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hadowing of god s offering of his son jesus gen two two one one four heb one one one seven one nine just as isaac carried wood for the sacrifice up the mountain and willingly submitted to being offered so jesus carried his cross up the hill and allowed himself to be crucified abraham in islam abraham called ibrahim is very important in islam both in his own right as prophet and as the father of the prophet ismail ishmael his firstborn son who is considered the father of the arabs abraham is considered one of the first and most important prophets of islam and is commonly termed khalil ullah friend of god islam regards most of the old testament patriarchs as prophets of god and hence as muslims the faith of abraham is called millat e ibrahim in the qur an muslims believe that abraham was a prophet of god in accordance with the narrative of his life in the qur an in the qur an muslims are instructed to pray facing in the direction of the ka bah in mecca which is described as having been built by abraham and his
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son ismail qur an two one two five abraham also takes an important role in one of the pillars of islam the hajj which is a pilgrimage to the holy mosque a part of the hajj is a commemoration of the sacrifice of the wife of abraham hagar for her son ismail when abraham had settled his wife and son in the valley of mecca by god s order to pioneer a civilization it was from this civilization that the final prophet of islam muhammad was later born muslims have a specific dua that in some traditions they recite daily which asks god to bless both abraham and muhammad islamic prayer salat that occurs five times a day also includes many parts that ask god for his blessings upon abraham the most in the prayer according to islamic tradition he is buried in hebron in the masjid al haram in mecca there is an area known as the station of ibrahim maqam ibrahim which bears an impression of his footprints there are numerous references to abraham in the qur an according to the qur an abraham is the spritual father of all the
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believers he is mentioned as an upright person who was neither a polytheist nor a christian or a jew qur an three six seven an example is like the one below o ye who believe bow down and prostrate yourselves and worship your lord and do good that haply ye may prosper and strive for allah with the endeavor which is his right he hath chosen you and hath not laid upon you in religion any hardship the faith of your father abraham is yours he hath named you muslims of old time and in this scripture that the messenger may be a witness against you and that ye may be witnesses against mankind so establish worship pay the poor due and hold fast to allah he is your protecting friend a blessed patron and a blessed helper qur an two two seven eight according to the qur an abraham reached the conclusion that anything subject to disappearance could not be worthy of worship and thus became a monotheist qura n six seven six eight three while some muslims like jews believe that azar who was an idol maker was the father of abr
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aham majority of the muslims believe that tarakh was his father and azar was abraham s uncle father of ibrahim abraham broke his uncle s idols calling on his community to worship god instead they then cast him into a fire which miraculously failed to burn him qur an three seven eight three nine eight the well known but wholly non canonical qisas al anbiya ibn kathir records considerably more detail about his life which are commonly referred to in islamic accounts of his life traditionally muslims believe that it was ishmael rather than isaac whom abraham was told to sacrifice in support of this muslims note that the text of genesis despite specifying isaac appears to state that abraham was told to sacrifice his only son take now thy son thine only son whom thou lovest even isaac jewish publication society translation genesis bereshit two two two to god since isaac was abraham s second son it is arguable there was no time at which he would have been abraham s only son and that this supports the muslim belief t
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hat there was an original text that must have named ishmael rather than isaac as the intended sacrifice the qur an itself does not specify by name which son abraham nearly sacrificed saying only that it was his only son qur an three seven nine nine one one one isaac ishaq in islam is also considered a prophet in islam also unlike jewish belief muslims note that nowhere in the qur an does god say that it was he who told abraham to sacrifice his son nor does god say he gave abraham the dream of the sacrifice the qur an teaches that god never advocates evil thus it is said that for a father to slaughter his son is an evil that cannot be coming from god it can only come from satan furthermore muslims state that god would not contradict himself and therefore would not order abraham to commit what he prohibited even as a test since abraham thought the dream was from god and he proceeded to sacrifice his son ismail god sent him the lamb to be sacrificed instead and to save ismail and the father son sacred relationsh
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ip furthermore muslims believe that god promised to protect his righteous believers from satan s tricks and he saved abraham and his son ismail from this exact test it is believed that ibrahim s dream was a test from god and when ibrahim told his dream to ismail it was ismail who convinced ibrahim to fulfill god s order so this was test for both ibrahim whom had longed for a son for such a long time and for ismail when the devil teased them before the sacrifice ibrahim and ismail threw stones at the devil this reincarnated as jumrah one of the rites undertaken by muslims making the hajj pilgrimage the entire episode of the sacrifice is regarded as a trial that abraham had to face from god it is celebrated by muslims on the day of eid ul adha abraham in the bah faith bah s believe that abraham was a manifestation of god or one in a line of prophets who have revealed the word of god progressively for a gradually maturing humanity in this way abraham shares an exalted station with moses buddha jesus muhammad the
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b b and the founder of the bah faith bah u ll h in addition bah u ll h a persian is claimed to be descended from abraham through abraham s wife keturah asserting the bah faith the same organic connection to abraham that is claimed by judaism and christianity through sarah and islam through hagar abraham in the hindu belief theories speculate that abraham may also be connected with hinduism remembered as the god brahma or ram who could have been called ab ram or father ram striking coincidences fuel this theory abraham who was known earlier in life as abram was married to sarah who had changed her name from sarai in hindu belief brahma was married to saraisvati additionally abraham and sarah were both relatives and spouses the same was true of brahma and saraisvati abraham is also claimed to be the founder of the ancient sabean religion abraham in philosophy abraham as a man communicating with god or the divine has inspired some fairly extensive discussion in some philosophers such as s ren kierkegaard and je
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an paul sartre kierkegaard goes into abraham s plight in considerable detail in his work fear and trembling sartre understands the story not in terms of christian obedience or a teleological suspension of the ethical but in terms of mankind s utter behavioral and moral freedom god asks abraham to sacrifice his only son sartre doubts that abraham can know that the voice he hears is really the voice of his god and not of someone else or the product of a mental condition thus sartre concludes even if there are signs in the world humans are totally free to decide how to interpret them abraham and his descendants biblical perspective for a full account of the historicity of abrahamic stories in the book of genesis see historicity of the patriarchs biblical narratives represent abraham as a wealthy powerful and supremely virtuous man but humanly flawed and when afraid for himself miscalculating and a sometimes deceiver and an inconsiderate husband but his central importance in the book of genesis and his portrait a
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s a man favored by god is unequivocal abraham s generations hebrew toledoth translated to greek genesis are presented as part of the crowning explanation of how the world has been fashioned by the hand of god and how the boundaries and relationships of peoples were established by him as the father of isaac and ishmael abraham is ultimately the common ancestor of the israelites and their neighbours as the father of ishmael whose twelve sons became desert princes most prominently nebaioth and kedar along with midian sheba and other arabian tribes two five one four the book of genesis gives a portrait of isaac s descendants as being surrounded by kindred peoples who are also oft times enemies it seems that some degree of kinship was felt by the hebrews with the dwellers of the more distant south and it is characteristic of the genealogies that the mothers sarah the egyptian hagar and keturah are in the descending scale perhaps of purity of blood or as of purity of relationship or of connectedness to sarah sarah
