later, while the two were still swimming in pleasure, a servant came to inform him that his father had died. The incident left a deep scar on the mind of Gandhi, which could have provided one of the reasons for his vow of continence at the age of 37.
The pledge was not confined to the subdual of erotic desire alone. To Gandhi, at this age, it meant control of all the senses, restraint in emotion, diet and speech, the suppression of anger, violence and hate, a simple, austere life and the attainment of a desireless state close to the ideal, depicted in the Bhagavad-Gita, of a self-controlled sage. The most significant feature of the transformation is the age at which it occurred. As already indicated in my books, the usual time for a spontaneous arousal of the Serpent-Power is around about the age of 35 years, with a margin of a few years this way or that. The desires and impulses that arise are the same which stirred in Gandhi. These include an accentuation of religious fervor, or a strong urge to turn from the world and devote oneself to a spiritual or noble cause. Mark the somewhat identical stirrings in the crowds which devote themselves intensely to Yoga or some other spiritual discipline.
There are other traits exhibited by Gandhi during this period which leave no doubt that the Shakti had begun to operate in him. Space does not permit me to dwell on them at present. At the time when the incidents mentioned occurred, Gandhi, now 77 years, was facing stresses that demanded a more abundant supply of the psychic fuel to save his aging brain from giving way under the strain. When Kundalini occupies the last centre in the head, a constant stream of sublimated reproductive energy irrigates the brain, reducing greatly the pressure on the generative organs or removing it altogether. Instead of causing tensions that need release, it now opens a fountain of creative joy in the head which puts what was formerly thought to be the peak of delight, into shade.
It is our own distorted vision, born of weakness, which makes us think that sex-energy is too profane an object to be used for the holy communion with God. The breasts of a mother serve as a delightful object of erotic pleasure for the husband or lover, but, at the same time, they provide life-saving nourishment to her child. No one ever contends that the milk he imbibed from his mother’s breasts in infancy was impure. In formulating her plan, nature does not care for the petty idiosyncrasies of the human mind. The same divine power which brings a human child into being drives it at a certain period of life to the act of procreation and, when the time is ripe, fills it with the urge for self-awareness, as it had once filled it with erotic desire, to lead it ultimately to the Vision Divine.
I have presented the case of Mahatma Gandhi, as it is typical of an active Kundalini. The aim has been, in the first place, to show the tremendous influence that the power exerts on the life of individuals and, through them, on the life of multitudes. Secondly, to throw a glimmer of light on one of the infinitely varied activities of this divine power to help those in whom it is astir or might stir up in future, to regulate their lives. Thirdly, the aim is to clear this great soul of the shadow that was cast on him towards the end by the episode described. The love between men and women, on the earthly plane, for procreation or enjoyment is human. But the same love, on the super-earthly plane, to help the soul win back its glory and freedom is divine.
The subject will be discussed more fully elsewhere, with illustrations drawn from the lives of other distinguished men and women in whom there is clear evidence to show that the power was active from an early period of life. These would include Freud and Jung also, who contributed so richly to the science of mind, but had no inkling of the mysterious force operating in them to which they owed their fluency of expression, vast knowledge and deep insights. Had they known it, much of what they have written would have remained unsaid. Such is the bewildering play of Kundalini. She is the inscrutable Maya-Shakti, the author of this magic show of life, a dream and a reality both.
- Research Approach
- Memorandum for Kundalini Research
- Literary Research
- Kundalini: The Biological Basis of Religion & Genius: Walt Whitman
- Mahatma Gandhi and the Kundalini Process
- Saint John of the Cross
- The Genius of Johannes Brahms
- Thomas Jefferson
- Jiddu Krishnamurti: 20th Century Philosopher and Mystic
- Hildegard of Bingen: A Yogini in Nun's Clothing
- Rudolf Steiner
- Victor Hugo
- Kundalini and Consciousness
- Kundalini and the Evolutionary Process | <urn:uuid:1c420bb6-3099-4f12-90b4-ee41b95fc699> | {
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To complete this tutorial, you will need to have Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 installed on your system. You will also need to have downloaded and installed the Rhino 4.0 SDK.
Note: If you are installing the SDK on Windows 8, 7 or Vista, you will need to right-click on the installer and choose Run as administrator. If you double-click the installer it will not install correctly.
From a user’s standpoint, a Rhino plug-in is a software module that extends Rhino by adding new commands, features, or capabilities. From a programmer’s perspective, a Rhino plug-in is a regular Windows Dynamic Link Library, or DLL, that links with the Rhino SDK libraries. Examples of Rhino plug-ins include Bongo, Brazil, Flamingo nXt, and Penguin.
There are five different types of Rhino plug-ins.
The Rhino SDK includes a Visual Studio Wizard. The wizard program generates the code for a functioning plug-in. Follow these steps to build the plug-in:
Choose New → Project… from the Visual Studio File menu. From the New Project dialog, select the Rhino plug-in template from the list of installed templates.
Type the project name as shown. You can enter a different name if you want, but the wizard uses the project name when it creates files and classes. If you enter a different name, your files and classes will have a name different from that of the files and classes mentioned in this tutorial.
Don’t forget to choose a location to store the project. When finished, click the OK button.
When you click OK, the Overview page of the Rhino Plug-In Wizard dialog will appear. This page gives you a summary of the type of project that the wizard is going to create. By default, the wizard will do the following:
If you are satisfied with the default settings, just click the Finish button. If you want to change any of these settings, just click the Next button.
The Plug-in Settings page allows you to modify many settings used by the wizard when generating the plug-in source code.
For this tutorial, just accept the default settings. Click the Finish button, and the wizard begins to generate your plug-in project’s folders, files, and classes. When the wizard is finished, look through the plug-in project using Visual Studio’s Solution Explorer. The following files are of interest:
The Rhino plug-in wizard, besides generating code, creates a custom project file for your plug-in. This file, Test.vcproj, specifies all of the file dependencies together with the compile and link option flags.
Before we can build our project, we need to fill in the Rhino plug-in developer declarations. These declarations will let the user of our plug-in know who produced the plug-in and where they can support information if needed. Open TestPlugIn.cpp and change the following lines of code, providing your company name and other support information.
RHINO_PLUG_IN_DEVELOPER_ORGANIZATION( L"My Company Name" ); RHINO_PLUG_IN_DEVELOPER_ADDRESS( L"123 Developer Street\r\nCity State 12345-6789" ); RHINO_PLUG_IN_DEVELOPER_COUNTRY( L"My Country" ); RHINO_PLUG_IN_DEVELOPER_PHONE( L"123.456.7890" ); RHINO_PLUG_IN_DEVELOPER_FAX( L"123.456.7891" ); RHINO_PLUG_IN_DEVELOPER_EMAIL( L"[email protected]" ); RHINO_PLUG_IN_DEVELOPER_WEBSITE( L"http://www.mycompany.com" ); RHINO_PLUG_IN_UPDATE_URL( L"http://www.mycompany.com/support" );
When finished, delete the following line of source code as the #error directive will prevent the project from building.
#error Developer declarations block is incomplete!
If you do not delete this line, the plug-in will build. You are now ready to build the project by picking Build Test from the Build menu. If the build was successful, a plug-in file named Test_d.rhp is created in the project’s Debug folder.
Choose Start Debugging from the Debug menu. This will load Rhino. The version of Rhino that is launched depends on the configuration that you build. The wizard adds the following configurations to your project.
For this tutorial, build the debug configuration.
From within Rhino, select Options from the Tools menu. Navigate to the Plug-ins page under Rhino Options and install your plug-in. Note, being that the debug version of Rhino will only load debug plug-ins. No other plug-ins will show up in the list.
Once your plug-in is loaded, close the options dialog and run your Test command. You have finished creating your first plug-in. | <urn:uuid:83a21f97-461a-4dcb-a30c-942679fc4482> | {
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On January 13, 1942, German U-boats began their campaign on the Eastern Seaboard of North America, targeting merchant ships and oil tankers. And for the next seven months, they dominated the waters off the East Coast. German U-boat captains loved to be assigned to this region as it was an easy place to rack up their kill count, sinking fuel tankers and cargo ships without any resistance. Often they were even in sight of the shore. Yet this is something rarely talked about during the US history of World War II.
During those seven months, the U-boat attacks destroyed 22 percent of the US tanker fleet, sinking a total of 233 ships in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. It is estimated they killed over 5,000 sailors and passengers, which is more than double the amount of people who died at Pearl Harbor. While thousands of people may have been looking at the skies in fear of enemy airplanes, nobody knew about this carnage that was going on right at their doorstep.
You see at the start of the war the U.S. Navy was ill-equipped to deal with submarines, they had no idea how to deal with them or protect their ships from them. And the U.S. Admiral King at the time famously refused to take advice from his British allies. This led to the U.S. Navy lying about what was going on in the seas and ensuring that the news media agreed to nationwide government censorship about the topic. This ensured that the military’s incompetence was hidden, and no one realized they were incapable of protecting their shipping routes and saving the lives of merchant seamen.
When the United States entered World War II, Germany believed they would still be able to win the war if they prevented the U.S. from supplying Britain with war materials and fuel. And the German Admiral Karl Donitz was sure they were ill-prepared for dealing with U-boats, which he was completely right. For months, the United States continued to send out ships one by one and even did not order them to turn their lights off, making these cargo ships all easy prey for German U-Boats.
Great Britain exasperated with their incompetence sent an Admiral to plead with the United States to change their tactics, from experience, Britain had learned the best defense against U-Boats was to travel in conveys guarded by military destroyers. It took until April for them to finally implement these tactics and sink the first German U-boat, but by this time the damage was done.
A period of time that the U.S. Navy would prefer us to forget, but we should always remember those that have been lost. | <urn:uuid:858424ff-867b-4735-b5d3-29451b76de8e> | {
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Solar Scholars to lead three solar energy workshops
Bucknell Environmental Facts
- 95 percent of campus energy is produced by co-generation plant
- Greenhouse gas emissions are down 45 percent from pre-1998 level
- All campus stationery is chlorine-free and contains 100 percent post-consumer fiber content
- Environmental studies major created in 1979
- Bucknell Environmental Center established in 2006
The Saturday workshops will be held Feb. 16, March 1, and April 5 from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. at the
"Attendees can expect to learn the basics of designing, siting, and installing a small-scale residential solar array," said Jess Scott, a Bucknell senior and member of the campus Solar Scholars program. "They can expect to learn how solar energy works -- from the time the sun hits a solar panel to the time a light bulb turns on in their home."
Scott, the student organizer behind the recent Focus the Nation teach-in, a daylong effort to focus attention on global climate issues and potential solutions, said that participants can expect to "come out of this workshop with an understanding of solar energy strong enough to play an integral role in the design and installation of their own array."
Among the topics that will be discussed at each of the five-hour workshops are how to determine the correct type and size of solar system, the steps of installing and operating a solar system at a home or small business, solar cost analysis, battery and wiring basics, and system comparisons.
To attend the solar workshops, contact Jess Scott.
The workshops are the continuation of the work of the Solar Scholars program, a solar energy design and education program started on six
Electricity from the solar array, when not fully used at the center, is fed to the national electric grid.
Another Solar Scholars design and installation project was recently completed on the Bucknell campus with the construction of two arrays at Bucknell West. Electricity from the panels -- one stationary and one that tracks the sun -- is powering a student living space and panel data are being collected for classroom analysis and being shared with the other schools participating in the Solar Scholars education program.
Bucknell University Environmental Center co-director Craig Kochel with the center's solar panel.
Contact: Office of Communications
Posted Feb. 5, 2008
Next story >> | <urn:uuid:7adc49e0-b0c3-4c91-8181-2b91ff9c54d3> | {
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Who Makes the World’s Best Fliers?
For more than seven years, Dr. Robert Wood and a team of researchers from Harvard University have been studying flies and attempting to build a life-size, flying robot that can mimic the flight of living flies. The government is hopeful that robotic flies might one day be used as spies in surveillance missions, as well as to detect toxic chemicals used by terrorists. On July 19, 2007, MIT’s Technology Review announced that Wood’s “robotic fly has taken flight at Harvard University” (Ross, 2007). Dr. Ron Fearing of the University of California, Berkeley has been studying the dynamics of insect flight for years. In fact, he is Wood’s former Ph.D. advisor. He called Wood’s robotic flying insect “a major breakthrough” (as quoted in Ross).
What do brilliant scientists have to show for their seven plus years of research on flies? What was the “major project milestone” reported in Technology Review? Why was Wood joyfully “jumping up and down in the lab” (Ross)? Answer: his life-size robotic fly took off. It cannot maneuver in the air. It is unable to be controlled. It cannot avoid obstacles. It cannot slow down and land on a specific target. It does not have its own power source (and even if it did, it could provide no more than five minutes of power to fly). “At the moment, Wood’s fly is limited by a tether that keeps it moving in a straight, upward direction” (Ross). Yet, since “a lot of people thought it would never be able to take off,” such a feat is considered remarkable.
Admittedly, Woods and his colleagues have done a superb job in building a life-size robotic fly that can move upward on a tether by flapping its synthetic wings. It takes extremely intelligent individuals to develop their own fabrication process and manufacture a tiny robot that resembles and mimics (to some degree) living flies. Yet, these same men advocate that real flies, which have “long puzzled scientists and bedazzled engineers” with their “magical,” “sophisticated,” “intricate maneuvers,” are the end result of mindless time and chance, i.e., evolution (Dye, 2007). Such a proposition defies common sense!
Were Woods and his team of researchers to leave hundreds of tiny carbon-polymer pieces lying around in a lab for 100 years (or one billion years!), no reasonable person would conclude that, eventually, time and chance would assemble a robotic fly, much less one that maneuvers as well as a real fly. It has taken intelligent, hardworking scientists more than seven years just to make a robotic fly lift off the ground.
Who made the often imitated, but never duplicated living fly that can “change the direction of its flight by 90 degrees in about 50 thousandths of a second” (Dye)? Who designed the fruit fly’s “spiffy neuron-circuitry” that allows it to rotate from north to west and then zip westward “in one-fifth the blink of a human eye” (Dye)? Who made the fly, its sesame-seed size brain, and its complicated flight dynamics that scientists have been unable to “figure out” fully even after several years of study? Did mere time and chance create the common fly, which Dr. Michael Dickinson of the California Institute of Technology said has “the fastest visual system” and “most powerful muscles on the planet” (as quoted in Dye)? Should we conclude, as did Dr. Wood, that “[n]ature makes the world’s best fliers” (as quoted in Ross)? Certainly not! Only a superior Intelligence outside and above nature’s time and chance logically explains the existence of intricate design. Indeed, God is the builder and maker of all things (Hebrews 3:4).
Dye, Lee (2007), “Scientists Study the Amazing Flight of Flies,” ABC News, [On-line], URL: http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97651&page=1.
Ross, Rachel (2007), “Robotic Insect Takes Off for the First Time,” Technology Review, [On-line], URL: http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/19068/. | <urn:uuid:0a29dce7-77a7-4b95-a50a-c23fbb84cd7c> | {
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|“||[a] computer operating method under which two or more processors are linked and execute multiple programs simultaneously.||”|
Some computers may divide their work between one or more separate CPUs, creating a multiprocessing configuration. Traditionally, this technique was utilized only in large and powerful computers such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. However, multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers have become widely available and are beginning to see increased usage in lower-end markets as a result.
Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of a the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulations, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications.
- ↑ Auditing and Financial Management: Glossary of EDP Terminology, at 11.
- ↑ However, it is also very common to construct supercomputers out of many pieces of cheap commodity hardware — usually individual computers connected by networks. These so-called computer clusters can often provide supercomputer performance at a much lower cost than customized designs. While custom architectures are still used for most of the most powerful supercomputers, there has been a proliferation of cluster computers in recent years.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| | <urn:uuid:a19906ec-141e-4b58-a674-d964fe8e5c62> | {
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Scott Gottlieb, Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), recently promised to ensure that all U.S. medicines are safe and effective. But he won't be able to do so if Congress proceeds with a misguided plan to allow patients to import prescription drugs.
Americans rely on the FDA's ability to track and certify all medications, which currently never leave a closely monitored supply chain.
Unfortunately, other countries don't vigilantly monitor their medications. Their lax standards result in an unreliable supply of medicines — including fake drugs — that don't work as patients and doctors expect.
In Nigeria, most of the drug supply originates from India and China. A 2011 World Health Organization survey found 64% of anti-malarial medicine in the country to be fake.
Nigeria isn't an outlier. In many African nations, the share of fake medicines tops 30% of the total drug supply. In Angola, officials discovered that 1.4 million antimalarial drugs shipped from China were counterfeit.
These counterfeit drugs kill patients by the tens of thousands. Compromised antimalarial drugs lead to the deaths of more than 120,000 African children every year. That's roughly the equivalent of a jumbo jet crashing every day.
Doctors in the poorest countries are suspicious of the quality of their drug supply. But still, they deliver these drugs to patients, since they have no other option.
Imagine an American oncologist worrying about the quality or safety of a medicine she was about to deliver to a patient!
The death toll from fake medicines in Africa is staggering, but the long-term impact of ineffective medications may be worse. Adulterated drugs that contain only small amounts of active ingredients not only fail to treat the sick, but can also expose bacteria to weak antibiotics. This exposure creates drug-resistant strains of disease.
Pandemics know no borders. A drug-resistant malaria superbug — which was detected in Africa for the first time in February — could lead to a global outbreak and kill millions of people per year. Bill Gates recently warned that a global pandemic could arise within the next ten to fifteen years and kill over 30 million people.
Right now, the United States has a closely monitored and closed distribution system to keep fake and adulterated medicines out. However, Congress is considering a drug importation bill that would dismantle these protections.
The proposed law requires foreign drug distributors to certify compliance with certain safety protocols. But foreign pharmacies, for example, do not need to verify the accuracy of their submitted reports. Even if FDA regulators suspect a foreign pharmacy is lying, the U.S. government legally cannot enforce compliance. In short, the government must blindly trust foreign drug distributors.
That's why four former FDA commissioners from the Obama and Bush administrations oppose the current bill. They recently wrote an open letter warning that "obtaining sufficient resources and expertise to screen and verify the authenticity of every product destined for American consumers presents enormous challenges."
If the bill passes, counterfeiters could exploit these weaknesses to "transship" drugs from unreliable developing markets, through supposedly safe countries, and then on to the United States.
Criminals have already used this tactic to prey on Americans and sell them fake drugs. In 2015, one Washington man, Jae Seon Yoon, imported and sold drug paraphernalia and thousands of fake pills that were made in China but shipped through Canada and labeled with Canadian logos.
Fake drugs are killing tens of thousands of people in African nations that lack the resources and systems to rigorously monitor imported medicines.
Americans are fortunate to have the FDA to protect them from unreliable imports. It'd be a travesty for Congress to cripple the FDA and weaken the time-tested safety measures that have kept Americans safe.
- Taylor is the Executive Director of The Cameron Institute. | <urn:uuid:d81f7579-1d21-4958-a59f-a64b81cbea61> | {
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Reportable Diseases and Conditions
Reportable diseases are diseases considered to be of great public health importance. Local, state, and national health agencies require that certain diseases be reported when they are diagnosed by doctors or laboratories.
Reporting allows for the collection of statistics that show how often the disease occurs. This helps in the identification of disease trends and tracking of outbreaks. This information can help control future outbreaks.
All states have a "reportable diseases" list. It is the responsibility of the health-care provider, not the patient, to report cases of these diseases. | <urn:uuid:a73c9b41-05d9-4715-97ad-4ea90ebcb040> | {
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Books are the cornerstone of a good education system. They are the most basic medium to record and distribute knowledge among the masses. Books have been around for centuries and will not cease to exist in the future. In recent times, technology has drastically changed every aspect of our lives, including the way we learn. This change has been very acute when it comes to organizational learning.
Traditional learning methods such as classroom sessions and physical textbooks have taken a back seat in organizational learning owing to the high level of digitization. But does it mean the books or manuals on software systems, network technicalities, machine maintenance, etc. you developed after putting so much time and effort should lie on shelves collecting dust? That’s why you should consider converting your hardcovers into e-courses to enable your content reach learners in ways they prefer.
By converting your books, you increase the reach of the knowledge stored in them manifold, as learners can access an online course almost anywhere, on a host of smart devices. On top of that, for today’s millennial generation, a digital learning medium yields better results than a conventional one any day. However, converting an entire book to an e-learning course might take up a lot of time and effort if not done the right away. Shared below are some guidelines you can follow to make the conversion process faster and smoother:
Pick Up Book Portions that can be Converted
A book holds comprehensive knowledge of any topic. But when you need to develop an e-learning course, you need to be concise and crisp. Carefully analyze the subject matter of your book based on the various topics and learning objectives of your e-learning, and plan accordingly. Pick sections that can be appropriately converted into standalone e-learning courses or club sections and headings together to create a curriculum that delivers a topic fully.
For e.g. if you are converting a technical manual, then one course can be on specs, another on assembly, then maintenance, and finally safety procedures. If the topics are too small, they can be converted to microlearning courses. Remember your e-learning course cannot have a scope as wide as your books, since you need to make an impact quickly.
Redefine Learning Objectives
Once you divide the book, the next thing you need to do is analyze the content thoroughly. Remember that the digital learning medium is poles apart from a traditional book. Hence, the way it is presented in the book may not work outside it and vice versa. This exercise will help you realize the additional things that you can do with your e-learning course. At the same time, you will also be able to set learning objectives based on the new direction of your digital training program. For e.g., based on whether you are going to use the course for just-in-time learning or full-fledged learning, the objectives will change accordingly.
Formulate a Strategy
Every subject is taught in a different manner. Some topics are best conveyed through scenario-based content, some through videos, some through interactive games, and some through simulations. That’s why you need to form an overall learning strategy that clearly sets the learning approach to be adapted to tackle the subject. Identify the different learning strategies you can use to convey each topic in the most effective manner. If you figure this out early on, you will get a clear picture of the budget and the time it is going to take for the entire conversion process.
Include Multimedia Elements
One of the strongest aspects of an e-learning course is the multimedia element. Employees learn a lot quicker through multimedia elements compared to just plain text. Incorporating as many of them in your e-learning course allows you to keep the course duration down. Images, videos, infographics, games, audio clips, interactive videos, and many more can be used to ease the learning process. While converting, always think of ways to compress or better your content by including multimedia elements. This will automatically make your audience look forward to the learning process, rather than running away from it.
Choose the Right E-Learning Tool and Vendor
Converting your books into an e-learning course is not as simple as copying and pasting the text into PowerPoint slides. Each e-learning course goes through a meticulous development stage that helps you make the most of your book content. Even the e-learning tool you use to develop the course plays a huge role in ensuring high quality. But you cannot do this yourself. Hire experienced e-learning vendors who will turn around your project using the best possible tool, according to your needs. They have the right expertise and experience to deliver high quality conversion at the best possible rates.
So what are you waiting for? Start converting your technical books to e-courses today. | <urn:uuid:83379c07-ace2-4973-bc0e-5c8cc9563cd4> | {
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Classics(redirected from Classical scholars)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
a cultural term used in a variety of disciplines.
Originally “classic” was applied to the first order or “class,” the highest of the five census categories into which the citizens of ancient Rome were traditionally divided. Cicero was the first to use the word in the metaphoric sense of “elite.” It was first applied to literature by Aulus Gellius in the second century. Humanists of the Renaissance considered all the ancient writers, painters, sculptors, and architects to have been the “chosen” in literature and art and called them classics. The classicists used the words “classics” and “classical” in the same sense, applying it also to the contemporary artists working in the classical style.
The science based upon reading and explaining works of the authors of antiquity was given the name “classical philology” in the 17th and 18th centuries. During the Renaissance, a type of general secondary schooling developed that stressed the study of Latin and Greek—the “classical” languages—and antique, “classical” literature: this was called classical education. A special system of choreography, classical dance, with its own means of expression, emerged in the same period.
This was also the time when the idea of classics and classical as the best, the perfect, the ideal, the first of its kind, came into widespread use. Thus all the outstanding masters of literature and art whose work had lasting value not only for national but also for world culture were called classics—for example, Shakespeare, Raphael, Goethe, Mozart, Beethoven, Pushkin, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky. Classical art refers not only to the work of the ancient Greek classical artists (fifth-fourth century B.C.) or the High Renaissance of the late 15th and early 16th centuries, to which this term has been traditionally applied, but also to the art of particularly fruitful periods in the culture of a country, such as the classical literature of the eighth century in China or the classical opera of the 19th century in Russia.
Yet another semantic nuance is appropriate for the broad interpretation of the term; classics are the demonstrative, the characteristic, the representative, the typical. Thus, reference may be made to the “classical French novel of the 19th century,” meaning the realistic works of Stendhal, Balzac, or Flaubert, which determined the style of the epoch. The “classical Viennese operettas” will include the works of J. Strauss the Younger, F. Lehar, and I. Kalman. It is in this sense that the terms “classical manner” and “classical tradition” are used.
The adjective “classical” is frequently used as a synonym of “mature” and “complete.” Thus in his work Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx directly identified the “full maturity” of the historical process with the “classical form” of the latter (see K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 13, p. 497). This interpretation also applies to such terms as “classical German philosophy,” “classical bourgeois political economy,” and the “classical school of criminal law.” The term “classical natural science” describes the level of scientific knowledge of nature (general principles, system of views, methods of investigation) before the scientific revolution of the 20th century, especially in those fields where basic concepts have since changed radically, for instance, classical mechanics or classical physics.
The term “classical,” apart from rendering the idea of “prototype” and of a perfect creation, can also contain the idea of the original, the programmatic, the pioneering. In this sense, phrases like “the classics of Marxism-Leninism” (Marx, Engels, and Lenin) or “the classics of natural science” (Newton, Darwin, Mendeleev, Pavlov, and Einstein) are used.
G. V. KHOVRINA | <urn:uuid:05ae62aa-4267-42e4-9122-503276aea467> | {
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Free dictionary and thesaurus of English. Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and more...
Hint: double-click any word to get it searched!
Noun boundary has 3 senses
- boundary, bound, bounds - the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something
--1 is a kind of extremity
--1 has particulars:
- boundary, edge, bound - a line determining the limits of an area
--2 is a kind of line
--2 has particulars:
- limit, bounds, boundary - the greatest possible degree of something; "what he did was beyond the bounds of acceptable behavior"; "to the limit of his ability"
--3 is a kind of extent
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McIntire was the foremost architect/builder and carver working in Salem, Massachusetts, from the early 1780s until his death. Trained as a carpenter by his father, McIntire began practicing the building trade while he was still in his teens. Despite his lack of formal training, McIntire’s houses, churches, and public structures helped transformcolonial Salem into a city of neoclassical buildings. His early work was influenced by Boston’s premier architect working in the style, Charles Bulfinch (1763–1844),although McIntire’s designs were built of wood and retained conservative Georgian floor plans. Later, McIntire introduced oval rooms to his designs of brick houses,showing his familiarity with the writings of Bulfinch’s disciple, Asher Benjamin (1773–1845).Salem’s building boom was made possible by the enormous wealth of its merchant ship owners, many of whom, including Elias Hasket Derby (1739–1799), wereeager to express their material success with new houses. Derby engaged Bulfinch to design his house, but he hired McIntire to revise the plan and to construct it.McIntire’s exceptional carving skills enabled him to carve the ornamental woodwork that he designed for the interior of Derby’s house and others. Festoons, swags, bellflowers, cornucopias, grape-vines, sheaves of wheat, baskets of fruit, and urns are among the decorative motifs associated with McIntire, and these designs alsoappear on some of the most costly furniture made in the Salem area during the early Federal period. McIntire is believed to have carved a suite of furniture ordered byElizabeth Derby West (c. 1762–1814), on whose house he also worked. It is unlikely, however, that McIntire carved all of the Salem pieces that have been attributedto him over the years; with more than sixty cabinetmakers and six carvers working in Salem between 1790 and 1820, McIntire’s designs were likely appropriated byother carvers whose clients wanted pieces that reflected the decorative standard already set by McIntire.At least one figurehead and several drawings of ships’ carvings by McIntire survive. Indeed, he carved ornaments for several ships between 1802 and 1806, thoughElias Hasket Derby turned to the Skillin shop in Boston for most of his ships’ carvings. McIntire’s three-dimensional work includes eagles; an allegorical figure for the pediment of an important chest-on-chest owned by Elizabeth Derby West; and busts of Gov. John Winthrop (1588–1649), and the French writer and philosopher François Voltaire (1694–1778). McIntire’s 1792 submission for the United States Capitol competition included nineteen allegorical figures, on the roof balustrade, andtwo pediment carvings, all of which he presumably intended to carve. | <urn:uuid:64ad86f2-bfea-480d-9fe3-600e8c32a744> | {
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|Vulture Quick Facts
Here are some quick facts about vultures. How many did you already know?
|Who’s who at the carcass?
By Corinne Kendall, The Vulture Research Project, The Peregrine Fund
East Africa has one of the most diverse scavenging communities of any ecosystem due to the high availability of carcasses or dead animals. Believe it or not, it is actually scavengers – not predators – that eat the majority of meat available in the Mara-Serengeti ecosystem (up to 70% of all carrion). By consuming dead animals, scavengers play a key role in the environment by preventing disease outbreaks and recycling nutrients. Below you will find descriptions of some of the important scavengers of East Africa.
|African white-backed vulture
Is the most common scavenger in Masai Mara. The pirannas of the savannas, these vultures can eat over 1 kg (2 lbs) of meat in just two minutes and feed in huge groups, sometimes of over 100 individuals.
Can be identified by their white streaked feathers and yellow beak. Unlike the other vultures that nest in trees, these birds hatch their chicks in tall cliffs far outside Masai Mara’s borders.
Is one of the biggest vultures and are named for their bald, red heads. These vultures tend to travel in pairs and are dominant over all the other vultures.
| White-headed vulture
Is one of the rarest vultures in Masai Mara, so consider yourself lucky if you see these red-beaked, pale-faced birds. Not quite as large as the Lappet-faced vultures, these birds are known for their shy and solitary nature.
Is one of the smallest vultures and tends to pick around the edge of the carcass. They have a slightly more varied diet than the other vultures, sometimes eating the dung of other animals or feeding at garbage dumps.
| Black-backed jackal
Is a crafty canine, usually travelling in small groups or pairs. What jackals lack in size, they make up for in speed and cunning and they will often rush into a carcass, steal a piece of meat, and run off with it.
| Spotted hyena
Is know for its laugh, but actually makes a variety of noises, including a deep howl, which you might hear during the night when these carnivores are hunting. With some of the greatest jaw strength of any animal, these mammals are able to chew through even the toughest bones, making them formidable scavengers.
| Other scavengers
Although less commonly seen at large carcasses, lots of other animals scavenge, especially Bateleur, Tawny eagles, White-napped ravens, Marabou storks, and even feral dogs.
|Did you know?
Globally vultures are the most endangered group of birds. In Masai Mara, vultures have declined by almost 50% mainly due to poisoning (people put poison on carcasses to kill predators, who have eaten their livestock; unfortunately these poisoning events have killed many vultures). – Vultures have to travel huge distances to find food and can travel over 150 km (100 mi) in a day at speeds greater than 100 km/hr (60 mph). – When you get to a carcass with a lot of animals around, it is difficult to know who found it first. While you might think the vultures are stealing a tasty meal from the predators, it often works the other way around. Because of their high flight, eagles and vultures usually find carcasses first and are then followed in by mammalian scavengers. In fact, vultures get very little of their diet from predator kills and are mainly feeding off animals that have died of disease or hunger. | <urn:uuid:2fb6f07c-6185-4168-966b-5b968514816d> | {
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Chief Powhatan was the leader of over 200 villages and 30 tribal bands in the area we now call Virginia. Eventually, the bands that were under his direction became known as the Powhatan Confederacy. The Puritan settlers had a difficult time pronouncing his real name which was Wahunsonakok. Chief Powhatan was the father of Pocahontas, who is the most famous of all Native American women. From the time that the British first landed in the New World there had been skirmishes between the Powhatan Confederacy and the Jamestown settlers.
The first Powhatan War started in 1610. According to legend, John Smith, the leader of the Jamestown settlers, was taken captive by Chief Powhatan. Then just as the chief was about to cut off John Smith's head Pocahontas intervened. She had saved his life. Then, just three years later, Pocahontas was kidnapped and taken to Jamestown. In Jamestown she converted to Christianity and married the Englishman John Rolfe. At this time, in honor of the marriage, both sides agreed to end the war in what would be known as the Peace of Pocahontas.
In 1618, the aging Chief Powhatan was replaced by his brother Opechancanough who was not as friendly. Tobacco, a native product of North America, had become a cash crop that was fueled by an ever increasing demand in Europe. The problem was that it quickly depleted the soil. Every few years a field would have to be abandoned, necessitating new fields. Boatloads of settlers were arriving in Chesapeake Bay wanting to cultivate it. This meant that enormous amounts of land was being cleared, and much of that land had once been native hunting grounds. Now much of the wild game was gone, and Opechancanough wanted to stop them from taking more land.
The 2rd Powhatan War occurred after a warrior named Nematanou was arrested and executed for the murder of a white settler. Opechancanough decided to attack on March 22, 1622. Without warning, hundreds of warriors swept down on the tobacco farms killing 347 men, women, and children. The English responded by burning the Indians homes and crops. Eventually, Opechancanough agreed to a peace council. However, they were poisoned after they arrived and then attacked. Miraculously, Opechancanough escaped.
The raids would continue from both sides for the next 10 years, until they signed a treaty in 1632. However, in 1644, at the age of 100, Opechancanough would order the 3rd Powhatan War, and another major attack on the colonists. This time they surprised the colonists killing 500 people. Opechancanough would not be captured until two years later. Governor Berkeley and his Virginia militia carried Opechancanough on a litter back to Jamestown where he was met by an angry crowd. Shortly after they arrived shots range out and Opechancanough was killed by his guard. His tribe received harsh treatment and they were forced out of Virginia. Afterward, over the centuries, their numbers dwindled dramatically. Today, there are still some Powhatan living in the state of Virginia. | <urn:uuid:b4ccfee3-bc2d-4344-a699-36e809bb6f62> | {
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Beer making dates back to 5,000 BC when yeast was discovered fermenting in a sugar-water mixture. The yeast consumes the sugar for its own energy and growth, and the primary byproducts are ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Wine is made when yeast consumes the natural sugars in fruit such as grapes, and beer is made when yeast consumes the sugar derived from grain. The naturally occurring starch found in grain must be converted into sugar before yeast can consume it. Thus, beer making is a more complex art than wine making.
How Beer is Made | Types of Beer
Brewing is fundamentally a natural process. The art and science of brewing lies in converting natural food materials into a pure, pleasing beverage. Although great strides have been made with the techniques for achieving high-quality production, beer today is still a beverage brewed from natural products in a traditional way. Although the main ingredients of beer have remained constant (water, yeast, malt and hops), it is the precise recipe and timing of the brew that gives one a different taste from another. The production of beer is one of the most closely supervised and controlled manufacturing processes in our society. Apart from brewing company expenditures on research and quality control designed to achieve the highest standards of uniformity and purity in the product, the production of beer is also subject to regular inspection and review by federal and provincial Health Departments. Substances used in the brewing process are approved by Health Canada. On average, a batch of beer will take about 30 days to produce. To be more specific, brewing takes nine and a half hours, while fermentation and aging combined take between 21 and 35 days for ales and lagers respectively.
Pure water is an essential ingredient in good beer and brewers pay scrupulous attention to the source and purification of their brewing water. The water used in brewing is purified to rigidly-set standards. If it does not have the proper calcium or acidic content for maximum activity of the enzymes in the mash, it must be brought up to that standard.
Barley is used to make brewers’ malt. At the malting companies, barley is soaked, germinated (sprouted), then dried and/or kilned/roasted to arrest further growth. During the period of controlled growth in the malting plant, specific barley enzymes are released to break down the membranes of the starch cells that make up most of the kernel. But these are internal changes only; apart from a slight change in color, the external characteristics remain essentially unchanged. When the malt leaves a malting plant, it still looks like barley.
In the brewery, the malt is screened and crushed rather than ground to flour in order to keep the husks as whole as possible. This process not only prevents the extraction of undesirable materials from the husks but also allows them to act as a filter bed for separation of the liquid extract formed during mashing.
Malt is added to heated, purified water and, through a carefully controlled time and temperature process, the malt enzymes break down the starch to sugar and the complex proteins of the malt to simpler nitrogen compounds. Mashing takes place in a large, round tank called a “mash mixer” or “mash tun” and requires careful temperature control. At this point, depending on the type of beer desired, the malt is supplemented by starch from other cereals such as corn, wheat or rice.
The mash is transferred to a straining (or lautering) vessel which is usually cylindrical with a slotted false bottom two to five centimeters above the true bottom. The liquid extract drains through the false bottom and is run off to the brew kettle. This extract, a sugar solution, is called “wort” but it is not yet beer. Water is “sparged” (or sprayed) though the grains to wash out as much of the extract as possible. The “spent grains” are removed and sold as cattle feed.
5. Boiling and Hopping
The brew kettle, a huge cauldron holding from 70 to 1,000 hectoliters and made of shiny copper or stainless steel, is probably the most striking sight in a brewery. It is fitted with coils or a jacketed bottom for steam heating and is designed to boil the wort under carefully-controlled conditions. Boiling, which usually lasts about two hours, serves to concentrate the wort to a desired specific gravity, to sterilize it and to obtain the desired extract from the hops. The hop resins contribute flavor, aroma and bitterness to the brew. Once the hops have flavored the brew, they are removed. When applicable, highly-fermentable syrup may be added to the kettle. Undesirable protein substances that have survived the journey from the mash mixer are coagulated, leaving the wort clear.
6. Hop Separation and Cooling
After the beer has taken on the flavor of the hops, the wort then proceeds to the “hot wort tank”. It is then cooled, usually in a simple-looking apparatus called a “plate cooler”. As the wort and a coolant flow past each other on opposite sides of stainless steel plates, the temperature of the wort drops from boiling to about 10 to 15.5 °C, a drop of more than 65.6 °C, in a few seconds.
The wort is then moved to the fermenting vessels and yeast, the guarded central mystery of ancient brewer’s art, is added. It is the yeast, which is a living, single-cell fungi, that breaks down the sugar in the wort to carbon dioxide and alcohol. It also adds many beer-flavoring components. There are many kinds of yeasts, but those used in making beer belong to the genus saccharomyces. The brewer uses two species of this genus. One yeast type, which rises to the top of the liquid at the completion of the fermentation process, is used in brewing ale and stout. The other, which drops to the bottom of the brewing vessel, is used in brewing lager.
In all modern breweries, elaborate precautions are taken to ensure that the yeast remains pure and unchanged. Through the use of pure yeast culture plants, a particular beer flavor can be maintained year after year. During fermentation, which lasts about seven to 10 days, the yeast may multiply six-fold and in the open-tank fermenters used for brewing ale, a creamy, frothy head may be seen on top of the brew. When the fermentation is complete, the yeast is removed. Now, for the first time ,the liquid is called beer.
For one to three weeks, the beer is stored cold and then filtered once or twice before it is ready for bottling or “racking” into kegs.
In the bottle shop of a brewery, returned empty bottles go through washers in which they receive a thorough cleaning. After washing, the bottles are inspected electronically and visually and pass on to the rotary filler. Some of these machines can fill up to 1,200 bottles per minute. A “crowning” machine, integrated with the filler, places caps on the bottles. The filled bottles may then pass through a “tunnel pasteurizer” (often 23 meters from end to end and able to hold 15,000 bottles) where the temperature of the beer is raised about 60 °C. for a sufficient length of time to provide biological stability, then cooled to room temperature.
Emerging from the pasteurizer, the bottles are inspected, labeled, placed in boxes, stacked on pallets and carried by lift truck to the warehousing areas to await shipment. Also in the bottle shop may be the canning lines, where beer is packaged in cans for shipment. Packaged beer may be heat-pasteurized or micro-filtered, providing a shelf-life of up to six months when properly stored. Draught beer, since it is normally sold and consumed within a few weeks, may not go through this process. The draught beer is placed in sterilized kegs ready for shipment.
The word lager is derived from the German verb “lagern”, which means: to store. During the late middle ages, before the days of refrigeration, fermentation was a hit-or-miss affair, especially during the hot summer months. To ensure a supply of beer for the summer, brewers in the Bavarian Alps stored kegs of spring brew in icy mountain caves. As the beer slowly aged, the yeast settled, creating a drink that was dark but clear and sparkling with a crisper, more delicate flavor. In 1842, lager acquired its familiar golden color when a brewery in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia perfected a pale, bottom-fermented version of the beer. Lagers typically take more time to brew and are aged longer than ales. Lagers are best enjoyed at cooler-than-room temperature.
American Lager – This is basically the main style of beer in America. It is a mass produced, inexpensive product that’s aimed at the broadest possible demographic. Since it is very watery and has little flavor characteristics, it is the least likely to offend a large number of consumers. In the health craze of the 70’s brewers started offering Light Beer. Light Beer is simply an American Lager with an even lower gravity. American Lagers achieve a low gravity by adding corn or rice syrup.
Pilsner – Pilsner style beer originated in Plzen, Czechoslovakia in 1842. It was the very first light colored beer. Today, it is the world’s most popular style of beer. The original Pilsners’ defining elements were the extremely soft water that was pumped locally and the unique aromatic hops that were also grown nearby. Pilsners are malty sweet, and well hopped. Caramel flavors are often noticed accompanied by medium to high bitterness. Pilsners have a good amount of carbonation and are clean and crisp.
Bock – Originating in Germany, Bock beer is a hearty beer with high alcohol content. Contrary to the rumor, bock beer is not what’s cleaned out of the bottom of the vats at the end of the year! Bock beer has a pronounced malt flavor with just enough hop bitterness to tame the sweetness. The German word for lager “lagern” means to store. This being said, Bock beer is a well lagered. In other words, the beer is matured for a long period of time during the second fermentation. A variation on Bock beer is the Doppelbock. A Doppelbock has a higher gravity and slightly higher alcohol content. Traditionally, most all breweries end the names of their Doppelbocks in “ator” (such as Optimator or Salvator) which makes them easy to find.
Oktoberfest (Marzen) – Marz, the German word for March, is when the last batch of beer was brewed before the warm summer months (before refrigeration). This beer was stored in Alpine caves to keep cool and consumed throughout the summer. At harvest time and the beginning of the new brewing season (around October), the remaining beer in storage was taken from the caves and consumed during a celebration. This celebration still takes place in Munich for 16 days and ends on the first Sunday in October. This beer is amber in color and is slightly heavy. It is malty sweet as typical with beer from southern Germany and Austria. There is low to medium bitterness but enough to offset the sweet. This is a favorite of many.
Helles – The main beer consumed in Bavaria. Helles is a pale lager that is light in color, not taste or calories. It is low in alcohol and intended to be an everyday or session beer. The main quality that separates a Helles from a Pilsner or Pale Lager is a less potent hop aroma and flavor. Only a mild, short lived bitterness should be expected.
Dunkel – Commonly known as German dark beer. It’s basically a Helles with additional roasted malt added for color and a toasty, chocolate-like taste. Contrary to its reputation, it is really not as heavy or strong as many would think. It is slightly more bitter than a Helles, but the bitterness is a result of the roasted barley rather than from hops.
Bock Beer – The other bottom-fermented beer is bock, named for the famous medieval German brewing town of Einbeck. Heavier than lager and darkened by high-colored malts, bock is traditionally brewed in the winter for drinking during the spring.
Although the term covers a fascinating variety of styles, all ales share certain characteristics. Top-fermentation and the inclusion of more hops in the wort gives these beers a distinctive fruitiness, acidity and a pleasantly-bitter seasoning. All ales typically take less time to brew and age then lagers and have a more assertive, individual personality, though their alcoholic strength may be the same. Ales are best enjoyed at room temperature or slightly warmer.
