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We're a non-profit think tank transforming climate change problems into solutions through the design of the built environment.
The urban built environment is responsible for most of the world's fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Planning and designing collaborative efforts that pave the way to a sustainable and carbon neutral future
We issued the 2030 Challenges as achievable energy and emissions reduction targets for new and old buildings, districts and cities, and building products.
The 2030 Palette is a free online platform that sets out the principles and actions for designing low-carbon/carbon neutral resilient structures, communities and cities worldwide.
2030 Districts are urban high-performance building districts in cities across North America established by unique private/public partnerships committed to reducing energy use, water use, and transportation emissions.
The AIA+2030 online and in-person education series offer the very latest strategies and applications for high-performance building design to the architecture and building community across the US and in Canada.
identifying problems / designing solutions
The Roadmap to Zero Emissions is a flexible plan that sets out the emissions reduction targets necessary in the building sector worldwide to avert dangerous and irreversible climate change, including the actions and financing instruments needed to reach the targets.
Achieving Zero is a roadmap for government entities to enact incremental actions over a fifteen-year timespan to phase out CO2 emissions in the built environment by mid-century.
A practical and powerful plan to ensure that New York City can reach its bold and necessary emissions reduction targets through transformation of the city's building stock.
Architecture 2030 joins WorldGBC as the lead partner in a new project – Advancing Net Zero – to deliver “net zero” building energy or greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) certification pathways across Green Building Councils (GBCs) worldwide.
Architecture 2030 and the CEDAAB have co-ordinated a commitment by 52 key Chinese and international architecture and planning firms to plan and design cities, towns, developments, and buildings in China to low carbon/carbon neutral standards. | <urn:uuid:11a0e786-b36b-47af-a338-8a196f0f77e7> | {
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Homeschooling may sound daunting, but it might be easier than you think it is. Homeschooling your children provides a safe and receiving the best education possible. The following article will be a huge help to you as you progress.
Check out your State’s mandates before you set up your curriculum. Different states will have different rules governing the amount of time you need to dedicate to homeschooling your child. It usually a good idea to keep your year to the local district’s.
Don’t forget you’re dealing with kids that will do better with breaks. Children will not get excited at the idea of spending long hours reading a book or doing an exercise. Allow them the opportunity during the day to run wild or get some exercise. This will benefit of everyone involved.
Turn daily living into an opportunity for learning activity. Daily activities can often teach your child more than school ever can. Help them improve their daily grammar mistakes as well. Let your child help you with shopping or preparing food to teach them about measurement. You will be amazed at how quickly they learn.
You need to think about what area or room you will teach your homeschooling in. This location should be somewhere where your kids are comfortable for everyone. It needs space for tactile learning as well as desks and also smooth surfaces for writing and writing. You also have to make it to where you can watch your kids while they take tests as well.
Homeschooling is a perfect opportunity to flex your creative and crafty muscles. You can save money on certain resources or make your own for much cheaper. You can make DIY flash cards with index cards. Have your kids step up and help you do this for added fun.
Art should also be incorporated into your plans. Let your children put their lessons or use some other medium to create a sculpture or collage. The more involved your child is in the lesson, the more deeply the information will be absorbed, so encourage lots of arts and games around learning.
Make sure to do plenty of research as possible before deciding to homeschool your kids. There are a plethora of resources on the World Wide Web that will be able to help you to decide whether or not homeschooling is the best option for you and your family.
Family vacations can be a fantastic additional learning tools. You can simply take a day in your vacation to something educational. Your entire family can enjoy some fun together while learning experiences together.
Network with others who are homeschooling families. There are a wide variety of different reasons parents want to homeschool their children. You can likely to find a homeschool group with similar goals as yours. Homeschooling groups are great place to get advice and support if you’re new to it.
You have to know when you need to throw in the towel and give in. If you’ve been trying to teach a child in a certain way and it isn’t working, you should not continue to force it upon them. There are many different teaching methods you could try. There are other ways of doing it, including hiring someone to help. Pushing your child too hard just may not work at all and might even end up frustrating the both of you completely.
Life skills are just as important than academic studies. It is important to work both academic studies and life skills as part of your lessons. Everyone is aware of academic skills, driving and gardening are. You might be able to do life skills with the right approach. For instance, if your child is learning about gardening, you can teach him some financial planning at the same time by explaining how bank accounts work.
It is very easy to feel isolated when you are being homeschooled. Networking with other homeschooling families in your area can be invaluable for both you and your children. Look for local groups where you can meet with your child. A group of like-minded individuals can make you a happier and more effective homeschooler.
You should have more confidence about homeschooling now that you are equipped with the right information. Your kids will have a richer education if you are their caring teacher. If you use what you have read here, then you can give your kids the gift of a quality education. Your children deserve the best education possible. | <urn:uuid:fc5e6c29-b7c6-4127-8fa2-a5308d7bd135> | {
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The main language used is JAVA, regarded as one of the most object oriented language still create lot of error like stack overflow, illegal/inappropriate method overriding. The author used tools confined to JAVA to test as how weak points in the code can be rectified before compiled. The byte code theft is difficult to be conquered, so it's a better to get rid of it in the plain java code itself. The tools used in the research are PMD (Programming Mistake Detector), it helps to detect line of code that make pop out error in near future like defect in hashcode (memory maps) overriding due to which the java code will not function correctly.
- Format: PDF
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Get OSHA's GHS Guide by Actio
Actio's GHS Guide breaks down the four critial components of OSHA's revised Hazcom Standard and helps set the stage for companies to comply with the United Nation's Globally Harmonized Standard of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals.
Key components of Actio's GHS Guide include:
- Overview: A brief history of who, what and why GHS is being adopted by more than 70 countires around the world.
- GHS Safety Data Sheets: A breakdown of information that now must be included on the new 16 Section safety data sheet (SDS) under GHS.
- GHS Pictograms: Introduction to the new pictograms that are now required to be be used on all pacakging to communicate hazardous chemcials.
- GHS Chemical Classifcations: A section dedicated to the three hazard classifications and corresponding categories.
- GHS Labels: An overview of the six required elements of a GHS label. | <urn:uuid:75f0b125-df0b-4169-994d-1274d2a3516c> | {
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For the first time ever, a team of astronomers might have witnessed the birth of a black hole, roughly 20 million light-years from Earth.
While researchers have long thought that black holes form when supergiant stars collapse, new data from the Hubble Space Telescope might finally confirm this hypothesis.
"This may be the first direct clue to how the collapse of a star can lead to the formation of a black hole," astronomer Avi Loeb from Harvard University, who was not a part of the new research, told Anna Nowogrodzki at New Scientist.
The team, led by Christopher Kochanek from Ohio State University, discovered what appears to be a newly forming black hole while going through previously collected data from the Hubble Space Telescope, which was trained in on a red supergiant star known as N6946-BH1.
According to Nowogrodzki, N6946-BH1 - a star roughly 25 times more massive than our Sun - was originally observed back in 2004. Since then, Hubble has been keeping its eye on the star's movements and activity.
After combing through that data, Kochanek's team says they've discovered that the star flared up in 2009, becoming about 1 million times brighter than the Sun, before slowly fading away.
Comparing this to new Hubble observations, which suggest that the star is no longer emitting visible wavelength light, the team suspects that N6946-BH1 might have triggered a black hole birth.
The hypothesis is that N6946-BH1 could have collapsed in recent years, and that bright flare-up in 2009 was the result of the star shedding off its neutrinos.
This would have caused the star’s gravitational pull to drop, allowing electrons to reattach to the hydrogen ions that float around it - a process that can eventually result in the birth of a black hole.
If this scenario is correct, Hubble has just captured the first ever obsersations of a black hole birth, though further investigation is needed to prove it.
To confirm the black hole birth, the team will need to discount a number of other possibilities that could have caused the star to flare up and disappear, such as a merger with another star, or the chance that it's maybe being hidden from Hubble's view by a curtain of dust.
While these are definitely possibilities, Nowogrodzki points out that a merger with another star would cause a much brighter flare-up that wouldn’t dissipate in under a year, and if dust is to blame, the star should pop out of it eventually.
The current findings have not yet been peer-reviewed, which means for now, we have to take them with a grain of salt.
But to speed up the investigation, the team plans on continuing their observation of the star - or potential baby black hole - with Hubble and NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.
With the help of both of these high-powered telescopes, they should be able to collect the data they need to confirm or disprove their hypothesis.
Kochanek is cautiously optimistic, telling New Scientist: "I’m not quite at 'I’d bet my life on it' yet, but I’m willing to go for your life."
The findings have been published on pre-print website arXiv.org. | <urn:uuid:a017cc62-2426-4720-9860-4b4b8193630e> | {
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Drive west from Orkney's capital, Kirkwall, and then head north on the narrow B9055 and you will reach a single stone monolith that guards the entrance to a spit of land known as the Ness of Brodgar. The promontory separates the island's two largest bodies of freshwater, the Loch of Stenness and the Loch of Harray. At their furthest edges, the lochs' peaty brown water laps against fields and hills that form a natural amphitheatre; a landscape peppered with giant rings of stone, chambered cairns, ancient villages and other archaeological riches.
This is the heartland of the Neolithic North, a bleak, mysterious place that has made Orkney a magnet for archaeologists, historians and other researchers. For decades they have tramped the island measuring and ex- cavating its great Stone Age sites. The land was surveyed, mapped and known until a recent chance discovery revealed that for all their attention, scientists had completely overlooked a Neolithic treasure that utterly eclipses all others on Orkney – and in the rest of Europe.
This is the temple complex of the Ness of Brodgar, and its size, complexity and sophistication have left archaeologists desperately struggling to find superlatives to describe the wonders they found there. "We have discovered a Neolithic temple complex that is without parallel in western Europe. Yet for decades we thought it was just a hill made of glacial moraine," says discoverer Nick Card of the Orkney Research Centre for Archaeology. "In fact the place is entirely manmade, although it covers more than six acres of land."
Once protected by two giant walls, each more than 100m long and 4m high, the complex at Ness contained more than a dozen large temples – one measured almost 25m square – that were linked to outhouses and kitchens by carefully constructed stone pavements. The bones of sacrificed cattle, elegantly made pottery and pieces of painted ceramics lie scattered round the site. The exact purpose of the complex is a mystery, though it is clearly ancient. Some parts were constructed more than 5,000 years ago.
The people of the Neolithic – the new Stone Age – were the first farmers in Britain, and they arrived on Orkney about 6,000 years ago. They cultivated the land, built farmsteads and rapidly established a vibrant culture, erecting giant stone circles, chambered communal tombs – and a giant complex of buildings at the Ness of Brodgar. The religious beliefs that underpinned these vast works is unknown, however, as is the purpose of the Brodgar temples.
"This wasn't a settlement or a place for the living," says archaeologist Professor Colin Richards of Manchester University, who excavated the nearby Barnhouse settlement in the 1980s. "This was a ceremonial centre, and a vast one at that. But the religious beliefs of its builders remain a mystery."
What is clear is that the cultural energy of the few thousand farming folk of Orkney dwarfed those of other civilisations at that time. In size and sophistication, the Ness of Brodgar is comparable with Stonehenge or the wonders of ancient Egypt. Yet the temple complex predates them all. The fact that this great stately edifice was constructed on Orkney, an island that has become a byword for remoteness, makes the site's discovery all the more remarkable. For many archaeologists, its discovery has revolutionised our understanding of ancient Britain.
"We need to turn the map of Britain upside down when we consider the Neolithic and shrug off our south-centric attitudes," says Card, now Brodgar's director of excavations. "London may be the cultural hub of Britain today, but 5,000 years ago, Orkney was the centre for innovation for the British isles. Ideas spread from this place. The first grooved pottery, which is so distinctive of the era, was made here, for example, and the first henges – stone rings with ditches round them – were erected on Orkney. Then the ideas spread to the rest of the Neolithic Britain. This was the font for new thinking at the time."
It is a view shared by local historian Tom Muir, of the Orkney Museum. "The whole text book of British archaeology for this period will have to be torn up and rewritten from scratch thanks to this place," he says.
Farmers first reached Orkney on boats that took them across the narrow – but treacherously dangerous – Pentland Firth from mainland Scotland. These were the people of the New Stone Age, and they brought cattle, pigs and sheep with them, as well as grain to plant and ploughs to till the land. The few hunter-gatherers already living on Orkney were replaced and farmsteads were established across the archipelago. These early farmers were clearly successful, though life would still have been precarious, with hunting providing precious supplies of extra protein. At the village of Knap o'Howar on Papay the bones of domesticated cattle, sheep and pigs have been found alongside those of wild deer, whales and seals, for example, while analysis of human bones from the period suggest that few people reached the age of 50. Those who survived childhood usually died in their 30s.
Discarded stone tools and shards of elegant pottery also indicate that the early Orcadians were developing an increasingly sophisticated society. Over the centuries, their small farming communities coalesced into larger tribal units, possibly with an elite ruling class, and they began to construct bigger and bigger monuments. These sites included the 5,000-year-old village of Skara Brae; the giant chambered grave of Maeshowe, a Stone Age mausoleum whose internal walls were later carved with runes by Vikings; and the Stones of Stenness and the Ring of Brodgar, two huge neighbouring circles of standing stones. These are some of the finest Neolithic monuments in the world, and in 1999 they were given World Heritage status by Unesco, an act that led directly to the discovery of the Ness of Brodgar.
"Being given World Heritage status meant we had to think about the land surrounding the sites," says Card. "We decided to carry out geophysical surveys to see what else might be found there." Such surveys involve the use of magnetometers and ground-penetrating radar to pinpoint manmade artefacts hidden underground. And the first place selected by Card for this electromagnetic investigation was the Ness of Brodgar.
The ridge was assumed to be natural. However, Card's magnetometers showed that it was entirely manmade and bristled with features that included lines of walls, concentric pathways and outlines of large buildings. "The density of these features stunned us," says Card. At first, given its size, the team assumed they had stumbled on a general site that had been in continuous use for some time, providing shelter for people for most of Orkney's history, from prehistoric to medieval times. "No other interpretation seemed to fit the observations," adds Card. But once more the Ness of Brodgar would confound expectations.
Test pits, a metre square across, were drilled in lines across the ridge and revealed elaborate walls, slabs of carefully carved rock, and pieces of pottery. None came from the Bronze Age, however, nor from the Viking era or medieval times. Dozens of pits were dug over the ridge, an area the size of five football pitches, and every one revealed items with a Neolithic background.
Then the digging began in earnest and quickly revealed the remains of buildings of startling sophistication. Carefully made pathways surrounded walls – some of them several metres high – that had been constructed with patience and precision.
"It was absolutely stunning," says Colin Richards. "The walls were dead straight. Little slithers of stones had even been slipped between the main slabs to keep the facing perfect. This quality of workmanship would not be seen again on Orkney for thousands of years."
Slowly the shape and dimensions of the Ness of Brodgar site revealed themselves. Two great walls, several metres high, had been built straight across the ridge. There was no way you could pass along the Ness without going through the complex. Within those walls a series of temples had been built, many on top of older ones. "The place seems to have been in use for a thousand years, with building going on all the time," says Card.
More than a dozen of these temples have already been uncovered though only about 10% of the site has been fully excavated so far.
"We have never seen anything like this before," says York University archaeologist Professor Mark Edmonds. "The density of the archaeology, the scale of the buildings and the skill that was used to construct them are simply phenomenal. There are very few dry-stone walls on Orkney today that could match the ones we have uncovered here. Yet they are more than 5,000 years old in places, still standing a couple of metres high. This was a place that was meant to impress – and it still does."
But it is not just the dimensions that have surprised and delighted archaeologists. Two years ago, their excavations revealed that haematite-based pigments had been used to paint external walls – another transformation in our thinking about the Stone Age. "We see Neolithic remains after they have been bleached out and eroded," says Edmonds. "However, it is now clear from Brodgar that buildings could have been perfectly cheerful and colourful."
The men and women who built at the Ness also used red and yellow sandstone to enliven their constructions. (More than 3,000 years later, their successors used the same materials when building St Magnus' Cathedral in Kirkwall.) But what was the purpose of their construction work and why put it in the Ness of Brodgar? Of the two questions, the latter is the easier to answer – for the Brodgar headland is clearly special. "When you stand here, you find yourself in a glorious landscape," says Card. "You are in the middle of a natural amphitheatre created by the hills around you."
The surrounding hills are relatively low, and a great dome of sky hangs over Brodgar, perfect for watching the setting and rising of the sun, moon and other celestial objects. (Card believes the weather on Orkney may have been warmer and clearer 4,000 to 5,000 years ago.) Cosmology would have been critical to society then, he argues, helping farmers predict the seasons – a point supported by scientists such as the late Alexander Thom, who believed that the Ring of Brodgar was an observatory designed for studying the movement of the moon.
These outposts of Neolithic astronomy, although impressive, were nevertheless peripheral, says Richards. The temple complex at the Ness of Brodgar was built to be the most important construction on the island. "The stones of Stenness, the Ring of Brodgar and the other features of the landscape were really just adjuncts to that great edifice," he says. Or as another archaeologist put it: "By comparison, everything else in the area looks like a shanty town."
For a farming community of a few thousand people to create such edifices suggests that the Ness of Brodgar was of profound importance. Yet its purpose remains elusive. The ritual purification of the dead by fire may be involved, suggests Card. As he points out, several of the temples at Brodgar have hearths, though this was clearly not a domestic dwelling. In addition, archeologists have found that many of the stone mace heads (hard, polished, holed stones) that litter the site had been broken in two in exactly the same place. "We have found evidence of this at other sites," says Richards. "It may be that relatives broke them in two at a funeral, leaving one part with the dead and one with family as a memorial to the dead. This was a place concerned with death and the deceased, I believe."
Equally puzzling was the fate of the complex. Around 2,300BC, roughly a thousand years after construction began there, the place was abruptly abandoned. Radiocarbon dating of animal bones suggests that a huge feast ceremony was held, with more than 600 cattle slaughtered, after which the site appears to have been decommissioned. Perhaps a transfer of power took place or a new religion replaced the old one. Whatever the reason, the great temple complex – on which Orcadians had lavished almost a millennium's effort – was abandoned and forgotten for the next 4,000 years.
For more information or to donate to the dig, go to orkneyarchaeologysociety.org.uk | <urn:uuid:df4d0b9c-2266-4777-b71e-1695eda51c23> | {
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Here we are reading a story that is usually associated with palm branches and hosannas. For many Christians, this is the story they hear each Sunday before Easter, called Palm Sunday. It’s a strange and complicated tale, because shortly after this weird parade, things go really bad for Jesus and co. Betrayals, arrests, torture, even death. I’ll never tell you what to think or how to interpret these stories—I simply share my thoughts, what I’ve studied, and what I’ve heard. Considering all that, I’ve never been one to think that Jesus of Nazareth knew that he actually would be tortured and crucified once in Jerusalem. I know that some of the Gospel writers allude to Jesus knowing and predicting it, but keep in mind how these stories were written and when they were written. These authors had the benefit of knowing what was going to happen, and they were also speaking to various groups of people who needed context. In my view, this doesn’t taint the story. I actually think it makes it better. Consider that if Jesus didn’t know what was going to happen in Jerusalem. Consider that even after Jesus’ death Jesus’ friends and family and didn’t know how to interpret all that happened. And consider that it was a LONG time after that people finally decided to write down what stories they had heard about it.
In other words, I’m saying that the story gets richer for me when we ask the identity questions again:
Who was this Jesus? Who did people say Jesus was? What did Jesus say and do?
And who are we?
Because religion created the Jesus figure. Each and every form of Christianity, whether Eastern Christianity, Roman Christianity, American Christianity, etc. came up with their own version of Jesus. And so that work shouldn’t end. The story continues. Who is this Jesus? What did Jesus say and do? Who are we?
Let’s get to the story of the day, shall we? Jesus of Nazareth was finally reaching the climatic destination that all the Gospel writers foreshadow: Jerusalem, the mecca, the epicenter of religion and culture and language and…the Roman Empire.
Yeah, there’s that.
Consider that as Jesus and the ragtag band of followers processed towards the city for Passover, there was another procession. The Roman army came to the city from the west. They were the riot police before they were called riot police. They had one job during Passover: keep the peace. Because Jerusalem’s population would explode to more than 200,000 people for the festival. Because crazy, trouble-making fools like Jesus of Nazareth would be coming.
The stage is set.
Meanwhile, our storyteller throws in some quirky twists. Before they get to the city, Jesus sends people ahead—they have one job—go find a certain donkey and a colt. It’s a weird request, right? Or is it? It’s all setup beforehand. Because of the threat of danger, things are more secretive now—kind of a like a really good spy movie.
Jesus. Jesus Bond?
Only Jesus doesn’t do the martini shaken not stirred. He’s more into red wine.
Oh right—the donkey business. Matthew‘s author is asking us to pay attention [once again] to a story written mostly for Jews. The donkey, metaphorical or not, is meant to point to Jewish prophetic literature, and in this case, Zechariah: This took place to fulfill what had been spoken through the prophet, saying, “Tell the daughter of Zion, Look, your king is coming to you, humble, and mounted on a donkey, and on a colt, the foal of a donkey.”
Keep in mind also that the people with Jesus, i.e. those called disciples or followers, were now at this point the loyal and close counterparts of Jesus. Those who met them outside Jerusalem, however, and put their cloaks on the ground, were not all sympathetic to their cause. And once inside the city, things got even worse. People did not celebrate Jesus and his little parade—instead there was confusion, skepticism, and in some cases, even anger. It was never really a celebratory parade. It was a messy protest.
And all this leads us back to the questions. Who is Jesus? What did Jesus say and do?
Who are we?
The way I see it—Jesus wasn’t a king, at least not the type of king or ruler we usually imagine. Jesus didn’t wield power, didn’t sit up on some throne barking orders, didn’t stand far off aloof from the common people, didn’t press buttons to launch war weapons, didn’t see violence as any kind of answer. Neither was Jesus a religious leader who wore a big and funny hat with extra jewelry and long prayers and holier than thou attitude. But neither was Jesus a political revolutionary who used weapons to make change or who held up the end far above the means.
Jesus was and is to me, someone who represented the best of what our humanity full-expressed can be: Jesus loved and accepted people as they were, and encouraged them to heal in any way they needed to.
And Jesus stood up to bullies.
Oh yes, he did. He stood up against his own people the Pharisees and called them out for their hypocrisy. He stood up to the Roman bullies who hid behind their forums and pillars to avoid seeing the horrific aftermath of their wars, the extreme poverty caused by their taxation, and the inhumanity of their occupations of other’s lands. Jesus stood up to the bullies. And yes, it was dangerous. Yes, it was difficult. But Jesus’ love for people moved him to stand up.
Friends, I don’t know where you are today or what you’re thinking now. I’m asking myself: Who are you today? What do you do and say, how are you loving and accepting people as they are, and how are you standing up to the bullies? Because there is no fear in love. If we love, we cannot let fear overwhelm us and hold us back. We love. We must stand up.
What is happening in Syria, what happened in Rwanda and South Sudan, and all other places where genocide and war and inhuman acts reign, these tragedies and unspeakable acts are and were made up of moments when a group turned into a crowd, when people turned on an imagined enemy because someone planted that evil seed. It happens here and everywhere. Mosques and Sikh Gurdwaras and Hindu temples and Jewish synagogues have been attacked and vandalized — hate graffiti is painted on walls and cemeteries are vandalized. Trans people are beat up in the street and terrorized, bullied in bathrooms, made to live in fear, made to feel lesser. Those who are homeless are robbed, beaten, and left to die. Black and Brown people are targeted, beaten, arrested, and sometimes even wrongfully killed. Anyone who “looks” Mexican is told “Go back to your country, we don’t want you here!” Look, as a humanity, we have to face something—that we can find ourselves getting swept up into a parade of emotion and fear and misunderstanding, and before we know it, we are participating either directly or indirectly in bullying. We may want to walk with Jesus and the disciples from the East, but we can easily join the Roman legions from the West.
And that’s why Jesus’ example and the story matter. We cannot stop all the suffering in the world, no. But we can be aware, we can stand in witness, we can stand in solidarity with those who are marginalized or victimized. What we cannot change, we can acknowledge. We can love by doing this, by listening to someone’s story and saying: I hear you, I love you. Your suffering is not ignored, not unseen.
And I’ll stand with you—I’ll stand with all of you who are hurt or lonely or rejected. I’ll choose not to follow the bullying crowd and instead I’ll stand close to you, on the margins, loving you. In doing this, we stand as close as we can to the Spirit, to the Divine presence, who is constantly offering love, offering healing, offering identity. | <urn:uuid:2e717855-0ffd-4e07-997d-1064428bfcd6> | {
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Joining FORCES is the FORCE newsletter with news, views and supportive information for individuals concerned about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
by Trudy Harris
As an exercise professional, I am often asked if exercise can help protect against cancer. We know exercise is good for the heart and cardiovascular system, but can it reduce the risk of developing cancer? The answer is yes. In fact, one study estimates 90,000 cancer deaths a year are linked to obesity. A well-balanced exercise program is the most effective way to avoid excess pounds and maintain a lifelong healthy weight.
Breast cancer survivors who exercised the equivalent of walking 3-5 hours a week reduced their risk for recurrence by 50%. A study of women with BRCA mutations showed those who were active in sports, dance, or casual exercise during their teenage years had a delay in the onset of breast cancer later in life. BRCA carriers of normal weight (rather than overweight) at menarche and lighter weight at age 21 had a similar delay.
Women over age 25 tend to add a few pounds each year, even if they are not eating more. Many factors contribute to this increased weight, including a reduced activity level and loss of muscle. With less muscle, the metabolism, or rate of burning calories, slows. Cardiovascular exercise such as walking, biking or aerobics, is necessary for good health, but it burns fewer calories than people think. A pound is equivalent to 3,500 calories. Walking at a pace of 20 minutes per mile results in a loss of 300 calories after 69 minutes. At 15 minutes per mile, the same 300 calories are burned after 52 minutes. Since most people spend fewer than 30 minutes walking only a couple of times a week, the resulting weight loss is less than expected.
Resistance training—working out with weights, rubber bands, or anything that offers resistance, is the most efficient way to boost your metabolism and burn more calories. As your muscle mass increases, you burn more calories throughout the day, and even at night while you’re sleeping! A weight-resistance program plus cardiovascular exercise helps stabilize weight as you age.* It improves strength and balance, as well as the blood lipid profile (such as cholesterol level). Bones become stronger, blood circulation increases, and fat is burned more effectively. Even the immune system is stimulated. Exercise helps to prevent heart disease, stroke, diabetes, obesity, and several kinds of cancer. Yes! The prescription is exercise.
* Always discuss any new exercise program with your physician, especially after surgery or if you are at risk for lymphedema.
Trudy Harris is a Certified Clinical Exercise Specialist and Lifestyle & Weight Management Consultant.
Editor’s Note: A recent study of 1,073 women from five countries suggests losing as few as 10 pounds between ages 18 and 30 may dramatically reduce the risk for breast cancer in those who have a BRCA1 mutation. Study results published in the journal Breast Cancer Research.
E Calle, C Rodriguez, K Walker-Thurmond, M Thun. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. New England Journal of Medicine, April 2003; vol. 348, no. 17: p. 1625-1638.
M Holmes, W Chen, D Feskanich, C Kroenke, G Colditz. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Journal of the American Medical Association, May 2005; vol. 293, no. 20: p. 2479-2486.
M King, J Marks, J Mandell. Breast and ovarian cancer risks due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. The New York Breast Cancer Study Group. Science, October 2003; vol. 24: p. 643-6. | <urn:uuid:d1f60557-8fde-4a99-8032-4e35069932f8> | {
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An earthquake, measuring 5.0 on the Richter Scale, shook protions of Kentucky, Indiana, and five other states Tuesday. The epicenter was 10 miles north of Evansville, Indiana along the Wabash Valley Fault. No injuries and little damage are reported.
Matthew Dettman, who serves on the Governor's Council on Earthquake Risk Reduction, says the quake serves as a good wake-up call. He says take a look at objects around you, and if they can fall, they will fall in the event of a quake.
With that in mind, Dettman suggests the following:
Eliminate heavy objects on walls, and anchor shelves.
Keep chemicals low to the ground, so they don't fall and explode.
Keep a supply of food, water, and cash close-at-hand.
In the event of a quake, take cover under a heavy object, such as a pool table.
Go to the lowest level possible, but only if it's within quick access. Otherwise, stay put.
Experts cannot predict an earthquake; they can say a strong one will certainly happen sometime in our area.
Track theNew Madrid fault activity. | <urn:uuid:c6999968-01eb-493b-a413-2271cabb27d9> | {
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Earlier this summer, the Sighthill Megalith, close to Glasgow city centre underwent some serious restoration work, being moved, re-sited, and ‘re-sighted’, so as to be aligned with the sun on Summer Solstice.
The original monument was built in 1979 as part of a Glasgow Parks Department job creation scheme, but on the election of Margaret Thatcher’s government, the funding was pulled before the stones could be placed accurately, according to astronomical alignments. Indeed, the whole 1970s build-phase had some serious astronomical issues anyway, being placed in the ‘wrong location’ because the original site chosen was deemed unsuitable since it turned out that a large slab-block of flats would have obscured the view of the sun on the Solstice!
The Glasgow Herald (page 8, 19th June 2017) described the realignment work that was taking place during the 2017 Solstice week as “recreating Britain’s first authentically – and accurately – aligned stone circle to have been erected in more than 3000 years”. The Herald highlighted the way that the Sighthill stones mirrored certain key Neolithic sites in Scotland such as those at Callanish in Lewis and at Stennes in Orkney. In many ways, this effort reflects a distinctly ‘national’ project, with a specific ambition to make links to famous ‘Scottish’ Neolithic sites, and is described by the project’s champion, Alasdair Gray, as work that “continues a Prehistoric Scottish tradition”. Thus, the building work acts to requisition the efforts of people from the Neolithic period (who would certainly have had no conception of a “Scotland”) into being a baseline of cultural and technological development for a distinctly ‘Scottish’ nation. In this respect, these actions mirror the Scottish National Museum’s attempt to place the Pictish carved monument at ‘Hilton of Cadboll’ within a distinctly ‘Scottish’ linear narrative of cultural development (see the work of Sian Jones, and also Harvey 2015). However, while the Hilton of Cadboll stone is a ‘genuine’ Pictish carved stone, placed at the ‘start’ of a story of national artistic progress, the Sighthill Megalith is a product of a 1970s urban job creation scheme, in search of ancient antecedents. Mind you, as Sian Jones notes, whatever the material origins of the Hilton stone, its meaning today should also acknowledge the adherence of the present day population to the stone as having contemporary meaning for the people in the village. So what should we make of the Sighthill Megalith?
By providing a seemingly direct link to a suitable deep past, it seems to supply an air of legitimacy to the nation of Scotland; of originary solidity to a sense of linear inevitability in Scottish progress. On the other hand, the story also tells of a more recent past; one of post-war urban redevelopment schemes in Glasgow, the emasculation of local government and the attitudes of Thatcherism to local artistic practice, and perhaps a desire to do things better.
Rebuilding in the name of ‘conservation’ is a common practice that tends to overturn neat ideas about there being a palimpsest of archaeological layers. Wilkinson and Harvey (2017) found that the regular rebuilding of Tarr Steps in Exmoor after each flood was at the heart of what made Tarr Steps an ‘ancient monument’ (see also this blog: https://geographiesofheritage.wordpress.com/2013/02/19/how-to-build-an-ancient-monument-tarr-steps/). The Sighthill Megalith, however, differs from Tarr Steps (or the Hilton stone), since there is never a pretence of built material continuity – no-one would claim that the Sighthill stones are ‘Neolithic’ in a material sense.
The images of the Sighthill stones being re-positioned and re-alligned are reminiscent of the re-building of famous Neolithic sites such as Avebury and Newgrange. Indeed, at Newgrange, there was a similar effort to re-align the stones according to the Solstice – the Winter Solstice in the case of Newgrange. These efforts seem intent on producing what might be described (following Umberto Eco) as a ‘simulacrum’, where the copy is better and more real than the original. But I’m not sure that this is very fair either. For one thing, again, there is no pretence of the site being literally ‘from the deep past’, and for another thing, while sites such as Avebury and Newgrange were rebuilt in a stridently national cause, a deeper look at the Sighthill Megalith reveals a distinctly locally orientated and more humble initiative.
Thus, the Sighthill Megalith seems to be a much more open and future-orientated example of heritage-making in process. The re-siting and re-sighting efforts do not seem to be activities of ‘completion’, nor (despite some of the rhetoric in the Scottish press) do they seem to be overtly ‘national’. Rather, they appear to be commemorative of earlier skills (call them ‘Scottish’ or not!), and provide a canvass for future memory practice. Glasgow City Council officials talk brightly of how the “Sighthill megalith will be a key feature of the new Sighthill, [with] its new life emblematic of the rebirth of the area”; (I guess they need to say such things to underline the value of ongoing urban redevelopment work). But as an imaginative piece of heritage work that allows an open-ended sense of enchantment to bubble to the surface, I have a lot of time for the re-sighted Megalith site of Sighthill!
Harvey D.C. (2015) ‘Heritage and scale: settings, boundaries and relations’, International Journal of heritage Studies, volume 21(6), pp. 577-593.
Wilkinson, T. and Harvey, D.C. (2017) ‘Managing the future of the past: images of Exmoor landscape heritage’, Landscape Research, DOI: 10.1080/01426397.2017.1315380.
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Serverless computing has become a popular yet confusing topic in the IT industry. The first time I heard the phrase serverless computing, I laughed it off as another meaningless buzzword. As an IT operations engineer, the phrase seemed baffling — perhaps even misleading — because it still relies on servers, right?
I laughed, thinking, “Try running an application without infrastructure,” before the flaw in my logic smacked me in the head. I was thinking of serverless computing with an operations bias. Having spent decades in IT operations, it’s no surprise that I was completely ignoring the developer’s point of view. To developers, serverless architectures are a game changer. It’s is more than a buzzword. It may be a terribly stupid name, but that doesn’t matter.
Serverless computing is the platform as a service (PaaS) that developers have always dreamed about. As with most new trends, especially in software, we don’t have a clear and consistent definition of what serverless actually is. The industry is abuzz with talk of serverless this and serverless that, but they all focus on a specific product.
To understand what serverless is, first we have to realize that it is a type of IT architecture and not simply a product or service. Serverless is a method of delivering IT services where the underlying compute resources are consumed as a shared opaque pool, rather than a server or container that someone must provision. That means application code doesn’t run on a server, or even a container, but instead runs on this shared pool of compute resources.
While the notion of masking the underlying hardware infrastructure is a core principal of cloud computing, most other architectures have the concept of a unit of compute, usually a server or container. Serverless architectures have no such concept. It is a cloud platform model that can deliver the true promises of cloud computing: infrastructure abstraction, scalability, ease of consumption and value pricing.
To understand why this is such a game changer for IT, we need to understand the typical IT application landscape. We build web servers, database servers and application servers. The code runs on the server. This gives us a very server-centric view when it comes to an application and creates a central problem: The application is tied to some underlying hardware.
Typically, we’ve abstracted that server with a hypervisor, but that doesn’t fundamentally change anything for the application. Virtualization is mostly about infrastructure abstraction and doesn’t address the business need to develop and push code faster. Containers arose to address that need, but I see that as a stopgap to a long-term transformation. Containers or microservices are an easy translation to existing infrastructure constructs and, as such, don’t fundamentally change us from a server-centric worldview. Moving to a microservices architecture has helped applications to be more agile and scalable, but at the end of the day, we’ve just made the compute construct smaller.
In serverless architectures, the code doesn’t run on a server or even a container anymore. It simply runs on that shared opaque pool of capacity. For a while, there was a popular metaphor that compared legacy servers to pets. They had names, you took care of them and people felt a sense of ownership. Containers were more like cattle — they didn’t have names. And if one got sick, you sent it out to pasture. With serverless architectures, there are no cattle, only the herd.
When I finally started to understand the value proposition of serverless architectures, I still couldn’t let go of the name. No matter how awesome the idea, the name still sucks. After all, we’ll still have servers. CPU and memory are physical components that can’t be completely abstracted away. When it all comes down to it, does the name even matter? We’ve hand plenty of stupid names in the IT industry. I have to learn to move on. It’s just a name.
Serverless architectures fill the gaps left by microservices. The push for agility and infrastructure abstraction isn’t going away. In fact, more abstraction is the way of the future. While serverless architectures are immature, there are plenty of PaaS platforms on the market. These services are far more mature than the serverless approach. PaaS still doesn’t completely address the problem, but it will remain a stopgap until serverless evolves. As such, I think most PaaS offerings will grow into serverless architectures and make today’s cloud model look old-fashioned. | <urn:uuid:7216e5ab-aa00-465d-aad4-0b6c6b5b2968> | {
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When Ed Drew, a photographer and an airman, learned that he was being deployed to Afghanistan last spring, he decided to create something enduring, in case he didn't return. That inspiration led him to produce the first tintype photos taken in a combat zone since the Civil War.
Inexpensive and durable, tintypes (which were actually made from thin sheets of iron) cost only 25 cents and could be made in about a minute. Thousands of soldiers fighting for the Union and Confederacy posed for itinerant photographers in makeshift tent studios.
In a short documentary produced by PBS, Drew—who served as a gunner on combat search-and-rescue helicopters—describes why he revived this 19th century art form:
I like tintypes because it's not just something simple … you have to set it up and you have to be really physical with it, you can't just click. You're basically making a photo on a piece of metal. You're exposing it, developing it and fixing it all right then and there.
The whole idea to do tintypes came from the fact that I was going to Afghanistan and I wanted to record the people who I worked with in the most humanistic way possible.
I really wanted to focus on this brotherhood I belong to, these combat rescue individuals.
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A smart contract is designed to safely and transparently facilitate the exchange of assets, without the need for a middleman.
In short, smart contracts are programs that are coded to automatically control the transfer of assets between two or more parties, once predefined conditions have been met. This concept was first theorized in 1994 by Nick Szabo.
The term “smart contract” is often loosely used by crypto-enthusiasts to describe a several different concepts. The most notable of these concepts are “smart contract code” and “smart legal contracts.”
Smart Contract Code
In the early days of blockchain, the platforms that used the technology were mostly designed to do things like facilitate transactions of cryptocurrencies. Smart contract code is essentially any code within the blockchain that can control assets (cryptocurrency) within the same blockchain. In order to qualify as a smart contract, the code must execute automatically, be trackable, inalterable, and irreversible.
Smart Legal Contracts
A smart legal contract uses smart contract code to improve upon traditional legal contracts. These improvements could take the form of making agreements more stable or predictable, or to simplify complex operations.
But there is one issue with this: smart contracts are not yet entirely supported by the legislative framework of most societies. Therefore, they cannot be a one-size-fits-all solution for legal contracting until they are supported by legal entities as well.
How does a Smart Contract work?
- Assets are coded
- Contract terms are coded
- Both the terms and assets are entered as a block in the blockchain
- Once the contractual terms are met by both parties, the contract is executed
- Any assets transfers are completed based on the terms of the contract
What are the benefits of using Smart Contracts?
Smart contracts have the potential to streamline and automate a wide variety of transactions that take place in every professional sector.
They can help businesses develop trust with their clients. They can also ensure that when people enter into a deal, both parties are held fully accountable for the conditions within the contract. And what is most important, they are immutable, therefore they eliminate the risk of someone altering a contract to take advantage of others. These features could prove themselves to be very valuable, especially in sensitive industries like the financial sector or public administration.
Which industries can benefit from Smart Contracts?
- Real Estate
- Supply Chain Management
- Financial Services
- Government Institutions
Challenges in the Use of Smart Contracts
- Instilling Trust in the Use of Smart Contracts
Achieving widespread use of this technology will require accumulating the trust of the general public by ensuring that their personal rights, assets, identity, and safety will be protected with smart contracts. In this regard, the most pressing concern with smart contracts today is the necessity of bridging the gap between traditional legal contracts and smart contract code/smart legal contracts.
- The Oracle Problem
The oracle problem is an obstacle in the widespread implementation of smart contracts. It basically acknowledges that the execution of smart contracts cannot be triggered in real-time based on the occurrence of events in the physical world. To overcome this limitation, oracles must be introduced to the blockchain.
- Specific Platform Limitations
The design of the blockchain platform used to create smart contracts can be a major concern too. If the network is not scalable and built to sustain a high volume of transactions, the smart contracts being hosted on that platform will not perform optimally.