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her servant her husband s other wife or concubine the bible says of the hebrew people your father was a wandering syrian as stated above abraham came from ur in babylonia to haran and thence to canaan late tradition supposed that the migration was to escape babylonian idolatry judith five jubilees one two cf joshua two four two and knew of abraham s miraculous escape from death an obscure reference to some act of deliverance in isaiah two nine two two the route along the banks of the euphrates from south to north was so frequently taken by migrating tribes that the tradition has nothing improbable in itself it was thence that jacob the father of the tribes of israel came and the route to shechem and bethel is precisely the same in both a twofold migration is doubted by some but from what is known of the situation in canaan in the one five th century bc not at all impossible further there is yet another parallel in the story of the conquest by joshua partly implied and partly actually detailed cf also joshua e
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ight nine with gen one two eight one three three whence it would appear that too much importance must not be laid upon any ethnological interpretation which fails to account for the three versions that similar traditional elements have influenced them is not unlikely but to recover the true historical foundation is difficult the invasion or immigration of certain tribes from the east of the jordan the presence of aramean blood among the israelites the origin of the sanctity of venerable sites these and other considerations may readily be found to account for the traditions noteworthy coincidences in the lives of abraham and isaac such as the strong parallels between two tales of a wife confused for a sister point to the fluctuating state of traditions in the oral stage or suggest that abraham s life has been built up by borrowing from the common stock of popular lore more original is the parting of lot and abraham at bethel the district was the scene of contests between moab and the hebrews cf perhaps judges
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three and if this explains part of the story the physical configuration of the dead sea may have led to the legend of the destruction of inhospitable and vicious cities arab connection although historians have no non religious evidence for abraham s connection to the arabs and the historicity of biblical accounts is questioned by academics see the bible and history some believe that the area outlined as the final destination of ishmael and his descendants from havilah to assyria refers to northern arabia the earliest known record of the connection of abrahams son ishmael to the arabs is by the jewish historian josephus who approximately two zero zero zero years after such events asserted that ishmael was the father of the arab nation little other information exists to understand the basis for josephus statement or his understanding of what he meant by arab nation although one line in the book of jubilees two zero one three also mentions the tradition this has led to the notion of identifying abraham as the fa
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ther of the arabs through ishmael in addition abraham s next wife keturah is said to have borne him a son named midian who became father of the midianites the midianites are also identified with the arabs as they are said to have settled east of the jordan river in recent times some christian polemical writers have insisted these claims are spurious and entirely made up by muslims although they existed long before islam arrived some have claimed that all of ishmael s descendants in fact died out and that most arabs are descended from joktan the subject continues to be a source of controversy modern historical criticism writers have regarded the life of abraham in various ways he has been viewed as a chieftain of the amorites as the head of a great semitic migration from mesopotamia or since ur and haran were seats of moon worship he has been identified with a moon god from the character of the literary evidence and the locale of the stories it has been held that abraham was originally associated with hebron t
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he double name abram abraham has even suggested that two personages have been combined in the biblical narrative although this does not explain the change from sarai to sarah the narratives are not contemporary and the interesting discovery of the name abi ramu abram on babylonian contracts of about two zero zero zero bc does not prove the abram of the old testament to be an historical person even as the fact that there were amorites in babylonia at the same period does not make it certain that the patriarch was one of their number one remarkable chapter associates abraham with kings of elam and the east genesis one four no longer a peaceful sheikh but a warrior with a small army of three one eight followers he overthrows a combination of powerful monarchs who have ravaged the land the genuineness of the narrative has been strenuously maintained although upon insufficient grounds on the assumption that a recollection of some invasion in remote days may have been current considerable interest is attached to th
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e names of these amraphel king of shinar i e babylonia genesis one zero one zero has been in the past identified with hammurabi one of the greatest of the babylonian kings ca two zero zero zero bc and since he claims to have ruled as far west as the mediterranean sea the equation has found considerable favour apart from chronological difficulties the identification of the king and his country is far from certain and at the most can only be regarded as possible arioch king of ellasar has been connected with eriaku of larsa the reading has been questioned a contemporary with hammurabi chedorlaomer king of elam bears what is doubtless a genuine elamite name kudur lagamer finally the name of tid al king of goiim may be identical with a certain tudhulu the son of gazza a warrior but apparently not a king who is mentioned in a babylonian inscription and has been connected by others with tudhaliya a predynastic hittite king goiim the hebrew for gentiles or nations may also stand for gutim the guti being a people who
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lived to the east of kurdistan nevertheless there is as yet no monumental evidence for the genuineness of the story and the most that can be said with certainty is that the author of whatever date has derived his names from a trustworthy source and in representing an invasion of canaan by babylonian overlords has given expression to a possible situation it may be that only the bare outlines are historical if it is a historical romance cf e g the book of judith it is possible that a writer who lived in the post exilic age and was acquainted with babylonian history decided to enhance the greatness of abraham by exhibiting his military success against the monarchs of the tigris and euphrates the high esteem he enjoyed in canaan and the practical character displayed in his brief exchange with melchizedek the historical section of the article tithe provides more evidence on the historicity of the meeting with melchizedek several minimalist professors of archaeology claim that many stories in the old testament inc
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luding important chronicles about abraham moses and others were actually made up by scribes hired by king josiah seven th century bc in order to rationalize monotheistic belief in yahweh mimimalists claim that the neighboring countries that kept many written records such as egypt assyria etc have no writings about the stories of the bible or its main characters before six five zero bc and vehemently dispute the validity of any evidence to the contrary such claims are detailed in who were the early israelites by william g dever william b eerdmans publishing co grand rapids mi two zero zero three another such book by neil a silberman and colleagues is the bible unearthed simon and schuster new york two zero zero one of course the historical annals and tributes to great kings are not well served by preserving great defeats by their enemies in this case the hebrews and therefore such records are understandably scanty also many great kings did not long survive great defeats as it was a sign to their followers that