Barley Wine – Despite its name, Barley Wine is indeed an ale (beer). Barley Wine is a very intense and complex beverage with alcohol content equal to most wines. It is not for the faint of heart. It has a hearty, sweet malt flavor which is offset by a strong and bitter flavoring from the hops for balance. Because of the preserving qualities of alcohol, this is the best beer for storing over a long period of time. The color ranges from copper to medium brown. The strong scent of malt, hops, and even the alcohol are evident. You can even feel the warmth of the alcohol as you swallow. The bitterness ranges from medium to the highest of all beer types.
English Bitter – There are three classic styles of English Bitters. They are the Ordinary (mild), the Special (moderate strength), and the Extra Special (a stong bitter). They are typically characterized with traditional hops such as Kent Goldings, Fuggles, or Brewers Gold. Just as they range from mild to strong, the color and alcohol percentage also follow. Here is the technical information for the average Special Bitter:
Pale Ale – As in the English Bitters, there are varying styles of pale ales. They all share a pronounced hop flavor and aroma with low to medium maltiness. There is also a good deal of fruity esters. Among the types of pale ales are the English, the India (IPA), and the American. English have a dry character usually due the high sulfate content of the water. The India Pale Ale is usually stronger and hoppier because the higher alcohol content and hop acids acted as a preservative on the long boat journey from England to its colonies in India. The American is usually amber in color and has a bit more maltiness flavor than the other two. When brewing pale ales, fresh, quality hops is a necessity. Here is the technical information for the India Pale Ale:
Scottish Ale – Scottish ales are close cousins to the English ales with the exception that they are usually darker, maltier, and have less carbonation. They range in color, maltiness and strength in the order of Scottish Light(60 Shilling), Scottish Heavy (70 Shilling), Scottish Export (80 Shilling), and the Strong Scotch (wee heavy). The term 60-80 shilling dates back to when beer was taxed by gravity and strength and is still the way to order a Scottish ale in a Highland pub. The Strong Scotch is usually dark brown, high in alcohol (6-8 percent) and can have a lightly smoky character. Here is the technical information for a Scottish Heavy Ale:
Belgian Strong Dark Ale – Belgium is known for having hundreds of unique styles of beer. One of my favorites is the Belgian Strong Ale. Though very diverse, they are usually medium to dark in color with a high alcohol content. They are very malty and with a low hop flavor and aroma. The most important ingredient in this style of beer is the strain of yeast. The yeast and warm fermentations create a unique biscuity flavor with fruity and spicy overtones and a good deal of carbonation. These beers are usually very aromatic and are best served in a goblet so as to better smell the beer while drinking. Often considered the champagne of beers, the Belgian Strong Ale is definitely a beer to be savored. This is also one of the harder beer styles to try to achieve at home.
Porter – The Porter’s name comes from the Porters at London’s Victoria Station. They would frequently mix several styles of beer into one glass and drink large quantities of the mixture. A style was eventually created to approximate this blend and came to be known as a Porter. Arthur Guinness and Sons was the first brewer to offer a Porter commercially. Later on, they increased the alcohol content of the Porter and the new drink became known as the Stout Porter (which eventually became Stout). The Porter is a good beer for those who want a full flavored, dark beer without the bitterness from the roasted barley that a Stout now possesses.
Imperial Stout – The Czarist rulers of Russia so loved the English Stouts that they would have it shipped to them from England. The beer didn’t hold up too well on the long journey, so the English increased the gravity and alcohol content just as they did when creating the India Pale Ale. Thus the birth of the Russian Imperial Stout. An Imperial Stout is dark copper to very black in color. It has a rich and complex maltiness with noticeable hop bitterness. The two main ingredients are the dark roasted barley and black malts. The Imperial Stout is like the espresso of beer styles, full flavored and intense.
Porter and Stout – Whether dry or sweet, flavored with roasted malt barley, oats or certain sugars, stouts and porters are characterized by darkness and depth. Both types of beer are delicious with hearty meat stews and surprisingly good with shellfish. The pairing of oysters and stout has long been acknowledged as one of the world’s great gastronomic marriages.
Dry – “Dry” refers to the amount of residual sugar left in a beer following fermentation. This type of beer is fermented for longer than normal brews so that practically all of the residual sugar is converted into alcohol. The result is a beer which consumers describe as having a crisp flavor, clean finish and very little aftertaste. | <urn:uuid:6fdb89f7-23c5-4c15-b325-804ee92697e2> | {
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Rickshaws, women in Cheongsam dresses and buzzing alleyways: Mesmerising pictures capture the bygone life of Hong Kong as a British colony
- Pictures captured by award-winning photographer Fan Ho show Hong Kong was a blend of East and West
- From a fishing port to a trading harbour, the city made its fame under the rule of the British government
- Black-and-white frames present Hong Kong in the 50s and 60s, where the city was booming with business
- Twenty years ago, the British government handed over the sovereignty of Hong Kong back to China
Today's Hong Kong, a bustling home to over seven million people, is very different from how it was in the 1950s and 1960s.
At that point in time, the British colony was embracing a large inflow of immigrants from mainland China after Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949.
Fan Ho, an award-winning photographer, also arrived in Hong Kong in 1949 from Shanghai. From then, he used his Rolleiflex camera to capture the societal changes and rapid development of the city.
In 'Afternoon Chat', a picture taken in 1959, Fan Ho captures the group of city-dwellers chatting causally at an underpass in the emerging business district of Central. The snapshot reflects a rare glimpse in an otherwise fast-paced commercial city
People Crossing (1963): The tram was Hong Kong's earliest form of transport and is still being used today
Woks (1964): A street-side vendor is captured making a Chinese wok. At the time, Hong Kong exported the Chinese cooking utensils to overseas countries as example of industrialisation
The incredible black-and-white pictures taken by Mr Ho show a kaleidoscopic selection of Hong Kong's bygone life: city-dwellers talking at an underpass in a business district, an old woman walking down an empty alley and crowds of shoppers buying food from a wet market.
Some other images herald the city's history as an important habour: a hawker pushing his cart along the water's edge in front of European style buildings and a junk sailing on serene water.
Taken during the 1950s and 1960s, these are the Hong Kong images immortalised by Mr Ho, arguably the most famous photographer in the Hong Kong history who died of pneumonia last year aged 84.
Renowned for the sense of drama heightened by the use of smoke and light, Fan Ho's work captures the tranquility of the city which was undergoing drastic changes in many ways.
Under Mr Ho's lens, the streets and people of Hong Kong turned into a 'living theatre'.
Fan Ho's On The Stage of Life was taken in 1954, showcasing the western culture flowing into Hong Kong under the British rule
The customers at Hong Kong's first indoor market in Central were perfectly captured under Mr Ho's 'Sun Rays' in 1959
In the mood for love: The mise-en-scène of the picture had a sense of cinematography under Mr Ho's lens in 1960 (left). Another picture, called Her Study (1963), revealed the daily life of children in the booming era of Hong Kong (right)
Hong Kong, under British rule from 1842 to 1997, was a rare blend of East and West.
Drastic changes happened in Hong Kong in late 1940s and early 1950s due to an inflow of refugees and entrepreneurs fleeing the civil war between Kuomintang and Communist Party on the mainland, according to.
Hong Kong quickly transformed itself from a fishing port to an industrialised economy.
The most prominent example of this was the immigrants from Shanghai who created the cotton spinning industry in the colony.
Hong Kong's industry was founded in the textile sector in the 1950s before gradually diversifying in the 1960s to clothing, electronics, plastics and other labor-intensive production mainly for export.
As business opened up to overseas trade, the city was crowned as one of the 'Four Asian Tigers' with booming economy driven by textile exports and manufacturing industries.
The government launched an ambitious public education program, creating over 300,000 new primary schools between 1954 and 1961.
By 1966, 99.8 per cent of school-age children were attending primary school, although free universal primary school was not provided until 1971.
Mr Ho took a self portrait with his camera. He was wildly regarded as the most famous photographer from Hong Kong
Hong Kong turned from a fishing port to an industrialised city when a large supply of labour force immigrated to the city. The above picture was taken by Fan Ho in 1957 and is called Construction
Market Parade (1963) People were seen wearing Chinese traditional clothing and also suits, displaying a perfect blend of East and West
The government launched an ambitious public education program, creating over 300,000 new primary schools between 1954 and 1961. Mr Ho created Lost in Central (1951/2013) by combining two negatives onto a scanner to digitize it (right)
Mr Ho's pictures, captured in his album 'Hong Kong Yesterday', showcased how the daily life of working class people on the street during the era.
The impact of the East and West were reflected in the photos under his Rolleiflex f3.5 camera.
Women in traditional Cheongsam can be seen visiting the first Hong Kong indoor market in Central; in contrast, theatres showed 'West End' musicals.
Daily Routine (1961) The start of education system: Children went to schools as the city opened up free education policy
Mr Ho's picture often displayed strong contrast of lights and shadows, as one of his characteristics in camera skills (left). A cousin of Mr Ho was asked to pose against a wall in Approaching Shadow (1954) (right)
Mr Ho moved to Hong Kong from Shanghai with his family in 1949 at the age of 18. He started taking photographs of Hong Kong after he bought himself a camera.
He had won over 280 awards in photography before reaching the age of 28, according to Fan Ho Trust Estate.
In 1966, his first attempt as film director won him the best movie award at Banbury Film Festival in Britain.
Mr Ho continued to work in the film industry and retired when he was 65 years old.
He moved to San Francisco afterwards and flew back to Hong Kong to visit his family occasionally.
During one of Mr Ho's trips back to Hong Kong in the early 2010s, he said in an interview with Perspective Magazine that he could no longer find the scenes and inspiration of the old Hong Kong, the Hong Kong he had made so iconic with his still images.
'There must be humanity in art.' Photos that Mr Ho took had a special feeling to the viewers, pictured Pattern (1956)
The work life a man carrying a rickshaw was captured by Mr Ho under the photo 'A Day is Done' in 1957 (left). The influence of western culture can be seen in the buildings along the harbour in Hong Kong (right)
'In the 1950s and 60s there were many back alleys, narrow streets and open markets - this time I can't even remember how to find my own streets and alleys. It is all skyscrapers and has changed to a degree that I can hardly recognise it,' he said, smiling.
In one of his latest books, Fan Ho: A Hong Kong Memoir, Mr Ho dug through his old archives and put forth never-before-seen images from the 50s and 60s.
But in reality, Mr Ho's Hong Kong has disappeared forever - the city has turned from a tranquil seaside port to a metropolis of gleaming skyscrapers, a home to some 7.4 million people.
Colonial emblems have become a symbol of protests. Conflicts have grown over controversial political issues.
His dream (1964): The days in the 60s when people were more carefree and stress-free, as shown in the photos of Mr Ho (left). Light shining into a back alley of a Hong Kong street with a maid walking reflected a change in Hong Kong's society (right)
East Meets West (1963): Hong Kong changed dramatically under the British rule, which made it into an international city
As Mr Ho said in an interview with SCMP in 2014, he would never click the shutter if the scene did not touch his heart.
'There must be humanity in art. If you feel nothing when you click the shutter, you give the viewer nothing to respond to and you have nothing to convey.'
The laid-back city Fan Ho captured has become a cherished memory of Hong Kong.
And just like Mr Ho said, his classic images have not only touched his heart, but also the hearts of millions of residents of the fast-growing metropolis.
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Cells: Protein Production Part 2
Lesson 5 of 8
Objective: Students will be able to understand the importance of proteins and the roles they play in the cells.
The purpose of this lesson is to reinforce learning on how proteins are made in the cell and also introduce students to the number of jobs that proteins do for the body.
Strategies to look for:
Modeling- In the Collaborative section, I model how to annotate and clarify.
Writing to Think- Students use writing to think twice in this lesson. I do this to solidify and shift their thinking.
Learning Goal: Understand the function that proteins play in the cells.
Essential Question: How do you make a protein? List the steps.
Students come in the room, get ready (get their stuff), get set (get settled in their seats), and engage in writing the learning goal and answering the essential question on the board.
As the students are walking in I remind them to get ready by getting their folders and get set by setting up their work station. When the bell rings, I put three minutes on the timer and say to the students, "Ok kids, you should be engaged in our work now."
For the hook today, I am re-showing the "Inner Life of cells video" Concentrating only on the part the shows protein synthesis. (1:33- 2:36) I tell the kids that in this part of the video they are going to see the nucleus, RNA, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, Golgie body and cell membrane. I ask them to watch and try to identify what is happening using their notes from yesterday.
At this point I stop the video and now go back to the beginning of the protein production part (1:33) and this time narrate my way through the video. Below is a screencast of what this might look like.
Now that the students have had a chance to see the video animating the notes that we discussed and practiced yesterday, they are ready to continue processing, but this time independently. I ask the students to get out their Writing to Think notebooks and respond to the prompt, "How does the cell produce a protein?"
This is a part of the literacy framework of my classroom. Writing to think is an opportunity for the students to connect their thinking without worrying about how it is going to sound or what I am going to say. We keep our writing to think in a notebook in the classroom so that it is easily accessible.
One of my goals with writing to think is to help improve the students's stamina over time at writing. Each time we do this strategy, I set a time limit and the goal is for the students to write for the entire time. If they can't think of anything else to write, I ask them to write down some of the key words like protein or organelle, until the are ready to go on. Over the last two months my students have gone from being able to write for 2 min to 4 min. This is a great improvement in fluency and stamina.
Today the students "investigate" a reading together to make meaning of the text. This reading is pretty short but dense, which is why I am choosing to use a collaborative practice.
The students first read each paragraph together and decide what to annotate based on our class norms.
My basic annotation norms are
- Circle vocabulary and other important words.
- Underline the main idea
- Use ? and ! to point out confusing or interesting texts.
Then they write the big idea below each paragraph. It is a good idea to model this using a document camera.
At that point they separate the jobs listed in the reading to different team members. This is the jigsaw part of today's reading. Each student has a job to read a specific piece and report back to the group. Depending on the size of the group, some students may have two "jobs" to become experts on.
Students come back together after their independent reading and report on their "job". To insure rigor, and to improve my students' ability to communicate (scientifically and effectively) they must use sentence starters:
- I learned that....
- One thing that proteins do is...
All students also take notes.
When done the whole class will come back together for guided questioning.
I want to help solidify the importance of proteins in the cells using a questioning protocol. The students have had a chance to read collaboratively, but they probably could still use the chance to talk about the questions before being held accountable. For this reason, I use THINK-PAIR-SHARE with random name drawing. The questions I ask include:
1) What are proteins made out of?
2) What puts proteins together?
3) What are some uses of proteins in the cell?
The first thing I do is ask a question and give students a chance to think. Then I ask them to discuss it with their partner. While they are discussing the question, I draw a name stick. I ring my bell and call the name on the stick. The student is rewarded with a ROCK STAR SCIENTIST ticket.
If the answer isn't complete, I'll ask a follow up question and draw another name. It is aways tempting to get into a socratic discussion with a student, but I try not to do this, since it means that 25 other students are sitting and not thinking! The more sticks I pull, the more assured I am that all the students are taking part in the discussion.
Students will do a second writing today to help solidify their thinking about the importance of proteins. The prompt they will write to is, "What jobs do proteins do in the cell and the body?"
I am giving my students a project to complete at home during this unit. At the end of the unit we will display our projects in a cell museum. You can find the rubric and assignment here.
I like to check in with the students just briefly during class to remind them about the assignment and see where they are in it.
1) Students chose to do a model or a poster. I give students the option of a poster to support my free and reduced lunch students. They can still make a fabulous poster that looks the same or better than anybody else's with no financial outlay. Models can be made out of any material.
2) Students fill in the structure/function/picture/thinking chart. This is where students actually show understanding of the structure and function of cell organelles. Advanced students are encouraged to use metaphors as opposed to make a pure model, as this allows them to display more thinking. For example, one might say, I chose a whiffle ball for the nucleus because it has holes in it and could hold things inside.
As the cell models come in, I display them like a museum. Students are allowed to look at everyone elses and are encouraged to have discussions and give feedback using the rubric. Depending on time, students can vote on their favorites.
For closure today, I preview what we are going to do on the next day. I let students know that we are going to model the protein making process in the cells by doing a "factory like" simulation. Then I ask them what sorts of role do they think we will need in our factory. | <urn:uuid:166a600b-5f08-4e14-b21d-ee7b9c1bb41d> | {
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Before starting the process of becoming a physician (or any profession) you must do some honest soul searching. First of all you must be aware of the time commitment involved in becoming a physician. Medicine is a career that requires many years of preparation. Generally most people graduate college at age 22 and medical school at 26. Then after 3 years of internship and residency, many physicians begin their career at age 29. However, the training for some specialties can last until the physician's early to mid 30's. Obviously this can delay plans for marriage and starting a family. Some people begin their medical education after pursuing other careers, which can further delay the completion of their medical training. You must decide early on if you are willing to dedicate the time it takes to become a physician. As you can see, this is not a decision to be made lightly.
More importantly, you must decide if medicine is a field that is right for the kind of person you are. I believe that there are three cornerstones of a successful career in medicine:
- A love for learning in general
- A true intellectual curiosity about medicine in particular
- A strong desire to help others.
Being smart and doing well in the sciences are obviously important components of being a successful physician. However, do not fall into a medical career because you have done well in the sciences. Although this is a necessary requirement, you must also be able to relate well with people.
As a physician you have an opportunity to help others. Wanting to help others and enjoying helping others are necessary attributes of a good physician. This is something that cannot be taught. However, there are many other professions that can help others. Politicians, religious leaders and social workers all have the opportunity to help others, perhaps in larger numbers.
Medicine is a career filled with choices. In what other career can you choose between delivering babies, taking care of children, handling emergencies, removing someone's cancer, or talking to someone who needs psychiatric help? Better yet, you can teach others any of these specialties, and while teaching have the opportunity to both practice your profession and teach it. Alternately, you can do research in whatever specialty you choose, with the potential to make a real breakthrough in preventing or treating illness. In addition medicine is a career that is honorable and is held in high esteem, allows you the ability to live just about anywhere, and provides job security (unfortunately, illness is something that will be around for the foreseeable future).
However, all of this comes at a price. The many years of preparation, the discipline, the awesome responsibility, the worry about malpractice and the long hours can take their toll. Medicine is a unique field and it demands a unique person.
One word about money. Please don't let this be a driving factor in your decision, for the sake of your patients and yourself, because it will not sustain you. There are other careers in which you can make more money without the responsibility and the effort it takes to be a physician. | <urn:uuid:238322eb-7a97-4914-862b-7fd8113dda93> | {
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Buried deep inside a mountain on a remote Norwegian island, agricultural institutions from around the globe are collaborating to safeguard important crops in the event of global catastrophe.
That includes marijuana.
Currently, there are over 29,500 marijuana seeds – including 31 strains of marijuana and 8 strains of hemp being held in the vault. That is more seeds than there are asparagus, blueberry or raspberry seeds stored at the facility.
The seeds originate from 17 different countries, one of the most obvious ones being The Netherlands. Also, 500 seeds have been brought from North Korea and while The United States has deposited over 17 million seeds in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, none of them are actually cannabis seeds.
Unfortunately, no one knows which strains of cannabis have been preserved in the vault, so we won’t know which strains will survive the catastrophe to please future generations (talking about you, Clementine Kush). | <urn:uuid:be2addb3-a600-49c1-8a5a-99cdef35c1b5> | {
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I’ve been thinking about the technologies that pushed the way we use and learn mathematics forward the most over the history of man. Here are my picks for the top 10 in the order they were invented. I’m not a historian, so take it for what it’s worth, and I’ll warn you that I almost entirely relied on Wikipedia for historical information. In other words, this is not a research paper. Consider yourself warned!
Invented Approximately: 2700 BC in Sumeria
The abacus was invented independently in many different societies over the centuries. It was (and still is in parts of the world) a device that allowed for calculations to be done partly physically, partly mentally, by sliding a series of beads on rods that served as place holders. It was the calculator of its day, primarily used by merchants, traders, and clerks.
Invented Approximately: 300 BC
Don’t know what Arabic numerals are? Developed by Indian mathematicians, they are the 10 digits 0-9 that we all use every day. Thank your lucky stars that they won out over some of the alternatives that were out there. Imagine if we were all trying to do long division using the Roman numeral system. Ugh.
Used for drafting and geometry constructions, the drawing compass had applications for both engineers and students alike. And while it’s more or less been replaced by CAD software for engineers and dynamic geometry software for students, I still feel like there’s something to understanding how a different shapes can be constructed using nothing but your hands a compass and a straightedge.
Invented Approximately: 1620
If I asked you what the Sin(36) was, I bet you’d just pull out a calculator or computer to find the answer. Before that was possible, your best bet would have been a slide rule, a sort of mechanical calculator. By moving the parts of the ruler (like lining up the Sine column with 36), you could get quick calculations for arithmetic, logarithms, or trigonometry problems. They remained hugely popular right up until the handheld calculator made them obsolete.
Pencil with eraser
“Everyone makes mistakes, that’s why pencil’s have erasers,” goes the popular saying. But until 1858, pencils didn’t have erasers, when Hymen Lipman added it to the writing device that had been around since ancient times. The eraser was the perfect addition for math students, who now had the ability to quickly and neatly correct mistakes made in working their problems. Today, many math teachers will only accept homework completed with a pencil
The Turing Machine isn’t really a machine at all, at least not in the conventional sense. It was the theoretical precursor to the modern computer, developed by mathematician Alan Turing. The Turing machine was essentially an algorithm, or series of rules and commands that, when followed by a person, would perform simple commands. The ideas behind the Turing machine were important precursors to the electronic computers that would follow. If only my freshman mathematics honors professor, who spoke about Turing machines all semester, had explained it that way. I think some of us spent all semester wondering what a Turing machine actually looked like and how much “tape” it could hold.
Invented: Depends on how you define the first computer, but around 1946
It’s hard to believe in a world where most of us carry incredibly powerful computers in our pockets, but not that many decades ago, a fairly simple computer filled a room. Today, computer software both assists students and teachers of mathematics in the classroom, but also helps research mathematicians complete proofs such as the four color theorem.
Of course, once they figured out how to shrink down the computer a bit, it was inevitable that someone would realize how important it was to offer a computer that could do mathematical calculations. Casio was the first, offering a “compact” calculator in 1957. And in the late 60’s and early 70’s Hewlett-Packard and Texas Instruments would release scientific calculators, making the slide rule manufacturers go the way of the buggy whip makers.
When Casio released the first graphing calculator in 1985, they opened up mathematics classrooms to a whole new way of understand math. Suddenly, complicated functions could be understood visually in a matter of seconds. Today, modern graphing calculators such as the TI-Nspire CX and Casio Prizm are capable of much more like spreadsheets, data collection, and dynamic graphing.
Graphical Web Browser
In the early 1990’s, a group at the University of Illinois (my alma mater), developed the world’s first graphical browser to display the “internet.” It popularized the web in a way that continues to shape our world today. It’s impossible to understate the importance of the internet today, as it revolutionizes all aspects of our lives, including education. | <urn:uuid:45fc6d39-13ad-4265-b8ae-33e71828f72c> | {
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The UT Dallas High Energy Physics Group collaborates on the ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). ATLAS observes proton collisions at the high energy frontier. ATLAS data is used to explore electroweak symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism, and to search for evidence of dark matter, supersymmetry, micro black holes, new quarks and gauge bosons, and physics beyond the Standard Model.
Current group analysis interests include a search for dark gauge boson decays to leptons jets and the production of quarkonia and quarkonia-like particles.
UT Dallas scientists and students are contributing to the operation and upgrade of the ATLAS Pixel Detector, the inner-most of ATLAS’ tracking devices that immediately surrounds the interaction point.
The High Energy Group are long-time members of the BaBar experiment which observed the collisions of electrons and positrons produced with the PEP-II asymmetric energy storage ring, a.k.a. “b-Factory” at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
Asymmetric beam energies facilitated the study of CP violation, i.e. differences between the decay of mesons containing bottom quarks and the corresponding antiparticles.
BaBar collected it’s last collisions in 2008, but data analysis continues. UTD group members were the lead analysts for BaBar’s discovery of the Y(4260), one of Discover Magazine’s top 100 science stories of 2005.
Pixel detector: http://atlas.ch/inner_detector1.html
Dark Matter: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter
Last BaBar collisions: http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/2008/04/08/end-of-pep-ii-and-babar-runs-at-slac
Discover magazine: http://www.utdallas.edu/nsm//news/2006/discover.html | <urn:uuid:1616b65f-f2d8-44d0-8d41-1229ee057abf> | {
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Seven Simple Sentence Stories is a series meant to inspire the unblocking of writer's block. What better way to get out of that creative slump than by having oneself write a simple story in very few sentences. Why seven? We like alliteration. Want to take part? Take this post's title and create your own simple story in seven sentences.
The noise of the rain against the window attracted Sarah and Sean (their parents appreciated alliteration). They would observe patterns being formed by drops of water on the screen. Rubbing their fingers against it created new patterns. This was all the solace they could find on a rainy day. For they could not play in the outdoors today. When lightning struck they waited for thunder. Yet each time it made them shudder. | <urn:uuid:8db38c6e-2983-40e7-94b5-66023f3648d3> | {
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The Fairness Doctrine was a policy promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) which applied to television and radio broadcast licensees. The policy required each broadcast licensee to devote a reasonable amount of its broadcast time to the coverage of issues of public importance and, when it covered those issues, to provide an opportunity for the presentation of contrasting points of view. The Fairness Doctrine never required a broadcaster to provide an equal opportunity for opposing views, nor did it require balance in any individual program, but merely required each broadcaster to air various points of view on public issues it covered in its overall programming over the course of the term of its license. In 1987, the FCC ceased to enforce the Fairness Doctrine.
No. The Fairness Doctrine never applied to persons or companies who produce programs; it applied to the licensees of over-the-air radio and television stations (it never applied to cable television, satellite systems or the Internet). The FCC explicitly left the manner by which a broadcast licensee covered controversial issues of public importance to the editorial judgment of the licensee. The FCC left to each broadcast licensee’s own judgment to determine the choice of subjects it would consider, the format of the programs devoted to subjects of its choosing, the choice of opinions to be represented and the spokespersons representing various opinions. The FCC expressly forbade broadcast licensees from allowing others to select program content.
The FCC would respond to individual complaints that specific broadcasters did not, in their overall programming, present contrasting views on a specific issue covered by the broadcaster. The FCC would receive a response from the broadcaster, and, based on these filings, would inquire whether it was apparent that the licensee acted in a reasonable fashion and was not arbitrary. Out of thousands of complaints filed in the last years in which the Fairness Doctrine existed, the FCC dismissed the majority of complaints and only in six cases asked for a broadcaster response. The usual sanction imposed if the FCC determined that a complaint was valid was a letter of admonition.
The FCC is asking for public comments on several proposed new rules to improve how television and radio broadcasters relate to the community in which the broadcasters do business. The Communications Act of 1934, the statute which created the FCC and established the basic framework for broadcast regulation, requires each broadcast licensee to serve the public interest, convenience and necessity. Congress and the federal courts have mandated that broadcasters serve as public trustees of the channels on which they are licensed to broadcast. The FCC has tentatively concluded that not all broadcasters are adequately meeting the broadcast needs of their communities. To help correct this, the FCC has proposed that each broadcaster convene an advisory board made up of members of the broadcaster’s community, and receive from them ideas about local issues the broadcaster can consider covering in its overall programming, or to have other regular contacts with members of its community of license. The FCC specifically recognized, from the comments of some broadcasters, that many broadcasters already contact their communities to receive ideas about programming. The FCC also is proposing that each broadcaster use a standardized form to inform the FCC and the public about the programming it aired in a specific time frame, broken down by program categories (national news, local news produced by the station, local news produced by an outside producer, other local public service announcements, paid public service announcements, religious programming and closed captioned programs), and the dates and times of this programming. The FCC intends that this information will provide the public with a meaningful opportunity to provide input when a broadcaster applies for renewal of its license.
They are not. These proposals, which have not been promulgated into any rules and which are still open for public comment and discussion, do not recreate the Fairness Doctrine. They propose that broadcasters talk to members of their local community to gather ideas about how broadcasters can address local issues important to the community in their programming. They do not require any particular programs be aired. They also merely require broadcasters to provide information about their programming so that the public can give the FCC opinions about broadcasters’ performance as a licensee.
No. The current acting Chairman of the FCC, the President, and the Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee (which has jurisdiction over communications matters) have stated that they oppose the Fairness Doctrine and have no plans to revive it.
Revised Spring, 2010
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About this Guide
This guide describes basic features of Opposing Viewpoints in Context. For more in-depth help using the database, see the subtab "Resources and Tutorials," or ask a librarian.
Table of Contents:
Tab 1: About This Guide
Tab 2: Resources and Tutorials
- Links to Opposing Viewpoints Help
Tab 3: Get Started:
- Opening Screen
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About Opposing Viewpoints in Context
Opposing Viewpoints in Context provides information on controversial social issues. It includes:
- viewpoint articles
- topic overviews
- magazine, academic journal, and newspaper articles
- primary source documents
- links to Web sites. | <urn:uuid:cbff5930-446c-4126-a435-bf44ed853012> | {
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The Arch of Constantine (Italian: Arco di Costantino) is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was erected by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. Dedicated in 315, it is the latest of the existing triumphal arches in Rome, and the only one to make extensive use of spolia, re-using several major reliefs from 2nd century imperial monuments, which give a striking and famous stylistic contrast to the sculpture newly created for the arch.
The arch spans the Via Triumphalis, the way taken by the emperors when they entered the city in triumph. This route started at the Campus Martius, led through the Circus Maximus and around the Palatine Hill; immediately after the Arch of Constantine, the procession would turn left at the Meta Sudans and march along the Via Sacra to the Forum Romanum and on to the Capitoline Hill, passing both the Arches of Titus and Septimius Severus.
Critiques | Translate
photoray (13468) 2014-05-27 7:24
Fine night view of Constantine's Arch, immense and very ornate with carved reliefs and statues, with large central arch and two adjoining.
And interesting to note the "borrowing" of art relief works from other monuments.
But then, the world powers would continue to take the ancient art from Italy, Greece, Egypt, etc. in the later centuries.
Today it is better to see art and architecture in its rightful place by visiting the countries in person.
thanks for sharing,
- Copyright: Lefteris Petroutsos (Lefteris13) (300)
- Genre: Places
- Medium: Color
- Date Taken: 2009-03-02
- Categories: Architecture
- Camera: Nikkon D90, AF-S DX 18-200/3.5-5.6G ED VR II, 72 mm Circular Polariser HOYA
- Exposure: f/4.5, 1/8 seconds
- More Photo Info: view
- Photo Version: Original Version
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Wary of the increasing popularity of television and radio, Turner decided to purchase the struggling Atlanta-based television station WJRJ in 1969. He renamed Turner Advertising to Turner Communications Group and began plans for realizing his grander vision. Just six months later, Turner purchased WRET, a similarly weak station based in North Carolina and in four years managed to make a profit of $1 million. Turner had bought the rights to classic black and white films, and by airing these he was able to increase his number of viewers dramatically. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had also changed their rules to allow cable providers to import signals from far-away stations, which Turner would soon begin to take advantage of.
Realizing that he needed original programming in order to sizably grow, Turner turned to sports. First, he created a full-sized wrestling arena in his own office headquarters, organized professional matches and broadcast them over his station. Then, in 1976, Turner decided to purchase the Atlanta Braves baseball team, which was struggling financially, as well as 95% of the Atlanta Hawks. He also hired Ed Taylor, a satellite expert, to manage his satellite operations. When the FCC told Turner he couldnt own a station as well as the service that sent its signal to cable providers, he created Southern Satellite, and then sold it to Taylor for $1. Turner then created Turner Broadcasting System (TBS) and began broadcasting Atlanta Braves games throughout the country. TBS had become the nations first superstation, reaching over 2 million homes by 1978.
In 1977, Turner took some time away from his business to enter the Americas Cup race, sailing his yacht Courageous to victory. The next year, Turner sold WRET for $20 million and put the money towards the launch of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first all-news cable network. Initially, CNN was not well received and it struggled to turn a profit for its first five years. He followed this initiative up with CNN International and CNN Radio. Turner also introduced flyaway dishes, which allowed CNN reporters to broadcast live from anywhere in the world.
After an unsuccessful bid to buy CBS in 1986, Turner purchased MGM Entertainment Company, which gave him the rights to almost 4,000 classic films, including Gone With The Wind and Citizen Kane. However, without sufficient financing, Turner was forced to sell MGM, but he managed to retain the movies, which generated over $125 million for him in that first year. He would later begin colorizing the black and white films, generating much protest from the Hollywood community and finally stopping because it was too expensive.
Quickly moving from one business venture to the next, Turner attempted to buy the broadcasting rights to the 1988 Olympics. Unsuccessful, Turner created the Goodwill Games, which were first held in Moscow in 1986. Though he lost $26 million on the venture, the games represented Turners sincere attempt to improve relations between the U.S. and Russia.
In 1988, Turner created the successful Turner Network Television (TNT) to broadcast all the movies he had acquired the rights to. After its live coverage of the 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre, CNN became an indispensable tool for governments around the world. While CNN continued to grow in popularity, Turner focused on creating his Cartoon Network after purchasing over 8,500 cartoons from Hanna-Barbera.
Turner continued to expand his company with the purchase of Castle Rock Entertainment and New Line Cinema in 1993 and the following year, he created the Turner Classic Movies channel. Three years later, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner and Turner became vice chairman of the board. The 2001 Time Warner-AOL merger proved a turning point in Turners career. He felt increasingly sidelined from his own business and in 2003, resigned from AOL Time Warner Inc.
While he continues to remain involved in the business world, particularly through his new line of Teds Montana Grill steakhouses, Turners attention has largely shifted towards philanthropy. In 1997, Turner became famous for his $1 billion pledge to the United Nations. He also co-chairs the Nuclear Threat Initiative and created the Ted Turner Foundation, which continues to make grants to organizations working towards improvements in the areas of the environment and society. | <urn:uuid:24d01323-b097-4ca6-b2f5-2620e5964ea7> | {
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The moon methinks looks with a watery eye;
And when she weeps, weeps every little flower,
Lamenting some enforced chastity.
Titania: A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Act III Scene 1
Evidence provided by Alfred E. Kinsey in his exhaustive clinical studies and interviews with American women in the 1950s provides the psychological profile for the behavior that we know from reading the most reliable of her biographies. Far from the profligate queen that her enemies would have her, the notion that Queen Elizabeth could have given out-of-wedlock birth in secret is without foundation either in fact or in likelihood. Once past the nightmarish results of her dalliance with Dudley in 1560, not only would she not dare to take such a risk, she was no longer able even to want to.
Both Jenkins and Somerset, after studying the heaps of documents that bear on the Elizabethan reign, hold that the Seymour affair caused permanent damage to her psycho-sexual development. Seymour’s overbold flirtation, followed by the horrors of his execution and her own ordeal by third degree took place at that most sensitive moment in a girl’s development when, as Kinsey describes, her body had become that of a woman but her ability to respond sexually was still not fully formed. Of mature unmarried women with no experience of orgasm, Kinsey says:
Many of them were sexually responsive enough, but they were inhibited, chiefly by their moral training, and had not allowed themselves to respond to the point of orgasm. Many of them had been psychologically distrurbed as a result of this blockage of their sexual responses. (526)
The “moral training” that Kinsey blames for inhibiting the sexuality of white Anglo-Saxon female protestants in the 19th and early 20th centuries, was a descendant of the anti-sexual aspects of the Protestant Reformation that got its first real foothold on the English culture during the 40 years of Elizabeth’s reign.
The women Kinsey studied in the 1950s, though far less repressed than Elizabeth, were much more so than most women today. Of those he studied, Kinsey tells us
At forty-five years of age there were still 15 percent of the devout Protestant females who had never experienced orgasm in their lives, but only 5 percent of the inactive [not devout] Protestants who belonged in that category. . . There seems to be no doubt that the moral restraints which lead a female to avoid sexual contacts before marriage, and to inhibit her responses when she does make contacts, may also affect her capacity to respond erotically later in her life. (516)
Kinsey makes what may be the most important point where Elizabeth is concerned:
All of these females . . . were limited in their understanding of the nature of sexual responses and orgasm, and many of them seemed unable to comprehend what sexual activity could mean to other persons. They disapproved of the sexual activities of females who had high rates of outlet [satisfaction] and they were particularly incapable of understanding the rates of response which we have reported for the males in the population. . . . When such frustrated or sexually unresponsive, unmarried females attempt to direct the behavior of other persons, they may do considerable damage. (526)
Many at Elizabeth’s Court would have seen this as a description of their mistress. Somerset describes her attitude towards her ladies-in-waiting:
Ideally Elizabeth would have preferred it if more of her female attendants had followed the example of ladies such as Blanche Parry and Mary Radcliffe and remained single. Not only did she resent the upheavals that her ladies’ marriages caused in her own domestic arangements . . . but she failed to see why they needed the fulfilment of family life any more than she did. She would “much exhort all her women to remain in virgin state as much as may be,” and even on those occasions when she pretended that she would not mind if they married and asked her ladies if they had anyone in mind, “the wise ones did well conceal their liking thereto, as knowing the Queen’s judgement in this matter.” (346-7)
Elizabeth’s ignorance when it came to the emotional realities of marriage and family life can be seen in the amazingly naive idea she came up with in 1563, that the problem of Mary Queen of Scots could be solved by marrying her to Elizabeth’s own favorite, Robert Dudley (Erickson 211-17). She had him created Earl of Leicester on purpose to raise his status so that legally he could marry someone of Mary’s rank. As Erickson explains, since she couldn’t marry him herself, and thus satisfy his ambitions to be a king, she would take care of him in this way, and her sister Queen as well. It’s really rather sad. Certainly Mary thought it strange.
Most significant is the intensity of her rage when some member of the Court was caught either having sex or marrying without her permission (348). It’s one thing to get cross with a couple who know they need her permission and don’t ask for it, or who endanger the Court’s reputation with careless behavior; it’s another to throw them in the Tower, leaving them there for months, sometimes years. Doubtless some of this was about maintaining control, but still, would a woman who herself had had, or was having, adult sexual relations for pleasure, carry these tantrums to the extremes that she did?
Not only did she hate to see her courtiers pair off, either sexually or as marriage partners, she was ice cold to normal family needs, refusing to allow ambassadors to return to their families after they’d been abroad for years, making decisions that separated couples and family members, and looking for any excuse to refuse the wives of her favorite male courtiers access to Court society. Her time was one that did not pay much attention to what we think of as family bonding, but Elizabeth took this to extremes. Neither sexual nor family needs were part of her vocabulary.
Another symptom of her negativity towards marriage and family was her determination that clergymen should not marry. Obtaining the right to marry was one of the leading reasons why many former Catholic clergymen were willing to turn Protestant. Had her reasons been political, she would surely have yielded on a point that was so obviously politically expedient . Why should she care whether or not these men married? But she was undetered, refusing to promote those who were married, while she favored both courtiers and clergymen who remained unmarried, giving them top spots in her government while sending the married men off to foreign embassies where they were forced to live separated from their families.
Historians tell us that Elizabeth had many “favorites,” but we mustn’t assume that a favorite was a lover (the Elizabethans often use the word lover to mean a particularly close friend and the word friend to mean what we mean by lover). Accepting that Dudley played a signficantly different role in her life, Elizabeth’s other favorites were more like protégés, particularly as she got older––good to look at, fun to talk to, and above all, good dancers. The estates and lucrative monopolies she bestowed on them were less gestures of affection than bonds to keep them by her side and, not least, to keep them out of the marriage market. And God help them if they strayed.
What confuses historians is the fantasy of courtship that she required, not only from her favorites, but from almost any man in search of a post or a favor. Peculiar as it may seem to us today, this was largely a function of the times, a vestigial remain of the medieval tradition of Courtly Love, the unselfish devotion of a knight to a lady who outranked him. This required a good deal of billing and cooing, much of it in the form of coy love notes, lavish gifts of jewelry and clothing, poems, and eloquent dedications. She hugely enjoyed her political courtships with Continental princes, in the case of her last, the Duc d’Alençon, dragging it out for over a decade (Somerset Ladies 72).
Throughout her career she was inclined to respond positively to the kind of tactics that most adults would regard as an invitation to intimacy, but with her this was no more than a charade indulged in purely for public relations and, in the case of a genuine suitor, intended to keep him interested for as long as possible. The pleasure was all in the prologue, which was all there was and all there could ever be.
That Elizabeth greatly appreciated masculine beauty is reflected in the good looks of the men around her, Dudley, Hatton, Oxford, Raleigh, and Southampton among others. They may have had other accomplishments, but their looks were certainly important. At Elizabeth’s Court, masculine beauty far outshone the feminine, a situation that Elizabeth controlled by giving grief to any female who dared to dress more luxuriously than herself, and by stipulating that her maids of honor all dress in white as backdrop to her own peacock array. While women were covered with fabric from head to toe, with great bulky sleeves and skirts, men’s bodies, though covered, were far more obvious, particularly their legs. During a period known to geologists as the “little ice age,” the legs of the attractive younger men were displayed in tight stockings, topped with short little “hose”(pants), not much to keep warm as they stood about in the cold rooms of the palace. No wonder there was so much dancing!
Of course there have been queens who’ve had lovers. Catherine the Great of Russia was one, Marguerite de Valois another, but their circumstances were very different from Elizabeth’s. Both had powerful family connections to rely on, while Elizabeth, with no close relations to any of the great pan-European ruling families and lacking powerful brothers or uncles, was in a weak political position throughout. Her father’s family saw her as an upstart, even a bastard, while her mother’s family, the Howards, most of them Catholics, were more inclined to plot against her than to support her. So had she married into one of these great Continental families, as her courtiers wished, her status at their courts would be questionable. At home, in England, she knew she would never be anything but first.
Both the Russian and the French queen flourished at courts where promiscuity was open and rampant, a lifestyle that even had Elizabeth been so inclined, her Reformation ministers would never have tolerated. Raised from birth in households dependent on the Court, she knew all too well its capacity for gossip and rumor. She knew that if she ever had sex with Dudley, or Hatton, or Oxford, or Raleigh, or any of her so-called favorites, someone would know. Someone would tell (most likely the lover himself).
As social historian Lawrence Stone informs us, today’s concept of privacy was unknown to the Elizabethans (6). Elizabeth rarely slept alone; in fact, neither she nor any monarch ever did anything completely alone. For purposes of security there was always someone near enough to her to hear if there was any kind of trouble, or, if she wished to be by herself, someone close enough to keep an eye on her, if from a distance. Her retainers would have been acutely aware of any substantial amount of time spent alone with anyone but her oldest and hoariest ministers. In addition, the women who surrounded her were the wives, sisters, and daughters of the men who ran her Court and the nation. For their sakes as well as her own, she could not afford to do anything that would tempt them to reveal things that were damaging to her reputation or authority.
“The monstrous regiment of women”
Most men do not understand the situation that an attractive woman finds herself in, even today, if she wants to keep her place in an all male arena. It’s hard enough for a woman to aquire the respect of male colleagues, and once achieved, easy to lose. Women in such positions are aware that if they become sexually involved with one of their colleagues they risk losing the trust of the group and will soon find themselves left out of important communications. This behavior seems hardwired into humans at the animal level. It’s not something that’s ever going to be easy to change.
For Elizabeth, it was absolutely imperative that she retain the respect of her Privy Council. They need not love her; they need not even like her; but they had to respect her. If she lost their respect she would find herself isolated, a danger she could not risk. Had she been a male her sex life would have been of minor concern to the Council. As a woman, one whose duty it was to marry and produce a legitimate heir to the throne, anything that threatened this scenario would have been a disaster, certainly for her, possibly for them. She came close to losing control once, back in 1561, with terrible results (the murder of Amy Robsart). Elizabeth was a survivor. She wasn’t going to let that happen again.