Costs associated with using that platform may rise as well, especially in the case of PoW-based platforms. Similarly, if the network does not have viable security features, the smart contracts on that platform may be compromised by cyber criminals or bugs in the network. | <urn:uuid:8ab355a8-4187-4d61-86dd-80c58a5eeff0> | {
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Five tips for a lifetime of healthy vision
Vision plays an important role in daily life – every waking minute, the eyes are working hard to see the world around us. In fact, according to the American Optometric Association's (AOA) annual American Eye-Q survey, 40 percent of Americans worry about losing their eyesight over their ability to walk or hear.
The AOA and the New Jersey Society of Optometric Physicians (NJSOP) conduct Save Your Vision Month annually to help people preserve vision throughout their lifetime.
"It's easy to incorporate five simple steps into your daily routine to ensure healthy eyes and vision," said Dr. Maria Richman, optometric physician and president of the NJSOP. "Eating right, protecting against UV rays, and visiting your local eye doctor on a yearly basis are just a few things that can help keep your eyes and vision strong."
1. Schedule yearly comprehensive exams
Eye care should begin early in life. The NJSOP urges parents to bring infants six to 12 months of age to their local optometrist for a thorough assessment; under the Affordable Care Act, vision coverage is part of the Pediatric Essential Health Benefit. The good news is that millions of children (up to age 19) now have access to yearly comprehensive eye exams and follow-up care and treatment, such as eyeglasses, through their local doctor of optometry. Comprehensive exams performed by an optometrist not only evaluate a patient's vision, but can also detect certain serious health problems, such as high blood pressure and diabetes.
"Early detection and treatment is the best way to maintain good vision at any age," said Richman. "Seeing an optometric physician yearly will help keep patients on the path to healthy eyes and vision throughout their lives."
2. Protect against UV rays
Long-term exposure to the sun poses significant risk not just to your skin, but to your eyes as well. No matter what the season, it's extremely important to wear sunglasses, choosing a pair that blocks more than 95 percent of UV-A and more than 99 percent of UV-B radiation. The NJSOP provides more information and tips for selection of sunglasses at http://eyecare.org/site/caring-for-your-vision/uv-protection/shopping-guide-for-sunglasses/.
3. Give your eyes a break from digital device use
Two-thirds of Americans spend up to 7 hours a day using computers or other digital devices such as tablets and smart phones. This constant eye activity increases the risk for computer vision syndrome (CVS) and can cause problems such as dry eye, eyestrain, headaches, neck and/or backache, and fatigue. The NJSOP recommends that people practice the 20/20/20 rule (every 20 minutes, take a 20 second break and look at something 20 feet away).
In addition, a poorly designed computer station can also contribute to digital eyestrain. Be sure to correct factors such as improper lighting or uncomfortable seating, viewing angles, and reading or working distances to eliminate visual stress and discomfort. A helpful diagram from the AOA on how to set up your desktop computer/laptop can be accessed at http://eyecare.org/site/caring-for-your-vision/protecting-your-eyes-at-work/computer-vision-syndrome/.
4. Eat your greens!
As part of a healthful diet, eat five servings of fruits and vegetables each day — particularly the leafy green variety. Six nutrients — antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin, essential fatty acids, vitamins C and E and the mineral zinc — have been identified as helping to protect eyesight and promote eye health. Since the body doesn't make these nutrients naturally, it's important that they are incorporated into a daily diet and, in some cases, supplemented with vitamins. The NJSOP's website, Eyecare.org offers more details at http://eyecare.org/site/caring-for-your-vision/diet-nutrition/.
5. Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses
More than 40 million Americans use contact lenses to improve vision; while some adhere to the medical guidelines for wearing contacts, many are breaking the rules and putting their vision at risk. Contact lens wearers who don't follow their optometrist's recommendations for use and wear can experience symptoms such as blurred or fuzzy vision, red or irritated eyes, pain in and around the eyes or, a more serious condition in which the cornea becomes inflamed, also known as keratitis. AOA's contact lens safety website offers tips and guidance: www.contactlenssafety.org
To learn more about eye and vision health, or to find a nearby doctor of optometry, visit www.eyecare.org www.njsop.org. To find out how AOA members donate their services to help Americans save their sight through its charitable programs, visit the Optometry Cares–The AOA Foundation website.
About the New Jersey Society of Optometric Physicians
The New Jersey Society of Optometric Physicians is dedicated to the improvement of quality, availability and accessibility of eye and vision care. The NJSOP represents the optometric profession before the New Jersey Legislature, the consumer and the public. It also assists its members in conducting their practices successfully in accordance with the highest ethical standards of patient care and efficiency. To learn more, visit www.njsop.org or www.eyecare.org. | <urn:uuid:cf8f7055-dcd3-4b0d-a48a-305cc01e6630> | {
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Parks and recreation facilities provide many opportunities for physical activity and can help people of all ages lead a more active lifestyle. People who live near parks are more likely to be active, and this is especially true when parks have features such as trails, playgrounds and sport facilities. People are also more likely to visit and be active in parks that are safe and well-maintained. Making recreational facilities more accessible in all communities is a critical strategy for increasing physical activity and preventing obesity among children and families.
This PowerPoint slide set contains charts, graphs, and other figures showing key research findings on parks, recreation facilities, trails, playgrounds, and open space. There are also some figures showing that populations at high risk for obesity, including people who live in lower-income communities and communities of color, tend to have less access to quality parks and recreation facilities.
You are free to use these slides in your own presentations. These slides are updated periodically so be sure to check back for new information. Contact ALR with questions. | <urn:uuid:55ea7e4d-faa9-4305-9bb3-b8dbe7e598d5> | {
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At some point in the your high school career, your English teacher may have told you that the longest sentence in the world is several pages long, while the shortest is the easy-to-remember existential proclamation: “I am.” (If you are wondering, record holding longest sentence in the English literature is over 13,000 words. See http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo/sentence.shtml for more information.)
Useless trivia? Probably, but when you are writing, varying your sentence lengths creates a more readable and more enjoyable document overall. This rule applies to both creative and practical writing projects; it can be a fun way to push yourself to use new vocabulary, play with structure, verb form, etc. In tomorrow’s class, we will practice writing very short sentences. The lesson will be a little grammar heavy, but I am hoping to stretch the creative mind by asking students to play a bit.
First, let’s review the most necessary and most basic of all punctuation marks, the PERIOD (.).
Likely, the period was the first punctuation mark you learned to use, and probably the first who were able to use correctly. Simply put, the period indicates the end of a sentence. Depending on how you use it, the period can decide the pace, and therefore tone, of a particular piece of writing. The placement, presence, or lack of a period can make a huge difference in the way a sentence is read and understood. In my opinion, it doesn’t matter if you are writing a grant proposal or a novel, knowing how to use a period to create interest, meaning, and clarity is a necessary skill for any writer.
Short sentences pack punch. Literary greats Hemingway and Carver utilized the short sentence frequently in their writing. Many less confident writers think that short sentences convey a dull or immature writing style, but used properly, a short sentence can say a lot more than a long, wordy, convoluted string of words from which the reader must labor to extract meaning.
To craft a strong short sentence, choose active verbs, avoid short filler words like “a”, “the”, “of”, etc. Once you start cutting them away, you’ll be surprised by how little you miss them.
For example: When I first typed out the first sentences of the “short sentences” section, I wrote this:
A short sentence can pack a punch.
While effective, and, yes, relatively short in length. I realized immediately that this sentence was not ideal, especially for the topic. I could cut it down using these steps.
1) I eliminated the helping verb “can.” I knew a short sentence doesn’t need two verbs, so I cut the verb that was doing less action, or at least, less interesting action. The pairing of “can pack” adds nothing to the sentence that “pack” can’t do alone, so I cut it. Once the helping verb was gone, I had to transform the active verb (i.e. the verb which carries the weight of the action being talked about which is “pack”) to work with the subject of the sentence–“a short sentence” meaning, the subject is singular, so I used the singular construction of the verb–“packs” instead of “pack”. Thus:
A short sentence packs a punch.
2) Then I noticed I have the word “a” in there twice! That’s totally unnecessary. They add no pertinent information to the sentence, so I took them out.
Short sentence packs punch.
3) Lastly, I went pack over it with an eye for style. It doesn’t sound quite natural. I don’t want to alienate my reader with sentence structure that is not recognizable. A simple adjustment of the number of the subject and, of course, the corresponding verb remedies this problem.
Short sentences pack punch.
From seven words to four, yet I lost no meaning, and I gained (as the sentence demonstrates) punch. The sentence is quick, effective, and all I need to convey the whole idea.
Poets, writers, and English majors may have noticed I used alliteration. The “s” sound in “short sentences” and the poppy “p” sound in “packs punch” add an extra layer of meaning that further illustrate the point of the sentence. By using similar consonant sounds, I added audible interest to the sentence that goes beyond the basic information that the sentence conveys.
When writing short sentences, it’s perfectly acceptable to write a longer sentence first and then seen how you can cut it down to be shorter and more powerful. Note, also, that the sentence is no less “smart sounding” than the original, it is simple, but not simplistic. It’s not necessary to write them short the first time, but it helps to eliminate unnecessary words, adjust grammar, power-up verbs, or restructure to create a shorter line. Writing short sentences takes time. More time, probably, than a long sentence. In fact, I have combed hundreds of words from this post already, and yet, with the exception of my example sentences, most of the lines are still pretty long. And I spent more time editing than writing the first draft!
Try it in your next email, Facebook post, tweet, or story. Pepper them in between longer sentences (more on that next time) to add, ahem, punch to your writing. In tomorrow’s class, we will work on this skill of sentences stripping. | <urn:uuid:76538177-08b2-4675-a6cd-a568d1b7689d> | {
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Courtesy of EarthSky
A Clear Voice for Science
Visit EarthSky at
Now is a perfect time to look outside in the evening and learn a playful phrase useful to skywatchers. Scouts learn it. Grandparents teach it to kids. It was one of the first sky tools I learned to use in astronomy.
The phrase is: follow the arc to Arcturus.
First locate the Big Dipper asterism in the northeastern sky in mid-evening, maybe around 9 p.m. Can’t find the Big Dipper? Look ahead to our chart for April 6.
Once you can see the Big Dipper, notice that it has two parts: a bowl and a handle. Then, with your mind’s eye, draw an imaginary line following the curve in the Dipper’s handle until you come to a bright orange star. This star is Arcturus in the constellation Bootes the Herdsman. Arcturus is known in skylore as the Bear Guard.
Arcturus is a giant star with an estimated distance of 37 light-years. It is special because it is not moving with the general stream of stars in the flat disk of the Milky Way galaxy. Instead, Arcturus is cutting perpendicularly through the galaxy’s disk at a tremendous rate of speed . . . some 150 kilometers per second. Millions of years from now this star will be lost from the view of any future inhabitants of Earth, or at least those who are earthbound and looking with the eye alone.
However, for now Arcturus is one of the easiest stars to find, using the Big Dipper as a guide. Try it, on a lovely spring evening soon.
By EarthSkyPrint This Post | <urn:uuid:7317a160-c664-4cfb-a82c-70098977fdf1> | {
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Difference between revisions of "Physical and mental health"
|Line 73:||Line 73:|
== References ==
== References ==
Revision as of 16:14, 24 June 2011
Physical and mental health · Knowledge and understanding · Work and Leisure (Work, Leisure) · Material Well-Being · Freedom and Self-Determination · Interpersonal relationships · Development and Poverty (Development, Poverty) · Inequality · Children
"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
- Definition of "health", World Health Organisation, 1948.
In developed countries, improvements in nutrition, sanitation, water supplies, hygiene, and living and working conditions brought major improvements in health and life expectancy. Vaccines, antibiotics and improved technology have contributed to saving the lives of millions and taming diseases such as smallpox and diptheria. In many developed countries, average life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last century - by around 30 years.
However gaps in health outcomes, both within and between countries, are higher than ever before. Differences in life expectancy between the richest and poorest countries exceed 40 years. Annual government expenditure on health ranges from $20 per person to more than $6,000. New global health threats have also emerged, such as HIV/AIDS which took the lives of 2 million people in 2007 and a further 33 million people were estimated to be living with HIV, two-thirds of them in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria continues to kill one child every 30 seconds, and there has been almost no improvement in maternal health since 1990, the baseline measurement for progress against the Millennium Development Goals.
Yet at the same time in the developed world, the comforts attained during the 20th century have also led to changing health trends, with cardiovascular disease the number-one killer, followed by cancer. More than half the adults in the US are either moderately or morbidly overweight.
See also: Mental Health
Progress in Health
- The proportion of under-nourished children under five years of age declined from 27% in 1990 to 20% in 2005.
- Some 27% fewer children died before their fifth birthday in 2007 than in 1990.
- Maternal mortality has barely changed since 1990.
- One third of 9.7 million people in developing countries who need treatment for HIV/AIDS were receiving it in 2007.
- MDG target for reducing the incidence of tuberculosis was met globally in 2004.
- 27 countries reported a reduction of up to 50% in the number of malaria cases between 1990 and 2006.
- The number of people with access to safe drinking-water rose from 4.1 billion in 1990 to 5.7 billion in 2006. About 1.1 billion people in developing regions gained access to improved sanitation in the same period.
Measuring Progress in Health
The World Health Organisation's World Health Statistics 2009 provides a wide range of data on global health indicators, as well as a summary of progress towards the health-related aspects of the Millennium Development Goals.
The Human Development Index measures life expectancy, knowledge and standard of living across all countries.
Links to other dimensions of progress
Improvements in health can assist progress in other areas and vice-versa. For example, a healthy population stiumulates economic growth, more people are able to work and contribute to society. On the other hand, when there is a large population requiring medical care, it can create a financial burden. Different types of economic activity can also affect human health. The burning of fossil fuels, for example, contributes to air pollution and a variety of other health concerns.
Health in School-aged Children: Report for developed countries by the WHO
- Mental health
- Millennium Development Goals
- Human Well-Being
- Statistics and Physical and mental health
- Adolescent fertility rate
- Health expenditure (% of GDP)
Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics Data from The World Bank, starting from 1960.
Thematic Health Nutrition Population Data from The World Bank. | <urn:uuid:60ad940b-05a2-4efa-a2ce-8915b92a1788> | {
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This web page was produced as an assignment for an undergraduate course at Davidson college.
The Gene for Dyslexia is revealed
News Report - "Researchers link gene to Dyslexia"
On Tuesday, August 26, 2003, ABC (Austrialian Broadcasting Corporation) news online published an article stating that Finnish researchers had found a gene that is important in causing dyslexia. Dyslexia, they stated, is the most common learning disorder among children and affects 3 to 10% of the population in the United States. Dyslexia is characterized by problems with word recognition and reading. As ABC reports, evidence has shown that people with dyslexia use the right side of their brain for word processing rather than the left side of the brain, as people without dyslexia instinctively do. The Finnish investigators began investigations with a family who had several dyslexic members. The father had severe learning disabilities and his three children have disabilities as well. As a comparison, the team used 20 unreleated families in their study. The scientists found that the first family had a gene "DYXC1" that was disrupted in those members with dyslexia. In addition, another unrelated dyslexic family had a truncated version of the same gene. ABC reports that based on this data, the researches conclude that DYXC1 is a strong candidate gene for dyslexia, especially given the evidence that dyslexia is genetic.
This article, published ahead of the e-publication of the reviewed article, gave a good summary of the information provided. Although the evidence was slightly exaggerated and not much emphasis was place on the fact that this gene is located in one of six regions of the genome linked to dyslexia, ABC provided sufficient information to explain to the public that progress is being made in the field of dyslexic genetics. They even included facts such as, "The researchers said that this gene is unlikely to explain all cases of dyslexia."
For more information on dyslexia see the International Dyslexia Foundation site
PNAS article (Taipale et al 2003)
Taipale et al published "A candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain" stating that the group had discovered a "candidate susceptiblility gene for developmental dyslexia." Using the family described above in the ABC article, the researchers found a BAC containing the translocation region in the family (see Figure 1). With only one unknown gene in that particular BAC, the researchers dubbed the gene DYX1C1. A mouse homolog was found which was 70% identical to the human protein. The researchers used three different methods to support their idea that the DYX1C1 gene is related to dyslexia. First, the researchers showed that the gene was disrupted by translocation in the family that was plagued with dyslexia. In addition, they showed that two SNPs (or single nucleotide polymorphism) significantly associated independently with the dyslexia phenotype using a TDT (transmission disequilibrium test). Lastly, the researchers showed that a third SNP located at the transcription factor binding sequence for Elk-1, HSTF, and TFII-I. Elk-1 is a transcriptional activator expressed in rat brain neurons and it's activation has been linked to learning in rats. Expression of DYX1C1 was abundant in human brain, lung, kidney, and testis. In addition, DYX1C1 was shown to localize to the nucleus through imunoreactivity in human brain tissue and immunoflourescence in monkey kidney COS-1 cells.
Figure 1. (A) The pedigree for the family affected by dyslexia. The father has severe dyslexia, and three of the children are thought to be affected. The boy cannot be confidently classified as dyslexic since he has shown some more serious learning disorders. (B) FISH using BAC (bacterial artifical chromosome) clone 178D12, showing hybridization on chromosome 15, der(15) and der(2). (C) Southern blot hybridization using the probe from BAC 178D12 shows translocational rearrangements. Patient T is the translocation subject, while patient C is the control subject. Six restriction enzymes were used to show the translocation. Figure reproduced from Taipale et al, 2003. Permission requested.
Given this information, the claim of the author's seems valid, that Dyx1c1 should be considered as a candidate gene for dyslexia susceptibility. This study is very interesting because it is the first study that has found a gene directly related to dyslexia. Although several regions of chromosomes have been linked to dyslexia inheritance, this study is the first to provide a gene to support the inheritance theory. In fact, this gene is not located in the region of chromosome 15 that has been shown to be linked to dyslexia inheritance. DXY1C1 is located about seven megabases from the region of chromosome 15, DYX1, suspected to be involved in dyslexia. Given this information, DYX1C1 my correspond to DYX1 or it may be another gene that whose linkage to dyslexia had not been noticed until this paper. The functionality of DYX1C1 is unclear. The amino acid sequence doesn't provide much information regarding the cellular role of DYX1C1. The protein contains three TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) motifs, but they are found in a wide variety of proteins in various phyla. However, it is interesting that the protein differs more in humans from gorillas and orangutan than from chimpanzee and pygmy chimpanzee proteins, which may imply important evolutionary differences in brain development between the primates. Based on the human protein variation, however, the researchers conclude that the Elk-1 binding site and possible the C-terminal of the protein are the most functionally important. Based on their data, the researchers hypothesize that DYX1C1 is involved "dynamically in the functional cell state, changing in the face of metabolic challenge." Overall, DYX1C1 is just the first gene found to be related to dyslexia. Based on the frequency of dyslexia in the population and the number of loci already linked to dyslexia inheritance, we can conclude that several more genes function in the process of creating dyslexia and would lead us to believe that there is a wider variety of phenotypes for dyslexia than one would initally think.
ABC NewsOnline. Researchers link gene to dyslexia. August 26, 2003. <www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/s931922.htm>
Taipale, M, N Kaminen, J Nopola-Hemmi, T Haltia, B Myllyluoma, H Lyytinen, K Muller, M Kaaranen, P Lindsberg, K Hannula-Jouppi, and J Kere. A candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear etratricopepetide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 3 [Epub ahead of print] <www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/1833911100>
Questions or comments? E-mail Sarah Baxley
Back to Sarah's Homepage | <urn:uuid:010b3f07-2b6f-485e-9c58-6cedb5c7cb5d> | {
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According to the Chinese Zodiac — (12 year cycle), each year of which is named a different animal that imparts distinct characteristics to its year. Many Chinese believe that the year of a person’s birth is the primary factor in determining that person’s personality traits, physical and mental attributes and degree of success and happiness throughout his lifetime.
The Year of the Rooster! Attributes are: pioneer in spirit, devoted to work, and quest for knowledge.
According to World Book Online:
Chinese New Year is the most important festival of the Chinese calendar. The date of the Chinese New Year is based on the cycles of the moon. It begins between January 21 and February 20. In ancient China, the month long festival marked the end of one farming season and the beginning of a new one. Today, the Chinese New Year festival usually lasts only a few days.
Chinese people prepare for the new year by thoroughly cleaning and decorating the house. Decorations include spring couplets, red paper scrolls with phrases praising the renewal of life and the return of spring.
Family reunions are an important part of the celebration. Family members join in a festive New Year’s Eve dinner. Places are set at the table for absent family members to symbolize the unity of the family. Special foods that symbolize good fortune for the new year are served. For example, rice cakes, called nian gao, are a popular food for New Year’s Eve dinners. The Chinese word nian means year, and gao means high. This food signifies achievement in the new year. Children bow to their parents and grandparents to wish them a long life. Gifts of money in red envelopes are given to children to wish them luck and wealth in the new year.
On New Year’s Day, people visit relatives, neighbors, and friends. Dances featuring colorful dragon and lion costumes are often performed on this day. Parades are a popular New Year’s custom among Chinese communities in the United States and Canada.
Chen, Tung-Ling Li. “Chinese New Year.” World Book Student. World Book, 2017. Web. 29 Jan. 2017.
Chen, T. (2017). Chinese New Year. In World Book student. Retrieved from | <urn:uuid:b68f9710-9ae0-4f43-8d85-46a57d2c3d28> | {
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Posted 4 years ago on March 3, 2012, 6:47 a.m. EST by therising
This content is user submitted and not an official statement
Both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Gandhi along with their followers helped make major changes through strategic nonviolent protests.
Martin Luther King, Jr. said this about creating tension:
"Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks to so dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. My citing the creation of tension as part of the work of the nonviolent-resister may sound rather shocking. But I must confess that I am not afraid of the word "tension." I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth. Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, we must we see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood."
"The purpose of our direct-action program is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation. I therefore concur with you in your call for negotiation."
Here's the entire "Letter from the Birmingham Jail": http://abacus.bates.edu/admin/offices/dos/mlk/letter.html . It's a treasure and is as timely as ever.
Direct action with large numbers of people can make a real difference. Consider this other quote from Martin Luther King, Jr., an occupier from back in the day: "A delegation of poor people can walk into a high official’s office with a carefully, collectively prepared list of demands. (If you’re poor, if you’re unemployed anyway, you can choose to stay in Washington as long as the struggle needs you.) And if that official says, ‘But Congress would have to approve this,’ or, ‘But the President would have to be consulted on that,’ you can say, ‘All right, we’ll wait.’ And you can settle down in his office for as long a stay as necessary."
What we're talking about here is forcing the hand of congress nonviolently as has been done before. Gandhi and King's tactics work. So do Gene Sharp's. Let's use them.
So what would an example of this be in today's times? Check this out: http://occupywallst.org/forum/fresh-thread-forum-post-below-received-over-2000-c/ | <urn:uuid:26d35ee8-b746-45a1-b15a-c460f24e01b1> | {
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Description: DIAGRAMS. BAR GRAPH. A DRAWING OF AN INSECT. DRAWING OF BUG. A GRASSHOPPER. MOTH CU. SUCKING APPARATUS. BUGS. KATYDID. CRICKET. GRASSY AREA. BUG IN FLOWER. THE STICK BUG. CAMOFLAUGE BUGS. BEETLE. ROACHES. DRAGONFLY. MATING DRAGONFLY. BUG WINGS. LEAVES IN TREE. WATER & FLOWERS. WATERBUG.
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Four fisheries stocks, including Atlantic swordfish, have now been rebuilt to healthy levels, according to a report to Congress from NOAA's Fisheries Service.
Three stocks were removed from the overfishing list -- those fished at a level that would threaten the stocks. For the first time since the report was issued in 1997, no stocks were added to the overfishing list.
In Status of U.S. Fisheries, NOAA scientists reported that 85 percent of the stocks examined (212 of 250 stocks) were free from overfishing, or not fished at too high a level. The report also examined whether stocks are overfished -- a fish population too low to ensure a maximum sustainable harvest -- and found that 77 percent of the stocks examined (157 of 203 stocks) were not overfished.
"By working with our regional fishery councils and commercial and recreational fishermen, we are getting closer every year to ending overfishing in our waters," said Eric Schwaab, NOAA assistant administrator for NOAA's Fisheries Service. "With annual catch limits coming into effect this year, we expect our progress to accelerate."
The report shows a continuing trend of year-over-year national improvements. This year's report matches last year's for the most stocks reported rebuilt -- Atlantic scup, Atlantic black sea bass, and St. Matthew's Island, Alaska, blue king crab and Atlantic swordfish. Four more stocks -- Winter skate and sailfish in the Atlantic, and bocaccio and darkblotched rockfish in the Pacific -- had populations at an overfished level in 2008, but began rebuilding in 2009.
Atlantic scup, Gulf of Maine thorny skate, and Gulf of Mexico pink shrimp, which were previously fished at too high a level, were found to be free from overfishing now. Two stocks of Alaskan king crab with a previously unknown status were also found to be free from overfishing.
Canary rockfish, two stocks of coho salmon, and petrale sole populations, all found in the Pacific, declined in 2009 and are now considered overfished. Fish stocks defined as overfished may be struggling due to causes other than fishing pressure, such as habitat loss or predator-prey interactions.
Under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, NOAA and the eight regional fishery management councils are required to end overfishing and prevent future overfishing through annual catch limits and accountability measures. Annual catch limits are required to be put in place by 2010 for stocks with unsustainable fishing, and by 2011 for all stocks.
To complete the annual report, NOAA examines a variety of sources, including landings data and log books, and conducts its own surveys.
The 2009 Status of U.S. Fisheries contains data and analysis nationally and by region.
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In contrast to the sparsely vegetated, barren, and ice-covered continent, the oceans surrounding Antarctica support a wealth of plant and invertebrate animal life.
- The Southern Ocean's very cold water allows more oxygen to dissolve in the sea, which is advantageous for marine life.
- This, along with the up- welling of currents which bring nutrients from the seabed to feed microscopic algae at the surface, is the key factor of all life in the Southern Ocean.
- In this marine food chain, the microscopic algae (or plankton) pro- vide food for krill, which in turn are eaten by fish, whales, seals and birds.
- The food web in the Southern Ocean remains remarkably simple when compared with other oceans.
The cold waters are about four times as productive, acre for acre, as the other oceans of the world. The first link in this immense food chain is the microscopic algae which drift in the ocean and are eaten by zooplankton, of which krill is the most prominent, as well as being the principal food supply for whales. Krill are shrimp-like crustaceans that grow to 7 or 8 centimeters in length, and form enormous schools, which color the sea red.
Squid and octopus are also important to the Antarctic ecosystem, providing food for sperm whales, seals, penguins, sea birds, and fishes (see Wildlife Section). It has been estimated that about 55 million tons of squid is consumed annually by the whales of the Southern Hemisphere; this is about 75 percent of the world's current total fisheries catch.
Seals are one of the most fascinating and unique of Antarctic marine mammals. Seals are aquatic but, unlike whales, must return to the land or pack ice to breed. The Antarctic supports a much larger seal population than does the Arctic, due to larger and more productive feeding areas and a lack of native predators.
With the end of the long polar winter comes the arrival of millions of sea birds to breed. Probably 100 million or more birds breed along the coast and offshore islands of Antarctica. Most of the sea birds belong to the species Procellariiformes, which include the albatross (largest flying sea bird, with the wingspan of some species exceeding 4 meters, the fulmers, prions, petrels, and shearwaters. The remaining regular sea bird species encompass shore birds, skuas, gulls, terns, and the penguin. Most sea birds breed in large concentrations, owing to the scarcity of snow-free ground used for nesting. The chicks develop quickly and soon fend for themselves until the approach of winter, when most species migrate north in pack ice or the open sea--some even to Arctic waters--in which they spend most of their lives.
Many fish of Antarctica are the only vertebrates that entirely lack red oxygen-carrying pigment (hemoglobin) in their blood. This adaptation to the cold conditions allows a decrease in blood viscosity and in the amount of energy required to circulate blood. Most research has concentrated on the two most abundant groups: the Antarctic cod Nototheniidae and the ice fish Channichthyidae. Initial interest focused on the evolution of the groups, their ability to survive in icy waters, their reproduction and growth rates and their population age structure. Much current research is concerned with making more accurate estimates of growth and population size.
- The penguins are the best known and most numerous of all Antarctic birds.
- They are stocky, flightless birds with wings reduced to flippers with which they propel themselves through the water.
- The common Adelies stand 60 to 70 centimeters high, while the emperor, largest of the penguins, stands up to 1.2 meters high and weighs up to 41 kilograms (95 pounds).
- Penguins nest in large, dense colonies, some with 180,000 or more birds; the sight, smell, and noise of any colony are unforgettable.
- Most build nests of stone and there they incubate one or two eggs.
- Only the emperors breed in winter on the ice along the coast, and they remain in Antarctica permanently.
- Like most Antarctic sea birds, they have evolved to gain features that help conserve body heat--waterproof plumage, a layer of subcutaneous fat, large and compact bodies.
- Many hoped krill would provide a cheap, protein-rich food for the world's famine-plagued regions.
- However, despite being relatively easy to catch, krill have proved costly to process and difficult to market.
- Krill must be processed very rapidly or their tissues begin to break down, turning black and mushy.
- Japan and Russia, which now do most of the krill fishing, have perfected equipment for peeling and processing krill rapidly.
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On one hand, the history of harnessing human resources, or manpower, stretches back to the first endeavour by a prehistoric tribal leader to organise, plan and build the team needed to bring home a woolly mammoth dinner. For millennia military, economic and religious factors combined to ensure that chieftains, pharaohs, kings and, later, upper-class landowners enjoyed almost total control over their workforce. It was all pretty straight forward: people did what they were told.
The genesis of marketing—or at least advertising, the form of marketing so familiar to all of us—can also be traced back to the dawn of time. That’s when a “tablet” was actually a stone slab upon which messages were carved to bring laws, products, services and opinions to public notice. The earliest-known example of written advertising is a piece of papyrus over 3000 years old, found by archaeologists in Thebes, offering a reward for the return of a runaway slave. (Interestingly the first newspaper advertisement, in 1650, also offered a reward: for the return of 12 stolen horses.)
The point of all this is that advertising, similar to HRM, was for centuries one-directional. People read what someone else (usually the wealthy elite) wanted them to hear or see.
The Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) changed the essential nature of both HRM and marketing—but one more so than the other. Let me explain.
With growing industrialisation, the centuries-old role of the foreman changed from that of supervising a relative handful of field workers and other serfs to being tasked by wealthy industrialist bosses to keep workers, including growing numbers of women, busy at their new jobs in industries and factories.
And when issues about long hours, poor wages and woeful conditions were raised by the growing labour movement in the mid-1800s, the foreman’s role became less about muscle and control and more about industrial relations and diplomacy, or today what we’d call personnel management.
The term “human resource management” was first used in Australia as a job title by American multinationals in the 1950s. Fuelled by studies and theories such as Hierarchy of Needs from Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) which turned the spotlight from workers’ productivity to increased efficiency via worker satisfaction, the term’s use reflected the belief that workers are a strategic input into the production process alongside capital and material resources.
Since WWII the HR profession has taken on additional responsibilities such as recruiting, hiring, training (L&D) and, because failure to comply with regulations put companies at risk, assessing workers’ legal compliance. To that list we can more recently add staff assessment, remuneration, change management, team building, intra-company communication, conflict resolution, talent management, succession planning, organisational development and much more.
The modern day HR function has evolved to the point where it is seamlessly aligned with, and closely attuned to, the core business operations of the organisation.
Or is it? More than six decades after Maslow a view persists that the HRM department—so intrinsically linked to efficiency—typically struggles to demonstrate the value it adds. And while the number of chief human resources officers (CHROs) is certainly growing, power and status at board level still eludes most HR leaders.
The rise and rise of advertising
At about the same time as the first factories of the Industrial Revolution sprang into life, crude advertisements were leaping off flyers and wooden shingles and into newspapers of American and European cities. Just as the great expansion of 19th-century commerce and industry spurred the growth of sophisticated management roles in the workplace, so too it kick-started advertising as we know it the world over. Billboards and posters appeared, as did dealer displays, the first trademarks and promotional items from branded matchbooks, playing cards and calendars to hats for horses. Even spam, believe it or not, on the telegraph. Mass-produced consumer goods led to the creation of advertising agencies that designed campaigns for magazines, radio and then television.
During the mid-20th century—when Maslow was defining the dynamics between worker satisfaction and efficiency—mail-order copywriter John Caples (1900-1990) was pioneering basic testing of advertisements using split runs of multiple versions of the same ad to dramatically improve consumer response. His work would in time catapult advertising far beyond a simple one-to-many, one-size-fits-all pres-sales activity.
That’s not to say that the tactical need to broadcast a single message to as many people as possible has faded. To be sure, one-to-many messaging still has a role in building awareness and connecting with large audiences. Just ask the advertisers of 2014’s Super Bowl when a 30-second ad could reach the largest consumer audience in history: more than 112 million viewers.
Caples’ work, however, was the first step in the long march of advertisers collecting, aggregating and analysing customer data to determine, then satisfy, needs and wants of buyers.
In a word, marketing has become strategic. As management and marketing guru Peter Drucker succinctly puts it the goal of marketing is “to know and understand the customer so well that the product or service sells itself.” Understanding what buyers are looking for (even when they may not know it themselves), engaging with them one-on-one and building relationships is where all the marketing action is today, whether it’s online, instore or in the letterbox.
A way forward for HRM?
Like any department, including marketing, the HRM function is under pressure. Quite possibly it’s coping with a reduced workforce in a tough economic climate, being asked to achieve more with less and, let’s not be sensitive, prove its worth.
In the same way that marketing has evolved into an insight-driven function, today’s successful HR function is striving to become a strategic enabler of organisational capability. To paraphrase Mr Drucker, the goal of successful human resource management is to know the business so well that its people and culture are inextricably linked to its competitive edge, profitability and growth. Susan Davies, director of HR, administration and customer service at TNT Australia, expressed this eloquently in a recent interview with Human Resource Director magazine, saying HRM professionals “need to have a deeper understanding of the business itself—how it operates, what customers are expecting, sustained profitability—and you need to be delivering around these three imperatives.”
The challenge in many HR departments, however, is that there’s not yet a clear narrative about how to make this happen. One clue they might glean from their marketing colleagues is this: data gathering and analysis, beginning with a training needs analysis and learning strategy, can generate true (and valuable) insight. So can profiling tools, competency matrices and leadership frameworks used to plot the current skills and knowledge of employees, then learning pathways that help individuals navigate their learning, skill development and work experiences to the benefit of both themselves and their employers.
Just as there’s much more to a marketing function than crafting headlines for the next advertisement, the delivery of standard transactional HR operations must now be aligned with the strategic agenda of the business, ensuring it has the necessary knowledge and skills to compete and grow.
This can only be achieved by understanding the business imperatives and, armed with that knowledge, engaging with the business at every level. With that, HRM’s relevance and impact will undoubtedly increase and its leaders viewed as business partners who add real, lasting strategic value.
About the author: Stephen De Kalb’s marketing career began in retail advertising and includes senior-level positions with multi-national corporations in the information and technology industries. He has significant exposure to the HR function, first with HRMS vendor PeopleSoft, later with LMS provider SumTotal and more recently with knowledge and productivity improvement (KPI) leader TP3. Stephen has also consulted to education organisations such as NSW’s Department of Education and SunGard Higher Education, and managed a range of public information campaigns for NSW Roads and Traffic Authority. | <urn:uuid:42bf0e7d-df1b-4e81-a0dc-04c985f78e78> | {
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A few Muslims intellectuals, swayed by the idea of humanism, relativity and pluralism, wish to present the prophets and messengers of God as fallible in order to justify the moral weaknesses found among ordinary people.
This motive can also be observed in the early history of Islam when the scholars attached to the political establishments tried to water down the infallibility of the Prophet (S) in order to explain away the moral weakness and ethical wrongdoings of the rulers of their time. We have such examples in the modern era also.
Malcolm X, when he was a Minister in the Nation of Islam movement, describes how he attempted to justify the adultery of the self-proclaimed prophet, Elija Muhammad. He says:
“I thought of one bridge that could be used if and when the shattering disclosure should become public. Loyal Muslims could be taught that a man's accomplishments in his life outweigh his personal, human weaknesses. Wallace Muhammad [Elija's son] helped me to review the Qur'an and the Bible for documentation. David's adultery with Bathsheba weighed less on history's scales, for instance, than the positive fact of David's killing Goliath.
Thinking of Lot, we think not of incest, but of his saving the people from the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Or, our image of Noah isn't of his getting drunk—but of his building the ark and teaching people to save themselves from the flood. We think of Moses leading the Hebrews from bondage, not of Moses' adultery with the Ethiopian women. In all of the cases I reviewed, the positive outweighed the negative.”
When he described his damage control strategy to Elija Muhammad, the leader said, “Son, I am not surprised…You always have had such a good understanding of prophecy, and of spiritual things. You recognize that's what all of this is—prophecy. You have the kind of understanding that only an old man has. I am David…When you read about how David took another man's wife. I'm that David. You read about Noah, who got drunk—that's me. You read about Lot, who went and laid up with his own daughters. I have to fulfill all of those things.”1
Tom Harpur, a theologian, an ex-Minister of the Church, and a columnist of the religious column of the Toronto Star, wrote the article “Not even Jesus claimed infallibility” on 2nd May 1993. Once Jesus was stripped of infallibility, I was not at all surprised to see Harpur taking the second step of publishing another article a year latter entitled as “Gospels could support speculation that Jesus might have been gay.”2
This is what happens when you take away the infallibility from the prophets and the messengers of God! Instead of looking up to them as models and guides, people —especially those in position of power— justify their own immoral behaviour and lifestyle by presenting the prophets as fallible and sinners. | <urn:uuid:507af62c-71d9-4b48-9726-a7dba899bbf2> | {
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The Development of the Chicano Movement in Los Angeles Essay
Rosen examines how the Chicane Movement is related to the “biased” harasser of the American political system. He explains what the movement consist of and introduces the activists who where involved and why their involvement was so significant. This article defines Chicane movement as important events, central organizations, and ideas/ideology and it provides different perceptions of the chicane movement. According to Rosen, political activism is constructed by resources such as education, control of economic reserves, occupation and related skills or experience.
These resources are prominent and are biased towards the American political system. Rosen says that the Chicane movement is related to this characterized political system. The article explains that chicanes in Los Angles have little politically relevant resources, for example, education for chicanes does not have enough economic resources, and as a result chicane’s educational level is very low. Political support from the Church was also another tactic that was lacking.
Rosen states that here is evidence that Chicanes are poorly represented in business and in professions, such as law, and in institutions concerned with the administration of justice. The article provides Paul Sheldon opinion, in which he says that opportunities for employment, education, and new experiences that came after World
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Rose’s article introduces the activists and explains why they are very important. The group of activists were high school and college students. The reason they were young were because Rosen thought that the youth were important because of their new ideas and their receptivity to those new ideas. There is more freedom and ability to achieve new ideas and actions when there is no family obligation or Job constrains that can interfere with political commitments.
In the article activism in interpreted as sign as acculturation to “Anglo was and a recognition on their part that organization was necessary,” in making use of their political rights within politics. One of the major differences that Rosen points out between the older and new generation of activists is that there are those that favor “cultural nationalism,” and there are those that favor alert confrontation. I en cannon movement Is composed AT Monolinguals Ana organizations that come together structurally and ideologically. | <urn:uuid:f13ca054-82b0-429a-8367-43414df46d40> | {
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Today’s project featured was designed by Raymond Bourraine and Jovanna Suarez for their project ‘Fountain of Youth: Social Center’ under the guidance of Anupama Kundoo. The project is situated in an area where the youth have been essentially forgotten and displaced. The youth culture has become so introverted with technology today, where they live in the realm of the internet, facebook, and texting, that social centers for youth to pour into are becoming ever more important in planning of towns and cities.
Aurovile Youth Center
“In 1968, Mira Alfassa and Sri Aurobindo founded the township project of Auroville, an experiment in human unity. Although both Mira and Sri were closely affiliated with an ashram in Pondicherry, this was to be an entirely separate community based around collective living.
“It seems that Auroville was planned excluding youth. In Auroville, youth are not meant to exist and many residents seem to think that youth should just disappear”. (Virya, Auroville Today) This proposed community center is sited in the city’s residential belt between private residences and a youth hostel. A youth center would promote a welcoming environment that respects the views and voices of the youth in the area.
Young people are often both excluded from community discourses and seen as the problem in communities. However, they depend more than adults on their immediate neighborhood for their social life. As such places for young people to meet as well as age appropriate activities, should be an important part of community provision. Many communities provide youth center assistance through a variety of partnership programs that add to the positive impact and influences youth can gain while attending such programs.
