text
stringlengths 640
1.02k
|
|---|
beauty as the world s greatest baseliner battled the game s most fluid and athletic volleyer over five tense sets australian open two zero zero one semi final defeated patrick rafter seven five two six six seven five six two six three exacted some revenge for two zero zero zero wimbledon semi loss to rafter rallied from two sets to one down to stun rafter in front of an energized australian crowd wimbledon semi final two zero zero one lost to patrick rafter two six six three three six six two eight six although not considered possible the rematch topped the standard set by their encounter from the year before us open two zero zero one quarter final lost to pete sampras six seven nine seven six two seven six two seven six five match featured no breaks of serve many consider this the best agassi sampras match played us open two zero zero two final lost to pete sampras six three six four five seven six four sampras final competitive match french open two zero zero three two nd round defeated mario ancic five sev |
en one six six four six two seven five rallied back from two sets to love against the young and powerful ancic to win the match one of only six matches agassi has won after being down two sets to love three of them have been at the french open french open two zero zero four one st round lost to jerome haehnel four six six seven four three six shock first round loss to lowly french career journeyman arguably the greatest upset in french open history us open two zero zero four quarter final lost to roger federer three six six two five seven six three three six five th set marred by record breaking winds by far roger federer s most difficult match en route to the title australian open two zero zero five four th round defeated joachim johansson six seven four seven six five seven six three six four won despite johansson s world record five one aces french open two zero zero five one st round lost to jarkko nieminen five seven six four seven six one six zero six possibly agassi s last match at the french open he l |
ed two sets to one heading into the fourth set but a pinched sciatic nerve hampered agasi s movement very noticeably agassi limped off the court with tears in his eyes after the match the match was a major indicator to many that agassi s career might be coming to a close soon us open two zero zero five quarter final defeated james blake three six three six six three six three seven six six agassi had never come back from two sets down in the us open this was called the best match of the two zero zero five open and one of the best in us open history us open two zero zero five semi final defeated robby ginepri in his third consecutive five set thriller six four five seven six three four six six three at three five years old he played his best tennis in the fifth set us open two zero zero five final lost to roger federer in his sixth us open final in the finale of agassi s magic run at the open which included three five set matches in a row agassi met federer and appeared to have the upper hand being up a break |
in the third set with the match tied at one set each however federer withstood the pressure and rallied to beat agassi six three two six seven six one six one tennis masters cup two zero zero five round robin lost to nikolay davydenko six four six two agassi was suffering from a sprained ankle injured while he was playing racquetball three weeks before although the match itself was unremarkable the afterward was when one of the tournament organizers absurdly accused agassi of faking injury and losing on purpose because he agassi was playing in shanghai it turned out that the same injury would cause agassi to withdraw the two zero zero six australian open titles six zero singles six zero doubles one performance timeline head to head vs sampras pete one four two zero vs roddick andy five one vs ginepri robby four zero vs blake james four one vs dent taylor five zero vs kiefer nicolas six zero vs rusedski greg eight two vs henman tim two one vs johansson thomas six one vs novak jiri five one vs gaudio gaston fou |
r one vs davydenko nikolay two one vs coria guillermo five two vs chang michael one five seven vs ivanisevic goran four three vs rafter patrick one zero five vs connors jimmy two zero vs mcenroe john two two vs becker boris one zero four vs safin marat three three vs hewitt lleyton four four vs courier jim five seven vs muster thomas five four vs federer roger three eight vs nadal rafael zero one vs grosjean sebastien four three vs nalbandian david one zero vs ferrero juan carlos two three vs kuerten gustavo seven four vs corretja alex five three vs costa albert four one vs moya carlos three one vs malisse xavier five zero vs pioline cedric three zero vs haas tommy six three external links official atp profile profile on tenniscorner net davis cup record andre agassi foundation ioc profile agassi open one nine seven zero births living people american tennis players tennis players at the one nine nine six summer olympics armenian americans iranian americans las vegans australian open champions french open cham |
pions wimbledon champions us open champions list of assyrians austro asiatic languages the austro asiatic languages are a large language family of southeast asia and india the name comes from the greek words for south asia among these languages only vietnamese khmer and mon have a long recorded history and only vietnamese and khmer have official status in vietnam and cambodia respectively the rest of the languages are spoken by minority groups austroasiatic languages have a disjunct distribution across india and southeast asia separated by regions where other languages are spoken it is widely believed that the austroasiatic languages are the autochthonous languages of southeast asia and eastern india and that the other languages of the region including the indo european tai kadai and sino tibetan languages are the result of later migrations of people there are for example austroasiatic words in the tibeto burman languages of eastern nepal some linguists have attempted to prove that austroasiatic languages are |
related to austronesian languages thus forming the austric superfamily linguists traditionally recognize two major divisions of austroasiatic the mon khmer languages of southeast asia and the munda languages of east central and central india ethnologue identifies one six eight austroasiatic languages of which one four seven are mon khmer languages and two one are munda languages however no evidence for this classification has ever been published and it remains speculative each of the subdivisions of the classification below that is written in boldface type is accepted as a valid family however the relationships between these families within austroasiatic is debated it should be noted that little of the data used for competing classifications has ever been published and therefore cannot be evaluated by peer review the classification used here is that of diffloth in press which does not accept traditional mon khmer as a valid unit munda languages india koraput seven languages core munda languages kharian juang |
two languages north munda languages korku one language kherwarian one two languages khasi khmuic languages khasian three languages of eastern india and bangladesh palaungo khmuic languages khmuic one three languages of laos and thailand palaungo pakanic languages pakanic or palyu two languages of southern china palaungic two one languages of myanmar southern china and thailand plus mang of vietnam mon khmer languages khmero vietic languages vieto katuic languages viet muong or vietic one zero languages of vietnam and laos includes the vietnamese language which has the most speakers of any austroasiatic language these are the only austroasiatic languages to have highly developed tone systems katuic one nine languages of laos vietnam and thailand khmero bahnaric languages bahnaric four zero languages of vietnam laos and cambodia khmeric languages the khmer language of cambodia thailand and vietnam pearic six languages of cambodia nico monic languages nicobarese languages six languages of the nicobar islands a |
territory of india asli monic languages aslian one nine languages of peninsular malaysia and thailand monic two languages includes the mon language of myanmar and the nyahkur language of thailand there are in addition several unclassified languages of southern china austro asiatic languages map showing the distribution of afro asiatic languages the afro asiatic languages constitute a language family of about two four zero languages and over three zero seven million people widespread throughout north africa east africa the sahel and southwest asia other names sometimes given to this family include afrasian hamito semitic deprecated lisramic hodge one nine seven two erythraean tucker one nine six six the following language subfamilies are included berber languages chadic languages egyptian languages semitic languages cushitic languages beja language subclassification controversial widely classified as part of cushitic omotic languages controversial sometimes argued to be outside afro asiatic the ongota language |
is often considered afro asiatic but its classification within the family remains controversial partly for lack of data harold fleming tentatively suggests that it is an independent branch of non omotic afro asiatic it is not generally agreed on where proto afro asiatic was spoken africa e g igor diakonoff lionel bender has often been suggested particularly ethiopia because it includes the majority of the diversity of the afro asiatic language family and has very diverse groups in close geographic proximity often considered a telltale sign for a linguistic geographic origin the western red sea coast and the sahara have also been put forward e g christopher ehret alexander militarev suggests that their homeland was in the levant specifically he identifies them with the natufian culture the semitic languages are the only afro asiatic subfamily based outside of africa however in historical or near historical times some semitic speakers crossed from south arabia back into ethiopia so some modern ethiopian langua |
ges such as amharic are semitic rather than belonging to the substrate cushitic or omotic groups a minority of academics e g a murtonen one nine six seven dispute this view suggesting that semitic may have originated in ethiopia tonal languages are found in the omotic chadic and south build ehret b n attested in chadic semitic bny cushitic m n m n house and omotic dime bin build create m t die ehret maaw attested in chadic eg hausa mutu egyptian mwt mt coptic mu berber mmet pr yemmut semitic mwt and cushitic proto somali umaaw am w t die also similar to the latin mortis indicating a possible vocabulary drift s n know attested in chadic berber and egyptian l s tongue ehret lis to lick attested in semitic lasaan lisaan egyptian ns coptic las berber ils chadic eg hausa harshe and possibly omotic dime lits lick s m name ehret s m s m attested in semitic sm berber ism chadic eg hausa suna cushitic and omotic though the berber form ism and the omotic form sunts are sometimes argued to be semitic loanwords the egypt |
ian smi report announce may also be cognate d m blood ehret d m d m attested in berber idammen semitic dam chadic and arguably omotic cushitic d m d m red may be cognate in the verbal system semitic berber and cushitic including beja all provide evidence for a prefix conjugation a causative affix s is widespread found in all its subfamilies but is also found in other groups such as the niger congo languages the possessive pronoun suffixes are supported by semitic berber cushitic including beja and chadic classification history medieval scholars sometimes linked two or more branches of afro asiatic together already in the nine th century the hebrew grammarian judah ibn quraysh of tiaret algeria perceived a relationship between berber and semitic the latter being known to him through arabic hebrew and aramaic in the one eight zero zero s europeans began suggesting such relationships thus in one eight four four th benfey suggested a language family containing semitic berber and cushitic calling the latter ethiop |