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these great leaders had lost the favor of their god gods and goddesses and the kings were quickly assassinated and replaced references one nine one one encyclopedia britannica genesis hoffman joel m in the beginning a short history of the hebrew language see also abrahamic religions abraham s bosom list of founders of major religions external links abraham in all three abrahamic faiths abraham s sacrifice an islamic perspective gospeltruth god s promises to abraham according to christian belief biblical archeology bible related article about abraham the legacy of abraham time magazine cover story abraham s vision in the qur an millat e ibrahim abraham s way by clearvisionpk children of abraham episode of the weekly minnesota public radio show speaking of faith abraham by rob bradshaw an extensive dictionary style article a r millard d j wiseman eds essays on the patriarchal narratives leicester ivp one nine eight zero hbk isbn zero eight five one one one seven four three zero abrahamic religions christian pr
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ophets islamic prophets torah people engraving from an abraxas stone the word abraxas or abrasax or abracax was engraved on certain antique stones called on that account abraxas stones which were used as amulets or charms by gnostic sects it was believed that abraxas was the name of a god who incorporated both good and evil god and demiurge in one entity and therefore representing the monotheistic god singular but unlike e g the christian god not omni benevolent abraxas has been claimed to be both an egyptian god and a demon sometimes even being associated with the dual nature of satan lucifer this is possibly the origin of the word abracadabra although other explanations exist meaning the bird fights its way out of the egg the egg is the world who would be born first must destroy a world the bird flies to god that god s name is abraxas hermann hesse demian medieval seal representing abraxas abraxas was an archon with a chimera like appearance somewhat resembling a basilisk he had the head of a rooster or som
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etimes a king the body of a man and legs fashioned like snakes and sometimes depicted with a whip in his hand a form referred to as the anguipede abraxas was redeemed and rose above the seven spheres and now reigns beyond the worlds there are references to abraxas in several gnostic writings the letters of abraxas in the greek notation make up the number three six five and the basilideans gave the name to the three six five orders of spirits which as they conceived emanated in succession from the supreme being these orders were supposed to occupy three six five heavens each fashioned like but inferior to that above it and the lowest of the heavens was thought to be the abode of the spirits who formed earth and its inhabitants and to whom was committed the administration of its affairs in addition to the word abraxas and other mystical characters they have often cabalistic figures engraved on them the commonest of these have the head of a fowl and the arms and bust of a man and terminate in the body and tail o
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f a serpent text from the catholic encyclopedia the study of abraxas is at first sight as discouraging as it is possible to imagine the name has been given to a class of ancient stone articles of small dimensions inscribed with outlandish figures and formulas sometimes wholly indecipherable specimens of which are to be found in almost every museum and private collection these for the most part have hitherto resisted all attempts at interpretation though it would be rash to conclude that a fuller knowledge may not solve enigmas which remain closed to us the true name moreover is abrasax and not as incorrectly written abraxas a reading due to the confusion made by the latins between sigma and xi among the early gnostics abrasax appears to have had various meanings basilides gave this title to almighty god and claimed that the numerical value of its letters gave the sum of three six five because the abrasax is enclosed in the solar cycle sometimes the number three six five signifies the series of the heavens in
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view of such imaginings it is easy to guess at the course taken by an untrammelled gnostic fancy whereby its adherents strove to discover the meaning of the mysterious word it is however an error to give the name abrasax to all stones of gnostic origin as has been done up to the present day it is not the name which applies to talismans any more than the names of jupiter and venus apply to all ancient statues indiscriminately abrasax is the name given by the gnostics to the supreme deity and it is quite possible that we shall find a clue to its etymological meaning in the influences of numbers the subject is one which has exercised the ingenuity of many savants but it may be said that all the engraved stones to which the name is commonly given fall into three classes abrasax or stones of basilidian origin abrasaxtes or stones originating in ancient forms of worship and adapted by the gnostics to their peculiar opinions abraxo des or stones absolutely unconnected with the doctrine of basilides bellermann follow
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ing montfaucon made a tentative classification of gnostic stones which however is nowadays looked upon as wholly inadequate his mistake consisted in wishing as it were to make a frontal attack on gnosticism kopp endowed with greater skill and patience seems to have realized in some measure how wide the problem actually is ad franck and quite lately moses schwab have made diligent researches in the direction of the cabbala or kabbala the demonology devised by the cabbalists according to the former writer was nothing more than a carefully thought out personification of the different degrees of life and intelligence which they perceived in external nature all natural growths forces and phenomena are thus typified the outline here furnished needs only to be extended indefinitely in order to take in quite easily the countless generations of gnosticism the whole moral and physical world analyzed and classified with an inconceivable minuteness will find place in it thence also will issue the bewildering catalogues o
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f gnostic personalities the chief difficulty however arises from the nomenclature of gnosticism and here the sepher raziel supplies a first and valuable hint to succeed in the operations of divination it says it is necessary to pronounce the mystic names of the planets or of the earth in fact stones of gnostic origin often show designs made up out of the initial letters of the planets another parallel is still more suggestive the jews as is well known would never pronounce the ineffable name jehovah but substituted either another name or a paraphrase a rule which applied not only to the ineffable name and its derivatives but to others as well ending in order to evade the difficulty which arose in a series of fantastic sounds which at first seem simply the outcome of a hopeless confusion it became necessary to resort to permutations to the use of other letters to numerical and formal equivalents the result was an outlandish vocabulary only partially accounted for yet one which nevertheless reveals in gnosticis
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m the existence of something more than mere incoherences very many secrets of gnosticism remain unexplained but it may be hoped that they will not always be shrouded in mystery quotes tertullian afterwards broke out the heretic basilides he affirms that there is a supreme deity by name abraxas by whom was created mind which in greek he calls nous that thence sprang the word that of him issued providence virtue and wisdom that out of these subsequently were made principalities powers and angels that there ensued infinite issues and processions of angels that by these angels three six five heavens were formed and the world in honour of abraxas whose name if computed has in itself this number now among the last of the angels those who made this world he places the god of the jews latest that is the god of the law and of the prophets whom he denies to be a god but affirms to be an angel to him he says was allotted the seed of abraham and accordingly he it was who transferred the sons of israel from the land of eg
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ypt into the land of canaan affirming him to be turbulent above the other angels and accordingly given to the frequent arousing of seditions and wars yes and the shedding of human blood christ moreover he affirms to have been sent not by this maker of the world but by the above named abraxas and to have come in a phantasm and been destitute of the substance of flesh that it was not he who suffered among the jews but that simon was crucified in his stead whence again there must be no believing on him who was crucified lest one confess to having believed on simon martyrdoms he says are not to be endured the resurrection of the flesh he strenuously impugns affirming that salvation has not been promised to bodies carl jung the seven sermons to the dead abraxas speaketh that hallowed and accursed word which is life and death at the same time abraxas begetteth truth and lying good and evil light and darkness in the same word and in the same act wherefore is abraxas terrible e a wallis budge abrasax represented the