Some examples of these partnerships might include: health services, libraries, social services, arts and sciences, or cultural organizations. An important aspect of a youth center in Auroville would be to collaborate with other activities that are occurring such as the Auroville Film Festival. Participation in community events would enhance communication between all age groups of Aurovillians and encourage a cooperative environment that seems to not exist currently.”
-Raymond Bourraine + Jovanna Suarez
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This post originally appeared on the blog The Teacher Next Door.
It doesn’t matter how long you’ve taught, how beautifully you made your lesson plans, or how well you have crafted a fabulous learning activity for your students. The fact is that almost every day we encounter those awkward five to ten minute blocks of time, when it’s too short to start something new but too long not to do anything. Maybe you’ve been there too…those moments when you desperately need to re-direct your students before some form of chaos (big or small misbehaviors, depending upon your class) is bound to erupt.
So, what can you do to fill those pesky minutes? Here are my top ten favorite things to do:
10. Play a Quick Review Game
I love to play learning games in my classroom, and the kids LOVE them too. To do a review game on the spot, I quickly divide the class into 2 – 3 teams, depending upon how the desks are arranged at the time. Then I ask the kids questions about whatever topic we’re working on. I’ve taught for enough time now that I can usually just do this off the top of my head, but sometimes I grab a teacher’s edition to jog my memory and to give me some quick ideas. I simply tally the score on the smart board or white board and the winners are the first out to recess…woo hoo! A full 2 seconds before the other teams! 🙂
9. Play Pico, Fermi, Bagel
I’m big on activities that push kids to think and this is a really fun logic game that they’ll enjoy. First, kids take out their whiteboards or some scratch paper and then I put them into pairs or let them choose their own partner. The one who is “It”, thinks of a three digit number and writes down three dashes on the board/paper. The number can’t start with a zero and can’t have any repeating numbers … so 075 wouldn’t work and neither would 559. The partner tries to guess the number in as few turns as possible, while “It” writes down each guess to help both of them remember what has been guessed. “It” gives his/her partner clues for each number.
Pico = Right number in the wrong place
Fermi = Right number in the right place
Bagel = Wrong number (It’s not there!)
For example, if the number was 578 and the person guessed 582, “It” would say fermi, pico, bagel for that guess. As soon as a number is correctly guessed (all fermi) it is written down above the dashes.
8. Do a Brain Teaser
These higher level thinking activities are ones that my kids ask for by name! Each sheet has activities for the whole class to do, like analogies, logic puzzles, historical 2 Truths and a Lie, Which One Doesn’t Belong? and more. One of the great things about these is that I simply project them on my document camera, so there’s no copying needed!
7. ABC Game
Here’s another fun game to play. Name a topic and as a whole class or in groups of 2 – 3, kids try to get through the alphabet by naming items that start with each letter and match whatever topic you’ve named. For example, if we’re studying the ocean, A = Anenome, B = Beluga Whale, C = current. If a child gets stuck, his/her partner can suggest an idea and then keep going.
6. Show a Short Video
There are lots of short videos that are great, but this will take a bit of preplanning on your part to find them and to pre-screen them before you show your kids. I really love Brainpop, which has a huge selection of videos with multiple choice review questions afterwards (here’s where we play another game with these). While most Brainpop videos require a subscription, there are a number of free videos too, that you might want to check out.
5. Do Some Whiteboard Art
Whiteboards are essential in my classroom, and we use them every day. They really come in handy when you have a few spare minutes. One way to use them is with a directed drawing. Pinterest is full of “How to draw” ideas that are perfect for this. Another idea is to do a squiggle or shape art. I draw a squiggle or shape on the smart board and each child copies the same shape on his/her whiteboard and then adds details to make the drawing complete. For example, a circle can become the eye of a dog or a basketball, or even the porthole on a submarine.
4. How Many Can You Name?
Kids take out their whiteboards or some scratch paper and then I give them a topic (e.g. names of states, weather words, proper nouns…). Then they write down as many as they can in the time given. After a few minutes, I ask all the kids to stand if they wrote at least 5…10…15… until we find the child with the most answers. Then if there’s time, I have that child read the list to the class. Fun!
3. Play “Or”
This is a great table topic game that’s fun for families, but kids at school love it too. It is similar to Would You Rather. You give the kids two options (e.g. mountains or the beach…strawberries or blueberries…) and then go around the room, one by one, and each child answers the question. The rule is that you must choose one or the other. There’s no saying I don’t like either of them or I like them equally.
2. Play King and Queen
Okay… I’ve gotta tell you right up front that this game has no educational value, zero, zip, nada… It’s just plain fun and one that I did when I was in school. To play this game (always boys against girls), you choose a boy to be king and a girl to be queen. They stand on opposite sides of the room and each has a whiteboard eraser balanced on his/her head (if your school has a lice problem, this game is one you want to skip!). The rest of the class is sitting with everything off of the floor, feet under their desks, so the king and queen can walk around the room without tripping. The object of the game is like tag. “It” tries to tag the opponent while balancing the eraser before time is up (1 – 2 minutes). The child who is the chaser gets a point if he/she tags the other person and the other person gets a point if he/she does not get tagged. If one touches the eraser during the game or it falls off, the game is over and the other side gets the point. That’s it! Super simple but very exciting.
1. Brain Breaks
Research will back me on this but as a teacher, I just know… Brain breaks are so beneficial in the classroom. I believe we really need to give kids these energizing breaks more often. Those five minutes we spend will be given back to us tenfold in the amount of focusing we can get from our little ones. I do love my Brain Break Task Cards, which have 100 cards with over 250 activities. I think they’re a great combination with the website called GoNoodle, which has lots of free songs and dances.
The next time the kids are restless and you have a few minutes before recess or lunch, don’t panic, give some of these a try.
Thanks for stopping by!
Jenn Larson has 20 years teaching experience and creates curriculum on TpT as The Teacher Next Door. Her goal is to help busy teachers find resources which target learning standards but are engaging for students. Jenn is a mom of two kids and lives in Northern California. Besides teaching, Jenn loves traveling, movies, and Swedish Fish. Follow her TpT store and on Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest. | <urn:uuid:d4558aba-2b8d-4c1d-b394-f2aece730bc1> | {
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One of the problems in a country divided by racism, especially one in which racial segregation is a component of the national culture, is the arbitrary marginalization of talent simply because of a benign trait like skin color. One can only speculate how different the history of Major League Baseball would have been had players like Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson been permitted to participate. Or, how different the arts and sciences would have been had talented, qualified individuals not been excluded because of their ethnicity.
When discussing the contributions of the Harlem Renaissance to American culture, one should think in terms of wasted opportunities because of systemic racism. A century after the Emancipation Proclamation, African-Americans were still struggling for basic civil rights. Living under the oppressive boot of segregation, African-Americans developed their own forms of art and literature.
Perhaps nowhere was the contribution of the culture that developed in Harlem more pronounced than in music. The history of jazz begins in Harlem. Black communities in other cities, for example, Kansas City, were developing their own forms of jazz, but it was in Harlem during the 1920s that the form really took off. Duke Ellington could be considered the father of jazz, but he was not alone, as Fats Waller and others developed their art form in Harlem during that period. To this day, jazz is considered America's greatest cultural contribution to the world. Its influence on the broader American culture is found in the myriad Caucasian songwriters and musicians who claim to have been heavily influenced by jazz musicians.
The contributions of the Harlem Renaissance to American culture extends also to the areas of literature and poetry, personafied by the work of Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Huston.
These artists found followings in White America that helped Blacks to cross the cultural divide and gain acceptance in much of the country. The systemic racism would continue for several more decades, but the cultural contributions of the Harlem Renaissance are a fact. | <urn:uuid:404f87cb-2964-404c-b9bd-39a0a0ece93e> | {
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Sayers's Use of Secondary Sources in The Man Born to be King
Dorothy L. Sayers’s 1941–1942 radio play cycle on the life of Christ, The Man Born to be King, was both a ground-breaking series in the history of the British Broadcasting Corporation and a watershed in Sayers’s work, as she brought the Gospels and Christian theology to dramatic life. In her Introduction to the plays, she described her use of sources: “Apart from a few such traditions, hallowed by Christian piety and custom, the only sources used have been the Canonical Scriptures, together with a few details from Josephus and other historians to build up the general background” (The Man Born to be King 36). Suzanne Bray gives us a foundational study of Sayers’s secondary material by finding the sources of Sayers’s direct citations (2011), but Bray’s conference paper is not meant to be exhaustive. There remains the tantalizing possibility that there might be other clear marks of influence that are neither credited by Sayers nor mentioned by Bray. Indeed, a thorough study of all six secondary source books shows substantial influence identifiable both within the notes before the play scripts and within the scripts themselves. | <urn:uuid:1ff90c41-8424-453b-b904-5fc4f523165e> | {
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If We All Do Compact Fluorescent Bulbs, the Mercury Will Drop
Dimmable CFLs now available - photo via Velo Steve @ flickr.
Today's compact fluorescent lights are now light-years ahead of their ancestors of just a few years ago, in terms of the range of styles available and their lower price points. True, LED lighting is nipping at the heels of the lighting industry, solving a lot of lighting needs with very low energy use, and possibly a better life-cycle profile. But at TreeHugger, we've long agitated for CFLs, and we still do. Now that the European Union has banned incandescent bulbs, perhaps we'll be able to see that a CFL world will be still bright enough, and with billions of dollars saved in energy costs as a bonus.
Yet some of us can't quite forget about the dangerous drop of mercury in CFLs.
Mercury: A king of toxic waste
And with good reason. Mercury is considered to be one of the most toxic of toxic chemicals. The European Commission cautions people to air out rooms and avoid using the vacuum cleaner if a CFL bulb with mercury in it gets broken. Although the quantity in the average CFL is no larger than the small tip of a ballpoint pen, direct contact with mercury can cause brain and kidney damage in humans and their animal pets.
Many Home Depots and hazardous waste disposal and recycling centers accept compact fluorescent lights. (You can find sources to take your old CFLs at Earth 911).
But do people properly "recycle" them? Well, Kate Kelly, author and Huffington Post contributor, reports that only 2 percent of CFLs have been recycled. That's a depressingly low percentage.
And what we call "recycling" in its truest sense may be closer to stockpiling (the U.S. government has more than 4,000 tons of mercury it is holding!). This doesn't mean old mercury is never reused -- it is -- though the amounts coming from recycling are small.
In addition, mercury mining continues in some countries, so there's still a need for governments to regulate and control the Earth's cache of this element and make sure mining stops and recycled mercury is the primary source.
And that's in the addition to the pressing need to get away from coal-fired power generation, which spreads mercury everywhere.
But mercury will drop...if we all get on the compact fluorescent bandwagonWhich brings us around again to CFLs.
It has been estimated that with current U.S. power generation (which comes from more than 50 percent coal), switching to compact fluorescent bulbs in a big wave will reduce the amounts of mercury getting into our environment. At coal-fired plants (the biggest source currently of mercury emissions), 13.6 milligrams of mercury is emitted just to light up an incandescent bulb, while a CFL only would lead to (if incinerated, tossed out, or broken instead of recycled) 3.3 milligrams of mercury being emitted into the environment.
The bottom line: The mercury in a CFL is approximately one-quarter the amount emitted if an incandescent was used in its place, and that's assuming the CFL isn't recycled.
That's a good-news picture.
Doesn't it make you want to...switch?
More on compact fluorescent technology
Green and Responsible CFL Vendors sell the Light, not the Bulb
Environmental Working Group Study Shines Light on Best and Worst CFLs
Smart Lite Changes the Bulb, Not the Ballast | <urn:uuid:74f406ac-c738-4da5-b7f4-d5b6b343497d> | {
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what is plea bargaining purpose it serves
They are certain key decisions that people who are being prosecuted have to make. One of the most important is how you plead. A plea is formal statement made on behalf of an accused person or made by the accused in court in response to the charge made against him (Martin, 2003). A plea can be vertical and horizontal. A vertical plea deal is based on whether the charges are reduced in their seriousness and a horizontal deal plea is their number. In each case where a plea agreement is obtained, there must be a stipulation of factual underpinning for the guilty plea (Palermo et al, 1998).
“ Plea bargaining is an agreement between the prosecution and defence by which the accused changes his plea from not guilty to guilty in return for an offer by the prosecution or when the judge has informally let it be known that he will minimize the sentence if accused pleads guilty” (Martin, 2003).
Plea bargaining creates a gap between practice and theory in the criminal justice system. With a guilty plea the process shifts the focus from the jury and judge to the prosecutor and defence counsel. It expected by the public for the truth to be discovered through the fact finding trial process. In practice plea bargaining may prevent a public finding of the facts and substitute a behind the scenes cut short plea bargaining process that fashions an offence that may or may not be supported by the evidence and this also determines the variety of penalties available to the court and limits the discussion of the evidence (Palermo et al, 1998).
Plea bargaining is a notion which is well known and generally used and accepted in the United States. This usually consists of a deal being made between the prosecutor and the defence an example of plea bargaining is when the prosecution offers to drop a more serious charge against the accused in exchange for guilty plea of a lesser charge and the prosecutor and defence come to an agreement to resolve the case. This is usually done at various points up until the trial date. However the best bargain can be obtained earlier in the process (Hall Williams, 1982).
In colonial America the idea of trial by jury was accepted willingly as a hallmark of new found liberties. However in the 19th century although people preferred the trial by jury system it was found that this method was losing ground fast. It was discovered in the early century that, the guilty plea was replacing trial by jury more often although guilty plea was being introduced slowly for example in the county of New York in the early 1900 it was found that more than three times as many criminal convictions had resulted from guilty pleas and not by jury trial or judge. A sample of criminal cases which resulted in convictions between 1870 and 1910 reveal the popularity of guilty pleas, a third of all defendants in the Californian county of Alameda we convicted by guilty pleas and a majority of them pled guilty to fewer charges (Friedman, 1993).
Supporters of plea bargain claim that the practise has some necessary advantages for both the prosecution and the defence. The prosecution for example use plea bargaining to speed up trials and to reduce the length of sentence time or sometimes in cases where the evidence is felt to not be strong enough plea bargain is used to induce a guilty plea (Ashworth et al, 2005).
According to Palermo (1998) he states that if all plea bargaining cases where brought to trial then the amount of time, work and expenses for the prosecution would increase greatly. He states also that the defence also benefit from plea bargaining in many ways for example they save a lot of money on defence costs, they benefit from a lighter sentence due to pleading guilty and they also avoid the emotional, stressful and social disruption caused due to the frequent attending of court. It has been argued that plea bargain plea bargaining when used properly can benefit all parties concerned even the public. The use of plea bargaining avoids the risk of the defendant being cleared in court due to the evidence being weak or not enough and due to the rate cases are dealt with when plea bargaining is involved and practised it speeds up cases and saves the money on time consuming trials, freeing and making available criminal justice workers to attend to other cases. Therefore supporters of plea bargaining argue that at times it is in the interest of the public to at list compromise on the possibility of maximum sentences to at list ensure a conviction (Ashworth, 1998).
It is evident that plea bargaining is a widespread practise in most countries. They are many countries who practise plea bargaining as part of their criminal justice system. One of those countries is The Netherlands where their criminal court system is divided in to 19 district courts. According to Gertz (1990) he states that each of these districts there are what they call police courts, where one judge hears the least serious cases and is allowed to impose a maximum sentence of six months. However they are also courts where there is more than one judge and it is in these courts where they try all serious cases, although about 90 percent of cases are heard in the police courts. The criminal justice system of the Netherlands supports a philosophy known as the “opportunity principle”. This principle is a form of plea bargaining in the Netherlands. Under this policy, prosecutors and the police have more discretion when it comes to the processing of cases to achieve the best outcome to best suit the desires of the public, the needs of the defendant and also whilst meeting the ends of justice.
According to Gertz (1990) this practise some how mirrors the American practices, he states in his research that both in theory and practise the opportunity principle was supported by all the people he contacted and it was presumed that this method was a civilized way of conducting the business of the courts.
In the United States plea bargaining is an important element of the criminal justice system. The prosecutors use plea bargaining to negotiate sentencing discounts for those defendants who may wish to avoid a lengthy trial and save the state a large sum of money and also spare their victims or witnesses the stress of giving evidence. They can do this by admitting the crime which they are being charged or agreeing to plead guilty to a lesser one. Plea bargaining has become the norm in the American criminal justice system however in England and Wales it is claimed to be unacceptable and largely non existent. (Gertz, 1990)
In contrast to the American system where plea bargaining is largely recognised and regulated by the courts. In England and Wales there is no institutionalised structure in which plea bargain occurs and to some point the official response is both tricky and inconsistent (Sabor, 1985)
However according to Berlins (2008) the issue of plea bargaining being introduced in England and Wales has been from time to time debated until recently when the attorney general Lady Scotland announced a provisional step into that direction. She was keen to introduce a scheme which she desperately wanted call “plea negotiation” so as to differentiate it from the American version plea bargaining, where there is more discounts on offer. According to Berlins (2008) Lady Scotland proposed that fraudsters would have the opportunity to negotiate lesser sentences if they admit their guilt. Prosecutors would have permission to negotiate with defence lawyers an agreement on the fraudster’s level of responsibility and also discuss the range of sentences in return for a guilty plea. The difference is that the agreement would then be presented to a judge for approval. However the judge is not bound to accept the agreement he could either insist on going to trial or propose they negotiate an even tough sentence if he or she feels that the sentence negotiated is not adequate enough to fit the crime.
The word justice is defined as “A moral ideal that the law seeks to uphold in the protection of rights and punishment of wrongs” (Martins, 2003). English law closely identifies with justice and also the word justice frequently used in the legal system an example is the Youth justice system and the Justice of the peace and many more. In order to achieve justice they are so many factors that contribute to crime that need to be considered, these are educational, social moral and psychological and this can be difficult to get to (Palermo et al, 1998).
Berlins (2008) in his article stated that plea bargaining has many flaws and these flaws bring into light a number of justice problems. Berlins highlights that an innocent person maybe forced into pleading guilty and agreeing to a less harsh sentence. He points out that at times this is happens because the accused is fearful that he/she may be convicted by a jury and end up facing an even worse off punishment than offered. However in other cases it maybe because the accused just wants to avoid having the cloud of the up coming trial hanging over them and so they decide to negotiate and plead to a lesser charge even if they are innocent (Berlins, 2008).
The general public gets angry because criminals who are a danger to society are getting away with crime due the fact that they have struck a plea bargain deal with the prosecutor which is unfair especially with serious crimes such as murder where the prosecution would for example agree to a plea of guilty to accidental killing when in fact the accused will have committed murder. The prosecutor would offer such a deal rather run the risk of a jury acquitting the accused altogether (Berlins, 2008).
Generally plea bargaining involves processes of informal negotiation between the prosecutor and the defence lawyer with the main aim of reaching a settlement out of court. Research shows that plea bargaining has become a widely spread practise (Herzog, 2004). Nasheri (1998) indicated in his research that a majority of criminal convictions are usually due to the fact that both parties involved have agreed to a negotiated plea agreement rather than going through a trial. However they are many justice problems which have been discovered in light of research done in many countries such as for example Canada, America and many others. Herzog (2004) stated that it was found that a majority of the public in many of these countries held the notion of plea bargaining in very low esteem.
According to Cohen et al (1989) in his Canadian study on the views of public attitudes towards a number of plea bargaining arrangements which where used and applied to determine a robbery case. It was found that 80% of the sample used expressed that they lacked support of these plea bargaining processes. Many reasons where given as to why the general public had a negative attitude to wards the use of plea bargaining. Two explanations where given first it was because the public favoured a more punitive policy when it came handling criminals and the second was that it was explained that the public viewed that the use of plea bargain as being too lenient on crime. It is further explained that due to the public viewing plea bargaining as being “soft on crime” they believe that this practise is allowing offenders to receive a more lenient punishment than they would have received had the case gone to trial and the prosecution had proved the accused guilt (Cullen et al, 2000).
Cohen (1989) state that the public’s suspicion is increased by the way plea bargaining is conducted in such a secretive and covert manner hence why the public have reduced confidence in plea bargaining. Reservations regarding plea bargaining are not only restricted to the public, it is perceived by supporters of plea bargaining that this practise is far from being ideal in terms of administrating justice ( Emmelman, 1996). However it has been identified that it is difficult to function without it have consistently been ineffective (McCoy, 1993).
According to McCoy (1993) it was stated that arguments such as these have been used to sometimes explain why plea bargain appears to be unpopular. He goes on to explain that because plea bargain is not very visible in the sense that most of the negotiations are done behind closed doors usually in the absence of the judge and even the defendant at times. Plea bargain may be misinterpreted by the public, which usually tend to believe that benefits of the parties involved are usually at the expense of larger considerations of public justice. Herzog (2004) suggests that if some concerns on prosecutorial where put forward during plea bargaining negotiations this could represent clear advantages for the public, then it can be theorized that public disclosure and publicity of such concerns will also increase public support of plea bargaining to some extent.
The main justice problems with plea bargaining in the UK is the question which every one concerned (the public) would like to have answered and this is if this practise is fully introduced will plea bargain be offered to offenders of other serious crimes such as terrorism and we know that terrorism offences tend to have many complications and the trials usually cost a lot of money and take long causing many delays to other cases. It is noted that if plea bargain where to be introduced to all crimes it would ease the work load and save costs (Berlins, 2008).
In conclusion Plea bargaining is seen by the general public as promoting injustice, because punishment is not considered due to the seriousness of crime but due to the capacity of the offender to be able to negotiate and secure a lesser charge with the prosecution (Herzog, 2004). Society perceives plea bargain as sacrificing quality for quantity and justice for administrative effectiveness. Society is not able to accept that the individuals who are connected with serious crimes such as terrorism getting away with a lighter sentences jus because they have pled guilty to the charges put forward. | <urn:uuid:39b273b2-5e0b-4a04-a4bf-6b22943ef8cd> | {
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- 1 Esophageal Atresia Definition
- 2 Esophageal Atresia ICD9 Code
- 3 Esophageal Atresia Incidence
- 4 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- 5 Esophageal Atresia Classification
- 6 Congenital Esophageal Atresia
- 7 Esophageal Atresia Causes
- 8 Esophageal Atresia Symptoms
- 9 Esophageal Atresia Diagnosis
- 10 Esophageal Atresia Treatment
- 11 Esophageal Atresia Prognosis
- 12 Esophageal Atresia Complications
Esophageal Atresia (EA) is a rare congenial disorder found in newborns. Read on to know all about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this acute condition.
Esophageal Atresia Definition
The term “Atresia” means ‘lack of any normal gap’. Esophageal Atresia is an uncommon medical condition wherein a part of esophagus (the long tube that joins the mouth to the stomach) is not present in the body of an infant. This disorder occurs along with tracheoesophageal fistula, a condition where the esophagus is connected to the trachea (the tube which joins the nasal region to the lungs).
This condition is also known as “Oesophageal Atresia”.
Esophageal Atresia ICD9 Code
The ICD9 code for this syndrome is 750.3.
Esophageal Atresia Incidence
It occurs in 1 out of 4000 births. It generally occurs with Tracheoesophageal Fistula in the body of a sufferer. However, a new born baby may have fistula with no atresia or vice-versa. Although a rare disease by nature, EA is considered to be the 25th most common birth disorder in the world.
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
EA, along with Tracheoesophageal Fistula (Fistula is an irregular channel between two internal organs of the body), is a common disease occurring among newborns in the US. Family doctors and physicians should provide necessary treatment for affected babies who face severe feeding difficulties and respiratory problems during the first few days of their life. Generally, one out of every 3000 to 4000 newborns are found to suffer from these two conditions.
Picture 1 – Esophageal Atresia
EA occurs when a part of the upper esophagus is segmented while Tracheoesophageal Fistula develops when the trachea (the windpipe that carries air to the lungs) gets connected with the esophagus. Both of the conditions require surgical repair, which should be initiated immediately after birth. Surgery is done when an affected child is asleep and injected with anesthesia.
However, there are few risks involved with a surgical treatment. The risks include:
- Excessive bleeding during operation
- Possibility of infection
- Low body temperature
- Shrinkage of lungs
Esophageal Atresia Classification
This condition can be further classified into various forms, namely:
- Pure, Long Gap or Isolated EA
- EA with proximal Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- EA with distal Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- EA with both distal and proximal Tracheoesophageal Fistula’s
- Only TEF with no EA, but with presence of an unsighted small pouch and Hageal Atresia
- Esophageal Stenosis
Congenital Esophageal Atresia
It is a condition acquired during fetal development. It is characterized by the inability of the esophagus to evolve as a normal passage between the mouth and the stomach. It eventually closes in a blind pouch.
Esophageal Atresia Causes
The actual cause of this congenital syndrome is unknown. An infant born with this condition appears normal in the initial stage. Later on, saliva and mucus passing through the stomach fill the blind pouch. These emissions in the nasal and mouth area lead to drooling and cause feeding problems in the baby.
Esophageal Atresia Symptoms
A number of symptoms indicate the presence of EA in the body of a patient. These comprise of:
- Feeding problems
- Bluish discoloration of skin during attempts to feed
- Gagging, coughing and choking during attempts to feed
Esophageal Atresia Diagnosis
EA is generally diagnosed immediately after birth. A sound diagnosis helps physicians provide patients with an effective treatment. Following are the different types of diagnosis and tests done on patients to find the existence of EA syndrome:
It should be done on a pregnant woman before birth of her child, to determine the exact amount of amniotic fluid present in the body. Excess amniotic fluid indicates the presence of EA in a patient.
It is usually performed on the esophagus to detect any air-filled pouch in the intestine and stomach of an affected patient.
This disorder can be easily detected by a feeding tube. In an infant with EA, any attempt to pass a feeding tube into the stomach via nose or mouth is met with obstruction.
Esophageal Atresia Treatment
The exact treatment of this disorder depends on its severity. Infants affected with this syndrome generally fail to survive unless a surgical rejoining of the esophagus is performed. Surgery is considered to be the best option for reconnecting the two extreme ends of the esophagus of a suffering infant. The best time for an operative treatment is between 2 and 6 months after birth. However, prematurity, aspiration, pneumonia and other birth disorders can postpone a surgical cure.
Esophageal Atresia Prognosis
The outcome of this ailment depends on the associated complications and abnormalities. With proper treatment, the survival rate can be as high as 90%. Proper growth occurs after a good treatment. Late mortality generally occurs due to respiratory problems while early mortality is caused by cardiac abnormalities.
Esophageal Atresia Complications
An infant with EA may swallow fluids such as saliva inside the lungs, which can result in choking, aspiration pneumonia and even death in few cases. In a few cases, prematurity can further complicate the situation. Some other possible complications include:
Picture 2 – Esophageal Atresia Image
- Scarring (arising due to surgery), which causes contraction of the esophagus
- Repetitive uplifting of food from the stomach after surgery
- Kidney, heart and stomach problems
If any newborn in your family exhibits constant feeding problems and vomits repetitively after food intake, call your health care provider without delay. With right medication and care, this congenital disorder can be cured in time – ensuring faster recovery for sufferers. | <urn:uuid:9ba6138d-bf13-48c9-ada9-172fd0e6bca6> | {
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James Ford Rhodes (18481927). History of the Civil War, 18611865 1917.
500,000 volunteers, by virtue of the Act of Congress of July 4, 1864,1 the passage of which had been largely influenced by the great losses in the Wilderness, at Spottsylvania and at Cold Harbor; he further ordered a draft to take place immediately after September 5 for any unfilled quotas.
During July the North was plunged in gloom. Everybody was asking, Who shall revive the withered hopes that bloomed on the opening of Grants campaign? And the most despondent were those who possessed the fullest information.
A resolution of Congress adopted July 2 was worthy of the Hebrews of the Old Testament or of the Puritans of the English Civil War. It requested the President to appoint a day for humiliation and prayer and to ask the people to convene at their usual places of worship in order that they may confess and repent of their manifold sins, implore the compassion and forgiveness of the Almighty, that, if consistent with his will the existing rebellion may be speedily suppressed and implore him as the supreme ruler of the world not to destroy us as a people. The President, cordially concurring in the penitential and pious sentiments expressed in that resolution, appointed the first Thursday of August to be observed by the people of the United States as a day of national humiliation and prayer.
Thomas A. Scott, who was always ready with efficient help for the Government in its times of trouble and who now offered the services of himself and the Pennsylvania railroad, telegraphed to Stanton from Philadelphia, The
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Dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. They can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. Adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling’s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. Once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years.
Dragons don’t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. Young dragons will emit an extremely high-pitched squeal when they are frightened. To communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures.
Guardian dragons have large shields on the end of their tails. Although the shields appear to be heavy, they are light, yet nearly unbreakable. Guardian dragons use their tail-shields, as well as their wings, to deflect attacks and protect others. Often, they will guard the eggs and hatchlings of a nest while others are away. They are generally peaceful, and will not retaliate unless necessary. They have no need to forage or hunt, as they are fed by those they protect. | <urn:uuid:0552e8d9-f9b9-49a5-8262-9c449201f4d4> | {
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As parents, we worry about the well-being of our kids; about their future, and about our role in shaping it. How do we keep them safe, while encouraging their independence? When should we motivate them by incentive, and when by establishing firm consequences? And how do we build their self-esteem to prepare them mentally and emotionally for the long road ahead?
In The Art of Parenting, we scale the challenges that face us as parents and explore timeless insights from Jewish wisdom to instill values, foster independence, and ensure the long-term success and emotional well-being of our children.
PARENT, OR "PEER ANT"
Do you relate to your child as a friend, or as an influential personality whom they admire and respect? How do you instill a reverence for authority and at the same time reinforce their emotional security?
BE FIRM, OR FORGIVING?
If you're too forgiving, your child may lack direction. If you're too strict, they may look elsewhere for support in their time of need. In this lesson, you'll examine the pros and cons of a plethora of parenting models to find a balanced approach.
GRANT FREEDOM, RESPONSIBLY
You know that to raise an independent child you cannot be overprotective. But how do you protect them from acting irresponsibly? At what point must you let go and trust them to make their own choices?
CULTIVATE HEALTHY SELF-ESTEEM
Insecure children are bullied and bully others. How do you make sure that doesn't happen to your child? And what can you do to help them uncover their unique qualities and develop a confident self-image?
REWARD AND DISCIPLINE, EFFECTIVELY
Your child is acting up. What do you do? Praise and reproach are the carrot and stick of child rearing, but how do you respond when your kid just shuts down? How can you ensure that your words and actions communicate the right message and achieve the desired results?
IMPART A TOOLKIT FOR LIFE
The tools your child needs to succeed include a great education, strong values, and an identity they are proud of. What role does each parent play in providing these? And how can you help your child discover the joy in Judaism and a proud sense of Jewish identity?
In joint sponsorship with the Washington School of Psychiatry (WSP)
Earn up to 15 CE credits from:
> The American Psychological Association (APA)
> The American Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME)
> The California Board of Behavioral Sciences (CBBS)
and up to 15 CE credits from:
> The National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) | <urn:uuid:1d8ae06c-8d3d-4cf5-b8a6-fd57541f88c5> | {
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Millions of adventure-seekers get a thrill from skiing, hiking, climbing or traveling to high-altitude destinations each year. But about 25% of Americans who ascend to such thin-air environments experience symptoms of altitude sickness such as headaches, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, caused by the lack of oxygen at high elevations. Altitude sickness not only puts a damper on your trip, but it could also lead to fatal consequences — in some cases, it can result in lethal swelling of the brain.
The good news is that a common over-the-counter medication — ibuprofen, which you might know better as Advil or Motrin — could help reduce the symptoms. Researchers report in the Annals of Emergency Medicine that among a group of 86 men and women who spent two days hiking in the White Mountains of California, those who were randomly assigned to receive ibuprofen were 26% less likely to develop acute mountain sickness than those who took a placebo.
The ibuprofen group took four doses of 600 mg each in a 24-hour period during which they ascended to 12,570 ft. About 43% of the hikers who took ibuprofen developed symptoms like headache, nausea and dizziness, compared with 69% of those in the control group, as measured by a questionnaire of symptoms that the participants filled out.
“The idea that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure is more important in wilderness medicine where you may be two hours or more away from any definitive health care,” says study author Dr. Grant Lipman, assistant professor of emergency medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. “Ibuprofen can prevent 26% of cases of altitude sickness and help people who are without symptoms to stay without symptoms.”
Ibuprofen was about as effective as current medications to treat altitude sickness, which include prescription-only acetazolamide (Diamox) and dexamethasone, but it doesn’t come with as many side effects, says Lipman. That’s what makes ibuprofen attractive as a potential preventive for mountain climbers and hikers. Ibuprofen’s quick-acting effect is also a plus, since it takes only about one to two hours to be absorbed completely by the body; in contrast, current altitude sickness treatments must be started a day before climbing to thinner air.
In the current study, the study participants assigned to take ibuprofen — all of whom lived close to sea level — spent one night at a staging area, located at 4,100 ft., near California’s White Mountains and took one 600 mg dose about six hours before climbing to a higher altitude. They then drove to 11,700 ft., where they took another 600 mg dose, and then hiked to their highest elevation at 12,570 ft. At the top, they took another dose of ibuprofen, spent the night and received their final dose of the drug the following morning.
The researchers found that while ibuprofen prevented acute mountain sickness in many hikers, for those who still got sick with the five main symptoms measured — headache, nausea and vomiting, weakness, dizziness and sleeplessness — the over-the-counter painkiller did not lessen symptoms overall. However, it did slightly reduce nausea and vomiting, compared with placebo. That’s enough of an effect to salvage quite a few recreational trips to higher elevations, says Lipman.
So, how does ibuprofen work? At higher elevations, the body has to readjust to the decrease in oxygen in the air and the change in air pressure. Many people respond by experiencing a mild swelling of the brain, which researchers believe is triggered by the release of inflammatory factors that lead to leaky blood vessels and allow fluid to build up in the brain. That can put pressure on nerves and cause headaches and dizziness. Ibuprofen, an anti-inflammatory drug, reduces swelling.
Previous studies have shown that ibuprofen can lower the risk of headaches associated with altitude sickness, but Lipman and his colleagues found that it does much more. “At altitude, there is something called the zone of tolerance, or the ‘altitude glass ceiling’ above your head where you can still tolerate the thinner air. Ibuprofen can increase the amount of space above you by increasing the altitude at which your body is now tolerant to your environment,” he says.
Its effects aren’t permanent, however, and Lipman recommends that anyone trying ibuprofen on their next climb should start by taking 600 mg (that’s three over-the-counter tablets of Advil) several hours before going up, and then giving themselves at least 24 hours off of the drug before taking it again prior to making another ascent. That gives their bodies time to acclimatize to the new elevation and, he says, “in a sense reset the barometer to see if your body is in balance to the new altitude.”
Eventually, Lipman says, most people experiencing mountain sickness will get accustomed to the higher altitude and their symptoms will recede. Ibuprofen can help some climbers to get over that initial adjustment period.
A mountain climber himself, Lipman says he takes ibuprofen in the morning before an ascent and can vouch for its effectiveness in preventing mountain sickness. “Without a doubt, I would recommend that people planning on going to altitude try ibuprofen. Plus, you can’t drink beer on Diamox,” he jokes, “so that’s reason enough to take ibuprofen.” | <urn:uuid:0c49eb1b-4f01-4ae9-87a8-a8474dcaa336> | {
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Poor Sleep In Children May Have Prenatal Origins
A study in the Aug.1 issue of the journal SLEEP found that alcohol consumption during pregnancy and small body size at birth predict poorer sleep and higher risk of sleep disturbances in 8-year-old children born at term. Findings are clinically significant, as poor sleep and sleep disturbances in children are associated with obesity, depressive symptoms, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and poor neurobehavioral functioning.
Results indicate that children exposed prenatally to alcohol were 2.5 times more likely to have a short sleep duration of 7.7 hours or less and 3.6 times more likely to have a low sleep efficiency of 77.2 percent or less across all nights, independent of body size at birth and current maternal alcohol use. Smaller body size at birth also was associated with poorer sleep and with a higher risk for clinically significant sleep disturbances among children born at term. More specifically, lower weight and shorter length at birth were associated with lower sleep efficiency, and a lower ponderal index (an indicator of fetal growth status) was associated with the presence of sleep disturbances. In addition, children with short sleep duration were more likely to have been born via Caesarean section than were children sleeping longer (23.1 percent versus 8.4 percent respectively).
According to principal investigator Katri Räikkönen, PhD, in the department of psychology at the University of Helsinki, Finland, even low levels of weekly prenatal exposure to alcohol have adverse effects on sleep quantity and quality during childhood.
“The results were in accordance with the fetal origins of health and disease hypothesis and the many studies that have shown that adverse fetal environment may have lifelong influences on health and behavior,” said Räikkönen. “However, this is among the few studies that have reported associations between birth variables and sleep quality and quantity among an otherwise healthy population of children.”
The epidemiologic cohort study obtained data from 289 children born at term (from 37 to 42 weeks of gestation) between March and November 1998. Sleep duration and sleep efficiency (actual sleep time divided by the time in bed) were measured objectively by actigraphy at 8 years of age for an average of 7.1 days. Parents completed the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children to report sleep problems and sleep disorder symptoms such as bedtime resistance and sleep disordered breathing.
Results show that the odds for low sleep efficiency increased by 70 percent for every standard deviation decrease in weight at birth and by more than 200 percent for every decrease in length. For every standard deviation decrease in ponderal index at birth, the risk of parent-reported sleep disorders increased by 40 percent. Associations were not confounded by sex, gestational length, prenatal and perinatal complications, body mass index (BMI) at eight years of age, asthma, allergies or parental socioeconomic status.
The authors report that small body size at birth may function as a crude marker of disturbances in the fetal environment, and it is associated with prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, prenatal alcohol exposure and poorer sleep quality in children and young adults. Results demonstrate that among children born healthy and at full-term, a linear relationship exists between smaller body size at birth and poorer sleep quality eight years from birth.
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:9e4eafd7-1f05-4135-9356-629a8b6a06e1> | {
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How to recognise a fake bank note/counterfeit money?
How to recognise a fake bank note/
Counterfeit money or fake currency notes can drive us into serious trouble if not recognized on time. There are certain tips to find out the fake currency note, and if these tips are well followed then one can be safe from the perils of being caught with a fake currency note. A minute scrutiny has to be conducted to know whether the currency is genuine or fake. Any currency, whether of small or higher denomination can be fake, hence it is good to keep a check on the notes you receive to remain on the safer side. The following may help you identify the authenticity of a note:
- Check if the note gives a crisp and thin feeling. If the note is authentic and original then it would be printed on optical fiber paper. Fake notes are, at most of the times printed on paper made of bamboo pulp. Alternately if the note is Xeroxed, then when compared to an original note, a fake note will have a faded look and there might also be a variation in the color from the color of the original note.
- Intaglio or the embossed print on the notes helps the blind to touch and know the denomination of the note. The chemical “omran” is used in Intaglio which gives it a bright look. This is present in every note, so you can check for the intaglio on the denomination i.e. 500, 1000 etc. Counterfeit notes may not have intaglio, and this is a good way to determine whether the note is original or fake.
- When the note is held against the light, a fine, shining “security band” might show. Similarly look to the right side of the Intaglio for a faint water mark. In a fake note the security band will give a rough and prominent look.
- The number panel on an original note will be regular. In a fake note, the number panel will not be regular. In an original note, when the number panel is scrutinized against ultra violet rays, you may see the letters printed with fluorescent ink shine. This is a good indication that the note is not fake but original.
- The numbers in a fake note are smaller compared to the numbers in an original note. | <urn:uuid:1a9f0235-3b2a-4686-8286-4d331ab9d788> | {
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ROCKING-HORSE TRAINS BRITISH RIDERS (Jul, 1933)
ROCKING-HORSE TRAINS BRITISH RIDERS
Mounted on rocking-horses, recruits of the British cavalry are now receiving preliminary training in horsemanship. At the Army Equestrian School, at Weedon, England, the wooden horses were recently installed to give rookies the feel of the saddle and practice in mounting and dismounting before they tackle the spirited animals stabled at the school. In advanced horsemanship, the wooden horses are also employed in teaching acrobatics and trick riding. They are said to be especially useful in helping riders acquire the right balance when a horse takes a hurdle. Dismounting from one of the rocking-horses, by means of the spectacular neck-roll, is being demonstrated in the photograph by the chief instructor. | <urn:uuid:9927875e-8681-4adc-a926-afe8319a953e> | {
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Swarm Scientific Highlights
Tug-of-war drives magnetic north sprint
15 May 2019
As far as we know, Earth's magnetic north has always wandered, but it has recently gained new momentum and is making a dash towards Siberia at a pace not seen before. While this has some practical implications, scientists believe that this sprint is being caused by tussling magnetic blobs deep below our feet.