ic in the same year t n newman suggested a relationship between semitic and hausa but this would long remain a topic of dispute and uncertainty the traditional hamito semitic family was named by friedrich m ller in one eight seven six in his grundriss der sprachwissenschaft and defined as consisting of a semitic group plus a hamitic group containing egyptian berber and cushitic the chadic group was not included these classifications were partly based on non linguistic anthropological and racial arguments see also hamitic hypothesis leo reinisch one nine zero nine proposed to link cushitic and chadic while urging a more distant affinity with egyptian and semitic thus foreshadowing greenberg but his suggestion was largely ignored marcel cohen one nine two four rejected the idea of a distinct hamitic subgroup and included hausa a chadic language in his comparative hamito semitic vocabulary joseph greenberg one nine five zero strongly confirmed cohen s rejection of hamitic added and sub classified the chadic lang |
uages and proposed the new name afro asiatic for the family his classification of it came to be almost universally accepted in one nine six nine harold fleming proposed the recognition of omotic as a fifth branch rather than as previously believed a subgroup of cushitic and this has become generally accepted several scholars including harold fleming and robert hetzron have since questioned the traditional inclusion of beja in cushitic but this view has yet to gain general acceptance there is little agreement on the subclassification of the five or six branches mentioned however christopher ehret one nine seven nine harold fleming one nine eight one and joseph greenberg one nine eight one all agree that omotic was the first branch to split from the rest otherwise ehret groups egyptian berber and semitic together in a north afro asiatic subgroup paul newman one nine eight zero groups berber with chadic and egyptian with semitic while questioning the inclusion of omotic fleming one nine eight one divided non omo |
tic afroasiatic or erythraean into three groups cushitic semitic and chadic berber egyptian he later added semitic and beja to the latter and proposed ongot as a tentative new third branch of erythraean lionel bender one nine nine seven advocates a macro cushitic consisting of berber cushitic and semitic while regarding chadic and omotic as the most remote branches vladimir orel and olga stolbova one nine nine five group berber with semitic chadic with egyptian and split cushitic into five or more independent branches of afro asiatic seeing cushitic as a sprachbund rather than a valid family alexander militarev two zero zero zero on the basis of lexicostatistics groups berber with chadic and both more distantly with semitic as against cushitic and omotic see also african languages etymological bibliography some of the main sources for afro asiatic etymologies include marcel cohen essai comparatif sur la vocabulaire et la phon tique du chamito s mitique champion paris one nine four seven igor m diakonoff et al |
historical comparative vocabulary of afrasian st petersburg journal of african studies nos two six one nine nine three seven christopher ehret reconstructing proto afroasiatic proto afrasian vowels tone consonants and vocabulary university of california publications in linguistics one two six california berkeley one nine nine six vladimir e orel and olga v stolbova hamito semitic etymological dictionary materials for a reconstruction brill leiden one nine nine five isbn nine zero zero four one zero zero five one two sources bernd heine and derek nurse african languages cambridge university press two zero zero zero chapter four merritt ruhlen a guide to the world s languages stanford university press stanford one nine nine one lionel bender et al selected comparative historical afro asiatic studies in memory of igor m diakonoff lincom two zero zero three ethnologue russell g schuh chadic overview african language history pdf roger blench external links a comparison of orel stolbova s and ehret s afro asiatic |
reconstructions the origins of afroasiatic by paul newman requires science magazine subscription afro asiatic languages align center colspan two national motto virtus unita fortior latin virtue united is stronger align center colspan two official language catalan capital population coordinates andorra la vella two two zero three five one nine nine zero est french co prince jacques chirac episcopal co prince joan enric vives sic lia head of government albert pintat area total water ranked one seven eight th four six eight km negligible population total two zero zero three density ranked one eight two nd six nine one five zero one four four five km independence one two seven eight national day eight september valign top religions roman catholic established religion hdi two zero zero three na unranked currency euro one zero zero cents time zone in summer cet utc one cest utc two valign top national anthem el gran carlemany mon pare internet tld ad calling code three seven six colspan two align center one prior t |
o one nine nine nine french franc and spanish peseta some of their own currency one diner of one zero zero centim was minted after one nine eight two the principality of andorra catalan principat d andorra french principaut d andorre spanish principado de andorra is a small landlocked principality in south western europe located in the eastern pyrenees mountains and bordered by france and spain once isolated it is currently a prosperous country mainly because of tourism and its status as a tax haven andorra is not to be confused with the comune di andora origin and history of the name the name andorra probably originates from a navarrese word andurrial which translates as shrub covered land history tradition holds that charlemagne granted a charter to the andorran people in return for their fighting the moors overlordship of the territory passed to the local count of urgell and eventually to the bishop of the diocese of urgell in the one one th century a dispute arose between the bishop and his northern frenc |
h neighbour over andorra in one two seven eight the conflict was resolved by the signing of a parage which provided that andorra s sovereignty be shared between the french count of foix whose title would ultimately transfer to the french head of state and the bishop of la seu d urgell in catalonia this gave the small principality its territory and political form over the years the title passed to the kings of navarre after henry of navarre became king henry iv of france he issued an edict one six zero seven that established the head of the french state and the bishop of urgell as co princes of andorra in the period one eight one two one three the french empire annexed catalonia and divided it in four departments andorra was also annexed and made part of the district of puigcerd d partement of s gre in one nine three three france occupied andorra as a result of social unrest before elections on july one two one nine three four an adventurer named boris skossyreff issued a proclamation in urgel declaring himsel |
f boris i sovereign prince of andorra simultaneously declaring war on the bishop of urgel he was arrested by spanish authorities on july two zero and ultimately expelled from spain from one nine three six to one nine four zero a french detachment was garrisoned in andorra to prevent influences of the spanish civil war and franco s spain the franco troops reached the andorran border in the later stages of the war during the second world war andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between vichy france and spain in one nine five eight andorra declared peace with germany having been forgotten on the treaty of versailles that ended the first world war and remaining legally at war given its relative isolation andorra has existed outside the mainstream of european history with few ties to countries other than france and spain in recent times however its thriving tourist industry along with developments in transportation and communications have removed the country from its isolation and its poli |
tical system was thoroughly modernized in one nine nine three the year in which it finally became a member of the united nations politics until very recently andorra s political system had no clear division of powers into executive legislative and judicial branches ratified and approved in one nine nine three the constitution establishes andorra as a sovereign parliamentary democracy that retains the co princes as heads of state but the head of government retains executive power the two co princes serve coequally with limited powers that do not include veto over government acts they are represented in andorra by a delegate the way in which the two princes are chosen makes andorra one of the most politically distinct nations on earth one co prince is the man or woman who is currently serving as president of france currently jacques chirac it has historically been any head of state of france including kings and emperors of france the other is the current catholic bishop of the catalan city of la seu d urgell cu |
rrently joan enric vives i sicilia as neither prince lives in andorra their role is almost entirely ceremonial andorra s main legislative body is the unicameral general council of the valleys consell general de les valls a parliament of two eight seats members are elected by direct popular vote one four from a single national constituency and one four to represent each of the seven parishes with members serving four year terms the andorran government is formed by the general council electing the head of government cap de govern who then appoints ministers to the cabinet the executive council govern currently government is held by the liberal party of andorra with albert pintat as prime minister the social democratic party is in opposition defense of the country is the responsibility of france and spain administrative divisions map of andorra andorra consists of seven communities known as parr quies singular parr quia engl parish andorra la vella canillo encamp escaldes engordany la massana ordino sant juli de |
l ria geography befitting its location in the eastern pyrenees mountain range andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains of an average height of one nine nine six m with the highest being the coma pedrosa at two nine four six m these are dissected by three narrow valleys in a y shape that combine into one as the main stream the valira river leaves the country for spain at andorra s lowest point of eight seven zero m andorra s climate is similar to its neighbours temperate climate but its higher altitude means there is on average more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer economy andorra la vella tourism the mainstay of andorra s tiny well to do economy accounts for roughly eight zero of gdp an estimated nine million tourists visit annually attracted by andorra s duty free status and by its summer and winter resorts andorra s comparative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of adjoining france and spain have been opened up providing broader availability of goods and lower tariff |
s the banking sector with its tax haven status also contributes substantially to the economy agricultural production is limited only two of the land is arable and most food has to be imported the principal livestock activity is domestic sheep raising manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes cigars and furniture andorra is not a full member of the european union but enjoys a special relationship with it such as being treated as an eu member for trade in manufactured goods no tariffs and as a non eu member for agricultural products andorra lacks a currency of its own and uses that of its two surrounding nations prior to one nine nine nine these were the french franc and the spanish peseta which have since been replaced by a single currency the euro unlike other small european states that use the euro andorra does not yet mint its own euro coins in october two zero zero four negotiations between andorra and the eu began on an agreement which would allow andorra to mint its own coins andorra s natural r |
esources include hydropower mineral water timber iron ore and lead demographics andorrans constitute a minority in their own country only three three of inhabitants hold andorran nationality the largest group of foreign nationals is that of spaniards four three with portuguese one one and french seven nationals the other main groups the remaining six belong to several other nationalities the only official language is catalan the language of the nearby spanish autonomous region of catalonia with which andorra shares many cultural traits though spanish portuguese and french are also commonly spoken the predominant religion is roman catholicism culture andorra s long history has provided it with a rich mythology and an abundance of folk tales with roots originating in as far as andalusia in the south and netherlands in the north miscellaneous topics communications in andorra civil unions in andorra foreign relations of andorra postal services in andorra tourism in andorra transportation in andorra see also list |
