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ching all possible holes at a particular character position thus effectively replacing any previous information since code zero null all bits off was also ignored it was possible to leave gaps and then make corrections by blanking characters before or after the gap and then entering new characters in the gap many of the ascii control codes serve or served to mark data packets or to control a data transmission protocol e g enquiry effectively any stations out there acknowledge negative acknowledge start of header start of text end of text etc escape and substitute permit a communications protocol to for instance mark binary data so that if it contains codes with the same pattern as a protocol character the recipient will process the code as data the designers of ascii intended the separator characters record separator etc for use with magnetic tape systems two of the device control characters commonly interpreted as xon and xoff generally function as flow control characters to throttle data flow to a slow devi |
ce such as a printer from a fast device such as a computer so data does not overrun and get lost early users of ascii adopted some of the control codes to represent meta information such as end of line start end of a data element and so on these assignments often conflict so part of the effort in converting data from one format to another involves making the correct meta information transformations for example the character s representing end of line newline in text data files streams vary from operating system to operating system when moving files from one system to another the conversion process must recognize these characters as end of line markers and handle them appropriately today ascii users use the control characters less and less with the exception of carriage return and or line feed modern markup languages modern communication protocols the move from text based to graphical devices and the demise of teleprinters punch cards and paper tapes have rendered most of the control characters obsolete printa |
ble representation the unicode glyphs reserved for representing control characters when it is necessary to print or display them rather than have them perform their intended function control key sequence the traditional key sequences for inputting control characters the caret represents the control or ctrl key that must be held down while pressing the second key in the sequence the caret key representation is also used by some software to represent control characters the backspace character can also be entered by pressing the backspace bksp or key on some systems the delete character can also be entered by pressing the delete or del key it can also be entered by pressing the backspace bksp or key on some systems the escape character can also be entered by pressing the escape or esc key on some systems the carriage return character can also be entered by pressing the return ret enter or key on most systems the ambiguity surrounding the backspace key comes from systems that translated the del control character |
into a bs backspace before transmitting it some software was unable to process the character and would display h instead h persists in messages today as a deliberate humorous device e g there s a sucker h h h h h hpotential customer born every minute a less common variant of this involves the use of w which in some text editors means delete previous word the example sentence would therefore also work as there s a sucker w potential customer born every minute ascii printable characters code three two the space character denotes the space between words as produced by the large space bar of a keyboard codes three three to one two six known as the printable characters represent letters digits punctuation marks and a few miscellaneous symbols seven bit ascii provided seven national characters and if the combined hardware and software permit can use overstrikes to simulate some additional international characters in such a scenario a backspace can precede a grave accent which the american and british standards but |
only those standards also call opening single quotation mark a tilde or a breath mark inverted vel zero one one one one one one zero one two six seven e structural features the digits zero nine are represented with their values in binary prefixed with zero zero one one this means that bcd ascii is simply a matter of taking each bcd nibble separately and prefixing zero zero one one to it lowercase and uppercase letters only differ in bit pattern by a single bit simplifying case conversion to a range test to avoid converting characters that are not letters and a single bitwise operation aliases for ascii rfc one three four five published in june one nine nine two and the iana registry of character sets ongoing both recognize the following case insensitive aliases for ascii as suitable for use on the internet ansi x three four one nine six eight canonical name ansi x three four one nine eight six ascii us ascii preferred mime name us iso six four six us iso six four six irv one nine nine one iso ir six ibm three |
six seven cp three six seven csascii of these only the aliases us ascii and ascii have achieved widespread use one often finds them in the optional charset parameter in the content type header of some mime messages in the equivalent meta element of some html documents and in the encoding declaration part of the prolog of some xml documents variants of ascii as computer technology spread throughout the world different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ascii in order to facilitate the expression of non english languages that used roman based alphabets one could class some of these variations as ascii extensions although some mis apply that term to cover all variants including those that do not preserve ascii s character map in the seven bit range iso six four six one nine seven two the first attempt to remedy the pro english language bias created compatibility problems since it remained a seven bit character set it made no additional codes available so it reassigned some in languag |
e specific variants it thus became impossible to know what character a code represented without knowing which variant to work with and text processing systems could generally cope with only one variant anyway eventually improved technology brought out of band means to represent the information formerly encoded in the eighth bit of each byte freeing this bit to add another one two eight additional character codes for new assignments for example ibm developed eight bit code pages such as code page four three seven which replaced the control characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper one two eight bytes operating systems such as dos supported these code pages and manufacturers of ibm pcs supported them in hardware eight bit standards such as iso iec eight eight five nine and mac os roman developed as true extensions of ascii leaving the original character mapping intact and just adding additional values above the seven bit range this enabled the rep |
resentation of a broader range of languages but these standards continued to suffer from incompatibilities and limitations still iso eight eight five nine one its variant windows one two five two often mislabeled as iso eight eight five nine one and original seven bit ascii remain the most common character encodings in use today unicode and the iso iec one zero six four six universal character set ucs have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant iso iec eight eight five nine and ascii rapidly in many environments while ascii basically uses seven bit codes unicode and the ucs use relatively abstract code points non negative integer numbers that map using different encoding forms and schemes to sequences of one or more eight bit bytes to permit backward compatibility unicode and the ucs assign the first one two eight code points to the same characters as ascii one can therefore think of ascii as a seven bit encoding scheme for a very small subset of unicode and o |
f the ucs the popular utf eight encoding form prescribes the use of one to four eight bit code values for each code point character and equates exactly to ascii for the code values below one two eight other encoding forms such as utf one six resemble ascii in how they represent the first one two eight characters of unicode but tend to use one six or three two bits per character so they require conversion for compatibility the blend word asciibetical has evolved to describe the collation of data in ascii code order rather than standard alphabetical order the abbreviation asciiz or asciz refers to a null terminated ascii string see also ansi ascii art ascii games text file bob bemer ebcdic unicode ascii ribbon ascii extensions where all ascii printable characters are identical to ascii extended ascii utf eight iso eight eight five nine iscii viscii windows code pages ascii variants where some ascii printable characters have been replaced iso six four six atascii petscii zx spectrum character set references for |
specific points general unicode org chart on the ascii range tom jennings october two nine two zero zero four annotated history of character codes accessed december one seven two zero zero five alt codes external links not relevant to this page user chris chittleborough eight february two zero zero six a pronunciation guide for ascii characters ascii chart how to send documents in ascii etc online encoder decoder for ascii hex binary base six four etc with md two md four md five sha one two crc and other hashing algorithms five letter acronyms character encoding character sets latin alphabet representations america is usually meant as either the americas the lands between the atlantic and pacific oceans usually subdivided into north america south america the united states of america see also americas terminology use of the word america and use of the word american america is also america netherlands in limburg america a part of the parish of sutton in the isle in cambridgeshire england america is the title or |
name of entertainment am rica a song by spanish singer and composer jos luis perales america a song by simon and garfunkel america a song by prince america a song by neil diamond america band a rock and roll band america the title of their debut album america an album by the band havalina america a one nine two four film directed by d w griffith america the book a book written by the staff of the daily show with jon stewart america a book by jean baudrillard examining the nation sociologically america a song from west side story by leonard bernstein also performed by the uk rock group the nice america xm xm satellite radio channel one zero am rica a brazilian telenovela soap opera america television station an argentinian television station america a weekly roman catholic magazine sports club america mexican football soccer team am rica de cali a colombian football soccer team america a racing yacht that won the first ever america s cup in one eight five one transportation america a multi engine airplane use |
d by richard e byrd and his crew on a one nine two seven transatlantic flight america a passenger liner commanded by george fried involved in a famous sea rescue in one nine two nine uss america the name of three united states navy ships ss america a passenger liner owned by the united states lines america is an alternative title for my country tis of thee a patriotic song of the united states our america an essay by jose marti see also amerika disambiguation naming of america a satellite composite image of africa africa is the world s second largest and second most populous continent after asia at about three zero three seven zero zero zero zero km one one seven three zero zero zero zero sq mi including its adjacent islands it covers five nine of the earth s total surface area and two zero three of the total land area with over eight four zero zero zero zero zero zero zero people as of two zero zero five in six one territories it accounts for more than one two of the world s human population etymology world |
map showing africa geographically the name africa came into western use through the romans who used the name africa terra land of the afri plural or afer singular for the northern part of the continent as the province of africa with its capital carthage corresponding to modern day tunisia the afri were a tribe possibly berber who dwelt in north africa in the carthage area the origin of afer may be connected with phoenician afar dust also found in most other semitic languages some other etymologies that have been postulated for the ancient name africa that are much more debatable include the latin word aprica meaning sunny the greek word aphrike meaning without cold see also list of traditional greek place names the historian leo africanus one four nine five one five five four attributed the origin to the greek word phrike meaning cold and horror combined with the negating prefix a so meaning a land free of cold and horror however the change of sound from ph to f in greek is datable to about the first century |