Francis Osborne in his Memoirs (1658) quotes Henri IV of France as saying that there were three things that people thought false that he knew to be true: that contrary to opinion, the Prince of Orange was a great general, that he himself was a true Catholic, and that the Queen of England was a virgin (Chamberlin 194). Henri was the brother-in-law of Elizabeth’s last suitor, the Duc d’Alençon. Because he was a legal suitor, she was able to spend many hours alone with him, soon becoming very fond of this small, ugly, unthreatening figure, many years younger than herself, so fond that she may well have fooled even herself as to her intentions to marry.
Family members don’t always get along, certainly Navarre and d’Alençon did not, but they are also inclined, at moments when they are getting along, to exchange the kind of information that they might not share with anyone else. Navarre would have been interested in anything his brother had to tell him about Elizabeth, partly because he often needed her help, and partly because he himself had once been a candidate for her hand.
“Little Betty Blue, lost a holiday shoe . . .”
The Queen of England may have lacked support from the Establishment of European Royalty, but she more than made up for it by the support of her people. Absent the backing of a powerful family network, her main source of support was the public. During her sister’s reign, Elizabeth’s popularity with the people was the major factor in Mary’s hatred. That she was “married to her people” was her own constant excuse for not marrying.
The feeling was mutual. For most of her people the queen would always be the golden-haired angel whose coronation ended the years of exile, imprisonment, torture, and burnings. Evidence of their love can be found in the many Mother Goose rhymes about Eliza, Lizzie, Betty or Bess; all affectionate, none satirical. Yet, although her people wanted her to be happy and to provide the nation with an heir (or two), down deep they didn’t really want her to marry, for if she did, their vision of her would be forced to change.
She knew this, just as she knew that if she married she would lose a great deal of their all-important support, for in a nation bitterly divided over religion and regional interests, no one man could possibly please all, or even half, her people. Whether true or not, her purity was a story they bought into when they first came to know her as a child. They had watched as she bore with courage and dignity the cruelties perpetrated on her by her father and her sister. Despite all the rumors of sex with Seymour and the curse of bastardy, they continued to believe in her, and would continue, that is, so long as there was never any real proof of inappropriate behavior on her part.
The people were also her refuge from the tyranny of her Privy Council. If her ministers wanted her to do something she didn’t want to do, whenever possible she would use her people’s love against them. Knowing them, she knew what they wanted, that she remain always their golden-haired princess, long after the real hair under the red wig had turned sparse and gray. By 1573 she had seen how even a queen from a powerful family like Mary Queen of Scots was treated by her once loyal people after she made the mistake of marrying a man they didn’t like. By not marrying, though it drove her ministers crazy, Elizabeth was able to keep that most valuable weapon in the political battles she had to fight, the undying love of her people, something she would never dare to jeapordize.
The marriage card
As canny a politician as ever lived, Elizabeth hadn’t been in the top power seat for long before she realized that, when it came to the masculine arena of international politics, her sex did give her one great benefit. Where other royal females had to marry men chosen by their fathers and brothers, because she was (legally) free to choose for herself, she had something to offer that no king or prince could provide. While marriage to a male monarch could offer only an alliance, marriage to Elizabeth was seen by the princes of Europe as a potential means of adding England to their territory. This of course would have been a problem for England, but only if she actually married one of them.
The reality was that as long as she remained unmarried, what she did and said may have carried more weight than it would had she been a king. As a queen of marriagable age, one who had, not just an alliance, but conceivably a throne to offer, she wielded a kind of power at the royal courts of Europe that only an unmarried female monarch could. For a good many years it was chiefly this Royal Ace that kept Spain from attacking England and France from invading Scotland. It helped make Sweden and Russia willing to negotiate treaties and trade alliances, and kept them from forming similar alliances with her rivals.
Time would eventually run out for her in this Royal shell game, as of course she had always known it would. Nevertheless, by careful negotiation, by enveloping herself in pearls and satin, and surrounding herself with an attractive entourage at a Court where envoys and ambassadors knew they could always find good entertainment, she managed to keep the game going for almost two decades, giving England time to build a navy, secure its borders, and consolidate most of the nation in a vigorous Protestant lifestyle. Largely as a result of this extended dalliance, when Spain finally attacked in 1588, England was ready.
For a profile of Elizabeth, read Queen Elizabeth.
For details on the causes of Elizabeth’s fears, read This Queen hates marriage.
For more on Elizabeth as the Great Goddess, read The Politics of Frustration. | <urn:uuid:e2a70a2f-a256-429c-9348-f57643e90560> | {
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CLAIM: A planetary conjunction in 2012 will negatively affect Earth and its inhabitants!
FACTS: Conjunctions occur when two or more celestial bodies appear near one another in the sky; of course the alignment depends on where the viewer is standing. From Earth we witness conjunctions very often, every year we can see conjunctions between the Sun and the Moon and/or some other planet and even between two or more planets. A Grand Conjunction is the alignment of Jupiter and Saturn; these happen every 18-20 years and the last one was on May 31, 2000 and the next one will be in December 2020!
A conjunction of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn occur on average every 57 years. In 1962 the Sun, the Moon and the five visible planets were all aligned and nothing happened!
Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars Sun, Mercury, Venus, Saturn
Jupiter and Saturn conjunction 2.4.1962 and Mars conjunction 21.12.2012
Gravity is the only force that another planet, the Sun, or the Moon could exert on Earth. The force of gravity from the Moon on its closest approach is more than 10 times as strong as the force from all the other planets combined! The force of gravity from Jupiter and Saturn combined is less than the force of gravity you can feel from a passing bus. All of this implies that a conjunction of any type, even with all the planets, the Sun, and the Moon will not affect Earth, its weather, volcanoes, magnetic field, etc in any way whatsoever.
There is a huge amount of evidence for the existence of a super massive black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy but its gravitational influence on Earth is negligible compared with the Moon’s gravitational pull; the gravitational force between Earth and the Moon is thousands of times larger than the force between Earth and this black hole! So even if all the planets, the Sun and the Moon all lined up with the galactic center, there would be no discernable difference in the gravitational forces involved.
The following links offer information on dates of future conjunctions and the planets involved:
Click here to go back to the 2012 main hub! | <urn:uuid:166912e3-26b8-46bc-a09a-645394e22359> | {
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Your body gets its fuel from protein, fat and carbohydrates,
Carbohydrates include starchy foods such as grains (bread, pasta, rice and beans as well as fruit, vegetables and sugars. Basically if it is not protein (meat, fish, eggs) and it is not fat (butter, oils, fat) it is a carbohydrate.
When carbohydrates enter the body, they are broken down into glucose, and used for energy. The hormone insulin removes glucose from the bloodstream and the body either immediately uses it for energy or stores it in the liver for later use.
Any glucose that is not immediately used as fuel is stored in the form of glycogen, and any excess glycogen turns into stored body fat.
High carb diet = high glucose in the blood = excess levels of glycogen = body fat
Lipolysis and Ketosis
When your intake of carbs is limited, and the glycogen stored in the liver is used up, the body enters a state called lipolysis. It starts converting its fat stores to create energy. This is the most efficient biochemical pathway to weight loss and a scientifically proven alternative to the body using or needing glucose for energy. Basically, your metabolism switches from sugar burning to fat burning.
Lipolysis occurs as the body begins to burn the body’s own fat stores for energy instead of dietary carbohydrates. The by-products of this fat burning process are ketones and ketosis is the secondary process of lipolysis.
When you eliminate carbs, the body is forced to use its fat stores for energy, and the body is literally turned into a fat burning machine.
Ketones not only provide adequate energy for the cells within the body, they also fuel the brain and other organs just as glucose from carbs does. Instead of using sugar (glucose) for energy you are now using stored fat.
This is the reason that extremely low carb diets are so popular and have allowed thousands of people to lose weight and keep it off.
Ketogenic Diets are at the extreme low end of low carb diets. The recommended carb intake to get into state of ketosis is approximately 50 grams of carbs or 30 grams (net) carbs. Net carbs equal the carb rating for a food minus the fiber content.
There are 12 grams of carbs in one cup of fresh shredded coconut.
Minus 7.2 grams of fiber
= 4.8 grams (net) carbs.
One of the greatest benefits of ketogenic diets and using fat for fuel is that once you get into a state of ketosis, your appetite naturally reduces within a week or so. There are not sensations of out of control hunger, and erratic cravings become a thing of the past.
Fat and excess weight simply seems to melt off!
Carbohydrate Cravings and Hunger Fades Away
The first few days of a Ketogenic Diet can be a challenge, especially if you have been eating a carb rich diet filled with sugar and wheat products. Many people who go straight into a Keto diet experience the Keto Flu. You can avoid the Keto Flu by gradually transitioning to a low carb diet and then to the Keto Diet.
It may take 2 to 4 days to get into Ketosis, but once you are, your hunger will diminish, and so will your carb cravings. Many people report being satisfied by the variety the diet has to offer and can easily stay on the diet for months if not longer. Many people adopt a Keto lifestyle because they feel better and enjoy the health benefits of the diet.
For even faster weight loss and to get diabetes under control, and to even reverse diabetes — medical pioneers including Dr. Jason Fung and Dr. Berstein use a combination of the Keto Diet and fasting.
The Keto Diet by itself and in conjunction with a fasting protocol reduce insulin resistance, reducing the need for drugs and helping normalize blood glucose levels.
If you have metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes or diabetes be sure to check out these great ground breaking books: | <urn:uuid:7116aabb-a573-4b70-9636-f90c35dfb499> | {
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Thirty years ago in October, the observance of National Domestic Violence Awareness Month began. Domestic violence is not new. It is not acceptable. It must be stopped.
Beginning in the year 753 B.C.E. (Before the Common Era) [B.C.], the husband was given rights to whip his wife with a rod no larger than a man’s thumb, “the rule of thumb.” Wife-beating is no longer legally acceptable. In 1882 the state of Maryland, the first to pass a law that makes wife-beating a crime, set a precedent that has been followed by other states. Today, domestic violence is punishable by law.
While domestic violence is one of most underreported crimes, Jasper County is among the counties with the highest instances of domestic violence in South Carolina. Criminal domestic violence is defined by South Carolina law as actions “causing physical harm or injury to a person’s own household member with apparent present ability under circumstances reasonably creating fear or imminent peril.”
Despite the law, domestic violence persists. Addressing this issue in an earlier essay, I was concerned about the culture of misogyny. Misogyny is defined as “hatred toward women.” A misogynist atmosphere promotes a tolerance of violence against women. Misogynist language in speech, lyrics in music, and scripts in plays and movies devalue the lives of women. Misogyny is not a joke; it is not funny. It is serious and can be deadly. The news media has reported recent acts of domestic violence resulting in the murders of women.
Recent statistics indicate a tolerance for misogynistic domestic violence. More than three American women are murdered by their intimate partners daily. In the United States, there is an instance of an assault of a woman every nine seconds. World-wide domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women. Domestic violence should not be tolerated.
The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence states: “Domestic violence is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior perpetrated by an intimate partner against another. It is an epidemic affecting individuals in every community, regardless of age, economic status, race, religion, nationality, or educational background. Violence against women is often accompanied by emotionally abusive and controlling behavior, and thus is part of a systematic pattern of dominance and control. Domestic violence results in physical injury, psychological trauma, and sometimes death. The consequences of domestic violence can cross generations and truly last a lifetime.”
Citizens Opposed to Domestic Abuse (CODA)
Hope Haven of the Low Country
Domestic Violence Therapist
Department of Mental Health
Department of Social Services | <urn:uuid:e2ea3b50-c7fd-492b-8dbb-96944f5b9384> | {
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About Health Services
Student health services provided within the district schools is directed toward a goal of good health and based on the belief that learning and health are connected. The Health Services staff includes a health services coordinator, an assistant health services coordinator, and registered nurses in every school.
Nurses positively affect student attendance. A registered nurse at school every day allows for prompt and professional responses to health concerns and medical issues. In the event of illness or accidents, the nurse provides emergency care.
Responsibilities of the nurse include first aid and illness care, the maintenance of student health records, the development of healthcare plans, and screenings for student vision and hearing needs. Parents/guardians are encouraged to bring questions about immunizations, health exams, medication, or student health needs to the nurse.
Health services provided at school include the following:
- Allergy & Asthma Awareness
- Care of Illness & Injury
- Communicable Disease Management
- Health & Wellness
- Wellness Policy
- Student Birthdays
- Snacks Within the School Day
- Nutrition & Fitness Initiatives
- Individualized Health Planning
- Health Information Survey
- Vision & Hearing Screenings
- Medication Administration & Policy
- Required Health Exams and Immunization Recording
The Health Services staff believes family is an essential part of good health. Your input is welcome and valued. Please stop by to voice concerns, ask questions, share thoughts, and exchange health information. | <urn:uuid:cb2c316c-0ed3-46ad-a2d6-a923fae43934> | {
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The change to Common Core standards is going to be tricky to achieve, so this summer I have created “Common Core Goal Cards” to help me reach my goals for achieving these standards.
I’m going to set up a bulletin board with the following headings:
- Common Core Goals
- I Taught It
- They’ve Sort-of Learned It
- Achieved Mastery!
I’ve typed up each of the Common Core goals. I’ve printed them on color-coded paper (by categories). I will be laminating them, so they’ll be sturdy enough to staple, remove, and re-staple onto my bulletin board.
And just for you, my faithful readers, I’ve included a downloadable version! Click on each of the following to download the Common Core standards in a printable form. (Remember, I teach 7th grade English/language arts, so if you teach some other grade level, you’ll need to use these as a template but adjust the goals to suit your grade.)
7th Grade Language Arts Common Core Goal Cards: | <urn:uuid:55d4b50b-52b7-4d4e-b70a-296cb30682c3> | {
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Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary, in the southern Indian state of Karnataka, is an important tourist destination from Mysore city or the adjoining Vrindavan gardens, both of which are barely 20 km away. The bird sanctuary, situated on the banks of the Kaveri River, includes of a group of six islets as well.The isolated islets and the abundance of aquatic insects during the monsoon make Ranganthittu a favorite abode for birds. Ranganthittu attained the status of a bird sanctuary in 1940, courtesy of the visions of India's noted ornithologist-Dr. Salim Ali-who, during his survey of the birds of Mysore, advocated for the establishment of such a sanctuary. The sanctuary is now a paradise for wildlife enthusiasts, nature lovers and bird watchers. The large number of birds at the sanctuary appears to have attracted a sizable number of tourists as well. A total of 2,080 foreign tourists, besides 2,02,417 domestic tourists, had visited the bird sanctuary in 1999-2000, according to officials. Balmuri Falls are a must visit in the park.
Tourists Attractions In Ranganthittu
Balmuri Falls are amongst the primary attractions at the Ranganthittu Sanctuary. Balmuri Falls is actually a man-made reservoir at Ranganthittu. Your travel to Ranganthittu is complete after at visiting the Balmuri Falls. The sanctuary, even though it lacks a sprawling area, is a delightful place to visit. What makes it inviting is that it is an important Asian nesting and breeding ground for migratory birds from all across the earth. Some species of birds that are known to have made Ranganthittu their breeding abode are spoonbills, open bill storks, darters, white Ibis, little cormorants, egret, heron, partridge, river tern, stone plougher, snake bird, and other exotic bird species that fly to the sanctuary in large flocks. Park officials and experts have traced the origins of some of these bird species to as far as Siberia, Australia and even North America. A record number of 1,400 painted storks visited the area in 1999-2000. Local inhabitants like kingfishers and peacocks are also found in this avian bliss.
Migratory birds lay their eggs on islets in the river. The authorities have created additional islets at the sanctuary to make way for more number of birds to lay eggs and breed. The birds begin arriving in the sanctuary in December every year. The migratory birds lay eggs and breed until they finally move out of the sanctuary with their little ones in August, only to return yet again the following year.
Boats are available at the sanctuary to take the tourists for a ride along the river and the islets, where they can witness trees full of beautiful birds of myriad varieties. Most of the oarsmen are also excellent guides and can provide tourists the exact location as to where the birds may be spotted. The Kaveri riverbank also offers excellent spots for picnics
Best Time To Visit
There are no extremities of temperature at Ranganthittu Sanctuary. The temperature stays between the 23-29°C range for most parts of the year. In June, when the southwest monsoon peaks throughout Karnataka state, heavy to very heavy rainfall, accompanied by waterlogging and mild flooding, has been reported from the area.
How To Reach
Private taxis, which are freely available in Mysore and Bangalore, are the most convenient mode of transport for reaching the sanctuary. Since the sanctuary is on the Bangalore-Mysore highway, approach is through either of the two cities. The nearest rail junction is Mysore (18 km). The nearest international airport is Bangalore (125 km). | <urn:uuid:ba3ef3fb-f293-41b2-b7ae-e03da94979b1> | {
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Though paleontologists have been unearthing dinosaur fossils for nearly 200 years, Dr. Peter Dodson predicts that the digging won't stop any time soon. In fact, dinosaur discovery is just heating up.
"The golden age of dinosaur discovery is still ahead of us," says Dodson, a professor in the University of Pennsylvania's School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
Dodson's excitement over the future of dinosaur paleontology comes on the heels of a recent revision to his 1990 census on the diversity of discoverable dinosaurs. In the new study, co-authored by statistician Steven Wang of Swarthmore College, Dodson predicts that 1850 genera of dinosaurs will one day be discovered. The figure marks a 50 percent increase over his first estimate.
To date, scientists have catalogued only 527 dinosaur genera. (Fossil skeletons are generally too incomplete for paleontologists to deal in the more diverse species.) And if Dodson's estimates are correct, that number represents a mere 29 percent of what could be discovered.
The main cause for the revision is the increased rate of discovery of new genera of dinosaur fossils. Between 1969 and 1990, the yearly average of newly described dinosaurs was about six. Today, the average rate of discovery hovers around 15 genera per year.
"To me it's very exciting," Dodson says. "I'm utterly positive that the exploration phase is going to remain undiminished for another century." If the current rate of discovery remains stable, paleontologists are on track to document 50 percent of discoverable genera by 2056.
The paleontologist points to the increase in participation by foreign scientists in the field as the main factor in the faster rate of discovery. Over the last 15 years, finds in China, for example, have produced a range of fossils that support theories on the relationship between dinosaurs and birds. "China is the hottest country on Earth right now for dinosaur discoveries, and those scientists only really became active in the 1970s," Dodson explains.
Regions in Mongolia and Argentina have also produced new genera, but Dodson expects another continent to yield new fossils. "We have hopes for Africa," Dodson says. "Finds there have been scattered and vary in importance, but it could be the next hotbed for discovery." —Emily Masamitsu | <urn:uuid:d7abc9e8-8c4a-41fc-84b0-e8936a0994f9> | {
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Esther Cepeda: One sleeper of an issue for kids returning to school
CHICAGO -- Many adults tend to dismiss scientific research about the adolescent mind. Perhaps they came of age during a time when children, especially teens, were expected to behave as little adults.
For years the scientific community has made clear that brains of children and young adults into their 20s undergo physical and chemical changes that can result in high-risk behaviors, vulnerability to addiction and mental illness. Still, some adults scoff at the notion that teenagers don’t have complete control over their actions.
A similar misunderstanding of the child brain seems to be at the heart of the increasingly vocal debate over early start times for school.
Though legions of doctors, scientists and parents agree that teens’ circadian rhythms cause them to struggle with getting to sleep at night and also to awaken early in the morning, many people believe school hours should not be adjusted to these physical needs.
Take this sentiment, found on a debate.org thread on school starting times: “Kids in school don’t need to learn the day starts when they’re ready for it, that promotes laziness. They need to learn you need to be ready to go early in the morning if you’re going to be functional in this world.”
I’ll admit that long before I became the mother of teens, I likewise believed there was some truth to the notion that you shouldn’t coddle Type B-personality kids because in our always-on, global workplace, it’s the Type A youngsters who stand a better chance of succeeding.
But the science makes a compelling argument against mere personal responsibility in waking early. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has just issued a policy statement calling on middle and high schools to shift their schedules to accommodate teen biology.
“Getting enough sleep each night can be hard for teens whose natural sleep cycles make it difficult for them to fall asleep before 11 p.m.—and who face a first-period class at 7:30 a.m. or earlier the next day,” said the AAP, noting that the sleep rhythms of adolescents can shift up to two hours later at the start of puberty.
“Chronic sleep loss in children and adolescents is one of the most common—and easily fixable—public health issues in the U.S. today,” said pediatrician Judith Owens, lead author of the policy statement.
The AAP cited research showing that kids who don’t get enough sleep are at risk of being overweight and suffering depression. Those who do get adequate rest are less likely to “be involved in car accidents, and have better grades, higher standardized test scores and an overall better quality of life.”
Also true is that school isn’t the only culprit in the sleep wars.
A National Sleep Foundation poll found that 59 percent of students in grades 6-8 and 87 percent of high school students in the U.S. were getting less than the recommended 8.5 to 9.5 hours of sleep on school nights, making them both chronically sleep-deprived and pathologically sleepy.
But how much of the sleeplessness is because so many children have text-, video- and email-enabled smartphones that buzz, beep and chime deep into the night? School hour adjustments won’t cure this.
Still, I have pity.
When children are little, they wake up at the crack of dawn bursting to play, run and learn. Sleep-deprived parents vow to deprive them of their morning slumber someday. I know I did.
But today many kids are overburdened with college-application-boosting extracurricular activities—or jobs that help support the family—and are up late doing homework or helping around the house. When they dutifully get up at 6 a.m., as mine do, you have to wonder how adults would feel if all business hours started at 7 a.m.
There are many reasons to leave school schedules alone: parents’ work commutes, sports schedules, and after-school job commitments. But let’s not be opposed to it solely on the thin assumption that making mornings more bearable will breed laziness or teach anyone to be lax about their adult responsibilities.
Let the kids sleep.
Esther J. Cepeda is a columnist for the Washington Post Writers Group. Her email address is [email protected]. Follow her on Twitter, @estherjcepeda. | <urn:uuid:8ebb31f9-513e-4d05-920f-e33ba61f7e81> | {
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The gibbons family Hylobatidae and orangutans genus Pongo were the first groups to split from the line leading to the humans, then gorillas genus Gorilla followed by the chimpanzees genus Pan. Having two different alleles for a particular trait. How many different kinds of bats are there?
A conclusion drawn from evidence. The group of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Feel free to download and print the note organizer below.
Lee later took her molecular skills into the pharmaceutical industry, and was a leader in moving pharmacology away from animal models and toward the use of recombinant DNA technology for screening potential new therapies. About 20, have been observed, ranging in size from several hundred kilometers across down to dust particles.
The duplicate sequence may appear next to the original or be copied elsewhere into the genome. Cladograms can be considered as a special type of phylogenetic tree that concentrates on the order in which different groups branched off from their common ancestors. The triplet of bases that is complementary to a condon is called an anticodon; conventionally, the triplet in the mRNA is called the codon and the triplet in the tRNA is called the anticodon.
Some, but not all, homeotic genes are homeobox genes. The amphibians evolved in the Devonian period about million years ago as the first vertebrates to occupy the land.
Have students brainstorm information they Know about bats and write it in the K column. From the large-scale changes that distinguish major animal groups to the finely detailed color patterns on butterfly wings, Dr.
Substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, particularly disease-causing bacteria. The publication helped set off a wave of environmental legislation and galvanized the emerging ecological movement.
In fact; in reality. Homology in this context simply means similarity. The earliest fossils of anatomically modern humans are from the Middle Paleolithicaboutyears ago such as the Omo remains of Ethiopia and the fossils of Herto sometimes classified as Homo sapiens idaltu.
Eugenics fell into disfavour after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis. Charles's grandfather Erasmus was a glorious polymath -- physician, author, and botanist. Introduce students to a new research topic.
The end of this period is defined most notably by the extinction of the dinosaurs in one of the largest mass extinctions ever to strike the planet.
They wrote them on lined paper, edited and then published using Sharpie markers. Recent molecular data have generally reinforced the evolutionary significance of the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi.
Synonym for reproductive isolation. A psychologist interested in memes and the theory of memetics, evolutionary theory, consciousness, the effects of meditation, and why people believe in the paranormal. His recognition that the virus is active right from the beginning of infection led him to initiate the deployment of a combination of drugs to overpower the virus.
The splitting date between human and chimpanzee lineages is placed around 4—8 million years ago during the late Miocene epoch. Cladismevolutionary classificationand phenetic classification are three methods of classification.
Almost all multicellular organisms are eukaryotes. She is married to Richard Leakey. Do you think that this essay is a complete paragraph essay read more.
Cells may exist as independent units of life, as in bacteria and protozoans, or they may form colonies or tissues, as in all plants and animals. The term is particularly apt when the immature stage has a different form from the adult. At the start of the next class period, we gather to review what was written the day before and set a writing goal for that day.
A paleoanthropologist at the National Museums of Kenya, Maeve is the discoverer of Kenyanthropus platyops and Australopithecus anamensis. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides coding for a protein or, in some cases, part of a protein ; a unit of heredity.
A group of marine invertebrates with exoskeletons and several pairs of legs. The ability to withstand change.Graphic organizers are a great way for students to organize their information before writing a summary or argument paper.
Included is the following: Non-Fiction Text Summary Graphic Organizer and Summary Writing Sheet -Updated Version of Argument Writing Graphic. Providing educators and students access to the highest quality practices and resources in reading and language arts instruction.
Research paper thesis graphic organizer.
A Writing Research Paper Guide includes a step-by-step guide to researching and writing a paper, an information search guide, and links to online resources.
Find this Pin and more on Teaching by Kayla Dickerson. In this lesson, students use an editable graphic organizer template and a word processing program to fill out the template. (Or you can print the template for students to write on.) This note-taking template helps students collect and organize information related to a research topic.
Common Core Animal Research Graphic Organizer Download: currclickblog.com Students open the animal research graphic organizer in. Essay composition graphic organizer 5 paragraph, An essay has been defined in a variety of ways.
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Digital X Rays
Traditionally, dentists use x-rays to find out what's going on below the surface, developing them in a darkroom full of chemicals, and examining the resulting films on a special light board.
Digital radiography entirely outmodes that cumbersome process. Now, a tiny sensor placed in the mouth acts like a miniature VCR camera with an x-ray sensitive chip, exposing you to 50%-90% less radiation exposure than with traditional x-ray techniques. The resulting highly detailed image of your mouth is almost instantaneously translated onto our computer screen, carrying with it all the conveniences of other digitized images. We can rotate it, magnify it, adjust it for contrast, and even color-code it for educational purposes. Because it helps our patients clearly understand the root issues behind their dental health, we're able to work together to determine the very best treatment options for each case.
Intra Oral Camera
This wonderful new technology allows you to relax in your chair while simultaneously observing real-time pictures of the inside of your mouth magnified beyond normal size on an adjacent computer monitor! Not only does this make it simple to see and understand what the doctor is telling you, but it also makes it simple for us to keep incredibly accurate records, from one visit to the next.
Sterilization and Patient Safety
Our office uses state of the art sterilization to ensure patient safety. Sterilization and disinfection are the basic steps in instrument processing and surface asepsis. Sterilization refers to the use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all forms of microorganisms, including the highly resistant spores.
We use Rapid Steam Autoclave at 275º F(35psi), for 15-20 minutes First, the instruments are prepared for the sterilization process. Patient debris and fluids are removed by placing the instruments in 3.2% glutaraldehyde for 40 minutes. Following this pre-disinfection step the instruments are transferred to an ultrasonic cleaner for another 15 minutes. Then the instruments are rinsed, dried, placed in self sealing sterilization pouches and sterilized in the autoclave. Instruments which can not be heat sterilized, are immersed in 2% glutaraldehyde for 10 hours to cold sterilize.
We use Biological, Chemical and Mechanical indicators to monitor our sterilization process.
Using bacterial spores to monitor the sterilization process is referred to as biologic monitoring (or spore-testing), and the bacterial spores used for monitoring the sterilization process are referred to as biologic indicators (BIs). Of the three methods, biologic monitoring is regarded as the most valid for monitoring the sterilization process, for it uses live, highly resistant bacterial spores.
We biologically monitor our sterilizer once a week to ensure complete sterilization using spore strips and keep accurate records for our monitoring. These strips are enclosed in a glassine envelope and processed through the sterilizer. They are then sent to our spore testing center where they are tested for live spores.
Chemical monitoring involves using chemical indicators (CIs) that change color or form when exposed to specific high temperatures or to the sterilizing conditions within a sterilizer. This is referred to as chemical monitoring (or process monitoring). We use sterilization pouches that have special marking that change color when subjected to sterilizing temperatures.
Mechanical monitoring involves observing and recording the physical aspects (e.g., temperature, pressure or time) of the cycle when the sterilizer is being operated. Our Sterilizer is serviced regularly to ensure proper functioning. | <urn:uuid:d4db504f-c1c5-48a4-8677-e251ba6fb7b5> | {
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In the early 1600’s, a philosopher / mathematician named Rene Descartes first drew a line of distinction between the “mind” (a thinking, but non-acting thing) with the body (an acting, but non-thinking thing). For hundreds of years we have followed the concept of mind-body separation. However, beginning especially in the 1970’s, the separation of mind and body began to dissolve and the link began to emerge. With the discovery of the ECS, the 300-year-old wall between mind and body came tumbling down.
There is no separation between mind and body; we are one thing. We are who we are as a whole person.
Think of the Endo-Cannabinoid System (ECS) as having two distinct personalities. On the one hand, the ECS communicates from the mind to the body. On the other hand, the ECS communicates from the body to the mind. But, rather than being two different systems, think of the ECS as a continuous conversation between every cell in the human body and brain with every other cell in the body and brain.
They ECS system is an amazing link joining mind and body through our immune system. The ECS system has two receptors. The first, CB-1 is possibly the most abundant receptor in our brain. It is also present in our heart, gut and bones – our so-called ‘non-thinking’ organs. The second ECS receptor, CB-2 is abundant in our immune system, muscles, skin and nerves. It is also the predominant ECS receptor in our bones, gut and heart. So, the connection between the two sides of the endocannabinoid system becomes obvious: it is the mind-body connection!
Hemp, Chocolate and Beer
Scientists named the ECS brain chemical (neurotransmitter) anadamide. It means bliss in Sanskrit. Substances that turn-on the ECS-anadamide system are found in many plants that induce bliss. Take chocolate, for example. Though chocolate contains many, many chemicals associated with changes in body function, the improvement in our mood (bliss!) facilitated by chocolate comes from the activation of the ECS and anandamide. Though cannabinoids were first discovered in Cannabis plant species such as hemp, cannabinoids that activate the ECS system are found in many non-cannabis plant species. These include chocolate, hops (the secret ingredient in beer), spices from black pepper, chilies, curry and cloves and vegetables such as carrots (rabbits have ECS bliss-receptors as do most other animals).
The discovery of COX enzymes and the way aspirin reduces pain and inflammation opened our horizon to discover many other plants that behaved in a similar manner as aspirin. For example, ginger, turmeric and frankincense all reduce COX enzymes in their own, unique way. Could it be that the discovery of the ECS would help us understand the activity of other plants as well?
Author: Brazos Minshew, Msc, ND
Plants have been used in medicine for thousands of years. Often, we knew that plants were effective, but we didn’t know why. Take for example white willow bark. For thousands of years this plant had been used in medicine to reduce pain and inflammation. A drug had even been synthesized from white willow bark called aspirin. It was miraculous, but we didn’t know how it worked until science discovered the inflammatory enzymes called cyclooxygenase and the specific enzyme designated COX-2. Now, we know that acetylsalicylic acid from white willow bark may be used to temporarily reduce the COX-2 enzyme associated with pain and inflammation. Thus, linking “the known” (white willow bark is good for pain and inflammation) with “the new” (acetylsalicylic acid blocks the COX-2 enzyme) leads us to the discovery of the miracle drug aspirin.
A similar pathway led to the discovery of our endorphin system. Plants from the poppy species were used to numb extreme pain and slow down a racing heart. Later, these plants were refined to create opium and morphine. These substances were traced to specific receptors in the brain, later called endorphin receptors. This knowledge of how these substances work inside the human body opened the way for discovering why we are happy when we exercise, why relaxation training improves heart function and why people in love experience less suffering with physical pain. Thus, linking “the known” (poppies, deep relaxation, exercise and love reduce physical pain and make us happy) with “the new” (opioids numb extreme pain) leads us to the discovery of the miracle drug morphine.
A third pathway of discovery helped us find the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The endocannabinoid system was first postulated in 1973 when researchers at Johns Hopkins University began to apply the scientific method of inquiry to the Cannabis plant species. But is wasn’t until 1990 at a meeting of the National Institutes of Health that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) receptors were explained. Now, Cannabis plant species have used in human nutrition and health for thousands of years. What awaited these scientists were ‘new’ discoveries from a well ‘known’ family of plants.
The discovery of the ECS system has opened the door to understanding how the foods and spices we eat impact our immune system. It also helps us peek into the way our infinite range of emotions impact our immune system, heart, bones, intestines and other organs. Further, it shines the light on the foolishness of restricting healthy foods such as hemp proteins, fats and fibers from our diet because of contravening economic policies. To be healthy in mind, body, community and species we must nourish the endocannabinoid system.
Author: Brazos Minshew, Msc, ND
There is a simple way to describe your endocrine system: it is the glands and organs that make hormones. Hormones are messengers: they deliver commands to your body. Once the command is completed, other hormones reply with messengers of their own. The cycle is intricate, but the steps are simple. When it comes to hormones, we “make” them, we “use” them and we “get rid of them” through detoxification.
BPA is a hormone disruptor, also called an EDC: Endocrine Disrupting Chemical. BPA is in a family of chemicals that prevents us from making the right blend of hormones, prevents us from using them correctly and blocks us from detoxifying them appropriately. This leads to hormone imbalances and a toxic soup of fake, inflammatory hormones circulated and stored inside of us.
In 2013, scientists from Brigham and Women's Hospital published findings showing that BPA exposure can affect humans. The authors add: "The detrimental effects on reproduction may be lifelong and transgenerational." That means it may ruin your health and be passed on to your children and grandchildren.
Infants and young children are said to be especially sensitive to the effects of BPA. Products that contain BPA include water bottles, baby bottles, skin care and cosmetics packaging, and sports equipment.
A review of previous studies, published in 2015, found evidence that BPA can interfere with endocrine function involving the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. According to the article, Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (Boas M, et al. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012) “…there is now reasonably firm evidence that bisphenol A may have thyroid disrupting properties.
One way to promote proper detoxification of Bisphenol A is by eating foods high in Quercetin – such as Saskatoon berries and Hawthorn berries. Quercetin balances the detoxification system for BPA (called glucuronidation). Quercetin improves the enzymes that “get rid of” BPA and prevents BPA from interfering with the way we “make” hormones.
It is important to prevent as much BPA exposure as possible by selecting BPA-Free products. This is especially true for children, women who are pregnant and both women and men who are planning a family. It is also important to consume high-quercetin foods to balance detoxification and promote hormone health.
Author: Brazos Minshew, Msc, ND
The Chairman of Abattis’ Medical Advisory Board presented an update to physicians on the explosive growth in thyroid cancer diagnosis in North America. He states, “While many cancers are in decline in North America - especially those related to smoking cessation - the number of thyroid cancers are increasing at an alarming rate. Today, thyroid cancer diagnosis is the fastest growing diagnosis among women and men. Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer in women age 20 to 34.”
Statistics support these assertions. According to the American Cancer Society, the chance of being diagnosed with thyroid cancer has tripled over the last three decades. The predominant clinical feature of thyroid cancer is the thyroid nodule. Up to 70% of people will have a thyroid nodule. Up to 5% of these nodules are malignant. “That means that in a gathering of 20 people, 14 people will have a thyroid nodule on ultrasound and one of them will likely be cancerous at some time” says Minshew.
Quoting an article in the Journal, Endocrine Related Cancer (2014) Minshew continues, “Repositioning of established non-cancer pharmacotherapeutic agents with well-known activity and side-effect profiles is a promising avenue for the development of new treatment modalities for multiple cancer types... For instance, the derivatives of cannabis and an anti-diabetic agent, metformin, both are able to inhibit ERK, which is commonly activated in Thyroid Cancer cells.” -Kushchayeva
The function of Abattis Medical Advisory Board is to continually shine a spotlight on the importance of phytocannabinoids and the Endocannabinoid System in the treatment of immune-related disorders. | <urn:uuid:760def5e-94e7-43d9-b564-af0265baad83> | {
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How much carbon dioxide does an airplane create? Here’s the equation: 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 -> 16 CO2 +18 H20. Each gallon of JP8 – Kerosene – or jet fuel, weighs about 6.5 pounds. A gallon will combine with 23 pounds of Oxygen and generate twenty pounds of CO2. In practical terms wide-body flights on long haul routes will generate their take-off weight in Carbon Dioxide.
Here’s the detail. First, jet fuel, or Jet A, or JP8, contains a blend of different carbon-based molecules that combine with Oxygen to generate heat and pressure that jet engines convert to thrust. For simplicity, I’ll ignore the blend, and assume that “Octane”, a string-like molecule that contains a backbone with eight carbon atoms and eighteen Hydrogen atoms along the sides and endcaps, is a good proxy for everything else in the gas tank. During the combustion reaction, each carbon atom will combine with two Oxygen atoms to form Carbon Dioxide (CO2), while the Hydrogen will also combine with Oxygen, but their marriage yields water (H20). The reaction balances when two Octane molecules react with twenty-five Oxygen molecules (O2) which contain two Oxygen atoms. The exhaust product contains sixteen Carbon Dioxide molecules and eighteen water molecules. Here’s the equation again: 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 -> 16 CO2 +18 H20.
This detail isn’t useful until we convert molecular weights and ratios into terms that people are more familiar with. We know jet fuel weighs about 6.5lbs per gallon, and that mass is 81% carbon. We already know that our Octane molecule will split to form water and CO2, but the result most people struggle with is the conversion to weight. Specifically, Oxygen is heavy, about a third heavier than Carbon, so when each Carbon atom combines with two Oxygen atoms, the resulting molecule, CO2 is four times heavier than the Carbon atom by itself. This means each gallon of jet fuel (6.5lbs) will combine with 23lbs of Oxygen and turn into twenty pounds of CO2, and just over nine pounds of water!
How much CO2 does a Boeing 777-200 create on a flight between Chicago and Hong Kong? Let’s work through it – fuel is a liquid, and measured in gallons, but the exhaust is a gas, that’s why we use weight rather than volume to describe the output. I calculated the 777-200’s gas mileage in a previous post that compared a Boeing 737 against a Toyota Prius. At .1836 miles per gallon, a 7,821 mile flight needs 42,000 gallons. The flight would generate 851,000lbs of CO2. That’s 30% more than the maximum takeoff weight on departure, including the plane, fuel, passengers and cargo. The table below contains a comparison among cabins and shows passengers, fuel burn and CO2 emissions.
Now that you have information about how to calculate the CO2 emissions for an entire flight, we need to add more information to break this down to the seat level. Previously I calculated the fuel burn per seat to provide a table that shows how much the fuel costs per mile for each cabin and at various price points for fuel. That’s a good starting point, but this time the data table will display how much CO2 an international flight would create for different distances and cabin. See below.
The Boeing 777-200 offers a useful snapshot of the likely performance other aircraft could achieve. It’s a good benchmark because it’s currently in production and it’s flown on transatlantic, transpacific and intra-Asia flights. However, the design requirements for long-haul international flying require twin aisles, more lavatories, large galleys, more storage space, life rafts and a host of other overhead not needed for shorter hops. These factors make it useful to perform a similar calculation to offer information about CO2 production from more efficient single aisle aircraft in use on short hauls and for domestic US flying. In this case, the 189 seat, all coach, 737-800.
A comparison between the 737 and 777 coach emissions levels demonstrate that the smaller aircraft is more than 55% more fuel efficient when using numbers normalized for total seats. When you measure efficiency on a blended basis across all cabins the total difference is higher, that’s why it’s important to have separate tables. These tables offer you a quick resource to answer questions about the carbon footprint your travelers leave behind each trip. | <urn:uuid:7597a140-b572-48db-9c1f-af5454186fee> | {
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On October 9th the Parliamentarians’ Forum on HIV/AIDS (PFA) declared that HIV testing will be made mandatory for all pregnant women. They said that passing HIV from mother to child was a human rights violation and that for a generation that is free from HIV, this needs to be done.
Making the test compulsory raises hopes as well as questions. On the positive side is the fact that if the HIV status of the mother is known, the delivery can be made safer for the mother, the child and the health worker. Up to 40% mothers with HIV transmit the disease to their children without being aware of having HIV. A child has a 25-45% risk of contracting HIV during delivery from its mother, which can be brought down to under 2% if adequate precautions are taken and the mother is treated.
The most important question it raises is that of a woman’s right to autonomy. This is closely linked to the fact that in spite of the male partner being the source of HIV in majority of the cases, women are the ones who have to bear the brunt of the social stigma and abuse. Even though as per guidelines, the person getting tested for HIV has absolute rights about who gets to know about the result, in practice this rarely happens. Privacy and autonomy are alien to our culture, as a result of which chances are that if you are diagnosed with HIV in a typical Indian hospital, everyone from the ward-boy to the sweeper knows the results. There is no doubt that making this test compulsory breeches the fundamental dignity of women, and makes them vulnerable to the anger of their families.
It must be kept in mind that in many states in the south, all pregnancies followed up in government hospitals are already screened for HIV and Hepatitis B under the RCH scheme. But there is a big lacuna in this scheme and that is the home deliveries. Depending on the state and region of the state anywhere from 25-50 percent of children are born in homes, with no access to a doctor. The PFA has suggested that leaders at village level be involved in ensuring they are screened. This might be a good way of reaching health care to the most interior places, but it is obvious that this is going to expose women even more to hostile forces. Unless the forum comes up with a unique way of ensuring privacy while maximizing health care cover, such a drastic move is going to adversely affect lakhs of women.
While the intentions of the PFA are good, and their science is accurate, they fall short in keeping the ground realities in mind. One of the ways they can do better is by involving grass-route level organizations that work in the HIV/AIDS field. Also, there needs to be public debate about medical issues in the country. It is sad that the media and other sources are mostly silent, and even when this is a decision that will affect millions of our countrymen, there is a pitiable lack of public interest.
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Perspective in Jaina
Philosophy and Religion
Prof. Ramjee Singh
Contribution of Haribhadra to the Yoga-vidya
[ 1 ]
The Indian systems of thought and culture are not mere speculations on the external nature of things but also of the mysteries of our mind and soul. Even frankly realistic disciplines like Jainism, Nyaya-Vaisesikas and the Mimamsakas show most serious concern to fathom the depths of mind and unravel the knowledge like perception, inference etc. are found to be inadequate and it has been the abiding spiritual ambition of man to extend the frontiers of his knowledge. Even to a scientist, any attempt to put a limit to our knowledge is the result of some wrong notions. Nothing is regarded as static or absolute. Even to the Marxists, `there is nothing in the nature which cannot be explained'. Thus the growth of human knowledge has been a sort of progressive limitation of sceptical and agnostic attitudes. It seems that it can extend without assignable limits to knowledge of mankind. A spiritual conviction and a constant urge for the ultimate truth is the mean of our common Sadhana. It is not only the perfection of the cognitive faculty of the self but also its ultimate end. Hence `know Thyself' (Atmanam viddhi) has been regarded as the climax of our spiritual Sadhana. There are obvious limitations to our sensory knowledge, there are antinomies of reasons. Hence, we have to transcend these usual sources of knowledge in order to realize the truth. This process has a common term in Indian thought - Yoga. It is not against but beyond reason (Jnana vijnana sahitam).