of sovereign states external links andorra ad main portal andorra intern andorra inside information andorra online information on various andorran topics andorra mania information on various andorran topics cia the world factbook andorra cia s factbook on andorra financial institutions in andorra govern d andorra official governmental site in catalan library of congress portals on the world andorra andorra in mathematics and statistics the arithmetic mean of a set of numbers is the sum of all the members of the set divided by the number of items in the set cardinality the word set is used perhaps somewhat loosely for example the number three eight could occur more than once in such a set if one particular number occurs more times than others in the set it is called a mode the arithmetic mean is what pupils are taught very early to call the average if the set is a statistical population then we speak of the population mean if the set is a statistical sample we call the resulting statistic a sample mean when th |
e mean is not an accurate estimate of the median the set of numbers or frequency distribution is said to be skewed the symbol greek mu is used to denote the arithmetic mean of a population if we denote a set of data by x then the sample mean is typically denoted with a horizontal bar over the variable x generally enunciated x bar in practice the difference between and x is that is typically unobservable because one observes only a sample rather than the whole population and if the sample is drawn randomly then one may treat x but not as a random variable attributing a probability distribution to it both are computed in the same way mathrm bar x one cdots x n n the arithmetic mean is greatly influenced by outliers for instance reporting the average net worth in redmond washington as the arithmetic mean of all annual net worths would yield a surprisingly high number because of bill gates these distortions occur when the mean is different from the median and the median is a superior alternative when that happens |
in certain situations the arithmetic mean is the wrong concept of average altogether for example if a stock rose one zero in the first year three zero in the second year and fell one zero in the third year then it would be incorrect to report its average increase per year over this three year period as the arithmetic mean one zero three zero one zero three one zero the correct average in this case is the geometric mean which yields an average increase per year of only eight eight if x is a random variable then the expected value of x can be seen as the long term arithmetic mean that occurs on repeated measurements of x this is the content of the law of large numbers as a result the sample mean is used to estimate unknown expected values note that several other means have been defined including the generalized mean the generalized f mean the harmonic mean the arithmetic geometric mean and the weighted mean alternate notations the arithmetic mean may also be expressed using the sum notation bar frac one n sum |
n x i see also mean average summary statistics variance central tendency standard deviation inequality of arithmetic and geometric means muirhead s inequality external links calculations and comparisons between arithmetic and geometric mean between two numbers arithmetic and geometric means cut the knot statistics means american football conference the american football conference afc is one of the two conferences of the national football league nfl the afc was created after the league merged with the american football league afl in early one nine seven zero the nfl s cleveland browns pittsburgh steelers and the then baltimore colts agreed to join the new afc along with the one zero former afl teams all of the other nfl teams formed the national football conference nfc initially this alignment proved to be very unpopular with fans in these cities the afc logo shown to the right is a variation of the old afl logo as seen here introduced in one nine seven zero alongside the beginning of the new afc the logo has |
basically remained unchanged since its introduction though the a wasn t as bold when it was first introduced the afc currently consists of one six teams organized into four divisions north south east and west of four teams each each team plays the other teams in their division twice home and away during the regular season in addition to one zero other games teams assigned to their schedule by the nfl the previous may two of these games are assigned on the basis of the team s final record in the previous season the remaining eight games are split between the roster of two other nfl divisions this assignment shifts each year for instance in the two zero zero six regular season each team in the afc east will play a game apiece against each team in both the afc south and the nfc north in this way division competition consists of common opponents with the exception of the two games assigned on the strength of each team s prior season record the nfc operates according to the same system at the end of each football |
season there are playoff games involving the top six teams in the afc the four division champions by place standing and the top two remaining non division champion teams wild cards by record the last two teams remaining play in the afc championship game with the winner receiving the lamar hunt trophy the afc champion plays the nfc champion in the super bowl national football league there have been two united states politicians named albert arnold gore the father albert gore sr was a senator from tennessee from one nine five three to one nine seven one the son albert gore jr often called simply al gore was both a representative and a senator from tennessee and was both a u s vice president and a presidential candidate this article is about the former united states vice president for his father see albert gore sr albert arnold gore jr born march three one one nine four eight is an american politician and businessman who served as the four five th vice president of the united states from one nine nine three to |
two zero zero one he ran for president in two zero zero zero following bill clinton s two four year terms he was defeated in the electoral college vote by the republican candidate george w bush on a vote of two seven one two six six with a gore committed elector from washington dc abstaining however gore did receive more individual votes than bush the election was bitterly contested including multiple recounts and a five four supreme court decision that effectively secured the election for president george w bush gore currently serves as president of the american television channel current and chairman of generation investment management sits on the board of directors of apple computer and serves as an unofficial advisor to google s senior management although speculation about a possible presidential run in two zero zero eight still continues he has stated that he does not currently plan to return to politics but doesn t rule this possibility out in the future early life he attended the sheridan school and la |
ter the elite st albans school in one nine six five gore enrolled at harvard college where he majored in government his roommates in dunster house were actor tommy lee jones and former columbia university women s basketball star katie day s father bart day gore graduated from harvard in june one nine six nine with a bachelor of arts degree for more information on gore s academic records see family al gore was born in washington d c to albert a gore sr a politician and pauline lafon gore one of the first female lawyers to graduate from vanderbilt law school since his father was a veteran democratic senator from tennessee al gore jr divided his childhood between washington d c and carthage tennessee during the school year the younger gore lived in a hotel in washington during summer vacations he lived in carthage where he worked on the gore family farm in one nine seven zero gore married mary elizabeth aitcheson tipper gore whom he had first met many years before at his high school senior prom st albans school |
in washington d c they have four children karenna born august six one nine seven three married to drew schiff kristin born june five one nine seven seven sarah born january seven one nine seven nine and al iii born october one nine one nine eight two the gores also have two grandchildren wyatt born july four one nine nine nine and anna schiff the gores now reside in nashville tennessee usa and own a small farm near carthage tennessee the family attends new salem missionary baptist church in carthage the gores in late two zero zero five bought a condo at san francisco s swanky st regis soldier and journalist gore served as a field reporter in vietnam for four months although opposed to the vietnam war on august seven one nine six nine gore enlisted in the army to participate in the vietnam war effort after completing training as a military journalist gore shipped to vietnam in early one nine seven one serving for four months before being given an honorable discharge the chronology of gore s military service is |
as follows august one nine six nine enlisted at the newark new jersey recruiting office august to october one nine six nine eight weeks of basic training at fort dix new jersey late october one nine six nine to december one nine seven zero fort rucker alabama on the job occupational training at the army flier newspaper january one nine seven one to may one nine seven one field reporter in vietnam part of the two zero th engineer brigade stationed primarily at bien hoa air base near saigon may two four one nine seven one given an honorable discharge after his early discharge request was granted gore stated many times that he opposed the vietnam war but chose to enlist anyway some observers have noted that gore could have avoided vietnam in a number of ways gore considered all these options but said that his sense of civic duty compelled him to serve alexander cockburn and jeffrey st clair suggest in al gore a user s manual that gore joined the military for political gain because gore served as a journalist he |
was never exposed to front line combat although some allege that his famous father s influence helped him to obtain this position most military analysts agree that any man who enlisted with a harvard degree had a good chance of being assigned a support specialty rather than an infantry position even at the war s height eight eight of all servicemen were assigned to noncombatant specialties however gore s decision to enlist for a two year term did mean that he would not be able to select his assignment a choice which was available to three year enlistees according to newsweek journalist bill turque s biography inventing al gore which does not shy away from criticism and scandals such as charging gore with smoking marijuana far more frequently than he admits dess stokes staff sergeant at the newark armed forces entrance and examination station on the day he walked in doesn t remember any communication from superiors about gore a kid with gore s background a one three four iq and a harvard degree he said didn t |
need to be a senator s son with high level contacts to get the military job he wanted gore s father al gore sr lost the one nine seven zero election and was no longer a senator by the time gore arrived in vietnam but was a senator until january one nine seven one which included the time his son would have received his assignment some critics charge that his father s stature led gore s superiors to give him less dangerous assignments than they might otherwise have given him according to combat photographer h alan leo gore was protected from dangerous situations at the request of brigadier general kenneth b cooper the two zero th engineer brigades commander leo stated that gore s trips into the field were safe and that gore could have worn a tuxedo these remarks seem to contradict gore s many public statements i carried an m one six i pulled my turn on the perimeter at night and walked through the elephant grass and i was fired upon baltimore sun i took my turn regularly on the perimeter in these little fireba |