so this is unlikely to be the origin ancient africa extended into what is now known as asia there was no line drawn between the two continents until the geographer ptolemy eight five one six five ad accepted alexandria as prime meridian and made the isthmus of suez and the red sea the boundary between asia and africa as europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent the idea of africa expanded with their knowledge geography main article geography of africa africa in the blue marble picture with antarctica to the south and the sahara and arabian peninsula at the top of the globe africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the main mass of the earth s surface it includes within its remarkably regular outline an area of c three zero three six zero two eight eight km one one seven two two one seven three mi including the islands separated from europe by the mediterranean sea it is joined to asia at its northeast extremity by the isthmus of suez transected by the suez canal o |
ne three zero km eight zero miles wide geopolitically egypt s sinai peninsula east of the suez canal is often considered part of africa as well from the most northerly point cape blanc ra s al abyad in tunisia three seven two one n to the most southerly point cape agulhas in south africa three four five one one five s is a distance approximately of eight zero zero zero km five zero zero zero miles from cape verde one seven three three two two w the westernmost point to ras hafun in somalia five one two seven five two e the most easterly projection is a distance also approximately of seven four zero zero km four six zero zero miles the length of coast line is two six zero zero zero km one six one zero zero miles and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is shown by the fact that europe which covers only nine seven zero zero zero zero zero km three seven six zero zero zero zero square miles has a coast line of three two zero zero zero km one nine eight zero zero miles the main structural lines of the co |
ntinent show both the east to west direction characteristic at least in the eastern hemisphere of the more northern parts of the world and the north to south direction seen in the southern peninsulas africa is thus composed of two segments at right angles the northern running from east to west the southern from north to south the subordinate lines corresponding in the main to these two directions history main article history of africa map of africa one eight nine zero africa is home to the oldest inhabited territory on earth with the human race originating from this continent during the mid two zero th century anthropologists discovered many fossils and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as seven million years ago fossil remains of several species of early ape like humans thought to have evolved into modern day man such as australopithecus afarensis radiometrically dated to three nine three zero million years bc paranthropus boisei two three one four million bc and homo ergaster c six zero zero zer |
o zero zero one nine million bc has been discovered the ishango bone dated to c two five zero zero zero years ago shows tallies in mathematical notation throughout humanity s prehistory africa like all other continents had no nation states and was instead inhabited by groups of hunter gatherers such as the khoi and san formerly known as bushmen around three three zero zero bc the historical record opens in africa with the rise of literacy in egypt which continued with varying levels of influence over other areas until three four three bc other prominent civilizations include ethiopia the nubian kingdom carthage the kingdoms of the sahel ghana mali and songhai and great zimbabwe in one four eight two the portuguese established the first of many trading stations along the guinea coast at elmina the chief commodities dealt in were slaves gold ivory and spices the european discovery of america in one four nine two was followed by a great development of the slave trade which before the portuguese era had been an o |
verland trade almost exclusively and never confined to any one continent but at the same time that slavery was ending in europe in the early one nine th century the european imperial powers staged a massive scramble for africa and occupied most of the continent creating many colonial nation states and leaving only two independent nations liberia the black american colony and ethiopia this occupation continued until after the conclusion of the second world war when all colonial states gradually obtained formal independence today africa is home to over five zero independent countries all but two of which still have the borders drawn up during the era of european colonialism politics map showing european claimants to the african continent at the beginning of world war i precolonial africa colonial africa colonialism had a destabilizing effect on what had been a number of ethnic groups that is still being felt in african politics prior to european influence national borders were not much of a concern with african |
s generally following the practice of other areas of the world such as the arabian peninsula where a group s territory was congruent with its military or trade influence the european insistence of drawing borders around territories to isolate them from those of other colonial powers often had the effect of separating otherwise contiguous political groups or forcing traditional enemies to live side by side with no buffer between them for example the congo river although it appears to be a natural geographic boundary had groups that otherwise shared a language culture or other similarity who resided on both sides the division of the land between belgium and france along the river isolated these groups from each other those who lived in saharan or sub saharan africa and traded across the continent for centuries often found themselves crossing borders that existed only on european maps in nations that had substantial european populations for example rhodesia and south africa systems of second class citizenship we |
re often set up in order to give europeans political power far in excess of their numbers however the lines were not often drawn strictly across racial lines in liberia the citizens who were descendants of american slaves managed to have a political system for over one zero zero years that gave ex slaves and natives to the area roughly equal legislative power despite the fact the ex slaves were outnumbered ten to one in the general population the inspiration for this system was the united states senate which had balanced the power of free and slave states despite the much larger population of the former europeans often changed the balance of power created ethnic divides where they did not previously exist and introduced a cultural dichotomy detrimental to the native inhabitants in the areas they controlled for example in what is now rwanda and burundi two ethnic groups hutus and tutsis had merged into one culture by the time belgian colonists had taken control of the region in the one nine th century no longe |
r divided by ethnicity as intermingling inter marriage and merging of cultural practices over the centuries had long since erased visible signs of a culture divide the belgians instituted a policy of racial categorization upon taking control of the region as racial based categorization and philosophies was a fixture of the european culture of that time the term hutu originally referred to the agricultural based bantu speaking tribes that moved into present day rwandan and burundi from the west and the term tutsi referred to north eastern cattle based tribes that migrated into the region later the terms to the indigenous peoples eventually came to describe a person s economic class those individuals who owned roughly one zero or more cattle were considered tutsi and those with fewer were considered hutu regardless of ancestral history this was not a strict line but a general rule of thumb and one could move from hutu to tutsi and vice versa the belgians introduced a racialised system those individuals who had |
characteristics the europeans admired fairer skin ample height narrow noses etc were given power amongst the colonized peoples the belgians determined these features were more ideally hamitic hamitic in turn being more ideally european and belonged to those people closest to tutsi in ancestry they instituted a policy of issuing identity cards based on this philosophy those closest to this ideal were proclaimed tutsi and those not were proclaimed hutu post colonial africa since independence african states have frequently been hampered by instability corruption violence and authoritarianism the vast majority of african nations are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule few nations in africa have been able to sustain democratic governments instead cycling through a series of brutal coups and military dictatorships a number of africa s post colonial political leaders were poorly educated and ignorant on matters of governance great instability however was mainly the result of mar |
ginalization of other ethnic groups and graft under these leaders as well many used the positions of power to ignite ethnic conflicts that had been exacerbated or even created under colonial rule in many countries the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order and ruled most nations in africa during the seven zero s and early eight zero s during the period from the early one nine six zero s to the late one nine eight zero s africa had over seven zero coups and one three presidential assassinations cold war conflicts between the united states and the soviet union also played a role in the instability when a country became independent for the first time it was often expected to align with one of the two superpowers many countries in northern africa received soviet military aid while many in central and southern africa were supported by the united states and or france the one nine seven zero s saw an escalation as newly independent angola and mozambique aligned themselve |
s with the soviet union and the west and south africa sought to contain soviet influence border and territorial disputes have also been common with the european imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts failed government policies and political corruption have also resulted in many widespread famines and significant portions of africa remain with distribution systems unable to disseminate enough food or water for the population to survive the spread of disease is also rampant especially the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus hiv and the associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids which has become a deadly epidemic on the continent despite numerous hardships there have been some signs the continent has hope for the future democratic governments seem to be spreading though are not yet the majority national geographic claims one three african nations can be considered truly democratic as well many nations have at least nominally recognized basic human rights fo |
r all citizens though in practice these are not always recognized and have created reasonably independent judiciaries there are clear signs of increased networking among african organisations and states in the civil war in the democratic republic of congo former zaire rather than rich non african countries intervening about half a dozen neighbouring african countries got involved see also second congo war the death toll has been estimated by some to be three five million since the conflict began in one nine nine eight this might play a role similar to that of world war ii for europe after which the people in the neighbouring countries decide to integrate their societies in such a way that war between them becomes as unthinkable as a war between say france and germany would be today political associations such as the african union are also offering hope for greater co operation and peace between the continent s many countries extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of africa often under the |