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three six five aeons or emanations from the first cause and as a pantheus i e all god he appears on the amulets with the head of a cock phoebus or of a lion ra or mithras the body of a man and his legs are serpents which terminate in scorpions types of the agathodaimon in his right hand he grasps a club or a flail and in his left is a round or oval shield external links occultopedia entry jewish encyclopedia entry images of abraxas the seven sermons to the dead septem sermones ad mortuos references abraxas foundation gnostic deities singular god absalom absalom is also a novel by william faulkner absalom is also a name given by dryden to the duke of monmouth son of charles ii see absalom and achitophel absalom is the name of a science fiction story by henry kuttner anthologized in the collection tomorrow the stars the hanging of absalom weft silk watercolor by faith robinson trumbull one seven one eight one seven eight zero absalom or avshalom father leader of is peace standard hebrew av alom tiberian hebrew
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a l m in the bible is the third son of david king of israel he was deemed the handsomest man in the kingdom his sister tamar had been raped by david s eldest son amnon who was in love with her absalom after waiting two years revenged by sending his servants to murder amnon at a feast to which he had invited all the king s sons two samuel one three one eight and she had a garment of divers colours upon her for with such robes were the king s daughters that were virgins apparelled then his servant brought her out and bolted the door after her one nine and tamar put ashes on her head and rent her garment of divers colours that was on her and laid her hand on her head and went on crying two zero and absalom her brother said unto her hath amnon thy brother been with thee but hold now thy peace my sister he is thy brother regard not this thing so tamar remained desolate in her brother absalom s house two two and absalom spake unto his brother amnon neither good nor bad for absalom hated amnon because he had forced
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his sister tamar two three and it came to pass after two full years that absalom had sheepshearers in baalhazor which is beside ephraim and absalom invited all the king s sons two eight now absalom had commanded his servants saying mark ye now when amnon s heart is merry with wine and when i say unto you smite amnon then kill him fear not have not i commanded you be courageous and be valiant after this deed he fled to talmai king of geshur see joshua one two five or one three two his maternal grandfather and it was not until three years later that he was fully reinstated in his father s favour see joab four years after this he raised a revolt at hebron the former capital absalom was now the eldest surviving son of david and the present position of the narratives one five two zero after the birth of solomon and before the struggle between solomon and adonijah may represent the view that the suspicion that he was not the destined heir of his father s throne excited the impulsive youth to rebellion all israel an
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d judah flocked to his side and david attended only by the cherethites and pelethites and some recent recruits from gath found it expedient to flee the priests remained behind in jerusalem and their sons jonathan and ahimaaz served as his spies absalom reached the capital and took counsel with the renowned ahithophel the pursuit was continued and david took refuge beyond the jordan river a battle was fought in the wood of ephraim the name suggests a locality west of the jordan and absalom s army was completely routed he himself having long hair was caught by his hair in the boughs of an oak tree and as david had strictly charged his men to deal gently with the young man joab was informed what a common soldier refused to do even for a thousand shekels of silver the king s general at once undertook joab thrust three spears through the heart of absalom as he struggled in the branches and his ten armour bearers came around and slew him despite the revolt david was overwhelmed with grief and ordered a great heap o
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f stones to be erected where he fell whilst another monument near jerusalem not the modern absalom tomb yad avshalom which is of later origin was erected by avshalom in his lifetime to perpetuate his name two samuel one eight one eight now absalom in his lifetime had taken and reared up for himself a monument which is in the king s dale for he said i have no son to keep my name in remembrance and he called the pillar after his own name and it is called unto this day absalom s monument history of jerusalem tanakh people abydos may mean egyptian mythology the holy city of osiris who was buried there himself as were many other pharaohs abydos egypt one of the most ancient cities of upper egypt abydos hellespont also bydos an ancient city of mysia in asia minor abydos music a two zero zero four solo musical project of andy kuntz member of vanden plas abydos stargate name of a fictional planet in the stargate science fiction universe abydos thema a historical province of the byzantine empire abidos may mean abidos
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pyr n es atlantiques a commune of the pyr n es atlantiques d partement in southwestern france abydos arabic one of the most ancient cities of upper egypt stood about one one km six miles west of the nile at latitude two six one zero n the egyptian name was abdju technically three bdw hieroglyphs shown to the right the hill of the symbol or reliquary in which the sacred head of osiris was preserved thence the greeks named it abydos like the city on the hellespont the modern arabic name is el araba el madfuna al arab al madfan history the history of the city begins in the late prehistoric age it having been founded by the rulers of the predynastic period william flinders petrie abydos ii six four whose town temple and tombs have been found there the kings of the first dynasty and some of the second dynasty were also buried here and the temple was renewed and enlarged by them great forts were built on the desert behind the town by three kings of the second dynasty the temple and town continued to be rebuilt at
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intervals down to the times of the three zero th dynasty and the cemetery was used continuously in the one two th dynasty a gigantic tomb was cut in the rock by senusret iii seti i in the one nine th dynasty founded a great new temple to the south of the town in honour of the ancestral kings of the early dynasties this was finished by ramesses ii who also built a lesser temple of his own merneptah added a great hypogeum of osiris to the temple of seti the latest building was a new temple of nectanebo i in the three zero th dynasty from ptolemaic times the place continued to decay and no later works are known petrie abydos i and ii worship the worship here was of the jackal god upuaut ophols wepwoi who opened the way to the realm of the dead increasing from the first dynasty to the time of the one two th dynasty and then disappearing after the one eight th anhur appears in the eleventh dynasty and anubis the god of the western hades rises to importance in the middle kingdom and then vanishes in the one eight t
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h the worship here of osiris in his various forms begins in the one two th dynasty and becomes more important in later times so that at last the whole place was considered as sacred to him abydos ii four seven temples built the temples successively built here on one site were nine or ten in number from the one st dynasty to the two six th dynasty the first was an enclosure about three zero x five zero ft surrounded by a thin wall of unbaked bricks covering one wall of this came the second temple of about four zero ft square in a wall about one zero ft thick an outer temenos enclosure wall surrounded the ground this outer wall was thickened about the two nd or three rd dynasty the old temple entirely vanished in the four th dynasty and a smaller building was erected behind it enclosing a wide hearth of black ashes pottery models of offerings are found in the ashes and these were probably the substitutes for sacrifices decreed by khufu or cheops in his temple reforms a great clearance of temple offerings was ma
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de now or earlier and a chamber full of them has yielded the fine ivory carvings and the glazed figures and tiles which show the splendid work of the one st dynasty a vase of menes with purple inlaid hieroglyphs in green glaze and the tiles with relief figures are the most important pieces the noble statuette of cheops in ivory found in the stone chamber of the temple gives the only portrait of this greatest ruler the temple was rebuilt entirely on a larger scale by pepi i in the six th dynasty he placed a great stone gateway to the temenos an outer temenos wall and gateway with a colonnade between the gates his temple was about four zero x five zero ft inside with stone gateways front and back showing that it was of the processional type in the one one th dynasty mentuhotep i added a colonnade and altars soon after mentuhotep ii entirely rebuilt the temple laying a stone pavement over the area about four five feet square besides subsidiary chambers soon after senusret i in the one two th dynasty laid massive