ses out in the boonies something would move we d fire first and ask questions later vanity fair i was shot at i spent most of my time in the field washington post i used to fly these things combat helicopters with the doors open sitting on the ledge with our feet hanging down if you flew low and fast they wouldn t have as much time to shoot you weekly standard for his part gore has stated that he knew leo but rarely traveled with him in vietnam and that he never felt that he was being given special protection on the other hand leo s testimony is that cooper gave the orders before gore arrived so gore would not know about them the question of whether leo frequently traveled with gore or not still has not been conclusively answered turque s book however states that cooper said that he has no recollection of even meeting leo much less discussing gore s safety with him the evidence indicates that if there was an official effort to guarantee gore s safety it was uneven at best his clippings from the castle courier |
the newspaper of the u s army engineering command and other publications suggest that he pulled his weight which in his case meant choppering around to report features about the good works of the two zero th engineers when smith said he was scheduled to leave for r r in hawaii the sergeant called for volunteers gore stepped up and spent a cold night in a foxhole al did what everybody else did said mike o hara the photographer who shot the khe sanh assignment regulations allowed for early release of personnel to teach or attend school if their services were deemed not essential to the mission and gore certainly qualified gore stated in one nine eight eight that his experience in vietnam didn t change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake but it struck me that opponents to the war including myself really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of south vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom coming face to face with those sentiments expre |
ssed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something i was naively unprepared for after returning from vietnam gore spent five years as a reporter for the tennessean a newspaper headquartered in nashville tennessee during this time gore also attended vanderbilt divinity school and law school although he did not complete a degree at either congress al gore speaks during a congressional hearing in the one nine eight zero s in the spring of one nine seven six gore quit law school to run for the u s house in tennessee s fourth district gore defeated stanley rogers in the democratic primary then ran unopposed and was elected to his first congressional post he was re elected three times in one nine seven eight one nine eight zero and one nine eight two in one nine eight four gore did not run for the house instead he successfully ran for a seat in the senate which had been vacated by republican majority leader howard baker gore served as a senator from tennessee until one |
nine nine three when he became vice president house of representatives on march one nine one nine seven nine gore became the first person to appear on c span making a speech in the house chambers senate one nine eight eight presidential run in one nine eight eight gore ran for president but failed to obtain the democratic nomination which went instead to michael dukakis son s accident and effect on one nine nine two presidential run on april three one nine eight nine gore s six year old son albert was nearly killed in an automobile accident while leaving the baltimore orioles opening game because of this and the resulting lengthy healing process his father chose to stay near him during the recovery instead of laying the foundation for a presidential primary campaign against eventual nominee bill clinton gore started writing earth in the balance his book on environmental conservation during his son s recovery earth in the balance became the first book written by a sitting senator to make the new york times be |
st seller list since john f kennedy s profiles in courage congressional committees while in congress gore was a member of the following committees armed services defense industry and technology projection forces and regional defense strategic forces and nuclear deterrence commerce science and transportation communications consumer science technology and space chairman one nine nine two surface transportation national ocean policy study joint committee on printing joint economic committee rules and administration vice presidency vice president talking with president clinton as the two pass through the colonnade at the white house bill clinton chose gore to be his running mate on july nine one nine nine two to the surprise of many as the two were both young and were from the same region of the nation after winning the one nine nine two election al gore was inaugurated as the four five th vice president of the united states on january two zero one nine nine three clinton and gore were re elected to a second term |
in the one nine nine six election during his time as vice president al gore was mostly a behind the scenes player however many experts consider him to be one of the most active and influential vice presidents in u s history this was evident as gore had weekly lunches with clinton to keep each other abreast of current developments although he later said that it was he who insisted on having those weekly lunches in the first place debate with perot in one nine nine three gore debated ross perot on cnn s larry king live on the issue of free trade public opinion polls taken after the debate showed that a majority of americans agreed with his point of view and supported nafta some claim that this performance may have been responsible for the passing of nafta in the house of representatives where it passed two three four two zero zero initatives one of gore s major accomplishments as vice president was the national performance review which pointed out waste fraud and other abuse in the federal government and stres |
sed the need for cutting the size of the bureaucracy and the number of regulations his book later helped guide president clinton when he down sized the federal government internet education as vice president gore instituted a federal program calling for all schools and libraries to be wired to the internet this was a culmination of work that he had started several years before while serving in the senate gore had introduced legislation which called for the creation of a new federal research center for educational computing to support an information systems highway environment during gore s tenure as vice president he was a strong proponent for environmental protection while a senator working on his book earth in the balance gore had traveled around the world on numerous fact finding missions on earth day one nine nine four gore launched the worldwide globe program an innovative hands on school based education and science activity that made extensive use of the internet to increase student awareness of their e |
nvironment and contribute research data for scientists the opinions he developed on issues such as global warming the depletion of the ozone layer and the destruction of rain forests is said to have played a major role in policy making for the clinton administration in the late nineties gore strongly pushed for the passage of the kyoto treaty which called for reduction in green house emissions foreign policy because of president clinton s inexperience and gore s service in vietnam and in the senate clinton would often look to gore for advice in the area of foreign policy gore was one of the first to call for action to remove yugoslav president slobodan milo evi from power in one nine nine eight gore also supported operation desert fox a three day bombing campaign against iraq that attempted to degrade saddam hussein s ability to make and to use weapons of mass destruction vice president al gore works along side president clinton in trying to negotiate a middle east peace plan with palestinian leader yasser ar |
afat other during the clinton gore administration americans enjoyed eight years of relative peace along with the longest economic expansion in history democrats attributed this prosperity to the policies of the clinton gore administration and especially to the passage of the omnibus budget reconciliation act of one nine nine three for which gore cast the tie breaking vote during his two zero zero zero campaign for the presidency gore attributed several positive economic results to his and clinton s policies more than two two million new jobs highest homeownership in american history lowest unemployment in three zero years paid off three six zero billion of the national debt lowest poverty rate in two zero years higher incomes at all levels converted the largest budget deficit up to that time in american history to the largest surplus lowest government spending in three decades lowest federal income tax burden in three five years and more families own stock than ever before however gore later placed a large sh |
are of the blame for his election loss on the economic downturn and nasdaq crash of march two zero zero zero in an interview with national public radio s bob edwards two zero zero zero presidential election al gore and running mate joe lieberman at the two zero zero zero democratic national convention after two terms as vice president gore ran for president in the democratic primaries gore faced an early challenge from bill bradley gore s nomination was never really in doubt and bradley withdrew from the race in early march two zero zero zero after failing to win any state primary or caucus in august two zero zero zero gore surprised many when he selected united states senator joe lieberman to be his vice presidential running mate lieberman who is a more conservative democrat than gore had publicly blasted president clinton for the monica lewinsky affair many pundits saw gore s choice of lieberman as another way of trying to distance himself from the scandal prone clinton white house lieberman was also the fi |
rst jewish nominee on a major party s national ticket during the entire campaign gore was neck and neck in the polls with republican governor of texas george w bush on election day the results were so close that the outcome of the race took over a month to resolve highlighted by the premature declaration of a winner on election night and an extremely close result in the state of florida on election night news networks first called florida for gore then fox news decided to call it for bush and all of the other news stations followed their decision the race was ultimately decided by a razor thin margin of only five three seven popular votes in florida a state favored to have gone to bush as his brother served as governor the five three seven number was an astonishingly close margin out of some one zero five million votes cast nationwide florida s two five electoral votes were awarded to george w bush only after numerous court challenges al gore publicly conceded the election after the supreme court in bush v go |
re voted seven to two to declare the ongoing recount procedure unconstitutional because it feared that different standards would be used in different parts of the state and five to four to ban recounts using other procedures al gore makes a point during a presidential debate during the two zero zero zero election as george w bush looks on gore strongly disagreed with the court s decision but decided for the sake of our unity of the people and the strength of our democracy i offer my concession he had previously made a concession phone call to bush the night of the election but quickly retracted it after learning just how close the election was following the election a subsequent recount conducted by various u s news media organizations indicated that mr bush would have won using the partial recount method of four strongly democratic areas advocated by mr gore but that mr gore would have won given a full recount of the state the states that ultimately voted for gore over bush in the two zero zero zero election |
s were new york new jersey rhode island connecticut delaware maine vermont massachusetts washington d c pennsylvania michigan wisconsin new mexico california oregon washington illinois iowa maryland minnesota and hawaii giving gore two six seven electoral votes to bush s two seven one one of gore s electors cast a blank ballot to protest what she called dc s colonial status thus the candidate s final number of electoral votes was two six six the florida election has been closely scrutinized since the election critics have argued that the governor of florida jeb bush brother of george w bush and the secretary of state of florida katherine harris did play a part in ensuring that the state was in the red column of the republicans come election day several irregularities are thought to have favored bush others may have given gore an edge irregularities favoring bush included the notorious palm beach butterfly ballots which were alleged to have produced an unexpectedly large number of votes for reform party candid |