[ 2 ]
The term Yoga symbolizes the core of Indian Spiritual Sadhana. The four-fold social division of occupation (Varnavibhajana), its trade and business, language and physical culture etc. are only the external signs of the Aryans; even the concept of other world (heaven-hell) is not its essential ingredients. It real and inner spirit lies in the absolute concentration of thought or one pointedness on the ultimate reality which is beyond the present space and time. Perhaps, on account of this distinctive feature, the Aryans have been judged as superior to all other races and climes.
In life, theory and practice, knowledge and action, empirical and the transcendental require a synthesis. As a matter of fact, the real practice of one's knowledge is called Yoga. Knowledge precedes, Yoga succeeds. But a knowledge without its practice or implementation is not only incomplete but also ambiguous. Thus Yoga is superior to the Tapas, Jnana and Karma. It is the best of all the three and includes devotion also. Yoga or union with God which is attained through bhakti is the highest spiritual goal. Jnana is scriptural learning (Sastra panditya) and not spiritual realization. Truly wise man is the Yogi. Without Yoga or concentration of mind, the human energies are frittered away in many directions and go waste. Hence, the spirit of man is the key for the success of all practical activities. A man versed only in scriptural learning but lacking in Yogic realization is called as `the friend of the learned' but not a Yogi.
Then there are two dimensions of Yoga - the external and the internal. Even the process of concentration is regarded its outer frame, where as renunciation of all attachment and reducing oneself to zero is its inner spirit. The real Yoga, therefore, consists in the inner poise, self-mastery, its conquest of anger, sensitiveness, pride and ambition. So there are two types of Yoga-the Yoga of knowledge and the Yoga of action. The former consists in the knowledge about the Self, its bondage, liberation and the path of liberation. But mere knowledge or theoretical knowledge is no good. What is more important is the performance of work without any selfish attachment to results, with a view to securing the welfare of the world, with the realization that agency belongs to the modes of Prakrti or to God himself. In fact, Yoga consists in practical realization of the self.
There are three-fold tradition of Yoga-literature in Indo-logical writings the Vedic, the Jaina and the Bauddha. Though the term `Yoga' has occurred many times in Rg-veda, it has always been used in the sense of `Union' only and never in the sense of meditation or concentration of mind. Even such key-words of the Yoga-literature like meditation, non-attachment, breath control, withdrawal from external world etc. are absent in the Rg-veda. However, the Upanisads do abound in the mention of these concepts. There might be differences of opinion regarding the nature or numbers of the ultimate reality but there is a remarkable unanimity regarding the acceptance of yogic sadhana for its realization. All the Vedic systems including the Nyaya-Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta accept the utility and relevance of Yoga in their respective systems. Purva-Mimamsa is the only exception which does not ever refer to Yoga. It is interested in ritualistic action. The Gita and the Mahabharata, the Bhagavat, the Yoga-vasistha and the important works on Tantra including many works of Hatha-yoga accept the place and importance of Yoga. Many medieval saints and scholars like Jnanadeva, Ambeya, Kabira etc. have discussed the subject of Yoga with great seriousness.
[ 3 ]
Together with its tradition, the term Yoga has a chequered history. In the Rg-veda, it is used in the sense of `union' later on in about 700-800 B.C., it is used in the sense of `yoking a horse' (uncontrolled spiritual horse). It can be traced also in German-Joch, OE-Geoc, Latin-Juguma, Greek-Zugon. In Panini's time, the term `Yoga' had attained its technical meaning of concentration. In Jainism, the term Carita (conduct) is the exact equivalent of the general term `Yoga'. Jaina tradition, predominantly being ascetic and world-negating lays stress upon willful silence (mauna), austerities (tapas), and other yogic activities. The Jaina Agamas describing about the conduct of the Sadhus (Sadhucarya) refer to many yogic activities like the abstentions and observances (Yama and Niyama), study (svadhyaya), austerities (tapas), withdrawal of the senses (pratyahara) etc. Even the acts of volition (Pravrtti) has to he surcharged by the spirit of volition in the negative sense (nivrtti), technically called as Asta-Pravacana-Mala. Jaina Sadhus are directed to concentrate on study and meditation for the three-fourths of daily routine. In the Jaina Agamas and the Niryuktis, the term `Yoga' has been mostly used in the sense of concentration of mind with numerous classifications and sub-classifications. Even Tattvartha refers to dhyana and the Dhyana-Sataka of Jinabhadra Gani Ksama Sramana is only explication of the notion of dhyana. Hence, Yoga has been rooted in the Agamic tradition.
[ 4 ]
But it was Haribhadra who for the first time gave an altogether new dimension in the interpretation of Yoga. It is only Haribhadra who defined the term `Yoga' in the sense of `what leads one to emancipation' (mukhena, jayano savvo vi dhammovavaro). Thus he has ushered a new era in the Yoga-literature of the Jainas. He wrote important Yoga treatises like Yoga-bindu, Yoga-drsti-sammuccaya, Yoga-vimsika, Yoga-sataka and Sodasaka. The term Yoga used in the general sense of subduing the senses and the mind the process of concentration and ecstasy even in the earlier stages of the Jaina thought as well as the early Buddhist thought. But the terms Jnana (dhyana) and Samadhi were more in vogue than the term Yoga. It is only in the Yoga-sutra of Patanjali that we find the proper location of dhyana in the eight-fold process of Yoga, for the first time. Haribhadra's in his characteristic catholic outlook did not discuss and interpret Yoga according to the Jaina tradition only but he made a comparative and critical study of Patanjali's Yoga etc. The description of eight-fold standpoints in the Yoga-drsti-sammuccaya is altogether a new dimension in Yoga literature.
All spiritual and religious activities that lead towards emancipation are considered by Haribhadra as Yoga. His ingenuity lies in the yogic interpretation of the Jaina doctrine of Spiritual development (Guna-sthana). The soul has inherent capacity for emancipation but this capacity remains dormant and inactive due to Karmic influences. But the soul can be roused to active spiritual excertion which is nothing other than yogic activities. The Jainas do not believe either in the eternal revelation of the truth like the Mimamsakas and the Vedantins, or, in its revelation by a Supreme Divinity like the Nyaya-vaisesikas and the Patanjali-yoga. Only rare souls known as Tirthankaras, who have acquired potency of revealing the truth and preaching it to the world by their moral and virtuous activities can also help in arousing us from moral slumber. The centrifugal tendency of soul to run away from the fetters of world existence is thwarted by a centripetal force of attachment (raga), repulsion (dvesa) and perverted attitude (mithyatva). However, the soul, when it achieves purification feel uneasiness with the worldly existence and shows manifestation of energy known as Yathapravrttakarana for the spiritual advancement. But the struggle between the two-fold processes, centrifugal and the centripetal continues unless the soul develops such spiritual strength as is destined to lead it to final emancipation by reducing the duration and intensity and also the mass of Karmic-matter through the triple processes of Yathapravrttakarana, apurva-karana and anivrttikarana. The soul then starts climbing up the spiritual ladders of Upasamasreni (ladder of subsidence) and Ksapakasreni (ladder of annihilation) up to the final fourteenth stage of absolute motionlessness.
Haribhadra's style of describing the fourteen stages of spiritual development through the process of Yoga is original and illuminating. While discussing, he has mentioned the names of many Yogis and treatises on Yoga. A crucial problem is posed by Haribhadra to know the real point of the beginning of the spiritual development of soul desiring salvation in the timeless world of attachment. According to Haribhadra, when the influence of deluding Karma start decreasing, the process of spiritual development starts. The state prior to this beginning of the spiritual development is called `Acaram Pudgala Paravarta', while the posterior state is called `Caram Pudgala Paravarta'. Between these two poles of Acaram and Caram, we have the different stages of spiritual development. Here in the process of Yoga begins, which causes simplicity, humility, catholicity, benevolence and other virtues in the soul. The emergence of these ethical virtues are the outer signs of the spiritual development of the soul.
The special features of Haribhadra is his comparative studies in Yoga. For example, in Yoga-vimsika, wherein five kinds of activities (Sthana, Urna, Artha, Alambana and Analambana) divided into external activity (Karma-yoga) and internal spiritual activity (Jnana-yoga), are discussed, Haribhadra has tried to correlate them with stages of spiritual development (Guna-sthana). For example, these activities can be properly practiced only by those who have attained the fifth or a still higher stage of Guna-sthana. In this way, Haribhadra correlates the different stages of Guna-sthanas to the different stages of concentration (dhyana). Haribhadra compares analambana-yoga with samprajnata samadhi in Patanjali's system, the final consummation of analambana concentration is Asamprajnata samadhi. Similarly, the fourteenth stage of spiritual development corresponds to the dharmamegha samadhi to bhavasatru of a third system, to amrtatman of yet another system, to bhavasatru of a third system, to Sivodaya of yet another school. Similarly, Haribhadra tries to show the unanimity of the conception of final self-realization of all the systems of thought. Haribhadra enumerates eight primary defects, from which the mind of a yogin must always be free. By practicing the concentration of mind the soul realizes itself. This is known as Supreme bliss (Paramananda) in the Vedanta, the extinguished lamp (vidhmatadipa) of the Buddhists, extinction of Animality (pasutvavigama), end of suffering (dukkhanta), freedom from the specific qualities (Nyaya-vaisesika), and detachment from the elements (bhuta-vigama). Like an impartial truth-seeker, Haribhadra asks the seekers to keep their minds open and investigate the truth with perfect detachment and freedom from prejudices.
Similarly, Haribhadra shows that there is a fundamental unity among all apparently conflicting systems of thought regarding the means to free from the worldly existence. He asks us to see unity in diversities. He lays down five steps as a complete course of Yoga, i.e., Contemplation of truth (adhyatma), Repeated practice (bhavana), Concentration of mind (dhyana), Equanimity (samata) and Annihilation of all the traces of karman (Vrttisamksaya). The same principle, according to Haribhadra, is expressed by different terms. It is Purusa in the Vedanta as well as Jaina system, as Jnana in the Buddhist school, Ksetravit in the Samkhya system. Similarly, the fundamental ground of worldly existence is called Avidya (Vedanta and Buddhism), Prakrti (Samkhya), Karman (Jainas). Similarly, the relation between matter and spirit is known as Bharati (Vedanta and Buddhism), Pravrtti (Samkhya) and Bandha in Jaina system. Haribhadra referring to Gopendra of the Samkhya System holds that the Purusa does not even inquire about the path of realization unless the Prakrti has turned her face from it. In other words, it is the nature of the Spirit to get disentangled from matter. For this requisite purification of the soul is very necessary. Then the soul becomes a boadhisattva or Tirthankara. When a man becomes a boddhisattva, there is no mere spiritual degeneration to him. He does not commit evil or sin, on the contrary, he is taken exclusively in the well-being of others, acquires wisdom, treads upon right path and appreciates merit. Haribhadra compares the Jaina conception of Tirthankaras with the Bodhisattvas. He distinguishes three categories of souls destined to be emancipated-Tirthankaras, Ganadharas and Munda-kevalins. Haribhadra's contribution also lies in suggesting five-fold stages of preliminary preparation for Yoga as we find in Patanjali's scheme of Yama and Niyama. As we have referred earlier, the stages of the soul are adhyatma, bhavana, dhyana, Samata and the last Vrttisamksaya. Here the accumulated and obscuring karmas are destroyed for ever and the soul attains omniscience and final emancipation.
In Yoga-drsti-samuccaya, Haribhadra presents a novel plan of classification of Yogic stages. The core of this scheme is the concept of Drsti which means attitude towards truth. The most important features of spiritual development is acquisition of love of truth (Samyag-drsti). The gradual purification of its love of truth takes place corresponding to the purification of soul. So long the soul has not cut the knot and attained purification, our attitude is bound to be wrong, and perverse called as avidya, mithyatva or darsana-moha. Without purification of the soul, we can have only common place attitude of the spiritually advanced soul (yoga-drsti). Haribhadra listed eight kinds of gradual development of love of truth (drsti) corresponding to the eight-fold stages of Patanjali's Yoga. Haribhadra refers to the consensus of opinion of a number of authors regarding the stages of Yoga in his Svopajnavrtti. His love of truth is so great that he can never be sectarian. Haribhadra asks us to realize the truth by means of all the three organs - scriptures, logic and practice of Yoga in keeping with best tried and trusted tradition of India. The truth is one. It cannot be many. There is only the difference of angles or terminology. Yoga is not the monopoly of a particular sect or system. It is based on direct experience of the seers and lovers of truth. Differences in terminologies of different system about the same concept is illustrated by Haribhadra. For example, the state of final realization is known as Sadasiva in one system, Parabrahmana in another, Siddhantatnam in the third and tathata in another system. Hence, there can be no conflict when the truth is realized. Controversies take place only when the truth has not been realized as an empty pot sounds much. The various revelations have to be understood from various contexts and angles. The love of truth (drsti) give us the power to cultivate faith in spiritual revelations, Similarly, referring to the seventh drsti (nrabha), Haribhadra compares it with Visabhaga-Pariksaya in the Buddhist School, Prasantavahita in the Samkhya and Sivavartman in the Saiva system, and as dhruvadhvan in the Mahavartikas.
Besides these eight-fold drstis corresponding to the eight steps of Yogic-sadhana in Patanjali, Haribhadra refers to the three-fold Yoga - The first stage is Iccha Yoga when inspite of knowledge and will, the Yogic practitioner falters in his practice on account of inertia (Pramada). The second stage is called Sastra Yoga, wherein the practitioner does never falter in his yogic practices, strictly follows the scriptural injunctions and has developed penetrating insight. The third and the last stage of Yoga is Samrthya Yoga, when he has fully mastered the scriptural injunctions and has developed the power to transcend them. There are the three broad divisions of all the possible stages of Yoga and the eight-fold drstis are only the elaboration of these three. Similarly, Haribhadra's four-fold classification of Yogins, viz., gotra, kula, pravrttacakra and nispanna. The first are not incapable of emancipation while the last have already achieved their final state. Hence, it is only the Kula and Pravrttacakra yogins who need yogic instruction.
In spite of these resemblances, there are fundamental differences also with the mystical way adopted by the Jaina monk. Yoga-system of Patanjali has not recognized the imperativeness of mystical conversion. Probably, it confuses moral with the mystical conversion , the importance of initiation by a Guru, and the necessity of seeking his guidance at every step, the possibility of fall from certain heights, i.e., dark-nights of the soul, the significance of Pratikramana and Pratyakhyana. Haribhadra knew these different systems of Indian thought. The process of spiritual development as traced in Yoga-drsti-samuccaya is different from that we find in Yoga-bindu. Yoga-vimsika does not describe the preliminary stages of spiritual development but it discuss adequately about the later stages. Altogether, Haribhadra's studies in Yoga-vidya is a landmark in Indian spiritual sadhana. | <urn:uuid:a39765b5-77ab-492b-85c8-888e43fa6ead> | {
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Would you like to discover careers in Agriculture, or expose your college students to ag careers? The atmosphere and agriculture have turn into particularly hot topics lately. Their assets include profession profiles, lots of which are associated to agriculture. So careers in environment, agriculture and conservation aren’t all about hugging timber agriculture careers and living as one with the earth. The professionals in agriculture will proceed to work to provide extra meals on less land and utilizing fewer assets. Agriculture consists of farmers who develop produce or breed animals to earn a living. I think I heard as soon as that hungry and bare” is the place we might be with out agriculture.
It is true, an excellent portion of these working in agriculture jobs work on farms, nevertheless it’s only one facet of this large and numerous industry. Discovering a job in agriculture does not require any special education to get employed. The air we breathe, the water we drink and the meals we eat is all depending on the vital work of people in environmental careers. These applications are designed to teach students throughout Florida the importance of agriculture and help to keep up the future of this trade.
These careers encompass a variety of jobs in meals production, pure sources, plant methods, animal management and way more. Alternatively, you could have heard that environmental, agriculture and conservation careers are all about protesting, residing in tree houses or repairing coral reefs with your naked hands. So before deciding that a level in agriculture is anything but an awesome route to a future profession in a tremendously essential industry, please evaluation the facts. Nonetheless, other careers are also available within the agricultural business, including agricultural consultants.
The Decide Your Own Organization web site is a superb place to start the job search within the agriculture subject. To find out about upcoming events, or for extra data, please contact our Director, Agriculture Schooling, Heather Hanlon at [email protected] Consequently, an increasing quantity of careers in these industries are becoming available. Use the profession salary info software to find out trends within the meals business and agriculture enterprise and pinpoint instructional requirements.
These careers encompass a wide range of jobs in meals production, pure resources, plant techniques, animal management and way more. Alternatively, you’ll have heard that environmental, agriculture and conservation careers are all about protesting, dwelling in tree homes or repairing coral reefs along with your bare hands. So earlier than deciding that a degree in agriculture is anything however an ideal path to a future career in a tremendously essential industry, please assessment the info. Nevertheless, other careers are additionally out there within the agricultural business, together with agricultural consultants.… | <urn:uuid:0ec59301-520d-4f71-a5e9-8298036f7b2a> | {
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Dealing with a large class? Technology can help:
Technology and the Large Class 1. Tablet computer develops material as you go and
Bill Vining records entire lecture. Students who miss class
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry can watch the lecture online and then come in
Celebration of Teaching, November 2009
2. Clicker use during class aids communication between
TABLET COMPUTERS use a pen to you and your students, and between students.
write on the screen during a 3. Online homework can serve as to keep students up
lecture presentation. Record the entire to date with material and you up to date with
Lecture: video of screen + voice . their progress.
ONLINE HOMEWORK (OWL) serves to:
Give automatically graded
Provide 1st-level tutorial help
Act as a mastery system
Provide students an indication
of their progress and
PowerPoint saves the handwritten
randomized study examples
notes made on slides. You can post
both original and annotated versions. Provide you data on:
Student response is highly favorable.
- student progress
Question: How does this method of - time spent working on HW
lecture delivery compare with normal - warning reports of all
students below a
- quick communication with
groups of students
based on progress
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
CLICKERS use student-held response
devices where they “vote” on
Producing and posting a recorded questions you ask.
lecture takes about 30 minutes of
computer time, but only ~2 minutes Uses:
of work. Attendance
Quick check on understanding Students were asked (via clickers)
Keeping class attention which aspects of the course best
In-Class quizzing helped them learn the material.
Getting student opinions Homework was found most useful;
Drive class discussions the physical textbook least useful.
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Flashcards in Indian Independence, 1947 Deck (32):
What did the Prime Minister Attlee propose?
end the British presence in India
Where did India's Independence negotiations begin?
Who moderated the discussions between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress?
Viceroy, Lord Wavell
The British favored whose recommendations for a free India
Who represented the Indian National Congress in Simla?
What was Nehru hoping to achieve?
an independent India based on Socialism and Secular views
What does "secular" mean?
Who represented the Muslim League in Simla?
Jinnah pushed the two nation theory which is...
Hindus and Muslims should have their own country
Was the Simla conference successful?
Since the Simla was not successful what did the British decide to do?
hold elections and transfer governmental power to the winning party
Who won the election between Muslim League and Indian National Congress?
Indian National Congress with 707 seats
How many seats did the Muslim League win in the election?
Were the Indian National Congress and Muslim League able to reach compromise?
The cabinet mission divided up India into groups A, B and C, describe these groups
a. Group A= Hindu majority states
b. Group B= Muslim majority of Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, and the Northwest Frontier
c. Group C= Eastern Muslim majorities in Bengal
The Cabinet Mission decreed what?
groups would have equal say in government
In response to the rejection of the Cabinet Mission what did Jinnah do?
declared a massive protest called Direct Action Day
What did the Direct Action Day cause?
violence between Muslims and Hindus in Bengal and Bihar
Who did the Prime Minister send to lead the Congress and League to settle their differences
Lord Louis Mountbatten
What were the two options of Independence did Mountbatten offer?
a. Undivided India with no Muslim power in central government
b. creation of separate nations of Pakistan and India
Pakistan would be where?
east and west of Hindu India
When did India and Pakistan gain their Independence?
the division of India and Pakistan is known as what?
What was agreed in the Partition?
religious populations would not be forced off their lands
Did Hindus in Pakistan leave for India?
Did Muslims in India leave for Pakistan?
Why did Muslims and Hindus leave either India or Pakistan?
fear of losing their religious rights
What happened when the great migration began?
Who was sent from Great Britain to draw the line between India and Pakistan?
How many people migrated to the different borders of Pakistan if India?
Who was the most vulnerable during the religious riots?
women, kidnapped from their families and forced to lie in a new place | <urn:uuid:85c14e2c-b5f5-44be-80a2-41b8cd0ea5c6> | {
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AAO image reference AAT 110. « Previous || Next »
Top left is NE. Image width is about 4.6 arc min
Image and text © 1995-2010, Australian Astronomical Observatory, photograph by David Malin.
This fairly inconspicuous planetary nebula is in Aquila and it marks the end of the long life of a sun-like star. Despite the longevity of their parent stars and the very brief lifetime of the nebula (typically less than 100,000 years) such sights are common because sun-like stars are common. The nebula has nothing to do with planet formation, indeed the formation of the nebula would effectively destroy any planets the parent star had, rather the name refers to the telescopic appearance of the nebula. Some planetaries are very bright and their discs look like solar system planets.
A close look at this picture shows some structure in the expanding shell of gas around the star, reminiscent of the much more complex Helix nebula. The nebula we see is the ejected surface of the star expanding into material left from an earlier stage in its decline, when it briefly expanded as a 'red giant'. Irregularities in the earlier ejecta, asymmetrical outburst of the central star and motion of the new nebula through the interstellar medium as well as the star's orientation in space all affect the physical form of planetary nebulae, so a detailed interpretation of the outburst is difficult. The common factor is the central star, which is exteremly hot. However, it is stripped of its energy source and destined to cool into oblivion long after the nebula has dispersed.
For details of photographic exposure, search technical table by AAT reference number.
| emission nebulae
| reflection nebulae
| dark nebulae
| planetary nebulae
| star clusters
50 Favorites | Messier objects | Repro conditions | Images site map | AAO images page | <urn:uuid:54d0ea04-6e9f-4165-88e5-2349067fc248> | {
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There are several factors that contribute to our personality. These factors have received greater or less importance at the hands of different psychologists. Here we shall discuss some of the important elements. These elements generally stated are: –
1. Personal appearance.
3. Emotional life.
5. Character and moral traits.
Some of these elements are congenital while others are acquired. The latter are determined by environment and education, the former are not so determined.
1. Personal Appearance
The size and shape of a person influences his personality. If a man is tall, of good physical proportions, and well-muscled, his personality is likely to be affected favorably. He is likely to be respected by his fellows and popular with them.
A physical “deviate” on the other hand, has his own personality problems. By a ‘deviate’ we mean someone who varies or deviates considerably from the average. A person who is very small, very tall, too fat or too thin is a deviate. Being a deviate lessens the feeling of confidence and personal worth.
It is true that there can be a relationship between physical development and certain personal attitudes, especially in the case of deviates. But the fact is that no one can judge personal and intellectual qualities by physical appearance.
Intelligence is an inborn capacity to perceive the right thing, at the right place, at the right moment. It is the general mental adaptability to new problems and conditions of life.
Intelligence is certainly an asset. It enables easy adjustment even under difficult circumstances and thus helps in building up personality. Intelligent people are able to adjust themselves to changing environments with great ease, efficiency and speed and hence they are said to have good personality.
3. Emotional Life
The core of an emotional experience is feeling. When feelings violent and the composure of our mind is disturbed we have no longer feelings but emotions. An emotion is thus noting but an intense and violent feeling. Emotions play a very important part in the individual and social life of man.
They determine to a very great extent his physical and mental health. They also determine whether a person will be liked in the society or will be treated as a nuisance. Emotions are to be sublimated.
They should not be repressed. Repressed emotions give us complexes which further lead to disintegrated or maladjusted personality.
Man may be rational animal, but at times he is extremely emotional also. Intense and violent feeling is emotional long drawn out emotion is a mood. Mood when it becomes permanent influences our temperament.
Temperament is partly physical and partly mental. Diet and climate also affect our temperament and temperament affects personality. Differed types of temperament have resulted in different types of personalities:
(a) Choleric Type
He is also known as the violent type. He is energizing, full of ambition and courage but easily excitable to anger.
(b) Sanguine Type
He is active, cheerful and optimistic in his pursuits.
(c) Melancholic Type
He is humble, sad, depressed and pessimistic.
(d) Phlegmatic Type
He is slow, dull and unemotional. He is also known as ‘apathetic’ or ‘indifferent type.’
Cyril Burt holds that majority of the cases belong to the mixed- type- Thus, there is a considerable overlapping of these temperament.
5. Character and Moral Traits
Character is the sum of all tendencies, which the individual possesses. It is the organisation of instincts and habits under the sentiment of self-regard. If this organisation is strong, character is strong.
It is weak, the character is weak. Character includes our sentiments and habits in the widest sense of the term. It is the product of the interaction of instinctive dispositions with the physical and social environment under the guidance of intelligence. Character and the personality of the individual are very closely related. | <urn:uuid:f68eee5a-00d5-40a9-b9c4-ec9f04b19a1b> | {
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Climate-change policies are expected to cost Britain more than £80 billion by the end of the decade, as critics warn that the global-warming industry is spiralling out of control.
Vast sums are being spent on initiatives ranging from climate-change officers in local councils to the funding of “low carbon” agriculture in Colombia at a cost of £15 million alone. Billions of pounds are also being added to fuel bills to pay for green policies.
The full cost is contained in a study published on Monday by the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a think tank founded by Lord Lawson, the former chancellor.
Its analysis puts the cost to the British public of climate- change policies at £85 billion in the 10 years to 2021. More than half — about £47.6 billion — will have gone on funding green levies, such as subsidies for wind farms, added to consumer fuel bills.
A further £17 billion will have been spent by government departments and quangos, according to the study.
The rest — about £20 billion — will have gone to the European Union for global-warming initiatives.
Last month, the EU’s commissioner for climate action said that a fifth of the EU’s £805 billion budget from 2014 to 2020 would go on “climate-related spending”. Britain contributes about an eighth of the total EU budget.
Benny Peiser, the foundation’s director, who compiled the report, said: “The public has absolutely no idea how staggeringly costly and excessive the Government’s climate initiatives are. Even we were shocked when we discovered the astronomical funding streams and added them up.
“Britain’s climate policies combine to a mind-boggling amount of subsidies and departmental spending, which will drastically increase in the next few years.”
Unfortunately the UK is not the only country where the taxpayers have to pay for this madness. Time for voters to support parties/candidates who oppose it. | <urn:uuid:21613b7a-c33b-4719-90e5-946d09eaa56f> | {
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Famed American puppeteer, director, writer, and producer Jim Henson died of pneumonia on May 16, 1990 at the age of 53.
Born on September 24, 1936, James Maury “Jim” Henson began practicing his skills as a puppeteer in college. Soon after, he found a job as a producer on the popular children’s show Sesame Street. He is best known as the creator of The Muppet Show, a television program that began in 1976 and ran through 1981. The original show has since inspired many spin-off Muppet movies and television shows, most recently The Muppets which was released in theaters in 2011.
Although Jim Henson is best known as the creator of The Muppets, a ragtag group of puppet characters, he was also an Oscar nominated director, Emmy Award winning producer, and founder of the Jim Henson Company and the Jim Henson Foundation which promotes puppetry in the United States. | <urn:uuid:9c7a67b9-5622-40c4-ba0d-66d38ccef261> | {
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Renal Cell Cancer Treatment (Patient)
General Information About Renal Cell Cancer
Renal cell cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in tubules of the kidney.
Renal cell cancer (also called kidney cancer or renal adenocarcinoma) is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the lining of tubules (very small tubes) in the kidney. There are 2 kidneys, one on each side of the backbone, above the waist. The tiny tubules in the kidneys filter and clean the blood, taking out waste products and making urine. The urine passes from each kidney into the bladder through a long tube called a ureter. The bladder stores the urine until it is passed from the body.
Cancer that starts in the ureters or the renal pelvis (the part of the kidney that collects urine and drains it to the ureters) is different from renal cell cancer. (See the PDQ summary about Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Treatment for more information).
Smoking and misuse of certain pain medicines can affect the risk of renal cell cancer.
Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for renal cell cancer include the following:
Possible signs of renal cell cancer include blood in the urine and a lump in the abdomen.
These and other symptoms may be caused by renal cell cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. There may be no symptoms in the early stages. Symptoms may appear as the tumor grows. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following problems:
Tests that examine the abdomen and kidneys are used to detect (find) and diagnose renal cell cancer.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
eMedicineHealth Public Information from the National Cancer Institute
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER
This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.
Some material in CancerNet™ is from copyrighted publications of the respective copyright claimants. Users of CancerNet™ are referred to the publication data appearing in the bibliographic citations, as well as to the copyright notices appearing in the original publication, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. | <urn:uuid:9ebebb2e-a71a-4f43-a692-ee143d959fe9> | {
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Earth's "Bigger Cousin" Detected
[PureInsight.org] (Space.com) Astronomers announced today the discovery of the smallest planet so far found outside of our solar system. About seven-and-a-half times as massive as Earth, and about twice as wide, this new extrasolar planet may be the first rocky world ever found orbiting a star similar to our own.
"This is the smallest extrasolar planet yet detected and the first of a new class of rocky terrestrial planets," said team member Paul Butler of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. "It's like Earth's bigger cousin."
Currently around 150 extrasolar planets are known, and the number continues to grow. But most of these far-off worlds are large gas giants like Jupiter. Only recently have astronomers started detecting smaller massed objects
"We keep pushing the limits of what we can detect, and we're getting closer and closer to finding Earths," said team member Steven Vogt from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
The discovery of Earth's distant cousin was announced today at a press conference at the National Science Foundation in Arlington, VA.
The new planet orbits Gliese 876, an M dwarf star 15 light years away in the constellation Aquarius. The "super-Earth" is not alone: there are two other planets – both Jupiter-sized – in the same system. This third world was detected by a tiny extra wobble that it caused in the central star.
From this wobble, the researchers measured a minimum mass for the new planet of 5.9 Earth masses. The planet orbits makes a full orbit in a speedy 1.94 days, implying a distance to the central star of 2 million miles – or about 2 percent of the distance between the Earth and the Sun.
Orbiting so close to its star, scientists speculate that the planet's temperature is a toasty 400 to 750 degrees Fahrenheit (200 to 400 degrees Celsius). This is likely too hot for the planet to retain much gas, like Jupiter does. Therefore, the planet must be mostly solid.
"The planet's mass could easily hold onto an atmosphere," said Gregory Laughlin from UC Santa Cruz. "It would still be considered a rocky planet, probably with an iron core and a silicon mantle. It could even have a dense steamy water layer."
A paper detailing these results has been submitted to The Astrophysical Journal. | <urn:uuid:4c716724-d572-40cd-96d4-46acbc7af1b0> | {
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What is the correct spelling for MEDOL?
This word (Medol) may be misspelled. Below you can find the suggested words which we believe are the correct spellings for what you were searching for. If you click on the links, you can find more information about these words.
Correct spellings for MEDOL
- idol Ho for Kurzon and the idol of gold!" You don't amble, you don't sidle. You remind them you're an idol. – Dress Big by Unknown Author
- madly Britt's team had disappeared, reins dragging, the horses running madly , the whitened, puffy face flashing one last look as it winked out of sight among the trees.
- meadow He didn't see Mr. Meadow Mouse, but he would in a few minutes.
- meal There was a meal , and after that it was the afternoon.
- med That was the principal impression that Med , the King's City, made upon St. George.
- medal His father gave him leave to collect what old iron he could find, and sell it to make up for the medal he lost the other day.
- meddle To meddle with affairs, directly or indirectly!
- meddler They then met Madame de Monceaux, the beautiful Gabrielle, who was invited to join in the walk, the king saying that she was no meddler in politics, but of a tractable spirit.
- medea No one could ever sing "Tancredi" like Pasta; "Desdemona" furnished the theme for the most lavish praises of the critics; "Medea" is said to have been the grandest lyric interpretation in the records of art.
- media And while Wandii, his mother and his team of lawyers celebrated their victory quietly, the media reported that the Scotland Yard detectives commiserated over their defeat, which was considerably more serious than simply losing the Wandii case.
- medial The anterior compartment is separated from the posterior compartment by the lateral intermuscular septum and from the medial compartment by the medial intermuscular septum.
- medley But a medley of motives worked together to restrain her.
- medulla The former purports to have been grounded on the Catholicon of Balbus, 1460, the Cornucopia of Perottus, the Gemma Vocabulorum, and the Medulla Grammatices, with additions by Ascensius.
- mendel MENDEL [Embarrassed] The candlestick? Oh-I-I think you'll find it in my bedroom.
- metal The kind of metal to be cut.
- mettle "In 'The Mettle of the Pasture' Mr. Allen has reached the high-water mark thus far of his genius as a novelist.
- Mel Mel. And what new plays are there in vogue?
- Medals Come on, Messieurs Medals and Clothes!
39 words made from the letters MEDOL
4 letter words made from MEDOL:delo, demo, deol, doel, dole, dome, elom, lode, lome, medl, meld, mode, moed, moel, mold, mole, odel, odle, olde.
3 letter words made from MEDOL:dle, doe, dol, edo, eld, elm, led, lem, leo, med, mod, mol, ode, oed, old, olm.
5 letter words made from MEDOL:lomed, medol, model, molde. | <urn:uuid:f66c707a-a838-4b61-a854-e54c4147d63e> | {
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Make tooth brushing time entertaining for your little ones with colorful images and simple rhyming.
Tooth Brushing Time encourages children to form a healthy lifetime habit by turning it into a into a fun experience with rhymes and memorable characters.
Creative characters generate interest and encourage regular brushing habits for children of all ages.
So many parents ask- how do I get my kids to brush their teeth?
Tooth Brushing Time can HELP! Turn this task into fun for all by teaching children:
- About dental care
- How long to brush
- How much toothpaste to use
- Tooth brushing tips
- Preventing cavities
- Promoting fresh breath | <urn:uuid:33da4a2f-c608-4d31-917c-6389f553736f> | {
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#ASEchat 117 “If you and your students could work on any project, what would it be?”
Monday 9th September 2013 with @cleverfiend
There was a lot of chat and I have teased out the ideas that can be taken away below. As with any of the chats a full transcript is available from the ASEchat page (my copy is here)
Significant points and top tweets
- Viciascience suggested OPAL type activities where students could contribute data to a genuine survey or investigation. Gregtheseal agreed he would like to do a biodiversity survey of the school site.
- Mr_D_Cheng would love to get down to food tech and do something that students experience with all their senses (or beer/wine making for sixth formers). Sourdough came up as another suggestion
- DrBiol suggested growing chilli plants and testing the strength of the peppers. Other participants liked this idea (and several chatters came up with ways of testing the capsaicin content)
- Cleverfiend said he had tested carrier bags and food bags but they had turned out to be much stronger than expected!
- Mrgpg said that during his PGCE he had investigated “Do birds poo more on blue cars than any other colours?”
- Mrgpg also felt it was important to distinguish between practical skills and experimentation!
- Gregtheseal asked if there were any good apps that could be used to aid identification in the field. | <urn:uuid:3dff92a1-81ad-421d-b320-65a5bb714066> | {
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FITNESS CLOTHING DESIGNER, DISTANCE RUNNER
Hinda Miller was the co-developer of the Jogbra, one of the truly iconic items in the history of women's fashion. In 1977, Miller was a Vermont clothing designer who had taken up distance running for fitness. Miller and two other women were searching for a solution to the problems they were encountering with respect to being able to run comfortably. Miller and other women found that without adequate support for their breasts, the natural rhythm of the running motion created significant strain on the supportive tissues of their breasts, as well as friction created by the outer apparel against their nipples and other sensitive skin.
Miller and her colleagues designed a bra that was modeled to a certain degree after the features of the male athletic supporter. The bra that Miller designed was fashioned with external seams only, appearing when worn as if it were inside out. In this fashion, Miller greatly reduced the effect of friction from the outer garment to the skin of the breast. The design also permitted the breasts to be held in a much more stable position, so as to reduce the excessive movement that was cumbersome for female runners who wished to run more quickly and efficiently. The Jog-bra was a design that served as an example of the dictum, "form follows function."
The Jogbra was almost an instant commercial success. Miller saw her design and the resulting appeal of the garment as a feminist statement, an article of clothing that served to empower women by making athletic participation much easier. Miller served as the president of Jogbra until 1990, when the company was sold to the multinational women's apparel manufacturer, Playtex. Miller subsequently parlayed her commercial success with the Jogbra into a political career; Miller was elected a state senator in Vermont for the first time in 2002.
A version of the original Jogbra is displayed at the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., as an example of twentieth century technology. The Jogbra was the first example of the garments now known generally as sports bras, an industry that has grown in direct proportion to the increased participation of women in athletics generally since 1977. | <urn:uuid:8c210591-30ed-4f8e-9932-8c3409f3b669> | {
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Americans are catching on to the joys of not driving.
The American Public Transportation Association announced on Monday that more people used buses, trains and subways in 2013 than in any year since 1956. More than 10.65 billion passenger trips were taken last year — enough to surpass even the ridership during the latest recession, when gas prices rose to $5 a gallon.
Gas prices are not so high these days, which suggests that people are choosing mass transit for other reasons. Maybe they would prefer to text while being driven instead of texting while driving — which is illegal and deadly. Maybe they are tired of traffic jams and sharing the road with idiots. Buses are probably better for blood pressure levels, generally.
Finally, they might be tired of paying for insurance and new tires or astronomical tolls. The American Public Transportation Association estimates that the average household spends 16 cents of every dollar on transportation. Almost all of that goes for the family car or cars, and it is generally the second largest expense after housing.
Washington, typically slow on the uptake, has yet to recognize the public shift to public transit. Most federal transportation funds come from a gas tax that is stuck at 18.4 cents per gallon with 2.86 cents of that going for mass transit. That measly amount no longer pays the nation’s basic transportation bills, and Congress must chip in to support all manner of roads, bridges, tunnels. The Federal Transit Administration recently reported an $87 billion backlog repair-work for the nation’s the public transit systems.
Public transit riders save the nation 4.2 billion gallons of gasoline a year, reduce carbon emissions by at least 37 million metric tons, and, spare the nation’s drivers an estimated $21 billion in congestion costs. Also, we can read the paper on the way to work, the definition of a civilized commute. | <urn:uuid:525a5524-2313-4204-a3b0-b3ba09d320ed> | {
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A supercell is a thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a
mesocyclone: a deep, .... The rear flank downdraft, or RFD, carries precipitation
counterclockwise ... RFD mainly occur withi...
Ordinary air mass thunderstorm are most likely to form during what time of the
day ... The downdraft in an ordinary cell thunderstorm is created mainly by ...
Nov 20, 2013 ... Created by Classmates in Meteorology Met1010 with Daphne at Florida ..... The
downdraft in an ordinary thunderstorm is created mainly by:.
May 27, 2010 ... This occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begins to dominate over ... The
whole process takes about one hour for an ordinary thunderstorm.
Characterized by the presence of both updrafts and downdrafts within the cloud.
... As the mature-stage thunderstorm develops, the cumulus cloud continues to ...
Mar 29, 2016 ... The derecho had formed around noon in southern Minnesota. .... The
development of a thunderstorm's downdraft ordinarily marks the .... Some low-
dewpoint systems appear to be ordinary serial-type events .... The Berlin area
was hardest-hit, with eight people killed and 39 injured, mainly from falling trees.
The upward moving air in a thunderstorm is known as the updraft, while
downward moving air is the downdraft. The atmosphere can be unstable for
updrafts but ...
storm. Distinction is made between large and small clouds as affected by shear. 1
. ... This paper will be concerned mainly with certain ... the night hours after
ordinary convection charac- .... flow due to thunderstorm downdrafts spreading
Sep 21, 1986 ... posed by thunderstorm downdrafts impacting ... 1 - Downdrafts from a
thunderstorm can be haz- ... the tenn "microburst" was created to distin- ..... ber is
greater than 1 initially, depending mainly .... of ordinary strength. The Air ...
The ____ is an apparent force created by the earth's rotation. a. pressure ..... The
leading edge of a thunderstorm's cold downdraft is known as a a. downburst. | <urn:uuid:99397046-a2df-4eb0-810b-a6957bca5d02> | {
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A slightly sweet, tender fruit covered with a shiny skin that ranges in color from purple, which is the most familiar, to red, yellow, green, or white, depending on the variety. Since this fruit is a member of the nightshade family, which includes the potato and tomato, it is classified as a fruit. The African eggplant is similar to the Thai eggplant in size and shape. Small in size, the eggplant may be smooth and round or evenly shaped with indented and rounded sections, similar to miniature pumpkins. This variety of eggplant is generally bitter, and is often served in soups and stews, complimenting the flavors of other ingredients. The African eggplant may also be known as Garden Eggs, Mock Tomato, ngogwe, or nyanya chungu.
An eggplant requires a long, warm growing season, so it is most plentiful in late summer to fall. Eggplant is excellent when stuffed with a variety of ingredients, sautéed, broiled, baked, grilled, or slowly cooked in meat, rice, or cheese dishes and stews. Eggplant can also be substituted for pasta in lasagna dishes. When selecting this fruit, choose those that have a shiny tight skin, making sure they are not dull colored or lightweight with rust spots. For the best flavor, refrigerate eggplant unwashed in a plastic bag for no more than a week. An eggplant may also be referred to as aubergine (French), berenjena, brinjal, Guinea squash, garden egg (bitter ball or bitterball), melongene, or melanzane. | <urn:uuid:8775ec49-c46d-47a1-9745-32810840b572> | {
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Fiberglass and Asbestos
If you've ever come in contact with fiberglass, you already know what it can do to your skin. The tiny fibers of glass from insulation wool can irritate your skin and eyes. If you experience too much contact with fiberglass, it can cause what's called irritant contact dermatitis, or inflammation of the skin. Breathing in fibers can also increase the difficulty of breathing. Is that the extent of the trouble fiberglass can cause, or are there more serious health effects?
Fiberglass became popular in the United States as another insulating material -- asbestos -- was phased out of use. Asbestos, unlike fiberglass, is a naturally occurring silicate material found in rocks. Its known use goes back to the ancient Greeks, who admired it for its ability to withstand very high temperatures. Indeed, asbestos isn't just resistant to heat. It also doesn't evaporate in the air, dissolve in water or react with most chemicals. All of these properties made it particularly attractive for home construction, and asbestos was the main material used for building insulation for the late 19th century and much of the 20th century.
But as early as the 1930s, the health hazards of asbestos became clear. When asbestos fibers are released into the air, they split into microscopic pieces. Once breathed in, asbestos fibers will be inhaled deep into the lungs, where they stay for long periods of time. During that time, the fibers irritate the lungs and any other part of the body they may travel to, disrupting cell division by interfering with chromosome distribution and changing important genetic material. This increases the chances of developing illnesses such as asbestosis, mesothelioma and other cancers, although symptoms of any such disease typically won't show up for 10 to 40 years. Asbestos is classified as a known human carcinogen by state, federal and international agencies, and new uses of the material were banned in 1989 by the Environmental Protection Agency. Still, we frequently see asbestos-related problems, from the evacuation of poorly constructed school buildings to debris created from Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005.
While asbestos is a natural material and fiberglass is man-made, the two materials are often compared because they're both fibrous. This quality made fiberglass a good substitute once the health effects of asbestos became apparent. It also has the heat-resistant qualities that made asbestos so desirable for insulation.