oversight of the state most of such violations occur for political reasons often times as a side effect of civil war countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include the democratic republic of the congo sierra leone liberia sudan and c te d ivoire modern africa most western countries place limitations on aid to african nations especially the united states these limitations are often used to control the governments of these african nations as a result these nations are turning to non traditional sources of financial aid china has increasingly provided financial aid to africa in order to secure contracts on natural resources such as oil gold and diamonds there usually is no political prescription countries the chinese are investing in include central african republic plantations nigeria oil these groups are called north africans and sub saharan africans respectively afro asiatic speaking peoples predominate in north africa while sub saharan africa is dominated by a number |
of populations grouped according to their language niger congo predominantly in west africa nilo saharan in the eastern highlands and khoisan in the south speakers of bantu languages part of the niger congo family are the majority in southern central and east africa proper but there are also several nilotic groups in east africa and a few remaining indigenous khoisan san or bushmen and pygmy peoples in southern and central africa respectively bantu speaking africans also predominate in gabon and equatorial guinea and are found in parts of southern cameroon and southern somalia in the kalahari desert of southern africa the distinct people known as the bushmen also san closely related to but distinct from hottentots have long been present the san are physically distinct from other africans and are the indigenous people of southern africa pygmies are the pre bantu indigenous peoples of central africa the peoples of north africa comprise two main groups berber and arabic speaking peoples in the west and egyptian |
s in the east the arabs who arrived in the seven th century introduced the arabic language and islam to north africa the semitic phoenicians and the european greeks and romans settled in north africa as well berbers still make up the majority in morocco while they are a significant minority within algeria they are also present in tunisia and libya the tuareg and other often nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the saharan interior of north africa nubians are a nilo saharan speaking group though many also speak arabic who developed an ancient civilization in northeast africa during the past century or so small but economically important colonies of lebanese and chinese have also developed in the larger coastal cities of west and east africa respectively some ethiopian and eritrean groups like the amhara and tigrayans collectively known as habesha have semitic sabaean ancestry the somalis as a people originated in the ethiopian highlands but most somali clans can trace some arab ancestry as well sud |
an and mauritania are divided between a mostly arabized north and a native african south although the arabs of sudan clearly have a predominantly native african ancestry themselves some areas of east africa particularly the island of zanzibar and the kenyan island of lamu received arab muslim and southwest asian settlers and merchants throughout the middle ages and in antiquity beginning in the one six th century europeans such as the portuguese and dutch began to establish trading posts and forts along the coasts of western and southern africa eventually a large number of dutch augmented by french huguenots and germans settled in what is today south africa their descendants the afrikaners and the coloureds are the largest european descended groups in africa today in the one nine th century a second phase of colonization brought a large number of french and british settlers to africa the portuguese settled mainly in angola but also in mozambique the french settled in large numbers in algeria where they became |
known collectively as pieds noirs and on a smaller scale in other areas of north and west africa as well as in madagascar the british settled chiefly in south africa as well as the colony of rhodesia and in the highlands of what is now kenya germans settled in what is now tanzania and namibia and there is still a population of german speaking white namibians smaller numbers of european soldiers businessmen and officials also established themselves in administrative centers such as nairobi and dakar decolonization during the one nine six zero s often resulted in the mass emigration of european descended settlers out of africa especially from algeria angola kenya and rhodesia now zimbabwe however in south africa and namibia the white minority remained politically dominant after independence from europe and a significant population of white africans remained in these two countries even after democracy was finally instituted at the end of the cold war south africa has also become the preferred destination of whi |
te anglo zimbabweans and of migrants from all over southern africa european colonization also brought sizeable groups of asians particularly people from the indian subcontinent to british colonies large indian communities are found in south africa and smaller ones are present in kenya tanzania and some other southern and east african countries a fairly large indian community in uganda was expelled by the dictator idi amin in one nine seven two though many have since returned the islands in the indian ocean are also populated primarily by people of asian origin often mixed with africans and europeans the malagasy people of madagascar are a malay people but those along the coast are generally mixed with bantu arab indian and european origins malay and indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in south africa as coloureds people with origins in two or more races and continents languages map showing the distribution of african language families and some major african languages a |
fro asiatic extends from the sahel to southwest asia niger congo is divided to show the size of the bantu sub family main article african languages by most estimates africa contains well over a thousand languages there are four major language families native to africa the afro asiatic languages are a language family of about two four zero languages and two eight five million people widespread throughout north africa east africa the sahel and southwest asia the nilo saharan language family consists of more than a hundred languages spoken by three zero million people nilo saharan languages are mainly spoken in chad sudan ethiopia uganda kenya and northern tanzania the niger congo language family covers much of sub saharan africa and is probably the largest language family in the world in terms of different languages a substantial number of them are the bantu languages spoken in much of sub saharan africa the khoisan languages number about five zero and are spoken in southern africa by approximately one two zero |
zero zero zero people many of the khoisan languages are endangered the khoi and san peoples are considered the original inhabitants of this part of africa with a few notable exceptions in east africa nearly all african countries have adopted official languages that originated outside the continent and spread through colonialism or human migration for example in numerous countries english and french are used for communication in the public sphere such as government commerce education and the media arabic portuguese afrikaans and malagasy are other examples of originally non african languages that are used by millions of africans today both in the public and private spheres culture africa has a number of overlapping cultures the most conventional distinction is that between sub saharan africa and the northern countries from egypt to morocco who largely associate themselves with arabic culture in this comparison the nations to the south of the sahara are considered to consist of many cultural areas in particula |
r that of the bantu linguistic group divisions may also be made between francophone africa and the rest of africa in particular the former british colonies of southern and east africa another cultural fault line is that between those africans living traditional lifestyles and those who are essentially modern the traditionalists are sometimes subdivided into pastoralists and agriculturalists african art reflects the diversity of african cultures the oldest existing art from africa are six zero zero zero year old carvings found in niger while the great pyramid of giza in egypt was the world s tallest architectural accomplishment for four thousand years until the creation of the eiffel tower the ethiopian complex of monolithic churches at lalibela of which the church of st george is representative is regarded as another marvel of engineering the music of africa is one of its most dynamic art forms egypt has long been a cultural focus of the arab world while remembrance of the rhythms of sub saharan africa in par |
ticular west africa was transmitted through the atlantic slave trade to modern blues jazz reggae rap and rock and roll modern music of the continent includes the highly complex choral singing of southern africa and the dance rhythms of soukous dominated by the music of the democratic republic of congo a recent development of the two one st century is the emergence of african hip hop in particular a form from senegal is blended with traditional mbalax recently in south africa a form of music related to house music known under the name kwaito has developed although the country has been home to its own form of south african jazz for some time while afrikaans music is completely distinct and comprised mostly of traditional boere musiek and forms of folk and rock list of african musicians list of african writers african cinema afrology religion africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs with christianity and islam being the most widespread approximately four zero of all africans are christians and anothe |
r four zero muslims roughly two zero of africans primarily follow indigenous african religions a small number of africans also have beliefs from the judaic tradition such as the beta israel and lemba tribes the indigenous african religions tend to revolve around animism and ancestor worship a common thread in traditional belief systems was the division of the spiritual world into helpful and harmful helpful spirits are usually deemed to include ancestor spirits that help their descendants and powerful spirits that protected entire communities from natural disaster or attacks from enemies whereas harmful spirits include the souls of murdered victims who were buried without the proper funeral rites and spirits used by hostile spirit mediums to cause illness among their enemies while the effect of these early forms of worship continues to have a profound influence belief systems have evolved as they interact with other religions the formation of the old kingdom of egypt in the third millennium bce marked the fir |
st known complex religious system on the continent around the ninth century bce carthage in present day tunisia was founded by the phoenicians and went on to become a major cosmopolitan center where deities from neighboring egypt rome and the etruscan city states were worshipped the ethiopian orthodox church officially dates from the fourth century and is thus one of the first established christian churches anywhere at first christian orthodoxy made gains in modern day sudan and other neighbouring regions however following the spread of islam growth was slow and restricted to the highlands islam entered africa as muslims conquered north africa between six four zero and seven one zero beginning with egypt they established mogadishu melinde mombasa kilwa and sofala following the sea trade down the coast of east africa and diffusing through the sahara desert into the interior of africa following in particular the paths of muslim traders muslims were also among the asian peoples who later settled in british ruled |
africa many africans were converted to west european forms of christianity during the colonial period in the last decades of the twentieth century various sects of charismatic christianity rapidly grew a number of roman catholic african bishops were even mentioned as possible papal candidates in two zero zero five african christians appear to be more socially conservative than their co religionists in much of the industrialized world which has quite recently led to tensions within denominations such as the anglican and methodist churches territories regions of africa blue north africa green west africa brown central africa orange horn of africa magenta east africa red southern africa political map of africa physical map of africa independent states east africa east africa proper burundi also sometimes considered part of central africa kenya rwanda also sometimes considered part of central africa tanzania uganda north east africa horn of africa djibouti eritrea ethiopia somalia including somaliland central af |