ate pat buchanan and a purge of some five zero zero zero zero alleged felons from the florida voting rolls that included some voters who were again eligible to vote under florida law many bush supporters however believed that an unfair advantage was given to gore when all major news networks early on prematurely projected gore as the winner of florida s two five electoral votes at seven five two pm eastern time this happened before the polls closed in one zero florida counties in the heavily republican western panhandle which are in the central time zone and thus closed at seven pm central time eight pm eastern some have thought that this depressed the pro bush vote in that area during the numerous recounts which made the phrase hanging chads infamous in the american vocabulary there were also allegations of both pro bush and pro gore tampering by low level operatives in the controversial counties it is unclear what effect if any this may have had and while the gore camp fought with some success to keep overs |
eas absentee votes out in counties thought to be pro bush bush operatives similarly albeit while drawing less attention to their efforts prevented the counting of overseas absentee votes in strong democratic counties both sides contended that the votes were cast after election day and since many of the envelopes did not have cancelled stamps it was not clear when the votes were cast reports later surfaced that many overseas voters attempted to vote only after learning of the closeness of the florida vote some commentators still see such irregularities and the legal maneuvering around the recounts as casting doubt on the legitimacy of the vote as a matter of law however the issue was settled albeit controversially again when the u s congress accepted florida s electoral delegation only after a challenge to the florida electors was presented in the congressional chambers on january six two zero zero one by members of the congressional black caucus member after member went up decrying the lack of a senator who w |
ould be willing to co sponsor the challenge without any effect they thus failed to bring the challenge to a debate concern about the possible disenfranchisement of voters in the florida vote led to widespread calls for electoral reform in the united states and ultimately to the passage of the help america vote act which authorized the united states federal government to provide funds to the states to replace their mechanical voting equipment with electronic voting equipment however this has led to new controversies because of the security weaknesses of the computer systems the lack of paper based methods of secure verification and the necessity to rely on the trustworthiness of the manufacturers whose employees also count those votes although gore won the nationwide popular vote by more than five zero zero zero zero zero votes he lost the election by five electoral votes with one d c elector pledged to gore casting a blank ballot to protest the district s lack of representation in congress al gore on futurama |
joe lieberman later criticized al gore for adopting a populist theme during their two zero zero zero campaign lieberman said he objected to gore s people vs the powerful message believing it was not the best strategy for democrats to use to recapture the white house while running for president in two zero zero zero al gore was used as a voice actor for the television show futurama for which his daughter kristin was a writer he played himself again in another episode after the campaign was over private citizen professor gore al gore re emerges in two zero zero one as a visiting professor with a beard following his election loss gore accepted visiting professorships at columbia university s graduate school of journalism middle tennessee state university university of california los angeles and fisk university in late two zero zero one al gore became a senior advisor to google and vice chairman of los angeles based financial firm metropolitan west financial llc blasting bush on september two three two zero zero |
two gore spoke in san francisco to the commonwealth club and made a controversial speech blasting bush on the iraq war although he admitted saddam was a potential danger saying we know that saddam has stored secret supplies of biological and chemical weapons throughout his country iraq s search for weapons of mass destruction has proven impossible to deter and we should assume that it will continue for as long as saddam is in power he also spoke against rushing to war with iraq advising caution and saying that iraq was a diversion from fighting al qaeda and terrorism in afghanistan and elsewhere i don t think that we should allow anything to diminish our focus on avenging the three zero zero zero americans who were murdered and dismantling the network of terrorists who we know to be responsible for it the fact that we don t know where they are should not cause us to focus instead on some other enemy whose location may be easier to identify following the november five two zero zero two midterm elections gore |
re emerged into the public eye with a one four city book tour and a well orchestrated full gore media blitz which included a pair of policy speeches on september two three gore delivered a speech on the impending war with iraq and the war on terrorism that generated a fair amount of commentary less than two weeks later on october two he made a speech on bush s handling of the economy to the brookings institution also during this time period gore guest starred on several programs such as the late show with david letterman and saturday night live with legendary rock band phish appearing much more relaxed and funnier as a private citizen than he did while holding public office al gore hosting saturday night live along side west wing stars martin sheen and john spencer in two zero zero three gore joined the board of directors of apple computer on the political front gore kept his promise of staying involved in public debate when he offered his criticism and advice to the bush administration on key topics such as |
the occupation of iraq usa patriot act and environmental issues most notably global warming gore also continued to visit campuses across the nation lecturing on issues such as race media and democracy on april one zero two zero zero four gore met with the nine one one commission in private to give his testimony on what his administration did to prevent terror attacks in a statement after the three hour session the commission said he was candid and forthcoming and it thanked him for his continued cooperation in the summer of two zero zero four gore teamed up with moveon org to promote the new science fiction film the day after tomorrow although gore said the movie was a far fetched example of global warming he said the movie would escalate public debate on the issue on april two seven two zero zero five gore gave an hour long speech lambasting the gop s effort to do away with the legislative filibuster in response to senate majority leader bill frist who for weeks had repeated threats to impose the nuclear opt |
ion if senate democrats did not stop blocking judicial nominees via the filibuster gore said their grand design is an all powerful executive using a weakened legislature to fashion a compliant judiciary in its own image the senate has confirmed two zero five or over nine five of president bush s nominees democrats have held up only one zero nominees less than five compare that with the six zero clinton nominees who were blocked by republican obstruction between one nine nine five and two zero zero zero what is involved here is a power grab gore said gore also took aim at what he called religious zealots who claim special knowledge of god s will in american politics he went on to say they even claim that those of us who disagree with their point of view are waging war against people of faith how dare they this was gore s first major policy speech of two zero zero five and also the first one since the defeat of democratic hopeful john kerry in late two zero zero four in may two zero zero five gore was awarded a |
lifetime achievement award for three decades of contributions to the internet the webby awards which are widely hailed as the oscars of the web wanted to set the record straight about al gore and the internet once and for all tiffany shlain the awards founder and chairwoman said it s just one of those instances someone did amazing work for three decades as congressman senator and vice president and it got spun around into this political mess shlain said in september two zero zero five gore chartered two aircraft to evacuate two seven zero evacuees from new orleans in the aftermath of hurricane katrina he was highly critical of the government and federal response in the days after the hurricane future speaking at an economic forum in stockholm sweden in october two zero zero five gore again stated that he has no intention of ever running for president again in response to questions from reporters however gore said he could not rule the possibility out completely saying i do not completely rule out some future |
interest but i do not expect to have that when asked how the united states would have been different if he had become president gore stated we would not have invaded a country that didn t attack us he said referring to iraq we would not have taken money from the working families and given it to the most wealthy families we would not be trying to control and intimidate the news media we would not be routinely torturing people gore said in the past few years gore has remained busy traveling the world speaking and participating in events mainly aimed towards global warming awareness and prevention on january two zero zero six al gore delivered a major speech criticising president bush s use of domestic wiretaps gore stated that bush broke the law and recommended an independent counsel investigate the matter further also in january two zero zero six al gore was the leading man in the sundance global warming documentary an inconvenient truth al gore will be publishing a second book on global warming titled an inc |
onvenient truth in april two zero zero six on february one two two zero zero six former us vice president al gore on sunday said that the us government had committed terrible abuses against arabs living in america after nine one one attacks and that most americans did not support such treatment the thoughtless way in which visas are now handled that is a mistake mr gore said at the jeddah economic forum the worst thing we can possibly do is to cut off the channels of friendship and mutual understanding between saudi arabia and the united states the former us vice president told this saudi audience many of them educated in us universities that arabs in the united states had been indiscriminately rounded up often on minor charges of overstaying a visa or not having a green card in proper order and held in conditions that were just unforgivable unfortunately there have been terrible abuses and it s wrong i do want you to know that it does not represent the desires or wishes or feelings of the majority of the cit |
izens of my country terrence jeffrey of human events and jack kelly of realclearpolitics com however criticized gore s comments and pointed out that nine one one commission page four nine two reported that khalid sheikh mohammed who planned the attacks told interrogators most of the hijackers he selected were saudis because they had the easiest time getting visas mohammad atta himself was in the united states having overstayed his visa television network al gore s current official logo on may four two zero zero four indtv holdings a company co founded by gore and joel hyatt purchased cable news channel newsworld international from vivendi universal the new network will not have political leanings gore said but will serve as an independent voice for a target audience of people between one eight and three four who want to learn about the world in a voice they recognize and a view they recognize as their own the network was relaunched under the name current on august one two zero zero five investment firm in lat |