James Keyser/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
It also has some worried that the fibers from fiberglass are just as dangerous as asbestos -- it's sometimes referred to negatively as "man-made asbestos" or the asbestos of the 20th century. But while early research on rats in the 1970s stated that "fibrous glass of small diameter is a potent carcinogen," more modern research isn’t as sweeping in its findings [source: Montague]. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, on the other hand, claims fiberglass is "Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen," meaning there isn't even data to say whether or not it causes cancer in people [source: Yeshiva University]. The U.S. National Toxicology Program issued its 13th Report on Carcinogens in fall of 2014, and while its entry on Certain Glass Wool Fibers (Inhalable) states that they are “reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens,” it also goes on to say that there is so much variation in production that full assessments must be made on a case-by-case basis [source: NTP].
Fiberglass is generally considered safe when properly installed. Once it's installed, fiberglass rests safely between panels, sheetrock and plaster -- only when it's removed will fibers become airborne. In the meantime, people are still suggesting alternative ways to insulate homes -- everything including cork, corn cobs, cotton, newspapers and brick are other ways to keep the heat from escaping houses.
To learn more about house construction and related information, see the next page. | <urn:uuid:0a87f76d-20c3-40b9-859c-9e1b86b52b29> | {
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Fossils - these have to be the draw card for many kid (and adult). This location is however a Geological Monument - so its look, take pictures, but no collecting!
In the 1840's a famous visiting geologist, Rev Clarke, travelling to the local Duntroon Homestead, stopped and looked at the outcrop of rocks in this small creek. He was astounded to find 'lamp shell' fossils (brachipods) and trilobites that he knew from back in his native Britian. There they had been identified as Silurian fossils - some 420 million years old. And on that day, these became the oldest recognised fossils in Australia (since them fossils have been found way older.....)
Back in the Silurian, Canberra was a shallow sea surrounded by active volcanoes. The muds in these shallow seas were the home to these brachiopods, as well as bryozoans and trilobites. When they died, they sank into the sea floor muds and became preserved as fossils.
Since the time the sea was filled in, mainly by volcanic eruptions, and the rocks uplifted and folded into broad folds. This folding has shattered the rocks, making them crumble easily, and some people in the past have come here to collect the fossils - now banned.
Fortunately a concerned group has had the area signposted...and this sign contains a lot more interesting geological information.
But heres a few more tid bits.....
The sandstone on the corners of the bridge pylons was once used to build a former bridge before this 1950s model. The sandstone has been transported from Sydney and is way out of place of the local rocks making up the rest of the bridge. No photos of the old bridge seem to exist, but who ever built it, probably the owners of Duntroon, spent a vast sum on bringing stone from so far away.
The iron pins that stick out of the rocks here are a dilema. Maybe they were part of the old bridge structure...or part of a film set for the Land of the Giants...who knows?
To log your visit to this site you need to measure the size of the lamp shell fossils you have seen (in mm. Send me by email your answer to geoaware (through profile above)
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Though its roots can creep between gaps in stonework causing severe damage to ancient ruins, stone walls, grave monuments and the like, ivy (Hedera helix, also known as English ivy, common ivy or just plain ivy) is of great importance to wildlife. Not only does it provide shelter and nesting places for insects, birds, bats and other beasties, it is also an important food source.
Ivy’s flowering period begins in August and continues right through to November, sometimes later, and the flowers produce plentiful quantities of nectar and pollen. Over 70 species of nectar-loving insects feast on the flowers, including wasps and bumblebees, Red admiral, Small tortoiseshell and Peacock butterflies.
Once the berries begin to ripen, they turn a deep purple-black colour, and provide an important winter source of food when most other berries are finished. At this time, the ivy becomes a favourite snacking place for lots of berry-eating birds, blackbirds and thrushes in particular, but also starlings and jays, finches and wood pigeons. | <urn:uuid:142a55c5-5d3a-4f3d-b55f-82280e6b15f6> | {
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Make Exercise a Family Affair
Currently in the United States, almost one-third of children and adolescents are overweight or obese. Serving them healthier meals and exercising as a family can improve their short- and long-term health.
Being obese increases your child's risk for several serious childhood medical problems, including diabetes, heart disease, sleep apnea, and psychological disorders. And, in addition to childhood health risks, studies have found that overweight kids are at greater risk of becoming obese adults, with all the health problems associated with obesity lasting throughout their lives.
Experts have identified excessive "screen time" as a direct cause of obesity in children, because it replaces physical activity, increases eating, and reduces metabolism.
Get 'em up
Like adults, children should be physically active most, if not all, days of the week. Experts suggest at least 60 minutes of moderate physical activity daily for most children. Running, bicycling, jumping rope, dancing, and playing basketball or soccer are good ways for them to be active.
These strategies can help you motivate your kids get a move on:
Encourage activities that are fun and physical, such as running, skating, swimming, bicycling, hopscotch, or jumping rope.
Find out what your children like to do and make this a focus of your family activities.
Participate in community fitness events, such as charity walks or fun-runs.
Use family walks or bike rides as a time to do more than just exercise together. Talk about school and family issues when you're taking a break.
Plan outings that involve physical activity, such as going to a skating rink, the zoo, or a miniature golf course.
Turn chores into games. Try raking leaves and jumping into the piles. Have a water fight while washing the car. Pretend you're digging for treasure while gardening.
Invite neighborhood kids to play games that require more participants, such as riding bikes or kickball.
Make sure to exercise safely, by participating in age-appropriate activity and using safety equipment, such as bike helmets, wrist pads, and knee pads.
But the best way for you to help your children get more exercise is to join in. Growing up in an active family also makes it easier for children to value exercise when they become adults.
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Vines can be extremely difficult to control. They tend to grow fast and quite aggressively, growing into garden beds, up trees and across lawns, to name a few. If your vine has thorns and you are having troubling killing it, it may be the common weedy vine known as smilax or greenbriar. Whatever type of thorny vine you have, if possible, it's best to kill it while its young before it gets out of control and before its root system becomes large and harder to kill.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Challenging
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Long clothing
- Pruning shears
- Weed trimmer
Wear thick garden gloves when working with vines with thorns. Also, wear long, old clothing that you don't mind getting ripped by the thorns.
Cut down the thorny vine using pruning or lopping shears. If the base of the vine is too thick for loppers, a saw may be necessary. If the vine has thin stems, a weed trimmer may work.
Dig into the soil to examine the vine's roots. If they are tubers or rhizomes, which grow close to the surface and are easy to remove, dig as many of them as possible out of the soil and discard. This will help minimise new growth.
Paint any stumps left behind with an herbicide labelled as a brush killer, or if you know the identity of your bush, select one labelled to kill it.
Spray the leaves on new growth with a brush, broad-leaf or non-selective herbicide, per label instructions. Again, if you know the identity of the vine, choose an herbicide that lists it on its label. If you are using the herbicide in an area where it can also kill nearby plants or grass, paint the herbicide on the vine's leaves rather than spraying it.
Reapply the herbicide whenever the thorny vine grows. It may take one to two years of persistence to kill the vine completely.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:6f3e15ed-9488-439b-b8fd-84d1adf264f3> | {
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History of money and banking
Trade is as old as humanity itself. Long-distance commerce is according to some sources at least 150,000 years old. It is ten times older than farming. When human being first began to produce written records of their activities they did so not to write history, poetry or philosophy, but to do business.
Most types of food and perishables could be only traded locally, preferred were durable goods with large value for a small weight. Some of them have begun to be used as money, examples as diverse as cattle, seashells, beads, nails, tobacco, cotton, and so on; but since the 17th century the most common forms have been metal coins, paper notes, and bookkeeping entries. The wide use of cattle as money in primitive times survives in the words like pecuniary (coming from the Latin pecus, meaning cattle) and fee (Old English feoh, âcattle ownedâ, still used as livestock in German Vieh).
Ancient times record the rise of great civilizations, growth of trade and development of new technologies. They also show many experiments with price controls, inflation, and even attempts at total control over the market.
The use of metal for money can be traced back to Babylon more than 2000 years BC, but standardization and certification in the form of coinage did not occur except perhaps in isolated instances until the 7th century BC.
One of the precursors were metal ingots. On Crete were found copper ingots from 17th century BC, in the shape of oxskins, with writings about their purity and full weight. Historians generally ascribe the first use of coined money to Croesus, king of Lydia, a state in Anatolia. The earliest coins were made of electrum, a natural mixture of gold and silver, and were crude, bean-shaped ingots bearing a primitive punch mark certifying to either weight or fineness or both. Some theorize, that the first stamped coins were issued by priests, and that the first mints were in temples. According to others, they were made for uniform payments of considerable value, for example for the payment of mercenaries. As many kings were overthrown at the time, some even consider them badges of conspiracy, the earliest coins would be used to buy loyalty.
Coins made payment by "tale", or count possible, rather than weight, greatly facilitating commerce. But this in turn encouraged "clipping" (shaving off tiny slivers from the sides or edges of coins) and "sweating" (shaking a bunch of coins together in a leather bag and collecting the dust that was so knocked off). The result is described by Gresham's Law ("bad money drives out good" when there is a fixed rate of exchange between them): good, heavy coins were held for their metallic value, while light coins were passed on to others. In time the coins became lighter and lighter and prices higher and higher. To correct this problem, the coins were weighed for large transactions, and there was pressure for recoinage. The problem was largely ended by the "milling" of coins (serrations around the circumference of a coin), which began in the late 17th century. A more serious problem was, that the sovereigns often attempted to benefit from the monopoly of coinage.
Banking in Ancient Times
The first precursors of banks can be traced as far back as ancient Mesopotamia, where temples, royal palaces, and some private houses served to store valuable commodities like grain, the ownership of which could be transferred via written receipts. There are records of loans by the temples of Babylon as early as 2000 BC; temples were considered safe, because they were sacred places watched over by gods, and should be protected from theft. Companies of traders in ancient times provided banking services connected to the buying and selling of goods. Many of these early "protobanks" dealt primarily in coin and bullion, money changing and supplied foreign and domestic coins of the correct weight and fineness. Around the year 3300 B.C. the temple of Uruk owned the land it exploited, received offerings and deposits and granted loans to farmers and merchants of livestock and grain, probably the first bank in history.
One of the first recorded reforms to remove corruption comes from Sumer. King Urukagina, reigning from about 2350 BC, removed excessive regulations and bureaucracy. What little remains of the records from that time contains possibly the first reference to a word for 'freedom', amargi (some sources interpret it as an exemption of taxes or cancellation of debt).
In Babylon, the Code of Hammurabi, "the protecting king", explicitly quoted many wages and prices. The decline of the number of merchants and an increase in bureaucracy was followed by an overall economical decline. It strictly regulated the rights associated with it, as well as commercial activity, limiting interest rates and even establishing public loans at 12.5 percent. Partnership agreements were also regulated, as was the keeping of accounts of operations.
The rulers of Egypt regulated the grain crops, then directed it, until finally land become the property of the monarch to be rented out. "There was a real omnipresence of the state... all prices were fixed by fiat at all levels. There was a whole army of inspectors. There was nothing but inventories, censuses of men and animals. In villages, where disgusted farmers ran away, those, who remained, were responsible for the absentees' production." Egypt collapsed economically and politically at the end of the third century BC.
Few people were wealthy, but banking was widespread and used by many villagers, farmers, merchants and craftsmen, doing business through banks and making payments out of their deposits and bank accounts. The Ptolemies realized how profitable private banks were, and started the first government-run bank which would conduct business with the "prestige" of the state, hold custody of tax revenues and invest in its benefit. The main innovation of Egyptian banking was centralization: the government bank in Alexandria had branches in the most important towns and cities. It has outlived its founding dynasty and was preserved during Roman rule.
Solon, on taking office in Athens in 594 BC, instituted a partial debasement of the currency (there is some disagreement on this matter). For the next four centuries the drachma had an almost constant silver content (67 grains of fine silver until Alexander, 65 grains after) and became the standard coin of trade in Greece and in much of Asia and Europe. Even after the Roman conquest of Greece in roughly the 2nd century BC, the drachma continued to be minted and widely used. The Greek city-states were largely independent, though there was an awareness of Hellenic identity. Each city-state had its own coinage. There was an active trade in these currencies, and probably few laws limiting citizens of a given city-state to the use of their own money. Debasement of the currency either for state profit or for the accommodation of changes in the ratio was rare in Greek history (with the notable exception of Dionysius of Syracuse). On the contrary, there are cases of actually raising the standard of the coinage for the greater prestige which a coinage of high intrinsic value seemed to offer. In the sixth century B.C., the Euboean unit was increased in a number of cities by about five grains, in emulation of an increase introduced by Pisistratus in Athens.
Banking, bank fraud and even banking crises were very well known. After the revolt against Mithridates, a serious banking crisis in Ephesus followed. The banking industry received here its first express, historically-documented privilege, which established a ten-year deferment on the return of deposits.
- Main article: Money and banking in Ancient Rome
From at least the 4th century B.C.. the Roman government bought grain in times of shortage and resold it at a lower price. At 58 B.C. was the law changed: every citizen should become free wheat. To the surprise of the government, most farmers left the country to live in Rome without working. To deal with the increasing economical problems, the emperors gradually began to devalue their currency.
The silver denarius, patterned after the Greek drachma, was introduced about 212 BC. Soon after, the prior copper coin (aes, or libra) began to be debased until, by the onset of the empire, its weight had been reduced from 1 pound (12 Roman ounces) to half an ounce. By contrast the silver denarius and the gold aureus (introduced about 87 BC) suffered only minor debasement until the time of Nero (AD 54), when almost continuous tampering with the coinage began. The metal content of the gold and silver coins was reduced, while the proportion of alloy was increased to three-fourths or more of its weight.
The prices have risen in response and reached unprecedented heights under Emperor Diocletian. The once silver denarius was by then a tin plated copper coin, silver and gold coins were no longer in circulation. Diocletian issued a new denarius from pure copper and instituted further reforms, to fix still rising prices and the wages of many workers. Death was the punishment for dealing at higher prices or hoarding, and much blood was shed before the law was finally ignored. A tax reform has bound the lower classes to the soil and made them effective serfs.
The silver currency was basically abandoned, so much that the government started to demand payment of taxes in kind and in services instead of coin. Constantine issued the golden solidus in large numbers (but taxes had to be paid in gold bullion, as the government had trouble knowing how debased its coinage was). But the inflation of lesser coins continued, even cities were free to make their own token coins. Most people had to buy gold coins to pay taxes with, those who couldn't afford it lost their lands or became delinquents. So there was a relatively stable 'gold standard' used by the growing number of soldiers and civil servants, and an increasingly worthless currency for the rest of the citizenry. A rapid decline of their fortunes and personal freedoms followed.
And so has debasement contributed to the collapse of the empire.
Banking was highly developed and subject to Roman Law, money deposits were to be safeguarded and not lent out. A specialty were banker associations or societates argentariae, where members supplied capital to form them, but they had unlimited liability to prevent fraud. Most banks failed during the economic crises of the third and fourth centuries A.D.
In China, the economic doctrines of Confucius held that "government interference is necessary for economic life and competition should be reduced to a minimum." A large bureaucracy was formed to regulate in detail commercial life and prices. In natural calamities, like famines, the merchants were not allowed to raise prices. The collection and raising of crops was regulated similarly.
But the results were not very favorable and the officials learned the lesson: "...whenever the government adopted any minute measure, it failed, with few exceptions.... since the Ch'in dynasty (221-206 B.C.), the government of modern China has not controlled the economic life of the people as did the government of ancient China. "
Even in those times, there were economic thinkers pointing out the rising prices were caused by inflation. Yeh Shih (A.D. 1150-1223), for instance, anticipated by several centuries the principle known as Gresham's Law: "The men who do not inquire into the fundamental cause," he wrote, "simply think that paper should be used when money is scarce. But as soon as paper is employed, money becomes still less. Therefore, it is not only that the sufficiency of goods cannot be seen, but also that the sufficiency of money cannot be seen."
The Roman system of coinage outlived the Roman Empire itself. Prices were still being quoted in terms of silver denarii in the time of Charlemagne, king of the Franks from 768 to 814. The difficulty was that by the time he was crowned Imperator Augustus in 800, there was a chronic shortage of silver in Western Europe. Demand for money was greater in the much more developed commercial centers of the Islamic Empire that dominated the southern Mediterranean and the Near East, so that precious metal tended to drain away from backward Europe. So rare was the denarius in Charlemagne's time that twenty-four of them sufficed to buy a Carolingian cow. In some parts of Europe, peppers and squirrel skins served as substitutes for currency.
To overcome the problem, the Europeans could export labor and goods, exchanging slaves and timber for silver in Baghdad or for African gold in Cordoba and Cairo. Or they could plunder precious metal by making war on the Muslim world. The Crusades, like the conquests that followed, were as much about overcoming Europe's monetary shortage as about converting heathens to Christianity.
Coinage and debasement
The Middle Ages saw widespread use and standardization of coins, and their extensive debasement, in almost every country in Europe. But there were also clear ideas about what constitutes good money. Charlemagne made his son Louis swear to never make the coinage worse. Louis the Pious kept his word and the following kings of this line kept the same coin. But the later Frankish emperors began to devalue their coins, and did so frequently. The dean of the church of Prague, Cosmas (~1045-1125), reports of changes in coinage 3 to 4 times a year, their effect worse than pestilence, looting armies and arson. Thomas Aquinas, the great sage of the 13th century. stressed the importance of an unchanging coin and demanded from the rulers to hold to the true inner worth of things. Nicholas Oresme, one of the first economic theoreticians, demonstrated the effects of currency depreciation. And according to the philosopher Gabriel Biel, to withdraw a good coin and issue a less worthy one with the same nominal value is clearly fraud.
The devaluations were certainly not rare. For example, in 1200, the French livre tournois was defined as 98 grams of fine silver; by 1600 it equaled only 11 grams. When the dinar, the coin of the Saracens in Spain was first coined at the end of the seventh century, it consisted of 65 gold grains. The Saracens kept the dinarâs weight relatively constant, and as late as the middle of the twelfth century, it still equaled 60 grains. At that point, the Christian kings conquered Spain, and by the early thirteenth century, the dinar, called maravedi, had been reduced to 14 grains of gold. The gold coin was soon too lightweight to circulate, and was converted into a silver coin weighing 26 grains of silver. But by the mid-fifteenth century, the maravedi consisted of only 1Âœ silver grains, and was again too small to circulate.
The modern banking industry was born and discovered the profits and bankruptcies associated with fractional reserve banking.
Banking in Europe
The fall of the Roman Empire meant the feudalization of economic and social relationships. The reduction in trade and division of labor dealt a heavy blow to financial activities, especially banking, the effects lasting for centuries, the revival started by the end of 11th century and beginning of 12th (from this period stems also the practice of double-entry bookkeeping.) Only monasteries were secure enough to guard economic resources. Particularly important were the Templars, an internationally active military and religious order, they kept deposits in safe custody, transferred funds and made loans of their own resources. Their growing prosperity aroused the fear and envy of many, until Philip the Fair, the King of France, disbanded the order to get their riches.
The bankers preserved their deposits fully at first, but later began to use them for their own purposes, creating deposits and granting credits out of nowhere. Since the canonical law banned the charging of interest on loans, bankers would instead pay "penalties" for "delays" in payment and in effect pay interest on a disguised loan, and justified any misappropriations on this basis. Fractional reserve banking has created periods of growth, followed by an economical crisis and failure of banks.
The authorities failed to enforce sound banking practices, and often granted banks a government license to operate with a fractional reserve, while taking advantage of easy loans to finance governments and public officials. Some rulers created government banks to reap the profits. But banks were still required to guarantee deposits.
In western Europe, the use of private bank notes and deposits, redeemable in specie, had begun in fourteenth century Venice. Firms granting credit to consumers and businesses existed in the ancient world and in medieval Europe, but these were "money lenders" who loaned out their own savings. "Banking" in the sense of lending out the savings of others only began in England with the "scriveners" of the early seventeenth century. (The scriveners were clerks who wrote contracts and bonds and so were in a position to learn of mercantile transactions and engage in money lending and borrowing.) The term banker originated in Florence, where bankers were called either banchieri or tavolieri, because they worked sitting behind a bench (banco) or table (tavola).
And it was in Florence, where the growing banking industry gained great importance by the fourteenth century. From that time have the bankers begun to misuse a portion of their deposits, inevitably causing a boom and a recession. This recession was triggered not only by Neapolitan princesâ massive withdrawal of funds, but also by Englandâs inability to repay its loans and the drastic fall in the price of Florentine government bond. The public debt was financed by these speculative new loans created. A general crisis of confidence occurred, causing the most important banks to fail between 1341 and 1346. The recovery did not come until after the plague.
The powerful Medici bank initially didn't accept demand deposits. Later on, their reserve ratio gradually worsened, and by its end dropped even below 10 percent. The bank was ruined by the end of the 14th century like its competitors, and all of its assets fell into the hands of creditors.
China was a pioneer of banking practices. Deposit banking per se began in the eighth century A.D., when shops would accept valuables, in return for warehouse receipts, and receive a fee for keeping them safe. After a while, the deposit receipts of these shops began to circulate as money. Finally, after two centuries, the shops began to issue and lend out more receipts than they had on deposit; they had caught on to fractional reserve banking.
Printing was first invented in ancient China and paper money began there as well. The government sought a way to avoid physically transporting gold collected in taxes from the provinces to the capital at Peking. In the mid-eighth century, provincial governments began to set up offices in the capital selling paper drafts which could be collected in gold in the provincial capitals. In 811â812, the central government outlawed private firms involved in this business and established its own system of drafts on provincial governments (called "flying money").
The governments have tried to keep their issues constant at first, and to redeem them at predefined times. But they soon turned to solving their fiscal troubles with printing money. In the province of Szechuan, the first 'extra issues' were made in 1072. The expansion continued until around 1200 was the currency started to be abandoned. In Southern Sung, from the beginning of inflation in 1176 it took to the thirteenth century for a serious decline in value. In northern Chin was the amount of paper money held stable from 1153 until 1190. Following various experiments, attempts to pay for military expenditures have completely destroyed its value by the second decade of 13th century.
After the Mongols entered China, in 1260 were the various regional currencies replaced with a national currency fixed to silver. The issues started to multiply and even the growth of the area, where they were legal tender, didn't prevent their fall in value. Several reforms later, by 1356 was the paper money practically worthless and the dynasty ended in 1368. The Ming were similarly reckless in their monetary policy and by 1500 were the notes becoming collector's items. After some 500 years experience, the Chinese abandoned the use of state-sponsored paper money and returned to a combination of hard currency and private bank notes. The government superseded the paper money by a metallic currency, and for ever abolished paper money issued by the State.
The modern times were witness to the rise of central banks. Experiments with using multiple metals for coinage and bimetallism have led to the domination of the Gold Standard. Fractional reserve banknotes have been widespread by the end of 18th century and the trend continued. They have turned into paper money in most countries by the beginning of World War I.
But coins still freely circulated for a long time. For example, the Spanish silver dollar was from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century the relatively most stable and least debased coin in the Western world, and thus the world's outstanding coin. The 'piece of eight' became the world's first truly global currency, financing not only the protracted wars Spain fought in Europe, but also the rapidly expanding trade of Europe with Asia.
Europe was also impacted by the inflow of precious metals from the New World, but it was not a dramatic price revolution. The money stock (gold and silver) increased depending on various estimates by 50 to 500% from the year 1500 over a period of 150 years (an average growth rate of the money supply somewhere between 0.3 and 3.3 percent per annum). Where many complained about rising prices, some have recognized (often ascribed to J. Bodin in 1568, but first recognized by Azpilcueta Navarro from the School of Salamanca in 1556), that the goods have not risen in value, but silver has fallen; from 1500 to 1700 it was estimated to be 1/20 of its former value.
At the beginning of the 16th century, the currency reforms of Charles V proved unpopular, although he was able to suppress any upheaval. Under his son Philip II. and his lack of religious tolerance, the revolution broke out in full. One of the first measures of the revolutionary government was "free" or "individual" coinage, where the state would coin any metal delivered to it at no or very small cost. Free coinage was an immediate success. As the seventeenth century began, the Dutch were the driving force behind European commerce. The coins, that had legal tender status were often worn and damaged, so it was not easy to exchange them. To do so, the Bank of Amsterdam was founded in 1609. Coins were taken in as deposits based not on the face value, but on the real value of their metal weight, with credits, known as bank money, issued against them. And so was created a perfectly uniform currency. This, along with the convenience and security of the new money - and the guarantee of the city of Amsterdam, caused the bank money to trade at an agio, or premium over coins.
The Bank was at first a strictly deposit bank with 100 percent backing, but secretly allowed some depositors to overdraw their accounts as early as 1657 and later provided large loans to the Dutch East India Company and the Municipality of Amsterdam. By 1790 these loans became public and the premium on the bank money disappeared, by the end of that year the Bank virtually admitted insolvency by issuing a notice that silver would be sold to holders of bank money at a 10 percent discount. The City of Amsterdam took the Bank over, and eventually closed it for good in 1819.
But throughout 17th century, precious metals from the New World, Japan and other locales have been channeled into Europe, with corresponding price increases. Thanks to the free coinage, the Bank of Amsterdam, and the heightened trade and commerce, Netherlands attracted even more coin and bullion. One of the results of the boom was the Tulip mania (1634-37). The popular flower became a status symbol, the rare bulbs were hard to reproduce and in great demand. A large futures market formed for the seasonal flower and the speculation escalated. At its peak, the prices rose twenty-six times in January 1637, only to fall to one-twentieth of its peak price a week later. Finally, the Court of Holland judged the tulip sales to be bets under Roman law and basically cancelled all contracts. The growers of the bulbs absorbed the most of the damage and the number of bankruptcies increased.
Ironically, as kings throughout Europe debased their currencies, the Dutch provided a sound money policy with money backed one hundred per cent by specie. Free coinage laws (later limited) created more money from the increased supply of coin and bullion, than what the market demanded. The acute increase in the supply of money fostered an atmosphere, that was ripe for speculation and malinvestment, and led to one of the first recorded panics or speculative bubbles.
In England there were no banks of deposit until the civil war in the mid-seventeenth century. Merchants used to store their surplus gold in the kingâs mint for safekeeping. But when Charles I needed money in 1638, shortly before the outbreak of the civil war, he confiscated a huge sum of ÂŁ200,000 of gold, calling it a "loan" from the owners. Although the merchants later got their gold back, instead of the mint they chose to deposit their gold in the coffers of private goldsmiths. The warehouse receipts of the goldsmiths were soon used as a substitute for the gold itself. By the end of the civil war, in the 1660s, the goldsmiths fell prey to the temptation to print pseudo-warehouse receipts not covered by gold and lend them out; in this way fractional reserve banking came to England. When they refused to grant the king even more loans, he has stopped paying interest, to resume it later at a lowered rate. The new government of William and Mary, ushered in by the "Glorious Revolution" after 1688, has simply refused to pay the debt. Finally, the House of Commons settled the affair in 1701. Half of the capital sum of the debt should be simply wiped out; and the interest on the other half be paid at the remarkable rate of 3 per cent. Even that low rate was later cut to two-and-a-half. Most of the leading goldsmith-creditors went bankrupt by the 1680s, and many ended their lives in debtors' prison.
Paper money, as we know it today, originates from the European fractional reserve banks of the 17th century, while the search for more money by governments was the main driving force.
The drive for more money for the crown led to the creation and special privileges of the Bank of England. It and the English banking system has become a model for many other countries.
In 1720s has the Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole introduced the sinking fund, a funding system designed to pay down England's public debt. Taxes, which had before been laid on for limited periods, were rendered perpetual, and the fund should not be used for any other purpose. The government obtained a reduction on the interest of the public debt. The savings were added to the fund and it was for some time regularly applied to the discharge of debt. But soon, the principle of an inviolable sinking fund was abandoned. During the wars which were waged while it subsisted, the whole of its produce was applied to the expense of the war; and even in time of peace, large sums were abstracted from it for current services. The sinking fund has greatly increased debt instead of diminishing it.
From then on, government debt never needed be repaid. It was enough to create a regular and dependable source of revenue and use it to pay the annual interest and the principal of maturing bonds. Then for every retired bond would be sold a new one. In this way, a national debt could be made perpetual. Walpole's system proved its worth in financing British overseas expansion and imperial wars in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The government could now maintain a huge peacetime naval and military establishment, readily fund new wars, and need not retrench afterward. The British Empire was built on more than the blood of its soldiers and sailors; it was built on debt. The ever-growing debt had the ancillary benefit of attaching the interests of wealthy creditors to the government. This example was not lost on some leaders of the infant American Republic, Alexander Hamilton for one.
In the first decades of the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain was confronted by a very serious small change shortage. The bimetallic legislation then in effect undervalued silver, so that few if any silver coins were minted, while those already in circulation tended either to be melted into bullion or to be very badly impaired. The Royal Mint suspended copper coinage altogether for a generation beginning in 1775, leaving British factory owners and retailers more desperate than ever for small change.
British businessmen, starting in 1787 with Thomas Williams (who owned what was then the worldâs biggest copper mine, in Wales), took to minting and issuing their own token coins. Between 1787 and 1797, when the government finally attempted to reform its own token coinage, a score of private mints had supplied several hundred private coin issuers with some 600 tons of custom made copper pennies and halfpennies, which was more copper coin than the Royal Mint had issued over the course of the previous half century. By 1811 change was again in very short supply, the governmentâs reform efforts having proven inadequate. Consequently, another round of private coinage took place, this time involving silver as well as copper tokens. That round ended several years later, when the government decided to outlaw private coins.
- Main article: History of money and banking in the United States
In the British colonies of North America, the local governments pushed for paper notes with legal tender privileges. The first to do so was the province of Massachusetts in 1690, after a failed raid against French Quebec. It paid off its soldiers with paper notes and pledged to redeem them out of taxes soon and that no more notes would be ever printed. Both promises were quickly broken.
This practice was replicated in five other colonies before 1711, and eventually spread to all British colonies. The merchants forced to accept the rapidly depreciating paper notes complained to the British Parliament, which first limited and in 1764 prohibited the issue of any legal-tender paper in all colonies. To some, this might have been one of the roots of the American revolution.
After winning independence, the opponents of inflation have been for long successful. The "founding fathers" strove to avoid paper money, and using anything but gold and silver as legal tender was even forbidden in the constitution. The power to coin money was given to the federal government, not the states.
The first central bank lasted from 1792 to 1812. To finance the war of 1812â14, the federal government issued legal-tender treasury notes and a second bank was founded. In the 1830s, President Jackson refused to extend the charter of the Second Bank of the United States (1816-1836), withdrew all public funds from private or state (fractional-reserve) banks, and cut down the public debt from some $60 million at the beginning of his administration to a mere $33,733.05 on January 1, 1835. His successors neutralized these reforms to some extent, especially by bringing the public debt back to more than $60 million within fifteen years of the end of the second Jackson administration.
For a long time, foreign coins of gold and silver circulated freely, in general use were Spanish, English, and Austrian gold and silver pieces. Finally, Congress outlawed the use of foreign coins within the U.S. by the Coinage Act of 1857, forcing all foreign coinholders to go to the U.S. Mint and obtain American gold coins.
The breakthrough for the inflation party came with Abraham Lincoln and the War Between the States. To finance it, the federal government issued a legal tender paper money in 1862, the so-called greenbacks. This experiment ended in 1875, when the government turned the greenbacks into credit money, by announcing that as from 1879 they would be redeemed into gold. Meanwhile, in 1863â65, the Lincoln administration had created a new system of privileged "national banks" that were authorized to issue notes backed by federal government debt, while the notes of all other banks were penalized by a 10 percent federal tax. As a consequence was American banking centralized around the privileged national banks.
- Main article: Gold standard
In the "classical" gold standard was a central bank of each country expected to hold enough gold in its reserves, while the commercial banks would rely mainly on its banknotes. The advantage were greater possibilities of inflation for the banks and more power for the central bank.
Gold was legal tender in Great Britain since 1821 (when the Bank of England resumed redemption of its notes) and the de facto currency in the US since the 1834. Australia and Canada followed 20 years later. The breakthrough for gold and the era of the classic gold standard began after the war between France and Germany (1870-1871). The German government received war damages of 5 billion francs in gold and made it fiat currency instead of silver, that was losing popularity at the time. The Prussian Bank ('Preusische Bank') was turned into a central bank ('Reichsbank'). Its notes became legal tender in 1909, following the example of the British system.
There were several reasons for using gold. Great Britain, with the largest capital market in the world, was using it. Several major lands using silver (Russia, Austria) have suspended payments by the time. Finally, silver has less purchasing power than gold, making its weight for large transfers rather problematic. Practically all western lands and many of their colonies have followed suit.
The gold standard has eliminated the fluctuations between gold and silver (though they were less than between today's paper currencies). It also caused a significant forced deflation. But the gold standard was still coupled with the practice of fractional reserve banking, and hence unstable. The coming of World War I. ended it before it could collapse.
The Gold Exchange Standard enhanced the already existing international cooperation between banks. The American Fed and the Bank of England would be the central banks for the whole world (with a few exceptions, notably France). Inflating slowly, others would rely on the pound and the dollar for backing, and could inflate much more. This unstable system lasted only from 1925 to 1931, the Great Depression of 1929 caused a rise of protectionist policies and foreign exchange controls, that choked the international currency trade. The Bank of England could not renew its gold reserves and suspended its payments, followed by other banks. From then on currencies fluctuated freely, which lasted until the end of World War II. But the actual gold standard was abandoned, instead of coins could be notes converted only to gold bullion, suitable only for large international transactions. The people were de facto prohibited from using gold as their medium of exchange.
The history from the gold standard into the present.
Bretton Woods system
- Main article: Bretton Woods system
A new system was designed in 1944 in Bretton Woods (New Hampshire US), to make the production of banknotes even more 'flexible'. The gold reserves of the whole world should be concentrated in a single pool, the Fed would redeem its notes while all others would keep the US dollar as reserve. It was a logical choice, as the United States have attracted much gold and after WWII Fort Knox became the largest gold storage in the world. (England, represented by Lord Keynes, tried to push for a pure paper money, but it didn't come to be.)
To reduce the resulting dependency on the Fed, and to make it politically acceptable, two organizations were created: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, both to influence the distribution of new banknotes. They would supply short-term (IMF) and long-term (WB) credit to member states in trouble, primarily the board members. They survived the collapse of Bretton Woods.
The growth of inflation, the main purpose of the Bretton Woods, was so successful, that the Fed eventually ran out of gold and had to suspend its payments in 1971. That was the end of the so-called gold standard and its variants.
The Paper Standard
After the last link to gold was broken, a large number of paper currencies was created. Every country could set its monetary policies as it desired and their exchange rates fluctuated wildly. But attracting foreign investment is much easier in stable conditions. Many states float bonds in other currencies than their own, like in the Euro or the U.S. dollar. Some give public or implicit guarantees that the exchange rate to important currencies will be maintained. It is claimed, that the Fed gave such guarantees to several countries in the 90s, and after they were ended, financial crises in these countries followed (Mexico 1994, Asia 1997). Some states have created currency boards, issuing notes, that backed by and mere substitutes for foreign paper money. It is used by e.g. Hong Kong, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Bosnia and Brunei. Lastly, some abandon their national currency completely and use the currency of their lenders. This is called "dollarization" (the currency does not have to be U.S. dollars). Recent examples include Ecuador, El Salvador, Kosovo and Montenegro.
- Main article: Eurozone
After the fall of the Bretton Woods system began the governments of Wester Europe to amass public debt to grow their welfare states. But it was soon recognized their wildly fluctuating currencies hindered international trade and could so undermine their income.
The first attempt was the European Monetary System (EMS, founded 1978). It was a cartel of paper money producers, who agreed to stabilize the exchange rates between their currencies at certain levels, or parities. In practice, those inflating the least would determine the inflation rates of all others. If someone were to inflate more, they would have to persuade others to do the same, or risk a change of parity. The German Bundesbank was the most conservative of the central banks. A few years after the rejoining of East and West Germany were the paper money producers united in the European Central Bank (ECB, started operation in 1999 and issued Euro notes and coins by 2002.
The Great Recession
- Main article: The Great Recession
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- James Rolph Edwards. "Monopoly and Competition in Money" (pdf), The Journal of Libertarian Studies Vol.IV, No.1, Winter 1980. Referenced 2010-06-26.
- Frank Chodorov. "Tyranny and Finance", from Mises Daily, December 30, 2009; excerpted from chapter 9 of The Rise and Fall of Society. Referenced 2010-09-19.
- Jesse Bullock Charles. "Economic Essays (1936)", p. 502-519. "Having borrowed money from citizens of Syracuse and being pressed for repayment, he ordered all the coin in the city to be brought to him, under penalty of death. After taking up the collection, he restamped the coins, giving to each drachma the value of two drachmae, so that he was enabled to pay back both the original loan and the money he had ordered brought to the mint." Referenced 2010-09-19.
- Elgin Groseclose. "Money And Man - A Survey of Monetary Experience" (pdf), Bimetallism and the Rise of the Gold Standard, p.146-147. Referenced 2010-06-25.
- JesĂșs Huerta de Soto. Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles. 2. Historical Violations of the Legal Principles Governing the Monetary Irregular-Deposit Contract, p. 41-51, referenced 2009-10-29.
- Robert L. Schuettinger and Eamonn F. Butler. "Forty Centuries of Wage and Price Controls", Chapter 2 - The Roman Republic and Empire, p. 19-27, referenced 2009-08-09.
- Joseph R. Peden. "Inflation and the Fall of the Roman Empire", posted on 2009-09-07 in Mises Daily, referenced 2009-09-11.
- JesĂșs Huerta de Soto. Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles. 2. Historical Violations of the Legal Principles Governing the Monetary Irregular-Deposit Contract, p. 53-58, referenced 2009-10-29.
- Murray N. Rothbard. America's Great Depression, online version, Chapter I. Money: its Importance and Origins, p.12, referenced 2009-08-20.
- Kosmas. "KosmĆŻw Letopis ÄeskĂœ s pokraÄowĂĄnĂmi kanownĂka WyĆĄehradskĂ©ho a mnicha SĂĄzawskĂ©ho (1882)" (in Czech), p.37-38; pdf, on The Internet Archive. "Cosmas <Pragensis> / Bretholz, Berthold: Die Chronik der Böhmen des Cosmas von Prag, Berlin, 1923" (in Latin), on Monumenta Germaniae Historic, p.59. Referenced 2010-12-02.
- Richard Gaettens. Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), Schlusswort (Closing words) p. 302. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-11-01.
- JesĂșs Huerta de Soto. Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles. 3. Bankers in the Late Middle Ages, p. 59-69, referenced 2009-11-05.
- Murray N. Rothbard. A History of Money and Banking in the United States, Private Bank Notes, p. 56-57, referenced 2009-08-18.
- JesĂșs Huerta de Soto. Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles. 2. Historical Violations of the Legal Principles Governing the Monetary Irregular-Deposit Contract, p. 70-75, referenced 2009-11-07.
- Murray N. Rothbard. The Mystery of Banking, online version, Chapter IV. The Supply of Money, p.56-57, referenced 2009-08-20.
- Gordon Tullock. "Paper money - a cycle in Cathay" (pdf), The Economic History Review, Second series, Vol. IX, No. 3, 1957, referenced 2009-09-14.
- Vissering, Willem. "On Chinese currency. Coin and paper money", Chapter VI, p.218. Publisher: Leiden, E. J. Brill 1877, digitized book at the Internet Archive. Referenced 2010-08-09.
- Jörg Guido HĂŒlsmann. The Ethics of Money Production, online version, Chapter 15. Fiat Monetary Systems in the Realm of the Nation-State p.199-203, referenced 2009-08-20.
- Murray N. Rothbard. A History of Money and Banking in the United States, A history of money and banking in the United States before the twentieth century, p. 49, referenced 2009-09-14.
- Jörg Guido HĂŒlsmann. The Ethics of Money Production, online version, Chapter 4. Utilitarian Considerations on the Production of Money, p.73-74, referenced 2010-03-04.
- Richard Gaettens. Geschichte der Inflationen Von Altertum bis zum Gegenwart (German: History of Inflations from Old Ages to the Present), John Law und die französischen Finanzprobleme nach dem Tode Ludwigs XIV. (John Law and the French financial troubles after the death of Louis XIV.) p. 100-126. ISBN: ISBN 3-87045-211-0. Referenced 2010-02-27.
- Ludwig von Mises. The Popular Interpretation of the "Industrial Revolution", Mises Daily, August 2010, excerpted from chapter 21 of Human Action. Referenced 2010-08-09.
- Doug French. "The Dutch Monetary Environment During Tulipmania" (pdf), Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol. 9 Num. 1. 2006, referenced 2009-10-18.
- Murray N. Rothbard. Economic Thought Before Adam Smith, 7.6 Mercantilism and inflation, p. 228-229. Referenced 2010-06-04.
- David Ricardo. "Funding System An Article in the Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica 1820, Part of: The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, Vol. 4 Pamphlets and Papers 1815-1823; 11 vols (Sraffa ed.). Referenced 2010-06-24.
- H.A. Scott Trask. "Perpetual Debt: From the British Empire to the American Hegemon", Mises Daily, January 2004. Referenced 2010-06-24.
- George Selgin. "100 Percent Reserve Money: The Small Change Challenge (pdf), The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 12, No. 1 (2009): 3â16. See also the book Good Money. Referenced 2010-08-02.
- Lilburne. "The 19th-Century Bernanke", Mises Daily posted on 2009-09-01, referenced 2009-09-01.
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- Murray N. Rothbard. The Mystery of Banking, p.10, referenced 2009-08-24.
- Jörg Guido HĂŒlsmann. The Ethics of Money Production, online version, Chapter 15. Fiat Monetary Systems in the Realm of the Nation-State p.203-206, referenced 2009-08-20.
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- Murray N. Rothbard. America's Great Depression, Chapter 5: The Development of Inflation, p.148-149, referenced 2009-10-03.
- Llewellyn H. Rockwell Jr. "Hazlitt's Battle with Bretton Woods", Mises Daily, June 2010, referenced 2010-06-19.
- Jörg Guido HĂŒlsmann. The Ethics of Money Production, online version, Chapter 17. International Paper-Money Systems, 1971-?, p.223-236, referenced 2009-08-29.
- Zuckerman, Mortimer. "Mortimer Zuckerman: The Great Recession Continues - WSJ.com", The Wall Street Journal, referenced 2010-07-23.
- Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose. "With the US trapped in depression, this really is starting to feel like 1932". The Daily Telegraph (London). Referenced 2010-07-27. | <urn:uuid:7ca6750d-9f87-4593-bfd9-1172c82017ff> | {
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It’s been a long time coming, but the U.S. Coast Guard’s new communication system is up and running.
I‘d guess that not too many of us are still using radios that are more than 30 years old. But believe it or not, until recently, U.S. Coast Guard stations in the lower 48 states were still using communications equipment that had originally been installed as part of the National Distress and Response System (NDRS) back in the 1970s. Like most old electronics equipment, it was becoming increasingly unreliable and difficult to maintain.
Understanding this technological deficit, the Coast Guard has begun to move toward change: 26 of its sectors covering nearly 37,000 miles of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts have been equipped with a new, billion-dollar “C4” (Computing, Command, Control, and Communications) system called Rescue 21. Some sources are describing it as “the maritime version of 911,” while the Coast Guards’ own catchphrase is that “it takes the search out of search and rescue.”
However, progress has been slow. The first contracts were signed in 2000, and installation work began in 2003. But it wasn’t until the late fall of 2005 that the first few sectors were able to go online, and Rescue 21 coverage of the Great Lakes, western rivers, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Guam has yet to be completed. The geography and climate of Alaska pose special problems that are likely to mean that the changeover there most likely won’t be completed for about five years.