rica burundi also sometimes considered part of east africa central african republic chad also sometimes considered part of west africa democratic republic of the congo equatorial guinea also sometimes considered part of west africa gabon also sometimes considered part of west africa rwanda also sometimes considered part of east africa republic of congo north africa algeria egypt libya mauritania morocco sudan tunisia southern africa angola also sometimes considered part of central africa botswana lesotho malawi mozambique also sometimes considered part of east africa namibia south africa swaziland zambia also sometimes considered part of central africa zimbabwe west africa benin burkina faso cameroon also sometimes considered part of central africa chad also sometimes considered part of central africa c te d ivoire equatorial guinea also sometimes considered part of central africa gabon also sometimes considered part of central africa the gambia ghana guinea guinea bissau liberia mali niger nigeria senegal si |
erra leone togo african island nations cape verde west africa comoros southern africa madagascar southern africa mauritius southern africa s o tom and pr ncipe central africa or west africa seychelles east africa territories possessions d partements canary islands spain ceuta and melilla spain claimed by morocco madeira portugal mayotte france r union france saint helena including dependencies ascension island and tristan da cunha united kingdom disputed territories western sahara is claimed and mostly occupied by morocco the remainder is administered by the sahrawi arab democratic republic table of territories and regions notes continental regions as per depending on definitions egypt has territory in one or both of africa and asia western sahara is claimed and mostly occupied by morocco the remainder is administered by the sahrawi arab democratic republic the spanish canary islands of which las palmas de gran canaria are santa cruz de tenerife are co capitals are often considered part of northern africa due |
to their relative proximity to morocco and western sahara population and area figures are for two zero zero one the spanish exclave of ceuta is surrounded on land by morocco in northern africa population and area figures are for two zero zero one the portuguese madeira islands are often considered part of northern africa due to their relative proximity to morocco population and area figures are for two zero zero one the spanish exclave of melilla is surrounded on land by morocco in northern africa population and area figures are for two zero zero one bloemfontein is the judicial capital of south africa while cape town is its legislative seat and pretoria is the country s administrative seat yamoussoukro is the official capital of c te d ivoire while abidjan is the de facto seat see also two zero zero five in africa two zero zero six in africa three one st g eight summit aids in africa african anarchism african philosophy african union african cuisine confederation of african football congo craton ecology of |
africa education in africa history of africa human rights in africa regions of africa sub saharan africa universities in africa heart of africa game list of african countries by population density list of african countries by population list of african countries by gdp list of african stock exchanges external links news allafrica com current news events and statistics bbc news in depth africa two zero zero five time for change guardian unlimited special report hear africa zero five directories contemporary africa database the index on africa directory from the norwegian council for africa open directory project africa directory category columbia university african studies library of congress african middle eastern reading room stanford university africa south of the sahara university of chicago joseph regenstein library african studies university of pennsylvania african studies center africa homepage politics africa action africa action is the oldest organization in the us working on africa affairs it is a na |
tional organization that works for political economic and social justice in africa african anarchism the history of a movement an irish anarchist in africa western africa from anarchist perspective commission for africa african unification front working class history in africa people s and grassroots histories photos and information jungle photos jungle photos africa provides images and information on various countries in sub saharan africa africam african wildlife webcams afrika no news news african news agency inter press service africa sports confederation of african football in english and french tourism africa continents austin is a word that may refer to various things austin can also be a given name places in the u s austin may be the name of a town or city in the u s austin texas the capital of texas best known city with this name austin arkansas austin colorado austin indiana austin kentucky austin township michigan austin minnesota austin township minnesota austin nevada austin north carolina austin |
pennsylvania austin utah port austin michigan austinburg ohio other places in the u s named austin austin chicago a neighborhood in chicago austin college a college in sherman texas lake austin places in canada austin flat british columbia austin heights british columbia austin subdivision no one british columbia austin subdivision no two british columbia austin manitoba austin ontario austin quebec names of people named austin austin powers a fictional movie spy albert austin herbert austin sir herbert austin founder of the austin motor company john austin legal philosophy j l austin philosopher john arnold austin united states navy warrant officer phil austin member of the firesign theatre sherrie austin musician stephen f austin founder of texas steve austin fictional character the title character in martin caidin s novel cyborg which inspired the tv series the six million dollar man col steve austin fictional character the lead character played by lee majors in the tv series the six million dollar man st |
one cold steve austin a professional wrestler turned actor saint augustine noticeable in the english version austin friars to refer to the augustinian order see also jane austen the author things named austin austin motor company a british make of car american austin car company a short lived united states make of automobile austin brand a brand owned by the kellogg company uss austin a sloop of war originally in the texas navy uss austin de one five a destroyer escort uss austin lpd four an amphibious transport dock austin elementary school image animexample gif this animation moves at one zero frames per second image animexample two gif this animation moves at two frames per second at this rate the individual frames should be discernible image animhorse gif one two frames per second is the typical rate for an animated cartoon animation is the illusion of motion created by the consecutive display of images of static elements in film and video production this refers to techniques by which each frame of a film |
or movie is produced individually these frames may be generated by computers or by photographing a drawn or painted image or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit see claymation and stop motion and then photographing the result with a special animation camera when the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed there is an illusion of continuous movement due to the phenomenon known as persistence of vision generating such a film tends to be very labour intensive and tedious though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process graphics file formats like gif mng svg and flash swf allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the internet the animations shown before consist of these six frames toc animation techniques traditional animation began with each frame being painted and then filmed cel animation developed by bray and hurd in the one nine one zero s sped up the process by using transparent overlays so that characters could be moved without the ne |
ed to repaint the background for every frame more recently styles of animation based on painting and drawing have evolved such as the minimalist simpsons cartoons or the roughly sketched the snowman computer animation has advanced rapidly and is now approaching the point where movies can be created with characters so lifelike as to be hard to distinguish from real actors this involved a move from two d to three d the difference being that in two d animation the effect of perspective is created artistically but in three d objects are modeled in an internal three d representation within the computer and are then lit and shot from chosen angles just as in real life before being rendered to a two d bitmapped frame predictions that famous dead actors might even be brought back to life to play in new movies before long have led to speculation about the moral and copyright issues involved the use of computer animation as a way of achieving the otherwise impossible in conventionally shot movies has led to the term co |
mputer generated imagery being used though the term has become hard to distinguish from computer animation as it is now used in referring to three d movies that are entirely animated computer animation involves modelling motion generation followed by the addition of surfaces and then rendering surfaces are programmed to stretch and bend automatically in response to movements of a wire frame model and the final rendering converts such movements to a bitmap image it is the recent developments in rendering complex surfaces like fur and clothing textures that have enabled stunningly life like character models including surfaces that even ripple fold and blow in the wind with every fibre or hair individually calculated for rendering however that actually has little to do with the animation itself animation is the process of bringing a lifeless puppet to life through the use of motion many people confuse fancy effects and high res textures with animation but in fact life like motion can be created using the simples |
t of models pixar s work is a testament to this the goal of an animator is not simply to copy the real world but to enhance and to take the essence of the motion that is there and this is how animation can be elevated to the level of art there is a large misconception in the public mind that computers create animation today this couldn t be further from the truth a computer is nothing more though also nothing less than a very expensive fancy pencil and has to be treated as such for any quality work to be acheived the choices a computer makes when interpolating motion are almost always the wrong ones because the computer does not know what you are trying to create even if a complex physics system were created complete enough to exactly mimic the real world the end result would not be the desirable one because a large part of animation concerns the choices an animator makes when a computer tries to make the choices for you disaster is the general result history the major use of animation has always been for ent |
ertainment however there is growing use of instructional animation and educational animation to support explanation and learning the classic form of animation the animated cartoon as developed in the early one nine zero zero s and refined by ub iwerks walt disney and others requires up to two four distinct drawings for one second of animation this technique is described in detail in the article traditional animation because animation is very time consuming and often very expensive to produce the majority of animation for tv and movies comes from professional animation studios however the field of independent animation has existed at least since the one nine five zero s with animation being produced by independent studios and sometimes by a single person several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry bill plympton is one of the most well known independent animators today limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by u |