e two zero zero four it was announced that al gore had launched and will chair an investment firm to seek out companies taking a responsible view on big global issues like climate change gore s group generation investment management was created to assist the growing demand for an investment style which can bring returns by blending traditional equity research with a focus on more intangible non financial factors such as social and environmental responsibility and corporate governance two zero zero four presidential election endorsing dean al gore shocked many when he did not endorse his two zero zero zero running mate joe lieberman but the outsider candidate howard dean in two zero zero three initially al gore was touted as a logical opponent of george w bush in the two zero zero four united states presidential election on december one six two zero zero two however gore announced that he would not run in two zero zero four saying that it was time for fresh faces and new ideas to emerge from the democrats when |
he appeared on a six zero minutes interview gore said that he felt if he had run the focus of the election would be the rematch rather than the issues gore s former running mate joe lieberman quickly announced his own candidacy for the presidency which he had vowed he would not do if gore ran despite gore taking himself out of the race a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to draft him into running however that effort largely came to an end when gore publicly endorsed vermont governor howard dean over his former running mate joe lieberman weeks before the first primary of the election cycle there was still some effort to encourage write in votes for gore in the primaries by a different group of gore supporters who were separate from the draft movement although gore did receive a small number of votes in new hampshire and new mexico that effort was halted when john kerry pulled into the lead for the nomination gore s endorsement of dean was helpful to the latter in legitimizing him in the eye |
s of the establishment faction of the democratic party but it also led the media to dub dean as the clear front runner with the result that his opponents devoted more of their emphasis to opposing him campaigning against bush on january one five two zero zero four al gore gave a major policy address in new york city on climate change and the bush administration s approach to the environment accompanied by slides and projector gore slammed the bush administration s attitude towards global warming saying there are many who still do not believe that global warming is a problem at all and it s no wonder because they are the targets of a massive and well organized campaign of disinformation lavishly funded by polluters who are determined to prevent any action to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming out of a fear that their profits might be affected if they had to stop dumping so much pollution into the atmosphere on february nine two zero zero four on the eve of the tennessee primary gore |
gave what many consider his harshest criticism of the president yet when he accused george w bush of betraying the country by using the nine one one attacks as a justification for the invasion of iraq he betrayed this country mr gore shouted into the microphone he played on our fears he took america on an ill conceived foreign adventure dangerous to our troops an adventure preordained and planned before nine one one ever took place gore also urged all democrats to unite behind their eventual nominee proclaiming any one of these candidates is far better than george w bush in march two zero zero four gore along with former presidents bill clinton and jimmy carter united behind kerry as the presumptive democratic nominee al gore who just four years prior accepted his party s nomination speaks as a party elder at the two zero zero four democratic national convention on april two eight two zero zero four gore announced that he would be donating six million to various democratic party groups drawing from his funds |
left over from his two zero zero zero presidential campaign gore pledged to donate four million to the democratic national committee the party s senate and house committees would each get one million and the party from gore s home state of tennessee would receive two five zero zero zero zero in addition gore announced that all of the surplus funds in his recount fund from the two zero zero zero election controversy that resulted in the supreme court halting the counting of the ballots a total of two four zero zero zero zero will be donated to the florida democratic party in his speech gore stressed the importance of voting and having every vote counted a point that foreshadowed the two zero zero four u s election voting controversies on may two six two zero zero four gore gave a highly critical speech on the iraq crisis and the bush administration in the speech gore demanded secretary of defense donald rumsfeld national security advisor condoleezza rice director of central intelligence george tenet deputy sec |
retary of defense paul wolfowitz undersecretary of defense for policy douglas feith and under secretary of defense for intelligence stephen cambone all resign for encouraging policies that led to the abuse of iraqi prisoners and fanned hatred of americans abroad during the fiery speech which lasted more than an hour gore called the bush administration s iraq war plan incompetent and called george w bush the most dishonest president since richard nixon who resigned the office of the presidency in one nine seven four following the watergate scandal gore also decried the abuse of prisoners in abu ghraib prison in iraq saying what happened at that prison it is now clear is not the result of random acts of a few bad apples it was the natural consequence of the bush administration policy convention as the first major speaker at the two zero zero four democratic national convention gore held himself out as a living reminder that every vote counts let s make sure not only that the supreme court does not pick the next |
president but also that this president is not the one who picks the next supreme court said gore gore directed remarks to supporters of third party presidential candidate ralph nader who abandoned the democratic party four years ago asking them do you still believe that there was no difference between the candidates post convention on october one eight two zero zero four al gore delivered his final major policy speech of the two zero zero four political season in an hour long presentation gore concluded that i m convinced that most of the president s frequent departures from fact based analysis have much more to do with right wing political and economic ideology than with the bible views and controversies gore is a strong supporter of abortion rights free trade and strong environmental policy he was a vocal opponent of the two zero zero three invasion of iraq gore has gradually moved politically further left he was once a moderate to conservative lawmaker while in congress gore had a strong pro life record o |
n abortion and voted pro life two seven times when exactly gore became pro choice is unknown but by one nine eight eight when he sought the democratic presidential nomination he was on record as opposing the criminalization of abortion critics have charged gore with illegal fundraising at a buddhist temple and illegal use of his government office and telephone for political fundraising in violation of the hatch act although he was never indicted on such a charge the internet gore is a frequent target of satire based on his supposedly having claimed to have invented the internet in fact he never made such a claim rather during an interview with wolf blitzer on cnn s late edition on march nine one nine nine nine gore stated during my service in the united states congress i took the initiative in creating the internet i took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country s economic growth and environmental protection improvements in our educational s |
ystem the phrase from the statement above which sparked the debate i took the initiative in creating the internet referred to gore s involvement with and sponsorship of the high performance computing act of one nine nine one which advanced the growth and mainstreaming of the internet during the one nine nine zero s this statement was later defended by internet pioneers robert kahn and vinton cerf as the two people who designed the basic architecture and the core protocols that make the internet work we would like to acknowledge vp gore s contributions as a congressman senator and as vice president no other elected official to our knowledge has made a greater contribution over a longer period of time accusations of hypocrisy by mcclellan and gonzales on the one six th of january two zero zero six gore accused u s president bush of breaking the law repeatedly and insistently and called for a special investigation of nsa spying on americans because the spying was without a warrant from a special federal court th |
at authorizes such requests to eavesdrop on americans bush press secretary scott mcclellan and attorney general alberto gonzales both responded to reporters that the clinton gore administration had done illegal warrantless physical searches themselves of aldrich ames without permission from a judge i think his hypocrisy knows no bounds mcclellan said of gore but the foreign intelligence surveillance act at the time did not cover physical searches the law had changed in one nine nine five gore claimed that because gonzales made a political defense for bush he was no longer eligible to review charges against bush and therefore must name a special counsel his charges are factually wrong said gore both before and after the foreign intelligence surveillance act was amended in one nine nine five the clinton gore administration complied fully and completely with the terms of the law see also al gore television credits the tonight show with jay leno august one two zero zero five saturday night live december one four |
two zero zero two the tonight show with jay leno november two seven two zero zero two futurama crimes of the hot november one zero two zero zero two seven days stairway to heaven october one one two zero zero zero the late show with david letterman september one four two zero zero zero futurama anthology of interest i may two one two zero zero zero larry king live april two zero two zero zero zero mad about you breastfeeding january six one nine nine eight late show with david letterman september eight one nine nine three external links the sns project and al gore general sites electgore two zero zero eight com elect al gore in two zero zero eight for current daily updated news on al gore discuss and debate on forum al gore for president for current daily updated news on al gore discuss and debate on forum al gore support center two zero zero eight the home of hardcore gore supporters al gore zero eight organize discuss act patriots for al gore the gore support site with a social conscience current tv the off |
icial nara online office of vice president gore one nine nine three two zero zero one clinton gore administration accomplishments the life of al gore washington post al gore on the issues a new approach for a new century international press institute world congress april two zero zero zero political donations made by al gore recent speeches by al gore gore s two zero zero six martin luther king day speech on nsa spying scandal and restoring the rule of law mp three audio transcript gore speaks on the threat to democracy gore s speech to the sierra club gore slams gop s efforts to end filibuster gore charges the bush administration with a failed presidency gore s remarks at the two zero zero four democratic convention gore says bush lied to push for war in iraq gore calls for the resignation of the bush team gore speaks on the use of fear in politics gore speaks on global warming and the environment gore calls for the repeal of the patriot act gore blasts bush for misleading america gore speaks on the build up |
to war with iraq and the war on terror gore speaks on matching our nation s economic course to our current realities al gore s current official website of the television station current al gore and the internet remarks as delivered by vice president al gore to the superhighway summit ucla one nine nine four another url with the speech al gore and the creation of the internet snopes analyzes gore s statement about his role in creation of the internet full text of vint cerf and robert kahn s email on gore and the internet al gore myths and media bias gore myths page media bias against al gore exposed al gore s early career in journalism columbia journalism review on gore s journalistic past one nine four eight births al gore anti iraq war veterans apple employees baptists democratic party united states presidential nominees futurama actors harvard alumni living people nashvillians politics and technology pro choice politicians u s democratic party vice presidential nominees members of the united states house o |