Unlike our geographic North Pole, which is in a fixed location, magnetic north wanders. This has been known since it was first measured in 1831, and subsequently mapped drifting slowly from the Canadian Arctic towards Siberia.
One of the practical consequences of this is that the World Magnetic Model has to be updated periodically with the pole's current location. The model is vital for many navigation systems used by ships, Google maps and smartphones, for example.
One of the many areas of research using information from Swarm focuses on explaining why the pole has picked up such a pace – and a subject being discussed at this week's Living Planet Symposium. | <urn:uuid:df849ddb-70b4-4cee-92f2-a0e4a3795098> | {
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There are several sources of browning in a typical pizza crust. One is protein, as you mentioned. During baking, the protein from the flour in the dough reacts with reducing sugars, mainly glucose, lactose and fructose, to produce browning through what is called the Maillard reaction, named after the French scientist who studied the phenomenon. The reducing sugars come mainly from the enzymatic (alpha amylase) breakdown of damaged starch in the flour. The KASL has more protein than the Extra but it also has more damaged starch and it is a malted flour. The malt, either in the form of barley malt or fungal amylase (usually added by the miller at the factory but also sometimes by bakers), increases the enzymatic breakdown of damaged starch into sugar to be available at the time of baking to promote browning.
The Caputo Extra, as well as the other Caputo flours, are less prone to starch damage than our domestic flours and they are unmalted. So they are not the best candidates for producing copious amounts of sugar in a short period of time for browning purposes. They will, however, tolerate fairly long periods of fermentation under the proper temperature/time conditions and produce residual sugar for browning purposes. But even under the influence of high oven temperatures the finished crusts will not be golden brown as we experience with flours like the KASL, as you will see from the photos of authentic Neapolitan pizzas that pizzanapoletana and others have posted. Remember also that it can take but a minute or two to bake a Neapolitan pizza in a wood-fired oven, so you won't get the same type of browning as in a lower temperature oven, such as a home oven. FYI, damaged starch is starch that is damaged either as a result of poor wheat crops or as a result of damage during milling, or both. It may sound like damaged starch is a condition to be avoided but, without sufficient damaged starch, it would take longer to make our pizzas.
It is possible to use both diastatic and non-diastatic malt with a flour. The diastatic malt is used to increase enzymatic performance, and its net effect is to increase the amount of residual sugar in the dough at the time of baking to increase color in the crust. Non-diastatic malt is only a sweetener and, as in the case of the bagels you mentioned, will increase crust browning during baking (mainly through caramelization of sugar) as well as add sweetness to the finished crust. You can also use regular sugar, and you can also use dry powdered milk (in includes lactose) provided it is the right form of milk (a special baker's grade powdered milk). It is also possible to increase the level of damaged starch in the flour, by running the flour through specialized equipment designed for this purpose. I even tried running the Caputo Pizzeria flour through the whirling blade of my food processor to do the same thing.
I have tried all of the above approaches, and they were chronicled in the A16 thread. I thought dairy whey was the most effective way of increasing crust browning of the Caputo flour in a home oven application, although it will have other effects on the dough as I previously mentioned. I also found that simply oiling the unbaked rim of the dough helped with browning. Using the broiler element for about a minute or so to finish baking also helped.
If there is a magic bullet that allows us to make a Neapolitan crust in a home oven like that made in a high-temperature wood-fired oven, I haven't found it. | <urn:uuid:f77ac13e-eaee-48a9-82c7-771f76e8476a> | {
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Understanding visual literacy is an essential component to being any kind of artist or designer. Being able to refer to contemporary styles, make reference to historical references or use the signifiers of visual cultures is key to being a fluent graphic designer. To encourage students on the Graphic Design module to become more visually literate we ask them to keep a scrapbook or blog to document and reflect on their relationship to the visual languages around them.
For Emil Nemecek, a student based in the Czech Republic this meant sharing a blog of designs that were largely unfamiliar to UK based students and myself as his tutor. I asked Emil to share his relationship with Czech graphic design and also shed some light on the challenges of engaging with a module through his second language.
What particular pieces of Czech graphic design, typography or visual languages do you think a UK audience would find unusual?
I think the interesting work is from Czech/American designer Ladislav Sutnar. He was a crucial graphic designer as well as Jan Tschichold, El Lisický, Herbert Bayer László Moholy-Nagy. After the First World War they had a big influence on Czech design. In fact it was Sutnar who introduced Tschichold’s works to Czechoslovak designers. Sutnar left Czechoslovakia (later The Czech Republic) in 1938 when Germany gained a third of German speaking areas of Czechoslovakia just before the Second World War. He stayed in USA (New York) for the rest life. There he designed the most important Czechoslovak émigré magazine, cooperating with Knud Lönberg-Holm they introduced the laws of a discipline during the 1940’s and 1950’s which are known as information design and visual communication. His motto was “Design in action”. Sutnar also cooperated with Karel Teige another well known Czech typographer and artist.
Other interesting works are film posters of the communist era. The works are unique because the artists could not be creatively free so they projected they creativity via those posters. In this era there where were no commercial advertising or market for art, unlike in the west where posters had usually photographs of actors. Czechoslovak poster by contrast worked with symbols, typography, graphic element and illustrations. I particularly like artists such as Zdeněk Ziegler, Olga Vyletalova, Milan Grygar and Karel Teissig who you can find at http://www.filmovy-plakat.cz/.
How have you been influenced by Czech or UK designers?
I was mostly influenced during my childhood. I was often in hospital and I remember that there were framed illustrations on the walls that had a big influence on me. Of course I am not sure who draw them but it was exciting to look on them. I mainly liked works from Bohumil Stepan and UK designer Tom Eckersley. Works from both are amazing. Especially I admire the work in colour by Eckersley.
What has your experience been so far of the Graphic Design module? Have you found that learning in a second language has thrown up any particular challenges?
I decided to study graphic design because I was not satisfied with the quality of graphic design produced by graphic studios for our company (catalogue, web page, leaflets etc.). When I saw those final works I thought to myself that there must be a way for me to do it better. Then I decided on the OCA because I found an advertisement in a magazine. I like challenges and the study of graphic design in English was the right challenge for me. The course influenced me a lot, for example that graphic design is not only about advertisement but also there should be communication. The course open my eyes and now I understand much better how all advertisement, colours and typography are constructed (build up) around me. It is a really exciting world.
You set up the blog Kafka’s Friend, how do you find blogging as a way documenting your work and connecting with other students?
The name Kafka’s Friend gave me Steve Caplin (the UK photomontage artist) as a title of my photomontage work that I did as exercise on his webpage. I like it, so I used it. The way of working with a blog and presenting your results works very well when you are fulltime worker because you can study at your own pace.
We have our own on-line forum (http://oca-student.com/) but it is not crowded place because the graphic design course is relatively new. The best thing is to look on the blogs of others students. It is a way to share experiences and watch the flow of others’ work. It is great to see that creativity is endless and everybody has their own style and approach to problem solving. | <urn:uuid:41d57282-6fcb-42d2-b850-104e512861c9> | {
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Our BatchGeo world MAP shows the locations of green architecture, green building and renewable energy projects featured on Solaripedia.
Environmental Design + Construction - 2010 - Beneath the veneer of many newly crafted homes and crusty old dwellings, hidden dangers often lurk, undetected, in the folds of our daily lives, including icky biological stuff such as mold and dust mites and scary chemicals like invisible radon gas, volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde. Homeowners Bryan and Tricia Smith uncovered such villains after a remodeling project in their former Yakima, Wash., home. It prompted a voyage of discovery into the world of materials, systems and diet -- and the creation of a new home built “green” from the ground up.
Six million households live with physical housing problems, according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Issues include allergens such as paint fumes, dust mites, mold and formaldehyde. These offenders can trigger asthma attacks, respiratory illnesses or allergies in the 23 million asthma sufferers in America, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that indoor air can be more seriously polluted than outdoor air. Considering that most Americans spend 90 percent of their time indoors -- and 60 percent of that time in homes -- the risks to health may be greater indoors than outdoors. Children are particularly susceptible to housing‐related illnesses.
The Smith family of Selah, Wash., experienced these issues firsthand. After remodeling an older home, asthma and related problems emerged in their younger children. The issues motivated the parents, Tricia and Bryan, to conduct research. “It was like a snowball effect that seemed overwhelming at times,” Tricia Smith says. They discovered that a toxin-free home environment could help eliminate the triggers to respiratory problems. The prime causal suspects were various chemicals used in the remodel, especially the coating used to refurbish an old bathtub.
Consultations with a physician reinforced their resolve to create a healthier environment and amend their dietary routines using naturopathic principles as a guide. Bryan Smith admits that he was skeptical at first, but what he thought was anecdotal evidence produced marked improvements as they made diet and environment changes. “We started with a goal to provide a safe environment where the kids could thrive,” Bryan Smith says, “but hadn’t labeled it ’green’ yet.”
The Smiths tapped into a convergence of shared interests. Their builder and the local home-builders association were on a similar trajectory towards sustainable building.
Carly Faul, executive officer of the Central Washington Home Builders Association and head of the local green home building program, points out that it was only recently that research started revealing building material problems. This became more pronounced as homes were built tighter for less air infiltration. “Our builders wanted a way to address the problems and provide solutions,” she says. “So about four years ago, we began adapting the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Green Home Building Guidelines to our locale, with a formal program launched in 2008. The program addresses all aspects of building homes.”
As part of the program development, the central Washington green home building program offered training for area builders, subcontractors and suppliers, at the end of which an exam was required for certification into the national Green Advantage for Residential program.
Builder Steve Weise, of Steve Weise Co. Inc. had built environmentally friendly homes for years. He jumped on board early and attended the training to become certified. When the Smiths found Weise, they were attracted to his sustainability commitment. He not only helped the homeowners through the process of creating a sustainable home but also helped other builders and suppliers understand green building.
Building a Healthy Home
Working with the Steve Weise Co., the Smiths focused on indoor air quality, but they also wanted the project to achieve overall sustainability in its site development, energy and water use. Weise was a true advocate for their needs as he kept an eye on the end goal of building a healthier home while maneuvering through the competing interests of quality versus budget choices.
Sustainability consultant Brenda Nunes, of the Sustainability Foundation, played a key role in guiding materials selection. As the developer of a Built Green 5-Star level home in Roslyn, Wash., Nunes understood the challenges and opportunities as they related to green trends, choices and budgets.
Products selected conformed to ultra-low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including no-VOC paint, non-toxic floor finishes, and zero carpeting. These choices contribute to a safer, healthier, virtually odorless home. According to the EPA, VOCs are responsible for a new home “smell” and can trigger many adverse health symptoms, including asthma and cancer, so the Smiths wanted to eliminate odors.
Another common health trigger is urea-formaldehyde, a carcinogen typically found in the glues that hold together pressed wood products and fiberglass insulation. Weise installed alternatives such as formaldehyde-free insulation, plywood, cabinetry, subflooring and roof sheathing.
Locally available sustainable and health-focused materials such as salvaged wood flooring were also used. These hard surfaces don’t harbor dust, dirt and mites the way carpeting does, and they are finished with low-VOC coatings. They are easily cleaned with the central vacuum system and soap-and-water solutions.
Other durable materials that are easy to maintain without toxic chemicals were included such as recycled-content tile, concrete countertops, 50-year siding and 50-year roofing. The cork flooring upstairs is made from the harvested bark of cork oak trees that naturally renews every nine years -- without killing the tree.
To accommodate the extreme temperature fluctuations in the Yakima area, the home has a tight, well-insulated building envelope to keep it cooler in summer and warmer in winter. The foundation is insulated concrete forms (ICF) made with reinforced concrete sandwiched between two layers of expanded styrene foam insulation. Designed to qualify as an ENERGY STAR home, the house includes ENERGY STAR-rated appliances and lighting fixtures that are low voltage or compact fluorescents. A duct system performance test ensured that any air leaks were detected and fixed. A solar collector heats the water for both domestic uses and the floor heating system.
Heating and Ventilation
A radiant floor heating system -- first used by the Romans -- can operate at a lower ambient temperature that is perceived as warmer because it’s located where people inhabit spaces. Because a radiant floor heating system has no ducts, dust is not blown around the house as it is with many forced-air systems. A whole-house heat recovery ventilation (HRV) and the high-quality electronic filtering systems use separate blowers to move incoming fresh and outgoing stale air without mixing the airstreams, which improves indoor air while maintaining energy efficiency.
With annual area precipitation of approximately eight inches, drought-tolerant landscaping was used. Although still young, it features plants adapted to low precipitation. Pervious pavers in the driveway allow stormwater to infiltrate directly into the soil. Conserving water indoors is achieved with dual-flush toilets and low-flow showerheads and faucets.
With a focus on healthy products and overall sustainability, the Healthy Home will certify to the Northwest ENERGY STAR Homes program for energy efficiency and qualifies for the EPA’s Indoor AirPLUS program for indoor air quality.
Perhaps the most-rewarding aspect of the project is that by implementing new Healthy Home principles, as well as a diet of appropriate foods and probiotics, the Smith kids are now medication-free and living in a healthy environment. “We have peace of mind that all of the materials we used to build our home are safe,” Tricia Smith says. “That peace of mind has translated into a higher quality of life.”
Builder’s Advice to Other Builders
When building this type of toxin-free environment, Steve Weise says he found three basic practices to be most important in constructing a “healthy” home.
First, instead of OSB (oriented strand board), he installed plywood, which comprises a large percentage of the materials chain and so has a major impact on potential exposure to toxins. Even though plywood contains glues that can off-gas, the five-layer composition requires less than OSB; plus, the exterior-grade plywood Weise uses is considered safe, containing phenol-formaldehyde rather than its toxic cousin urea-formaldehyde. This was also part of the bigger picture of paying attention to the “guts” of the house and how products fit together to reduce or eliminate off-gassing from everything that was installed.
Second, Weise focused on educating all subcontractors to create an awareness of health for the family that would eventually inhabit the home. He says that personalizing the issue helped the team stay on target to create an environment that does not contain or bring in particulates and other offenders.
Finally, he made sure that the fresh air ventilation system, along with an HRV (heat recovery ventilator), would eliminate any toxins that might find their way into the structure. He brought in the HVAC contractor early so that they could work together for optimizing the system that Weise believes is integral to maintaining a healthier home. Builder's website.
About the Author
Robin Rogers, LEED AP, GACP, is an architectural designer currently designing the sustainable community, Rocky Top Living, with builder Steve Weise near Yakima, Wash. She runs Solaripedia, a website devoted to designing and building sustainably. For more information on the Smith’s home, visit Healthy Home in the Valley.
Author’s Acknowledgment: Cheryl Isen, president of Isen and Co., also contributed to this article.
Comment on ED+C website: "This is a wonderful article and
should be 'required' reading for every contractor who wants a license.
Great information." Editor, http://greenlandlady.com | <urn:uuid:b140aa81-b91b-4c99-af87-8dfbd5cd9c10> | {
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Dialect Diversity in America
The Politics of Language Change
The sociolinguist William Labov has worked for decades on change in progress in American dialects and on African American Vernacular English (AAVE). In Dialect Diversity in America, Labov examines the diversity among American dialects and presents the counterintuitive finding that geographically localized dialects of North American English are increasingly diverging from one another over time.
Contrary to the general expectation that mass culture would diminish regional differences, the dialects of Los Angeles, Dallas, Chicago, Birmingham, Buffalo, Philadelphia, and New York are now more different from each other than they were a hundred years ago. Equally significant is Labov's finding that AAVE does not map with the geography and timing of changes in other dialects. The home dialect of most African American speakers has developed a grammar that is more and more different from that of the white mainstream dialects in the major cities studied and yet highly homogeneous throughout the United States.
Labov describes the political forces that drive these ongoing changes, as well as the political consequences in public debate. The author also considers the recent geographical reversal of political parties in the Blue States and the Red States and the parallels between dialect differences and the results of recent presidential elections. Finally, in attempting to account for the history and geography of linguistic change among whites, Labov highlights fascinating correlations between patterns of linguistic divergence and the politics of race and slavery, going back to the antebellum United States. Complemented by an online collection of audio files that illustrate key dialectical nuances, Dialect Diversity in America offers an unparalleled sociolinguistic study from a preeminent scholar in the field.
In this compelling study William Labov confirms his reputation as a brilliant and pathbreaking analyst of linguistic change. Particularly arresting is his approach to the Northern Cities Shift, which he relates to the settlement of upstate New York and the Great Lakes area, where socially activist Yankees established a persisting cultural pattern that has shaped the processes of dialect divergence. Linguists and historians alike will find here much to admire and ponder."
Labov demonstrates that he is not simply the leading sociolinguist of the past century, but that his research is relevant to the American public. He challenges one of the most cherished, commonsense assumptions about the English language—that American dialects are becoming more homogenized—by demonstrating how linguistic and social factors have conspired to make regional and ethnic dialects in the United States more divergent than ever. An amazing, powerful message!"
In 1972, three linguists, led by William Labov of the University of Pennsylvania, christened the phenomenon... the Northern Cities Shift (NCS). What they observed may be the most important change in English pronunciation in centuries."
A clear-eyed overview of recent language changes in the United States and their connection to regional and national politics."
In this well-written volume, the author draws on years of linguistic studies to demonstrate how and why the speech of Americans is diverging so sharply and how that is changing perceptions of dialect speakers.... A fascinating study from a distinguished scholar."
[This] remarkable book....spans William Labov's entire career and will be of benefit to anyone from the professional linguist to the general reader who would like to learn about the lnguistic evolution of the United States and our racial disparities, including a host of educational insights and unexpected political discernments that are simultaneously groundbreaking and captivating."
William Labov, Fassit Professor of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, is author or coauthor of numerous works on linguistics, including Principles of Linguistic Change, volumes 1–3, and The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. | <urn:uuid:53f49064-d84b-401f-811c-4281d7ecc8fb> | {
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A font is a set of characters—letters, numbers, and symbols—that share a common weight, width, and style, such as 10‑pt Adobe Garamond Bold.
Typefaces (often called type families or font families) are collections of fonts that share an overall appearance, and are designed to be used together, such as Adobe Garamond.
A type style is a variant version of an individual font in a font family. Typically, the Roman or Plain (the actual name varies from family to family) member of a font family is the base font, which may include type styles such as regular, bold, semibold, italic, and bold italic.
For CJK-language fonts, the font style name is often determined by the variation in thickness (also called weight). For example, the Japanese font Kozuka-Mincho Std includes six weights: Extra Light, Light, Regular, Medium, Bold, and Heavy. The font style name which is displayed depends on the font manufacturer. Each font style is a stand-alone file. If the font style file has not been installed, that font style cannot be selected from Font Style.
In addition to the fonts installed on your system, you can also create the following folders and use fonts installed in them:
If you install a Type 1, TrueType, OpenType, or CID font into your local Fonts folder, the font appears in Adobe applications only.
You can view samples of a font in the font family and font style menus in the Character panel and other areas in the application from where you can choose fonts. The following icons are used to indicate different kinds of fonts:
To view the list of fonts available for Illustrator, do one of the following:
- Browse to Character panel (Ctrl + T) > Font Family drop-down
- Browse to Control panel > Font Family drop-down
OpenType fonts use a single font file for both Windows® and Macintosh® computers, so you can move files from one platform to another without worrying about font substitution and other problems that cause text to reflow. They may include a number of features, such as swashes and discretionary ligatures, that aren’t available in current PostScript and TrueType fonts.
OpenType fonts display the icon.
When working with an OpenType font, you can automatically substitute alternate glyphs, such as ligatures, small capitals, fractions, and old style proportional figures, in your text.
A. Ordinals B. Discretionary ligatures C. Swashes
OpenType fonts may include an expanded character set and layout features to provide richer linguistic support and advanced typographic control. OpenType fonts from Adobe that include support for central European (CE) languages include the word “Pro,” as part of the font name in application font menus. OpenType fonts that don’t contain central European language support are labeled “Standard,” and have an “Std” suffix. All OpenType fonts can also be installed and used alongside PostScript Type 1 and TrueType fonts.
For more information on OpenType fonts, see www.adobe.com/go/opentype.
Illustrator supports OpenType SVG fonts, such as colored fonts and emoji fonts. OpenType SVG fonts provide multiple colors and gradients in a single glyph.
Using Emoji fonts, you can include various colorful and graphical characters, such as smileys, flags, street signs, animals, people, food, and landmarks in your documents. OpenType SVG emoji fonts, such as the EmojiOne font, let you create certain composite glyphs from one or more other glyphs. For example, you can create the flags of countries or change the skin color of certain glyphs depicting people and body parts such as hands and nose.
For the purpose of illustration, let's consider EmojiOne, an OpenType SVG emoji font. You can composite several EmojiOne OpenType SVG font characters to create glyphs.
For example, you can create the flags of countries or change the skin color of single-person or body part default characters usually colored , , or .
Glyphs in an emoji font, such as the EmojiOne, are distinct from the letters on your keyboard. These glyphs are treated as distinct characters and are available only through the Glyphs Panel rather than the keyboard.
Create flags of countries
The "letters” (A, B, C, D, and so on) in EmojiOne do not correspond to the corresponding keys on the keyboard. When you combine these characters in the Glyphs Panel to make up a country’s ISO code, the two characters form the flag of that country. For example, US gives the American flag, GB gives the British flag, AR gives the Argentine flag, and IN gives the Indian flag.
Create character variants
Combine single-person default characters; usually
- The single-person characters or body parts emojis can be matched with any of the skin colored characters only once.
- Composite glyphs are a font feature. Not all OpenType SVG fonts let you combine characters to create composite glyphs.
- You can decompose some EmojiOne composites into their constituent characters.
Illustrator now supports Variable Font, a new OpenType font format supporting custom attributes like weight, width, slant, optical size, etc. This release of Illustrator ships with several variable fonts for which you can adjust weight, width, and slant using convenient slider controls available when you
Choose Type > Recent Fonts to view the custom fonts that you've created and recently used in your document.
You can select a text in your document or choose a sample text to preview the fonts in real time. Multiple sample text options are available that you can choose for the preview.
To see the preview of a selected text or sample text, hover the pointer over a font name in the font list available in the Control panel or Character panel.
To preview the font characteristics, such as size, style, leading, and tracking in real time, hover the pointer over the font characteristics available in the Control panel and the Character panel.
Note: Live preview for kerning is not available.
To turn off the preview options, do the following:
- Choose Edit > Preferences.
- In the Type Preferences, deselect the Enable in-menu font previews option.
The sample text and options are not displayed in the Fonts panel.
To change the font size of the selected or the sample text and view the preview in real time, click the Sample Size small, Sample Size medium, and Sample Size large icons.
To quickly find fonts that you use frequently, you can perform the following actions in the Fonts tab of the Character panel or the Properties panel:
- In the Classification Filter drop-down list, select your preferred font classes to narrow down the font list. By default, all font classes are displayed.
Note: Only Roman fonts can be filtered using this filter.
- Set the frequently used fonts as favorites. To do this, click the Favorite icon displayed next to the font name when you hover over it. To filter all the favorite fonts in the font list, click the Show only Favorites filter.
- Select fonts that are recently installed on your local system. The recently used fonts are displayed on top in the font list.
Note: Recently used and starred fonts are preserved across Illustrator sessions.
- To search for fonts based on the visual similarity, click the View Similar icon () that appears when you hover over a font. Fonts closest in visual appearance to the selected font appear on top in the search results.
- To filter all the fonts that you have added in the last 30 days, click the Show Recently Added Filter icon .
You can browse thousands of fonts from hundreds of type foundries from within Illustrator, activate them instantly, and use them in your artwork. Activated fonts are available for use in all Creative Cloud applications.
For more information about Adobe Fonts, visit fonts.adobe.com.
To view a list of all fonts that are recently added on fonts.adobe.com, click the Recently Added filter.
In the Find More tab, you can also browse and preview all Japanese fonts that are available on fonts.adobe.com. To set the preference to enable the preview of Japanese fonts, do the following:
- Choose Edit > Preferences > Type.
- Select Enable Japanese Font Preview in 'Find More'.
The changes are applied only when you relaunch Illustrator.
In the Control panel, set the Font and Font Style options.
In the Type menu, select a name from the Font or Recent Fonts submenu. Using the Font menu is convenient because it displays a preview of the available fonts.
In the Character panel, set the Font Family and Font Style options. In addition to choosing a name from the pop‑up menus, you can click the current name and type in the first few characters of the name you want.
Tip: To change the number of fonts in the Recent Fonts submenu, choose Edit > Preferences > Type (Windows) or Illustrator > Preferences > Type (macOS), and set the Number Of Recent Fonts option.
By default, typeface size is measured in points (a point equals 1/72 of an inch). You can specify any typeface size from 0.1 to 1296 points, in 0.001‑point increments.
In Fireworks, the typeface size is measured in pixels by default.
If a document uses fonts not installed on your system, an alert message appears when you open it. Illustrator indicates which fonts are missing and substitutes missing fonts with available matching fonts.
- To substitute missing fonts with a different font, select the text that uses the missing font and apply any other available font.
- To make missing fonts available in Illustrator, either install the missing fonts on your system or activate the missing fonts from the Adobe Fonts service. For more information, see Add fonts.
- To highlight substituted fonts in pink, choose File >Type, and select Highlight Substituted Fonts (and Highlighted Substituted Glyphs, if desired), and then click OK.
The default font in Adobe Illustrator CC is Myriad Pro. The default font is selected in the Font menu, Character palette, and as the Normal Character Style in the Character Styles panel. The default font is selected even if the document you open doesn't contain that font or if you last used another font before quitting Illustrator. You can change the default font in Illustrator by editing the default template files.
Navigate to the following location:
OSDisk\Users\<username>\AppData\Roaming\Adobe\Adobe Illustrator <version number> Settings\en_US\x64\New Document Profiles
- Replace <username> with your account name.
- Replace <version number> with the following values, depending on the version of Illustrator that you have installed on your system. For more information, see Replace Illustrator version number. | <urn:uuid:e65ded8f-c6b5-46bf-a53a-a76b67a76b49> | {
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As I continue to explore the unit on Locations, I have two important topics to discuss today: giving and asking for directions, and using the verbs voir and devoir.
Asking For Directions
It’s extremely important that when you visit a foreign-language country, you either know how to get around, or how to ask for directions. If you ever forget how to ask for directions, though, you can always resort to le plan.
Here are a few useful phrases:
Excuse me, sir/ma’am… = Excusez-moi / Pardon, monsieur / madame…
For example, in order to ask a man where the bank is, you might say:
Excusez-moi monsieur, où est la banque?
I’m looking for… = Je cherche…
The phrase above uses the verb chercher in the je form. You can conjugate this (as a regular -er verb) depending on the pronoun, as in the sentence Nous cherchons la pharmacie.
Do you know where I’d find… = Savez-vous où se trouve/où est…
You might say… Savez-vous où se trouve le marché?
Can you tell me where there’s… = Est-ce que vous pouvez me dire où il y a…
Remember, il y a means there is/are. You might say… Est-ce que nous pouvez me dire où il y a l’ecole? (Do you know where there is the school?)
For more of this post, please click CONTINUE READING.
When someone asks you directions, it’s also important to know how to respond. Here are some helpful phrases:
Prenez… = Take…
Prenez is very helpful when referring to street names, such as saying Prenez Vert Boulevard. (When we give commands, we often use a verb in it’s conjugated form [in this case vous] but without the actual pronoun, like that example)
À gauche = on the left
Both à gauche and à droite (below) can also be preluded by a verb, such as prenez à gauche.
À droite = on the right
Same idea as with à gauche.
Continuez jusqu’au / à la…
This refers to a lesson I don’t believe I’ve covered: au vs. à la, where au means to the, but when the verb is masculine. The opposite applies to à la. In this instance, you might reference specific landmarks around town, as well as street names.
Allez tout droit vers… = Go straight towards…
Again, another good one to use with landmarks and street names, though both of these can be used when speaking of places too.
Traversez… = cross…
Such as: traversez la rue, or traversez le pont. (Vocal words from around the town can be accessed here.
Tournez… = turn…
This is most commonly used when saying turn right or turn left.
À la prochaine / au prochaine… = At the next…
Same idea as with the à la and au. This is most commonly used with directions as well.
C’est là tout de suite sur votre gauche/droite. = It’s right there on your left/right.
This phrase, of course, is referring to the destination.
A few other things…
- To say “I am lost” you would say Je suis perdu(e). The e is only added on if you, specifically, are female.
- A common verb that you might want to use when giving directions is commencer, which means to start. Remember how to give commands!
The Verb Voir
One verb we recently learned in French Class is voir, and it is irregular (meaning that it has different conjugations than normal -ir verbs).
The verb voir means to see. Here is how you would conjugate it, along with a few example sentences:
- Je vois le marché.
- Elles voient la pharmacie.
- Tu vois le café.
- Il voit l’hôpital.
You should be able to decipher what each of those means…
The Verb Devoir
Despite looking similar, the verb devoir bears little resemblance to voir. In this case, it means to have to, as in I have to wash the dishes.
Here are the appropriate conjugations:
- Tu dois tondre la pelouse (You must mow the lawn)
- Je dois donner à manger le chien (I must feed the dog)
- On dois écrire une lettre (One must write a letter)
That’s it for today’s lesson, and also for French Connection itself until July. I’ll be releasing more details about my June posting break at the end of the month.
Thanks so much for reading! I’ve attached the Quizlet set underneath my name.
Click the Quizlet icon above to access this post’s study set. | <urn:uuid:76a0f56f-97a6-4fea-9020-35f593a8ee72> | {
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Contaminated Sediments Program
- Great Lakes Monitoring
- Monitoring and Assessment Water Quality
- Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)
The Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002 authorizes $270 million from FY2004 through FY2008 to help with the remediation of contaminated sediment in the 31 U.S. Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AoCs), including specific funding designated for public outreach and research components. Priority goes to projects in which a plan is in place and ready for implementation, and/or that will use an innovative approach to cleanup. Funds provided under the Great Lakes Legacy Act will mean an increase in new cleanup projects and a reduction in the amount of contaminated sediment polluting the Great Lakes, and, a significant step toward environmental restoration of the Great Lakes.
EPA's Great Lakes program has reported that polluted sediment is the largest major source of contaminants in Great Lakes rivers and harbors entering the food chain, including 42 Areas of Concern.
Table of Contents
- Great Lakes Assessment Work on the R/V Mudpuppy
- Sediment Remediation
- Delisting and Recovery
- Reports and Publications
- Links and Contact Information
Background on Contaminated Sediments in the Great Lakes
Contaminated sediments are a significant problem in the Great Lakes basin. Although significant progress over the past 20 years has substantially reduced the discharge of toxic and persistent chemicals to the Great Lakes, persistent high concentrations of contaminants in the bottom sediments of rivers and harbors have raised considerable concern about potential risks to aquatic organisms, wildlife, and humans. As a result, advisories against fish consumption are in place in most locations around the Great Lakes.
Gull with crossed-bills
These contaminated sediments have been created by decades of industrial and municipal discharges, combined sewer overflows, and urban and agricultural non-point source runoff. Buried contaminants posing serious human and ecological health concerns can be resuspended by storms, ship propellers, and bottom-dwelling organisms. Many of these small bottom-dwellers ingest toxins as they feed in the mud. As larger animals eat these smaller animals, the toxins move up the food chain, with their concentrations getting higher, often thousands of times higher. Fish at the top of the food chain, such as lake trout and salmon, can be unsafe to eat in some areas because of the heavy concentrations of toxic substances in their tissues. Fish-eating birds, including the bald eagle, may suffer low reproductive rates or produce offspring with birth defects.
Problem harbor and tributary areas in the Great Lakes basin have been identified and labeled as "Areas of Concern" (AoCs). The 31 AoCs on the U.S. side of the basin are locations where uses are impaired for any one of 14 beneficial uses. To address these impairments, each AoC developed a Remedial Action Plan (RAP). All RAPs written to date have identified contaminated bottom sediments as a significant problem that must be addressed to attain beneficial uses. Before developing specific plans that detail how to remediate these contaminated sediment problems, it is critical to characterize the nature and extent of sediment contamination. Most AoCs, however, had access to only limited sediment information to assist them in addressing characterization and remediation questions.
Sediment Program Overview
view larger photo
GLNPO has been responding in a number of ways to the need for gathering high-quality sediment information to assist AoCs in making remedial action decisions. GLNPO provides technical, financial, and field support for Federal, State, and Tribal partners to assist in addressing contaminated sediments and work aimed towards reaching remedial decisions and environmental restoration. | <urn:uuid:7a3e6274-ae35-4485-b90f-85740cdb5e06> | {
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WEDNESDAY, Sept. 26 (HealthDay News) -- People with type 2 diabetes have a different balance of bacteria in their digestive system than do people without the disease, new research indicates.
Latest Diabetes News
Chinese researchers conducted what's known as a metagenome-wide association study on microbes found in the gut to determine how they might be different in people with type 2 diabetes. They identified more than 60,000 markers, or indicators, associated with type 2 diabetes. And, they found that people with type 2 diabetes had an abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, and a reduction in the amount of helpful microbes.
What's not clear, however, is whether these changes can cause type 2 diabetes, or if these changes occur because of type 2 diabetes. Still, the researchers suggest that these findings offer clues that might help develop new treatments.
"I think our study provides many targets for disease prevention and treatment through gut microbiotia in the near future," said study senior author Jun Wang, executive director of the Beijing Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, China.
Results of the study were published in the Sept. 26 online edition of Nature.
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that causes the body to use insulin inefficiently. Insulin is a hormone that helps blood sugar enter the body's cells to be used as fuel. In type 2 diabetes, the body may not use insulin properly (called insulin resistance), or there may not be enough insulin, according to the American Diabetes Association.
Symptoms include frequent infections, cuts or sores that are slow to heal, blurred vision, fatigue, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, unusual thirst, frequent urination, unexpected weight loss and extreme hunger, according to the diabetes association.
The cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown, but is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has suggested that an imbalance in the microbes in the intestines may play a role in type 2 diabetes.
To see what effect, if any, intestinal bacteria might play in type 2 diabetes, Wang and his team analyzed the genetic make-up of the gut microbes from 345 Chinese adults, some with and some without type 2 diabetes.
They found that the natural balance of "intestinal flora" was different in people with type 2 diabetes than in those without the disease. They found 60,000 markers related to type 2 diabetes, and concluded that some of these markers could be used to indicate a risk of type 2 diabetes before the disease develops.
The researchers said there's still a question as to whether or not these changes actually cause type 2 diabetes, and they are working on new studies to try to answer that question, according to Wang.
Several doctors not involved with the study said it's way too soon to know if the Chinese research will lead to useful insights and treatments.
"There's no way right now that you can say there's a cause-and-effect relationship. It could be that the patients with diabetes were treated with drugs that changed their gut flora. Or maybe they ate differently? This is an interesting hypothesis -- that gut bugs could influence diseases states -- but it's far from proven," said Dr. Stuart Weinerman, associate chief of the division of endocrinology at North Shore University Hospital/Long Island Jewish Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y.
Dr. Joel Zonszein, director of the Clinical Diabetes Center at Montefiore Medical Center in New York City, agreed that this is an interesting study. But, he added that he doesn't believe there is one single cause of type 2 diabetes, such as a change in intestinal bacteria.
"Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease. I think the intestinal flora could be contributing to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The type of food we eat, the antibiotics we take, the preservatives in food all have a role in altering the microbial environment in the body. Small changes in certain patients may have tremendous impact," he said.
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
SOURCES: Jun Wang, Ph.D., executive director, executive director, Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China; Joel Zonszein, M.D., director, Clinical Diabetes Center, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City; Stuart Weinerman, M.D., associate chief, division of endocrinology, North Shore University Hospital/Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, N.Y.; Sept. 26, 2012, Nature, online | <urn:uuid:3f6c0497-de19-44fa-95ca-ac369552e2f3> | {
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Ethan Zuckerman has a report on the discussion about What can Wikipedia learn from F/OSS. For some reason, the discussions seems to be more about comparisons between the two. In my opinion, the better way would have been to look at merits of one and try to incorporate in the other – if the aim was to learn from.
Ethan ends up by saying that it is unfair to compare F/OSS and Wikipedia since they have different ages. I agree, but for a different reason. I wonder if we are trying to compare the two on different planes. F/OSS is about software and hence ideas, Wikipedia is about organizing information and facts. The common factor is the openness for contribution, but nowhere do I see any level for comparison between software and facts. The inherent nature of software is to be able to prove one’s idea, one’s philosophy, one’s opinion. This cannot be true for facts, whether majority of the people agree or not, gold is a metal and homosapiens are animals. The power of open source software is the ability to do something on my own and then open it to others so that they can use it, build on it, modify it or better it. The ability to keep an open mind to suggestions from others is productive, and F/OSS makes it quickly possible. Open source in software development is about a strong belief in an idea, listening to others, gathering opinions, requirements or feedbacks. Open source in facts can is about contributing the right fact or correcting a wrong one. Isn’t the comparison between F/OSS and Wikipedia inherently handicapped because of what they are about – ideas and facts? What about the wiki software used to build Wikipedia itself?
Nicholas Carr takes the discussion in a different direction. I agree with him in the sense that open source does not Open source as a metaphor will fail, if appropriate context is not used. Open source is the nature of building, however, the details will be dependent on what we are building. So, using open source as a metaphor without any context will sound meaningless.
However, what can be common between F/OSS and Wikipedia is the basic advantage of open source. Opening up a pool of talent, much wider and much deeper. This source is not available in the proprietary or closed source environment. The primary reason is that closed source does not express well enough to invite participation, and open source uses the best tool – the code. Not only this it encourages the amateurs, experts, newbies and veterans all alike to share their code and express and connect across a farm of developers. I like what Assaf says in response to Nick’s post:
The thing is, open source is not a community. Or a movement. Or disruptive. Open source is code that’s available to the public. Nothing more nothing less.
Some of it has communities. Some of it has business models. It’s the side effect of it all that makes a difference.
If you want to understand open source, you need to stop reading InfoWorld and take a look at SourceForge. Pick a hundred projects at random and see what they’re about. Most are developed by one person writing the code, maybe a few people using it, often not even a thank you note.
What Wikipedia can learn from F/OSS is probably the way it has been able to harness the interested individuals to come up with a unified goal. I think Wikipedia is already on its way!
Copyright Abhijit Nadgouda. | <urn:uuid:50eab1bc-49ef-466d-bf21-9942ba7a48ce> | {
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SignificanceAstrologically, the Sun enters the house of Capricorn – called Makar in Sanskrit – on the day of Makar Sankranti. Though traditionally Indians follow the calendar that is based on lunar movements, Makar Sankranti is a solar event. The date of occurrence of Makar Sankaranti usually remains the same as per the Gregorian calendar. Over a thousand-year period or so, there might be slight changes in the date in accordance with the shift in the earth’s axis. The popular belief is that the Sun ends its journey towards South at the Tropic of Capricorn and begins its Northward journey until it reaches the Tropic of Cancer. Scientifically, however, the fact is that the Earth revolves round the Sun and reverses its direction at Aposys and Perisys position of its orbit. The day of Makar Sankranti signifies the beginning of longer days as compared to the duration of the nights.
Rituals, Traditions and FoodThai Pongal is celebrated on four days: The day prior to Pongal is called Bhogi Pongal . The old rudimentary items are disposed of this day. This day shows the importance of removing all the dirt and unwanted things from our home as well as our mind and making room for new ideas or things to enter our mind and life.
The next is Pongal, the main day of celebration, when the Sun God is prayed to for prosperity and wealth. The Sun God is prayed to for making the harvest successful. In the early morning, milk is boiled in big mud pots kept over mud stoves that are common in villages. When the boiled milk spills over from the brim of the pot, people shout "Pongalo Pongal", from which the festival got its common name of "Pongal". Sweet Pongal, Salted pongal, sambar, rasam, milk payasam (kheer), adhirasam, vadai, and curd pacchadi are prepared for lunch.
The very next day after Pongal is celebrated Mattu Pongal when obeisance is paid to the cattle – cow, buffalo, ox, goat, and the sheep – that help us in agricultural or laborious harvest works. The cattle are decorated with sandal paste, vermillion, turmeric, flowers and bells made out of grasses, “netti” shoots and flowers. In villages of Madurai, Tirunelveli, and Ramanathapuram, Jellikattu is an important event, which is a contest for taming the wild bulls. The sweet rice pongal and the salted pongal are served to the cattle as a sign of gratefulness.