sing short cuts in the animation process this method was pioneered by upa and popularized some say exploited by hanna barbera and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television animation studios animation studios like movie studios may be production facilities or financial entities in some cases especially in anime they have things in common with artists studios where a master or group of talented individuals oversee the work of lesser artists and crafts persons in realising their vision styles and techniques of animation branch pages computer animation computer generated imagery traditional animation animated cartoon motion capture avar animation variable wire frame model animated series anime japanese animation list of animation studios famous names in animation see also list of motion picture topics list of movie genres further readings frank thomas and ollie johnston disney animation the illusion of life abbeville one nine eight one walters faber helen walters algrant ed anim |
ation unlimited innovative short films since one nine four zero harpercollins publishers two zero zero four trish ledoux doug ranney fred patten ed complete anime guide japanese animation film directory and resource guide tiger mountain press one nine nine seven the animator s survival kit richard williams animation script to screen shamus culhane the animation book kit laybourne external links writing for animation animating under the camera experimental animation techniques drawn under camera style animation matt world web based animations from animator matt greenwood keyframe the animation resource the animation department of the national film and television school uk animation nation a forum for professional animators chronology of animation zagreb film saf akovec school of animation animation directory don markenstein s toonopedia big cartoon database golden age of cartoons hints and tips for the animation hobbyist acme animation animation world network two eight principles of animation animationmeat com |
notes model sheets and reference material by professional animators media techniques in animation animation film statue of apollo at the british museum in greek and roman mythology apollo greek ap ll n or apell n was a god of light healing and poetry apollo was the son of zeus and leto and the twin brother of artemis goddess of the hunt as the prophetic deity of the delphic oracle apollo was one of the most important and many sided of the olympian deities in etruscan mythology he was known as aplu in later times apollo became partly confused or equated with helios god of the sun and his sister similarly equated with selene god of the moon particularly in religious contexts however apollo and helios remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts domains and symbols apollo the son of zeus and the mortal leto apollo was considered to have dominion over disease beauty light healing colonists medicine archery poetry prophecy dance reason intellectualism and shamans and was the patron defender of herd |
s and flocks apollo s most common attributes were the lyre and the bow other attributes of his included the kithara an advanced version of the common lyre and plectrum another common emblem was the sacrificial tripod representing his prophetic powers the pythian games were held in apollo s honor every four years at delphi the laurel bay plant was used in expiatory sacrifices and in making the crown of victory at these games the palm tree was also sacred to apollo because he had been born under one in delos animals sacred to apollo included wolves dolphins and roe swans and grasshoppers symbolizing music and song hawks ravens crows and snakes referencing apollo s function as the god of prophecy mice and griffins mythical eagle lion hybrids of eastern origin as god of colonization apollo gave guidance on colonies especially during the height of colonization seven five zero five five zero bc according to greek tradition he helped cretan or arcadian colonists find the city of troy however this story may reflect a |
cultural influence which had the reverse direction hittite cuneiform texts mention a minor asian god called appaliunas or apalunas in connection with the city of wilusa which is now regarded as being identical with the greek illios by most scholars in this interpretation apollo s title of lykegenes can simply be read as born in lycia which effectively severs the god s supposed link with wolves possibly a folk etymology apollo popularly e g in literary criticism represents harmony order and reasons characteristics contrasted with those of dionysus god of wine who popularly represents emotion and disorder the contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives apollonian and dionysian however the greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary the two gods are brothers and when apollo at winter left for hyperborea he would leave the delphi oracle to dionysus worship apollo had a famous oracle in delphi and other notable ones in clarus and branchidae apollo is known as the leader of the |
muses musagetes and director of their choir hymns sung to apollo were called paeans the roman worship of apollo was adopted from the greeks there is a tradition that the delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings during the reign of tarquinius superbus in four three zero a temple was dedicated to apollo on the occasion of a pestilence during the second punic war in two one two the ludi apollinares were instituted in his honor in the time of augustus who considered himself under the special protection of apollo and was even said to be his son his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of rome after the battle of actium augustus enlarged his old temple dedicated a portion of the spoils to him and instituted quinquennial games in his honour he also erected a new temple on the palatine hill and transferred the secular games for which horace composed his carmen saeculare to apollo and diana the chief festivals held in honour of apollo were the carneia daphnephoria delia hyacin |
thia pyanepsia pythia and thargelia the ludi apollinares were solemn games held to honor him the worship of apollo has returned with the rise of revivalist hellenic polytheism and the contemporary pagan movement one example of this revival is the group kyklos apollon also together with athena apollo under the name phevos was controversially designated as a mascot of the two zero zero four summer olympics in athens etymology the name apollo might have been derived from a pre hellenic compound apo ollon likely related to an archaic verb apo ell and literally meaning he who elbows off that is the dispelling one indeed he seems to have personified dispelling power which would relate to his association with the darkness dispelling power of the morning sun and the conceived power of reason and prophecy to dispel doubt and ignorance in addition the apparent expelling character of city walls and doorways as bulwarks against trespassers the people dispelling nature of disembarkations and expatriations to colonies the |
disease dispelling character of healing the predator dispelling character of a shepherd tending his flocks the pest dispelling nature of a farmer growing crops the power of music and the arts to dispel discord and barbary the highly important power of fit and skilled young men to dispel intruders and invading armies the ability of foresight into the future an explanation given by plutarch in moralia is that apollon signified a unity since pollon meant many and the prefix a was a negative thus apollon could be read as meaning deprived of multitude apollo was consequently associated with the monad hesychius connects the name apollo with the doric which means assembly so that apollo would be the god of political life and he also gives the explanation fold in which case apollo would be the god of flocks and herds apollo with a radiant halo in a roman floor mosaic el djem tunisia lare two nd century apollo in art in art apollo is usually depicted as a handsome beardless young man and often with a lyre or bow in ha |
nd in the late two nd century floor mosaic from el djem roman thysdrus illustration right he is identifiable as apollo helios by his effulgent halo though now even a god s divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later empire anther haloed apollo in mosaic from hadrumentum is in the museum at sousse the conventions of this representation head tilted lips slightly parted large eyed curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck were developed in the three rd century bce to depict alexander the great bieber one nine six four yalouris one nine eight zero some time after this mosaic was executed the earliest depictions of christ will be beardless and haloed appellations epithets applied to apollo include phoebus shining one for apollo in the context of the god of light smintheus mouse catcher and parnopius grasshopper as god of the plague and defender against rats and locusts delphinios delphinian meaning of the womb associating apollo with delphoi delphi an aitiol |
ogy in the homeric hymns connects the epitheton to dolphins archegetes director of the foundation for colonies musagetes leader of the muses pythios pythian at delphi apotropaeus he who averts evil nymphegetes nymph leader lyceios and lykegenes wolfish or of lycia where some postulate his cult originated nomios wandering as the pastoral shepherd god klarios from doric klaros allotment of land for his supervision over cities and colonies kynthios is another epithet stemming from his birth on mt cynthus loxias the obscure as apollo a god of prophecy specifically argurotoxos with the silver bow for archery aphetoros god of the bow for archery alexikakos restrainer of evil as apollo the healer akesios or iatros healer birth when hera discovered that leto was pregnant and that hera s husband zeus was the father she banned leto from giving birth on terra firma or the mainland or any island at sea in her wanderings leto found the newly created floating island of delos which was neither mainland nor a real island and |
gave birth there the island was surrounded by swans afterwards zeus secured delos to the bottom of the ocean this island later became sacred to apollo alternatively hera kidnapped ilithyia the goddess of childbirth to prevent leto from going into labor the other gods tricked hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace nine yards long of amber either way artemis was born first and then assisted with the birth of apollo another version states that artemis was born one day before apollo on the island of ortygia and that she helped leto cross the sea to delos the next day to give birth to apollo apollo was born on the seven th day of the month thargelion according to delian tradition or of the month bysios according to delphian tradition the seven th and two zero th the days of the new and full moon were ever afterwards held sacred to him youth in his youth apollo killed the vicious dragon python which lived in delphi beside the castalian spring according to some because python had attempted to rape leto |
while she was pregnant with apollo and artemis this was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at delphi to give her prophesies apollo killed python but had to be punished for it since python was a child of gaia apollo and admetus when zeus struck down apollo s son asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting the dead and thus stealing hades s subjects apollo in revenge killed the cyclops who had fashioned the bolt for zeus apollo would have been banished to tartarus forever but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labour as punishment thanks to the intercession of his mother leto during this time he served as shepherd for king admetus of pherae in thessaly admetus treated apollo well and in return the god conferred great benefits on admetus apollo helped admetus win alcestis the daughtor of king pelias and later convinced the fates to let admetus live past his time if another took his place but when it came time for admetus to die his elderly parents whom he had assumed would gladly |
die for him refused to cooperate instead alcestis took his place but heracles managed to persuade thanatos the god of death to return her to the world of the living apollo during the trojan war apollo shot arrows infected with the plague into the greek encampment during the trojan war in rage because the greeks had kidnapped chryseis the daughter of apollo s priest he demanded her return and the greeks eventually complied when diomedes injured aeneas during the trojan war apollo rescued him first aphrodite tried to rescue aeneas but diomedes injured her as well aeneas was then enveloped in a cloud by apollo who took him to pergamos a sacred spot in troy artemis healed aeneas there apollo had aided paris in the killing of achilles if paris did not accomplish the task himself niobe a queen of thebes and wife of amphion niobe boasted of her superiority to leto because she had fourteen children niobids seven male and seven female while leto had only two apollo killed her sons as they practiced athletics with the |