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foundations of stone over the pavement of his predecessor a great temenos was laid out enclosing a much larger area and the temple itself was about three times the earlier size one eight th dynasty the one eight th dynasty began with a large chapel of ahmose and then thutmose iii built a far larger temple about one three zero x two zero zero ft he made also a processional way past the side of the temple to the cemetery beyond with a great gateway of granite rameses iii added a large building and ahmose ii in the two six th dynasty rebuilt the temple again and placed in it a large monolith shrine of red granite finely wrought the foundations of the successive temples were comprised within about one eight ft depth of ruins these needed the closest examination to discriminate the various buildings and were recorded by over four zero zero zero measurements and one zero zero zero levellings petrie abydos ii other temples the temple of seti i was built on entirely new ground half a mile to the south of the long se
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ries of temples just described this is the building best known as the great temple of abydos being nearly complete and an impressive sight a principal object of it was the adoration of the early kings whose cemetery to which it forms a great funerary chapel lies behind it the long list of the kings of the principal dynasties carved on a wall is known as the table of abydos there were also seven chapels for the worship of the king and principal gods at the back were large chambers connected with the osiris worship caulfield temple of the kings and probably from these led out the great hypogeum for the celebration of the osiris mysteries built by mineptah murray osireion the temple was originally five five zero ft long but the forecourts are scarcely recognizable and the part in good state is about two five zero ft long and three five zero ft wide including the wing at the side excepting the list of kings and a panegyric on ramesses ii the subjects are not historical but mythological the work is celebrated for
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its delicacy and refinement but lacks the life and character of that in earlier ages the sculptures have been mostly published in hand copy not facsimile by auguste mariette in his abydos i the adjacent temple of rameses ii was much smaller and simpler in plan but it had a fine historical series of scenes around the outside of which the lower parts remain a list of kings similar to that of seti i formerly stood here but the fragments were removed by the french consul and sold to the british museum tombs the royal tombs of the earliest dynasties were placed about a mile back on the great desert plain in a place now known as umm el qa ab the earliest is about one zero x two zero ft inside a pit lined with brick walls and originally roofed with timber and matting others also before menes are one five x two five ft the tomb probably of menes is of the latter size after this the tombs increase in size and complexity the tomb pit is surrounded by chambers to hold the offerings the actual sepulchre being a great woo
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den chamber in the midst of the brick lined pit rows of small tomb pits for the servants of the king surround the royal chamber many dozens of such burials being usual by the end of the two nd dynasty the type changed to a long passage bordered with chambers on either hand the royal burial being in the middle of the length the greatest of these tombs with its dependencies covered a space of over three zero zero zero square yards two five zero zero m the contents of the tombs have been nearly destroyed by successive plunderers enough remained to show that rich jewellery was placed on the mummies a profusion of vases of hard and valuable stones from the royal table service stood about the body the store rooms were filled with great jars of wine perfumed ointment and other supplies and tablets of ivory and of ebony were engraved with a record of the yearly annals of the reigns the sealings of the various officials of which over two zero zero varieties have been found give an insight into the public arrangements
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petrie royal tombs i and ii the cemetery of private persons begins in the one st dynasty with some pit tombs in the town it was extensive in the one two th and one three th dynasties and contained many rich tombs a large number of fine tombs were made in the one eight th to two zero th dynasties and later ages continued to bury here till roman times many hundred funeral steles were removed by mariette s workmen without any record of the burials mariette abydos ii and iii later excavations have been recorded by ayrton abydos iii maclver el amrah and abydos and garstang el arabah forts the structures referred to as forts lay behind the town known as shunet ez zebib is about four five zero x two five zero ft over all and still stands three zero ft high it was built by khasekhemwy the last king of the two nd dynasty another nearly as large adjoined it and is probably rather older a third fort of a squarer form is now occupied by the coptic convent its age cannot be ascertained ayrton abydos iii other in the tv se
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ries stargate sg one abydos is the name of a planet that is very similar to ancient egypt which also features a large pyramid spaceship landing pad and a temple to the alien who posed as the sun god ra some of the heiroglyphics onsite depict objects which are debated to be a helicopter submarine and u f o see also abydos offering formula references ancient egypt abydos an ancient city of mysia in asia minor situated at nagara point on the hellespont which is here scarcely a mile broad it probably was originally a thracian town but was afterwards colonized by milesians here xerxes crossed the strait on his bridge of boats in four eight zero b c when he invaded greece abydos is celebrated for the vigorous resistance it made against philip v of macedon two zero zero bc and is famed in story for the loves of hero and leander the town remained till late byzantine times the toll station of the hellespont its importance being transferred to the dardanelles after the building of the old castles by sultan mahommed ii
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c one four five six references thrace august one five is the two two seven th day of the year in the gregorian calendar two two eight th in leap years with one three eight days remaining events seven seven eight the battle of roncevaux pass in which roland is killed nine two seven the saracens conquered and destroyed taranto one zero five seven king macbeth of scotland is killed during the battle of lumphanan by the forces of king malcolm iii one one eight five the cave city of vardzia was consecrated by queen tamar of georgia one three zero nine the city of rhodes surrenders to the forces of the knights of st john completing their conquest of rhodes the knights establish their headquartes on the island and rename themselves as the knights of rhodes one five one seven seven portuguese armed vessels led by fernao pires de andrade meet chinese officials at the pearl river estuary one five one nine panama city panama is founded one five three four the society of jesus is founded by ignatius of loyola with franci
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s xavier and other students one five three five asuncion paraguay is founded one five four zero arequipa peru is founded one five four nine jesuit priest francis xavier comes ashore at kagoshima traditional japanese date july two two one five four nine one six two zero the mayflower departs southampton england one eight two four freed american slaves form liberia one eight four three the cathedral of our lady of peace in honolulu hawaii is dedicated now the cathedral of the roman catholic diocese of honolulu it is the oldest roman catholic cathedral in continuous use in the united states one eight four three tivoli gardens one of the oldest still intact amusement parks in the world opens in copenhagen denmark one eight six three the satsuma war begins between the satsuma clan and the united kingdom traditional japanese date july two one eight six three one eight seven seven thomas edison makes the first ever recording mary had a little lamb one eight nine four sante jeronimo caserio executed for the marie fra
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ncois sadi carnot assesination one nine one four the panama canal opens to traffic one nine two zero polish soviet war battle of warsaw poles defeat the red army one nine four two world war ii operation pedestal the ss ohio reaches the island of malta barely afloat carrying vital fuel supplies for the island defenses one nine four four world war ii operation anvil allied forces land in southern france one nine four five world war ii victory over japan day japan surrenders one nine four five world war ii korean liberation day one nine four seven india gains independence from the united kingdom jawaharlal nehru takes office as the first prime minister of india one nine four eight the republic of korea is established south of three eight th parallel one nine six zero republic of the congo brazzaville declares its independence from france one nine six one construction begins on the berlin wall conrad schumann flees from east germany one nine six five john coltrane plays in chicago illinois for the downbeat jazz f