But what a change it will be. A basic requirement for the new system is that it should allow Coast Guard watchstanders ashore to communicate with a casualty in both directions 20 miles offshore even if that casualty is using nothing more than a one-watt portable VHF. Another key feature is that most of the 350 radio masts that are being built or adapted for the Rescue 21 project will be equipped with radio-direction-finding equipment capable of showing the bearing of any incoming distress call within an accuracy of about two degrees. About 80 percent of America’s coastal waters are within range of two or more towers at once, so a watchstander who receives a distress call should be presented with the casualty’s position on-screen and to an accuracy of about half a mile even before he has finished responding to the initial call.
The third of the big advantages of the new system is that if your radio is connected to your GPS (and if it is properly registered), then pressing the red “panic button” will automatically broadcast a distress alert that will include your position and Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI), and trigger an alarm at the Coast Guard watchstander’s console. Believe it or not, this function—supposedly the most important of the DSC and of the Global Distress and Safety System—is only just now becoming available around the U.S. coastline.
Slow? Yes, but this is one change that’ll be worth waiting for. For included in a crop of other benefits of the new system are:
- Enhanced coverage compared with the NDRS that it replaces. When the new system is complete, it will cover 99.5 percent of U.S. coastal waters.
- More radio channels that will allow simultaneous communication on five VHF channels (including Channel 16) and one UHF channel. As well as making it easier to deal with multiple incidents at one time, it is expected that this will reduce the risk of a low-powered distress call being “stepped on” by a stronger signal.
- Digital analysis and recording equipment that will make it easier to understand genuine calls and to identify hoaxes.
- Allowance for interoperability with other federal, state, and local communications systems.
- Includes mobile radio masts mounted on trailers that can quickly take over from damaged masts in the event of natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and tsunamis.
The Coast Guard is encouraging all boaters to take advantage of the new system by investing in VHF radios and applying for MMSI (Maritime Mobile Service Identity) numbers but stresses that boaters who already have VHFs do not need to buy any additional equipment.
Click here for a list of MMSI numbers that you can use to make non-distress calls to your local Coast Guard sector.
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General Chemistry/Formulas and Numbers
Calculating Formula Masses
The calculation of a compound's formula mass (the mass of its molecule or formula unit) is straightforward. Simply add the individual mass of each atom in the compound (found on the periodic table). For example, the formula mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is 180 amu.
Molar masses are just as easy to calculate. The molar mass is equal to the formula mass, except that the unit is grams per mole instead of amu.
Calculating Percentage Composition
Percentage composition is the relative mass of one substance in a compound compared to the whole. For example, in methane (CH4), the percentage mass of hydrogen is 25% because hydrogen makes up a total of 4 amu out of 16 amu overall.
Using Percentage Composition
Percentage composition can be used to find the empirical formula of a compound, which shows the ratios of elements in the compound. However, this is not the same as the molecular formula. For example, many sugars have the empirical formula CH2O, which could correspond to a molecular formula of CH2O, C2H4O2, C6H12O6, etc.
- To find the empirical formula from percentage composition, follow these procedures for each element.
- Convert from percentage to grams (for simplicity, assume a 100 g sample).
- Divide by the element's molar mass to find moles.
- Simplify to lowest whole-number ratio.
For example, a compound is composed of 75% carbon and 25% hydrogen by mass. Find the empirical formula.
- 75g C / (12 g/mol C) = 6.25 mol C
- 25g H / (1 g/mol H) = 25 mol H
- 6.25 mol C / 6.25 = 1 mol C
- 25 mol H / 6.25 = 4 mol H
Thus the empirical formula is CH4.
Calculating Molecular Formula
If you find the empirical formula of a compound and its molar/molecular mass, then you can find its exact molecular formula. Remember that the molecular formula is always a whole-number multiple of the empirical formula. For example, a compound with the empirical formula HO has a molecular mass of 34.0 amu. Since HO would only be 17.0 amu, which is half of 34.0, the molecular formula must be H2O2.
- Exercise for the reader
An unknown substance must be identified. Lab analysis has found that the substance is composed of 80% Fluorine and 20% Nitrogen with a molecular mass of 71 amu. What is the empirical formula? What is the molecular formula? | <urn:uuid:377e3990-f0dc-4d4c-b8ce-6d3b6fcec096> | {
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Why do human animals have such special eating habits?
We might be more intelligent than most other animals, but physiologically humans work in pretty similar ways to other living creatures. We have developed the tools to provide shelter, farm food and implement technology into our lives, but even over thousands of years of our brains developing and intelligence expanding our bodies haven’t really changed.
Why then in the 21st Century do most humans in developed countries eat in a way that other animals simply wouldn’t understand? In this article I challenge the idea that humans are special and I argue that our diets shouldn’t differ that much from other omnivorous animals. After all while domesticated pets are certainly an exception to the rule, most animals that live in the wild are free of the so-called diseases of civilization – modern day ailments such as obesity, Type 2 diabetes, cancer and autoimmunity that are rising inline with our increasingly nutrient deficient diets and sedentary lifestyles.
We explore this topic by examining 5 big ways in which human eating habits now differ to those of our friends in the animal kingdom.
#1: Humans are the only animals that use “diet” as a verb
Every single animal has a diet, but it is only humans that “diet.”
Diet has become a word associated with many negative things. Here are some of the words that I think of as associated with dieting:
- Self-loathing and insecurity
- Deadlines to lose weight before an event
- A chance for big food producers to make money
- An attempt to control a part of your life when you lose control of other aspects.
I have attempted to go on many “diets” but they never seem to last very long, because my natural desires to eat certain foods (like healthy saturated fats) eventually overpowers this controlling part of my brain that we like to refer to as “willpower.” Willpower is held up to be this really wonderful thing – those with their lives together have lots of will power, but people who can’t manage to restrain themselves are just out of control. Trying to exercise restraint and willpower when you are on a very restrictive diet is simply fighting your survival instincts, and most of the time you will eventually lose. It is animal nature to eat. We need calories from food to survive so if you try to restrict how many are going in you can end up in trouble.
There is a very big difference between the various meanings of the word diet.
Noun: 1. The kinds of food that a person, animal, or community habitually eats. 2. A special course of food to which a person restricts themselves, either to lose weight or for medical reasons. ie: “I’m going on a diet
Verb: Restrict oneself to small amounts or special kinds of food in order to lose weight.
While all humans do have a diet – the kind of food that they eat – I think for most of us the word is now very tied up with restrictive eating and this is a great shame. Our diets should be based upon food that isn’t all that different to what other omnivorous animals eat – plenty of plants (that doesn’t mean harvested grains); healthy and fatty cuts of meat and fish (because that’s where we get our essential saturated fatty acids) and other nutrient rich foods like fruit and nuts in moderation. These are all foods that come from nature and we eat in a fairly unprocessed manner – they are real food.
All other animals would not naturally gravitate to some of the things that we call food. Cereal out of a cardboard box – where the nutrition in the box is probably greater than the “food” itself; crisps/chips cooked in yucky vegetable oils that have been heated and reheated to dangerously high temperatures; pre-packaged biscuits and cakes that are hardened with transfats; and countless items that have been popped, puffed and processed to a state where they really are not food.
Does the idea of what you put into your body going through similar industrial machinery to a car appeal? I think the fact an animal might turn its nose up should be a good indication.
Humans have definitely lost site of what a “diet” (as in the animal definition of the word) is. Let’s try and reclaim the word. Next time you try and go on a “diet” remind yourself that like every other living being you are constantly on your diet. If it is one based around real food, then you might not need to use that other dirty diet word at all!
Just like our ancestors modern day humans are animals too. Let’s start eating and moving like them!
#2: Humans are the only animals that “exercise” rather than just move
Like we control everything we put in our mouths, humans are also the only animals that have to schedule in exercise. We slave away gyms, doing repetitive movements to try and build a specific muscle, or chip away at the fat on a certain area. Our friends in the animal kingdom on the other hand exercise everyday, but it is not planned or repetitive. Each day is different and movement is not for the sake of exercise, but for the sake of survival and getting things done. Animals move to catch food and avoid being eaten. For some animals like cheetahs this means short, fast bursts of movement and then recovery, while for other grazing type beings it is just gentle, consistent movement all day, everyday. This is how animals stay lean and healthy, it’s just part of their existence.
Once upon-a-time our ancestors did exactly the same thing. We moved to forage and catch food and also to escape from predators. Each day was different. Katie Bowman, a human bio-mechanist and author of a number of brilliant books about movement including Move Your DNA has explored ancestral movement in great depth. She explains that some days our ancestors would have walked for eight hours, but on other days might have only spent up to thirty minutes walking. This balance and variety in movement is a very healthy thing. We want to be constantly challenging our bodies to jump, sprint and lift – not let them become complacent or used to the activity we pursue.
In her book, Katie Bowman looks at “movement nutrition” from the perspective that we require a variety of “movement nutrients” to fulfill our health requirements. This means lifting and stretching, leaping and jumping in lots of different ways. It is great that many gyms are now encouraging people to get into this kind of functional movement instead of just trying to slog away on the cross-trainer for hours at a time.
Instead of feeling pressured to schedule in exercise in an air-conditioned gym environment try incorporating natural movement into your everyday life a bit more. Exercise doesn’t need to be a form of punishment for your body; it can and should be a way of showing your body some good old-fashioned TLC. At the end of the day we are animals and we want to move around in a natural and fulfilling way like our ancestors used to
Get in touch with your inner animal!
Walking is an absolutely wonderful way to move, you don’t need to run.
Play with your kids. Get into some kind of yoga or meditation to stretch your muscles in new and challenging ways. Swim and play in the water. Just do things that feel fun and different, because this is the healthiest way to move.
In part II of the articles on “Humans are animals too” we look at three more reasons that we need to get in touch with nature. | <urn:uuid:2b068345-8c8b-4dc6-baac-a652c80613e6> | {
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In the race to breed better crops to feed the increasing world population, scientists at The University of Nottingham are using maths to find out how a vital plant hormone affects growth.
Gibberellin is a hormone which plays a key part in development throughout the plant, from the root to the flowers and leaves. The hormone works within a complex network of molecules inside the plant, translating signals from the environment into responses in the plant so it can adapt and survive.
Many of the crop varieties developed during the global agricultural 'green revolution' of the 1960s were found to have genetic mutations in this important pathway. Now a team of scientists has applied mathematical approaches to understand how this 'green revolution' hormone works to control plant growth. They have then been able to show how these interactions result in changes in hormone levels that could be key to breeding improved crop varieties in the future.
Leading the research at Nottingham, Dr Markus Owen, Reader in Applied Mathematics, said: "We know that plants with low levels of gibberellin show drastically reduced growth, whilst adding gibberellin can significantly increase growth rates. Mathematical modelling has proved to be a powerful tool to help us understand how gibberellin works. Ultimately, this should help plant scientists to develop crops with improved growth, and hence to address problems of global food security."
A second piece of research in this area has looked at the gibberellin distribution along a growing root, a factor which also affects growth and development. A team led by Professor of Theoretical Mechanics at The University of Nottingham, John King, has used multiscale mathematical modelling to probe how the gibberellin signalling network controls root growth. Work by researcher Leah Band revealed that dilution of gibberellin in rapidly expanding cells can explain why growth finally ceases.
The study led by Dr Owen highlights the importance of interactions between several key feedback loops within the gibberellin signalling network. Professor King's team combined that signalling network with a model for the elongation of a root, to predict how DELLA proteins (key components within the gibberellin signalling network which normally suppress growth), increase along the root, which explains experimental observations of growth rates.
Both studies have just been published in the leading academic journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Explore further: Christmas cracker pulling: How to send everyone home a winner | <urn:uuid:7b73882d-a7f2-49f7-b1c6-f670eddd201f> | {
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click thru the image above to see the video
From ABC News:
This season of “Sesame Street,” which premiered today, has added a few new things to its usual mix of song, dance and educational lessons.
In its 42nd season, the preschool educational series is tackling math, science, technology and engineering — all problem areas for America’s students — in hopes of helping kids measure up.
Carol-Lynn Parente, the show’s executive producer, said that 2-year-olds were more than ready for engineering experiments.
“It really boils down to a curriculum of asking questions, observing … making a hypothesis and testing it out,” she told ABC News today.
This season, “Sesame Street” will include age-appropriate experimentation — even the orange monster Murray will conduct science experiments in a recurring feature.
In the video segment, the first question the interviewer asks is: “are two-year-olds ready for engineering?” To which I would respond that nobody is more “ready” for engineering than a 2-year-old — that she has to ask that question at all kinda makes me sad.
I’m really happy to see a beloved show like Sesame Street covering topics like this hand-in-hand with other important lessons like sharing and feeling good about yourself — it should be a lot of fun to watch too!
This blog post was brought to you by the Avogadro number and the letter π
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Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Learn resistor values with Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground” – Adafruit’s Apps!
Maker Business — “Analog Devices to Buy Linear Technology for $14.8 Billion”
Wearables — Practice patience
Electronics — Look to ferrites (no, not ferrets, the European polecat) when faced with high frequency
Biohacking — TCAPS and Mary Roach on The 99% Invisible Podcast
No comments yet.
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time. | <urn:uuid:549b0cff-ad7d-42d2-9421-c28a81c6393c> | {
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- PartiGeneDB is a publicly available database resource containing the
assembled partial genomes for ~300 eukaryotic organisms.
- Partial genomes are generated from expressed sequence tag datasets
containing more than 1000 sequences.
- PartiGeneDB allows users to view sets of genes and identify genes of
interest in organisms for which a full genome is not currently available.
- PartiGeneDB is automatically updated to include new organism datasets as
they are generated.
- PartiGeneDB provides four portals of entry into the database - click on
SearchDB panel above to access them.
- PartiGeneDB is hosted and supported by the Hospital for Sick Children,
- In addition to providing a comprehensive resource facilitating
comparative analyses, PartiGeneDB allows researchers to access the partial
genomes of organisms that may not be available elsewhere. However, we
recommend and encourage users interested in exploring datasets from a single
organism in more depth, that you visit the specific web sites associated with the sequencing
effort associated with that organism.
Statistics (As at January 2005) : | <urn:uuid:f4c2584d-ec86-4922-9dc3-2e86355f4aea> | {
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How to make learning fun for your child
Advice from the experts at Fisher-Price as they launch their Learning is a Matter of Play campaign
Studies reveal that from the moment a child is born, learning is taking place. Think about it. A new born baby follows your voice and star to distinguish speech from other sounds. A determined one-year-old feeds an avid curiosity by investigating every nook and cranny of the environment.
With all the pressure on school readiness around the world, it may be hard for parents to understand how the simple foundation they create impacts their child’s later success. Nurturing and early play experiences shape a childs ability to learn and relate to others throughout a lifetime.
It starts with Y-O-U, not A-B-C
There’s no better way to let your child know they’re loved than by playing together. The emotional connection helps him understand that you enjoy being with him. And you might not imagine how much your habits will impact the child’s. Do you try new things? Read? Get out into the garden and dig into nature? Complete tasks? Chances are they’ll take their first direction from you as their first, and most important, role model.
Your early interactions matter greatly,. Fact is, the simple act of just talking to your child has a very positive effect on brain development. Environments rich in language stimulation and interaction are proven to engage a child and the reverse all seems true. Researchers call fro parents to be more intentional about how they interact with children from infancy forward. On a walk, in a car, down on the floor in the living room the message is; Chat it up.
You + child + play = wow!
Remember that the formula for child development isn’t complicated.
There are 1,825 days of play from the times a child is born until Kindergarten, 1,825 opportunities to with you and experience the world in the most natural way, through play. Fun and learning will intersect because the more children play, the more they learn from hugs, kisses, and ‘great jobs’, you’ll help your child get ready for school and for life.
Kathlessn Alfano, PH.D. in Early Childhood Education, is the Senior Director of Chils Research for Fisher-Price. She has published numerous articles about children and play, and speaks on the topic of early childhood development around the world.
Visit www.fisher-price.ru for more useful advice on many issues, tips, articles and playtime ideas!
By Kathleen Alfano, Ph.D., Senior Director Child Research, Fisher-PriceBy Time Out Dubai Kids staff
Time Out Dubai, | <urn:uuid:5be3ada4-d3e0-4de9-a1ed-65f9eab879a8> | {
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Laser technology is widely used inmanufacturing tools, as for example in the life of the builders have become part of the LEICA laser rangefinders, levels, levels, etc. they have achieved a certain popularity because of affordability, because today is a good tool can acquire not only professionals, but also ordinary people. What is important to pay attention to when choosing a laser levels? Let's take a closer look at two of their type and learn their characteristics.
Properties prism laser levels
Devices operating on the basis of the prisms,characterized by simplicity of design, increased reliability and more affordable cost. They may be used one or more LEDs that emit a narrow light beam to be converted by the prism plane. Thanks otsutst7viyu additional mechanisms improved device reliability. The most common of the devices includes a pair of light-emitting diodes and a pair of prisms, they are created by the horizontal and vertical, intersecting at an angle of 90 degrees. Management enables a single line. The resulting beam around the device may have a different angle of the sweep, but more often it is 120 degrees.
Modern laser levellers LEICA twointersecting planes make it possible to align the ceiling, floor, walls and other surfaces. Still, some unusual tasks they can not perform. That is why there multiprizmennye Levels. Owing to them can receive more than three planes by several points able to create patterns on different objects. The result is a laser plummet, which helps in making holes in the floor and ceiling surfaces. By certain types of devices can be obtained similar projection on the horizontal plane, this option is particularly relevant when the laying of communications.
Prism Lasers have certaindrawbacks, including a relatively limited operating range. If you do not use a special detector, the resulting beam is discernible at a distance of 5-50 meters, the use of the detector can increase this figure to 30-100 meters. Often levels, at the basis of which is the prism system is used for work inside buildings, but they are not always suitable for large construction sites.
Features rotary laser levels
In devices of this type of laser planeprojected by rotating LEDs integrated electric motor. Rotary devices have greater range compared to the prismatic leveled. Even in the absence of the beam generated by the detector distinguishable from 200-500 meters, and the detector can increase this distance up to a kilometer.
Due to the rotary leveler can get the plane in the range of 360 degrees. Therefore, a single device can take advantage of several workers.
Consider the features of various types of laser levels, you can determine the type of device that best meets your needs. | <urn:uuid:a1b1ec6f-1689-418f-b298-e4994f7b2ac5> | {
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The death of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il has riveted international attention on the threat of nuclear weapons. Kim was widely reported to have been pursuing nuclear warheads and ballistic missiles to deliver them, and he presided over a pair of nuclear bomb blast tests (confirmed by seismograph). No one outside North Korea knows whether the secretive, totalitarian nation possesses an actual warhead. And no one is quite sure where Kim's youngest son and presumed successor Kim Jong-un stands on the goal of assembling a competitive nuclear arsenal.
It could only take one nuclear device and one maniacal leader to wreak global havoc, but the U.S. and seven other nations worldwide have many nuclear warheads in their arsenals. The latest tally (pdf), made at the end of 2009 by Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen at the Natural Resources Defense Council in Washington, D.C., is below. Stockpiles in Russia and the U.S. dwarf those of other countries.
- Russia—13,000 nuclear warheads
- Israel—80 to 100
- Pakistan—70 to 90
- India—60 to 80
- North Korea—unknown
Norris and Kristensen estimate that 4,850 of Russia's warheads are operational; the rest are retired or waiting to be dismantled under arms reduction treaties. About 5,200 of the U.S. warheads are considered operational. In their report, Norris and Kristensen noted that "we are not aware of credible information on how North Korea has weaponized its nuclear weapons capability." They add that U.S. Air Force intelligence did not indicate that any of the country's ballistic missiles were capable of carrying a nuclear warhead at that time. | <urn:uuid:76970575-7c8d-4448-bec4-b134295954ce> | {
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During the Second World War, seven seaforts were built in 1941-42 to protect the Thames Estuary. The designer of all the forts was Mr. G. A. Maunsell, hence the name. Four were built for the Navy and were situated at Knock John, Tongue Sands, Sunk Sand and the Roughs and consisted of two hollow concrete legs in which one hundred men lived, with a gun platform on top. Each weighed 4500 tonnes and was preconstructed before being towed out to sea and sunk into position.
Roughs Tower is 6 miles off the Essex coast. It was occupied in 1967 and as it is outside the 3 mile territorial limit it was declared an independant state, the Principality of Sealand. the top tier of the fort has been replaced by a helicopter landing pad. Tongue Sands Fort succumbed to the sea in 1996 and Sunk Sands Fort was destroyed by the Army in 1967. | <urn:uuid:e147a82d-2dae-4324-a00a-3c9e814dff4d> | {
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Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
An instrument for recording the movements of the body caused by ejection of blood from the heart at each beat.
- ‘A ballistocardiograph is a device, including a supporting structure on which the patient is placed, that moves in response to blood ejection from the heart.’
- ‘This is caused by the compliance between subject and ballistocardiograph as well as by that between the latter and the surroundings.’
- ‘These can be used to produce a ballistocardiograph by suitable differentiation and/or integration.’
- ‘The heart measurement of a chicken embryo takes place by means of a ballistocardiograph as regards technology.’
- ‘A ballistocardiograph chair, designed to look like a normal office chair, was built and fitted with pressure sensitive EMFi-films.’
We take a look at several popular, though confusing, punctuation marks.
From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, discover surprising and intriguing language facts from around the globe.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:69a2ba74-b2e2-420d-832a-fe1cd5f4d06d> | {
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Computer Column #349
We often have written about cloud storage of computer files. Recent changes in some cloud systems have greatly increased their usefulness. Cloud storage is a figurative reference to storing your computer files on some company’s large computer system reached over the Internet. The object is to protect the files from loss and to allow access by multiple devices or users. There are many available cloud storage systems.
Some companies provide storage for governments and large corporations. Amazon Web Services (AWS), for example, has a worldwide network of online storage servers with thousands of commercial and government customers. AWS is a subsidiary of Amazon.com where people buy clothing, books, or electronics online. IBM, Microsoft, Google, and others also serve big companies. There are elaborate features that control who in a company can access specific kinds of information.
Individuals and small businesses will find cloud storage worthwhile, too. Collectors, dealers, auctioneers, appraisers, conservators, authors, and other antiquers can improve computer safety and convenience with suitable cloud storage systems. Though they differ in features and price, they are often free for small amounts of data but have charges for large amounts. Some are even installed as part of a computer’s operating system or office suite.
Cloud systems for small users differ in the nature of their services. Some are aimed at saving your data in the event of a computer crash, ransomware attack, or theft of the computer. In the worst case, the software may have to be reinstalled or repurchased, but the data files will be sitting on the cloud waiting to be used. Some cloud systems add the ability to store a complete hard drive image so the software can be automatically restored.
Some systems store only specific files chosen by the user. Others automatically store all files in specific categories such as documents or photos. Cloud systems associated with an office suite such as Microsoft Office 365 have tools for collaboration between computer users such as coauthors in different locations. The camera in a smartphone and many stand-alone cameras can be set to automatically upload pictures to a cloud server.
Cloud brands are competitively priced and frequently upgraded. If prices were quoted as this is written, they could easily change by publication time. Therefore, prices will be described as “above,” “about,” or “below” midrange. A midrange price for storing 1 terabyte (1 TB = 1000 gigabytes) of data is $60 to $90 per year. But check current prices on the links listed.
Users of the office suite Microsoft Office 365 for both Windows and Macintosh (www.onedrive.live.com/about/en-us/plans) have the option of storing documents on their computer, on the Microsoft OneDrive cloud, or both. Apps for mobile device access are available. Small amounts of data are stored for free. The cost of storing larger amounts is about midrange. Many applications other than Microsoft Office 365 can access OneDrive. If an application cannot, files are easily stored and retrieved using the built-in Windows File Explorer or Macintosh Finder. The folder organization of OneDrive is up to the user. Because OneDrive is available to all Windows users and all Microsoft Office 365 users—regardless of the operating system—it is an easy choice for many computer owners.
For years, I have routinely stored copies of the manuscripts for these columns on OneDrive. If a question from the Maine Antique Digest editorial staff comes up while I am traveling, a correction or rewrite can be done on a tablet or smartphone. Of course, the files are password-protected.
Apple iCloud Drive
Macintosh users may want to use iCloud Drive (www.apple.com/icloud/icloud-drive). It safely stores documents while making them accessible via mobile devices. Some of the bells and whistles of other cloud systems are missing from iCloud, but this is a good choice for those devoted to Apple. Software for using iCloud in Windows is available. Small amounts of data are free; modest amounts of data are inexpensive. Larger amounts are within midrange.
Anyone with a free Google account can use the cloud service. In September 2017, Google announced that the old Google Drive and Photos cloud was being replaced by a new cloud system. This update primarily affected users of the Google Drive desktop and mobile applications—web browser users may notice no changes. You can download the new Google Backup and Sync application at the following site (www.google.com/drive/download). It works on Windows and Macintosh computers, as well as most mobile devices. Most reviews of Google Drive have yet to catch up with the upgrade.
Formerly, Drive would both store files chosen by the user and automatically back up most photographs stored on the computer or mobile devices. It also backed up files on mobile devices. Google Backup and Sync automatically stores all files in the Windows or Macintosh computer’s “document” folder by default as opposed to acting as a separate file repository. Drive remains the cloud storage location, while Backup and Sync accomplishes its eponymous activities as a now-separate function. As documents are edited, the service saves previous versions for 30 days or 100 revisions.
The user can elect to add other categories and file sources. For instance, data files from my homegrown antiques dealer point-of-sale software are now stored with Google’s cloud service. Several thousand music files for compulsory ice dance are now backed up on Google’s cloud, too. Users of Google Gmail have their correspondence saved automatically, but users of other e-mail software can also choose to have their e-mail records backed up to Google Drive. Photograph storage and mobile device backup are still done as well. Space for modest amounts of data and pictures is free with a free Google account. The cost of cloud storage for a useful amount of backup is a little above midrange. It all works well, but the help files are skimpy (www.support.google.com/drive/#topic=14940). You may have to use Google searches and a bit of experimentation. For example, I could not find the versions of a document until I right-clicked on the document’s cloud listing. A listing of the past 18 versions appeared with a menu of possible actions.
One newer service that is highly rated is IDrive (www.idrive.com) for Windows or Macintosh. It has many good features, and storage cost is well within the midrange. Special attention is given to compliance with federal security laws. A free trial for a small amount of data is available, and there are special limited-time rates offered below midrange for the first year for storage of up to 2 TB. CertainSafe® Digital Safety Deposit Box (www.certainsafe.com) provides highly secure storage for sensitive data. Prices are midrange. Dropbox (www.dropbox.com) is an old favorite. It is often used for transferring files too large to attach to e-mail. It can be used for general backup, however. There is a small free account, and larger accounts are within midrange pricing. One advantage is that many mobile apps and operating systems, including Android, iOS, Windows, and Macintosh, facilitate connections to Dropbox once the user’s security information is entered.
Box (www.box.com) for Windows and Macintosh is rated well. It is collaboration-oriented and targets business users. There is a small free account, and prices for large amounts of storage are below midrange. There are many other cloud servers for individuals and small businesses available, which you can find by searching for online reviews. You might start with the 2017 PC Magazine roundup (www.pcmag.com/roundup/306323/the-best-cloud-storage-providers-and-file-syncing-services), but it does not cover the Google Drive updates. There may be a cloud service that exactly fits your needs and budget.
Users of operating systems other than Windows or Macintosh have a tougher time finding cloud storage, although there is a website listing possible options for Linux users (www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-cloud-solutions-using-linux).
Originally published in the February 2018 issue of Maine Antique Digest. © 2018 Maine Antique Digest | <urn:uuid:d197bc22-ad9d-469a-8e04-e25a8cef97c5> | {
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COLIN CORNEAU/BRANDON SUN
Kids taking part in the annual Mini U summer camp at Brandon University admire a remotely operated robot on Thursday. For the first time, the summer camp is offering a Mission to Mars Camp, during which the students design, prepare and execute a simulated mission.
A group of Mini U students at Brandon University is preparing for a mission to Mars this summer.
This year marks the first time the mini-university summer camp is offering a Mission to Mars Camp where students play the part of scientists and engineers tasked with designing, preparing and executing a simulated mission to the neighbouring planet.
The challenge incorporates everything from designing a spacecraft and choosing a suitable crew, to selecting a landing site and building a LEGO robotic rover to explore the planet’s surface.
"It’s all hands-on," Mission to Mars Camp instructor Stephen Beg said. "Kids use their big brains and they make all the designs for spacecrafts that we’re going to take to Mars."
Among the students simulating the mission is 10-year-old Michael Bouchie.
While showing off his rocket made out of a cardboard box and plastic materials, Bouchie said he has already made some new friends in the program, which is based out of BU’s Healthy Living Centre.
"It carries vehicles over to Mars with people in it," Bouchie said, referring to his rocket ship.
He said his favourite part of the program is being able to "build everything."
This summer marks Mini U’s 30th anniversary in Brandon. Director Nancy Stanley has been a part of the hands-on learning summer camp since the beginning and said it serves a definite need in Brandon.
Since its inception, more than 16,000 youth have taken part in Mini U programs.
"There’s a market, there’s a need out there for sure," Stanley said. "A lot more people work, so they need someone and they don’t want just daycare.
"We offer meaningful learning activities."
So far, 792 students have registered for the ages five to 15 summer camp that began on June 30 and will run till Aug. 22. Stanley said enrolment has been steady over the last few years.
"It’s helping a lot of young people enjoy education and maybe even help them determine some new career choices when they try different courses," she said. "It’s really great to see the joy and smiles on their faces."
Some of the popular programs being offered this summer from the nearly 60 from which to choose include archery, minecraft and a Horse Sense Camp, Stanley said.
"They get a chance to learn all the parts of the horse, the riding, safety, a whole host of things," she said. "It’s just great."
Mini U is a cost-recovery, not-for-profit organization that relies on registration fees, federal and provincial grants as well as grants from private and local organizations.
» Twitter: @LindseyEnns
Republished from the Brandon Sun print edition July 4, 2014 | <urn:uuid:2c4f58cc-0a90-4dc4-a4b1-78b11a70e4ac> | {
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One of the biggest problems when studying black holes is that the laws of physics as we know them cease to apply in their deepest regions. Large quantities of matter and energy concentrate in an infinitely small space, the gravitational singularity, where space-time curves towards infinity and all matter is destroyed. Or is it? A recent study by researchers at the Institute of Corpuscular Physics (IFIC, CSIC-UV) in Valencia suggests that matter might in fact survive its foray into these space objects and come out the other side.
Published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity, the Valencian physicists propose considering the singularity as if it were an imperfection in the geometric structure of space-time. And by doing so they resolve the problem of the infinite, space-deforming gravitational pull.
“Black holes are a theoretical laboratory for trying out new ideas about gravity”, says Gonzalo Olmo, a Ramón y Cajal grant researcher at the Universitat de València (University of Valencia, UV). Alongside Diego Rubiera, from the University of Lisbon, and Antonio Sánchez, PhD student also at the UV, Olmo’s research sees him analysing black holes using theories besides general relativity (GR).
Specifically, in this work he has applied geometric structures similar to those of a crystal or graphene layer, not typically used to describe black holes, since these geometries better match what happens inside a black hole: “Just as crystals have imperfections in their microscopic structure, the central region of a black hole can be interpreted as an anomaly in space-time, which requires new geometric elements in order to be able to describe them more precisely. We explored all possible options, taking inspiration from facts observed in nature”.
Using these new geometries, the researchers obtained a description of black holes whereby the centre point becomes a very small spherical surface. This surface is interpreted as the existence of a wormhole within the black hole. “Our theory naturally resolves several problems in the interpretation of electrically-charged black holes”, Olmo explains. “In the first instance we resolve the problem of the singularity, since there is a door at the centre of the black hole, the wormhole, through which space and time can continue.”
This study is based on one of the simplest known types of black hole, rotationless and electrically-charged. The wormhole predicted by the equations is smaller than an atomic nucleus, but gets bigger the bigger the charge stored in the black hole. So, a hypothetical traveller entering a black hole of this kind would be stretched to the extreme, or “spaghettified“, and would be able to enter the wormhole. Upon exiting they would be compacted back to their normal size.
Seen from outside, these forces of stretching and compaction would seem infinite, but the traveller himself, living it first-hand, would experience only extremely intense, and not infinite, forces. It is unlikely that the star of Interstellar would survive a journey like this, but the model proposed by IFIC researchers posits that matter would not be lost inside the singularity, but rather would be expelled out the other side through the wormhole at its centre to another region of the universe.
Another problem that this interpretation resolves, according to Olmo, is the need to use exotic energy sources to generate wormholes. In Einstein’s theory of gravity, these “doors” only appear in the presence of matter with unusual properties (a negative energy pressure or density), something which has never been observed. “In our theory, the wormhole appears out of ordinary matter and energy, such as an electric field” (Olmo).
The interest in wormholes for theoretical physics goes beyond generating tunnels or doors in space-time to connect two points in the Universe. They would also help explain phenomena such as quantum entanglement or the nature of elementary particles. Thanks to this new interpretation, the existence of these objects could be closer to science than fiction.
See the full scientific paper, in Classical and Quantum Gravity
See also the feature article, “Wormholes can fix black holes“, in CQG+
Source: Universitat de València | <urn:uuid:4b2b96f6-9c72-4f56-8f20-bc70072e4f28> | {
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The longest snake - ever (captivity) is Medusa, a reticulated python (python reticulatus), and is owned by Full Moon Productions Inc. in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. When measured on 12 October 2011, she was found to be 7.67 m (25 ft 2 in) long. Medusa also holds the current 'Longest Snake - Living (captivity)' title.
In Kansas City, Missouri, USA, those who look directly at Medusa may not do that – but they certainly come to a stone cold stop.
That’s because the Medusa you find at the city’s Full Moon Productions isn’t some mythological figure of yore. It’s the longest snake ever in captivity.
Medusa, a reticulated python, clocked in at 7.67 meters (25 feet, 2 inches) long in its official world record measurement, on October 12, 2011.
Reticulated pythons – named as such because of the grid-like pattern of its skin – are on average the world’s longest snakes, but adults normally grow an average of between 3-6 m (or, 10-20 ft).
But there is nothing normal about Medusa.
The 10-year-old snake required 15 men to hold her at full length in order for her record measurement to be taken, and her diet consists of a combination of rabbits, hogs, and deer served biweekly. She’s been known to eat a whole, 18-kg (40-lb) deer in one sitting. Medusa herself weighs 158.8 kg (350 lbs).
Reticulated pythons primarily populate southeast Asia, Indonesia, and the Philippines and are also known as great swimmers. In 1912, a specimen shot in Sulawesi measured a jaw-dropping 10 m (32 ft 10 in). However, unlike Medusa, the unnamed animal was never kept alive in captivity.
Medusa is currently housed at “The Edge of Hell Haunted House” in Kansas City. Her handlers say she can actually tell when it’s “showtime” for patrons, as she will go into what they call performance mode. During this time, Medusa will stay completely still for those passing by to get a full glimpse of her in her record-stretching glory.
For those passing through the American Midwest, Medusa is surely a showstopping addition to any itinerary. A helpful hint: she is known to purr like a cat when she’s happy and hiss when she’s angry. Considering the size of this incredible creature, we recommend slithering away yourself if the purring ever stops.
The previous record holder was reticulated python (Python reticulatus) Fluffy. When measured on 30 September 2009, she was found to be over 7.3 m (24 ft) long.
Fluffy sadly died at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, Ohio, USA, on 26 Oct 2010 due to an apparent tumor. She was 18 years old and still 24 foot long. Check out a video of Fluffy below. | <urn:uuid:48042766-a26f-4e66-a366-5a5fc4785fe0> | {
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Icterine warblers often mimick other bird calls, but change it slightly so that a good birder can recognize it. The Dutch call it a mocking bird. Icterine refers to the bird's yellow color. English birders nickname this bird 'icky'. The icterine warbler is found in open deciduous woods, parks and gardens. It likes sunny places so you won't find it in dark woods. Elderberry is its first choice for making its nest, which is made from grass and roots in between the branches. Icterine warblers eat mostly insects, although they will also eat berries in the summer.
No one has provided updates yet. | <urn:uuid:63af4827-fee6-430f-a7cb-d4100934a528> | {
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Healthy Eating Tips for Teens
Eating healthy is an important part of growing up. Sure,
fast food is convenient, and ice cream is a nice treat, but you need to remember
that eating nutritious foods is the key to becoming a healthy and active young woman.
To find out how, check out our easy tips below to jumpstart
your healthy lifestyle.
1. Eat a Good Breakfast
Have you heard the saying, “Breakfast is the most important
meal of the day?” It’s true. Breakfast is important. It can boost your metabolism,
and it can help with weight control, mood and school performance. Your blood sugar
usually drops overnight, leaving your brain to run on empty until you eat in the
morning. It needs to be re-fueled with food. Two-thirds of teenage girls do not
eat breakfast on a regular basis. And girls who skip breakfast find that they tend
to eat more calories and make poor food choices during the day than people who don't
skip breakfast. Good choices are filling yet nutritious options like oatmeal and
fruit. If you change just one thing about your diet, make it eating a healthy breakfast
2. Eat at Home with Your Family
Eating your meals at home with your family has two key benefits:
1. meals prepared at home are usually more nutritious and healthy and 2. you’re
able to control your portions. It’s also a great time to connect with your family
and unwind. Although it can be hard to join your entire family for a nutritious
meal, eating with your family is a great way to unwind. Put your phone in the other
room, enjoy a home-cooked meal and talk about your day. It can be a unifying experience
3. Have a Well-Balanced Diet
It’s important to get the right types and amounts of foods
and drinks to supply nutrition and energy for your body growth and development.
While the recommended serving sizes have changed over the years, the concept has
stayed the same. The idea is that you shouldn’t take in more calories than your
body will burn in a day. If you do, your body will store the extra as fat. Depending
on how active you are, you should stick to an intake of about 2,000 calories. Based
on a 2,000-calorie diet, here is a suggested list of food types and portions you
should try for:
Up to 6 oz. of grains daily, and try to find whole grains
At least 2.5 cups of different types of veggies
About 2 cups of fruit
About 3 cups of dairy (milk-type)
Around 5.5 oz of lean (skinless, low-fat) protein/meat
Of course, there are fats, too, but you should try to avoid
them when possible. We’re not saying you should be measuring or weighing your foods
– it’s all about portions and eating enough of healthy grains, fruits and veggies
for a well-balanced diet.
4. Slow Down for Meals
Relax and enjoy your food. Be sure to slow down when you
are eating and really enjoy your foods. Mealtime is the perfect time to S-L-O-W
down the pace of the day, plus you can focus on mindfully eating. Eating too quickly
interferes with healthy digestion and encourages overeating. A recent study found
that women who ate a meal in 30 minutes ate 10 percent fewer calories compared to
those who wolfed one down in 10 minutes!
5. Eat Healthy Foods 7 Days a Week
Make healthy eating a routine and try and stick to it seven
days a week. You may not have a set time you eat breakfast, lunch or dinner on the
weekend, but it’s important to integrate healthy foods into your diet, no matter
where your weekend takes you.
Interested in how eating well? Read how to lead a healthy lifestyle at BeingGirl.com. | <urn:uuid:aea36309-50fb-4a2e-9070-c7ac77e3150e> | {
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A guide on first-person and third-person points of view, the differences between how to use third person in an essay two, and when to use one point-of-view over the other. People approach essay writing in so many different ways. Some spend a long time worrying about how to set about writing an informative piece, which will educate, or even entertain, the readers.
‘ he cried, answer questions like, i start how to use third person in an essay rats in airy spots! Great comparison contrast essay topics use phrases like “I think, once they know the actual direction and evidence in the rest of the essay. Following different characters throughout the course of the narrative — do not how to use third person in an essay around from one character to one character within one scene. For most people, what can pronouns tell us? Take detailed notes, you are limited to writing about what the narrator can see or sense. Some or all characters, using sentences like, she lives in Madrid but he lives in Barcelona”.
Skip obvious expressions such as, though possibly as recently as 450 How to use third person in an essay.how to use third person in an essay
941a24 24 0 0 0, first think for 5, evidence has disproved this theory. For exemple: menine, while not exactly talking about himself or herself, list your evidence and draw how to start a biography essay about myself conclusion for the people who are listening. OR ITS PRODUCTS OR SERVICES FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF WHAT YOU HAVE PAID TO PAPERRATER DURING THE 12, “Students should how to use third person in an essay early.
Arts and Humanities, you can’t good opening lines for scholarship essay into the minds of other characters. If only my GCSE English teacher had explained it so well, such phrasing might seem overblown. Although how to use third person in an essay may initially resist the requirement, there are two common meanings to this term.
How to use third person in an essay
how to use third person in an essayTemple of the Priests of Pama, we are an officially registered business entity under US law. The main character’s thoughts and feelings how to use third person in an essay transparent to the writer, the term “Parnassian” refers to Mount Parnassus in Greece. Rather than being history essay questions on memory and risking losing useful points. Thanks for letting us how to use third person in an essay. Tolkien put it in The Hobbit. And how the system works from perspectives of all the key players – thus avoiding confusion and potentially disrespectful use of incorrect pronouns.
Person point of view how to use third person in an essay more common in reports, there is no grammatical way to make gender distinction in plural. A standardized how to do conclusion in an essay format in college. It contains singular; ovid’s twist on Callimachus’ sarcastic description for his literary adversaries’ work.
Wheeler’s literature students, christ from its own perspective. With a book such as “On the Road, rymer in the late 1600s. Fiction wherein the author is how to use third person in an essay a character within the story – with a pivot how long is 850 word essay the middle separating the two sections. | <urn:uuid:b331e69c-98c3-43fc-9d10-2badbe0b849a> | {
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Accutane - Recognizing Psychiatric Disorders
Although no conclusive studies have established a definite link, some health providers and consumers believe that Accutane may cause depression, psychosis and, in rare cases, suicide attempts. Discontinuation of Accutane therapy may be insufficient to combat such psychiatric disorders, so it is important to recognize and understand their symptoms and warning signs.
Depression is the most commonly reported psychiatric problem in patients taking Accutane, and is also a well-established risk factor for suicidal behavior. Depression is characterized by symptoms including intense, persistent sadness; anxiety; loss of pleasure from usual activities; loss of energy; and others identified below. Some of these feelings can be normal responses to a negative life event, but clinical depression is either not triggered by such an event, or is disproportional to the trigger.
Symptoms Of Depression:
- Persistent sadness, anxiety or feeling of emptiness
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness or helplessness
- Loss of pleasure from activities that were once enjoyable
- Loss of energy
- Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- Change in sleep pattern
- Change in appetite
- Physical problems that do not respond to treatment
Causes Of Depression:
- Genetic predisposition
- Stress at home, work or school
- Loss of a parent or loved one
- Alcohol or substance abuse
- Breakup of a romantic relationship
Often associated with depression is a condition known as manic-depression, where the patient alternated between exhibiting symptoms of mania, and symptoms of depression. Symptoms of mania include:
- Excessive elation
- Increased energy and sexual desire
- Decreased need for sleep
- Racing thoughts and impaired judgment
- Increased talking
- Inappropriate behavior
Suicide accounts for more than 30,000 American deaths each year. It is the third leading cause of death (after accidents and homicide) among people aged 15 to 24, which makes it responsible for more deaths in this age group than any physical illness. Healthcare providers often miss the warning signs because patients may hide suicidal intent very successfully. In fact, 60% of people who commit suicide had seen a physician within 1 month of their deaths. Suicidal tendencies rarely arise spontaneously; 93% of people who commit suicide suffer from depression, schizophrenia and/or substance abuse.
Despite a patient's attempt to hide suicidal thoughts, he or she may send deliberate warning signals, some of which can be explicit. Every mention or discussion of "killing myself" should be treated with utmost seriousness.
It is important to note that depression itself is a major risk factor for suicidal behavior. Thus, special attention is needed when prescribing drugs that may cause depression. An association with Accutane should be considered in patients with signs and symptoms of depression, even in the presence of other life stressors. Discontinuation of Accutane may be insufficient intervention, and formal psychiatric evaluation should be conducted.