last begging for his life and artemis her daughters apollo and artemis used poisoned arrows to kill them though according to some versions of the myth a number of the niobids were spared chloris usually amphion at the sight of his dead sons either killed himself or was killed by apollo after swearing revenge a devastated niobe fled to mt siplyon in asia minor and turned into stone as she wept her tears formed the river achelous zeus had turned all the people of thebes to stone and so no one buried the niobids until the ninth day after their death when the gods themselves entombed them apollo s romantic life and children female lovers apollo chased the nymph daphne daughter of peneus who had scorned him his infatuation was caused by an arrow from eros who was jealous because apollo had made fun of his archery skills eros also claimed to be irritated by apollo s singing simultaneously however eros had shot a hate arrow into daphne causing her to be repulsed by apollo following a spirited chase by apollo daphne |
prayed to mother earth alternatively her father a river god to help her and he changed her into a laurel tree which became sacred to apollo apollo had an affair with a mortal princess named leucothea daughter of orchamus and sister of clytia leucothea loved apollo who disguised himself as leucothea s mother to gain entrance to her chambers clytia jealous of her sister because she wanted apollo for herself told orchamus the truth betraying her sister s trust and confidence in her enraged orchamus ordered leucothea to be buried alive apollo refused to forgive clytia for betraying his beloved and a grieving clytia wilted and slowly died apollo changed her into an incense plant either heliotrope or sunflower which follows the sun every day marpessa was kidnapped by idas but was loved by apollo as well zeus made her choose between them and she chose idas on the grounds that apollo being immortal would tire of her when she grew old castalia was a nymph whom apollo loved she fled from him and dived into the spring |
at delphi at the base of mt parnassos which was then named after her water from this spring was sacred it was used to clean the delphian temples and inspire poets by cyrene apollo had a son named aristaeus who became the patron god of cattle fruit trees hunting husbandry and bee keeping he was also a culture hero and taught humanity dairy skills and the use of nets and traps in hunting as well as how to cultivate olives with hecuba wife of king priam of troy apollo had a son named troilius an oracle prophesied that troy would not be defeated as long as troilius reached the age of twenty alive he and his sister polyxena were ambushed and killed by achilles apollo also fell in love with cassandra daughter of hecuba and priam and troilius half sister he promised cassandra the gift of prophecy to seduce her but she rejected him afterwards enraged apollo indeed gifted her with the ability to know the future with a curse that no one would ever believe her coronis daughter of phlegyas king of the lapiths was another |
of apollo s liaisons pregnant with asclepius coronis fell in love with ischys son of elatus a crow informed apollo of the affair when first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black where they were previously white as a punishment for speading untruths when he found out the truth he sent his sister artemis to kill coronis as a result he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur chiron to raise phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the temple of apollo at delphi apollo then killed him for what he did male lovers apollo and hyacinthus jacopo caraglio one six th c italian engraving apollo the eternal beardless kouros himself had the most male lovers of all the greek gods that was to be expected from a god who was god of the palaestra the athletic gathering place for youth who all competed in the nude a god said to represent the ideal educator and therefore the ideal erastes or lover |
of a boy sergent p one zero two all his lovers were younger than him in the style of the greek pederastic relationships of the time many of apollo s young beloveds died accidentally a reflection on the function of these myths as part of rites of passage in which the youth died in order to be reborn as an adult hyacinth was one of his male lovers hyacinthus was a spartan prince beautiful and athletic the pair were practicing throwing the discus when hyacinthus was struck in the head by a discus blown off course by zephyrus who was jealous of apollo and loved hyacinthus as well when hyacinthus died apollo is said in some accounts to have been so filled with grief that he cursed his own immortality wishing to join his lover in mortal death out of the blood of his slain lover apollo created the hyacinth flower as a memorial to his death and his tears stained the flower petals with meaning alas the festival of hyacinthus was a celebration of sparta one of his other liaisons was with acantha the spirit of the acan |
thus tree upon his death he was transformed into a sun loving herb by apollo and his bereaved sister acanthis was turned into a thistle finch by the other gods another male lover was cyparissus a descendant of heracles apollo gave the boy a tame deer as a companion but cyparissus accidentally killed it with a javelin as it lay asleep in the undergrowth cyparissus asked apollo to let his tears fall forever apollo turned the sad boy into a cypress tree which was said to be a sad tree because the sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk apollo and the birth of hermes hermes was born on mount cyllene in arcadia the story is told in the homeric hymn to hermes his mother maia had been secretly impregnated by zeus in a secret affair maia wrapped the infant in blankets but hermes escaped while she was asleep hermes ran to thessaly where apollo was grazing his cattle the infant hermes stole a number of his cows and took them to a cave in the woods near pylos covering their tracks in the cave he found a tortoise and |
killed it then removed the insides he used one of the cow s intestines and the tortoise shell and made the first lyre apollo complained to maia that her son had stolen his cattle but hermes had already replaced himself in the blankets she had wrapped him in so maia refused to believe apollo s claim zeus intervened and claiming to have seen the events sided with apollo hermes then began to play music on the lyre he had invented apollo a god of music fell in love with the instrument and offered to allow exchange the cattle for the lyre hence apollo became a master of the lyre and hermes invented a kind of pipes instrument called a syrinx later apollo exchanged a caduceus for a syrinx from hermes other stories musical contests pan once pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of apollo and to challenge apollo the god of the lyre to a trial of skill tmolus the mountain god was chosen to umpire pan blew on his pipes and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower |
midas who happened to be present then apollo struck the strings of his lyre tmolus at once awarded the victory to apollo and all but midas agreed with the judgment he dissented and questioned the justice of the award apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer and caused them to become the ears of a donkey marsyas the flaying of marsyas by titian c one five seven zero seven six marsyas was a satyr who challenged apollo to a contest of music he had found an aulos on the ground tossed away after being invented by athena because it made her cheeks puffy marsyas lost and was flayed alive in a cave near calaenae in phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god his blood turned into the river marsyas another variation is that apollo played his instrument the lyre upside down marsyas could not do this with his instrument the flute and so apollo hung him from a tree and flayed him alive taken from man myth who mourns for adonis a man claiming to be apollo is seen on a greek themed planet that captain |
kirk pavel chekov mr spock and dr mccoy arrive on in the battlestar galactica series one of the main characters is given the call sign of apollo the song cygnus x one book ii hemispheres by rush is about the struggle between the champions of the two hemispheres apollo the god of reason and dionysus the god of love the song appears of the one nine seven eight album hemispheres in the sixties nasa named its apollo lunar program because apollo was considered the god of all wisdom many people mistakenly believe that the rockets that carried astronauts to the moon were called apollo rockets they were saturn v rockets references f l w schwartz de antiquissima apollinis natura berlin one eight four three j a sch nborn ber das wesen apollons berlin one eight five four arthur milchhoefer ber den attischen apollon munich one eight seven three theodor schreiber apollon pythoktonos leipzig one eight seven nine w h roscher studien zur vergleichenden mythologie der griechen und romer i leipzig one eight seven three r hecke |
r de apollinis apud romanos cultu leipzig one eight seven nine gaston colin le culte d apollon pythien ath nes one nine zero five louis dyer studies of the gods in greece one eight nine one articles in pauly wissowa s realencyclop die w h roscher s lexikon der mythologie and daremberg and saglio s dictionnaire des antiquit s l preller griechische und romische mythologie four th ed by c robert j marquardt r mische staalsverwaltung iii g wissowa religion und kultus der romer one nine zero two d bassi saggio di bibliografia mitologica i apollo one eight nine six l farnell cults of the greek states iv one nine zero seven o gruppe griechische mythologie und religionsgeschichte ii one nine zero six m bieber one nine six four alexander the great in greek and roman art chicago n yalouris one nine eight zero the search for alexander boston exhibition two for the iconography of the alexander helios type see h hoffmann helios journal of the arnerican research center in egypt two one nine six three one one seven two thre |
e cf yalouris no four two external links greek mythology resource the temple of apollo rome the stories of apollo and hyacinthus and apollo and cyparissus and apollo and orpheus apollo and the romans greek gods roman gods solar gods pederastic heroes and deities andre kirk agassi born april two nine one nine seven zero in las vegas nevada is a professional male former world no one tennis player from the united states he has won eight grand slam singles titles and is one of only five players to have won all four grand slam events he is considered among the all time great tennis players agassi was married to the actress brooke shields from one nine nine seven to one nine nine nine since two zero zero one he has been married to the former world no one woman tennis player steffi graf and had two children early life agassi s father an armenian from iran emmanuel mike agassian who represented iran in boxing at the one nine four eight and one nine five two olympic games before emigrating to the united states was int |
ent on having a child win all four tennis grand slams he called agassi s two older siblings guinea pigs in the development of his coaching techniques he honed andre s eye coordination when he was an infant by hanging tennis balls above his crib he gave agassi paddles and balloons when he was still in a high chair when agassi started playing tennis his ball collection filled six zero garbage cans with three zero zero balls per can and agassi would hit three zero zero zero five zero zero zero balls every day when andre was five years old he was already practicing with pros such as jimmy connors and roscoe tanner mike agassi learned tennis by watching tapes of champions mike agassi took a very systematic approach to the physics and psychology of tennis and still remains active in the sport more information can be found in mike agassi s book the agassi story at age of one four andre was shipped off to teaching guru nick bollettieri s tennis academy in florida he turned professional when he was one six tennis care |