The fourth day of celebration is called "Kannum Pongal" or Karinaal , the day when the people in the village meet their relatives and friends to thank them for their support during the harvest time. Thiruvalluvar Day or Uzhavar Thirunaal is also celebrated on the same day to realize the importance of farmers in the nation. | <urn:uuid:98184451-93f9-4364-b86a-1c4b0a447160> | {
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It turns out that reports about suicide rates rising during the holidays really are exaggerated.
According to a study published in the September issue of the Social Science and Medicine rates of deliberate harmful behaviors — self-inflicted injuries, poisonings, drug and alcohol overdoses — actually decrease from December 19 to New Year’s Day, sometimes as much as 40 percent.
So why the myth that the holiday blues are so dangerous?
Perhaps it’s having experienced the strong disconnect between what we’re supposed to feel — happy, jolly and full of cheer — and how we really feel — stressed out, disappointed by high expectations — that we can believe this could all be too much for some people.
Maybe it’s because the media perpetuates it. Check out this from the Annenberg Public Policy Center which details how despite data to the contrary, newspapers continue to link the holidays and suicide.
People less likely to do self-harm during the holidays? That seems like something to celebrate — and report.
— Paula Hunt | <urn:uuid:5b8a324c-6ff0-4cf7-b49b-20d51bd00fb0> | {
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Racial discrimination affects people in a range of ways. We know, for instance, that it can lead to poor health. We know, too, that our lives are linked, particularly with those of family members. So, can racism suffered by a parent affect a child? Are the negative effects of social ills transmitted within families? If so, how? And how might we be able to break negative links? A new study reveals some interesting patterns and possible explanations, as Dr Laia Becares from the University of Manchester, explains:
Understanding how our lives are linked is an essential part of understanding how society works. We know that racial discrimination affects the health and life chances of an individual, and it leads to inequalities in health among ethnic minority people, compared to the White majority population.
We know, too, that racial discrimination experienced by one individual impacts not only on that particular person, but on family members of the same generation, and those of previous and future generations. For example, if someone is discriminated against at work in terms of a promotion to a better position, or even in terms of getting hired, this has clear important financial consequences for that person, but also for her/his children, and older family members who may be under their care.
This is one of the ways in which the harm of racial discrimination is perpetuated across generations. Socioeconomic circumstances are strongly linked to health, so this example also shows how racial discrimination leads to poor health indirectly – via socioeconomic inequalities.
Racism and our health
But what about the direct association between racial discrimination and poor health, and the way this harm is transmitted across generations?
The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), a representative study of children born in the UK between September 2000 and January 2002, offers a quality and quantity of data that, with the right interrogation, offers some important suggestions.
To ask the right questions of the data we needed a hypothesis. Drawing on well-established literature, we chose to focus on two potential mechanisms of transmission.
First we looked at the possible impact of racial discrimination on a mother’s mental health and then at the possible impact on parenting practice, particularly the possibility of it increasing harsh discipline tactics. These two mechanisms are centred on increased stress experienced by the mother following experiences of racial discrimination.
We also looked at three different types of exposure to racial discrimination – that suffered by the mother, that suffered by the family as a whole and that affecting the whole neighbourhood.
Information about the MCS children has been collected at various points since the start of the study. We used data collected when the children were between five and eleven years old.
Racial discrimination was measured in terms of the mother’s experience of racially motivated insults, disrespectful treatment, or unfair treatment. We also used measures of whether family members had been treated unfairly, and whether the family lived in a neighbourhood where racial insults or attacks were common.
Mental health was assessed using the Kessler-6 scale – a well-established scale based on how often an individual has felt such things as depression and nervousness over the past month.
We measured harsh parenting practices by using records of how often parents had smacked or shouted at their children. And we measured the child’s socioemotional development by using another well-established scale – the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire developed by Robert Goodman and others.
We adjusted for complicating factors such as mother’s age at time of birth, mother’s educational attainment, household income, whether the mom was born in the UK, and the language most often spoken in the home.
For each factor we used data gathered at relevant stages. So, the measure of racial discrimination is based on data collected when the children were five years old, the mother’s mental health and parenting practices when the children were seven years old and the outcome when the children were aged eleven. The sample was pooled from all UK ethnic minority groups.
Racism and mental health
Around the time of the child’s fifth birthday almost a quarter (23%) of ethnic minority mothers reported having been racially insulted. There was a strong association with less good mental health for the mother two years later.
Both increased maternal psychological distress and increased harsh parenting practices were associated with increased socioemotional difficulties for the child at age 11. A worsening of the mother’s mental health had the most consistent indirect effect on a child’s socioemotional difficulties six years later.
Our results also showed some direct effects of racial discrimination on children. Family experiences of unfair treatment all had a direct effect on a child’s later socioemotional development.
We have to acknowledge some limitations of the study. We restricted ourselves to discrimination faced by mothers and its consequences. There are other things going on in families that affect children’s health. Plus ethnic minority children are likely to experience discrimination directly at school. And, of course, ethnic minority families are more likely to live in deprived areas and to suffer from other social inequalities.
Damage over time underestimated
The study does, however, offer strong support to our hypothesis that a mother’s experience of racial insults, of being treated disrespectfully by shop staff and broader family experience of unfair treatment, harms children over time as a result of the mother’s worsening mental health. This has been underestimated in the past.
If we are to break cycles of deprivation and begin to redress the imbalances in health between the majority and minority populations, policy-makers would do well to put more emphasis on mothers’ mental health.
Whatever is done to reduce a child’s direct experience of racial discrimination – at school, for instance – the mother’s experience and its effect on her is now shown to be important factor in the health of ethnic minority children. That said, the main implication of this study is that racial discrimination is harmful to individuals, families, and societies, and so efforts should be targeted at eliminating it.
Photo credit: moinuddin forhad | <urn:uuid:b9cd31f4-abd7-4e7f-872a-546ec72d7431> | {
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New Indigenous Leaders’ Report on Shell’s Destruction, Tar Sands & More
The Indigenous Environmental Network and the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation have launched a new campaign against Shell and its destructive projects, including tar sands extraction. They have released a new report on the company’s increasing role in the world’s dirtiest energy projects.
The new report, “Risking Ruin: Shell’s dangerous developments in the Tar Sands, Arctic and Nigeria” , highlights Indigenous communities’ experience of Shell’s operations in Canada’s Alberta Tar Sands, Aamjiwnaang First Nation’s territory in Ontario, Alaska’s Arctic Ocean and Africa’s Niger Delta.
Indigenous leaders attended Shell’s Annual General Meeting in The Hague, Netherlands, on May 22, 2012 where they confronted corporate leadership on human rights abuses, environmental destruction, and economic damage wrought by the company’s operations on local communities. Here are a few of their voices:
Eriel Deranger, spokesperson for the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, Alberta, Canada, an Indigenous community downstream from tar sands operations that is currently suing Shell for violating past agreements, stated:
“Tar sands extraction projects on our traditional lands are being approved at a pace that is both irresponsible and irreparably destructive. People in the community of Fort Chipewyan are genuinely afraid. Our food and water sources are contaminated, resulting in a fear of eating traditional foods and eroding the continuation of our cultural and subsistence lifestyles. Yet Shell plans to aggressively expand its activities, doubling production. The Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation is calling on Shell to meet its past agreements and halt expansion until our broader concerns about the cumulative impacts of tar sands operations are addressed.”
Ron Plain, from Aamjiwnaang First Nation, Ontario, which has been called ‘the most polluted place in North America’ by the National Geographic Society, and the ‘the most contaminated airshed in Canada’ by the World Health Organization due to its proximity to ‘Chemical Valley’ where Shell’s and other tar sands operators’ refineries are causing serious health and reproductive impacts – stated:
“Aamjiwnaang is the first community in the world to experience birth ratios of 2 girls to 1 boy due to endocrine disruption from the pollution. This is the first step towards extinction. Shell have admitted that their current facility, which is located at the fence line of Aamjiwnaang, ‘could not meet today’s environmental regulations or standards.’ But Shell’s proposal for a new facility within Aamjiwnaang territory was recently denied byCanadafor a whole host of environmental, social and other reasons. The corporate response to that set-back was to build onto the antiquated facility the equipment needed to process more tar sands bitumen.”
Ben Powless, a Mohawk from Six Nations inOntario, representing the Indigenous Environmental Network, added:
“Not only have Shell reveled in being a climate criminal, they have also been exposed as fighting the European Union’s proposed Fuel Quality Directive, in collusion with the Canadian government. Their continued environmental destruction and violation of Indigenous rights across Canada, Alaska and Nigeria show that Shell needs to change their operations or face increasing protest and opposition across the world. Our organization is supporting an Indigenous-led campaign against Shell’s extreme energy projects to bring together frontline impacted communities.”
Thanks to the Indigenous Environmental Network for these updates. | <urn:uuid:d607362f-6348-45f9-92d3-ff1b0abe1d1e> | {
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The materials on this site are organized by topic. Use the menu on the left to browse for materials related to the listed topics. You'll find the most recent materials at the top of each list.
The educational materials listed here have been through a thorough review process and are available in hard copy from the Distribution Center unless marked otherwise. Most are free in PDF format. Some are for sale only. Click here for cost materials.
Latest NDSU Extension Publications
The goal of this publication is to help adapt the teaching environment for those with low vision.
Biennial wormwood is an aggressive and prolific seed-producing plant that has become a problem mainly in soybean and dry edible bean production areas of Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. Biennial wormwood, as its name infers, was primarily biennial when the species fi rst was classified, but weedy cropland biotypes of biennial wormwood are annual plants. Many factors, such as season-long emergence, prevalence in moist environments, adaptation to all tillage systems, tolerance to commonly used soil-applied and postemergence herbicides, and misidentification of biennial wormwood as common ragweed, contribute to increased biennial wormwood infestations. Some herbicides used to control common ragweed do not control biennial wormwood.
Using a story board format, "Healthy Skin:The Movie" takes teens and preteens through some lessons about skin care, including good nutrition and sun protection.
The buckwheat production publication provides background information on how to grow buckwheat in North Dakota, from land selection, fertilizer management, variety selection, seeding, weed management to harvesting and marketing the crop.
Imagine shopping for foods without the ability to compare prices, visually check produce for freshness, or even safely travel to and from the grocery store. Envision coming home with groceries but not being able to see inside the refrigerator or pantry clearly enough to store the foods. Then think about the challenge of preparing a meal with low vision, from finding a food in the pantry to setting the oven timer. Suddenly cooking seems like quite a daunting task! | <urn:uuid:b6b69a91-8007-4c44-b11b-a5625773f115> | {
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Countries in the World
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United Kingdom Country Profile London Tower Bridge
___ Satellite View and Map of London's Tower Bridge
Satellite View of London using Google Earth DataSatellite view is showing the Tower Bridge of London straddling the River Thames. The combined suspension and double-leaf bascule bridge was built from 1886 until 1894.
The Tower Bridge consists of two towers connected at the upper level by two horizontal walkways and movable double leafs at the lower level, to facilitate navigation. The monument is a world-renowned symbol of London.
London Bridge, which is the next bridge upstream, was originally the only crossing for the Thames. In the 19th century, the East End of London has become so densely populated and commercial development has increased so that the public need for a new bridge to the east of London Bridge has mounted and the construction of a new bridge was inevitable. A traditional fixed bridge wasn't an option, because it would prevent access to the port facilities in the Pool of London by then used by ocean-going tall-masted ships and merchant vessel.
The City of London Corporation, responsible for this part of the Thames, went into action by forming the "Special Bridge or Subway Committee" in 1876, to find a solution to the river crossing problem. The Committee opened the design for the new crossing to public competition, over 50 designs were submitted.
In 1884 the Committee has chosen the design of Horace Jones, the City Architect. The idea of a bascule suspension bridge with two towers built on piers was devised by Jones' engineer, John Wolfe Barry.
Construction started in 1886, two massive piers were sunk into the riverbed to support the construction. 11,000 tons of steel provided the framework for the towers and walkways. The steel framework was clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone to protect the underlying steel and to give the bridge its appearance. Horace Jones died in 1887 and George D. Stevenson took over the project. He replaced Jones' original brick facade with a Victorian Gothic style.
Total length: 244 m (800.5 ft), height: 65 metres (213 ft)
To view the map, click on the "Map" button.
Tower Bridge of London straddling the River Thames.
Image by Diliff
Tower Bridge construction works, 28th September 1892.
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Wikipedia article about Tower Bridge.
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One World - Nations Online .:. let's care for this planet
Made to improve cross-cultural understanding, global awareness,
and cultivating a cosmopolitan consciousness.
Copyright © 1998-2017 :: nationsonline.org | <urn:uuid:b1f17103-343f-4fec-b52e-0d4aefec55e4> | {
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Listen to This Information
Treatment and Care
If an underlying cause for recurrent seizures (such as infection) has been identified and treated, seizures may stop. Treatment may include surgery to remove a tumor, an abnormal or bleeding blood vessel, or other brain problems.
Medication to prevent seizures, called anti-convulsants, may reduce the number of future seizures. These drugs are taken by mouth.
- The type of medicine you take depends on what type of seizures you are having. The dosage may need to be adjusted from time to time.
- Some seizure types respond well to one medication and may respond poorly (or even be made worse) by others. Some medications need to be monitored for side effects and blood levels.
- It is very important that you take your medication on time and at the correct dose. Most people taking these drugs need regular checkups and regular blood tests to make sure they are receiving the correct dosage.
- You should not stop taking or change medications without talking to your doctor first.
Some factors increase the risk for a seizure in a person with epilepsy. Talk with your doctor about:
- Certain prescribed medications
- Emotional stress
- Illness, especially infection
- Lack of sleep
- Skipping doses of epilepsy medications
- Use of alcohol or other recreational drugs
Epilepsy that does not get better after two or three seizure drugs have been tried is called "medically refractory epilepsy."
- Some patients with this type of epilepsy may benefit from brain surgery to remove the abnormal brain cells that are causing the seizures.
- Others may be helped by a vagal nerve stimulator. This is a device that is implanted in the chest (similar to a heart pacemaker). This stimulator can help reduce the number of seizures, but rarely stops the seizures completely.
Sometimes, children are placed on a special diet to help prevent seizures. The most popular one is the ketogenic diet. A diet low in carbohydrates, such as the Atkins diet, may also be helpful in some adults.
Persons with epilepsy should wear medical alert jewelry so that prompt medical treatment can be obtained if a seizure occurs | <urn:uuid:11fffce3-dddb-4be3-ae20-e075d04392a9> | {
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There are some basic pruning techniques that can enhance the tree’s beauty and bloom capacity.
Also, while the tree is still young, select one to five strong shoots arising from (or near) ground level to be the tree’s main stems. Remove all others.
Keep your cuts clean and precise by using sharp pruning shears.
These main stems will support the flowering branches (known as laterals and sublaterals).
Don't top your crape myrtles. Rule of thumb is to not cut more than a third of living tissue in a season.
Lastly, prune your crape myrtles (and any tree) in the dormant season when leaves are falling. It's less stressful on the tree and helps keep it healthy.
Home | Why Tree Health | Services | Risk Assessment | Contact | Blog | <urn:uuid:91abe1b7-84ca-46dc-a296-195205ef0841> | {
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Investigation into the potential of investigative projects involving powerful robotic telescopes to inspire interest in science
Beare, Richard. (2007) Investigation into the potential of investigative projects involving powerful robotic telescopes to inspire interest in science. International Journal of Science Education, Vol.29 (No.3). pp. 279-306. ISSN 0950-0693Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500690600620938
The Faulkes Telescope Project and its educational aims are briefly summarised. Research to evaluate its impact in inspiring excitement and interest among students is described. The Faulkes Telescope in Hawaii was used to provide images for assessed coursework based on two of the Faulkes "education/research" projects on galaxies. Students' attitudes to various aspects of using the telescope and to the two galaxy projects were obtained using a questionnaire and free-response comments. The students were found to be enthusiastic about all aspects of the telescope and the idea of carrying out serious science investigations based on the images that they had obtained.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Divisions:||Faculty of Science > Physics|
|Journal or Publication Title:||International Journal of Science Education|
|Official Date:||February 2007|
|Number of Pages:||28|
|Page Range:||pp. 279-306|
|Access rights to Published version:||Restricted or Subscription Access|
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Urban and Community Forestry: Improving Our Quality of Life
Urban and community forestry can make a difference in our lives. Each one of us can make a personal contribution. As we develop and apply technologies for a better way of life, often times side effects adversely affect our natural environment. For example, in our urban areas summer temperatures and noise levels are higher than in the surrounding countryside. Air pollution problems are more concentrated, and the landscape is significantly altered, reducing personal health benefits available to us by having access to wooded areas and green open spaces. Trees help solve these problems. Now, 75 per-cent of us live in cities and towns and we can act individually to improve our natural environment through the planting and care of trees on our own streets, and by supporting community-wide forestry programs. Through technology we are learning more about trees and how they benefit mankind, and how we can do a better job of planting and caring for these trees that make up our urban forests.
TREES ADD BEAUTY AND IMPROVE PERSONAL HEALTH
Trees are major capital assets in America’s cities and towns. Just as streets, sidewalks, sewers, public buildings and recreational facilities are a part of a community’s infrastructure, so are publicly owned trees. Trees-and, collectively, the urban forest-are important assets that require care and maintenance the same as other public property.
Trees are on the job 24 hours every day working for all of us to improve our environment and quality of life.
Without trees, the city is a sterile landscape of concrete, brick, steel and asphalt. Picture your town without trees. Would it be a place where you would like to live? Trees make communities livable for people. Trees add beauty and create an environment beneficial to our mental health. Trees:
- Add natural character to our cities and towns.
- Provide us with colors, flowers, and beautiful shapes, forms and textures.
- Screen harsh scenery.
- Soften the outline of masonry, metal and glass.
- Can be used architecturally to provide space definition and landscape continuity.
Trees impact deeply on our moods and emotions, providing psychological benefits impossible to measure. A healthy forest growing in places where people live and work is an essential element of the health of the people themselves. Trees:
- Create feelings of relaxation and well-being.
- Provide privacy and a sense of solitude and security.
- Shorten post-operative hospital stays when patients are placed in rooms with a view of trees and open spaces.
A well-managed urban forest contributes to a sense of community pride and ownership.
TREES REDUCE AIR POLLUTION
Trees and other plants make their own food from carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, water, sunlight and a small amount of soil elements. In the process, they release oxygen (02) for us to breathe. Trees:
- Help to settle out, trap and hold particulate pollutants (dust, ash, pollen and smoke) that can damage human lungs.
- Absorb CO2 and other dangerous gases and, in turn, replenish the atmosphere with oxygen.
- Produce enough oxygen on each acre for 18 people every day.
- Absorb enough CO, on each acre, over a years time, to equal the amount you produce when you drive your car 26,000 miles.
Trees remove gaseous pollutants by absorbing them through the pores in the leaf surface. Particulates are trapped and filtered by leaves, stems and twigs, and washed to the ground by rainfall.
Air pollutants injure trees by damaging their foliage and impairing the process of photosynthesis (food making). They also weaken trees making them more susceptible to other health problems such as insects and diseases.
The loss of trees in our urban areas not only intensifies the urban "heat-island" effect from loss of shade and evaporation, but we lose a principal absorber of carbon dioxide and trapper of other air pollutants as well.
|The burning of fossil fuels for energy and large scale forest fires such as in the tropics are major contributors o the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Managing and protecting forests and planting new trees reduces CO2 levels by storing carbon in their roots and trunk and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.
|Some of the major air pollutants and their primary sources are:|
|Carbon dioxide||Burning oil, coal, natural gas for energy.|
Decay and burning of tropical forests
|Sulfur dioxide||Burning coal to generate electricity.|
|Hydrogen fluoride |
and silicon tetrafluoride
|Aluminum and phosphate fertilizer production, oil refineries, and steel manufacturing.|
|Ozone||Chemical reactions of sunlight on automobile exhaust gases. Ozone is a major pollutant in smog.|
|Methane||Burning fossil fuels, livestock waste, landfills and rice production.|
|Nitrous oxides||Burning fossil fuels and automobile exhausts.|
|Chlorofluorocarbons||Air conditioners, refrigerators, industrial foam.|
|TREES FIGHT THE ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE EFFECT|
|Heat from Earth is trapped in the atmosphere due to high levels of CO2 and other heat-trapping gases which prohibit it from releasing heat into space-creating a phenomenon known as the "greenhouse effect".|
The greenhouse effect is created when heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and is prevented from radiating back into space by air-polluting gases. The buildup of about 40 heat-trapping gases is created mostly by human activities. Heat buildup threatens to raise global temperatures to levels unprecedented in human history. About half of the greenhouse effect is caused by CO2.
Trees act as a carbon sink by removing the carbon from CO2 and storing it as cellulose in the trunk while releasing the oxygen back into the air. A healthy tree stores about 13 pounds of carbon annually - or 2.6 tons per acre each year.
Trees also reduce the green-house effect by shading our homes and office buildings. This reduces air conditioning needs up to 30 percent, thereby reducing the amount of fossil fuels burned to produce electricity.
This combination of CO2 removal from the atmosphere, carbon storage in wood, and the cooling effect makes trees a very efficient tool in fighting the greenhouse effect.
TREES CONSERVE WATER AND REDUCE SOIL EROSION
Trees create organic matter on the soil surface from their leaf litter. Their roots increase soil permeability. This results in:
- Reduced surface runoff of water from storms.
- Reduced soil erosion and sedimentation of streams.
- Increased ground water recharge that is significantly reduced by paving
- Lesser amounts of chemicals. transported to streams.
- Reduced wind erosion of soil.
Without trees, cities would need to increase sewage and storm water drainage channels and .waste - treatment capacities to handle increased water runoff.
TREES SAVE ENERGY
Strategically placed trees can be as effective as other energy saving home improvements, such as insulation and the installation of weather-tight windows and doors. Trees can help reduce your heating and cooling costs.
Trees save energy through cooling in the hotter months. They provide a windbreak during winter. This results in burning less fossil fuels to generate electricity for cooling and heating.
Strategically placed shade trees-a minimum of three large trees around your home-can reduce air conditioning costs up to 30 percent. Shade trees offer their best benefits when you:
- Plant deciduous trees, which shed their leaves during winter. These trees provide shade and block heat from the sun during hotter months. By dropping their leaves in the fall they admit sun-light in the colder months.
- Place these trees on the south and west sides of buildings.
- Shade all hard surfaces such as driveways, patios and sidewalks to minimize landscape heat load.
Use evergreens, which retain their leaves/needles year-long, in a planned pattern. They will serve as windbreaks to save from 10 to 50 percent in energy used for heating. Evergreens offer their best benefits when you:
- Place them to intercept and slow winter winds, usually on the north side of your home.
- Do not plant them on the south or west sides of your home, because they block warming sun-light during winter. These trees also provide some shading benefits during summer.
Get professional assistance to assure correct selection of species and their placement to maximize energy savings.
More Water Runoff
More Energy Used
TREES MODIFY LOCAL CLIMATE
Trees can help cool the "heat island" effect in our inner cities. These islands result from storage of thermal energy in concrete, steel and asphalt. Heat islands are 3 to 10 degrees warmer than the surrounding countryside. The collective effect of a large area of transpiring trees (evaporating water) reduces the air temperature in these areas.
- Lower air temperature through shade.
- Increase humidity in dry climates through evaporation of moisture.
- Reduce glare on sunny days.
- Reduce wind speed.
TREES INCREASE ECONOMIC STABILITY
The scope and condition of a community’s trees and, collectively, its urban forest, is usually the first impression a community projects to its visitors. Studies have shown that:
- Trees enhance community economic stability by attracting businesses and tourists.
- People linger and shop longer along tree-lined streets.
- Apartments and offices in wooded areas rent more quickly, have higher occupancy rates and tenants stay longer.
- Businesses leasing office space in wooded developments find their workers are more productive and absenteeism is reduced.
A community’s urban forest is an extension of its pride and community spirit.
TREES REDUCE NOISE POLLUTION
Trees absorb and block noise from the urban environment
TREES CREATE WILDLIFE AND PLANT DIVERSITY
Trees and associated plants create local ecosystems that provide habitat and food for birds and animals. They offer suitable mini-climates for other plants that would otherwise be absent from urban areas. Biodiversity is an important part of urban forestry.
TREES INCREASE PROPERTY VALUES
We all know that property that is well landscaped with trees and other plants is more desirable than property sitting on a barren landscape. Studies have shown that:
- Healthy trees can add up to 15 percent to residential property value.
- Office and industrial space in a wooded setting is in more demand and is more valuable to sell or rent.
HELPING TREES AND YOUR URBAN FOREST
URBAN AND COMMUNITY FORESTRY PROGRAMS
Trees on public property belong to all of us. Proper management of this valuable resource is known as urban and community forestry. How is the urban forest in your community being cared for?
For more information on urban and community forestry contact your nearest USDA Forest Service office or the SC Forestry Commission.
TREE CITY USA
One way you can get special recognition for urban forestry activities in your town is to apply for certification as a Tree City USA. Hundreds of cities and towns across the nation are achieving this status by meeting Tree City USA standards. Communities of any size can qualify, from less than one hundred to millions of people.
Write to the National Arbor Day Foundation, 100 Arbor Avenue, Nebraska City, NE 68410 or your State Forester for details on the Tree City USA program.
"Never doubt that a small group
committed citizens can change the world. Indeed,
it’s the only thing that ever has."
- Margaret Mead
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Contact the office listed below:
Sources of Assistance
USDA Forest Service
1720 Peachtree Road, NW
Atlanta, GA 30367-9102
USDA Forest Service -
Southern Group of State Foresters
Cooperative Extension Service
Forestry Report R8-FR 17 | <urn:uuid:bb2eb98a-f4c2-49d2-a323-58dbe83c46d0> | {
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New USDA regulations may impact small family farms that grow lettuces. This is big since leafy greens are one of the best items to buy locally. There is a comment period for farmers and consumers to weigh in on the issue. The comment period closes Dec. 3, so it is important to act now, you can read more and follow the link from Cornucopia.org to add your comments:
"In response to the E. coli 0157 outbreaks last year in bagged spinach, the USDA is considering a change in the federal regulations that could potentially require growers of all fresh leafy green vegetables to follow specified guidelines in the fields and during post-harvest handling. The federal rules would be similar to the California guidelines that were set by large-scale operations after the outbreaks. The guidelines include growing practices that discourage biodiversity and sustainable/organic farming practices, deplete soil fertility, and create “sterile” fields—methods that have not been scientifically proven to actually reduce E. coli 0157 bacteria but are certain to reduce biodiversity, harm wildlife, and burden family-scale farms."Global Warming and Agriculture
The Washington Post takes a pretty depressing look at the harsh impacts global warming will have for agriculture.
You Say Antibiotic, I Say Antimicrobial
USDA forces Tyson to revise those bright, shiny new "raised without antibiotic" labels on their chicken. Turns out, Tyson still fed the poultry a diet laced with drugs called ionophores which qualify as an antibiotic. Tyson is defending its new labels and the tens of millions of dollars in marketing by saying that this is a "antimicrobial" not an antibiotic. The official Webster's definition of "antimicrobial" is "capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of disease-causing microorganisms." Sure sounds like antibiotic to me.
Blaming the Chef?
According to a study by Obesity.org, if you are gaining weight from eating out, it's the chef's fault. I support posting the nutrition information for foods in restaurants. I'd like big posters that show what a portion size really is to be plastered on walls everywhere. I agree that an average restaurant single portion is more than a family of four in a developing country eats in a day.
But, unless the chef is walking out to the table and force feeding you everything on the plate like a soon-to-be-foie-gras duck, you are on your own here. Portion sizes ARE obscene. If restaurants could get away with it, they would be smaller. More food equals more food costs.
Fast food places aren't dreaming up three-beef-patty-eight-bacon nightmares without a darn good hunch someone will buy it. The simple truth is, we Americans are lousy (myself included) at self-control when it comes to food. Our demand has driven the perception of portions way off the charts.
Maybe we should all take note of the line spoken by the rail-thin food critic in Ratatouille, "I don't like good food, I love it. If it is not good, I don't swallow it."
The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research, released a definitive report on likely causes of cancer and how the lower the risks. The report, a result of five years of research by nine teams of scientists, included information on a link between consuming processed and cured meats and cancer and the need to consume red meats in moderation.
Upon its publication, American Meat Institute Foundation Vice President of Scientific Affairs Randy Huffman said, "WCRF's conclusions are extreme, unfounded and out of step with dietary guidelines."
Oh, that meat industry. Always looking out for us consumers.
And now for something completely different
Some insight into what it is like to be a Japanese housewife. Not pretty. | <urn:uuid:7ca96f89-dbb3-4a9c-97e3-a9a7c72245fc> | {
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The assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, occurred on April 14, 1865.
Actor and confederate supporter John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln in the back of the head while he was watching the play Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. The assassination came days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee had surrendered and was part of a bigger plan to revitalize the Confederate Army.
The arrangement was that John Wilkes Booth and two other men would each kill an important member of the United States Government; Booth was to murder President Lincoln, Lewis Powell was assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward, and George Atzerodt was supposed to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson. Killing the President and his two successors was an attempt to throw the government into disarray, but only John Wilkes Booth accomplished his task.
Abraham Lincoln died the next morning, on April 15. He was the first American President to have been assassinated. | <urn:uuid:4603b19b-bcce-4eeb-8bf3-b8618cbd2009> | {
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I came across a bald-faced hornet nest (actually a type of yellowjacket) in a tree while I was cutting brush. After most of the hornets had died from cold weather, I cut the nest open to examine the contents, and was amazed by its complex structure. There are several outer shells of paper (made from scrapings of wood), an entry hole at the bottom, and a series of shelves of combs (see my photo with a hornet sitting on the comb which is made up of hexagonal cells). There are hundreds of infertile female workers and a fertilized queen in the hive, and they defend the nest very vigorously! They are mainly predatory and feed primarily on insects.
This represents a typical Hymenopteran caste system made up mostly of infertile female workers, where the males appear only at the end of the seasonal cycle to mate with new queens which then over-winter to restart the entire life cycle the next season. So this life cycle relegates the males to the most basic aspect of pure reproduction- a bag of sperm !
The alternation of extreme activity during the Summer, with the eventual death every year of the entire hive, except for the newly fertilized recently hatched queens is incredible. The lives of these tiny automatons seems so strange to us, yet they are quite successful. The hexagonal geometry of the comb is interesting in its simplicity and efficiency. How remarkable are the lives of these highly social, but behaviorally rigid insects !
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WWF report: "Putting the EU on Track for 100% Renewable Energy"
Coming amid an increasingly active debate over what should follow current EU climate and energy legislation (the 20-20-20 package), WWF’s report adapts the WWF Global 2050 Energy Scenario to the EU27 level and shows that by 2030 the EU could:
- use at least 38% less energy compared to a business as usual projection,
- generate more than 40% of its energy from renewable sources,
- by doing both, reduce its energy related greenhouse emissions by 50% compared to 1990 levels. | <urn:uuid:cae3e3ed-1bf0-4714-b019-b86ef960cd3d> | {
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NEW DELHI – The future of our world will be determined by several factors. One critical factor is adequate access to and availability of natural resources. Water, mineral ores, and fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas are highly strategic resources. Together with farmland and resources from the biosphere, they constitute natural endowment, which is critical to any country’s prosperity and security.
Asia is attracting increasing international attention, in large part because of its re-emergence on the global stage after a two-century decline. Asia’s rise, however, has been accompanied by an insatiable appetite for natural resources.
Unlike North America and Europe, which are well endowed with natural capital, Asia is the world’s most-resource-poor continent, especially given its size and population. Asia’s overexploitation and degradation of natural resources has created an environmental crisis, which, in turn, is contributing to regional climate change. For example, the Tibetan Plateau, with its towering height, is warming at a rate almost twice as fast as the rest of the world, according to several scientific studies.
In other words, Asia confronts three crises — a resource crisis, an environmental crisis, and a climate crisis — that are interlinked and threaten its economic, social, and ecological future. From frightful air quality to major water shortages in its megacities, Asia faces increasing resource-related stresses. Subsidies have compounded Asia’s resource challenges, with state policies unwittingly contributing to resource depletion and environmental degradation.
Asian economies are increasingly tapping resources in other continents. But while they can import fossil fuels, mineral ores, and timber, they cannot import the most critical resource for socioeconomic development — water. Water is essentially local and therefore difficult and prohibitively expensive to ship across seas. To make matters worse, some of the world’s worst water pollution and scarcity conditions are found in Asia.
Asian economies are also facing new challenges on the food front. The growth in crop yields and overall food production is now lagging the growth in demand. Rising prosperity and changing diets, including an increased preference for animal-based protein, are spurring growing food demand and compounding Asia’s food challenges.
The intercountry competition over natural resources has intensified resource geopolitics, including the direction of oil and gas pipelines. China has managed to secure new hydrocarbon supplies through pipelines from Kazakhstan and Russia. Asia’s other important economies, such as energy-poor Japan, India, and South Korea, however, do not have a similar option. Lacking geographical contiguity with Central Asia, Iran or Russia, these economies will remain largely dependent on oil imports by sea from the increasingly unstable Persian Gulf region.
China, with the world’s most resource-hungry economy, fears that in the event of a strategic confrontation, its economy could be held hostage by hostile naval forces through the interdiction of its oil imports. This concern has prompted Beijing to build a massive oil reserve and plan two strategic energy corridors in southern Asia — on either side of India — to transfer Persian Gulf and African oil and liquefied gas for its consumption by cutting the transportation distance and minimizing exposure to U.S.-policed sea lanes.
One such corridor extends 800 km from the Bay of Bengal across Myanmar to southern China, with the first pipeline to transport gas scheduled to be completed by this yearend. The corridor, in addition, is to include a high-speed railroad and a highway from the Myanmarese coast to China’s Yunnan province, enabling China to gain something it has never had — a southwestern seaboard offering its remote interior provinces an outlet to the sea.
The other corridor — work on which is yet to begin because of an insurrection in Pakistan’s Baluchistan province — will stretch from the Chinese-built port at Gwadar to Xinjiang through the Karakoram mountains. With Pakistan handing control of its Gwadar port to China recently, the path has been opened for the Chinese government to build a naval base there.
Access to resources historically has been a critical factor in war and peace, including a major driver of armed interventions and wars. The Asian geopolitics of natural resources promises to get murkier. For example, a rising dependence on energy imports has served to rationalize a growing emphasis on maritime power, raising new concerns over sea lane safety and vulnerability to supply disruptions.
Natural resources today are at the center of the various Asian conflicts. The size of the land in dispute is usually secondary in importance to the size of the potential resources at stake.
For example, the disputed islands in the East China Sea at the center of the current China-Japan tensions occupy an area of only seven square kilometers, but their surrounding seas hold rich hydrocarbon reserves. The same holds true for the disputes in South China Sea and in southern Asia.
The resource-related Great Game is likely to influence Asia’s new security dynamics. The only way it can be contained is through norms and institutions to build rules-based cooperation. Yet there has been little headway in that direction. For example, 53 of the 57 transnational river basins in Asia have no water-sharing or any other type of cooperative arrangement.
This reality has to be seen in the context of the strained political relations in most Asian subregions and the broader absence of an Asian security architecture. Asia is the only continent other than Africa where regional integration has yet to take hold, largely because Asian political and cultural diversity has hindered institution building.
In this light, those who believe that the continued rise of Asia is unstoppable and the decline of the West is inevitable should pause to consider whether Asian economies can keep making impressive economic strides without addressing their resource, environmental, and security challenges. Put bluntly, the long-term natural capital scenario is quite unfavorable for Asia relative to the West.
Brahma Chellaney, a geostrategist, is the author of the newly published book “Water, Peace, and War: Confronting the Global Water Crisis” (Rowman & Littlefield). | <urn:uuid:9d058160-2686-433f-941c-460c35d9073b> | {
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The Hominini is a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae; it comprises three subtribes: Hominina, with its one genus Homo; Australopithecina, comprising at least three extinct genera; and Panina, with its one genus Pan, the chimpanzees. Members of the human clade, that is, the subtribe Hominina, include only the genus Homo; it is the "human" branch as depicted in an evolutionary tree chart (see below). Over the past several decades, a broad community of scientists and scholars have adopted the term "hominins" to emphasize the history of proto-humans speciating from the stem chimpanzees—which process began about eight million years ago; see chimpanzee-human last common ancestor (CHLCA). Thus, the genus Homo and those species of the australopithecines that arose after the split from the last common ancestor with chimpanzees are called "hominins". Not all hominins are directly related to the emergence of early Homo.
Temporal range: 7–0 Ma
|Skull of Sahelanthropus tchadensis, described as the earliest member of the hominin line, but this is debated.|
Researchers proposed the taxon Hominini on the basis that the least similar species of a trichotomy should be separated from the other two. The common chimpanzee and the bonobo of the genus Pan are the closest living evolutionary relatives to humans, sharing a common ancestor with humans about four to seven million years ago. Most DNA studies find that humans and Pan are 99% identical, but one study found only 94% commonality, with some of the difference occurring in noncoding DNA.
The human clade, the subtribe Hominina, contains only Homo; it is the "human" branch as depicted in a tree of life or in an evolutionary tree chart (see below). It is a branch of the family Hominidae—the hominids—one of the families of the order primates known as the "family of great apes". One community of scientists and scholars emphasizes the long-drawn-out speciation of proto-humans from stem chimpanzees—which process started sometime after about eight million years ago (Mya) and may have taken until four Mya to completion (see Complex ... hybridization). This community applies the term hominin to all Homo species and those species of australopithecines and other genera that arose after the split from the line to chimpanzees (see cladogram below); that is, they distinguish fossil members on the human side of the split, as hominins, from those on the chimpanzee side, as not hominins.
Until recently,[when?] much of the scientific community thought it likely that the australopithecines, dating to 4.4 Mya, gave rise to the earliest Homo genera. But, since the year 2000, the discovery of Orrorin tugenensis, dated as early as 6.2 Mya, has challenged critical elements of that hypothesis. The community now is divided or puzzled over some vital questions raised by Orrorin, including: Are humans descendants of the australopithecines or Orrorin, or both?; Are the australopithecines descendants of Orrorin?; Did pre-human bipedalism actually evolve in response to hominoids adapting to the dry and patchy-forest conditions of the East African savannah—or perhaps much earlier, with Orrorin-like hominoids adapting as tree-dwellers and tree-walkers in the arboreal setting of abundant forests? Reynolds (2012) is quoted:
The discovery of Orrorin has ... radically modified interpretations of human origins and the environmental context in which the African apes/hominoid transition occurred, although ... the less likely hypothesis of derivation of Homo from the australopithecines still holds primacy in the minds of most palaeoanthropologists.
The earliest hominins also produced lines, whether of australopithecines or other genera, that arose after speciating from the line to chimpanzees but went extinct without developing into Homo; thus, not all hominins are ancestral to the emergence of early Homo. (See "Genera", classification infobox.)
All the listed fossil genera currently are being, or have been, evaluated for: 1) probability of being ancestral to Homo, and 2) whether they are more closely related to Homo than to any other living primate—two traits that could identify them as hominins. Some, including Paranthropus, Kenyanthropus, Ardipithecus, and Australopithecus, are broadly thought to be ancestral and closely related to Homo; others, especially earlier genera, including Sahelanthropus (and perhaps Orrorin), are supported by one community of scientists but doubted by another.
Both Sahelanthropus and Orrorin existed during the estimated duration of the ancestral chimpanzee-human speciation events, within the range of eight to four million years ago (Mya). So one or both of these specimens may yet prove to be "hybrid", and thereby ancestral to both Pan and Homo—or to Pan instead of Homo. Very few fossil specimens have been found on the Pan 'side' of the split from the common ancestral line. News of the first fossil chimpanzee, found in Kenya, was published in 2005. However, it is dated to very recent times—between 545 and 284 thousand years ago radiometric (kyr).
Complex speciation and hybridizationEdit
Regarding the speciation of proto-humans from stem chimpanzees there is evidence that a complex speciation-hybridization process—rather than a clean split—occurred between the two lineages. Such a complex process greatly confuses estimating the actual age of the final Homo-Pan divergence, or split. Different chromosomes appear to have split at different times, over possibly as much as a four-million-year period; this indicates a long and drawn out speciation process with broad-scale hybridization activity occurring between the two emerging lineages as late as the period 6.3 to 5.4 Mya, according to Patterson et al. (2006), This research group noted that one hypothetical late hybridization period was based in particular on the similarity of X chromosomes in the proto-humans and stem chimpanzees, suggesting the final divergence even as recent as 4 Mya. Wakeley (2008) rejected these hypotheses; he suggested alternative explanations, including selection pressure on the X chromosome in the ancestral populations prior to the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (CHLCA).