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estival with elvin jones and mccoy tyner one nine six nine the woodstock music and art festival opens one nine seven one president richard nixon ends convertibility of u s dollar into gold one nine seven three vietnam war the united states bombing of cambodia ends one nine seven four yook young soo first lady of south korea is killed amid an apparent assassination attempt upon president of the south korea park chung hee during the anniversarial ceremony of the liberation day one nine seven five military coup in bangladesh one nine seven five miki takeo makes the first official pilgrimage to yasukuni shrine by a sitting prime minister on the anniversary of the end of world war ii one nine seven seven the big ear a radio telescope operated by the ohio state university as part of the seti project receives a radio signal from deep space the event is named the wow signal for notation made by a volunteer on the project one nine seven eight foundation of mirapuri the city of peace and future man one nine nine five i
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n south carolina shannon faulkner becomes the first female cadet matriculated at the citadel but drops out in less than a week one nine nine eight omagh bomb in northern ireland becoming the worst terrorist incident of the troubles one nine nine nine beni ounif massacre in algeria some two nine people killed at a false roadblock near the moroccan border leading to temporary tensions with morocco two zero zero four world famous jam band phish plays their last show in coventry vermont after more than two zero active years births one zero zero one king duncan i of scotland d one zero four zero one one seven one king alfonso ix of leon d one two three zero one one nine five anthony of padua portuguese saint d one two three one one four three two luigi pulci italian poet d one four eight four one six one three gilles m nage french scholar d one six nine two one seven one seven blind jack english roadbuilder d one eight one zero one seven six nine napoleon bonaparte emperor of france d one eight two one one seven e
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ight five thomas de quincey english author d one eight five nine one eight one three jules gr vy president of france d one eight nine one one eight five six ivan franko ukrainian writer d one nine one six one eight five eight e nesbit english author d one nine two four one eight seven two sri aurobindo indian writer nationalist philosopher and guru d one nine five zero one eight seven five samuel coleridge taylor english composer d one nine one two one eight seven nine ethel barrymore american actress d one nine five nine one eight eight seven edna ferber american novelist d one nine six eight one eight eight three ivan me trovi croatian sculptor d one nine six two one eight nine zero jacques ibert french composer d one nine six two one eight nine two louis seven th duc de broglie french physicist nobel prize laureate d one nine eight seven one eight nine three leslie comrie new zealand astronomer and computing pioneer d one nine five zero one eight nine six gerty cori austrian born biochemist recipient of th
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e nobel prize in physiology or medicine d one nine five seven one eight nine six leon theremin russian inventor d one nine nine three one nine zero zero jan brzechwa polish poet d one nine six six one nine one two julia child american cook d two zero zero four one nine one two dame wendy hiller english actress d two zero zero three one nine one six aleks a i albanian writer one nine one seven jack lynch fourth president of ireland d one nine nine nine one nine one nine huntz hall american actor d one nine nine nine one nine two two lukas foss german born composer one nine two three rose marie american actress one nine two four robert bolt english screenwriter d one nine nine five one nine two five mike connors american actor one nine two five willie jones baseball player d one nine eight three one nine two five oscar peterson canadian jazz pianist one nine two eight nicolas roeg english film director one nine three three jim lange american game show host one nine three five vernon jordan jr u s presidential a
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dvisor one nine three five lionel taylor american football player one nine three eight janusz a zajdel polish writer one nine four four linda ellerbee american journalist one nine four four sylvie vartan french pop singer one nine four five mahamandaleshwar paramhans swami maheshwarananda indian guru one nine four five begum khaleda zia prime minister of bangladesh one nine four six jimmy webb american musician and composer one nine four seven raakhee gulzar indian actress one nine four eight uschi digard american actress and model one nine four nine richard deacon welsh sculptor one nine five zero princess anne of the united kingdom one nine five one daba diawara malian politician one nine five seven eljko ivanek american actor one nine five eight victor shenderovich russian satirist one nine six five rob thomas author and screenwriter one nine six eight debra messing american actress one nine seven two ben affleck american actor one nine seven four natasha henstridge canadian actress one nine seven five kar
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a wolters american basketball player one nine seven six boudewijn zenden dutch football player one nine seven seven igor cassina italian gymnast one nine seven eight tim foreman american bassist switchfoot one nine seven eight lilia podkopayeva ukrainian gymnast deaths seven seven eight roland frankish commander killed in battle one zero three eight king stephen i of hungary one zero four zero king duncan i of scotland b one zero zero one one zero five seven king macbeth i of scotland one one one eight alexius i comnenus byzantine emperor b one zero four eight one one nine six conrad ii duke of swabia b one one seven three one two seven four robert de sorbon french theologian and founder of the sorbonne b one two zero one one three six nine philippa of hainault queen of edward iii of england one five two eight odet de foix vicomte de lautrec french military leader b one four eight five one five five two hermann of wied german catholic archbishop b one four seven seven one six two one john barclay scottish wri
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ter b one five eight two one six six six johann adam schall von bell german jesuit missionary b one five nine one one seven one four constantin br ncoveanu prince of wallachia b one six five four one seven two eight marin marais french composer and viol player b one six five six one seven nine nine giuseppe parini italian poet b one seven two nine one eight five two johan gadolin finnish scientist b one seven six zero one nine zero seven joseph joachim austrian violinist b one eight three one one nine zero nine euclides da cunha brazilian writer and sociologist b one eight six six one nine three five wiley post american pilot b one eight nine eight one nine three five will rogers american humorist and actor b one eight seven nine one nine three six grazia deledda italian writer nobel prize laureate b one eight seven one one nine five one artur schnabel polish pianist b one eight eight two one nine five three ludwig prandtl german physicist b one eight seven five one nine five nine blind willie mctell american
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singer b one nine zero one one nine six two lei feng chinese revolutionary b one nine four zero one nine six seven ren magritte belgian painter b one eight nine eight one nine seven one paul lukas hungarian born actor b one eight eight seven one nine seven five sheikh mujibur rahman president of bangladesh b one nine two zero one nine seven five clay shaw john f kennedy assassination investigator b one nine one three one nine eight two hugo theorell swedish scientist recipient of the nobel prize in physiology or medicine b one nine zero three one nine nine zero viktor tsoi russian musician b one nine six two one nine nine five john cameron swayze american journalist b one nine zero six one nine nine nine sir hugh casson british architect and artist b one nine one zero two zero zero one richard chelimo kenyan athlete brain tumour b one nine seven two two zero zero three g sta sundqvist finnish songwriter and singer heart attack b one nine five seven two zero zero four sune bergstr m swedish biochemist recipie