er one nine eight six one nine nine seven agassi turned professional in one nine eight six and won his first top level singles title in one nine eight seven at itaparica he won six further tournaments in one nine eight eight and by december that year he had surpassed us two million in career prize money after playing in just four three tournaments the quickest player in history to do so as a young up and coming player agassi embraced a rebel image he grew his hair to rock star length sported an ear ring and wore colorful shirts that pushed tennis still strict sartorial boundaries he boasted of a cheeseburger heavy diet and endorsed the canon rebel camera image is everything was the ad s tag line and it became andre s as well strong performances on the tour meant that agassi was quickly tipped as a future grand slam champion but he began the one nine nine zero s with a series of near misses he reached his first grand slam final in one nine nine zero at the french open where he lost in four sets to the seasoned |
veteran player andr s g mez later that year he lost in the final of the us open to another up and coming teenaged star pete sampras the rivalry between these two american players was to become the dominant rivalry in tennis over the rest the of the decade in one nine nine one agassi reached his second consecutive french open final where he faced his former bollettieri academy mate jim courier courier emerged the victor in a dramatic rain interrupted five set final agassi chose not to play at wimbledon from one nine eight eight nine zero and publicly stated that he did not wish to play there because of the event s traditionalism particularly its predominantly white dress code which players at the event are required to conform to many observers at the time speculated that agassi s real motivation was that his strong baseline game would not be well suited to wimbledon s grass court surface agassi decided to play at wimbledon in one nine nine one leading to weeks of speculation in the media about what he would w |
ear he eventually emerged for the first round in a completely white outfit he reached the quarter finals on that occasion to the surprise of many agassi s grand slam breakthrough came at wimbledon in one nine nine two when he beat goran ivani evi in a tight five set final following wrist surgery in one nine nine three agassi came back strongly in one nine nine four and captured the us open beating michael stich in the final he then captured his first australian open title in one nine nine five beating sampras in a four set final he won a career high seven titles that year and he reached the world no one ranking for the first time that april he held it for three zero weeks on that occasion through to november he compiled a career best two six match winning streak during the summer hardcourt circuit which ended when he lost in the us open final to sampras in one nine nine five agassi won seven singles titles the biggest being the australian open the cincinnati masters the miami masters and the canada masters in |
terms of win loss record one nine nine five was agassi s best year seven two one zero includes davis cup this is slightly short of sampras s best season one nine nine four in which he sampras won seven seven matches and lost one two in one nine nine six agassi won the men s singles gold medal at the olympic games in atlanta beating sergi bruguera of spain in straight sets in the final he also repeated at the cincinnati masters and the miami masters one nine nine seven was a poor year for agassi he won no top level titles and his ranking sank to world no one four one in november his form was perhaps affected by the intense publicity surrounding his high profile and turbulent relationship and marriage to actress brooke shields one nine nine eight two zero zero four in one nine nine eight agassi rededicated himself to tennis he shaved his balding head began a rigorous conditioning program and worked his way back up the rankings by playing in challenger series tournaments a circuit for professional players ranke |
d outside the world s top five zero perhaps most remarkably the one time rebel emerged as a gracious and thoughtful athlete looked up to by younger players after winning matches he took to bowing and blowing a two handed kisses to spectators on each side of the court a gesture seen as a rather humble acknowledgment of their support for him and for tennis in one nine nine eight agassi won five titles and leapt from no one two two on the rankings at the start of the year to no six at the end of it making it the highest jump into the top one zero made by any player in tennis he won five titles in ten finals and finished runner up at the miami masters agassi entered the history books in one nine nine nine when he beat andrei medvedev in a five set french open final to become only the fifth male player to have won all four grand slam singles titles a feat last achieved in the one nine six zero s by roy emerson he followed this up by reaching the wimbledon final where he lost to sampras he then won the us open beat |
ing todd martin in five sets in the final and finished the year ranked the world no one agassi began two zero zero zero by capturing his second australian open title beating yevgeny kafelnikov in a four set final he was the first male player to have reached four consecutive grand slam finals since rod laver achieved the grand slam in one nine six nine two zero zero zero also saw agassi reach the semi finals at wimbledon where he lost in five sets to patrick rafter in a very high quality battle considered by many to be one of the best matches ever played at wimbledon at the inaugural tennis masters cup in lisbon agassi made it all the way to the final after defeating marat safin six three six three in the semifinals to end the russian s hopes to become the youngest world no one in the history of tennis agassi eventually lost to gustavo kuerten six four six four six four this loss allowed kuerten to be crowned year end world no one two zero zero zero is considered by many of his fans to be a disappointing seaso |
n for agassi as he managed to win only one tournament two zero zero zero australian open agassi opened two zero zero one by successfully defending his australian open title with a straight sets final win over arnaud clement at wimbledon he battled rafter again in the semi finals and lost eight six in the fifth set at the us open he lost in the quarter finals to sampras in what is considered to be one of tournament s all time greatest matches sampras won six seven seven six seven six seven six in a match with no breaks of serve agassi and sampras last duel came in the final of the us open in two zero zero two the battle between the two veterans saw sampras emerge victorious in four sets and left sampras with a two zero one four edge in their three four career meetings the match in fact proved to be the last of sampras career he did not play in an event on the professional tour again and officially announced his retirement in two zero zero three agassi s us open finish along with his victories at the miami mast |
ers rome masters and madrid masters helped him finish two zero zero two as the oldest year end no two at three two years and eight months in two zero zero three agassi won the eighth grand slam title of his career at the australian open where he beat rainer sch ttler in straight sets in the final in may that year he recaptured the world no one ranking to become the oldest no one ranked male tennis player in history at three three years and one three days he held the no one ranking on that occasion for one three weeks at the year end tennis masters cup he lost in the final to roger federer and finished the year ranked world no four in two zero zero four the three four year old agassi won the cincinnati masters to bring his career total to five nine top level singles titles and a record one seven atp masters series titles he became the second oldest singles champion in cincinnati s storied history the tournament began in one eight nine nine surpassed only by ken rosewall who won the title in one nine seven zero |
at age three five agassi has also won one doubles title at the cincinnati masters in one nine nine three partnering petr korda he is one of only five male players to have won all the grand slams along with legends don budge roy emerson rod laver and fred perry he is in fact the first male tennis player to win the four grand slams on four different surfaces the previous players won the australian open wimbledon and the us open on grass courts and the french open on clay courts whereas agassi won the australian open on rebound ace the french open on clay wimbledon on grass and the us open on hardcourts after winning french open in one nine nine nine agassi became the first male tennis player to win the career golden slam agassi also helped the united states win the davis cup in one nine nine zero and one nine nine two he was named the bbc overseas sports personality of the year in one nine nine two agassi has earned more than us three zero million in prize money throughout his career second only to sampras in |
addition to this he also earns over us two five million a year through endorsements the most by any tennis player and fourth in all sports first place is tiger woods at us seven zero million a year two zero zero five agassi started off two zero zero five with strong runs most of which were cut short by roger federer he lost to federer in the quarterfinals of the australian open and the semifinals at dubai he reached the quarterfinals at indian wells after a dominant victory over guillermo coria but withdrew from his match with lleyton hewitt with a swollen big toe agassi lost in the semifinals at miami to federer in a tight match although the claycourt season is the toughest on the body agassi played in rome and reached the semifinals which he lost to coria in a tough battle at the two zero zero five french open agassi lost to jarkko nieminem in their first round match after enduring back pain related to a pinched sciatic nerve he lost in five sets with six zero in the fifth after much media speculation about |
retirement the three five year old agassi won in los angeles and made the final at montreal before falling to world no two rafael nadal in three long sets that he might have won if a few points had gone differently his coach darren cahill and close friend and personal trainer gil reyes worked with agassi throughout the summer to prepare for the two zero zero five us open agassi made a spectacular run at the open beating razvan sabau six three six three six one ivo karlovic in the second round seven six seven four seven six seven five seven six seven four tom berdych three six six one six four seven six seven two and xavier malisse six three six four six seven five seven four six six two his quarterfinal match against fellow american james blake has been called one of the best matches in us open history after dropping the first two sets three six three six agassi took the next two six three six three in the fifth set blake served for the match at five four but agassi broke his serve then won the tiebreak eigh |
t six to secure the victory at one one five a m he defeated robby ginepri another rising talented american with a consistent baseline game in his third consecutive five set match to earn a spot in the final against world no one roger federer after losing the first set six three agassi broke federer twice to win the second six two he broke federer again and at this point looked to be the better player agassi had a three zero love lead but with a few costly errors was broken to force a tiebreak which federer took seven one andre ran out of gas which allowed federer to reel off five straight games being down five zero in the fourth set agassi held to make it five one before federer closed it out to win the championship after the match agassi thanked new york for the two zero years of memories hinting at potential retirement however agassi has made clear that he will only retire on his terms when he feels that he cannot perform at his best on the court he will likely continue for another year as he has qualified |
for the two zero zero five masters cup which is limited to the eight best players in the world and is scheduled to play the lead in tournament to the two zero zero six australian open coming into the two zero zero five masters cup agassi is two nine five on hard courts with his only losses coming to roger federer and rafael nadal and is five four on clay wins over gasquet ljubicic and hrbaty losses to coria and lopez in two zero zero five agassi left nike after one seven years and signed an endorsement deal with adidas hampered by a third degree ankle injury caused by several torn ligaments agassi lost his opening match against nikolay davydenko in the masters cup and was forced to withdraw the withdrawal list also included rafael nadal andy roddick lleyton hewitt and marat safin two zero zero six agassi withdrew from the australian open because of an ankle injury once he withdrew he immediately requested a wildcard to enter the delray beach international tennis championships where he eventually finished as a |