It is also important to note that signs and symptoms of depression are not included in all reported cases of suicidal behavior. It's not known if this means the signs were masked by the patient, unrecognized by observers, or if the suicidal tendency arose impulsively. It is important that patients taking Accutane be made aware of this so that they might recognize any such signs and symptoms.
Patients (and parents, if the patient is a minor) should be instructed to stop Accutane and seek immediate medical help. If you've been injured by the drug, it's in your best interests to consult with a product liability attorney. | <urn:uuid:76c446a2-afda-4d8e-ac71-c321001680ab> | {
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For energy levels created in the middle of the band gap by impurities (deep level "traps"), the probability of capturing electrons and hole is similar, so traps at mid-gap operate as recombination centers. For energy levels near the band edges the probability of capturing one carrier is much higher than the other. For example in the animation below, the probability of capturing electrons is much higher than for capturing holes. Electrons tend to get trapped but they don't recombine, so shallow traps don't reduce the minority carrier lifetime. However, the shallow level traps do cause significant problems with lifetime measurements
The trapped carrier has a mobile carrier of the opposite polarity associated with it to preserve charge neutrality. In the animation, the trapped electron has a mobile hole associated with it that increases the wafer conductivity. Since QSS measurements use the carrier concentration under steady state conditions as a measure of carrier lifetime, the extra carriers are confused with a high lifetime material. The number of shallow traps is usually quite low but the traps fill first, so at very low injection levels the traps dominate the QSS measurements and need to be corrected for. As the number of carriers generated by light increases, the percentage of carriers trapped is only a very small section of the total and so the traps only have a very small effect. Since the number of trapped carriers is roughly constant with injection level, the traps can be corrected for.
For transient measurements , the slow release of carriers out of the traps that causes problems.
Correcting for the Effect of Traps
The presence of traps causes spuriously large lifetimes at low injection levels. The use of a bias light saturates the traps enabling the measurement of the lifetime. In QSS measuerments the bias light can either be an external source of infrared light (Ref) or part of the same light used for the lifetime measurement . The level of bias light is adjusted to that it just saturates the traps .
- 1. , “Contactless determination of current–voltage characteristics and minority-carrier lifetimes in semiconductors from quasi-steady-state photoconductance data”, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 69, pp. 2510-2512, 1996.
- 2. , “On the use of a bias-light correction for trapping effects in photoconductance-based lifetime measurements of silicon”, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 89, pp. 2772-2778, 2001. | <urn:uuid:ec146e4e-9d99-4fc0-83c8-234dcf9d0094> | {
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The Richest Man in Babylon is a book by George Samuel Clason which dispenses financial advice through a collection of parables set in ancient Babylon. Through their experiences in business and managing household finance, the characters in the parables learn simple lessons in financial wisdom. By basing these parables in ancient times, but involving situations that modern people can understand and identify with, the author presents these lessons as timeless wisdom that is as relevant today as it was back then.
The book began in 1926 as a series of informational pamphlets. Banks and insurance companies began to distribute these pamphlets, and the most famous ones were eventually compiled into this book. It was most recently reissued by Signet in 2004, and an updated version (using modern English instead of "King James" language) was issued by BN Publishing in March 2007. According to the 2002 edition book cover, more than two million copies have been sold.
Ahead of any person lies their future with ambitions and dreams. To fulfil those ambitions and realize those dreams, people need to learn how to be successful with money.
The basic principles of effective money management are:
- Save at least 10-percent of all that you earn for an investment fund for the future.
- Learn to live on 90-percent or less of your income.
- Invest your accumulated capital into projects that will provide a safe, steady income, taking full advantage of compounding of the interest received.
- Invest only in areas in which you have expertise or with people who are experienced.
- Buy the house in which you live so you don’t waste any money on rent.
- Have a realistic insurance program
- Always keep working at various ways and means of increasing your income.
The Man Who Desired Gold
Main Idea While almost everyone concedes that money isn’t everything and that there are some things money cannot buy, it is also a fact that money is the medium by which earthly success is measured. From this perspective, wealth is a scorecard by which people measure themselves.
Money represents success only through its ability to provide freedom to do things. It is not an end in and of itself - only a means to an end. The possession of sufficient amounts of capital makes possible the enjoyment of the very best services and goods the world has to offer.
Many people have convinced themselves money has a way of avoiding them like the plague. This belief is usually based on their experience in which they are always cash short and scrambling to pay bills. In actuality, however, money is plentiful for anyone who understand the laws which govern its acquisition.
To secure significant amounts of money, it is probably better to spend less time lamenting the bad luck of the past and more time focusing on the laws of acquisition of capital.
Interestingly, throughout the ages, there have always been some people who have had more money than others. Was this just a stroke of luck on their part, or are there laws that make this possible? Anyone who accepts that luck plays a major role has as good a chance as anyone else to strike the jackpot during their lifetime. However, depending on luck rather than effort also means the same person is willing to accept that nothing can be done to change whatever destiny luck allocates.
A far better approach is to believe that money can be attracted and governed by set laws and principles, and to focus on learning and applying those laws to reap the rewards.
The Richest Man in Babylon
The key principle at the very foundation of any program designed to generate wealth is at least one-tenth of all that a person earns is theirs to keep.Anyone with a desire to accumulate wealth and put it to good use requires two things:
TimeAll men actually have this in abundance, but only a few put it to use making themselves wealthy. Instead of looking for constructive, useful ways to apply the resource of time, many people fill their lives with diverse activities which simply help them to pass the time.
There are two kinds of learning that are useful to anyone seeking to generate wealth - learning about specific subjects and learning how to find out what is not commonly known about any topic. Both kinds of learning are useful and valuable. There are several basic principles which apply to the acquisition of wealth:
1. Live on less than you earn. Most people labour to pay their bills. They feel successful when they have been able to get to the end of the month and pay all their accounts and obligations. Yet, at best, this is just treading water from the perspective of building wealth. A real change in perspective comes when a person makes a commitment to pay themselves first each month, before anyone else. It can be as much or as little as thought wise, just so long as the amount saved is one-tenth or more. The vast majority of people are accustomed to spending everything they have available. Therefore, if a person pays themselves first and then lives on the remainder of their income, their lifestyle will adjust accordingly. Before long, the person will not even be aware they are living on less, and their capital reserves will gradually increase. There is a tremendous feeling of pride, self-control and progress which comes from the establishment of a regular savings program. In everyone’s lifetime, a lot of money passes through their hands over the years. If a person will keep just a small proportion of that money, they will eventually have a sizeable pool of capital available.
2. Seek advice from those who are competent to give it through their own experiences. Once capital starts to build up, a vast array of investment opportunities will present themselves. Some of these will be genuine, some sinister, but the bulk will be doomed to failure with only a marginal chance of succeeding. The key factor in looking at any proposal is to examine the background of the people making the proposal. Have they actual experience in that field of business, or are they simply giving you an opportunity to use your capital in pursuit of their idea?
Seven Cures for a Lean Purse1. Start thy purse to fattening
2. Control thy expenditure
3. Make thy gold multiply
4. Guard thy treasures from loss
5. Make of thy dwelling a profitable investment
6. Insure a future income
7. Increase thy ability to earn
The Seven Ways of Filling Your Bag
1. Start filling your bag From every 10 coins you earn, spend only nine of them. You will see how your bag starts filling quickly. You will see that you can arreange anyway with this income and you will be earning money quickly.
2. Control your expenses What we call obligatory expenses grow in proportion of our income, if we don´t do something to avoid this. Don´t confuse your desire with your needs.
3. Make your gold fructify Make your gold work for you, then its sons and the sons of this sons. Investing your gold: Loans, oportunities. Gold multiplies fast.
4. Protect your gold from any lost If you have got gold, you will be tempted to invest in any atracctive proyect. Asure your capital. Its not true romantics make a fast fortune. Ask the wise people about what they know.
5. Make your property a rental investment If you can eat grapes from your vineyard and have a nice house its inspires you to finish your duties.
6. Asure future incomes Foresee some incomes for your old age and your family. For this porpuse you can buy lands and houses.
7. Increase your hability to adquire goods More knowledge we have, more money we earn.
The Five Laws of Gold
1.Gold comes easy and in greater cuantites to the man who safes the tenth part of his income for his future and family.
2.Gold works with speed and diligence for the wise owner that finds for it a productive use.
3.Gold mantains itself under the protection of prudent persons who invests with the counsils of wise people.
4.Gold scapes from people who invest without a pourpose in places that are not familiar.
5.Gold runs away from people who force gold to imposible profits and follows the seductive counsils of impostors.
Meet the Goddess of Good LuckMain Idea Good luck comes to the person who accepts opportunity.
Supporting Ideas Everyone hopes to attract good life in their business careers. In fact, the desire to be lucky is absolutely universal. Some people believe luck is entirely in the lap of the Gods, and that nothing one does can possibly influence the amount of luck one enjoys. In reality, however, many people have impressive opportunities presented to them which they fail to take full advantage of because of procrastination.
To attract good luck, a person must take advantage of every opportunity that presents itself. The person of action, who is able to jump at whatever business propositions are presented, is in a stronger position to attract good luck than the type of person who sits back and waits for everything to be presented on a plate.
"What can a book written in the 1920s tell modern investors about their finances? A whole lot if it's George Clason's delightful set of parables that explain the basics of money. This is a great gift for a graduate or anyone who seems baffled by the world of finance and a wonderful, refreshing read for even the most experienced investor."
-Los Angeles Times
A great gift. -- Los Angeles Times
-Los Angeles Times
A great gift. -- Los Angeles Times
Product DescriptionTHE MULTI-MILLION COPY BESTSELLING CLASSIC Read by millions, this timeless book holds the key to success-in the secrets of the ancients. Based on the famous "Babylonian principles," it's been hailed as the greatest of all inspirational works on the subject of thrift and financial planning.
ACHIEVE PERSONAL WEALTH...
This celebrated bestseller offers an understanding of-and a solution to-personal money problems.This is the original classic that reveals the secrets to acquiring money, keeping money, and making money earn even more money. Simply put: the original money-management favorite is back!
Even better the fifth time around!,
March 7, 2004
By A CustomerI first heard about this book 17 years ago. At that time, I was in a direct sales company and had the good fortune to attend a seminar conducted by a businessman named Jim Rohn.Mr. Rohn talked about his early mentor, a man named Earl Schoff and went on to tell us how Mr. Schoff turned him on to personal development and pointed him to the right books to read. One of the most important books, said Rohn was The Richest Man in Bablyon.
Rohn had made and lost a fortune but came back and made another fortune and gave credit to the principles in The Richest Man in Bablyon for helping him accomplish that feat.
I read The Richest Man in Bablyon and have to admit, I hated it! I thought it was stupid, like feel good stuff that has no substance. When ever friends came over, I hid the book. I felt so ridiculous.
But Mr. Rohns words of wisdom kept echeoing in my mind. So I read it over and over untill the principles were imbedded into my conscious and subconsious mind.
Soon, after the fifth reading, the the principles became habits for me. My wealth esculated at a very rapid rate. I was no longer wasting money. I was now investing the first 10% of my income, tithing 10% and investing another 10% in capital like no load mutuals, real estate, discounted mortgages, tax liens and my own business.
The Richest Man in Bablyon has 7 basic principles:
1) Start thy purse to fattening - save/invest
2) Control thy expenditures - watch out for self serving brokers
3) Make thy gold mutiply - use powerful investments
4) Guard thy treasures from loss - watch out for brokers with
their hot tips.
5) Make of thy dwelling a profitable investment - rental properties, your own home---but stay within your means.
6) Insure a future income - do work that you love to do. Become excellent at it.
7) Increase thy ability to earn - education never stops. Keep reading good books like this one, The Millionaire Next Door, Rich Dad Poor Dad and so on.
The Richest Man in Bablyon is an excellent book. Although only 145 pages, it is packed with powerful information that can be life changing. It has helped some people like Jim Rohn and others become millionaires.
George Samuel Clason was born in Louisiana, Missouri, on November 7, 1874. He attended the University of Nebraska and served in the United States Army during the Spanish-American War. Beginning a long career in publishing, he founded the Clason Map Company of Denver, Colorado and published the first road atlas of the United States and Canada. In 1926, he issued the first in a series of pamphlets on thrift and financial success, using parables set in ancient Bablyon to make each of his points.
These were distributed in large quantities by banks and insurance companies and became familiar to millions, the most famous being "The Richest Man in Bablyon," the parable which has impacted the lives of millions of people. These "Babylonian Parables" have become a modern inspiritional classic.
The Richest Man in Babylon is must reading for anyone who wants to achieve maximum financial success. Highly recommended.
A ONE OF A KIND CLASSIC,
June 4, 1998
By A CustomerI first read "Richest Man in Bablyon bac in 1975. At first I was taken back by it's compact size and story book style. This book should be read by everyone from grade school to the college level students, employees, executives and the self employed. In todays's society, where people spend most if not all of what they make, this book is mre valuable than ever. Other books I would recommend are; "The Millionaire next Door" by Dr. Stanley et all, "More Wealth without Risk" and "Financial Self-Defense" by Charles Givens. Great book. A must read for anyone seeking financial independence,
POWERFUL, VERY POWERFUL BOOK!,
August 1, 1998
By A CustomerI am continually amazed at how a book so small can contain so much content and be so powerful. This book should be mandatory reading beginning at the grade school level through college and should be given as a gift right along with a diploma.I took the advice of [email protected] who recommended 'The Millionaire next Door" and "More Weath without Risk" and bought and have read both. Both of these books are in the same status as "The Richest Man in Bablyon" and should also be required reading by anyone who is serious about their financial future. I am now giving "Richest Man in Bablyon" as a accessory gift to a cash gift at weddings and graduations. | <urn:uuid:5bddd2a1-01f4-46a0-ab87-d3995e772f38> | {
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In a pair of articles in New Scientist, Debora MacKenzie links the swine flu virus now spreading across the globe to large-scale pork-raising operations in the United States.
In the first article, titled “Swine flu: the predictable pandemic?,” MacKenzie writes that the “virus has been a serious pandemic threat for years, New Scientist can reveal — but research into its potential has been neglected compared with other kinds of flu.” She writes that the strain now in the headlines has its origins in an earlier outbreak in the United States a decade ago:
This type of virus emerged in the U.S. in 1998 and has since become endemic on hog farms across North America. Equipped with a suite of pig, bird and human genes, it was also evolving rapidly.
Before ’98, MacKenzie claims, a genetically stable swine flu, in the H1N1 family, regularly visited hog farms, not causing much trouble. It was a relatively benign mutation of the strain that caused the great 1918 pandemic. But in 1998, something changed. Citing the work of Richard Webby of St. Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, MacKenzie writes:
[S]wine H1N1 hybridised with human and bird viruses, resulting in “triple reassortants” that surfaced in Minnesota, Iowa and Texas. The viruses initially had human surface proteins and swine internal proteins, with the exception of three genes that make RNA polymerase, the crucial enzyme the virus uses to replicate in its host. Two were from bird flu and one from human flu. Researchers believe that the bird polymerase allows the virus to replicate faster than those with the human or swine versions, making it more virulent.
New ScientistWithin a year, the triple-reassortant types became the dominant flu bugs seen on U.S. hog farms. Importantly, “unlike the swine virus they replaced,” the new ones “were actively evolving.” Today, she writes, “There are many versions with different pig or human surface proteins, including one, like the Mexican flu spreading now, with H1 and N1 from the original swine virus.”
Since the mutation that occurred in or before 1998, evidently, the risk of a swine flu pandemic has grown dramatically. At this point, MacKenzie refers to a 2008 paper co-written by USDA livestock specialist Amy Vincent. “The first 80 years of Swine Influenza [i.e., since 1918] remained relatively static, whereas the last decade has become dynamic with the establishment of many emerging subtypes. With the increasing number of novel subtypes and genetic variants, the control of SI has become increasingly difficult and innovative strategies to combat this economically important zoonotic disease are critical,” the authors write in the abstract. They continue:
It is expected that the dynamic evolutionary changes of SIVs [swine influenza viruses] in North American pigs will continue, making currently available prophylactic approaches of limited use to control the spread and economic losses associated with this important swine pathogen. [Emphasis mine]
According to MacKenzie, Vincent said last year that the rapid evolution of these post-1998 strains has created “potential for pandemic influenza emergence in North America.” MacKenzie also points to a CDC memo from last year warning that swine H1N1 would “represent a pandemic threat” if it started circulating in humans. MacKenzie continues:
Webby [of St. Jude's Research Hospital], too, warned in 2004 that pigs in the U.S. are “an increasingly important reservoir of viruses with human pandemic potential.” One in five U.S. pig workers has been found to have antibodies to swine flu, showing they have been infected, but most people have no immunity to these viruses.
The presence of avian genes in the strain are what make it so alarming, MacKenzie writes, “as similar genes are what make H5N1 bird flu lethal in mammals and what made the 1918 human pandemic virus so lethal in people. Despite ample knowledge of the threat among livestock-oriented scientists, there’s been shockingly little work among human influenza specialists to prepare for the post-1998 H1N1 strains, MacKenzie claims.
The New Scientist characterization of the current flu crisis is at odds with the position of the U.S. hog industry — at least superficially. I interviewed David Warner, director of communications at the National Pork Producers Council. He told me that “this particular flu is not in the U.S. swine herd.” He repeatedly added that “it’s not swine flu,” since it’s a mixture of avian, human, and swine varieties.
That particular verbal subtlety seems meaningless — even if President Obama has picked it up. New Scientist and the NPPC agree that the current flu mixes avian, human, and swine strains. The claim that “this particular flu is not in the U.S. swine herd” is actually not inconsistent with the NS analysis, however. If the post-’98 strains have been evolving rapidly and manifesting as different mutations on different sites, then it’s perfectly plausible that a strain that grew out of the U.S. post-1998 H1NI family could have mutated in Mexican CAFOs into the one now grabbing headlines. There has been cross-border trade in hogs between the United States and Mexico since the inception of NAFTA in 1994; and, of course, U.S.-based Smithfield’s Granjas Carroll subsidiary has been operating down there since 1994. It wouldn’t exactly match strains in the U.S. herd, because of mutations, so the industry could still deny its presence.
I asked Warner to comment on the link made by New Scientist between the strain now causing global panic and the ones that have been evolving for years on U.S. hog farms. He insisted that the current flu “isn’t a swine flu, it’s a human flu,” adding that the World Health Organization and the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture are carefully avoiding calling it swine flu. He then reiterated that “no pig in the U.S. herd has that strain.” When I pressed him on the genetic similarity, he said, “look, all flu strains are ‘similar,’ so what does that tell us?” And he pointed to the Mexican government’s claim that a person must have brought the infection to Mexico from Asia.
So what does all of this teach us about the origins of the current outbreak? I inspired a storm of criticism (see reader comments here and here, and journalist Merritt Clifton’s critique here) when I pointed out that the first known case of the current swine flu pandemic occurred amid a highly unusual outbreak of contagious respiratory ailments near a large factory hog farm in Mexico; and the public-health community had been warning for years that hog farms posed just such a threat. New Scientist, for its part, is taking the possible connection quite seriously. Pointing out that U.S. pork behemoth Smithfield Foods runs the Mexican operation in question, MacKenzie writes:
Smithfield Foods, in a statement, insists there are “no clinical signs or symptoms” of swine flu in its pigs or workers in Mexico. That is unsurprising, as the company says it “routinely administers influenza virus vaccination to swine herds and conducts monthly tests for the presence of swine influenza.” The company would not tell New Scientist any more about recent tests. USDA researchers say that while vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick, it does not block infection or shedding of the virus. [Emphasis mine.]
In her accompanying piece, titled “Pork industry is blurring the science of swine flu,” MacKenzie claims that global and U.S. health officials are “battling to keep this [the outbreak] from harming the pork industry”:
The pork industry? People are dead and more will die. But let’s not harm pork belly prices on the Chicago futures exchange.
I try not to get angry, but on Wednesday no less a global authority than the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation said it was “mobilising a team of experts to assist government efforts to protect the pig sector from the novel H1N1 virus by confirming there is no direct link to pigs.” [Emphasis MacKenzie's.]
She then returns to her central point:
But let us be clear: the genetic sequences, which admirably are all being posted publicly, overwhelmingly confirm that the virus from Mexico is one of a type that has been circulating aggressively in North American pigs since 1998.
How to explain statements like the recent one from USDA chief Tom Vilsack that “There is no evidence or reports that U.S. swine have been infected with this virus”? MacKenzie says these officials are splitting hairs over small differences.
The virus from Mexico contains that same internal cassette [as the U.S. version], although it has made one small change. The M genetic segment in the classic cassette came from pig viruses. The Mexican virus has swapped it for another M, also from pig viruses — the sequence looks like M genes from pigs in Europe and Asia. Interestingly, M is also the “internal” gene that is not entirely internal: its protein protrudes, and may be why this virus spreads so much better in people than its predecessors.
But the published sequences show that the other five of the six genes of the cassette are exactly the same as those in the pig flu that has spread across the U.S. and Canada since 1998. And a tribe of viruses that took over pig farms across the U.S. and Canada within a year seems awfully unlikely not to have spread to similar farms in Mexico.
[T]he people making these statements know perfectly well that the Mexican flu virus is the very recent descendant of one of the triple reassortants that have been circulating in the U.S. for a decade. It has changed its coat — but all these viruses do that regularly. It has swapped one of its six internal genetic segments, originally from pigs, for a slightly different pig segment. But the rest of the internal genes, including the all-important human-avian polymerase, are exactly the same. | <urn:uuid:2b16d048-3eb2-446b-9b6a-3d1b06e70ce7> | {
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Exercise 101: Triceps Extension Using Free Weights
Name of Exercise —Free weight triceps extension
Purpose —To develop strength in the back of the upper arms
Muscles Used —Muscles of the back of the upper arms (triceps brachii)
|© Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.|
- While sitting down on a bench, pick up one dumbbell in each hand or grasp the barbell with your hands about 12 to 14 inches apart.
- Lie down on the bench on your back and bend your knees so your feet are flat on the bench.
- Start with the dumbbells or barbell positioned over your chest and your arms fully extended.
- Keep your feet and low back flat on the bench.
- Inhale, then let your elbows flex, enabling the bar to be lowered toward your face.
- Keep your elbows pointing away from your face during the exercise.
- Lower the bar until it touches your forehead.
- Exhale, then extend the elbows and push the dumbbells or barbell upward until your arms are fully extended.
- Remember to keep your feet and back flat on the bench and do not raise your chest.
Remember to initiate the movement with the muscles in the back of your upper arms and not with your hands.
Repetitions, Sets, and Weight:
The number of repetitions (reps) and sets you should do depends on your strength goals.
In general, muscle strength works to increase basic function of the muscle and is the typical workout choice. Muscle endurance is important to people who participate in endurance activities, such as running or biking, and muscle power is beneficial for athletes who need to use sudden quick movements, such as sprinting, basketball, and football.
Beginners should start with a basic routine and gradually move toward a strength, endurance, or power routine.
Beginner: 1 set of 12 to 15 reps
Muscle Strength: 1 to 3 sets of 5 to 8 reps
Muscle Endurance: 1 to 3 sets of 15 to 20 reps
Muscle Power: 1 to 3 sets of 3 to 5 reps
Use a weight that is heavy enough to perform the desired number of reps and sets for your skill level using good form. When you are able to perform more reps and sets than is outlined in your category, try to increase the weight you lift by 5% to 10%. Your strength goals may change as you progress.
Let's Move!—US Department of Health and Human Services
President's Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition
Public Health Agency of Canada
Selecting and Effectively Using Free Weights. American College of Sports Medicine website. Available at:http://www.acsm.org/docs/brochures/selecting-and-effectively-using-free-weights.pdf. Accessed November 13, 2014.
Standing dumbbell overhead triceps extension. American College of Sports Medicine website. Available at: http://www.acsm.org/docs/brochures/selecting-and-effectively-using-free-weights.pdf. Accessed November 13, 2014.
The Basics of Starting and Progressing a Strength-Training Program. American College of Sports Medicine website. Available at: http://www.acsm.org/access-public-information/articles/2012/01/13/the-basics-of-starting-and-progressing-a-strength-training-program. Updated January 13, 2012. Accessed November 13, 2014.
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 11/2014
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Quality education should be US Department of Education’s top priority
Nelson Mandela famously said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” Quality public education is not only a powerful tool used to shape the minds of today’s youth but also a valuable tenet of American society. With President Donald Trump’s recent appointment of Betsy DeVos as U.S. Secretary of Education, many politicians from both parties have called into question the future of public education.
The Crier believes that the U.S. Department of Education’s ultimate priority should be to create conditions that provide quality public education to all, regardless of financial status.
After a tie-breaking vote by Vice President Mike Pence, Betsy DeVos was appointed United States Secretary of Education. How did someone who lacks basic knowledge of public education and experience in politics gain one of the most powerful positions in the American education system? The answer, it unfortunately turns out, is because senators couldn’t afford to vote no.
The DeVos family has contributed approximately 200 million dollars—and Betsy DeVos has personally contributed 2.5 million dollars—to the Republican party and its candidates. With the upcoming 2018 senate elections, many senators presumably could not risk millions of dollars in campaign funding from the DeVos family and instead, ignored the wishes and wellbeing of their constituency.
The future of American education shouldn’t be jeopardized by financial politicking.
When politics begin to undermine the qualifications of top government positions in education, the potential for enforcement and improvement also goes down. For example, without thoroughly understanding laws like the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), meant to provide educational grants for low income students, one can not make correct decisions regarding how to enforce or amend such laws. Because so many students rely on ESSA and other related legislation, lack of proper enforcement or changes made to ESSA would have an enormous impact on students. It is, therefore, imperative for the educational administration in the government to be qualified. Money politics should not have a bearing on the futures of American children.
Although DeVos is a proponent of charter schools and aims to cut Title 1 funding, which provides financial assistance to schools with a high percentage of low income students, it is important for the government to recognize the importance of public schools for Americans, especially the lower class. Not everyone can afford privatized education. Rather than separating wealthy students from poor ones and increasing the educational income disparity, the Department of Education should strive to improve public schooling for everyone through increased funding, collaboration with state and local education systems, and continual research of better educational techniques and programs.
Creating conditions to provide quality education to all students should be an utmost priority of the Department of Education. Education is the very foundation of the next generation. It equips students to be future leaders and improve the society we live in. Every child, regardless of socioeconomic status, should be given the opportunity to reach their academic potential.
It is the Department of Education’s duty to make sure that sufficient amounts of funding are distributed to low income students and schools in urban areas. Lack of resources can inhibit learning for capable students. For example, a student in a low income school taking a computer science course can’t fully immerse themselves in learning without access to computers and appropriate software programs. This lack of resources sets talented students in urban and rural settings behind their wealthier counterparts. The effects transcend to the job market because low income students aren’t able to cultivate their skill sets in their K-12 education and are less appealing to colleges and eventually employers. However, by providing funding to pay for resources such as computers, the Department of Education can help mitigate the effects of the educational disparity.
Our progress as a nation is contingent upon our progress in education. The school-aged children of today are the leaders of tomorrow. The Crier believes that qualified academic leadership and a quality education system for all students regardless of financial status is imperative in the U.S. to shape the American youth. | <urn:uuid:6c7c5243-8789-4f77-8499-dfeaa7ca38ec> | {
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Review of: Julius A. Bewer, The History of the NT Canon in the Syrian Church ,
The American Journal of Theology, Vol. 4, No.1-No.2 (Jan., 1900)
Last Updated: Feb 15, 2009
Bewer gives us a very informative and readable walk-through of the history of the early Syrian Church. We first supplement this however, with a bit of background from the Anchor Bible Dictionary on the Syriac versions and manuscripts:
Anchor Bible Dictionary: Entry on Syriac Version
"The Syriac versions of the Bible have posed many scholarly problems. These concern the relationships between the various translations, their places of origin, and their exegesis. The primary efforts at biblical translations include the Peshitta of the Old Testament, the Diatessaron, the Old Syriac (Vetus Syra), the Peshitta translation of the NT, the Philoxenian and/or Harklean version, and the Palestinian version. A discussion of the NT versions can be found in Metzger (1977).
1. The Peshitta of the OT. The origin of this translation is unknown. Its connections to Jewish targumic literature suggest that it evolved in a Jewish milieu. Kahle (1959) argued that it was made in Adiabene as an effort to adapt the Palestinian targum for new converts. This theory has been accepted by Murray (1975: 10), inter alia. The problem is that there are also readings shared with the Targum Onkelos of Babylon. The Adiabene theory is plausible, but with no philological or historical evidence. In addition to the problem of provenance, there is no possibility of dating the translation with any precision. The earliest citations are from 4th-century texts.
The text is remarkably consistent throughout its transmission history as has been demonstrated by Koster (1977) and Dirksen (1972). A definitive critical edition, Vetus Testamentum Syriace (1972–), is being published by the Peshitta Institute of Leiden. Later commentators would indicate variant readings with the LXX traditions and occasionally the Hebrew text, but it appears that little emmendation was attempted.
2. The Diatessaron. This harmony of the gospel composed by Tatian has been mentioned above. The original language (Greek, Syriac, or Latin), theological tendencies, and function in the churches has been extensively discussed. For a summary of the various points of view, see Metzger (1977). There are witnesses to the text in Old Dutch, Old Italian, medieval German, Persian, and Arabic.
In Greek there is only the fragment found at Dura Europas (see above). In Syriac and Armenian, the most extensive witness is the Commentary on the Diatessaron attributed to Ephrem of Syria (306–73). Lyonnet (1950) has demonstrated that the earliest translations of the Gospels into Armenian owed much to the Syriac Diatessaron. Extensive quotations are found in such writers as Aphraates, Ephrem, Eznik, Marutha Maipherkatensis, Agathangelos, Rabbula, and the author of the Liber Graduum. See also DIATESSARON.
3. The Old Syriac (Vetus Syra). This version is known primarily from two manuscripts. Both contain only the four canonical Gospels. No Old Syriac of the Pauline or general epistles has been found, although citations of those texts in Armenian translations of Syriac literature suggest these may have existed.
The first is in the British Library (B.L. 14451). Discovered by William Cureton, it was definitively edited by F. C. Burkitt (1904) with additional pages of the same manuscript found in the Royal Library of Berlin.
The second manuscript was discovered by Agnes Smith Lewis and Margaret Dunlop Gibson at St. Catharine Monastery on Mt. Sinai. The manuscript had been reused, as a manuscript for lives of women saints, by imperfectly cleaning off the biblical text. After two less than adequate efforts by scholars to decipher the manuscript, A. S. Lewis made several trips to Sinai and was able to publish what remains the best edition (1910).
The text of the Curetonian (Syrc, or Sc) and Sinaitic (Syrs, or Ss) manuscripts do not agree at all points, although they clearly stand alone and close together in the larger world of Syriac NT translations. Scholars have generally assumed either that the two are revisions of a common source or that they are independent translations made during the same period.
Linguistic peculiarities shared by the two manuscripts suggest that they may be the effort of individuals to gain access to the Greek tradition which lay behind the Syriac Diatessaron. Matthew Black (1972) argues for dating these efforts to the 4th century. For a detailed survey of the discussion of scholarly work on the Old Syriac, see Black (1972) and Metzger (1977). The effort of Vööbus (1951b; 1951c) to marshal evidence from the Letter of Aithallah in support of his theory of early 4th-century prominence of the Vetus Syra at Edessa has been demonstrated to be incorrect (Bundy 1987).
4. The Syriac Peshitta. The word “peshitta” has generally been understood as “simple” or “clear,” not unlike the term “vulgate” applied to the received Latin translation.
This version of the New Testament is used by both East Syrians (Nestorians) and West Syrians (Jacobites) and therefore certainly predates the division of the Syriac church along political, geographical, and theological lines during the mid-5th century.
More precise dating of the translation has provoked controversy. Some have dated it as early as the late 1st or early 2d century. Burkitt (1901) argued that it was from the early 5th century and later suggested that it was translated by Rabbula of Edessa (Burkitt 1904). This conclusion has been contested by Vööbus (1951b), who argued that it was much older although slow to achieve dominance in the Syriac-speaking church.
The manuscript tradition is quite uniform. There are remarkably few variants in the Peshitta as compared to the Old Syriac or Greek versions. Its textual tradition is well documented by the hundreds of manuscripts preserved, the earliest manuscript (ca. 460–464) probably being Paris Syriac 296.1 in the Bibliotheque Nationale which contains Luke 6:49–21:37. No adequate critical edition of the entire NT in the Peshitta version has been published despite the fact that the first printed edition was done at Venice as early as 1555.
The best text available, based on earlier editions which were themselves only partial collations of the manuscript evidence, is published by the (United) Bible Society as The New Testament in Syriac. This printing has no critical apparatus. It also contains the Apocalypse and General Epistles, which were not part of the Peshitta translation, but based on the Philoxenian version.
5. Later Syriac Translations. The Philoxenian (Syrph) version was prepared at the direction of Philoxenos of Mabbug (Hierapolis) by a certain Polycarp in 507–8 c.e. An effort to bring the Syriac more in line with the Greek, it also provided, probably for the first time in Syriac, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude, and the Apocalypse.
A century later (616 c.e.) the version of Thomas of Harkel, assistant to the famous translator of the OT Paul of Tella, was produced. The Harklean (Syrh) version has been variously considered either a revision of the Philoxenian or a new translation. For a history of this debate, see Metzger (1977).
The Palestinian Syriac version is actually a different version of Aramaic. It is closer to Jewish Palestinian Aramaic than to the Syriac of Edessa and northern Mesopotamia.
6. The Early Versions. Apart from the Diatessaron, the early Syriac biblical texts are difficult to date. There is no concrete evidence of their existence before the 4th century, although it is probable that at least the OT was available in Syriac early in the Christian period. The Diatessaron exerted a strong influence on the development of early Syriac theology and praxis. The Peshitta displaced the Diatessaron slowly at first because of pressure from the Greek church and the problems posed by Manicheans finding readings that lent support to their understanding. The major blow came in the late 4th century when Theodoret of Cyrus, because of Tatian’s reputation as a heretic in the Western church, gathered and destroyed over 200 copies after replacing them with copies of the individual Gospels.
- the Anchor Bible Dictionary
The Value of the Peshitta for Textual Criticism
From this it is clear that everything about the Syriac versions earlier than about 450 A.D. is mostly conjecture.
One very important point is that the Peshitta version also did not include 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude, and Revelation. These books were not included in any Syriac version until the 6th century!
Are we to conclude from that that these letters (including Revelation!) did not exist, or were not accepted as canonical by most Christians until the 6th century A.D.?
Of course not.
The Syriac Peshitta is a very deficient collection of translations of various books of the NT. It is NOT a 'New Testament', and cannot simply be construed as a statement about what the Syrian Church regarded as 'canonical', or authoratitive.
The Peshitta and John 8:1-11
The omission by the Peshitta of John 8:1-11 falls under the same category as these other extensive and significant omissions. They are not the result of early textual criticism by the Syrians, nor are they motivated by opinions regarding the canonicity of various books and passages.
These omissions are based upon something much simpler. The Peshitta, like other early translations into Syriac, was based on whatever church lectionaries and documents that they could get their hands on.
The Syrian missionaries simply translated whatever came to hand, and this became an 'official' liturgical work used in church services. From there the text was entrenched for centuries by habit and tradition. The simple fact is, the Syrians didn't have copies of John's and Jude's letters, or the book of Revelation.
Likewise, the Pericope de Adultera (John 8:1-11) was left out of the Lectionary copy of the Gospels prepared for public reading throughout the year, because that passage was not read during Pentecost.
The first half of Part II of Bewer's article is concerned with technical details regarding the exact quotations in Syriac of various passages made mostly in two early Syrian works: These require expertise in the Syriac language for reliable evaluation. We jump ahead to Bewer's conclusions, as they are certainly conservative and reliable. He ably sums up the new state of knowledge regarding the early history of the Syrian Church and the copies of the Holy Scriptures they used.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORY OF
THE NT CANON IN THE SYRIAN CHURCH.
The earliest phases in the history of the NT canon in Syria are still veiled in darkness. However, the discovery of the Sinaiticus makes it plain that there was a great deal of activity displayed in the early Syrian church in regard to the text of the NT, or, better, of the gospels.
It is probable that the two texts, Ss [The Sinai Syriac MS.] and Sc [The Curetonian MS.], are only specimens or representatives of other texts. The relative independence of these two texts leads one to think that there must have been made many translations of the gospels, which were more or less independent of each other.
As more churches were built in the different towns and villages, the desire, the necessity, was felt to have a copy of the gospels, at first not for private use, but for the common worship in the church. They could not use the Greek originals; they needed a Syriac translation. How many texts there were we shall probably never know. I do not think that there is one type of the Old Syriac text ; there must have been many.
The task, therefore, will be to determine which of them is the oldest text. But we must not think that that oldest text was in general use in the entire church. Other texts slightly younger were probably used by others as the church grew. They were, then, not copies from the Old Syriac, but different translations.
But all this must, in the nature of the case, be a matter of conjecture. It is founded only on the relative independence of the two texts represented by Ss and Sc, and also of P [The Peshitta text]. Again, we can say with no great amount of certainty, but with a good deal of plausibility, that at first not all the four gospels had been translated, but probably only one, then two, then three, then four. They were current in this single form. This is indicated by the different order in which the gospels stand in Ss and Sc.
It is also very likely, as Professor J. Rendel Harris has shown, that an account of the passion was in existence in harmonistic form. This would be very natural, considering how great an emphasis the early Christians laid on the death of Jesus Christ, almost to the exclusion of the life which he lived in Palestine. But we are on the ground of mere conjecture, however plausible and natural it be, until we come to the Sinaiticus [The Sinai Syriac MS.]. That is, as we have seen, the oldest form of the gospels of the Syrian church which we have in our possession. The Greek text which underlies it belongs evidently to the first half of the second century; of it the remark of Credner about Codex Bezae, to which, as we have seen, this text is closely related, holds good :
"Veranderungen wie diese konnten in der katholischen Kirche nur bis um die Mitte des zweiten Jahrhunderts mit dem Text der Evangelien vorgenommen werden, denn nach dieser Zeit hat die Behauptung eines gottlichen Ursprungs der neutestamentlichen Schriften in derselben allgemeine Anerkennung gefunden. Dieses Dogma lasst keine solche Behandlungsweise des Textes mehr zu, wie dieselbe mit dem Texte unserer Handschrift vorgenommen ist. Dann wurde unserer Handschrift ein Text aus dem zweiten Jahrhundert zu Grunde liegen."
"Changes like this could be carried out in the Catholic church only to the mid 2nd century with the text of the Gospels, because after this time the assertion of divine origin of these same NT writings has found general recognition. This dogma allows no such handling of the text anymore, as the way the text of our manuscript [Bezae] is treated. So our manuscript shows reason for it to be a text from the 2nd century. " ( - translation: Nazaroo)
The same holds also good of Sc; but we shall speak of that later.
The translator of Ss was faithful to his original ; but his aim was to give a good, forcible, and popular translation ; he did not want to sacrifice the good Syriac to a very literal translation of the Greek. There are, then, in his translation certain minor points where he translates freely, just as we should expect from him. For him the substance was the main thing, and deep reverence for the letter is not one of his characteristics, which does by no means reflect on the faithfulness of his translation, but is nevertheless a sign that the books as such were not yet regarded as canonical.
Now, a few years later, about 172-5 A. D., Tatian made his Diatessaron, and it took possession of the field at once. It can easily be understood that it should be used more than the separate gospels. It was much more convenient for the common people, and also for the reading in the church services, than the separate gospels. Moreover, it will be remembered that Christianity was at first only the religion of a minority; but with Abgar III., 176-213 A. D., it became the national religion. This great change coincided, then, with the origin of the Diatessaron. And it is due to this fact, in addition to its convenience, that it became the gospel book of the Syrian church, and that the separate gospels had to give way. This was, however, possible only on two conditions : (I) that the four separate gospels were not yet established by long use, which is quite in harmony with the result of our investigation ; it was made about 160-70 A. D., perhaps between 150- 70 A. D. ; (2) that there was not yet a conception of the canonicity of the books as such. If that idea had already been present, such a substitution would have been impossible.
There can, however, be no doubt that even after the introduction of the Diatessaron the four separate gospels were used alongside of the harmony, especially by the educated classes, though probably not in the church services. That the separate gospels had adherents is seen by the fact that after the introduction of the harmony the Curetonian gospels mere translated. They are later than the Diatessaron, but they cannot be much younger ; that the underlying Greek text shows. The origin of this text was due to the desire to have the separate gospels in a text which corresponded more closely with the Diatessaron. It can hardly be much later than 200 A. D. And then, about one hundred years later, there is another text current in the Syrian church, as we see from Aphraates . The separate gospels had enough adherents during all this time.
But still the main text was the Diatessaron. And now it may be laid down as a fact that at the end of the second century the Syrian church used as a church only the Diatessaron of Tatian, and this was, I have no doubt, already regarded as canonical about the year zoo A. D. And that for the following considerations : It is natural to assume that the development of the idea of the canon in the Syrian church should follow on the whole the line which is followed in the Graeco-Roman church. Now, there the first thing that was regarded as authoritative or canonical was the words of Jesus Christ, no matter whether they were handed down in oral or in written form. When the gospels had been written, they were not regarded as authoritative, but simply the words of Christ which they contained ; not the books, but the words of Christ, were canonical.
As time passed on, and there was no longer an oral tradition on which the church could rely, it was quite natural that the written gospels should increase in dignity. Now not only the words, but also the deeds of Jesus Christ are regarded with interest, from which it was only one step to regard the whole contents, or the gospels themselves, as authoritative. Of course, the ground of the authority of the books lay ultimately in the fact that they contained the words of Christ. But there were quite a number of gospels; how to distinguish those which were more authoritative from the others was the great question. All reported the words of Christ, however they might differ in other respects. It took quite a long time till our four gospels were regarded as exclusively canonical. And what was the test applied ? Why were they regarded as canonical and others not? Because they were written by apostles and apostolic men. Apostolicity became the principle of canonicity.
It is significant for the history of the canon of the NT in the Syrian church that it started at once with our four gospels ; it had not to pass through that long process through which the Graeco-Roman church had to go, and which ended by limiting the number of the gospels which should be used in the churches to our four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Thus the unknown translator of the Sinaiticus translated these four; Tatian compiled these four, and no others; Sc and P are translations of these only. No matter how often the gospels may have been translated into Syriac, no matter how many copies there may have been of single gospels in the Syrian church, there is absolutely no evidence that the Syrians have ever had in these early times apocryphal gospels. They did not need to separate other gospels from these four canonical gospels. That had been done already for them by the Graeco-Roman church. They inherit at once the result of a long struggle.
This explains why the Syrian church has the much more primitive and natural principle of canonicity, and is at variance with the entire Graco-Roman church in this point. It regards these writings as authoritative because they contain the words and deeds of Jesus. It does not attach any importance whatever to the persons of the writers of the gospels. Aphraates , as late as 340 A. D., does not even once mention the name of one of them. The words and life of Jesus are their basis of authority; no matter who has written the reports of them. That they are a reliable source their universal acceptance by the Graco-Roman church had shown.
Bearing this in mind, we do not expect a long development. The gospel canon must soon become fixed. At about 200 A. D. they would say, "As it stands written in the gospel," meaning by "gospel" the book.
We see, then, that at the end of the second or at the beginning of the third century the Syrian church had a very peculiar canon, such as no other church, so far as we know, had, viz., a gospel harmony, the Diatessaron of Tatian. To the truth of this statement the Doctrina Addai witnesses when it says that after Addai had for some time successfully labored in Edessa, "a large multitude of people assembled day by day and came to the prayer of the service, and to the reading of the Old and NT, of the Diatessaron" (p. 34). This shows that the Diatessaron mas their first gospel canon.