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nt of the nobel prize in physiology or medicine b one nine one six two zero zero four amarsinh chaudhary indian politician b one nine four one two zero zero five james dougherty first husband of marilyn monroe leukemia holidays and observances eastern orthodoxy feast of the dormition of the theotokos the commemoration of the death of mary the mother of jesus rc saints feast day of the assumption of mary the mother of jesus holy day of obligation public holiday in austria belgium cameroon chile c te d ivoire croatia cyprus east timor france greece india italy lebanon lithuania malta mauritius poland portugal seychelles slovenia and spain acadie national day egypt flooding of the nile day hawaii toro nagashi floating lantern ceremony to commemorate the end of the second world war india independence day from the united kingdom one nine four seven italy ferragosto remembrance of an ancient roman holiday in honor of augustus feriae augusti korea liberation day ancient latvia m ras liechtenstein liechtenstein day p
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oland polish armed forces day jamaica jamaican national dance day bianca day tuva tuva republic day naadym external links bbc on this day august one four august one six july one five september one five listing of all days abu al fida fully abu al fida isma il ibn ali al malik al mu ayyad imad ad din also transliterated abulfeda abu alfida and other ways november one two seven three october two seven one three three one was an arab historian geographer and local sultan life abulfeda was born at damascus where his father malik ul afdal brother of the prince of hamah had fled from the mongols he was a descendant of ayyub the father of saladin in his boyhood he devoted himself to the study of the qur an and the sciences but from his twelfth year was almost constantly engaged in military expeditions chiefly against the crusaders in one two eight five he was present at the assault of a stronghold of the knights of st john and took part in the sieges of tripoli acre and qal at ar rum in one two nine eight he entered
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the service of the mameluke sultan malik al nasir and after twelve years was invested by him with the governorship of hamah in one three one two he became prince with the title malik us salhn and in one three two zero received the hereditary rank of sultan with the title malik ul mu ayyad for more than twenty years all together he reigned in tranquillity and splendour devoting himself to the duties of government and to the composition of the works to which he is chiefly indebted for his fame he was a munificent patron of men of letters who came in large numbers to his court he died in one three three one works his chief historical work is an abridgment of the history at the human race in the form of annals extending from the creation of the world to the year one three two nine constantinople two vols one eight six nine his geography is like much of the history founded on the works of his predecessors and so ultimately on the work of ptolemy a long introduction on various geographical matters is followed by t
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wenty eight sections dealing in tabular form with the chief towns of the world after each name are given the longitude latitude climate spelling and then observations generally taken from earlier authors parts of the work were published and translated as early as one six five zero in europe references one two seven three births one three three one deaths arab historians arab geographers muslim scientists for acacia research corporation see acacia technologies for acacia fraternity see acacia fraternity acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees of gondwanian origin belonging to the subfamily mimosoideae of the pea family family fabaceae first described from africa by linnaeus in one seven seven three there are roughly one three zero zero species of acacia worldwide about nine five zero of them native to australia with the remainder spread around the dry tropical to warm temperate regions of both hemispheres including africa southern asia and the americas the genus acacia however is apparently not monophyletic this
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discovery has led to the breaking up of acacia into five new genera as discussed in list of acacia species the northernmost species in the genus is acacia greggii catclaw acacia reaching three seven one zero n in southern utah in the united states the southernmost are acacia dealbata silver wattle acacia longifolia coast wattle or sydney golden wattle acacia mearnsii black wattle and acacia melanoxylon blackwood reaching four three three zero s in tasmania australia while acacia caven espinillo negro reaches nearly as far south in northeastern chubut province of argentina australian species are usually called wattles while african and american species tend to be known as acacias the leaves of acacias are compound pinnate in general in some species however more especially in the australian and pacific islands species the leaflets are suppressed and the leaf stalks petioles become vertically flattened and serve the purpose of leaves these are known as phyllodes the vertical orientation of the phyllodes protect
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s them from intense sunlight as with their edges towards the sky and earth they do not intercept light so fully as horizontally placed leaves a few species such as acacia glaucoptera lack leaves or phyllodes altogether but possess instead cladodes modified leaf like photosynthetic stems functioning as leaves the small flowers have five very small petals almost hidden by the long stamens and are arranged in dense globular or cylindrical clusters they are yellow or cream colored in most species whitish in some even purple as in acacia purpureapetala or red in the recently grown cultivar acacia leprosa scarlet blaze the plants often bear spines especially those species growing in arid regions these sometimes represent branches which have become short hard and pungent or sometimes leaf stipules acacia armata is the kangaroo thorn of australia acacia giraffae the camelthorn of africa in the central american acacia sphaerocephala bullthorn acacia and acacia spadicigera the large thorn like stipules are hollow and a
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fford shelter for ants which feed on a secretion of honey on the leaf stalk and curious food bodies at the tips of the leaflets in return they protect the plant against leaf eating insects in common parlance the term acacia is occasionally misapplied to species of the genus robinia which also belongs in the pea family robinia pseudoacacia an american species locally known as black locust is sometimes called false acacia in cultivation in britain in australia acacia species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus aenetus including a ligniveren these burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down other lepidoptera larvae which have been recorded feeding on acacia include brown tail endoclita malabaricus and turnip moth the leaf mining larvae of some bucculatricid moths also feed on acacia bucculatrix agilis feeds exclusively on acacia horrida bucculatrix flexuosa feeds exclusively on acacia nilotica uses earpod wattle acacia auriculiformis industrial and medicinal
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uses various species of acacia yield gum true gum arabic is the product of acacia senegal abundant in dry tropical west africa from senegal to northern nigeria acacia arabica is the gum arabic tree of india but yields a gum inferior to the true gum arabic the bark of acacia arabica under the name of babul or babool is used in scinde for tanning in ayurvedic medicine babul is considered a remedy that is helpful for treating premature ejaculation the bark of various australian species known as wattles is very rich in tannin and forms an important article of export important species include acacia pycnantha golden wattle acacia decurrens tan wattle acacia dealbata silver wattle and acacia mearnsii black wattle black wattle is grown in plantations in south africa the pods of acacia nilotica under the name of neb neb and of other african species are also rich in tannin and used by tanners some species afford valuable timber such are acacia melanoxylon blackwood from australia which attains a great size its wood i
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s used for furniture and takes a high polish and acacia homalophylla myall wood also australian which yields a fragrant timber used for ornamental purposes acacia formosa supplies the valuable cuban timber called sabicu acacia seyal is thought to be the shittah tree of the bible which supplied shittim wood this was used in the construction of the ark of the covenant as a spiritual icon it is also one of the most powerful symbols in freemasonry representing the eternal soul and purity of the soul acacia heterophylla from r union island and acacia koa from the hawaiian islands are excellent timber trees acacia farnesiana is used in the perfume industry due to its strong fragrance an astringent medicine called catechu or cutch is procured from several species but more especially from acacia catechu by boiling down the wood and evaporating the solution so as to get an extract ornamental uses a few species are widely grown as ornamentals in gardens the most popular perhaps is acacia dealbata silver wattle with its