Cladogram of the superfamily HominoideaEdit
This cladogram shows the clade of superfamily Hominoidea and its descendent clades; it features the hominids, which is the family Hominidae. The hominids comprise the orangutans, gorillas, and the clade of the tribe Hominini—which groups the subtribe Panina (chimpanzees), the extinct subtribe Australopithecina (australopithicenes), and the subtribe Hominina (humans).
The scientific community has not reached a consensus regarding a taxon for the probable ancestral stem between the subtribes Hominina and Australopithecina—hence the blank space (*) after the tribe-label "Hominini". However, the community has informally adopted a name that encompasses the humans and their extinct closest relatives and which excludes the chimpanzees; these humans, australopithecines, and other genera collectively are called hominins. They comprise the several Homo species—only one of which is not extinct—plus their extinct closest relatives that arose after the splitting of the proto-humans from the last common ancestor with the stem chimpanzees.
Morphological and radiometric analyses indicate that ancestral hominids, that is, the most recent common ancestors (MRCA, the equivalent of LCA) of the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae, lived until at least about 14 million years ago (Mya), prior to the ancestors of orangutans speciating from the common ancestors. Previously, the common ancestors of hominids had speciated from the superfamily Hominoidae between 20 and 15 million years ago. Recent molecular analyses have refined some paleo-chronological dates for the emergence of specific clades.
Contending taxonomies for "hominins"Edit
By convention, the term "hominin", with its specified ending, is the taxonomical label assigned to any member of the tribe Hominini. But over recent decades, the role of this term has become caught up in a community-wide phenomenon of word appropriation, change-in-word-usage, and contending over taxonomies, all with resultant confusion to the reader—especially to the lay reader who doesn't 'stay up' with paleoanthropology. A brief review of that phenomenon follows.
A proposal by Mann and Weiss (1996) presents tribe Hominini as including both Pan and Homo, placed in separate subtribes. The genus Pan is referred to subtribe Panina; genus Homo—and (by inference) all bipedal apes—is referred to the subtribe Hominina. This taxonomy in effect excludes the chimpanzees from the clade of humans and their closest relatives and labels members of the Homo clade as "homininans"; see cladogram. However, Coyne (2009) noted the broad movement among researchers for assigning the label "hominins" to genus Homo and those relatives "after the split" from the line of the stem chimpanzees. Potts (2010) presents a taxonomy for this latter scenario, placing humans and their closest relatives as a group in the tribe Hominini and labeling them "hominins", while chimpanzees are placed in a separate tribe and dubbed "Panini" (not to be confused with panini).
Wood (2010) also reports different views for labeling the hominin taxonomy, noting that some researchers assign both Pan and the humans to tribe Hominini—they label the human clade as the subtribe Hominina and refer to the taxa and individuals within that clade as "homininans”. Other researchers use tribe Hominini to designate the human clade only and refer to all taxa and fossils within it as “hominins”; but Wood does not clarify how genus Pan is accounted for in this scheme. Dunbar (2014) reports that "all members of the lineage leading to modern humans that arose after the split with the LCA are referred to as hominins". The Australian National Museum provides a concise history of the muddle and the present (2016) state of flux. (See "Genera", classification infobox.)
As it happened over recent decades, a significant community of scientists and scholars adopted the change-in-usage of the term "hominin"; that is, they appropriated the term to designate all the members of genus Homo—both extant and extinct—plus the fossil members of australopithecines and those other bipedal genera that arose after the final split from the last common ancestor (LCA) with the stem chimpanzees; this de facto definition intentionally excluded the chimpanzees from the name "hominin". In effect, this construct treats the scientific term "hominin" as a common name applying not, as traditionally, to the tribe Hominini, but exclusively to the clade of humans and their closest relatives excluding chimpanzees. Similarly, the common name for the scientific label "Homo" is "human".
The change in usage of "hominin" does not conform to conventional rules for labeling taxa and affixing taxon-name endings to its members. For example, whenever Pan is listed as a member of the tribe Hominini, most taxonomists would routinely interpret chimpanzees as hominins. Further, there is no consensus among the community towards defining a taxon that would label the last common ancestor (LCA) of the greater hominin clade—all the humans and the australopithecines and other genera arising "after the split" from the line to chimpanzees; see cladogram at the blank (*) stem. What is factual now is that this greater clade is broadly called "hominins", thereby designating a de facto hominin clade outside the conventional rules of taxon labeling.
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)|
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)|
- Fuss, J; Spassov, N; Begun, DR; Böhme, M (2017). "Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe". PLoS ONE. 12 (5).
- "Chimps and Humans Very Similar at the DNA Level". News.mongabay.com. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- Mary-Claire King (1973) Protein polymorphisms in chimpanzee and human evolution, Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
- Wong, Kate (1 September 2014). "Tiny Genetic Differences between Humans and Other Primates Pervade the Genome". Scientific American.
- Minkel JR (2006-12-19). "Humans and Chimps: Close But Not That Close". Scientific American.
- Bradley, B. J. (2006). "Reconstructing Phylogenies and Phenotypes: A Molecular View of Human Evolution". Journal of Anatomy. 212 (4): 337–353. PMC . PMID 18380860. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00840.x.
- Wood and Richmond.; Richmond, BG (2000). "Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology". Journal of Anatomy. 197 (Pt 1): 19–60. PMC . PMID 10999270. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x.
Thus human evolution is the study of the lineage, or clade, comprising species more closely related to modern humans than to chimpanzees. Its stem species is the so-called ‘common hominin ancestor’, and its only extant member is Homo sapiens. This clade contains all the species more closely related to modern humans than to any other living primate. Until recently, these species were all subsumed into a family, Hominidae, but this group is now more usually recognised as a tribe, the Hominini.
- Coyne, Jerry A. (2009) Why Evolution Is True, pp.197-208, 244, 248. ISBN 978-0-670-02053-9(hc), ISBN 978-0-14-311664-6(pbk). Penguin Books Ltd, London. "Anthropologists apply the term hominin to all the species on the "human" side of our family tree after it split from the branch that became modern chimps." (p.197)
- Coyne, Jerry A. (2009) Why Evolution Is True, pp.202-204. ISBN 978-0-670-02053-9(hc), ISBN 978-0-14-311664-6(pbk). Penguin Books Ltd, London. "After A. afarensis, the fossil record shows a confusing melange of gracile australopithecine species lasting up to about two million years ago. … [T]he late australopithecines, already bipedal, were beginning to show changes in teeth, skull, and brain that presage modern humans. It is very likely that the lineage that gave rise to modern humans included at least one of these species."
- Potts, Richard and Sloan, Christopher. “What Does It Mean to Be Human?”, pp. 38-39. ISBN 978-1-4262-0606-1. National Geographic Society, Washington.
- Reynolds, Sally C; Gallagher, Andrew (2012-03-29). African Genesis: Perspectives on Hominin Evolution. ISBN 9781107019959.
- Cameron, D. W. (2003). "Early hominin speciation at the Plio/Pleistocene transition.". HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology. 54 (1): 1–28. PMID 12968420. doi:10.1078/0018-442x-00057.
- Potts, Richard and Sloan, Christopher. “What Does It Mean to Be Human?”, pp. 31-42. ISBN 978-1-4262-0606-1. National Geographic Society, Washington.
- Brunet, Michel; Guy, F; Pilbeam, D; MacKaye, H. T.; Likius, A; Ahounta, D; Beauvilain, A; Blondel, C; Bocherens, H; Boisserie, JR; De Bonis, L; Coppens, Y; Dejax, J; Denys, C; Duringer, P; Eisenmann, V; Fanone, G; Fronty, P; Geraads, D; Lehmann, T; Lihoreau, F; Louchart, A; Mahamat, A; Merceron, G; Mouchelin, G; Otero, O; Pelaez Campomanes, P; Ponce De Leon, M; Rage, J. C.; et al. (July 2002), "A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa", Nature, 418 (6894): 145–151, PMID 12110880, doi:10.1038/nature00879,
Sahelanthropus is the oldest and most primitive known member of the hominid clade, close to the divergence of hominids and chimpanzees.
- Wolpoff, Milford; Senut, Brigitte; Pickford, Martin; Hawks, John (October 2002), "Sahelanthropus or 'Sahelpithecus'?", Nature, 419 (6907): 581–582, Bibcode:2002Natur.419..581W, PMID 12374970, doi:10.1038/419581a,
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an enigmatic new Miocene species, whose characteristics are a mix of those of apes and Homo erectus and which has been proclaimed by Brunet et al. to be the earliest hominid. However, we believe that features of the dentition, face and cranial base that are said to define unique links between this Toumaï specimen and the hominid clade are either not diagnostic or are consequences of biomechanical adaptations. To represent a valid clade, hominids must share unique defining features, and Sahelanthropus does not appear to have been an obligate biped.
- McBrearty, Sally; Nina G. Jablonski (2005). "First fossil chimpanzee". Nature. 437 (7055): 105–108. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..105M. PMID 16136135. doi:10.1038/nature04008.
- Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D; Richter; Gnerre; Lander; Reich (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–8. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. PMID 16710306. doi:10.1038/nature04789.
- Wakeley J (March 2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 452 (7184): E3–4; discussion E4. Bibcode:2008Natur.452....3W. PMID 18337768. doi:10.1038/nature06805. "Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted."
- Andrew Hill; Steven Ward (1988). "Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My". Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 31 (59): 49–83. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505.
- Dawkins R (2004) The Ancestor's Tale.
- "Query: Hominidae/Hylobatidae". Time Tree. 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
- Mann, Alan; Mark Weiss (1996). "Hominoid Phylogeny and Taxonomy: a consideration of the molecular and Fossil Evidence in an Historical Perspective". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 5 (1): 169–181. PMID 8673284. doi:10.1006/mpev.1996.0011.
- Potts (2010). “What Does It Mean to Be Human?”, pp. 34. ISBN 978-1-4262-0606-1. National Geographic Society, Washington.
- B. Wood (2010). "Reconstructing human evolution: Achievements, challenges, and opportunities". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107: 8902–8909. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8902W. PMC . PMID 20445105. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001649107.
- "Conventionally, taxonomists now refer to the great ape family (including humans) as hominids, while all members of the lineage leading to modern humans that arose after the split with the LCA are referred to as hominins. The older literature used the terms hominoids and hominids respectively."Dunbar, Robin (2014). Human evolution. ISBN 9780141975313. | <urn:uuid:f33a930c-7480-426e-b3ed-fda1b4fd1355> | {
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|Player A now rolls again and adds more yellow plugs to their board. If their total is now ten or more, 10 plugs are exchanged for a blue which is placed on the other side of the board. For some children it might be necessary as a transitional step to fill the board and complete adding yellow plugs outside the board before the exchange is made.
When the exchange (if it is necessary) has been completed, Player A begins a running record of the addition on their calculator by recording the new amount added. So, if 6 was rolled following the turn above that produced 5, Player A would now press [+] [=] and the screen would show 11.
Note: Using the calculator provides a visual link between the symbolic representation on its screen, the kinaesthetic action of placing the plugs and current number of tens and ones.
Player B now has their second turn and play continues in this manner until the chosen number of tens is reached or exceeded.
|In this Year 1 at Holy Rosary School, Derby, the child on the right has already made 10 once (indicated by the blue plug) and has rolled three more towards the next one.
||Now she has plugged in the those three.
Take every opportunity to encourage children to read the number they are currently up to. In this case, she is up to 19.
This class is playing to be the first to make 5 tens (5 blue plugs).
Tens Only Version
In this version, only one Poly Plug is needed per pair. Children work together to collect ten red plugs on the 'possy mat'. As the game proceeds, the red plugs removed to make the 10 frame will be used to record tens on the 'possy mat'.
The children begin by playing Ten Friends and when the frame is filled they place a red plug on the 'possy mat' to record it. They say to each other: We made ten. They can also keep a running record on the calculator using addition.
Players swap roles and play Ten Friends again. This time when they transfer their red plug to the 'possy mat' they say to each other: We made ten more. Ten and ten make twenty, and touch the red plugs as they say it. So, after two frames, the children would see:
The game continues in this way as far as the children can take it, but, eventually - and very soon for some children - until they can say (and touch):
We made ten more. Ten and ten and ten and ... and ten make one hundred!
Matthew Harpley & John Harnett
Our first few sessions of playing Ten Tens was done as a whole class activity. This enables the children to learn the rules and observe others playing the game.
St. Mary's Primary School, Moruya
After the initial sessions it became one of the activities used during weekly group work rotations. In general, the class found this activity ... engaging and enjoyable. Remembering to predict the answers and enter the numbers on the calculator proved to be a challenge for some.
- We played the game in a similar fashion, however we started with a total of 100 and the aim was to subtract until they reached zero.
- We played the game and renamed it Ten Hundreds. We used a ten sided dice that had the numerals 10 - 100.
- We played the game and renamed it Ten Thousands. We used a ten sided dice that had the numerals 100 - 1000.
- We played the game and renamed it Ten Ten-Thousands. We used a ten sided dice that had the numerals 1000 - 10000.
- Finally we decided that we could play a combination of these games depending on how high we wanted to go. Some children combined two Poly Plug boards and played to 1000 or 10000. To do this the children used several of the above mentioned dice. Each player took their turn by rolling a combination of the dice to get a total that included ones, tens, hundreds and even thousands.
- Several groups attempted to play the game using 3 Poly Plug boards each and more dice. This became quite complicated as there were many plugs to change each turn.
It was interesting to observe the children using their knowledge and understanding of place value and addition to complete the various activities. The threaded activities (derived from) Ten Tens became a focus point for my 'strugglers' and for my 'higher achievers'.
Since attending the WLAM workshop in Term 1, calculators have been a 'MUST HAVE' tool for all activities. The children have taken to this tool and are much better at using it correctly. At first many took the short cut and used them to get the answer. Now, most use them as a visual representation of their work and as a means of checking solutions.
Other classes are now adopting the use of calculators both as a means of checking work and as a visual representation. Our students are becoming more confident and competent when using calculators.
As far as our own learning we both appreciated having a great concrete material (Poly Plug) that could be used in so many ways. It reinforced how our students learn in different ways and some children require the 'hands on' experiences in order to develop an understanding of certain concepts.
- WLAM workshop - a sequence of 6 days professional development (three sets of two days) for several schools organised by Gina Galluzzo and the team at the Canberra Goulburn Catholic Education Office and presented by Mathematics Centre.
- John has also written about the development of a Year 6 / Year 1 Buddy System which developed as an outcome of this PD programme. | <urn:uuid:9f919110-e9cc-4002-b8ec-e05683eb2c6c> | {
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The modern user requires ever higher performance for computers and electronic systems in general. Manufacturers respond promptly with ever faster and more powerful electronic and computer products. Computers and equipment with higher processing speeds and construction complexity, however, need even more than a correct electrical supply, without the most imperceptible imperfection.
What is a UPS?
The abbreviation UPS means "Uninterruptible Power Supply" and is translated into Italian as a Continuity Group.
The UPS is an equipment that is placed between the power supply network and the devices to be protected, in order to supply energy to the equipment even in the absence of electricity.
There are different types of continuity groups (see the "Types of UPS" section) but those that ensure a supply free from any kind of disturbance are those defined as On-Line.
The UPS must not be confused with other devices such as, for example, voltage stabilizers, isolation transformers, surge suppressors, etc.
Why use an UPS?
Does the computer shut down or freeze for no apparent reason?
Do you work with valuable data that would cost time and money to replace if they were suddenly canceled following a temporary network failure?
Despite the high degree of reliability achieved by today's personal computers, these remain however vulnerable to fluctuations and drops in grid voltage.
The anomalies of the network voltage can cause the loss of the data that you are processing or even of entire files written previously.
An entire disk can be lost or destroyed if a disturbance occurs while writing is being performed.
If you have ever experienced one of these problems, or if you do not want to run into such problems, you will surely have to equip your system with a UPS.
Power supply without interruptions: illusion or reality?
There is no distribution line of electrical energy that is free of disturbances that can constitute a danger to the integrity and operational continuity of computers.
A recent study found that on our power line there are over 128 different kinds of disorders every month or more than 4 a day!
Here are the most common electrical disturbances that cause approx. 80% of computer problems:
- Voltage spikes
- Frequency variations
- Voltage drops
- No input mains (black-out)
- Interference - Noises
- Transient phenomena
Effects on Personal Computers
The consequences range from the simple loss of data to damage to the computer and electronic system, with great loss of time and economic damage.
Adequate protection is therefore required for all this as any computer system suffers more or less serious damage based on the type and intensity of the disturbance of the power line.
The most frequent are the following:
- 44.1% Data loss in RAM
- 17.5% Hard Disk breakage
- 15.8% CPU board corruption
- 12.9% Various
- 9.7% Loss of data contained in the ROM
What to do to work in peace?
The answer is simple.
By installing a suitable Continuity Group you will simultaneously protect your Computers and your daily work from the dangerous effects deriving from electrical disturbances.
In the event of a prolonged power failure, your UPS will supply the power for a sufficient time to save the data and close the application programs in order, thus canceling the effect of the interruption. | <urn:uuid:ab768f55-b8da-4667-826d-6ccf2684d3e7> | {
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Great War Island
Great War Island (Serbian: Велико ратно острво, Veliko ratno ostrvo) is a river island in Belgrade, capital of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of Sava and Danube rivers. Though uninhabited, the island is part of the Belgrade City proper, and belongs to the city municipality of Zemun.
Great War Island is located at the mouth of the Sava river into the Danube, in the Danube's widening between the Kalemegdan fortress as the ending section of the Terazije ridge of northernmost part of Šumadija on the west and the low, easternmost section of the Syrmia plain, the modern Ušće neighborhood of Novi Beograd, on the south.
The island is relatively close to the banks, at the closest it is just 200 meters away from both Novi Beograd and Kalemegdan. On the south, halfway between the Great War Island and Ušće is the remnant of Little War Island.
Geography and wildlife
The Great War Island is generally triangular in shape and covers an area of 2.11 km². It is low, for the most part marshy and often flooded by the Danube. The main physical feature on the island is the canal of Veliki Galijaš. In time, the canal was cut off from the Danube and effectively turned into a lake, with an area of 0.24 km² and the major natural bird and fish spawning area on the island. However, during the droughty years the lake drains out completely causing damage to the closed eco-system centered around it. Currently some two-thirds of the island are used as a nature preserve for 196 bird species, many of which are endangered. One of Belgrade's beaches, Lido, is located on the northern tip of the island.
Because of the sedimentation, occasional drainage and removal of the silt from the northern tip of the island is necessary, as otherwise it would make a land connection to the bank of the Danube.
The island gained its militant name because throughout the history Great War Island was an important strategic point either for the conquest or the defence of Belgrade. For example, in 1521 when Belgrade was under siege by Turkish forces, the majority of their attacks on Belgrade fortress were launched from the island. In liberating Belgrade in 1806 the rebel army headed by Karađorđe also used the island for military purposes, as the Serbian artillery with 500 soldiers was bombing the Kalemegdan fortress from there. During the offensive in 1915 by Austria-Hungary against Belgrade, Austria-Hungary forces used the island to launch their attacks.
When construction of Novi Beograd began in 1948, the city government made a decision to completely destroy the island by using its sand and earth to cover the marshes of Syrmia, where new city was to be built. However, the deposits of alluvial materials continually brought onto the island from the Danube completely prevented this from happening. Instead, the smaller Little War Island served this purpose and was nearly destroyed in the process.
Though officially uninhabited, almost a dozen of people live in small shacks in the island's interior. They are mostly retirees who move to the island during the warm season and maintain their vegetable gardens, while in the winter they return to Belgrade.
In the early 2000s, speculations concerning the islands future emerged among the public, including the ideas of turning it into a grand amusement park, possible relocation spot for the Belgrade Zoo or that sections of the island should be leased to the cultural representatives of the different countries which would turn each section into ethno-park of their native culture, in which case the island would be renamed to Dunavsko ostrvo (Danube Island), but all this was dropped in 2005 when it was finally decided that the island should remain intact.
In 2002, the island was declared a natural fish spawning area and declared practically the only part of the City of Belgrade where building of facilities like hotels, motels or restaurants is not allowed. The major works on the island began in 2007. In February 2007, following the disastrous 2006 European floods which wiped out Lido from the northern tip of the island, the Great War Island was completely cleaned with all the bulky junk being removed, so as the remains of the old constructions and the 24 hour guarding service was set. Celebrating the June 29, the international Danube Day, an ecology camp made of pile dwellings for students of the Belgrade University was opened.
In August 2007, digging of a 300 meter-long canal which reconnected Veliki Galijaš with the Danube also began to prevent the seasonal drying of the lake. A 15 meter-high lookout is to be erected west of Veliki Galijaš so as the entire network of visitor centers on the unsinkable points around the lake and throughout the island for the studying of the bird life. A bio-laboratory and the small boat landing are also scheduled for construction.
- Miloš Bobić (2002-07-04). "Beograd na moru:Veliko ratno ostrvo" (in Serbian). Vreme.
- "Zbogom, oazo!" (in Serbian). Kurir. 2006-05-23. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- Beoinfo (2005-08-04). "Prirodno dobro "Veliko ratno ostrvo” stavljeno pod zaštitu Skupštine grada" (in Serbian). Ekoforum. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- Dragan Simic (2003). "Birdwatch Belgrade". birdtours.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-06-05. | <urn:uuid:e5a25a05-82bc-4ec4-9d27-614ff1162e93> | {
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Ahoy there me mateys. We have been having a great old time even though we are all landlubbers! We have been learning lots and lots about pirates and money this week with our teachers and in the sunshine room they have been learning all about plants too!
Some of us go to the sunshine room in the morning. It is lots of fun and we show each other lovely manners and we learn lots of exciting new things. Over the last few weeks we have been learning about plants and growing because when it was spring we saw lots of new things growing and changing around us. We thought that it was so interesting that we even made a garden centre in our Sunshine room to help us to talk about and learn more about plants- we even have some real ones!
All of us have been learning about money and we have got a bank in our Active Learning Zone and we have been making our own shops with things around us in our classrooms where we have to put a price on things and sell them to our friends. It has been lots of fun and we have been learning that there are lots of different ways you can use money.
In number work we have also been learning all about subtraction! We are so clever that we can take away to find the missing answer as well as find the missing number if it is in the sum itself! Some of use even noticed that if we used the numbers to add we got the first number!
We have been reading lots of exciting pirate stories and we have picked our favourite four!
We are all looking forward to voting next week on which is our favourite one!
We have also been making pirate chest with Mrs McLean. We think that pirtaes would love to steal them because the treasure is so sparkly.
Week Starting Tuesday 14th May 2012
- We all have gym on Wednesday afternoon- long hair tied up and NO earrings please.
- We will have a new way of doing homework this term. All homework will be given out on a Thurdsay and is due back on a Wednesday. Each week there will be a Yellow Book Challenge to do but you can pick which challenge you want to do from a list of 4.
- Mrs Smith is visiting us on Monday morning.
- Tony the Minister is visiting us on Wednesday morning.
- P1a1 have paired reading on Tuesday afternoon.
- P1a2 have paired reading on Friday morning.
On the day your child has gym, please ensure they returned their clean shorts, t-shirts and gym shoes (some of us have grown a little so please check that they still fit) and have no jewellery on. Also, please tie up long hair. Thank you.
Please remember to return your child’s summer trip as soon as a possible.
Our topic is Pirates. We will be learning about coordinates this week(there’s treasure on there maps me ‘arties!). | <urn:uuid:fad237e4-9cb3-4b96-bdd6-160b941ec678> | {
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Development of a Health Assessment Instrument for Adults with Mental Retardation
This project resulted in the development of a new caregiver-administered health assessment instrument, Lets Get Healthy Together!, for adults with mental retardation who live with their families. The instrument, which consists of 64 questions over 20 pages and has a completion time of about 17 minutes, addresses a wide range of health issues, including oral health, social supports, preventive screenings, diet, exercise and smoking. This project is of public health significance as health disparities exist for those with mental retardation compared to the general population. This instrument can address those disparities on two levels: individually to identify health concerns that may need further attention, and on a large scale to identify population based health issues that may merit intervention on a systemic level.
The project was undertaken in cooperation with, and for the benefit of, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Office of Mental Retardation (OMR).
The instrument was developed based on a qualitative study of the health issues and risk factors for this population, using focus group and telephone interviews with caregivers and individuals, a literature review, and expert interviews. A pretest, consisting of telephone and expert interviews, was conducted, and a final version of the instrument prepared.
The primary finding from the preliminary research done with caregivers was that while most saw no benefit in using a health assessment instrument, a subset of them who later tested the Lets Get Healthy Together! instrument, relayed comments that were very positive overall. The only negative reaction was that the instrument was not comprehensive enough to address the specific clinical needs of someone with Down syndrome. Participants expressed greater concern with systemic issues and barriers, such as the quality of the health care system, than for the individual issues for their family members.
The instrument that is presented to OMR addresses the primary health issues and risk factors for adults with mental retardation. Further pretesting, and a comprehensive pilot test, is recommended before implementing the Lets Get Healthy Together! instrument.
Advisor:Dr. Edmund R. Ricci; Dr. Stephen Bagnato; Dr. Louis Pingel; Dr. Kenneth J. Jaros
School:University of Pittsburgh
School Location:USA - Pennsylvania
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:behavioral and community health sciences
Date of Publication:02/07/2007 | <urn:uuid:6e135475-de04-4bc6-8fd6-37353216d706> | {
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- The definition of systemic is something that affects the whole instead of just parts.
When corruption extends throughout the entire government rather than just one or two people, this is an example of systemic corruption.
- Systemic is a group of pesticides that are absorbed into plants causing the plant to become poisonous to anything that feeds on the plant.
An example of a systemic pesticide is DDT.
- of or affecting a system, specif. an entire system
- Physiol. of or affecting the entire organism or bodily system
- Of or relating to systems or a system.
- a. Relating to or affecting the entire body or an entire organism: systemic symptoms; a systemic poison.b. Relating to or affecting a particular body system, especially the nervous system: a systemic lesion.c. Physiology Of or relating to systemic circulation.
Not to be confused with systematic (“methodical").
system +"Ž -ic | <urn:uuid:21e03042-5754-40a5-8e7d-44ba107be21e> | {
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UNITED NATIONS, Feb. 22 (UPI) -- Reducing emissions of soot and methane can be done today with existing technologies and could significantly slow climate change, a U.N. report says.
Curbing emissions of black carbon, a component of soot, along with methane and tropospheric ozone, could cut projected climate warming by 0.5 degree Celsius, or about 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit, by 2070, the report says.
The report notes such cuts could be made with existing technology and would limit climate change, improve public health, increase agricultural productivity and "have immediate and multiple benefits for human well-being," online publication Climatewire reported.
Possible strategies for such emission reduction could include capturing methane produced by landfills and fossil fuel extraction, introducing cleaner-burning cook stoves, installing particulate filters on diesel engines and banning the practice of burning fields of agricultural waste, a Scientific American article on the U.N. report said.
The study, commission by the U.N. Environment Program, will be delivered Wednesday to the UNEP governing council at a meeting in Nairobi, Kenya.
"Hopefully, there will be some impetus there to move forward," said Ashbindu Singh, chief of UNEP's Division of Early Warning and Assessment. "UNEP on its own cannot do much unless the governments tell us what to do." | <urn:uuid:e55957e9-9d5b-4d74-b061-523253c6c95b> | {
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High-Quality STEM Education for English Learners: Current Challenges and Effective Practices
On July 11, 2011, the U.S. Department of Education's Office for English Language Acquisition (OELA) hosted an forum on educating English learners in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields. Dr. Okhee Lee (University of Miami) and José Franco (WestEd) facilitated the meeting.
Program Director, Division of Research on Learning
National Science Foundation
Panel 2: Teacher Education and Effective Practices
Panelists discuss the current status of teacher preparation for the STEM subjects as well as provide suggestions for effective professional development for teachers of ELs. Practitioners on this panel present effective practices they have implemented in the classroom.
Michelle Shearer 2011 National Teacher of the Year National Teacher of the Year Program
Erick Pérez Teacher, Harbor Heights Academy (MS349) New York City Department of Education
Patricia Simmons, PhD President of National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) and Department Head Department of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education, North Carolina State University
Panel 3: Parent, Family, and Community Engagement
Panelists discuss the importance of parent, family, and community engagement and its long-term effects on EL academic achievement. Practitioners share effective practices. | <urn:uuid:702c8ee1-a3b3-433a-b272-8edc118e84c9> | {
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by John O’ Connor
Phospholipids are a special subgroup of lipids that are essential to human health. Although important for a number of cell functions, their most vital role is determining the structure of the cell membrane. Generally composed of a hydrophilic (“water-loving”) head and hydro-phobic (“water-fearing”) fatty acid tail, phospholipids are naturally amphipathic, meaning that these molecules have two different affinities as indicated. Each phospholipid slightly varies in structure, but its hydrophilic head generally contains a small molecule bound to a phosphate group, which is attached to glycerol. Glycerol (C3H8O3) is a trihydroxy sugar alcohol that forms the backbone of many lipids. In phospholipids, glycerol is bound to two fatty acid chains that compose the hydrophobic tail.
A cell membrane is a physical barrier composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which consists of two layers of phospholipids that separate the inside of the cell from the outside. Supporting a well-known concept that water and oil do not mix, phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer in aqueous conditions, reducing the interaction of the opposing parts. Since their hydrophilic heads easily interact with aqueous environments and hydrophobic tail do not, the hydrophobic tails orient away from the aqueous environment found both outside and inside the cell. Structurally, this means that the hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between the hydrophilic heads.
A phospholipid bilayer allows the cell membrane to be semipermeable, meaning only select molecules can enter or exit the cell. This tight regulation is critical for the proper function of each cell. The inner hydrophobic region of the cell membrane largely determines a cell’s permeability. In general, small and/or hydrophobic molecules, such as water itself, lipids and gas molecules, diffuse across the cell membrane. Either increasing a molecules’ water solubility or increasing its lipid composition will allow it to more easily cross the cell membrane, thus improving its availability to the cell. Large and/or hydrophilic molecules, such as proteins and carbohydrates, have increasing difficulty crossing the cell membrane or do not cross at all. These molecules may be facilitated across the membrane through various cellular mechanisms, but this process requires additional cell energy.
Phospholipids have a primary role in creating the cell membrane, which is necessary for regulating the environment inside and outside of the cell. Besides its function in structuring the cell membrane, phospholipids have a variety of functions that are dependent upon the composition of the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
|Printable Version||E-mail a Friend| | <urn:uuid:0af89d40-cd24-4f08-b0fb-36f49567b44a> | {
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safaris since 1995
promised or better
24 / 7 / 365
Desert Lions of the Kaokoveld, Namibia
[Originally published on zambezi.com 18 December 2014]
In Namibia’s far north west, within the Kaokoveld, the Floodplain pride has taken up residence.
It’s a seven lion pride – 2 female adults and 5 sub-adult males are at the heart of the Desert Lion Research Project. These lions were born to a lioness ‘the Queen’ who has now passed away – she played an integral part of the population of desert lion, a very special pride!
Lions are recorded as living along the Skeleton Coast and the Northern Namib Desert as early as 1934 when Shortridge confirmed that they were plentiful between the Kunene River and the lower Kuiseb River, along the coastal regions and mountains.
In 1967 the Skeleton Coast was declared a Park and there are records of occasional sightings. Lions were observed in 1985 by Bridgeford, who recorded that lions on the beaches looking for food and eating cormorants and seals.
Analysis from records of patrols and game counts along the Skeleton Coast taken by conservationists for the Ministry of Environment and Tourism have been made available by J Patterson, the Park Warden. This data shows that in the 22 years between 1970 and 1991 a recorded total of 477 lions were sighted during 238 observations.
Namibia’s unique population of desert-adapted lions live in the Namib Desert. The country continues to receive international recognition for its conservation efforts: for example the communal conservancy program has led to wildlife numbers increasing – particularly throughout the country’s arid areas.
This does cause a certain amount of conflict within the environment where the local people are having to protect their livestock from lion attacks. The communities suffer the costs of living with the lions but currently receive few benefits which tourism brings to the region.
The Desert Lion Conservation project’s long term goals include management plans to develop and implement human-lion conflict within the affected communities and monitoring the impact and frequency of the conflicts.
Scientific data on the movement of lions combined with research are key to regulating the population. Radio collars fitted to lions of 2 years or more to provide the necessary information for monitoring their behaviour, reproduction and mortality and movements and grouping patterns.
Using GPS and satellite technology, lions are tracked by light aircraft and vehicles with particular emphasis placed on individuals which roam and move to new habitats as well as those living close to local communities.
Over recent years the story of the desert lion population has unfolded. They have survived against all odds and continue to strive to exist in one of the worlds harshest environments. Today they are the fastest growing population of lion partly due to the commitment of Dr Philip Stander. His understanding and continuous monitoring of the ‘Vanishing Kings’ has been crucial to their survival.
Namibia’s Desert Lion Conservation Project was started by Dr ‘Flip’ Stander in 1998. Through his research has gathered ecological data on the pride’s population dynamics, this information is shared with local communities, NGO’s and worldwide, supported by the Namibian government. Eco safaris to areas where wildlife thrives in Namibia’s wilderness plays an integral part to the future of lion conservation.
The area around the Hoanib Skeleton Coast Camp is where the Floodplain pride appear to spend most of their time. Dr Philip Stander uses this area as his base for monitoring the lions.
Their work in this locality has led to further predator research and as wildlife becomes more comfortable with the vehicles, there are more sighting of creatures such as the elusive Brown Hyena.
Find out more about the desert lions of Namibia
- Here’s a typical privately guided safari including the Kaokoveld
- Desert Lion Research Project
- The Hoanib Skeleton Coast safari
- On safari in Namibia
Watch the 2014 Vanishing Kings Trailer
Wherever in the world you are, our Zambezi community is full of easy-going travel-minded friends who take their fun seriously. Come and join the adventure. | <urn:uuid:0d2e8ba3-840d-4160-895a-9cc0788d2d82> | {
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|« Back to Article|
Women's battles have positive results in Mexico's congress
Arturo Gallardo : August 30, 2012 : Updated: August 31, 2012 8:03am
Photo By Alexandre Meneghini/Associated Press
Josefina Vasquez Mota was the first female presidential candidate for Mexico's National Action Party.
María de las Heras, a well-known pollster in Mexico, lost her battle with cancer shortly after the presidential election. The high-profile job as the director of Demotecnia transformed her into a public figure, shining in a country with a long road ahead to achieve many forms of equality.
But other stories shine, south of the border and elsewhere, without public recognition.
A little more than six years ago, a woman who became a mother and friend early in my childhood died prematurely at age 62. My aunt, known to friends and family simply as “Socorro,” was a retired doctor with a long career in Mexico's health care system who believed that everyone deserved access to medical care, devoting her life toward that goal.
The lover of French culture and literature was the head of our household in the mid-70s — which also included my great aunt “Quica” who died in 2001. Both remained single and proudly independent at a time when it carried a stigma in society.
Households with women at the helm have continued to increase and reached nearly 7 million in 2010, according to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in Mexico, or INEGI.
And as statistics continue to shed light on that reality, maybe we shouldn't ask ourselves what's a traditional role anymore but instead ask: What does this reality actually mean?
These trends are also reflected in politics where the progress has been somewhat slow, but steady.
According to Hilda Tellez with the National Council for the Prevention of Discrimination, or CONAPRED, “55.7 percent of voters were women (in the past election), almost 19 million, and more than half of the people working at the voting places were women.”
Tellez remembered the arduous journey and talked about the reform of electoral regulations in 1993 to allow more gender representation, efforts resulting in the gender quotas of 40 percent female candidates that were finally enforced in the past elections.
Concerning the increase of women's participation as elected officials, “the quotas have been the most important factor,” said Paula Soto, director of Social and Political Participation with the National Institute of Women, or Inmujeres.
The result of this affirmative action in politics was reiterated in the congress taking office Sept. 1, where women's participation will “surpass 30 percent for the first time,” according to Soto.
Surely, Aunt Socorro would have been pleased with the higher visibility that women are enjoying in the political process, while Aunt Quica would have been thrilled with the first female presidential candidate with a shot at winning — even if it didn't materialize in the end.
The efforts by CONAPRED and the Inmujeres at the federal level have increased women's participation in politics — and are the results of decades-old battles.
But I've long been intrigued with the possibility that local organizations such as the Women's Chamber of Commerce and the Center of Women in Church and Society at Our Lady of the Lake University could have an impact beyond our borders in promoting women in society and business by working with Mexican NGOs.
Recognizing diversity becomes central to equality, and as Kimberly B. Gibson, Ph.D, who heads the Center of Women in Church and Society at OLLU, said, “men are not the enemy.”
Gibson's vision of men and women working together in “creating a future in which gender is not a form of oppression” must resonate across the borders where reality and “traditional” meet.
As a child, it was completely normal that the woman who led my household was career-oriented.
And I'm certain that we'll see women sitting at Los Pinos and in the White House during my lifetime. Hopefully when that happens, it will be completely normal, expected.
Arturo Gallardo is an online producer for mysanantonio.com. | <urn:uuid:b9697f5c-4dd5-45e6-8a8a-d2a7cff9871b> | {
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(BeWellBuzz) Get to work on time, do laundry, prepare dinner, clean the house, walk the dog, get the car fixed, pay the bills…! Our perpetually rushing society values busy schedules and high standards. However, without knowing it, we all engage in multitudes of stressors that are damaging to our physical and mental health because of our daily activities. Does anyone even know what true relaxation means anymore? Stress has become so common that society overlooks the overwhelming size of its negative effects. Health psychology forces us to see just that.
Many leading health psychologists will declare that our behaviors and thought processes dictate our health and the health of our future. There are a number of stress management techniques that can help promote our good physical and mental health. Four main ways that are a healthy step in the right direction are relaxation therapies, biofeedback, cognitive restructuring, and stress inoculation; all of which have shown to be very successful!
Since our busy bee minds are incapable of inactivity, our brain is constantly at work, even when we sleep! Waking up Monday morning after a full Sunday night’s sleep and still feeling incredibly tired is the perfect example of how active our brains are 24/7. Our minds are never fully at rest; therefore, it is our task to train the mind into feeling relaxed. It is important to calm the body and provide deep focus on our breathing in order to really benefit from relaxation therapy. By doing so, we are able to improve health, strengthen our immune systems, contribute towards building a resistance to stress, and improve our overall quality of life. Imagine incorporating such techniques as a part of your daily routine and focus on the positive changes in your life. Employ daily stretches, tightening and total release of your muscles, focused breathing and the blocking of outside stressful stimuli to begin your path to a new relaxing and stress free lifestyle. But this is not the only way to accomplish the reduction of stress.
Biofeedback is known as the process of gaining stronger awareness of our physiological functions as an attempt to manipulate them. The things we are called to control are brainwaves, muscle tone, skin conductance, heart rate and pain perception. Biofeedback devices are used to improve health, active performance, and the physiological changes that correlate with our thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
To read move about biofeedback, click here
Cognitive restructuring is based on how strongly people are affected by the way they think. Our emotions and behaviors are formed around the manner in which we approach our days and see the world. Here, the power of positive thought goes a long way. This is a behavioral technique that can easily be applied to anyone feeling stress or overwhelmed. When you’re able to change the way you think, you’re able to change your attitude. Reshaping your inner thoughts said to yourself and about others is the first step.
Stress inoculation is geared more towards the anticipation and preparedness of our daily stressors. Training ourselves to become more resistant to what overcomes us through stress is one way to care for and manage our mental health early on. By being able to anticipate a stressful situation or topic, we are also able to plan ways to approach them. In doing so through self-inoculation therapy techniques, stress is reduced on a step by step basis.
Most important is the way you approach managing your stress. You must desire the positive change in your life and be able to sacrifice to work towards the outcome of being healthy. Our mental health has strong influence on our physical health, and together they can have serious impacts on our daily lives; it is up to us if we want the impact to be a positive one. Our health is in our hands! | <urn:uuid:8705540a-8efe-44c3-9418-9efefdd13127> | {
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The renewable fuels industry sees the giant reed (Arundo donax) as a miracle biofuel plant due to its fast-growing and drought-resistant features that it easily thrives in poor soil, rendering it as a low-maintenance renewable energy source.
On the other hand, environmentalists and scientists deem the giant reed as yet another disaster like other invasive plants such as the kudzu vine and the purple loosestrife. They also have extended their concerns to the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Energy, strongly suggesting them to disapprove the commercial planting of giant reed.