quarterfinalist losing to guillermo garcia lopez four six two six he was then forced to retire from sap open because of a lower back injury causing him severe pain in his lower back and down his legs he then played in the dubai open where he won in straight sets over greg rusedski in the first round before losing in straights to german bjorn phau in second round health permitting agassi is scheduled to play tournaments in indian wells and miami to close out the winter hardcourt season agassi has officially said that he is skipping the entire clay season since it burdens his body he will do his best to be ready for wimbledon however agassi s top priority in two zero zero six will once again be making yet another run at the us open in august expect all scheduling decisons to be made with that goal in mind playing style agassi employs a baseline style of play but unlike most such players he typically makes contact with the ball inside the baseline exceptionally difficult even for professionals this is possible |
because of his short backswing which also helps him return fast serves he is also blessed with the best hand and eye coordination rivaled only by roger federer john mcenroe and others have called agassi the best service returner ever to play professional tennis after agassi s rededication to tennis in one nine nine eight he has focused more on physical conditioning than in the past and is now one of the fittest players on the tour his upper body strength allows him to bench press three five zero lbs he has remarkable endurance and rarely appears tired on court as long as he is not injured he handles long grueling matches arguably better than any other player on the tour even roger federer has been known to tire by the fifth set indeed agassi is often ready to start the next point when his opponent is catching his breath one of his strategies is to wear down his opponents continually putting pressure on them by returning the ball early and deep at angles agassi will try to stand in nearly one spot and hit the |
corners to make his opponent scramble he will often pass up the winner and hit a slightly less aggressive shot to make his opponent run a little more to retrieve a few more shots his penchant for running players around point after point has earned him the nickname the punisher agassi s biggest weakness currently is his lack of consistent speed and players who are able to consistently hit at sharp angles with pace give him trouble agassi used to be one of the fastest players on tour however his recent injuries have forced him to consistently run his fastest selectively usually in grand slams and tennis masters series events to make up for this recently adopted weakness agassi generally keeps his opponent on the defense federer is the only player with a long winning streak against agassi even sampras lost to agassi many times personal and family life after a four year courtship agassi married actress brooke shields in a lavish ceremony on april one nine one nine nine seven that february they had filed suit agai |
nst the national enquirer claiming it printed false and fabricated statements brooke was undergoing counseling binge eating and taking pills agassi lashed into brooke and he and brooke s mother tangled like wildcats when she demanded a prenup the case was dismissed agassi filed for divorce which was granted on april nine one nine nine nine by the time the divorce was final agassi was dating the german tennis legend steffi graf with only their mothers as witnesses they were married at his home on october two two two zero zero one their son jaden gil was born six weeks prematurely on october two six that year their daughter jaz elle was born on october three two zero zero three agassi s older sister rita married the former tennis legend pancho gonzales in one nine nine five when gonzales died in las vegas andre paid for his brother in law s funeral andre has participated in many charity organizations and founded the andre agassi charitable association which assists the youth of las vegas in one nine nine five h |
e has won one nine nine five s atp arthur ashe s humanitarian award in recognition of his efforts helping disadvantaged youth in la the andre agassi charitable foundation has always and will continue to fund organizations which offer programs that consistently carry out the mission of the foundation the foundation s mission is to provide educational and recreational institutions and activities for abandoned abused and at risk kids the following organizations are fine examples the andre agassi boys claim agassi by both the armenian and iranian communities in the united states and abroad agassi has often seemed somewhat ambivalent for example joking after his all armenian match against sargis sargsian at the us open in two zero zero four well i m only half armenian though he agreed to appear in a pbs documentary about armenian americans his father has written in his book the agassi story about his experience of being an outsider in muslim iran but andre has also shown interest in the iranian aspect of his herit |
age in february two zero zero five expressing a desire to visit iran which holds a special place in his heart quotes about pete sampras retirement you grow up with a guy you compete against him for so long he s such a big part of your career something that s pretty special so you do have that sense of personal regret that he s not around any more you miss having that around during the two zero zero five us open i ve been motivated by overcoming challenge and overcoming the hurdles and obstacles that face me there still is plenty out there to get motivated by from mats wilander asked to name the top five tennis players of all time he placed agassi sampras federer and borg in the top four in no order and tied mcenroe lendl and connors for fifth place on agassi he has some limitations like he can t serve and volley yet he has won all four slams he has a very high energy level quite like borg he is on fifth gear from the very first point there is some abnormality in his eyes otherwise he wouldn t have had such a |
phenomenal return he sees the ball like none else and just guides it wherever he wants to he s just played a grand slam final at three five that tells me he wasted the first five years of his career otherwise he couldn t have lasted this long no one has done more to tennis than agassi and borg video games andre agassi tennis for the snes sega genesis game gear and mobile phone agassi tennis generation for ps two and gba smash court pro tournament for ps two grand slam record australian open singles champion one nine nine five two zero zero zero two zero zero one two zero zero three singles semi finalist one nine nine six two zero zero four singles quarter finalist two zero zero five french open singles champion one nine nine nine singles finalist one nine nine zero one nine nine one singles semi finalist one nine eight eight one nine nine two singles quarter finalist one nine nine five two zero zero one two zero zero two two zero zero three doubles quarter finalist one nine nine two wimbledon singles champion |
one nine nine two singles finalist one nine nine nine singles semi finalist one nine nine five two zero zero zero two zero zero one singles quarter finalist one nine nine one one nine nine three u s open singles champion one nine nine four one nine nine nine singles finalist one nine nine zero one nine nine five two zero zero two two zero zero five singles semi finalist one nine eight eight one nine eight nine one nine nine six two zero zero three singles quarter finalist one nine nine two two zero zero one two zero zero four grand slam finals wins eight year championship opponent in final score in final one nine nine two wimbledon goran ivani evi six seven six four six four one six six four one nine nine four us open michael stich six one seven six seven five one nine nine five australian open pete sampras four six six one seven six six four one nine nine nine french open andrei medvedev one six two six six four six three six four one nine nine nine us open todd martin six four six seven six seven six three |
six two two zero zero zero australian open yevgeny kafelnikov three six six three six two six four two zero zero one australian open arnaud clement six four six two six two two zero zero three australian open rainer schuettler six two six two six one runner ups seven year championship opponent in final score in final one nine nine zero french open andres gomez six three two six six four six four one nine nine zero us open pete sampras six four six three six two one nine nine one french open jim courier three six six four two six six one six four one nine nine five us open pete sampras six four six three four six seven five one nine nine nine wimbledon pete sampras six three six four seven five two zero zero two us open pete sampras six three six four five seven six four two zero zero five us open roger federer six three two six seven six six one famous matches us open quarterfinal one nine eight nine defeated jimmy connors six one four six zero six six three six four agassi s first five set win at one point |
during a changeover agassi joked to his box that he was losing sets on purpose to prove that he could win in five the previous time he played connors was at the one nine eight eight us open quarterfinal in which he beat connors convincingly and did not lose a set french open final one nine nine zero lost to andr s g mez six three two six six four six four agassi s first grand slam final us open final one nine nine zero lost to pete sampras six four six three six two the first of five grand slam finals contested by the top two players of their generation french open final one nine nine one lost to jim courier six three four six six two one six four six blew two sets to one lead after rain delay many questioned if agassi had the heart to win a major championship wimbledon final one nine nine two defeated goran ivani evi six seven eight six four six four one six six four agassi s first grand slam title occurring at the tournament no one thought he could ever win still his only wimbledon championship wimbledon qu |
arterfinal one nine nine three lost to pete sampras six two six two three six three six six four the first of only two five set matches between the two the other was the two zero zero zero australian open semis us open four th round one nine nine four defeated michael chang six one six seven three six three three six six one outlasts chang en route to becoming the first unseeded man to win the us open championship in two eight years knocked off five seeded players along the way first us open title australian open one nine nine five final defeated pete sampras four six six one seven six six six four agassi s only grand slam final victory over sampras atlanta summer olympics gold medal match one nine nine six defeated serge bruguera six two six three six one demolished two time french open champion to achieve important personal goal of winning an olympic gold medal french open one st round lost to marat safin seven five five seven two six six three two six in what was the russian s first grand slam match safin |
s win foreshadowed his win over pete sampras in the two zero zero zero us open final french open final one nine nine nine defeated andrei medvedev one six two six six four six three six four a spectacular come from behind victory that completed his career grand slam at the advanced age of two nine and his return to the top of tennis after being as low as one four one referred to as the miracle in paris agassi has stated that he considers this his greatest moment on a tennis court us open final one nine nine nine defeated todd martin six four six seven five six seven two six three six two another come from behind thriller australian open two zero zero zero semi final defeated pete sampras six four three six six seven zero seven six five six one en route to his second australian open crown tennis magazine stated this was sampras agassi for the ages wimbledon semi final two zero zero zero lost to patrick rafter seven five four six seven five four six six three this match was universally praised for its asthetic |
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