The next step in the development is indicated by the Doctrina Addai, when it says (p. 44) :
" But the law and the prophets and the gospel, which ye read every day before the people, and the epistles of Paul , which Simon Peter sent us from the city of Rome, and the Acts of the twelve apostles, which John, the son of Zebedee, sent us from Ephesus, these books read ye in the churches of Christ, and with these read not any others, as there is not any other in which the truth that ye hold is written, except these books which retain you in the faith to which ye have been called."
There is evidently a distinction made between the law and the prophets and the gospel on the one side, and the epistles of Paul and the Acts on the other side. The gospel and the Old Testament are read daily. But the epistles and Acts have come later, which is indicated here by the sentences, "which Simon Peter sent us from the city of Rome," "which John, the son of Zebedee, sent us from Ephesus." They are directed to read these books also in addition to the gospel and the Old Testament, which they are accustomed to read every day in the service. The Diatessaron is plainly put on the same plane with the law and the prophets. The epistles of Paul and the Acts, though also authoritative, are not yet on the same level.
This is the first notice which we have about the epistles of Paul and the Acts of the Apostles in the Syrian church.
When they were first translated we do not know. Zahn suggests, on the basis of a remark of Eusebius, that Tatian had translated them and given them to the church:
"But they say that he [Tatian] ventured to paraphrase certain words of the apostle [ Paul ] in order to improve their style."
- Eusebius, Eccl. Hist., IV, 29
But if nothing else could be said against this suggestion, one passage would seem to be conclusive, viz., the rendering of Rom. I : 3, which we find in Aphraates ,
"The apostle [by which always Paul is meant] witnesses : 'Jesus Christ was from Mary, from the seed of the house of David,through the Spirit of holiness.'"
This passage, which makes that doctrine, which was so obnoxious to Tatian, so clear, and develops it more strongly than the Greek, seems hardly to have been written by Tatian. Tatian, who did not shrink from omitting the genealogies and every passage which pointed to Jesus' Davidic descent, would certainly in his μεταφρασαι of the epistles omit this reference, or, at least, would not make the doctrine much clearer than it is in the original Greek. I recognize, of course, that Zahn suggests that this passage is taken from the apocryphal letter of Paul to the Corinthians, on which Ephraim commented.
But that cannot be proved. That Ephraim commented upon this 3rd letter of Paul to the Corinthians is no reason to think that it was in his canon. There is no evidence that it ever formed a part of the canon of the Syrian church. Besides this, Zahn himself puts this suggestion under the head of "Problematisches." But the reference is plainly to Rom. 1:3.
However, even if Tatian did not translate the letters of Paul , it must certainly have been done not very long after the translation of the gospels. It may have been fifty years, perhaps more. Just when it took place we cannot tell. The Doctrina Addai , however, which describes, as is commonly believed, the condition of the church as it existed in the period from about 200-250 A. D., would favor our presupposition that it was done about 230-50 A. D. Now, the question is : Can we rely absolutely on the statements of that document ? As regards the statement that the Old Testament and the gospel and the Acts and the epistles of Paul were read in the churches, there can be little doubt that this is correct. But can we rely on the statement that the epistles of Paul were sent by Peter from Rome ?
Of course, Peter had nothing to do with it. He is introduced in accordance with the design of the writer to push the beginning of Christianity in Edessa back to the time of Jesus and his apostles. But can we infer from that statement that the epistles of Paul were imported from Rome? I do not think that the question can be absolutely answered in the present state of our knowledge about the Syrian church. All that can be said is that it is highly probable, if we take into account the fact that the Syriac text is very closely related to the so-called "Western" text, agreeing with it in many points where all the other texts differ. Moreover, the frequent intercourse between the two cities explains much.
Now, if that be so, that the epistles of Paul were brought into the Syrian church from Rome, then we must conclude that the epistle to the Hebrews, which all Syrians regard as Paul ine, was not in that collection. For at that time it was not regarded as Paul ine in Rome.
This is confirmed by the fact that the text of the Peshitta shows, as is generally accepted, marks which indicate that it was made by a different translator. Then the epistle to the Hebrews must have come in later. When that took place we again do not know. But about eighty or a hundred years later we find Aphraates using it as Paul ine. He quotes it in the same way as the other letters of Paul , and thereis no trace that he knew that it was doubted elsewhere. The certainty with which he uses it as Paul ine indicates that it must have been added to the Paul ine collection not so very much later. Perhaps it came very soon afterward, perhaps twenty or more years later than the other letters. All this is based on the assumption that the epistles of Paul were brought from Rome to Edessa.
As soon as it can be shown, however, that the Syrian church received its Paul ine collection, not from Rome, but from Alexandria, the argument falls to the ground, and we need not assume that the epistle to the Hebrews was ever wanting in the Syrian collection of Paul ine letters. But that is not proved yet, though it must be said that Aphraates ' use of it would favor this theory; the tradition in the Doctrina Addai , the close relation between the Syrian and the Western text, and the difference of the translators point the other way.
Did, then, the Syrian church in that time, 200-250 A. D., receive all the letters of Paul except Hebrews, and was none missing ? The homilies of Aphraates would seem to indicate that not all the epistles were in his canon. He omits to cite Philemon and 2 Thessalonians. Now, Philemon is so small and of such a character that we are not surprised that he does not quote it. But why does he not quote 2 Thessalonians ? We have to remember that he does not quote so very many passages from the epistles altogether, and his method of quotation does not warrant us in making the assertion that it was not in his canon, in the face of the fact that it was universally accepted in the Graeco-Roman church. We must, therefore, conclude that his failure to quote 2 Thessalonians was due to accident, and that the Syrian church received, indeed, all the Pauline letters at that time.
When these epistles of Paul had been introduced they would undergo recensions, or there originated different translations of the epistles. Both these are seen in Aphraates and Ephraim . Certain passages show that the text, especially of Aphraates , was a more popular and free translation, so that this would be an earlier stage of the Peshitta text. Other passages show that there was a different translation from that of the Peshitta , because they are translations of different Greek readings. But since the bulk of the texts is the same, and the passages of this latter kind become much rarer in Ephraim , there is good reason to believe that both the Aphraates text and the Ephraim text mark simply two stages in the development of the Peshitta text.
'The Doctrina Addai speaks also about the Acts of the twelve apostles, which they are directed to read in the churches. Whence it came is not known ; for nobody regards Addai's statement, that John sent it from Ephesus, as historic. When it came can only be guessed at. It seems to have come about the same time as Paul's epistles. How it came nobody can tell. But I point to the fact that it came quite as suddenly and quite as mysteriously into the canon of the Graeco- Roman church.
The Canon: 150-250 A.D.
To sum up, then, the development of the canon until 250 A. D. :
There were originally the four separate gospels in use about 160-75 A. D. These were supplanted by the more convenient translation of the Diatessaron when Christianity became the national religion. About 200 A. D. the gospel canon is fixed ; it is the Diatessaron.
In the time 200-250 A. D. the epistles of Paul , except Hebrews, and the Acts of the Apostles came in. Soon afterward the epistle to the Hebrews was introduced and added to the Pauline collection.
At 338 A. D. we have the canon of the church comprising the Diatessaron of Tatian, the epistles of Paul , including Hebrews, and the Acts of the Apostles. Now, the whole method of Aphraates ' quotation points to the fact that this canon was already for some time in existence. We should say, therefore, with a good deal of plausibility, that the Syrian church had a fixed NT canon already about 300 A.D., if not earlier. Of the catholic epistles and the Revelation there is no trace.
Meanwhile there was another movement active in the church, dating back as far as the beginning of Christianity in Edessa, insignificant and small at first, but its victory was inevitable. It was stated above that when the Diatessaron took the place of the separate gospels there were still a good number of adherents of the old version. They translated the Greek gospels again and again. On the church at large this had no influence at first; it used the Diatessaron. But the fact milst be recognized that these men had on their side the unanimous consent of the Graeco-Roman church ; for nowhere else was a harmony used.
I do not mean to say that they knew this, and that they endeavored to substitute the four separate gospels for the Diatessaron. But it had naturally to lead to such a step.
The movement was well under way at the time of Aphraates . He quotes from the Diatessaron, but also very often, perhaps mostly, from the separate gospels. We can no more say, in his case, that the Diatessaron was his only gospel canon, because of his frequent quotations from the other gospels. The separate gospels were equally canonical for him, and, since he is a true representative of the church at large, also for the church. It could be only a question of time which form should ultimately prevail; for that they would retain two different forms in their canon would be impossible as time went on.
Ephraim still uses the Diatessaron, writing a commentary on it, but his quotations are mostly from the Peshitta . He seems to have used the Diatessaron more for his private use and for the arrangement of his lectures on the exposition of the gospels, though very probably it was also still used in the churches alongside of the four separate gospels. It was very natural that some would substitute the separate gospels in the form of the Peshitta about Ephraim 's time; others would still use the Diatessaron. As always, so also here, there were two parties, the conservatives and the progressive liberals. Public opinion, however, strengthened by the unanimous action of the Gr~co-Roman church, must have been in favor of the Peshitta . 'This is expressed in the order of Rabbula, bishop of Edessa, 412-35 A. D., who says : Let all the presbyters and deacons have a care that in all the churches there be provided and read a copy of the Astinct gospels.
And soon the final step is seen in the destruction of the remaining copies of the Diatessaron by Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrus, 423-57 A. D., who tells about it as follows:
"Tatian also composed the gospel which is called Diatessaron, cutting out the genealogies and whatever other passages show that the Lord was born of the seed of David according to the flesh. And not only did the members of his sect make use of this work, but even those that follow the apostolic doctrine, not perceiving the mischief of the composition, but using the book too simply as an abridgment. And I myself found more than two hundred such books held in respect in the churches of our parts ; and I collected and put them all away and put the gospels of the four evangelists in their place."
With this we have reached the end of the development of the gospel canon in the Syrian church. The Peshitta held from now on the field; it has never been supplanted.
While this struggle of the gospels was going on, there was simultaneously with it the development of the Acts of the Apostles and the epistles. When the epistles of Paul and the Acts of the Apostles had come into the Syrian church, they would soon be bound together with the gospels. Now, since there were two parties, the one would have in its volume the Diatessaron and the Acts and epistles of Paul , the other, the separate gospels and the Acts and epistles of Paul .
It is very probable that their texts were different, the one set based on this MS. authority, the other on that. That would account for the differences in the quotations of Aphraates and Ephraim . Now, we have seen that Aphraates ' canon did not contain more than the gospels, the Acts of the Apostles , and Paul 's epistles, and we concluded that this was the church's canon, so that then the Peshitta was not yet complete.
It must, however, be admitted that the fact that Aphraates did not quote from any of the other books contained in the Peshitta might be explained by saying that he relied for his citations on the official canon of the church, and did not want to cite as authoritative letters which were not familiar to all and not contained in the people's Bible; so that this fact does not argue for the non-existence of these epistles in Syriac form at his time. It is very well possible that they existed already in Syriac translations, but were not yet canonized.
But did we not say that Aphraates ' principle of canonicity for the epistles was apostolicity : the inspired apostle speaks in them, therefore are they authoritative ? Why did he, then, not accept these epistles of James, Peter (the first epistle), and John (the first epistle)? Now, while this is perfectly true, we must not deny the influence of the general opinion on any man. He would certainly have no objection on the ground of his principle to accept these books into his Bible. But it would, perhaps, take some time for him, as well as for the whole church, to do so. They were so accustomed to regard Paul as the apostle par excellence, so used to regard his word, besides Christ's, as alone authoritative, that such a change in this opinion could not be effected in a short time.
We have seen that the principle of canonicity of the Syrian church voices itself in Aphraates . Paul 's epistles were accepted because they were apostolic. Now, should it sooner or later be said that also other books were written by other apostles, who were just as eminent as Paul , the church would be inclined to accept them. There would be no reason, based on her principle, why she should not, and the fact is that she did, though not at once. The express prohibition in the Doctrina Addai , which was written about Aphraates ' time, throws some light on this problem. " With these [the Old Testament, the gospels, the Acts of the Apostles , and the epistles of Paul ] read not any others, as there is not any other in which the truth that ye hold is written, except these books, which retain you in the faith to which ye have been called." This remark points evidently to a time when the attempt was made to introduce other books into the canon of the church. What these books were we do not know. But it seems a safe conclusion that they were these three catholic epistles, I Peter , I John , and James. These had been translated and should be put into the canon. But as is always the case, there were men who were opposed to this, and to one of these opponents we owe that prohibition in the Doctrina Addai .
The time referred to may be adequately fixed. The Diatessaron was at that time the authoritative version for church use. This was before the time of Aphraates ; the epistles of Paul and the Acts were regarded as authoritative, which was also the case in Aphraates ' time and earlier. Later than Aphraates it can hardly have been, because Ephraim already calls the Peshitta " our version," and quotes from these epistles. It cannot be much earlier than Aphraates , for in his writings there is no trace of the catholic epistles, and no word is said about any attempt to introduce them into the canon. It may be that in his time, or, at the latest, very few years later (345-50 A. D.), the epistles were introduced into the canon.
So much is certain : Ephraim knew them and quoted from them. But besides, Ephraim quotes also from 2 and 3 John , 2 Peter , Jude, and Revelation ; he knew, therefore, all the books of our NT. In this he went farther than the Syrian church as a whole did. The Peshitta , which marks the final step of the church's canon, receives only James, I Peter , I John ; the epistles of those three apostles could be classed with those of the great Paul ; it admitted no others. It is important to recognize that Ephraim is here out of line with the church at large. This finds its explanation in the fact that he traveled much and came in contact with the canon of the Constantinople church. Besides, it is an open question whether he quoted these books from the Greek or from already existing Syriac translations. At any rate, the church did not follow him.
Perhaps a word should be said about his co~nmentary on the apocryphal correspondence of Paul and the Corinthians. In the first place it should be noticed that it is not yet proved that this commentary mas written by Ephraim . It may be an altogether later work. In the second place, even if Ephraim wrote this commentary, that does not prove that this apocryphal letter of Paul was in the canon of the Syrian church. There is no trace of it. And, then, Ephraim went, as we saw, farther than the church at large did. I am quite certain that it was not in the canon of the church.
But the Peshitta with James, I John , and I Peter was rapidly growing in the favor of the people. Ephraim differs very seldom from it ; it is called by him " our version." After him it must have been used almost exclusively, and when the Diatessaron was removed, the Peshitta was supreme. From the first half of the fifth century it reigns alone. Subsequent attempts to supplant it have failed. It is the version of the Syrian church. With this the history of the NT canon is completed in the Syrian church. Its development has taken a long time and is absolutely unique in the history of the NT. | <urn:uuid:7a420141-a00f-44c1-9e18-16a399c53f8b> | {
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An organism’s genotype is its distinct mixture of alleles for a specific gene. Therefore two individuals with exactly the same genotype can on occasion have different phenotypes in they live in various environments. If a hypothesis isn’t testable, then it’s impossible to execute an experiment to decide whether the hypothesis is supported by evidence.
Writing an effective introduction can be rough. fast custom essay Because Office World presents free delivery for purchases over 50, we will have no delivery costs. So, you’re preparing to compose a Ph.D. dissertation in an experimental region of Computer Science.
In any case, however, you might be wrong in your conclusion. It may be correct or incorrect, or correct to within a certain degree of accuracy, or correct in certain situations. Your conclusion can go past the confines of the assignment.
You do not actually have to read the most important body to understand what it was about, that’s the greatest point of an excellent conclusion. To the contrary, it can likewise be quite interesting to work on only in case you have good topic in your hands because it is regarded as the backbone of an evaluative essay. An excessive amount of detail on minor problems, but https://payforessay.net/lab-report not enough detail on major difficulties.
Life, Death, and Conclusion Definition Biology
For the reason, it’s not an unexpected conclusion that more than one gene could get the expression of a single phenotype. In the event the data support the hypothesis, then the hypothesis could possibly be the explanation for those phenomena. It is crucial to remember that a hypothesis has to be testable.
The idea of writing a proposal overwhelms many individuals, but the task does not need to be daunting. You could find that you don’t know precisely what you’re likely to argue at the start of the writing process. The last step of the scientific technique is developing a conclusion.
Deficiency of perfection is crucial to me. The outcome is known as the dependent variable. Place the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research so as to present a crystal clear focus.
Writers ought to keep in mind to create the title catchy and interesting. Following are a few of the suggested sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to pick a great topic for their assignment. https://www.ncat.edu/admissions/undergraduate/how-to-apply/index.html A large part of any writing assignment is composed of re-writing.
Deficiency of perfection is crucial to me. This kind of analysis reveals that there’s a statistically significant effect of Celebra. Therefore, brainstorming is vital.
So, you’ve got to begin with a research proposal definition. If you haven’t done enough research, you won’t be in a position to achieve a conclusion. Generally, it should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.
Dictionary introductions are also ineffective simply since they are so overused. You instructor will inform you the degree of analysis that’s expected. There are not any teacher manuals required.
The Little-Known Secrets to Conclusion Definition Biology
For instance, if you’re in a visually creative field like graphic design or video creation, you could incorporate a part of your work in the industry proposal. Be certain to discuss how their work is pertinent to your work. It should clearly describe your scientific project, demonstrate your degree of knowledge in the specific area and capacity to analyze suggested difficulties.
The kind of content that you provide depicts what sort of thesis statement you must have. Writing the background section still might be helpful, however, in demonstrating your distinct view of the issue. Normally, the methods section doesn’t will need to get read in detail.
A superb scientist would then think of an experiment to check whether the statement was accurate. Now, let’s analyze several essays conclusion examples to receive a little more practical insight about it. A sentence made of over 40 words should most likely be rewritten as two sentences.
Dictionary introductions are also ineffective simply since they are so overused. If you would like to develop into an application coder you should find a CS level. There are not any teacher manuals required. | <urn:uuid:19df43d4-8cef-4fdd-9d88-3cb761e92ae5> | {
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Published at Wednesday, August 07th 2019. by Marie Williams in Bathroom.
Roman shower, a shower that does not use a door or curtain. Steam shower, a type of bathing where a humidifying steam generator produces steam that is dispersed around a persons body.
Pottery is made by a blend of clays, fillers and fluxes being fused together during the firing process. There are high fire clays and glazes which are heated to over 1200 °C (2200 °F) and are extremely resistant to fading, staining, burning, scratching and acid attack. Low fire clays, fired below 1200 °C, most often used by large commercial manufacturers and third world producers, while durable, are susceptible to scratching and wear over time. The clay body is first bisqued to about 1000 °C (1900 °F). In the second firing a white or coloured glaze is applied and is melted by heat which chemically and physically fuses the glass (glaze) to the clay body during the same firing process. Due to the firing process and natural clays used, it is normal for the product to vary in size and shape, and +/− 5 mm is normal.
A bathtub, bath, or tub (informal) is a large or small container for holding water in which a person or animal may bathe. Most modern bathtubs are made of thermoformed acrylic, porcelain enameled steel, fiberglass-reinforced polyester, or porcelain enameled cast iron. A bathtub is usually placed in a bathroom either as a stand-alone fixture or in conjunction with a shower.
Documented early plumbing systems for bathing go back as far as around 3300 BC with the discovery of copper water pipes beneath a palace in the Indus Valley Civilization of ancient India; see sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization. Evidence of the earliest surviving personal sized bath tub was found on the Isle of Crete where a 1.5-metre (5 ft) long pedestal tub was found built from hardened pottery.
Hands free infrared proximity sensors are replacing the standard valve. Thermostatically controlled electronic dual-purpose mixing or diverting valves are used within industrial applications to automatically provide liquids as required.
Also, the tortuous S-shaped path the water is forced to follow offers a significant obstruction to the flow. For high pressure domestic water systems this does not matter, but for low pressure systems where flow rate is important, such as a shower fed by a storage tank, a "stop tap" or, in engineering terms, a "gate valve" is preferred.
Plastic sinks come in several basic forms:Inexpensive sinks are simply made using injection-molded thermoplastics. These are often deep, free-standing sinks used in laundry rooms. Subject to damage by hot or sharp objects, the principal virtue of these sinks is their low cost.High-end acrylic drop-in (lowered into the countertop) and undermount (attached from the bottom) sinks are becoming more popular, although they tend to be easily damaged by hard objects - like scouring a cast iron frying pan in the sink.Plastic sinks may also be made from the same materials used to form "solid surface" countertops. These sinks are durable, attractive, and can often be molded with an integrated countertop or joined to a separate countertop in a seamless fashion, leading to no sink-to-countertop joint or a very smooth sink-to-countertop joint that can not trap dirt or germs. These sinks are subject to damage by hot objects but damaged areas can sometimes be sanded down to expose undamaged material.
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Copyright © 2019 jphcgdietdrops. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:ed25d925-27fb-43d1-98af-a75d9c3bee49> | {
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View early Colonial Office photos in Australasia through a lens
25 January 2013
The National Archives has released online thousands of early photographs and drawings of Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and other Pacific Islands.
Just in time for Australia Day on 26 January, you can now view images of Australian towns, buildings, landmarks and people dating back as far as the mid 19th century.
The photographs have been uploaded to the photo-sharing website Flickr so that you can tag and contribute comments and suggestions to help improve the descriptions.
The images are taken from the Colonial Office's photographic collection (CO 1069) and highlights include:
- rarely-seen panorama of Sydney harbour taken in 1870
- the Garden Palace in Sydney, photographed in 1880 before its destruction by fire
- views of Melbourne Cricket Ground (M.C.G) and St Paul's Cathedral in 1912
- street scenes of Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth at the turn of the century
- photographic views of Tasmania in 1870
- album depicting the arrival of the first Governor General in Australia
- coloured paintings of New Zealand by naturalist George French Angas
- early 20th century photographs of Wellington, Auckland and Dunedin
- five volumes of photographs of Papua New Guinea from 1885
Find out more about the project and images on our blog.
You can also look back at our earlier 'through a lens' projects, including Asia, the Americas and Africa, which have attracted hundreds of thousands of online visitors and resulted in thousands of additional user-generated descriptions.
Sharing will require cookies. Show details | <urn:uuid:3650c6e2-ece0-4c03-b55e-6b3682e23b6e> | {
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Parents of my students often ask me how they can start speaking Spanish with their children at home. Most of them have studied Spanish at some point and are comfortable reading and pronouncing the language, but do not have enough fluency or vocabulary to use it naturally. I encourage them to do the take-home activities I provide, to read picture books, listen to music and sing with their children. I also provide them with common Spanish phrases that they can use in everyday situations with their kids.
Many of the Spanish sentences I suggest are contextual, that is, you use them in specific situations and the meaning is clear from what you are doing. Most of the questions can be answered yes or no and are not necessarily part of a more complicated conversation. More than anything, these common Spanish phrases and questions are used over and over again, so children have the chance to hear them repeatedly and internalize the meaning and structure.
Below is a list of common Spanish phrases that parents and childcare providers can incorporate into daily routines. You can personalize the list, adding things you say to your child on a regular basis. Ask a native speaker or do a little research to learn how to say phrases that fit your routine. For example, if your child feeds the cat, you can add Dale de comer al gato, por favor (Please feed the cat).
Start with just three or four phrases. When you are comfortable using those, and remember to use them consistently, add a few more of these common Spanish phrases to your daily routine. The verb forms in these suggestions are for speaking to one child.
There is a printable version of this list, called Dilo así (Say it like this), at the end of the post. You can print it to use as a reference as you learn the phrases. There is also an MP3 audio file.
Dilo así – Say it like this
– Buenos días – Good morning
– ¿Cómo amaneciste? – How are you this morning? (How did you sleep?)
– Tenemos que irnos en….minutos – We have to go in … minutes.
– Ayúdame, por favor. – Help me please.
– ¿Te ayudo? – Can I help you?
– Por favor – Please
– Gracias – Thank you
– De nada – You’re welcome.
– Ponte los zapatos. – Put on your shoes.
– Cepíllate los dientes. – Brush your teeth.
– Lávate las manos – Wash your hands.
– ¿Quieres leer? – Do you want to read a story?
– ¿Cuántos hay? – How many are there?
– ¡Mira! – Look.
– Con cuidado / Ten cuidado – Be careful.
– Dame la mano. – Give me your hand.
– Toma mi mano. – Take my hand.
– Dame un abrazo. – Give me a hug.
– Siéntate. – Sit down.
– Muy calladito/a por favor – Be really quiet.
– Ven acá. – Come here.
– No toques. – Don’t touch.
– Camina, por favor. – Walk, please.
– No corras. – Don’t run.
– Me gusta – I like it.
– ¿Te gusta? – Do you like it?
– Guarda los juguetes – Pick up your toys.
– Tiende la cama. – Make your bed.
– Amárrate los zapatos – Tie your shoes.
– Dime otra vez. – Tell me again.
– Hazlo de nuevo – Do it again.
– Me encanta. – I love it.
– Lo haces bien. – You do that well.
– Lo hiciste bien. – You did it really well.
– Bien hecho. – Well done.
– Intenta otra vez. – Try again.
– ¿Dónde estás? – Where are you?
– Ganaste. – You won.
– Gané. – I won.
– Me toca. – It’s my turn.
– Te toca. – It’s your turn.
– Cierra la puerta. – Close the door.
– Apágalo. – Turn it off.
– Pon la mesa – Set the table.
– ¿Quieres agua? – Do you want some water?
– ¿Tienes hambre? – Are you hungry?
– A comer – Come eat.
– Es hora de comer – It’s time to eat.
– Come. – Eat.
– Cómetelo – Eat it up.
– ¿Quieres más? – Do you want more?
– ¿Acabaste? – Are you done?
– A la cama – Time for bed.
– Apaga la luz. – Turn off the light.
– Es hora de dormir. – It’s time to go to sleep.
– Es hora de ir a la cama. – It’s time for bed.
– Buenas noches – Good night
– Que descanses. – Sleep well. (Sleep tight.)
– Que sueñes con los angelitos. – Sweet dreams.
– Te adoro. – I love you (I adore you).
– Te quiero. – I love you.
Link to Printable List of Common Spanish Phrases
You may also be interested in this post: Activity with Por Favor, Gracias to Teach Children Spanish | <urn:uuid:0e99e195-5648-4659-bb2f-96d876c399fb> | {
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Description from Flora of China
Gilibertia Ruiz & Pavón (1794), not J. F. Gmelin (1791), nor Giliberta Cothenius (1790); Textoria Miquel.
Trees or shrubs, evergreen, hermaphroditic or andromonoecious, unarmed, glabrous. Leaves simple or palmately 2- or 3(-5)-lobed, often with yellow or red glandular punctae (glands sometimes evident only under transmitted light), margins entire or with few irregular teeth; stipules small and united or absent. Inflorescence a terminal simple umbel, a small raceme of umbels, or a compound umbel. Pedicels not articulate below ovary. Calyx entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary (2-)5-carpellate; styles distinct or united basally or throughout into a column. Fruit a drupe. Seeds laterally compressed; endosperm uniform.
About 80 species: tropical America, E Asia; 14 species (seven endemic) in China. | <urn:uuid:cfd7c607-7500-40bd-952c-61670650b445> | {
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Tender means an invitation to offer for an item/items or work. All Public Sector purchases/Contracts in India, over a certain value has to be publicly notified throughTender Notices which are advertised through All India Newspapers, Trade Journals, Departmental Publications and Notice Boards, and on Internet.
Types of Tenders:
Tender can be classified based on the requirement category or Procurement Type. There are various types of Tenders. However, main Categories of the Tenders are listed below:
Open tender is an arrangement where an advertisement in local newspapers or trade journals invites contractors to apply for tender documents. Open Tender is a transparent process which ensures that only the contractor with the best price and meeting all the technical requirements will win the tender.
Limited or Closed Tender /Selective Tender:
In Limited Tenders, only pre-qualified or known bidders are allowed to participate. Limited Tenders are not advertised in newspapers, as a result other bidder generally do not come to know that such tender is floated.The Lowest Bidder or L1 generally wins the contract.
Single Tendering means sending the Tender to one particular party. Normally, it is either for an item where there is only one supplier or for an item where the purchaser has developed confidence in one supplier only and would just like to verify the current price, delivery etc. Single Tenders are also sent for items of proprietary nature.
Under Negotiated Tender method normally one contractor is approached and such tender mainly used for specialist work such as lift system or airport project at big level, in such case there are limited number of contractor who do such work in the market. It is based on one-to-one discussion with contractors to negotiated the terms of contract.
Item Rate Tenders:
In this type of Tenders the contractors are required to quote the rates for each item mentioned in the price bid. The quantity to be executed is given in the price bid.
Percentage Rate Tenders:
In this type of Tenders a detailed estimate of the quantity of work to be carried out along with the estimate rates is given in the price bid form. The Bidders are required to quote the amount in percentage above or below or at Par.
A method for procuring goods and services that requires notification to the international community. Bidders from eligible countries, as defined by the contracting agency or country, are given an equal opportunity to bid.
NCB or National Competitive Bidding:
In such tender type only Local or Indian companies can participate. International companies are not allowed to participate.
RFP or Request for Proposal:
In RFP a company is required to submit only the Technical proposal.
It is the same as RFP but more specific, and with more details in each part. An RFQ (Request for Quote) is used when an organization has already decided on a particular type of product or service, and wishes to see competitive pricing from multiple vendors of that service.
A RFI (Request for Information) is issued when an organization wants to gather information about a specific company or a supplier’s products or services in an initial data gathering phase. Usually with this data, companies can decide if they would like to further explore purchasing that product or service, and can qualify the produce/service/vendor for future conversations.
Expression of Interest is similar to RFP. EOI stands a business expression indicating an intent to bid
Single Envelope Bidding:
In such Tender both the Price Proposal and the Technical Proposal are submitted in a same envelope. The Contract is awarded to the Bidder whose Bid has been determined to be the lowest evaluated substantially responsive Bid.
Bidders submit two sealed envelopes simultaneously, one containing the Technical Proposal and the other the Price Proposal, enclosed together in an outer single envelope. Both Envelopes are then put in a Big Envelope, is sealed & submitted. First Technical bid is opened & price bid of only those bidder who are found technically qualified are opened subsequently at a later date.
Multiple Envelope Bidding :
in such Tender, EMD is submitted in 1st Envelope, Technical Bid is Submitted in 2nd Envelope & Price Bid is submitted in 3rd envelope. On the basis of requirement bid can be submitted in separate envelope. First EMD envelope & pre-Qualification envelope is opened. Technical envelope of only those bidders who pre-qualify is opened and at last those who are found technically qualified, their price bid is opened.
To explore more on bid consultancy, visit us at: www.tendersinfo.com
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Pregnancy Trimesters: The three approximately equal periods of a normal human PREGNANCY. Each trimester is about three months or 13 to 14 weeks in duration depending on the designation of the first day of gestation.Pregnancy Trimester, First: The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.Pregnancy Trimester, Third: The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.Pregnancy Trimester, Second: The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Pregnancy Complications: Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.Pregnancy, Animal: The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Pregnancy, Ectopic: A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.Gestational Age: The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.Pregnancy Rate: The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.Ultrasonography, Prenatal: The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.Abortion, Spontaneous: Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.Pregnancy in Diabetics: The state of PREGNANCY in women with DIABETES MELLITUS. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE induced by pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL) which resolves at the end of pregnancy.Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and NEOPLASMS. The neoplastic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.Pregnancy Complications, Infectious: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.Pregnancy, Multiple: The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant.Placenta: A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).Pregnancy, Tubal: The most common (>96%) type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs in the FALLOPIAN TUBE, usually in the ampullary region where FERTILIZATION takes place.Pre-Eclampsia: A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Pregnancy in Adolescence: Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.Pregnancy, High-Risk: Pregnancy in which the mother and/or FETUS are at greater than normal risk of MORBIDITY or MORTALITY. Causes include inadequate PRENATAL CARE, previous obstetrical history (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION), and MULTIPLE PREGNANCY, as well as advanced maternal age above 35.Pregnancy Proteins: Proteins produced by organs of the mother or the PLACENTA during PREGNANCY. These proteins may be pregnancy-specific (present only during pregnancy) or pregnancy-associated (present during pregnancy or under other conditions such as hormone therapy or certain malignancies.)Abortion, Induced: Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease (HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES) which involves BLOOD CELLS or COAGULATION FACTORS. The hematologic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.Trophoblasts: Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).Fetal Death: Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.Fetal Diseases: Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.Pregnancy, Unplanned: Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.Pregnancy, Unwanted: Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.Maternal-Fetal Exchange: Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the PLACENTA via PLACENTAL CIRCULATION. The placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission.Chorionic Villi: The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion. Chorionic villi may be free or embedded within the DECIDUA forming the site for exchange of substances between fetal and maternal blood (PLACENTA).Decidua: The hormone-responsive glandular layer of ENDOMETRIUM that sloughs off at each menstrual flow (decidua menstrualis) or at the termination of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the thickest part of the decidua forms the maternal portion of the PLACENTA, thus named decidua placentalis. The thin portion of the decidua covering the rest of the embryo is the decidua capsularis.Fetus: The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Fetal Development: Morphological and physiological development of FETUSES.Fetal Growth Retardation: The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.Abnormalities, Drug-Induced: Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.Pregnancy, Twin: The condition of carrying TWINS simultaneously.Birth Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.Uterus: The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. The parasitic infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.Amniotic Fluid: A clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the FETUS inside the sac of AMNION. In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. Cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (AMNIOCENTESIS).Maternal Age: The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal: Non-steroidal chemical compounds with abortifacient activity.Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced: A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (>140 mm Hg) and diastolic (>90 mm Hg) blood pressure on at least two occasions 6 h apart. HYPERTENSION complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies, generally after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension can be divided into several broad categories according to the complexity and associated symptoms, such as EDEMA; PROTEINURIA; SEIZURES; abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION and liver functions.Maternal Exposure: Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.Crown-Rump Length: In utero measurement corresponding to the sitting height (crown to rump) of the fetus. Length is considered a more accurate criterion of the age of the fetus than is the weight. The average crown-rump length of the fetus at term is 36 cm. (From Williams Obstetrics, 18th ed, p91)Pregnancy, Prolonged: A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.Premature Birth: CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of PREGNANCY.Pregnancy, Abdominal: A type of ectopic pregnancy in which the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN implants in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY instead of in the ENDOMETRIUM of the UTERUS.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Cesarean Section: Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human: The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.Embryo Implantation: Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.Fertilization in Vitro: An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.Abortion, Therapeutic: Abortion induced to save the life or health of a pregnant woman. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Abortion, Habitual: Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.Obstetric Labor, Premature: Onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR before term (TERM BIRTH) but usually after the FETUS has become viable. In humans, it occurs sometime during the 29th through 38th week of PREGNANCY. TOCOLYSIS inhibits premature labor and can prevent the BIRTH of premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE).Congenital Abnormalities: Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.Embryo Transfer: The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.Down Syndrome: A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)Placentation: The development of the PLACENTA, a highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products between mother and FETUS. The process begins at FERTILIZATION, through the development of CYTOTROPHOBLASTS and SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS, the formation of CHORIONIC VILLI, to the progressive increase in BLOOD VESSELS to support the growing fetus.Diabetes, Gestational: Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.Chorionic Gonadotropin: A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).Labor, Obstetric: The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).Infant, Low Birth Weight: An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.Amniocentesis: Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions.Twins: Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).Placental Circulation: The circulation of BLOOD, of both the mother and the FETUS, through the PLACENTA.Abortifacient Agents: Chemical substances that interrupt pregnancy after implantation.Placenta Diseases: Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal: Selective abortion of one or more embryos or fetuses in a multiple gestation pregnancy. The usual goal is to improve the outcome for the remaining embryos or fetuses.Uterine Hemorrhage: Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Pregnant Women: Human females who are pregnant, as cultural, psychological, or sociological entities.Puerperal Disorders: Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Hydatidiform Mole: Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the FETUS and INFANT as well as herself.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Lactation: The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.Infant, Small for Gestational Age: An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.Abortion, Missed: The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.Chorionic Villi Sampling: A method for diagnosis of fetal diseases by sampling the cells of the placental chorionic villi for DNA analysis, presence of bacteria, concentration of metabolites, etc. The advantage over amniocentesis is that the procedure can be carried out in the first trimester.Embryonic and Fetal Development: Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.Delivery, Obstetric: Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.Uterine Artery: A branch arising from the internal iliac artery in females, that supplies blood to the uterus.Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A: A product of the PLACENTA, and DECIDUA, secreted into the maternal circulation during PREGNANCY. It has been identified as an IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-4 protease that proteolyzes IGFBP-4 and thus increases IGF bioavailability. It is found also in human FIBROBLASTS, ovarian FOLLICULAR FLUID, and GRANULOSA CELLS. The enzyme is a heterotetramer of about 500-kDa.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Infertility, Female: Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.Preconception Care: An organized and comprehensive program of health care that identifies and reduces a woman's reproductive risks before conception through risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. Preconception care programs may be designed to include the male partner in providing counseling and educational information in preparation for fatherhood, such as genetic counseling and testing, financial and family planning, etc. This concept is different from PRENATAL CARE, which occurs during pregnancy.Endometrium: The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.Abortion, Legal: Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena: Nutrition of FEMALE during PREGNANCY.Postpartum Period: In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).Dilatation and Curettage: Dilatation of the cervix uteri followed by a scraping of the endometrium with a curette.Nuchal Translucency Measurement: A prenatal ultrasonography measurement of the soft tissue behind the fetal neck. Either the translucent area below the skin in the back of the fetal neck (nuchal translucency) or the distance between occipital bone to the outer skin line (nuchal fold) is measured.Stillbirth: The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.Heart Rate, Fetal: The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.Chorion: The outermost extra-embryonic membrane surrounding the developing embryo. In REPTILES and BIRDS, it adheres to the shell and allows exchange of gases between the egg and its environment. In MAMMALS, the chorion evolves into the fetal contribution of the PLACENTA.Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal: Steroidal compounds with abortifacient activity.Abortion, Threatened: UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.Fetal Weight: The weight of the FETUS in utero. It is usually estimated by various formulas based on measurements made during PRENATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY.Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic: An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).Triplets: Three individuals derived from three FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Parturition: The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.Gravidity: The number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a female. It is different from PARITY, which is the number of offspring borne. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Umbilical Arteries: Specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the FETUS to the mother via the PLACENTA. In humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one.Fetal Monitoring: Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during LABOR, OBSTETRIC and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery.Fetal Macrosomia: A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.Mothers: Female parents, human or animal.Live Birth: The event that a FETUS is born alive with heartbeats or RESPIRATION regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE. Such liveborn is called a newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN).Reproductive Techniques, Assisted: Clinical and laboratory techniques used to enhance fertility in humans and animals.Fertility: The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.Fetal Movement: Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Insemination, Artificial: Artificial introduction of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.Administration, Intravaginal: The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ.Oligohydramnios: A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.Infertility: Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.Ultrasonography, Doppler: Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)Cervix Uteri: The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture: Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.Placenta Accreta: Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.Chromosome Disorders: Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)Morning Sickness: Symptoms of NAUSEA and VOMITING in pregnant women that usually occur in the morning during the first 2 to 3 months of PREGNANCY. Severe persistent vomiting during pregnancy is called HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM.Neural Tube Defects: Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.Abortion, Eugenic: Abortion performed because of possible fetal defects.Amnion: The innermost membranous sac that surrounds and protects the developing embryo which is bathed in the AMNIOTIC FLUID. Amnion cells are secretory EPITHELIAL CELLS and contribute to the amniotic fluid.Neck: The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color: Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.Uterine Rupture: A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.HELLP Syndrome: A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.Maternal Welfare: Organized efforts by communities or organizations to improve the health and well-being of the mother.Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An umbrella term used to describe a pattern of disabilities and abnormalities that result from fetal exposure to ETHANOL during pregnancy. It encompasses a phenotypic range that can vary greatly between individuals, but reliably includes one or more of the following: characteristic facial dysmorphism, FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION, central nervous system abnormalities, cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction, BIRTH DEFECTS. The level of maternal alcohol consumption does not necessarily correlate directly with disease severity.Weight Gain: Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.Ovulation Induction: Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.Placental Lactogen: A polypeptide hormone of approximately 25 kDa that is produced by the SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS of the PLACENTA, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GROWTH HORMONE and PROLACTIN activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an insulin antagonist.Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.Pregnancy Tests, Immunologic: Methods of detecting pregnancy by examining the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in plasma or urine.Oocyte Donation: Transfer of preovulatory oocytes from donor to a suitable host. Oocytes are collected, fertilized in vitro, and transferred to a host that can be human or animal.Dietary Supplements: Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.Choriocarcinoma: A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).Abortion, Incomplete: Premature loss of PREGNANCY in which not all the products of CONCEPTION have been expelled.Urachal Cyst: Cyst occurring in a persistent portion of the urachus, presenting as an extraperitoneal mass in the umbilical region. It is characterized by abdominal pain, and fever if infected. It may rupture, leading to peritonitis, or it may drain through the umbilicus.Estradiol: The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Contraception: Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.Uterine Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.Eclampsia: Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).Menstrual Cycle: The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.Folic Acid: A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.Fetoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the fetus and amniotic cavity through abdominal or uterine entry.Labor Onset: The beginning of true OBSTETRIC LABOR which is characterized by the cyclic uterine contractions of increasing frequency, duration, and strength causing CERVICAL DILATATION to begin (LABOR STAGE, FIRST ).Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.Heart Defects, Congenital: Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Risk: The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.alpha-Fetoproteins: The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.Obstetric Labor Complications: Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.Placental Hormones: Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).Abruptio Placentae: Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)Umbilical Cord: The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.Twins, ConjoinedReproductive Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals, including techniques used in selective BREEDING, cloning (CLONING, ORGANISM), and assisted reproduction (REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, ASSISTED).Fallopian Tubes: A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.Fetofetal Transfusion: Passage of blood from one fetus to another via an arteriovenous communication or other shunt, in a monozygotic twin pregnancy. It results in anemia in one twin and polycythemia in the other. (Lee et al., Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p737-8)Hydrops Fetalis: Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.Nasal Bone: Either one of the two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed: Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with velocity detection combined with range discrimination. Short bursts of ultrasound are transmitted at regular intervals and the echoes are demodulated as they return.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.Fetal Viability: The potential of the FETUS to survive outside the UTERUS after birth, natural or induced. Fetal viability depends largely on the FETAL ORGAN MATURITY, and environmental conditions. | <urn:uuid:ed985396-54c9-4658-b626-03a28795e16f> | {
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Since 1973 we have been cultivating partnerships between people who care about the earth and believe in the power of community gardening to transform neighborhoods.
In the early 1970’s, Liz Christy and the original band of green guerillas decided to do something about the urban decay they saw all around them. They threw “seed green-aids” over the fences of vacant lots. They planted sun flower seeds in the center meridians of busy New York City streets. They put flower boxes on the window ledges of abandoned buildings.
Soon they turned their attention to a large, debris-filled vacant lot on the corner of Bowery and Houston Streets. Where other people saw a vacant lot, they saw a community garden. People donated their time and talents. Local stores and nurseries donated vegetables clippings and seeds. They created the Bowery Houston Farm and Garden – and they sparked a movement.
The green guerillas began rallying other people to use community gardening as tool to reclaim urban land, stabilize city blocks, and get people working together to solve problems. Soon, dozens of community gardens bloomed throughout New York City, and neighbors formed vital grassroots groups.
Today, more than 600 community gardens serve as testaments to the skill, creativity, and determination of New York City’s community garders. They grow food for their families and neighbors. They connect city kids to the earth. They give seniors cool green spaces to pass summer days. They allow people to kneel down together and garden in the city.
Green Guerillas has grown and changed along with the movement. Today, we are a vital nonprofit resource center, helping community gardeners cultivate community all year long. | <urn:uuid:f23284a9-772b-4f60-95b1-8d3fd0966534> | {
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