f representatives from tennessee united states senators from tennessee vice presidents of the united states vietnam war veterans animal farm book cover animal farm is a satirical novel which can also be understood as a modern fable or allegory by george orwell ostensibly about a group of animals who oust the humans from the farm they live on and run it themselves only to have it corrupted into a brutal tyranny on its own it was written during world war ii and published in one nine four five although it was not widely successful until the late one nine five zero s animal farm is a thinly veiled critique and satire of soviet totalitarianism many events in the book are based on events from the soviet union during the stalin era orwell though a leftist he was for many years a member of the independent labour party was a critic of stalin and suspicious of moscow directed communism after his experiences in the spanish civil war plot when the farm s prize winning pig old major calls a meeting of all the animals of m |
anor farm he tells them that he has had a dream in which mankind is gone and animals are free to live in peace and harmony he compares the humans to parasites and then proceeds to teach the animals a revolutionary song beasts of england the other animals begin to hope and dream for the revolution of such a day when old major dies a mere three days later three pigs snowball who teaches the animals to read napoleon and squealer assume command and turn his dream into a full fledged philosophy one night the starved animals suddenly revolt and drive the farmer mr jones his wife and his pet raven off the farm and take control the farm is renamed animal farm as the animals work towards a future utopia the seven commandments of the new philosophy of animalism are written on the wall of a barn for all to read the seventh and most important of which is that all animals are equal all animals work but the workhorse boxer does more than his fair share and adopts a maxim of his own i will work harder animal farm is off to |
a great start snowball teaches the other animals to read and write though few animals besides the pigs learn to read well food is plentiful due to a good harvest and the entire farm is organized and running smoothly even when mr jones tries his last ditch effort to retake control of the farm the animals easily defeat him at what they later call the battle of the cowshed soon however things begin to unravel as napoleon and snowball begin an epic power struggle over the farm when snowball announces his idea for a windmill napoleon quickly opposes it a meeting is held and when snowball makes his passionate and articulate speech in favour of the windmill napoleon only makes a brief retort and then makes a strange noise to call in nine attack dogs they burst in and chase snowball off of the farm in his absence napoleon declares himself the leader of the farm and makes instant changes he announces that meetings will no longer be held as before and a committee of pigs alone will decide what happens with the farm nap |
oleon changes his mind about the windmill claiming through squealer that snowball stole the idea from him and the animals begin to work after a violent storm the animals wake to find the fruit of their months of labour utterly annihilated though neighbouring farmers scoff at the thin walls napoleon and squealer convince everyone that snowball destroyed it napoleon begins to purge the farm killing many animals he accuses of consorting with snowball in the meantime boxer takes a second mantra napoleon is always right napoleon begins to abuse his powers even more and life on the farm becomes harder and harder for the rest of the animals the pigs impose more and more controls on them while reserving privileges for themselves history is rewritten to villainise snowball and glorify napoleon even further each step of this development is justified by the pig squealer who on several occasions alters the seven commandments on the barn in the dead of night the song beasts of england is banned as inappropriate now that t |
he dream of animal farm has been realised and is replaced by an anthem glorifying napoleon who begins to live more and more like a human the animals though cold starving and overworked remain convinced that they are still better off than when they were ruled by a man named jones mr frederick one of the two neighbouring farmers swindles napoleon by paying with forged banknotes and then attacks the farm and uses dynamite to blow up the recently restored windmill though the animals of animal farm eventually win the battle they do so at a great cost as many of the animals including boxer are wounded however boxer continues to work harder and harder until he finally collapses while working on the windmill napoleon sends for a van to come and take boxer to the veterinarian but as boxer is loaded up and the van drives away the animals read what is written on the side of the van alfred simmonds horse slaughterer and glue boiler squealer quickly reports that the van with the old writing has been purchased by the hospi |
tal and later that boxer has died in the hospital in spite of the best medical care many years pass and the pigs learn to walk upright carry whips and wear clothes the seven commandments are reduced to a single phrase all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and the humans of the area in the adjacent foxwood farm run by mr pilkington he announces his alliance with the humans against the labouring classes of both worlds the animals discover this when they overhear napoleon s conversations and finally realize that a change has come over the ruling pigs during a poker match an argument breaks out between napoleon and mr pilkington when they both play an ace of spades and the animals realise how they cannot tell the difference between the pigs and the humans the pigs walked on two feet and they adopted many of mr jones customs and principles the pigs have violated every one of the rules set out in the beginning which they set up this is when we c |
ome to the theme of this book power corrupts plot references to real events the ousting of the humans after the farmers forget to feed the animals russian revolution of one nine one seven led to the removal of the tsars after a series of famine and poverty the refusal of the humans to refer to animal farm by its new name still calling it manor farm may be indicative of the diplomatic limbo in which the soviets existed following their early history mr jones last ditch effort to re take the farm the battle of the cowshed russian civil war in which the western capitalist governments sent soldiers to try to remove the bolsheviks from power napoleon s removal of snowball stalin s removal of leon trotsky from power in one nine two seven and his subsequent expulsion napoleon stealing snowball s idea for a windmill stalin later shifted away from world socialism to socialism in one country which trotsky had originally promoted the windmill can also be considered a symbol of the soviet five year plans a concept develop |
ed by trotsky and adopted by stalin who claimed them to be his idea moses the raven leaving the farm for a while and then returning similar to the russian orthodox church going underground and then being brought back to give the workers hope boxer s motto napoleon is always right is strikingly similar to mussolini is always right a chant used to hail benito mussolini during his rule of italy from one nine two two to one nine four three during the rise of napoleon he ordered the collection of all the hens eggs in an act of defiance the hens destroyed their eggs rather than give them to napoleon during stalin s collectivization period in the early one nine three zero s many ukrainian peasants burned their crops and farms rather than handing them over to the government napoleon s mass executions of which many were unfair for the alleged crimes stalin executed his political enemies for various crimes after they were tortured and forced to falsely confess the four pigs that go against napoleon s will represent the |
white movement napoleon s replacement of the farm anthem beasts of england with an inane composition by the pig poet minimus animal farm animal farm never through me will you come to harm in one nine four three stalin replaced the old national anthem the internationale with the hymn of the soviet union the old internationale glorified the revolution and the people the original version of the hymn of the soviet union glorified stalin so heavily that after his death in one nine five three entire sections of the anthem had to be replaced or removed orwell could have also been referring to napoleon bonaparte s banning of the french national hymn la marseillaise in one seven nine nine napoleon s dealing with mr frederick who eventually betrays animal farm and destroys the windmill though animal farm repels the human attack many animals are wounded and killed stalin s molotov ribbentrop pact with nazi germany in one nine three nine which was later betrayed in one nine four one when hitler invaded the soviet union |
though the soviet union won the war it came at a tremendous price of roughly eight five one five million soviet soldiers unconfirmed and many civilians coming to an incredible estimated two zero million dead as well as the utter destruction of the western soviet union and its prized collective farms which stalin had created in the one nine three zero s napoleon s later alliance with the humans stalin s non aggression pact with hitler in the early years of wwii napoleon s changing animal farm back to manor the red army s name was changed from the workers and peasants red army to the soviet army to appear as a more appealing and professional organization rather than an army of the common people after old major dies his skull is placed on display on a tree stump similarly lenin s whom old major is based on along with karl marx embalmed body was put on display in lenin s tomb in red square postmortem where it still remains squealer constantly changing the commandments is said to be a reference to a perversion in |
russian religious history as observed by leo tolstoy when the essential precepts of the sermon on the mount were altered by russian orthodox church it may also refer to the revision of history texts to glorify stalin during his regime characters the events and characters in animal farm are all carefully drawn to represent the history of the soviet union orwell makes this explicit in the case of napoleon whom he directly connects to stalin in a letter of one seven march one nine four five to the publisher when the windmill is blown up i wrote all the animals including napoleon flung themselves on their faces i would like to alter it to all the animals except napoleon if that has been printed it s not worth bothering about but i just thought the alteration would be fair to js joseph stalin as he did stay in moscow during the german advance the other characters have their analogies in the real world but care should be taken with these comparisons as they do not always match history exactly and often simply repre |
sent generalised concepts the pigs napoleon the pig who becomes the leader of animal farm post rebellion created based on the actions of joseph stalin he uses his military of nine attack dogs to cement his power through fear napoleon craftily drives out his opponent snowball snowball the pig who fights napoleon for control post rebellion inspired by leon trotsky snowball is a passionate intellectual and is far more honest about his motives than napoleon snowball easily wins the loyalty of most of the animals trotsky was driven into exile in mexico where he was assassinated squealer the pig who serves as public speaker inspired by vyacheslav molotov and the russian paper pravda squealer twists and abuses the language to excuse justify and extol napoleon s actions no matter how egregious all his life george orwell made it a point to show how politicians used language squealer limits the debate by complicating it and he confuses and disorients making claims that the pigs need the extra luxury they are taking in |