California, Nevada, and Texas have banned this plant as noxious weed, crowding out native plants and consuming most of the water.
For Biofuels Center of North Carolina in Oxford, the giant reed is the answer to their “10 years, 10%” goal, which aims to produce 10% share of biofuel by 2017. They have researched different plants that are potentially capable of producing biofuels, but none of them met the capabilities of giant reed.
The researchers also claim that the giant reed is incomparable with the unmarketable kudzu, and that they could control the growth of giant reeds in their planned 50-acre plantation. | <urn:uuid:0056bdd3-8fd6-4ab8-add0-da427b950231> | {
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Albert einstein's greatest contribution to the world was his theory of relativity in which he described new ways of looking at time, space, matter, energy and gravity his works also provided the. At the time, the science of atoms was still in its infancy, but how did einstein contribute to atomic theory a: quick answer albert einstein's major contributions to science include the theory of relativity. One of the many urban legends about the relativity genius claims that einstein failed mathematics at school nothing could be further from the truth: mathematical creativity was fundamental in einstein's contributions icmat/ royal academy of science mathematics. Einstein and the first world war albert einstein was born a german not far from the leading centre for astrophysical research at mount wilson during the 1920s and 1930s many physicists struggled with the problem einstein was right: science was international american, australian.
Albert einstein facts and brilliant work on theoretical physics live on today and he serves as an inspiration to young scientists around the world einstein made many contributions to the field of theoretical physics. Read all the fun and interesting facts about albert einstein and discover how his contributions to the fields of physics and math helped the world of science despite many of his this theory gives the current meaning of gravitation in modern physics the research paper explained. Cd8 t cells strongly contribute to the pathology observed in type 1 diabetes and many other autoimmune diseases teresa albert einstein cancer diabetes research center harold and muriel block institute for clinical and translational research at einstein and montefiore institute for. Hopfield receives albert einstein world award of science as an incentive to scientific and technological research and development the council cited his valuable contributions to all three of the major disciplines of modern science: physics. Spiritual research into the past life of einstein 1 spiritual research into albert einstein's past life no picture or text may be duplicated or copied without the express written permission of the editor of the spiritual science research foundation contact us.
Einstein for the 21st century: his legacy in science, art, and modern we all recognize albert einstein for his unparalleled contributions to 20th $3500 einstein for the 21st century his legacy in science, art, and modern culture with such turn-of-the-century physicists as max planck. Alok jha: albert einstein's famous equation e=mc2 for the first time connected the mass of an object with its energy and heralded a new world of physics. Transcript of albert einstein influences his contributions to the fields of science and philosophy have revolutionized man's understanding of the world likely his most well known contribution to the world are his findings in the field of gravity.
Albert einstein (14 march 1879 this model became known as the einstein world or einstein's static universe following his research on general relativity, einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as. On the influence of albert einstein the first of which describes the famous equation that would underlie the atomic research and the manhattan project of the 1940s einstein has left an immeasurable impact on modern science and technology as we know it. Did einstein's discoveries contribute anything to and einstein's theories did spur mathematical research but einstein himself did not contribute to that research einstein was a there were many other people who have made equivalent or better contributions to science and. The annus mirabilis papers are the papers of albert einstein published in the annalen der physik scientific journal in 1905 these four articles contributed substantially to the foundation of modern physics and although he did regularly read and contribute reviews to annalen der.
Albert einstein's contribution to modern physics he grasped the world in concrete images and strove to translate them into words and equations that could be understood by others science was albert einstein's first love report save paper view full essay. A quick look at scientific discoveries albert einstein is no doubt a name known by everyone and his research made a priceless contribution to the development of this field of study einstein reconciled science and religion.
Darwin's influence on modern thought albert einstein's biographer abraham pais made the exuberant claim that einstein's theories have profoundly changed the way modern men and women think about the phenomena of inanimate nature the philosophy of science and the modern zeitgeist. The contributions of albert einstein posted in: einstein was a genius and constant contributor to the world of physics contributions to physics science would be lost without the intelligent thought of albert einstein. On the influence of albert einstein einstein's contributions, to science and to humanity in general immediately prior to that period, during world war i, was a time when einstein's attention was oftentimes rather diverted from physics. To this there also belongs the faith in the possibility that the regulations valid for the world of existence are rational how far he thought modern science might be able to go toward establishing practical ideals of life on the the science and the life of albert einstein. Everybody probably knows albert einstein he was considered a genius because of his helpful contribution in science and math facts why is albert einstein important july 7, 2011, shiela, leave a comment why is albert einstein important he was named as father of modern physics because. | <urn:uuid:8c642bc2-d337-4e43-b171-52fb2e3e27f3> | {
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Photograph of Japanese immigrant Setsutaro Hasegawa probably taken circa 1908 in South Yarra, Melbourne. Setsutaro Hasegawa migrated to Australia in 1897 at the age of 29. This was just four years before the introduction of the Immigration Restriction Act which virtually banned immigration to Australia from Asia.
Setsutaro first worked as a houseboy in Melbourne. By 1910 he had married an Australian-born woman and had several children. In the late 1920s he established a laundry business in Geelong. In 1941 Setsutaro was interned at Tatura as an enemy alien, he was over 70 years old. He was released at the end of World War II, and unlike most Japanese interns he was not deported. Setsutaro returned to Geelong where he remained for the rest of his life.
Description of Content
Japanese immigrant Setsutaro Hasegawa is pictured from chest up wearing a suit and with a moustache. The image was probably taken in South Yarra, Melbourne circa 1908.
Black and white photograph
The Hasegawa collection enables the exploration of a number of important historical themes relating to migration, working life, and wartime internment in Victoria. Late nineteenth century and early to mid twentieth century Japanese migration and settlement experiences are little represented in the museum’s collections which this collection of clothing, documents, personal items and photographs helps to redress.
Donation from Andrew Hasegawa, 8/10/2009
Place & Date Made
Digital Still Image, Black & White
Type of item
66 mm (Width), 82 mm (Height) | <urn:uuid:d70c01ac-0139-44e5-b0a3-19d132cb54a5> | {
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Status Epilepticus in Dogs
Status epilepticus, or epilepsy, is a neurological condition that results in recurrent seizures in dogs.
Symptoms and Types
There are several different types of seizures or epilepsy that can affect dogs.
- Epilepsy is used to describe recurrent or reoccurring seizures that originate from the brain
- Idiopathic epilepsy describes a form of epilepsy that does not result in brain lesions or damage to the brain
- Symptomatic epilepsy is used to describe primary epilepsy resulting in structural lesions or damage to the brain’s structure
- Probably symptomatic epilepsy is used to describe suspected symptomatic epilepsy, where a patient has reoccurring seizures, but where no lesions or brain damage is apparent
- Cluster seizure describes any situation where an animal has more than one seizure in consecutive 24-hour periods
- Status epilepticus involves constant seizures, or activity involving brief periods where there is inactivity, but not complete relief from seizure activity.
The more seizures a dog has, the more likely there is to be damage among the neurons in the brain, and the more likely the animal is to seize again. Researchers generally classify all seizures as focal seizures, generalized seizures, and focal seizures with secondary generalization.
A focal seizure will affect only a small part of the brain. Generalized seizures tend to affect both sides of the brain.
Signs of an impending seizure may include a period of warning, where a patient will experience what is called an aura. During this time a dog may appear worried, stressed, or frightened. It may experience visual disturbances or seek help from its owner. The dog may experience contractions in its limbs or in its muscles, and may have difficulty controlling urination and bowel movements.
The dog may also experience an altered mental status before progressing to a seizure, as well as develop other neurological symptoms.
Many different factors, including the pattern of seizures, can influence the development of future seizures. For example, how old a dog is when it first develops a seizure may determine the likelihood that it will develop future seizures, reoccurring seizures, and the frequency and outcome of those seizures.
Physical symptoms may include tachycardia, muscle contractions, difficulty with breathing, low blood pressure, weak pulse, fainting, swelling in the brain, and obvious seizures. Some dogs will exhibit mental behaviors that are out of the ordinary, including symptoms of obsessive and compulsive behaviors. Some will demonstrate shaking and twitching. Others may tremble. Still others may die.
Laboratory and biochemical tests may reveal the following:
- Low blood sugar
- Kidney and liver failure
- A fatty liver
- An infectious disease in the blood
- Viral or fungal diseases
- Systemic diseases
A medical condition in which the patient has an abnormally fast heartbeat
An involuntary action in which the muscles contract; caused by a problem with the brain.
A condition of frequent or recurring seizures that are not of a system origin
The amount of pressure applied by the blood on the arteries.
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Online Training Courses
School Safety Center Home » Online Training
Online Training Courses
Active Shooter on Campus (Administrator and Staff versions)
It is vital that schools be well prepared for all kinds of safety incidents. The goal of Keenan SafeSchools/SafeColleges training’s Active Shooter: Administrators course is to prepare school administrators for “active shooter” situations by providing information on how they occur and how they may be more effectively prevented. Topics include: the facts about school shootings, understanding how to reduce the likelihood of active shooter situations, effective and ineffective strategies and tactics and actions to take in the event of an active shooter situation.
Boundary Invasion (25 minutes)
When incidents of sexual misconduct between school staff and students are revealed, colleagues are often-times left in shock, thinking “How could this happen in my school?” or “But that teacher is so respected and popular! Surely he/she isn’t capable of something like that….” This course highlights the shocking prevalence of misconduct in the educational setting, while also reinforcing the importance of establishing professional boundaries in the workplace. Available in Spanish.
Bullying Recognition/Response (42 Minutes)
The Keenan Safeschool’s Bullying: Recognition and Response course trains staff how to recognize and react to bullying situations. The course helps users understand the complexities of bullying by examining its characteristics, development and underlying causes. It also discusses the roles of victims, bullies and bystanders and offers ways for staff to deal with each. Addresses the “Safe Place to Learn Act”.
Diversity Awareness: Staff to Student (25 minutes)
A lack of diversity awareness and acceptance in a school community can create problems including harassment or discrimination claims. Keenan SafeSchools’ Diversity Awareness: Staff-to-Student course provides school staff members with an overview of issues related to staff-to-student diversity; equips staff to recognize and respond to incidents of harassment, bigotry, and prejudice; and how diversity policies apply to staff-to-parent communications as well. The course also offers positive reinforcing behaviors that show respect for a diverse student population and discusses the importance of staff to student boundaries.
Human Trafficking Awareness (22 minutes)
The goal of Keenan SafeSchools Human Trafficking Awareness course is to build awareness among employees regarding the trafficking of minors. This course will help all school employees learn to identify – and potentially prevent – occurrences of human trafficking.
Mandated Reporter: Child Abuse and Neglect (32 minutes)
The Keenan SafeSchools Mandatory Reporter course provides staff with an overview of laws regarding mandated reporting of child abuse, including child abuse and neglect detection, mandated reporter obligations and procedures (CANRA) and information on the consequences for failure to report. Available in Spanish.
Sexual Misconduct: Staff-to-Student (30 minutes)
While the vast numbers of school staff members are competent, capable and caring professionals, sexual misconduct by staff members involving students unfortunately does happen. Sexual misconduct has a profound and lasting impact on the student, school, community and staff members as well. The goal of this course is to educate teachers, coaches and support staff members about the standards of care required for the education profession – including the legal requirements. In addition, the course will explain the law that requires all school staff members to act as mandatory reporters of sexual abuse of students. Available in Spanish.
Title IX and Gender Equity in Sports (43 minutes)
Keenan SafeSchools/SafeColleges Title IX and Gender Equity in Athletics course provides an overview of Title IX and how it applies to school athletic programs. This course serves as an overview on the topic. It’s important for employees and programs to follow federal laws as well as your school and school district’s policies and procedures. Topics include a history of Title IX, legal requirements and compliance, equality in treatment and benefits, and common questions/myths.
Youth Suicide: Awareness and Prevention (26 minutes)
The statistics on youth suicide are staggering: suicide has become the 3rd leading cause of death for adolescents, with rates that have increased over 300% since the 1950s. However, by learning the facts about youth suicide, knowing the warning signs, and being ready to take action to safeguard a student, any school staff member can help prevent a tragedy. The goal of the Youth Suicide: Awareness and Prevention course is to provide school professionals with information that will help them reduce the likelihood of suicide among students in their school. This course will also explain the important role school personnel can have in suicide prevention. | <urn:uuid:20b8938c-950c-43e4-a562-94a8ac123982> | {
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Unit 4: Becoming a World Power and World War I
Terms in this set (20)
Imperialism is a state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas.
This was one of the causes of WWI. Britain and France practiced this by at the end of WWI, Britain taking Iran and France taking Syria.
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. Borders between being false and being exaggerated.
The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, that volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted and led by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles Cuba during the Spanish-American War.
San Juan Hill
Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches.
Treaty of Paris
Treaty which ended the Revolutionary War. Made the independence of the American Colonies valid.
U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War.
The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.
A protectorate, in its inception adopted by modern international law, is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state.
The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. One of the causes of WWI.
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. The feeling that one's country is the best and all other countries are inferior. One of the causes of WWI.
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile
In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies. Called the Central Powers because it was situated in the middle of Europe, between Russia and France.
Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy and US. They fought the Central Powers during World War I.
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. Most notably utilized by governments to influence public opinion.
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany. These reparations were virtually impossible to pay back
Open Door Policy
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
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Unit 6: Causes and Effects of WWII, 1936-1946 Essential Terms | <urn:uuid:d51653ff-33f5-4670-bacd-020ffe4b6fa4> | {
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Szymanski, DJ, Beiser, EJ, Bassett, KE, Till, ME, Medlin, GL, Beam, JR, and DeRenne, C. Effect of various warm-up devices on bat velocity of intercollegiate baseball players. J Strength Cond Res 25(2): 287-292, 2011-A variety of warm-up devices are available to baseball players to use before their game at-bat. Past baseball research evaluating warm-up devices indicates that implements that are ±12% of standard game bat weight produce the greatest bat velocities for high school and intercollegiate players. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various warm-up devices on bat velocity (BV) of intercollegiate baseball players. Twenty-two Division I intercollegiate baseball players (age = 20.0 ± 1.5 years, height = 182.6 ± 8.3 cm, body mass = 91.4 ± 11.4 kg, lean body mass = 78.8 ± 8.9 kg, % body fat = 13.6 ± 3.8) participated in a warm-up with 1 of 10 weighted devices on separate days. Each of the 10 testing sessions consisted of a standardized warm-up, 3 dry swings as hard as possible with the assigned warm-up device, 2 comfortable dry swings with a standard game baseball bat followed by 3 game swings (20-second rest between swings) while hitting a baseball off of a batting tee with the same standard game baseball bat. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in BV after using any of the 10 warm-up devices. For male intercollegiate baseball players, results indicate that warm-up devices varying from 623.7 to 2,721.5 g (22-96 oz.) did not change mean BV of a standard game baseball bat, suggesting that intercollegiate players can use any of the 10 warm-up devices in the on-deck circle and maintain their BV. Therefore, personal preference as to which warm-up implement to use in the on-deck circle is advised. | <urn:uuid:190f7e5a-b81e-4024-bf78-440dca954353> | {
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What are Sharrows?
“Sharrows” or “Shared-lane markings” are intended to help motorists and cyclists safely share and navigate streets. The sharrows show cyclists where to be in the road (aligned with the middle of the chevron markings), and along with “Bikes may use full lane” signs, remind drivers that the presence of bicyclists is to be expected.
Sharrows are different from bike lanes, which are reserved exclusively for bicyclists and are marked by a solid white line and a bicycle symbol.
Sharrows also show where cyclists can position themselves on the street to avoid being struck by a suddenly-opened car door. Although it is the responsibility of the motorist to check before opening their door, cyclists can stay safe by not riding in the “door zone”.
Sharrows Frequently Asked Questions
Q. The sharrows are in the center of the lane. Aren’t cyclists supposed to stay to the right?
A. Not always. According to Maryland law, cyclists are to stay to the right except to pass another vehicle traveling in the same direction, to prepare to make a left turn, to avoid riding in a lane that turns or diverges to the right, to avoid unsafe conditions, or when the lane width is too narrow to safely share with a motor vehicle. The minimum lane width for a motor vehicle and bicycle to share side-by-side is 14 feet (AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities). On lanes narrower than 14 feet with speed limits of 25mph or less, it is usually safer (and totally legal) for the cyclist to ride in the center of the lane.
Q. If I see these markings in a lane, is the lane only for bikes?
A. No. These markings can be used in any lane that is used by bicyclists and motorists. Bicycle lanes, which are set aside for bicyclists, are marked by a solid white line and a different symbol.
Q. So, if I don’t see these markings, then it’s not a shared lane and bicyclists aren’t supposed to be there?
A. No, cyclists can ride on any street in Howard County except limited access freeways with signs explicitly prohibiting cyclists (such as Interstate 95). Sharrows are intended to reinforce that cyclists are allowed to use the traffic lanes, not to define a special condition.
Q. Are these markings going to be on every street that does not have a bike lane?
A. No, these markings will be used primarily on streets that fit into the biking network, where a significant number of cyclists is expected, or to note a connection between common cycling routes. In these cases, a separate bike lane is generally preferred, but in cases where a bike lane is not feasible (usually due to space constraints), sharrows may be a helpful alternative.
Q. I’ve never seen these markings before. Why are they being used now?
A. These markings were approved by the Federal Highway Administration for use nationwide. They were recommended in the Howard County Bicycle Master Plan for some locations, and were included in Council Bill 3-2016 for Main Street Ellicott City.
Q. How do I pass a cyclist this is riding in front of me following the sharrows in the center of the lane?
A. The same as always – wait for a safe opportunity to pass and leave at least 3 feet to the cyclist when passing. The delay is never very long and a safe chance to pass will soon present itself. Please be patient on the roads and courteous to all road users.
If you have feedback or comments, please let us know! | <urn:uuid:cc708a5e-d826-48d3-9517-c981f61f04c0> | {
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Silas Horton Dickerson (1799-1857) established himself as a printer in Stanstead in 1823. As such, he was the first printer in the Eastern Townships, and issued from 1823 to 1834 the very first newspaper in the area : the British Colonist and St. Francis Gazette . He also printed a few books ; and, as was common practice among printers of the time, he also doubled as a bookseller at his shop in Stanstead Plain. The British Colonist published advertisements for both his own publications, and for books issued by other publishers. Silas H. Dickerson experienced more than his share of financial and judicial problems during his career as printer and publisher, which brought him to close down his business by 1834 .
|Silas Horton Dickerson and his wife, Mary Price.|
Ambrotype, circa 1855 (Courtesy Mrs. Lisa Morrison, Ottawa)
Another widespread activity for printers and booksellers of the period, was to set up "circulating libraries", where patrons of the shop could rent books for a small fee, or for varied term subscriptions (yearly, quarterly, monthly). This type of library, contrary to the so-called "social" libraries, was privately owned by a single proprietor, and was primarily a commercial activity. At the turn of the 19th century, there were libraries of this sort in Montreal and Quebec City – where, for instance, printer and bookseller Thomas Cary operated a circulating library from his premises on St. Louis street.
A true pioneer of the Canadian book trade – as the first printer, publisher and bookseller to set up outside of the larger cities of Canada East (as the province of Québec was called at the time) –, Dickerson also appears to be the first to operate such a library in a rural area.
The advent of circulating libraries was still a novelty in Dickerson’s era. The earliest known circulating library in America was initiated by William Rind in Annapolis (Maryland) in 1762, but was short lived. However, by the early 19th century, circulating libraries had become a trend of sorts, as more and more book and print shops were caught up in the movement. Multiple copies of selected books were kept in stock for renting out to customers. Over time, "circulating libraries were often criticized for the shallowness and moral laxity of their book stock and customers, and it is clear that they often catered to the frivolous and the less educated. Some books, it was alleged, were ‘written solely for the use of the circulating library, and very proper to debauch all young women who are still un-debauched’. "
This was obviously not the case for Silas Dickerson’s stock of books, as all the offerings of the Stanstead Circulating Library were predominantly of a religious character – and certainly not the usual fare of popular novels and adventure stories that were found in many circulating libraries in 19th century American cities . In a small brochure printed in 1830 by S. H. Dickerson, "The Rules and Catalogue of the Stanstead Circulating Library, instituted in 1830" , some 158 books available at the library are listed, along with detailed indications on its rules and modes of operation (see illustrations). This private library most likely acted as open competition to the social libraries, and possibly added to the difficulty they faced in securing a steady flow of active users – slowly contributing to their demise. Yet Dickerson’s stock cannot be viewed as undermining the social libraries’ inventories, seeing that these mainly held books of quite another, non-religious, nature.
The religious bent of Dickerson’s circulating library comes as no surprise, since much of the content of his paper, the British Colonist, was initially oriented towards religious subjects. Having been apprenticed for six years to a Kingston printer, Stephen Miles , and later employed by Nahum Mower in Montreal – both of them known for their religious proselytism –, Dickerson was certainly influenced in his devotions by his former masters, and it is not unlikely that he settled in Stanstead in 1823 because of the strong presence of the Methodist church in the area. It is also known that Silas Dickerson was one of the "proprietors" of the Stanstead Wesleyan Seminary in the early 1840’s , along with the most influencial Stanstead citizens of the time.
Pages from The Rules and Catalogue of the Stanstead Circulating Library, 1830.
Collection Haskell Free Public Library, Rock Island, Qeébec, & Derby Line, Vermont.
Though the Stanstead Circulating Library catalogue speaks for itself as to its religious emphasis, Silas Horton Dickerson’s "credo" towards books and reading is of a more secular nature:
As reading is a source of the highest personal improvement, and the most exquisite pleasure, accessible to men of every rank ; those who neglect books inadvertently injure themselves ; for a life destitute of knowledge is worse than death.
See Jean-Pierre Kesteman, "Les premiers journaux du district de Saint-François (1823-1845)", in Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française, vol. 31, n° 2, 1977, p. 240-233 ; available on Internet at http://www.erudit.org/revue/haf/1977/v31/n2/303610ar.pdf
Books printed by Dickerson include Elmer Cushing’s "An Appeal…", issued in 1826. See Pierre Rastoul, "Early Book Trades in Stanstead, circa 1820-1850", in Stanstead Historical Society Journal, vol. 23, 2009 ; pp. 93-120
However, he remained active in Stanstead afterwards, namely as an organizer for the Reformist party, supporting the election of their candidates John Grannis and Marcus Child in 1836. During the Patriot Rebellion (1837-1838), he was forced into exile to the U.S., but returned shortly after to Stanstead, where he held positions as public officer – namely as Customs Agent for the "port" of Stanstead (1853 on), and later, in 1857, as the first Mayor of Stanstead Plain. Dickerson passed away three months later, and is buried in the Cristal Lake cemetery in Stanstead. A biography of Silas H. Dickerson, by Jean-Pierre Kesteman, in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. VIII (1851-1860), available online at http://www.biographi.ca
Richard Wendorf, as quoted by Rick Ring in "Notes for Bibliophiles", the Providence Public Library Special Collections blog, November 4, 2008 ; at http://pplspeccoll.blogspot.com/2008/11/ealy-providence-circulating-libraries.html
See David Kaser, A Book for a Sixpence. The Circulating Library in America ; Pittsburgh, Beta Phi Mu, 1980.
The only known copy of this brochure is preserved at the Haskell Free Public Library.
Stephen Miles eventually sold his print shop in Kingston to become a Methodist pastor, in 1819, at which time Dickerson moved to Montreal to work with Nahum Mower. On Stephen Miles, see Aegidius Fauteux, The Introduction of Printing in Canada, Montréal : Rolland Paper Company, 1930; p. 137.
A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Stanstead Seminary in Canada East, for the years 1841 & 1842, Sherbrooke, Printed by J. S. Walton, 1842. (Courtesy of James Farfan, Ogden)
The Rules and Catalogue of the Stanstead Circulating Library…, Stanstead, Printed by S. H. Dickerson, 1830 ; cover page. | <urn:uuid:335cb8ab-7869-424d-86c9-b52f25bff880> | {
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research on techniques for recognizing real world situations
In today’s information society there is a large amount of information including images, and that found on the Web and in cellular phones . However, there are many phenomena in the real world that have not been yet informationized. It is believed that monitoring with sensors and informationizing real world situations will provide human society with enhanced convenience.
For instance, we will be able to derive the information that people need from that provided by a large number of sensors arranged in the environment to enable cooperative work. Moreover, we will be able to recognize human behavior by monitoring information from sensors attached to human body, and then to change the environment surrounding the user to make it more convenient.
To realize these applications we must collect information from a lot of sensors arranged in the environment, interpret the content of these time series data, and present the information in a way that a person can understand.
Here, we study an effective information gathering method by compressing data obtained from many sensor nodes into a hierarchical tree structure. In addition, we research a technique for recognizing human action with a high abstraction level using a sensor installed on the wrist.
■How will this technology be used in the future?
research of s-roomMany sensor-based services have already been developed. Sensors such as acceleration sensors and GPS are used, for example, in cellular phones and games.
The technology researched and developed in relation to s-room involves a basic technique for using sensor information more easily and conveniently.
For instance, we will be able to make a diary (life log) that easily recognizes when a person is reviewing it by automatically interrupting the person’s action based on information from the sensor. Moreover, we will be able to construct an almost maintenance-free sensor network by reducing power consumption using an effective gathering data technique.
■Hand-based activity recognition methods
Wrist-worn sensor devicesThis study focuses on the fact that a person usually employs daily objects with the hand when performing an activity. We sense the use of daily objects with various kinds of hand-worn sensors and recognize the user’s activities by employing the sensor data. That is, we infer what activity the user is performing by analyzing the sensor data. This kind of technique permits us to realize such applications as elderly care support and home automation.
In this study, for example, we developed a wrist-worn sensor device with a camera to capture visual information about daily objects held by the wearer, and to recognize her activities from the information. We also developed a hand-worn magnetic sensor device to identify electrical devices that the wearer is using with her hand. We try to recognize various activities related to the use of daily objects simply by employing wearable sensors without the need for many sensors attached to daily objects.
■Efficient sensor data gathering method for hierarchical sensor networks
Efficient data gathering method for hierarchical sensor networksEfficient data gathering is a fundamental technology for the development of a sensor network application that analyzes the context of the real world and provides various services depending on the context. Meanwhile sensor data sequences have the following characteristics: (1) the spatial correlation is high among neighboring sensor nodes and (2) many sensor data sequences repeat similar sequences periodically.
Sensor nodesEfficient data gathering is a fundamental technology for the development of a sensor network application that analyzes the context of the real world and provides various services depending on the context. Meanwhile sensor data sequences have the following characteristics: (1) the spatial correlation is high among neighboring sensor nodes and (2) many sensor data sequences repeat similar sequences periodically. | <urn:uuid:a38be365-f14a-4068-b82d-3e1ec9e89ac4> | {
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|Schools of economics|
Neoclassical economics refers to a general approach in economics focusing on the determination of prices, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand. These are mediated through a hypothesized maximization of income-constrained utility by individuals and of cost-constrained profits of firms employing available information and factors of production.
Neoclassical economics, as its name implies, developed from the classical economics dominant in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Its beginning can be traced to the Marginal revolution of the 1860s, which brought the concept of utility as the key factor in determining value in contrast to the classical view that the costs involved in production were value's determinant. Separating from the Austrian school of economics, the neoclassical approach became increasingly mathematical, focusing on perfect competition and equilibrium.
Critiques of this approach involve its separation from the real world, both in terms of the time-frame for an economy to return to equilibrium through market forces, and in the "rational" behavior of the people and organizations that is assumed. Indeed, neoclassical economics has not been entirely successful in predicting the actual behavior of people, markets, and economies in the world so far, nor does it offer a view of a society that resonates with the ideals of a world in which people are able to express their uniquenesses as part of a society of peace, harmony, and prosperity. Despite much criticism, however, mainstream economics remains largely neoclassical in its assumptions, at least at the microeconomic level.
Classical economics, developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, included a value theory and distribution theory. The value of a product was thought to depend on the costs involved in producing that product. The explanation of costs in Classical economics was simultaneously an explanation of distribution. A landlord received rent, workers received wages, and a capitalist tenant farmer received profits on their investment.
By the middle of the nineteenth century, English-speaking economists generally shared a perspective on value theory and distribution theory. The value of a bushel of corn, for example, was thought to depend on the costs involved in producing that bushel. The output or product of an economy was thought to be divided or distributed among the different social groups in accord with the costs borne by those groups in producing the output. This, roughly, was the "Classical Theory" developed by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Robert Malthus, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx.
But there were difficulties in this approach. Chief among them was that prices in the market did not necessarily reflect the "value" so defined, for people were often willing to pay more than an object was "worth." The classical "substance" theories of value, which took value to be a property inherent in an object, gradually gave way to a perspective in which value was associated with the relationship between the object and the person obtaining the object.
Several economists in different places at about the same time (the 1870s and 1880s) began to base value on the relationship between costs of production and "subjective elements," later called "supply" and "demand." This came to be known as the Marginal revolution in economics, and the overarching theory that developed from these ideas came to be called neoclassical economics. The first to use the term "neoclassical economics" seems to have been the American economist Thorstein Veblen (1900).
It was then used by George Stigler and John Hicks broadly to include the work of Carl Menger, William Stanley Jevons, and John Bates Clark. Menger, founder of the Austrian school of economics, is considered significant in the origin of neoclassical thought, with its focus on utilitarianism and value determined by the subjective views of individuals (not costs). Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk and Friedrich von Wieser, followers of Menger, can also be included to a lesser extent as neoclassical economists.
Despite starting from the same point, Austrian economics became increasingly separated from neoclassical economics in both method and focus. In method, whereas mainstream neoclassical economics became increasingly mathematical Austrian economics proceeded non-mathematically, incorporating laws and institutions into its analysis. The neoclassicals focused on equilibrium while the Austrian school focused on the study of institutions, process, and disequilibrium. Also, whereas mainstream neoclassical economics focused on perfect competition as a reference point, Austrian economics did not. Austrian economics had a sense of the correct institutional structure but not of the correct price; correct price was whatever price the institutional structure produced. This difference manifested itself in Menger's lack of concern about mathematical formalism and Wieser's combining a theory of power with his theory of markets to arrive at a full theory of the economy.
Today, the term neoclassical is generally used to refer to mainstream economics and the Chicago school.
In the years immediately following Karl Marx's publication of Das Kapital, a revolution took place in economics. Marx's development of a theory of exploitation from the labor theory of value, which had been taken as fundamental by economists since John Locke, coincided with labor theory's abandonment. The new orthodoxy became the theory of marginal utility. Writing simultaneously and independently, a Frenchman (Leon Walras), an Austrian (Carl Menger), and an Englishman (William Stanley Jevons) wrote that instead of the value of goods or services reflecting the labor that produced them, value reflects the usefulness (utility) of the last purchase (before the "margin" at which people find things useful no longer). This meant that an equilibrium of people's preferences determined prices, including the price of labor, so there was no question of exploitation. In a competitive economy, said the marginalists, people get what they had paid, or worked, for.
Carl Menger (1840-1921), an Austrian economist stated the basic principle of marginal utility in Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre (Menger 1871). Consumers act rationally by seeking to maximize satisfaction of all their preferences. People allocate their spending so that the last unit of a commodity bought creates no more than a last unit bought of something else. William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) was his English counterpart. He emphasized in the Theory of Political Economy (1871) that at the margin, the satisfaction of goods and services decreases. An example of the theory of diminishing returns is that for every orange one eats, the less pleasure one gets from the last orange (until one stops eating). Then Leon Walras (1834-1910), again working independently, generalized marginal theory across the economy in Elements of Pure Economics (1874). Small changes in people's preferences, for instance shifting from beef to mushrooms, would lead to a mushroom price rise, and beef price fall. This stimulates producers to shift production, increasing mushrooming investment, which would increase market supply leading to a new lower mushroom price and a new price equilibrium between the products.
Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) was the first Professor of Economics at the University of Cambridge and his work, Principles of Economics (1890), coincided with the transition of the subject from "political economy" to his favored term, "economics." Coming after the marginal revolution, Marshall concentrated on reconciling the classical labor theory of value, which had concentrated on the supply side of the market, with the new marginalist theory that concentrated on the consumer demand side. Marshall's graphical representation is the famous supply and demand graph, the "Marshallian cross." He insisted it is the intersection of both supply and demand that produce an equilibrium of price in a competitive market. Over the long run, argued Marshall, the costs of production and the price of goods and services tend towards the lowest point consistent with continued production.
Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845–1926) was an Irish polymath, a highly influential figure in the development of neo-classical economics, who contributed to the development of statistical theory. He was the first to apply certain formal mathematical techniques to individual decision making in economics. Edgeworth developed utility theory, introducing the indifference curve and the famous "Edgeworth box," which have become standards in economic theory. His "Edgeworth conjecture" states that the core of an economy shrinks to the set of competitive equilibria as the number of agents in the economy gets large. The high degree of originality demonstrated in his most work was matched only by the difficulty in reading his writings. Edgeworth was often regarded as “Marshall's man," referring to his support of Alfred Marshall. It was Edgeworth who greatly contributed toward the establishment of the Marshallian Neoclassical hegemony and the decline of any alternative approach.
John Bates Clark (1847-1938) pioneered the marginalist revolution in the United States. Having studied in Germany, his ideas were different from those of the classical school and also the Institutional economics of Thorstein Veblen. Together with Richard T. Ely and Henry Carter Adams, Clark was cofounder of the organization that later became the American Economic Association. Clark sought to discover economic relationships, such as the relationship between distribution of income and production, which he argued would occur naturally in a market based on perfect competition. He believed that his "marginal productivity theory of income distribution" scientifically proved that market systems could generate a just distribution of income.
He took marginal productivity theory further than others, and applied it to the business firm and the maximization of profits. He also argued that people were motivated not only by self-centered desire, but also considered the interests of society as a whole in their economic decision making. In his Distribution of Wealth, Clark (1899) developed his utility theory, according to which all commodities contain within them “bundles of utilities”—different qualitative degrees of utility. It is this utility that determines the value of a commodity:
If we were here undertaking to present at length the theory of value, we should lay great stress on the fact that value is a social phenomenon. Things sell, indeed, according to their final utilities; but it is their final utilities to society (Clark 1899).
Alfred Marshall was still working on his last revisions of his Principles of Economics at the outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918). The new twentieth century's climate of optimism was soon violently dismembered in the trenches of the Western front, as the civilized world tore itself apart. For four years the production of Britain, Germany, and France was geared entirely towards the war economy's industry of death. In 1917, Russia crumbled into revolution led by Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik party. They carried Marxist theory as their savior, and promised a broken country "peace, bread, and land" by collectivizing the means of production. Also in 1917, the United States of America entered the war on the side of France and Britain, President Woodrow Wilson carrying the slogan of "making the world safe for democracy." He devised a peace plan of Fourteen Points. In 1918, Germany launched a spring offensive which failed, and as the allies counter-attacked and more millions were slaughtered, Germany slid into revolution, its interim government suing for peace on the basis of Wilson's Fourteen Points. Europe lay in ruins, financially, physically, psychologically, and its future with the arrangements of the Versailles conference in 1919.
John Maynard Keynes was the representative of Her Majesty's Treasury at the conference and the most vocal critic of its outcome. He was particularly opposed to the approach taken by classical and neoclassical economists that the economy would naturally come to a desirable equilibrium in the long run. Keynes argued in A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923) that a variety of factors determined economic activity, and that it was not enough to wait for the long run market equilibrium to restore itself. As Keynes famously remarked:
…this long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us that when the storm is long past the ocean is flat again (Keynes 1923).
During the Great Depression, Keynes published his most important work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). The depression had been sparked by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, leading to massive rises in unemployment in the United States, leading to debts being recalled from European borrowers, and an economic domino effect across the world. Orthodox economics called for a tightening of spending, until business confidence and profit levels could be restored.
From this point, Keynesian economics began its ascension and the neoclassical approach faltered.
The framework of neoclassical economics can be summarized as follows. Individuals make choices at the margin, where the marginal utility of a good or of a service is the utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase in that good or service, or of the specific use that would be abandoned in response to a given decrease. This results in a theory of demand for goods, and supply of productive factors.
Buyers attempt to maximize their gains from purchasing goods, and they do this by increasing their purchases of a good until what they gain from an extra unit is just balanced by what they have to give up to obtain it. In this way they maximize "utility"—the satisfaction associated with the consumption of goods and services.
Individuals provide labor to firms that wish to employ them, by balancing the gains from offering the marginal unit of their services (the wage they would receive) with the disutility of labor itself—the loss of leisure.
Similarly, producers attempt to produce units of a good so that the cost of producing the incremental or marginal unit is just balanced by the revenue it generates. In this way they maximize profits. Firms also hire employees up to the point that the cost of the additional hire is just balanced by the value of output that the additional employee would produce.
Neoclassical economics conceptualizes the agents as rational actors. Agents were modeled as optimizers who were led to "better" outcomes. Neoclassical economists usually assume, in other words, that human beings make the choices that give them the best possible advantage, given the circumstances they face. Circumstances include the prices of resources, goods and services, limited income, limited technology for transforming resources into goods and services, and taxes, regulations, and similar objective limitations on the choices they may make (Weintraub 1993). The resulting equilibrium was "best" in the sense that any other allocation of goods and services would leave someone worse off. Thus, the social system in the neoclassical vision was free of unresolvable conflict.
The very term "social system" is a measure of the success of neoclassical economics, for the idea of a system, with its interacting components, its variables and parameters and constraints, is the language of mid-nineteenth-century physics. This field of rational mechanics was the model for the neoclassical framework:
We understand that the allocation of resources is a social problem in any modern economy. Any modern economic system must somehow answer the questions posed by the allocation of resources. If we are further to understand the way in which people respond to this social problem, we have to make some assumptions about human behavior. …The assumption at the basis of the neoclassical approach is that people are rational and (more of less) self-interested. This should be understood as an instance of positive economics (about what is) not normative economics (about what ought to be). This distinction, positive versus normative economics, is important in itself and is a key to understanding many aspects of economics (Huberman and Hogg 1995).
Agents, mentioned above, were like atoms; utility was like energy; utility maximization was like the minimization of potential energy, and so forth. In this way was the rhetoric of successful science linked to the neoclassical theory, and in this way economics became linked to science itself. Whether this linkage was planned by the early Marginalists, or rather was a feature of the public success of science itself, is less important than the implications of that linkage. For once neoclassical economics was associated with scientific economics, to challenge the neoclassical approach was to seem to challenge science and progress and modernity. These developments were accompanied by the introduction of new tools, such as indifference curves and the theory of ordinal utility which increased the level of mathematical sophistication of neoclassical economics.
Paul Samuelson's Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947) contributed to this increase in formal rigor. Value is linked to unlimited desires and wants colliding with constraints, or scarcity. The tensions, the decision problems, are worked out in markets. Prices are the signals that tell households and firms whether their conflicting desires can be reconciled.
EXAMPLE: At some price of cars, for example, a person wants to buy a new car. At that same price others may also want to buy cars. However, manufacturers may not want to produce as many cars as the buyers want. Buyers' frustration may lead them to "bid up" the price of cars, eliminating some potential buyers and encouraging some marginal producers. As the price changes, the imbalance between buy orders and sell orders is reduced. This is how optimization under constraint and market interdependence lead to an economic equilibrium. This is the neoclassical vision (Samuelson 1947).
To summarize, neoclassical economics is what is called a "metatheory." That is, it is a set of implicit rules or understandings for constructing satisfactory economic theories. It is a scientific research program that generates economic theories. Its fundamental assumptions include the following:
The value of neoclassical economics can be assessed by the fruits of its guidance. The understandings related to incentives—about prices and information, about the interrelatedness of decisions and the unintended consequences of choices—are all well developed in neoclassical theories, as is a self-consciousness about the use of evidence. The rules of theory development and assessment are clear in neoclassical economics, and that clarity is taken to be beneficial to the community of economists.
EXAMPLE: In planning for future electricity needs in a state, for example, the Public Utilities Commission develops a (neoclassical) demand forecast, joins it to a (neoclassical) cost analysis of generation facilities of various sizes and types (such as an 800-megawatt low-sulfur coal plant), and develops a least-cost system growth plan and a (neoclassical) pricing strategy for implementing that plan. Those on all sides of the issues, from industry to municipalities, from electric companies to environmental groups, all speak the same language of demand elasticities and cost minimization, of marginal costs and rates of return. In this context, the scientific character of neoclassical economics is not its weakness but its strength (Samuelson 1947).