order to function properly to squeal is to betray something squealer does often to his fellow animals minimus a poet pig who writes a song about napoleon representing admirers of stalin both inside and outside the ussr such as maxim gorky old major as a fellow socialist orwell agreed with some of karl marx s politics and even respected vladimir lenin in fact the satire in animal farm is not of marxism or lenin s revolution but of the corruption that occurred later major who is based upon both lenin and marx is the inspiration which fuels the rest of the book though it is a positive image orwell does slip some flaws in old major such as how during his complaints about the abuse of animals he admits that he has been largely free from those terrors pinkeye a small piglet who tastes napoleon s food for poisoning piglets while not truly noted in the novel these piglets are hinted to be the children of napoleon and are the first generation of animals to actually be subjugated to his idea of animal inequality the hu |
mans mr jones the original owner of manor farm he is probably based on tsar nicholas ii mr frederick the tough owner of pinchfield a well kept neighbouring farm he is probably based on germany and or adolf hitler mr pilkington the easy going but crafty owner of foxwood a neighbouring farm he represents britain and or winston churchill mr whymper a human whom napoleon hires to represent animal farm in human society he is loosely based on george bernard shaw who visited the ussr in one nine three one and praised what he found the other animals boxer possibly one of the more popular characters boxer is the tragic avatar of the working class or proletariat loyal dedicated and strong his major flaw however is his blind trust of the leaders and his inability to see corruption he is used and abused by the pigs as much or more than he was by jones his death serves to show just how far the pigs are willing to go a strong and loyal draft horse boxer played a huge part in keeping the farm together prior to his death box |
er could also represent a stakhanovite his name is a reference to the boxer rebellion clover boxer s close friend and also a draft horse she blames herself for forgetting the original seven commandments when squealer revises them she represents the middle class educated people who acquiesce to the subversion of principles by the powerful mollie a horse who likes wearing ribbons which represent luxury and being pampered by humans she represents upper class people the bourgeoisie who fled from the u s s r after the russian revolution benjamin a donkey who is cynical about the revolution he is said to be inspired by orwell himself he represented the skeptical people in and out of russia who believed that communism would not help the people of russia moses a tame raven who spreads stories of sugarcandy mountain the animal heaven these beliefs are denounced by the pigs moses represents religion specifically the russian orthodox church which has always been in conflict with communism it is interesting to note that |
while moses initially leaves the farm after the rebellion he later returns and is supported by the pigs this represents the cynical use of religion by the state to anaesthetise the minds of the masses muriel a goat who reads the edited commandments she may represent intelligent labour jessie and bluebell two dogs who give birth in chapter iii their puppies are nurtured by napoleon to inspire fear without doubt representing the formation of the nkvd kgb the hens represent the kulaks landed peasants persecuted by stalin the dogs napoleon s secret police and bodyguards inspired by cheka nkvd ogpu mvd the sheep the sheep show the dumb animal following of the proletariats in the midst of the russian civil war four legs good two legs bad significance the book is an allegory about the events following the revolution in the soviet union and in particular the rise of stalinism and the betrayal of the revolution which basically replaced one dictatorship for another orwell wrote the book following his experiences during |
the spanish civil war which are described in another of his books homage to catalonia he intended it to be a strong condemnation of what he saw as the stalinist corruption of the original socialist ideals in which he believed and continued to believe after he saw a revolution betrayed as in spain for the preface of a ukrainian edition he prepared in one nine four seven orwell describes what gave him the idea of setting the book on a farm i saw a little boy perhaps ten years old driving a huge cart horse along a narrow path whipping it whenever it tried to turn it struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat this ukrainian edition was an early propaganda use of the book it was printed to be distributed among the soviet citizens of ukraine who were just some of the many millions of displaced persons throughout europe at the end of the second world war the american occupa |
tion forces did not appreciate these illegal presses printing propaganda and confiscated one five zero zero copies of animal farm handing them to the soviet authorities the politics in the book also affected britain with orwell reporting that ernest bevin was terrified that it may cause embarrassment if published before the one nine four five general election in recent years the book has been used to compare new movements that overthrow heads of a corrupt and undemocratic government or organization only to become corrupt and oppressive themselves over time as they succumb to the trappings of power and begin using violent and dictatorial methods to keep it such analogies have been used for many former african colonies such as zimbabwe and democratic republic of congo whose succeeding african born rulers were thought to be as corrupt as the european colonists they supplanted in schools animal farm is used in the core knowledge curriculum core knowledge is based on the interaction of different subjects in school |
s the way animal farm comes into play is that if a student s geography or history class is learning about the former soviet union the english class will be reading animal farm post publication views of the book in the post war years it became apparent to orwell that anti russian literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch including his regular publisher gollancz one publisher he sought to sell his book to rejected it on the grounds of government advice although it was later found that the civil servant who gave the order was a soviet spy orwell originally prepared a preface on freedom of the press for the book which noted the sinister fact about literary censorship in england is that it is largely voluntary things are kept right out of the british press not because the government intervened but because of a general tacit agreement that it wouldn t do to mention that particular fact somewhat ironically the preface itself was censored and is not published with most copies of the |
book film versions the book was the basis of an animated feature film in one nine five five britain s first full length animated movie directed by john halas and joy batchelor and quietly commissioned by the american cia which softened the theme of the story slightly by reducing the role of moses the character representing religion and adding an epilogue that occurs immediately after the novel s iconic concluding imagery is depicted where the other animals successfully revolt against the pigs there was also a one nine nine nine live action film directed by john stephenson with voices by kelsey grammer as snowball patrick stewart as napoleon and ian holm as squealer despite a few differences such as completely different songs and jesse being the first to question the pigs much of the plot is loyal to the book the film diverges from the book with an additional epilogue in which jesse and several animals escape and return years later to a post napoleon era animal farm cultural references pink floyd s one nine se |
ven seven album animals was partially inspired by animal farm it categorises people as pigs dogs or sheep in an episode of johnny bravo aunt katie s farm johnny while dressed in a pig costume goes crazy and yells four legs good two legs bad over and over radical socialist rappers dead prez released a song called animal in man off their debut lp let s get free re telling the story a song off canadian band protest the hero s debut cd a calculated use of sound called red stars over the battle of the cowshed is presumably a reference to animal farm see also songs beasts of england comrade napoleon battles battle of the cowshed battle of the windmill characters old major napoleon snowball squealer frederick pilkington jones boxer the seven commandments seven commandments references external links animal farm cliffsnotes slashdoc animal farm analytical essays of the novel animal farm searchable indexed etext animal farm complete novel includes publication data and search feature excerpts from orwell s letters to hi |
s agent concerning animal farm george orwell web ring imdb animal farm one nine five four animated film imdb animal farm one nine nine nine tv film isbn numbers isbn nine nine six six four seven two four eight seven paperback one nine eight eight swahili translation isbn zero five eight two zero two one seven three one paper text one nine eight nine isbn zero one five one zero seven two five five eight hardcover one nine nine zero isbn zero five eight two zero six zero one zero nine paper text one nine nine one isbn zero six seven nine four two zero three nine eight hardcover one nine nine three isbn zero six zero six zero zero one zero two six prebound one nine nine six isbn zero one five one zero zero two one seven seven hardcover one nine nine six anniversary edition isbn zero four five two two seven seven five zero seven paperback one nine nine six anniversary edition isbn zero four five one five two six three four one mass market paperback one nine nine six anniversary edition isbn zero five eight two fi |
ve three zero zero eight three one nine nine six isbn one five six zero zero zero five two zero three cloth text one nine nine eight large type edition isbn zero seven nine one zero four seven seven four one hardcover one nine nine nine isbn zero four five one five two five three six one paperback one nine nine nine isbn zero seven six four one zero eight one nine zero paperback one nine nine nine isbn zero eight two two zero seven zero zero nine x e book one nine nine nine isbn zero seven five eight seven seven eight four three zero hardcover two zero zero two isbn zero one five one zero one zero two six nine hardcover two zero zero three with nineteen eighty four isbn zero four five two two eight four two four four paperback two zero zero three centennial edition isbn zero eight four eight eight zero one two zero two hardcover one nine four five books animal farm dystopian novels english novels george orwell books modern library one zero zero best novels satirical books time magazine one zero zero best nove |
ls twentieth century british novels amphibians class amphibia are a taxon of animals that include all tetrapods four legged vertebrates that do not have amniotic eggs amphibians from greek both and life generally spend part of their time on land but they do not have the adaptations to an entirely terrestrial existence found in most other modern tetrapods amniotes there are about five nine five zero described living species of amphibians the study of amphibians and reptiles is known as herpetology history of amphibians fire salamander salamandra salamandra amphibians developed with the characteristics of pharyngeal slits gills a dorsal nerve cord a notochord and a post anal tail at different stages of their life they have persisted since the dawn of tetrapods three nine zero million years ago in the devonian period when they were the first four legged animals to develop lungs during the following carboniferous period they also developed the ability to walk on land to avoid aquatic competition and predation whi |
le allowing them to travel from water source to water source as a group they maintained the status of the dominant animal for nearly seven five million years throughout their history they have ranged in size from the three foot nine zero cm long devonian ichthyostega to the slightly larger five foot one five zero cm long permian eryops and down to the tiny brachycephalus didactylus brazilian gold frog and eleutherodactylus iberia from cuba with a total length of nine six nine eight millimeters zero four inches amphibians have mastered almost every climate on earth from the hottest deserts to the frozen arctic classification caecilian from the san antonio zoo traditionally the amphibians are taken to include all tetrapods that are not amniotes recent amphibians all belong to a single subgroup of these called the lissamphibia recently there has been a tendency to restrict the class amphibia to the lissamphibia i e to exclude tetrapods that are not more closely related to modern forms than they are to modern rep |
Subsets and Splits