Neoclassical economics has been criticized in several ways. As already mentioned, John Maynard Keynes argued that even if equilibrium would be restored eventually through market forces the time required for this to occur was too long. Others, such as Thorstein Veblen, said that the neoclassical view of the economic world is unrealistic.
The "rational" consumer of the neoclassical economist is a working assumption that was meant to free economists from dependence on psychology. However, the assumption of rationality is often confused with real, purposive behavior. In fact, the consumer routinely makes decisions in undefined contexts. They muddle through, they adapt, they copy, they try what worked in the past, they gamble, they take uncalculated risks, they engage in costly altruistic activities, and regularly make unpredictable, even unexplainable, decisions (Sandven 1995).
Many economists, even contemporaries, have criticized the neoclassical vision of economic humanity. Veblen put it most sardonically, commenting that neoclassical economics assumes a person to be
a lightning calculator of pleasures and pains, who oscillates like a homogeneous globule of desire of happiness under the impulse of stimuli that shift about the area, but leave him intact (Veblen 1898).
Tversky and Kahneman (1979, 1986) in their "prospect theory," argued that people are not as calculating as economic models assume. Instead, people repeatedly make errors in judgment, and such errors can be predicted and categorized. Their 1979 paper in Econometrica is one of the most widely cited papers in economics.
Thus, the rationality assumption, originating in classical economics and restated by the neoclassicals to maintain their distance from the Austrian school, fails to remove psychological factors from the equation. While mathematical analyses can indeed be carried out, as Tversky and Kahneman showed, these must include the forces that drive real people's decision-making behavior.
Modern corporations do not even appear to be acting as if they equilibrate marginal cost-marginal revenue to maximize profits. Rather, they attempt to "beat the average." Consequently, success has less to do with the intuitively convincing textbook equality between marginal cost and marginal revenue, than with the capture of external contested income (Thompson 1997).
One neoclassical defense is to suggest that equilibrium is only a tendency towards which the system is moving. However, Weintraub (1991) reveals that econometricians, such as Negishi, maintain that the equilibrium contained in a model is real and intuitively justified by appealing to reality
out there … in which it is known that the economy is fairly shock-proof. We know from experience that prices usually do not explode to infinity or contract to zero (Negishi 1962).
No matter how hard neoclassical economists try to drive away the world of complexity, it continues to confront them. Yet, to the frustration of "heterogeneous" antagonists the neoclassical paradigm remains dominant (Thompson 1997).
According to Varoufakis and Arnsperger, neoclassical economics continues to impact economic thought, research, and teaching, despite its practical irrelevance as evidenced by its failure to describe or predict real-world occurrences:
Neoclassical economics, despite its incessant metamorphoses, is well defined in terms of the same three meta-axioms on which all neoclassical analyses have been founded since the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Moreover, its status within the social sciences, and its capacity to draw research funding and institutional prominence, is explained largely by its success in keeping these three meta-axioms well hidden. …it is to be explained in evolutionary terms, as the result of practices which reinforce the profession’s considerable success through diverting attention from the models’ axiomatic foundations to their technical complexity and diverse predictions (Varoufakis and Arnsperger 2006).
President Richard Nixon, defending deficit spending against the conservative charge that it was "Keynesian," is reported to have replied, "We're all Keynesians now…" In fact, what he should have said is "We're all neoclassicals now, even the Keynesians," because what is taught to students, what is mainstream economics today, is neoclassical economics (Weintraub 1993).
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The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: | <urn:uuid:267583f7-e785-4e5d-9166-15bb65f08ba4> | {
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In this activity, your youth:
• Create science journals called Saturn Discovery Logs
, to chronicle their journey of discovery about Saturn and NASA's Cassini-Huygens mission.
• Draw and share what they picture when they hear "Saturn" and add labels and captions to their drawings.
• Closely observe pictures of Saturn, the Cassini spacecraft, and the Huygens Probe and write about what they notice. In teams, they also discuss and record what they wonder about. Practicing skills of careful observation, team discussion and development of questions prepares students to develop "habits of mind" of scientists or engineers. Their writing forms the basis for "claims" and "evidence" as projects and presentations are formulated.
• Make and Take: their own decorated Saturn Discovery Log
.Time/number of sessions:
Two 40-minute sessions (longer when there are extended questions)Activity type:
Art and journaling Space needed:
Room with tables and chairs Download the Activity
Optimized PDF (for screen or printer use)
Full-resolution PDF (for full-resolution color printing) | <urn:uuid:6362c9c2-2ea3-4692-9ed2-10546431fef5> | {
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“A date which will live in infamy.”
That is what President Franklin Roosevelt called Dec. 7, 1941, the day Japanese forces attacked the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, killing more than 2,300 Americans.
And so it is. It is also the day the United States changed forever.
On Dec. 6, the U.S. was focused on lingering economic problems, content to let the rest of the world sort out the atrocities happening in Europe and Asia.
After Pearl Harbor, the nation was deeply involved in the fate of the world and has been ever since.
On Dec. 6, women mostly worked at home taking care of their families.
The nation’s entry into World War II sent men into military service and women into the workforce.
Women had never before worked outside the home in the numbers they did during the war, according to the National Archives.
After the war, many women left their jobs. But the shift that began then led to the broad acceptance of women in the labor force.
On Dec. 6, an atomic bomb was unheard of.
After the war, the nuclear age was here and the stage set for the Cold War.
“Remember Pearl Harbor” was a call to arms during the war. It bolstered the nation’s will, renewed its outrage through the grueling years of sacrifice and death during the war.
We should remember Pearl Harbor.
We should remember the sacrifice of those who died. We should honor the brave response of our nation.
We should also remember it as the day our nation – and the world – changed forever. | <urn:uuid:ef2eadf7-cf60-4772-9f7c-d955c46a2996> | {
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'We\'ve' . "all $een" . 'this' . $problem . 'before' . $and->it . ((1==1) ? 'seems' : 'dosen\'t seem') . sprintf('about time to %s things', 'clarify');
PHP string handling can be a tough concept to wrangle. Developers have many options: single / double quotes, concatenation and various string manipulation functions. The choices you make have a significant impact on the readability and performance of your script. Let's meet the line-up:
Single quotes are used to define a string whose contents should be taken literally. What this means is that PHP will not attempt to expand any content contained between the
This is the way to tell your favorite Hypertext Preprocessor, "That little guy? Don't worry about that little guy."
In most cases this is the de-facto standard for strings. However, when a decent number of variables become involved it tends to become difficult to keep your quotes accounted for. When combining simple strings with variables and single quotes, the "
." operator is needed between each variable/string. That "
." is known as the concatenation operator.
$date = 'Yesterday';
$location = 'outside';
$item = array ( 'description' => 'lovely', 'name' => 'butterfly');
$content = $date . ' I went ' . $location . ' and caught a ' . $item['description'] . ' ' . $item['name'];
Output: Yesterday I went outside and caught a lovely butterfly
Using double quotes will cause PHP to look a little closer into the string to find anywhere it can "read between the lines." Variables and escape characters will be expanded, so you can reference them inline without the need for concatenation. This can be useful when creating strings which include pre-defined variables.
$file = 'example.jpg'
$content = "<a href=\"http://www.example.com/$file\">$file</a>"
Output: <a href="/%3Ca%20href%3D"http://www.example.com/example.jpg">http://www.example.com/example.jpg">example.jpg</a>
In previous versions of PHP there was a significant performance difference between the use of single v. double quotes. In later versions performance variations are negligible. The decision of one over the other should focus on feature and readability concerns.
Unlike single and double quotes, the
sprintf function comes to the table with a few cards up its sleeve. When provided with a formatting "template" and arguments,
sprintf will return a formatted string.
$order = array ( 'item' => 'RC Helicopters', 'status' => 'pending');
$content = sprintf('Your order of %s is currently %s', $order['item'], $order['status']);
Output: Your order of RC Helicopters is currently pending
When constructing a complex string such as XML documents,
sprintf allows the developer to view the string with placeholders rather than a mish-mash of escaped quotes and variables. In addition
sprintf is able to specify the type of variable, change padding/text alignment, and even change the order in which it displays the variables.
The debate over the most efficient method of string definition has raged for years and will likely continue ad infinitum. However, when the benchmarks show their performance as almost identical, it leaves you with one major question: What works the best for your implementation? Typically my scripts will contain all of the methods above, and often a combination of them.
print(sprintf('The %s important thing is that %s give them all a try and see for %s', 'most', 'you', 'yourself')); | <urn:uuid:a98b7a0a-2266-4b65-aab1-04042f29fb9d> | {
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SEATTLE – Every Saturday 11-year-old Rene Muñoz flies on a trapeze, bounces on trampolines and practices his handstands, all without seeing a thing.
That’s because Muñoz is blind. Despite his visual impairment, the young acrobat is able to learn many of the same tricks as his sighted classmates at Seattle’s School of Acrobatics and new Circus Arts (SANCA).
Unfortunately, not all blind children have the same opportunities to exercise or play sports. As a result, these kids are more likely to become obese, have fewer opportunities to socialize, and tend to lack confidence.
But, local experts are working to create exercise opportunities for blind children by modifying existing sports and even creating new ones.
Jennifer Butcher, a physical therapist at the Washington State School for the Blind, says many students come to her afraid of physical activities. Some have grown up being told they cannot do certain activities while others have had bad experiences such as running into something or getting hit by a ball
“Blind and visually impaired children don’t like to move,” says Jennifer Butcher, a physical therapist at the Washington State School for the Blind. “When they go to school and hear the word ‘PE’ they don’t want anything to do with it.”
Butcher says she tries to break down those psychological barriers.
“The younger you get them involved in movement the better,” Butcher says. “Then the negativity won’t build up.”
“These children are more able than we realize,” Tarczy-Hornoch says. “They are so well-adapted you would never guess the depth of their visual impairment.”
Before Muñoz started taking classes at SANCA, his mother Luz never enrolled him in sports or exercise classes. She thought they were too dangerous.
But Jo Montgomery, a nurse practitioner at Seattle Children’s who coaches at SANCA, encouraged Luz to let her son try.
Now, Montgomery says Muñoz is much stronger and his confidence is growing. Today, he can do 10 moves on the trapeze, advanced trampoline routines, cartwheels, handstands and back-walkovers. He walks on the tightrope and is working on his round-offs.
“He’s ridiculously talented,” Montgomery says. “He has come a long way.”
Muñoz is the first blind child Montgomery has ever taught, and she says it has been a learning experience for both of them. She cannot demonstrate tricks for the student, but she can train him to remember distances and feel correct positioning.
Consequences of inactivity
Butcher worries that visually-impaired children who don’t become comfortable with physical activity will grow up to be obese adults.
“It’s because of that shell they live in,” Butcher says. “Sitting and eating is more pleasurable for them than going out and moving and potentially getting hurt.”
Butcher says she has noticed blind children tend to have less muscle mass than their sighted peers. And, they can also suffer socially, feeling isolated when they can’t participate in team sports.
Billy Henry, a 21-year-old Seattle man, grew concerned with these issues growing up as a blind person. Henry cofounded the Northwest Association for Blind Athletes (NWABA) while he was still in high school to offer visually impaired youth a chance to get involved in sports.
“They should get to experience all the things their sighted peers are able to,” Henry said. “I wanted to make sure students were more accepted and treated as equals.”
Butcher says many sports can be made safe for visually impaired children. The blind can be taught to run on a track by tethering them to a volunteer who guides them, she says, and they can swim with lane guides and someone who taps their head before they hit pool walls. Wrestling is also possible for the visually impaired, Butcher says, as long as the opponents maintain contact during the match.
“You want to teach them the same skills in different ways,” Butcher says. “Take the barriers away and find a way for them to play the game."
Some games have been developed just for visually impaired athletes. Goalball was first played in the 1940s by injured World War II veterans. Participants compete in teams of three and try to throw a ball that has bells embedded in it into the opponents' goal.
There are also athletic competitions just for the visually impaired. On May 11, NWABA will host the Paralympics at SeaTac for all visually impaired athletes, grades K through 12.
Besides improving a child’s overall health and well being, Butcher says visually-impaired children who exercise tend to be much more confident.
“The self-esteem of a blind child when they do something by themselves is amazing,” Butcher says. “They just need that motivation to get started and then it improves everything in their life.” | <urn:uuid:deaa274b-65c8-4ec5-97c5-56fbbb8b06b8> | {
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A new study projects that in coming decades the effects of high humidity in many areas may surpass humans’ ability to work or, in some cases, even survive.
Research News Archives - State of the Planet
Read Flusser studied bamboo and its potential as a feedstock for efficient, second-generation biofuels. Alixandra Prybyla conducted groundbreaking research on the genus Leptarctus, a long-extinct mammal. Marisol Rodriguez worked on a financial model for solar investing. These are just three of the student projects on display at the recent Student Research Showcase.
Genetics hold the secret to understanding evolutionary processes. They also hold the secret to how ecological and climatic factors influence the course of evolution. In fact, recent research—ranging in topics from butterfly speciation to the genetic diversity of immune systems in giant pandas—has found that genetics play a vital role in the outcome of conservation efforts, and thus the fate of entire species.
Americans are paying more for water than they did a decade ago, even as water utilities fall into debt and water infrastructure deteriorates, according to a Columbia Water Center report.
Scientists at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland created a new breed of robots to advance their research in robotic movements. But the cheetah-cub robot is not the first animal to bound across laboratory floors. Scientists have produced a “mechanical menagerie” of robots that mimic four legged mammals, compact insects, and everything in between.
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory marine biologists Craig Aumack and Andy Juhl spend a month each spring in Barrow studying the algae dwelling in and under the sea ice. Their goal is to learn more about the different species of algae that compose these communities and their role in the Arctic marine food web.
A massive landslide in Alaska’s snowy Wrangell-St. Elias mountain range in July may have been caused by a summer heat wave making some slopes more vulnerable to collapse, says the Lamont-Doherty scientist who first discovered the avalanche.
by Kaci Fowler Yochanan Kushnir began his career as a meteorologist in the Israeli Navy, where he started as an operational marine forecaster, and with time became the Navy’s Chief Meteorology Officer. As part of his duties, Kushnir ventured out to sea to collect meteorological and oceanographic data for research. Motivated by these experiences, Kushnir… read more
“What I like,” says Richard Seager, “is the fact that the Earth Institute has so many people working on the climate change and variability issue – from people like me doing the straight climate research to others working on how to build resilience to climate variability and change, to others working on how to prevent the worst climate change through, for example, carbon capture and storage. Whenever I am in that mix, conversations strike up that touch on areas of overlap, which, once opened, provide a wonderful flow of information between the areas of expertise. This sort of place, given its ability to tackle the climate problem in its entirety, could have a huge impact.”
Larry Burns, director of the Earth Institute’s Roundtable on Sustainable Mobility, was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) on Oct. 16, 2011. A self-proclaimed “engineer through and through,” Burns teaches engineering practice at the University of Michigan and visits New York City regularly to lead the Roundtable. | <urn:uuid:c06a8a6d-396f-4523-b91a-e16970aaefb8> | {
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A raw food diet consists of raw fruits, vegetables, and grains. Although some warming is allowed, no foods can be heated above 115ºF (46ºC). Above this temperature, the natural enzymes in foods may be destroyed. Raw food advocates contend that these enzymes improve digestion and fight many chronic diseases. However, the enzyme concerns are unfounded. The human body creates and uses a variety of enzymes, and does not rely on those found in foods. During normal digestion, stomach acid breaks down enzymes in food anyway, making them useless. Therefore, you do not need to avoid cooking in order to preserve enzymes.
This emphasis on fruits, vegetables, and grains is in line with most nutrition recommendations. These foods are full of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemicals, while being low in calories, fat, and sodium. However, the severe limitations of this diet make it difficult to follow and create a risk for malnutrition.
Protein is a concern. Nuts and seeds provide protein and therefore must be eaten in great quantities to fulfill protein needs. Vitamin B12, which is only found in animal products, must be taken in supplement form. The low calorie content of the foods in a raw food diet make it necessary to eat a large quantity of food each day to meet basic calorie needs.
Does Cooking Destroy Food?
Raw food advocates believe that cooking not only destroys enzymes, but also makes food toxic. To support this belief, some raw food proponents cite the National Academies of Science 1982 report, Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, which names acrylamide and heterocyclic amines (HCAs) as possible carcinogens. These chemicals are formed in foods during cooking. However, neither the American Cancer Society (ACS) nor the National Cancer Institute (NCI) goes so far as to recommend a raw food diet to reduce the risk of cancer from these chemicals. Instead, they stress that following a healthful diet—one rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, both raw and cooked—is still the best known way to reduce cancer risk.
The foods with the highest levels of acrylamide are those that should be limited in a healthful diet anyway, such as potato chips and French fries. Experts see no need to avoid cooked potatoes entirely. Likewise, HCAs, which are formed when meat is cooked at above 300°F (149ºC) or above, may increase cancer risk. However, HCAs can be reduced through minor shifts in cooking methods, rather than significant dietary changes. For example, varying cooking methods; microwaving meat before frying, broiling, or barbecuing; and not making gravy from meat drippings.
The Advantages of Cooking
While cooking decreases the levels of certain vitamins, it also increases the body’s absorption of carotenoids like beta-carotene and lycopene, both of which have beneficial properties. It is best to vary your diet—both in foods and in means of preparation.
Another benefit to cooking is that it kills bacteria. Food safety is an issue for all foods, not just meats and eggs. People following a raw food diet must take extra care in washing or peeling their foods before eating, as many staples of the raw food diet have been linked to food borne-illness. These include cantaloupe, sprouts, raspberries, green onions, and lettuce.
Is It Only About the Food?
More than just a dietary habit, the raw food way of eating is part of a greater life philosophy. Many people who choose to follow this highly restrictive diet are striving to be closer to nature. The raw foods diet continues to be associated with a variety of social, spiritual, environmental, and psychological ideologies.
Can a Raw Foods Diet Promote Good Health?
Raw foods are certainly healthful, there’s no disagreement about that. However, there is no evidence that consuming only raw foods—as opposed to a diet of both raw and cooked foods—prevents sickness and enhances mental acuity.
According to the US Department of Agriculture's dietary guidelines, each food provides a wide array of nutrients, so it is important to include all food groups in your daily diet.
- Reviewer: Maria Adams, MS, MPH, RD
- Review Date: 01/2016 -
- Update Date: 03/13/2014 - | <urn:uuid:a11888db-f711-4694-95fc-1a344ab7da0c> | {
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The History Of Education
The reading of the school also changed both in character and purpose. In other words, in place of an elementary education based on reading, a little writing and spelling, and the catechism, all of a memoriter type and with religious ends in view, a new primary school, essentially secular in character, was created by the work of Pestalozzi. This new school was based on the study of real objects, learning through sense impressions, the individual expression of ideas, child activity, and the development of the child's powers in an orderly way. In fact, "the development of the faculties" of the child became a by-word with Pestalozzi and his followers.
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. | <urn:uuid:8eb40aa6-c04d-49ad-937e-5676dc545c71> | {
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2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
|Part of a series on|
The opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympic Games was held on August 13, 2004 at the Olympic Stadium in Maroussi, Greece, a suburb of Athens. 72,000 spectators attended the event, with approximately 15,000 athletes from 202 countries participating in the ceremony as well. It marked the first-ever international broadcast of high definition television, undertaken by the U.S. broadcaster NBC and the Japanese broadcaster NHK.
The opening ceremony began with a twenty-eight second countdown—one second per Olympics held since Athens last hosted the first modern games—paced by the sounds of an amplified heartbeat played by two drummers, one inside the stadium, and one projected on the stadium screen from the ancient stadium of Olympia, the locale of the Olympic games of antiquity. A blazing projectile, seemingly coming from the ancient stadium of Olympia on the screen, lands on the flooded stadium. According to Dimitris Papaioannou, the event "was a pageant of traditional Greek culture and history harkening back to its mythological beginnings, and viewed through the progression of Greek art." The dramatic music that accompanied the performances often combined drumming with the traditionally Greek sound of bouzouki.
The programme began with a drummer ensemble marching in the Athens Olympic Stadium playing their Typical Greek drummers : one of them in the Ancient Olympia Stadium playing his drum was shown in the screen of the stadium and one in the Athens Olympic Stadium to show a connection between the ancient past and the present. From the screen where from the images of the Olympia drummer are being shown, a lighter rocket simulating a comet crashes into the giant pool of the stadium drawing with its fire the Olympic Rings. This first act of the Opening Ceremony was called "Calling to the Ancient Olympic Spirits" by the organizers: the comet symbolizes the fire of the ancients giving life to the modern Olympic movement, thus bridging the past and the present together. Next, a young Greek boy sailed into the stadium on a giant paper boat waving the host nation's flag, symbolizing Greece's maritime tradition and its close connection to the sea.
The segments that followed were divided in two main parts. The first part of the main artistic segment of the opening ceremony was called "Allegory". "Allegory" introduced the main conceptual themes and ideals that are going to be omnipresent throughout the entire opening ceremony, such as the confluence of the past and present, love and passion as the progenitors of history, and humanity's attempt to understand itself. The second part, called the "Clepsydra", or "Hourglass", celebrates the themes introduced in the "Allegory" section through a portrayal of Greek history from the ancient to the modern times.
The "Allegory" segment began with a recitation of a verse from Nobel Prize-winning Greek poet George Seferis' poem "Mythistorema 3". As the verse is being recited on the speakers, the spotlights are focused upon a woman clad in a black gown looking out to the water. Holding a marble sculpture head, the woman seems to be entering into a dream. As she looks into the dark water, a centaur appears whose human and animal parts supposedly symbolize the duality of spirit and body. The centaur then walks about and then throws a spear of light into the center of the stadium, from which a giant statue that exemplified Cycladic art (and thus one of the first depictions of the human form in Greek art) emerged. This Cycladic head also represents one of the very first attempts of humanity to understand itself. With the use of lasers, geometrical shapes and other scientific images (such as a stylistic representation of the solar system) were displayed on the figure's face. The statue then broke into pieces that floated away, and from within it emerged a smaller kouros statue from the Archaic Period of Greek sculpture, which in turn broke apart to reveal the depiction of man in a sculpture of the classical period, symbolizing the dawn of individuality and extolling human scale, one of the principal themes of the 2004 Olympics. At the end of this sequence, a cube arises from the water, and a man starts slowly balancing himself on the rotating cube while representations of human kind's greatest achievements, contrasted to humanistic representations and images of men, women, and children of various ethnicities and ages, are projected onto the pieces of broken sculpture, which seem to be floating above the water. This last sequence is meant to symbolize the birth of logical thought, higher learning, and humanity finally making sense of the world in which it lives. After this sequence, the pieces of sculpture descend to the water, meant to symbolize the Greek isles.
In the next sequence, Eros, the Greek god of love, was introduced flying over a pair of lovers frolicking in the pool of water located in the center of the stadium. The young couple along with Eros symbolize the fact that the humanity which create and shape history is born out of love and passion. This segment introduces the next part of the ceremony, the "Clepsydra", which highlights the themes of the opening ceremony through a celebration of Greek history. The lovers then lie down in the water, and both fall into a dream state. Throughout the rest of the scenes from history and mythology, Eros flew over the parade, occasionally touching or stepping on the floats moving beneath him, thus reinforcing the theme of love and passion as the source for all history.
The pageantry following the statues and the introduction of Eros continued to portray scenes that showed the sequence of Greek civilisation through its art. The scenes started with the Minoan civilisation. The first float featured the iconic image of Minoan civilization: that of the fertility goddess clad in a bodice exposing her breasts and clutching serpents in both hands. The subsequent floats then featured scenes of bull-jumping, dolphins, and other elements that harkened back to the images in the frescoes of Phaestos. The scenes then proceeded to the more stark art of the Mycenean civilisation, followed by representations of the Classical period. A chariot carrying an actor portraying Alexander the Great introduced images from the Hellenistic period, which in turn were followed by representations of Byzantine art, the Greek War of Independence, and lastly of 20th century elements of Greek culture, such as the popular shadow-theatre figure Karagiozis, who is said to be a humorous and self-deprecating depiction (and parody) of Greek mentality.
At the end of the parade, "Eros" lowered enough to help a pregnant woman remove her outer garment. This last part represents the ceremony coming into full circle: the "Clepsydra" segment began with the image of the Minoan fertility goddess and is now ending with a pregnant woman representing the future of all humanity and history. With belly glowing, the woman moved into the lake of water as the stadium's lights dimmed and lights underneath the pool of water were turned on, thus creating an image of stars in a galaxy. According to Greek myth, the stars of the galaxy were born out of the milk of Hera's fertile breasts. In fact, the name for the Milky Way Galaxy, the home to planet Earth, was born out of this myth. Slowly the stars rose around the woman, and moved to form a rapidly rotating DNA double helix, which is the basis for all life on the planet. Humanity's attempt to understand itself, a theme that has been omnipresent throughout the entire ceremony beginning with the Cycladic head, is further reinforced by the representation of the DNA double helix, which symbolizes humanity's latest and most recent attempt to understand itself: the late 20th and early 21st centuries witnessed great advances in the field of genetics with the mapping of the human genome.
Finally, all the characters of the parade began to walk inside the pool, around its center, mixing the past and the present in a single marching beat of the drums. The confluence of the past and the present is another main theme of the opening ceremony. The music began a crescendo with choruses, when all of a sudden an olive tree was lifted from the center of the pool - symbolizing goddess Athena's preferred gift by the Greeks - land and food - over Poseidon's gift, the horse - a tool of warfare. At the music's climax, all the characters stopped and raised their arms as if worshipping the Tree, which was high above, surrounded also by the fragments of the deconstructed statues who resembled a mount.
Parade of nations
In order to prepare for the entry of the athletes to the stadium, the giant pool of water that had been constructed on the floor of the stadium had to first be drained. 2,162,000 liters of water were drained from the stadium in a time period of 3 minutes, providing a dry, hard surface for the athletes to march and gather on.
Typically, Greece leads the Parade of Nations in any Olympics, with the host nation entering the stadium last. However, since Greece was the host nation, they went last, sending only their flag with the weightlifter Pyrros Dimas as the flag bearer into the stadium at the beginning of the parade, and the athletes themselves at the end of it.
The debut position was given to Saint Lucia (Αγία Λουκία in Greek), who led the Parade of Nations into the stadium. As the nations entered in Greek alphabetical order, Zimbabwe—which has usually been the penultimate nation, followed only by the host country—appeared in the middle of the parade.
The entrances of Afghanistan and Iraq were emotional highpoints of the parade. The nation of Kiribati made its debut Olympic appearance at the 2004 Summer Olympics, and East Timor marched under its own flag for the first time. Serbia and Montenegro appeared at the Olympics under the nation's new name for the first and only time since the country was officially renamed in 2003, and prior to the union's dissolution in 2006; it had previously been known as Yugoslavia.
Due to the unpopularity of the American-led invasion of Iraq among Greeks, it had been expected by the media that audience members would protest against the war during the entrance of the American delegation into the stadium by booing; however, the Americans did receive a warm welcome, much to the pleasant surprise of US news anchors covering the event.
Apart from Greece, the Greek crowd reserved some of their loudest cheers for their fellow Greeks from Cyprus, Australia, home to many Greeks and site of the previous Summer Olympics and Mediterranean countries such as France and Italy, as well as for Brazil and Canada. A loud cheer was also given for Djibouti, because it had only one person enter the stadium. The teams from Palestine and Serbia and Montenegro were also very warmly welcomed. Cheers greeted Portugal, the nation that hosted the UEFA Euro 2004, which Greece won beating Portugal in the final match by 1-0.
High-ranking politicians and royalty from all around the world applauded as the teams from their respective countries paraded by. Along with their spouses, U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair, Crown Prince Haakon of Norway (who lit the Cauldron for the 1994 Winter Olympics), and Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark, (among others) each stood and applauded the teams from their countries. Past world leaders, including U.S. President George H. W. Bush, also attended and applauded their national teams during the parade, in which DJ Tiësto played trance music.
Speeches to athletes and spectators
After the Parade of Nations had concluded and the athletes were gathered in the center of the stadium, two short speeches were delivered in front of a model of an olive tree, a traditional Greek and Olympic symbol. Before the speeches were given, there was a segment honoring all previous Olympiads. A runner George Sabanis (who later started a career as a pop star in Greece), carrying a flag with an image of an olive branch symbolizing not only peace, but Athens itself, lapped around the stadium, symbolically crossing tape dedicated to the previous 27 Olympiads. The runner even symbolically stumbled and stopped for the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games which were canceled due to world wars. The runner ended his run at the very center of the stadium, where Angelopoulos-Daskalaki and Rogge were under the olive tree, symbolizing the Olympic's current journey, from Athens to Athens. Similar tributes have happened during the Opening Ceremonies, for example in the last Olympics before that, in Salt Lake City, where banners of the previous 18 Winter Olympics entered Rice-Eccles Stadium at the beginning of the ceremony. This would also be seen in Vancouver during the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympics and on the Televised version of the Olympic Opening Ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games.
The first speech came from Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, the chief organizer of the Athens 2004 Olympics and the first female chief organizer of an Olympic games. She told the athletes: "Welcome home!" and "Greece is standing before you. We are ready." She also stated the people of Greece "have waited long for this moment," alluding to the long time period between the first modern Olympic Games in Greece and the 2004 Games, as well as the fact that Athens was passed over in 1990 in favor of Atlanta, Georgia for host of the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Angelopoulos-Daskalaki was followed by International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge, who delivered a speech encouraging participating athletes to resist the urge to use banned performance-enhancing substances and "show us that sport unites by overriding national, political, religious, and language barriers". Rogge then introduced Greek president Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, who declared the games officially open.
Music during the opening ceremony
During the "Allegory" segment highlighting the conceptual and themes and ideals of the opening ceremony, the chosen music was Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 3 in D Minor: 6. Langsam. The music played during the "Clepsydra" segment highlighting Greek history and mythology was composed by Konstantinos Bita. The songs played were instrumental in nature and many used traditional Greek instruments. Famous Greek artists such as Stavros Xarhakos (whose song "Zeimbekiko" was played), Manos Hadjidakis, Mikis Theodorakis and Konstantinos Bita, were included in the Olympic soundtrack. The whole music project was arranged by composer George Koumendakis, who had worked in the past several times with Papaioannou and was assisted in this project by Maria Metaxaki. The music production team included Marcus Dillistone, Paul Stefanidis, Dick Lewsey and Julian Scott.
New Zealand composer John Psathas (son of Greek immigrant parents) was chosen to compose and arrange music to accompany parts of the opening ceremonies. The most prestigious engagement of his career to date, he joins the ranks of well-known composers, such as John Williams, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Leonard Bernstein and Mikis Theodorakis who have also written music for the Olympics.
Mr Psathas was engaged in 2003 to compose and arrange music for the Games’ opening and closing ceremonies. He has since commuted several times between Wellington and Athens to work on the music and supervise the rehearsal process.
His music includes a number of specially composed fanfares and processionals to accompany the arrival of the IOC President, the lighting of the Olympic cauldron and to precede the Olympic oaths, and he is responsible for the soundtrack to the entire ‘flame sequence’ of the ceremony. John Psathas has also arranged the National Anthem of Greece, the Olympic Hymn, and music by Shostakovich, Debussy and the foremost living Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis to accompany other parts of the ceremony. The fireworks at the Games’ closing ceremony on 29 August will also feature music by the composer.
During the Parade of Nations, Dutchman DJ Tiësto provided the music, becoming the first DJ ever to spin live at the Olympics. During the course of his performance the Dutch athletes started dancing in front of the DJ booth and had to be moved on by officials. Tiësto later released a condensed version of the performance on CD titled Parade of the Athletes. In the liner notes, he noted the IOC requested to him that the music not contain any lyrics as they could be inadvertently misinterpreted.
Björk performed "Oceania", later included on her album Medúlla, immediately after the Parade of Nations ended. While the song was being played, a large piece of fabric (which belonged to Björk's dress) was pulled over the heads of the athletes, who had gathered on the ground in the center of the stadium following their march around the stadium. At the conclusion of Björk's performance, a map of the world was projected on the fabric.
Torch relay and the lighting of the cauldron
The Opening Ceremony culminated in the end of the torch relay, a tradition begun when Berlin hosted the games in 1936. Before the torch came into the stadium, a three rings arose from the center of the stadium that simulated a globe. This segment preceding the torch's arrival honored the first global torch relay that was begun by Athens 2004. Actors, suspended on cables, started rising out of the crowd and ran towards the globe, carrying glowing sticks meant to simulate the Olympic torch. On the globe, the names of the cities which the torch visited were projected, and this segment ended with all the torchbearers floating mid-air coming together at the globe. After this segment ended, the lights were dimmed, and the sound of the heartbeat accompanied by thunderous cheers and applause met the torch's final arrival to the Olympic Stadium.
Torch bearer Nikos Galis, considered to be the greatest Greek basketball player of all time, entered the stadium first. The torch was passed on, in sequential order, to Greek football legend Mimis Domazos, 1992 Hurdles champion Voula Patoulidou, 1996 Olympic weightlifting champion Kakhi Kakhiashvili, and 1996 Olympic gymnastics champion Ioannis Melissanidis.
The torch was finally passed to the 1996 Olympic sailing champion Nikolaos Kaklamanakis, who lit a giant cigar-shaped tapered column resembling a torch—not, as usual, a cauldron—to burn during the duration of the 2004 Summer Olympics. As Kaklamanakis ascended the steps to light the cauldron, the cauldron seemed to bow down to him, symbolizing that despite advance of technology, technology is still a creation and tool of humanity and that it was meant to serve humanity's needs. The ceremony concluded with a breathtaking fireworks display.
International reaction to the ceremony
The ceremony was a source of major acclaim amongst international press and featured never before seen technologies used in a stadium, including a giant pool with slip-proof iridescent fibreglass flooring that drained its water in 2 minutes, beautiful and innovative lighting, and an ingenious staging system utilising a complex network of automated cables that lifted, manoeuvered, and choreographed the floating pieces of sculpture to follow the music and narrative of the opening ceremony. The costumes, which also drew great international praise, were designed by well-known London-based Greek fashion designer Sophia Kokosalaki. Eleftheria Deco was awarded for her lighting design of the opening ceremony with an Emmy award. NBC, the international television broadcaster of the 2004 Athens Olympics, has also been awarded with 6 Emmy awards for its coverage of the Games and technical production.
- Archived February 19, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- Associated Press (August 13, 2004). "Athens' bumpy road to the Olympics leads to lavish open". USA Today.
- Overington, Caroline (May 15, 2004). "American team prepares for fear, loathing in Athens". Sydney Morning Herald.
- Associated Press (August 29, 2004). "Master of Olympic Pageantry Prepares One Final Blowout". New York Times.
- Stagelink.com Photo Gallery - Backstage photos of construction, rehearsals and Opening Ceremony.
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There are thousands of known genes in the human genome. This number refers to the DNA sequences that code for actual proteins, which carry out functions in the body once expressed. These genes can, in turn, experience millions of variations, which may cause the said proteins to turn out differently than their original DNA "blueprint." In some cases, these abnormal proteins may be the basis of a disease state. Alternatively, genetic variations may cause a protein to become over- or under-expressed, with similar ramifications for health or longevity.
A recently-compiled breakdown of protein-coding human genes and what they do in the body. (Source: Häggström, Mikael @ Wikimedia Commons)
However, the human genome is not this simple as it also contains sequences that essentially do the ‘housekeeping’ for the rest of the genome.
This process may include the prevention of transcription, or the final stage of expression (in which the DNA template is converted to RNA and subsequently into the protein). The DNA, known as the regulatory code or regulatory space of the human genome, is also susceptible to mutations, which are associated with some illnesses.
The complex set of interactions that genes have with the rest of the coding genome makes it difficult to characterize, in terms of disease modeling, using conventional computing.
How the ML System ExPecto Works
However, in the age of AI, this situation is improving rapidly. An example in this new realm of variation-monitoring is ExPecto, a machine learning (ML) system developed at Princeton, in conjunction with the Simons Foundation in New York.
ExPecto has been trained to assess sequences with variations in the context of what the gene(s) in that sequence normally do. The program then extrapolates a variation’s effect on the protein (or regulatory action) that the gene in question codes. Accordingly, ExPecto predicts what that effect could eventually have on a phenotype (the biological and physiological manifestation of a gene).
ExPecto was designed and trained based on previous work that found convincingly causal relationships between disease markers in the genome and actual conditions. All the genome-wide association studies, available to the Princeton/Simons team, were included, on four specific conditions. These immunological health states were chosen to inform ExPecto’s algorithms and ability to predict disease-specific variants. Empirically-validated models of variations associated with the four conditions were also integrated into the system.
The AI was then applied to the problem of variations in regulatory genes (which selectively inhibit or promote the expression of different genes in response to different physiological circumstance) that are transcribed by human RNA polymerase II. This was done by simulating mutations in this area of the genome using the software.
ExPecto was able to identify over a 140 million of these variations, and the effect they would have on the phenotype during transcription. This result was attributed to the scalability of the AI.
An example of transcriptional regulation. A mutation in one of these proteins (colored ellipses) could lead to abnormally high gene expression and, thus, a potential illness. (Source: David H. Price @ Wikipedia)
Great (ExPecto)tions: Applications in the Future
In other words, ExPecto was able to read a sequence, find the variations and extrapolate the effect of these on a (hypothetical) living human from scratch. Therefore, it may well be viable in the silico-system for disease and disease risk prediction.
The scientists from Princeton and Simons, led by Olga Troyanskaya (who holds positions at both institutes) also maintain that ExPecto could be used to model the effects of evolution, and of different evolutionary pathways, on the human genome. This is a reasonable assertion, as these processes are, at least, partially based on the acquisition of ‘favorable’ genetic variations, and, sometimes, on the loss of others.
All in all, this study suggests that ExPecto may be used to identify particularly dangerous mutations in the genome. This development could represent considerable advancements in health screening technology. Patients with these variations could be notified well-in-advance of the onset of an actual condition. ExPecto could also help assess different levels of relevant risks for different patients.
In addition, this ML system can keep track of potentially significant variations in the mutation-prone regions of the regulatory space of the human genome.
Top Image: DNA codes for the functional proteins that make up our cells, and more besides. (Credit: qimono @ pixabay.com)
J. Zhou, et al. (2018) Deep learning sequence-based ab initio prediction of variant effects on expression and disease risk. Nature genetics.
J. K. Pickrell, et al. (2010) Understanding mechanisms underlying human gene expression variation with RNA sequencing. Nature. 464:(7289). pp.768-772.
A. Ramasamy, et al. (2014) Genetic variability in the regulation of gene expression in ten regions of the human brain. Nat Neurosci. 17:(10). pp.1418-1428. | <urn:uuid:f2579b8a-7864-4d3a-9bb5-b201c6660e7a> | {
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NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has suffered numerous setbacks and delays, but it continues to inch ever closer to launch. The agency established an Independent Review Board (IRB) to analyze the project and recommend how to proceed. There’s good news and bad news on that front. The IRB says that work on the telescope should continue (obviously), but the board has set a new launch date in 2021. That’s even later than the last launch window.
The JWST is intended as a successor to the aging Hubble Space Telescope. After more than two decades of service, Hubble could fail at any time and leave us without a powerful orbital telescope. Planning for the Webb telescope started way back in the late 90s, but repeated delays in design and building have ballooned its cost far beyond the original $1.6 billion budget. It’s currently closing in on $10 billion.
Earlier this year, NASA pushed the Webb launch back to at least mid-2020. The new report sets a launch date almost a year later than that — March 30, 2021. The IRB review is 69 pages long, detailing all the issues that have cropped up as NASA attempts to finalize the telescope. For example, contractor Northrop Grumman has been working crews around the clock to finish assembly and testing of the JWST, so there’s no room for flexibility in the schedule.
The report also cites anomalies in acoustic tests as the primary reason for the most recent delay. During the test, several screws and washers came loose from the spacecraft. Northrop Grumman engineers believe these are from the sun shield, but they need more time to confirm and develop countermeasures. The last thing you want is screws to come loose during launch.
We might not be out of the woods yet, either. The report notes that even small human errors or testing abnormalities can result in multi-month delays and tens of millions in added costs. The current launch date could slip again, but we need to be certain this hugely important telescope works when it gets up there. The JWST will sit at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrangian point, much farther away than Hubble. It won’t be possible to send a mission up to repair it if something goes wrong. The more powerful instruments on the JWST are also more sensitive than Hubble’s. NASA will only clear the telescope for launch when it’s completely satisfied. | <urn:uuid:987b4f30-9f36-42e4-bdd9-a0a8c332208f> | {
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