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attractive glaucous to silvery leaves and bright yellow flowers it is erroneously known as mimosa in some areas where it is cultivated through confusion with the related genus mimosa culinary uses acacia seeds are often used for food and a variety of other products the seeds of acacia niopo for instance are roasted and used as snuff in south america in laos and thailand the feathery shoots of acacia pennata common name cha om are used in soups curries omelettes and stir fries pharmacological uses many acacia species contain some psychoactive alkaloids of which dmt and nmt are the most prominent and useful the leaves stems and or roots can be made into a brew together with some maoi containing plant to obtain an effect when taken orally this could be seen as a kind of ayahuasca maybe in relation to this effect egyptian mythology has associated the acacia tree with characteristics of the tree of life cf article on the legend of osiris and isis alkaloids in different species from tihkal by alexander shulgin a b
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aileyana zero zero two tryptamine and carbolines in the leaf a maidenii dmt and nmt in the stem bark a albida dmt in the leaf a confusa dmt and nmt in the leaf stem and bark a cultriformis tryptamine in the leaf and stem a laeta dmt in the leaf a mellifera dmt in the leaf a nilotica dmt in the leaf a phlebophylla dmt in the leaf a podalyriaefolia tryptamine in the leaf a senegal dmt in the leaf a seyal dmt in the leaf a sieberiana dmt in the leaf a simplicifolia dmt and nmt in the leaf stem and trunk bark a vestita tryptamine in the leaf and stem species there are over one three zero zero species of acacia see list of acacia species for a complete listing external links world wide wattle wayne s word on the unforgettable acacias acacia pantropical flora australian plants argentine flora trees of africa this article is about the city in mexico there is also a town called acapulco in peru acapulco officially acapulco de ju rez is a city and major sea port in the state of guerrero on the pacific coast of mexico
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three zero zero km one nine zero miles southwest from mexico city at acapulco is located on a deep semi circular bay many consider it to be one of the best harbours on the pacific coast of mexico and it is a port of call for shipping lines running between panama and san francisco california usa in two zero zero three the estimated population was six three eight zero zero zero people acapulco beach acapulco geography the town is built on a narrow strip of low land scarcely half a mile wide between the shore line and the lofty mountains that encircle the bay there is great natural beauty in the surroundings mountains render the access to the town though not difficult to access particularly since the construction of a two km long tunnel to the waterfront from the hinterland in the one nine nine zero s an earlier effort to admit the cooling sea breezes by cutting through the mountains a passage called the abra de san nicolas had some beneficial effect history acapulco has been well known as a traveler s crossroad
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s for at least a millennium its name is a nahuatl word meaning plain of dense reeds the earliest local remains stone metates and pottery utensils were left in the three rd millennium bc much later sophisticated artisans fashioned curvaceous female figurines some hypothesize that there was early polynesian or asian influences in pacific mexico as early as one five zero zero years before the arrival christopher columbus other artifacts resemble those found in highland mexico although influenced by tarascan mixtec zapotec and aztec civilizations sometimes paying tribute to them and frequented by their traders acapulco never came under their direct control but instead remained subject to local caciques until the spanish conquest a one six two eight spanish relief map of acapulco bay after conquering the aztecs hern n cort s sent expeditions south to build ships and find a route to china the first explorers sailed from zacatula near present day l zaro c rdenas michoac n on the coast four zero zero km two five zero
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miles north west of acapulco by a royal decree dated april two five one five two eight acapulco and her land where the ships of the south will be built passed directly into the hands of the spanish crown voyages of discovery set sail from acapulco for peru the sea of cortez and to asia none returned across the pacific however until augustinian priest andr s de urdaneta discovered the northern pacific tradewinds which propelled him and his ship loaded with chinese treasure to acapulco in one five six five for more than two zero zero years after that a special yearly trading ship known to the english as the manila galleon set sail from acapulco for the manila and the orient its return started an annual merchant fair in acapulco where traders bargained for the galleon s cargo of silks porcelain ivory and lacquerware this trade connection which persisted up to mexican independence was instrumental in placing the philippines on the east side of the international date line until the end of one eight four four acap
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ulco s yearly treasure soon attracted marauders too in one five seven nine francis drake attacked but failed to capture the galleon but in one five eight seven off cabo san lucas thomas cavendish seized the santa anna the cash alone one two million gold pesos severely depressed the london bullion market after a dutch fleet invaded acapulco in one six one five the spanish rebuilt their fort which they christened fort san diego in one six one seven destroyed by an earthquake in one seven seven six the fort was rebuilt by one seven eight three the war of independence one eight two zero two one stopped the manila galleon forever sending acapulco into a century long slumber the town suffered considerably from earthquakes in july and august one nine zero nine miguel aleman valdes was the president of mexico who put so much in the modernization and development of acapulco he did so much not only as president but also as the head of mexico s national tourist commission after he left office acapulco was devastated by
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hurricane pauline in october one nine nine seven economy there are exports of hides wood and fruit and the adjacent district of tabares produces cotton tobacco cacao sugarcane indian corn beans and coffee acapulco as a holiday resort view of the pacific ocean from an acapulco hotel for many years acapulco has been a popular resort for holiday makers the city has had its star spangled times prompting none other than old blue eyes frank sinatra to give the place a mention in his all time classic come fly with me modern acapulco still has a great appeal the vast majority of the tourists now tend to come from the rest of mexico but several other foreign nationals make appearances in the numerous bars and clubs dotted around the bay come sun down in recent years acapulco has made some ground on canc n for spring break s most popular resort destinations acapulco offers a relatively unknown experience and a larger international student crowd than canc n due to a recent gun fight between drugdealers and police that l
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eft four drug dealers dead the town has feared it might affect tourism this spring break transportation by the early two zero th century the town was chosen as the terminus for two railway lines seeking a pacific port the interoceanic and the mexican central the port city grew greatly in the two zero th century acapulco is served by general juan n lvarez international airport external links satellite picture from google local references sources ej rcito y agentes federales sitian acapulco tras balacera january two nine two zero zero six tiroteo en m xico dej cuatro muertos january two eight two zero zero six balacera entre narcos y polic as en acapulco versiones contradictorias january two eight two zero zero six narcos y polic as se baten a balazos en acapulco january two eight two zero zero six see also spring break acafest cities in guerrero coastal cities beaches of mexico mexican ports the adriatic sea source nasa the adriatic sea is an arm of the mediterranean sea separating the italian peninsula from t
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he balkan peninsula and the system of the apennine mountains from that of the dinaric alps and adjacent ranges the western coast is italian while the eastern coast runs along the countries of slovenia croatia bosnia and herzegovina serbia and montenegro and albania name and etymology map of the adriatic sea the name has existed since the antiquity in latin it was mare hadriaticum the name derived from the town of adria or hadria belonged originally only to the upper portion of the sea herodotus vi one two seven vii two zero ix nine two euripides hippolytus seven three six but was gradually extended as the syracusan colonies gained in importance but even then the adriatic in the narrower sense only extended as far as the monte gargano the outer portion being called the ionian sea the name was sometimes however inaccurately used to include the gulf of tarentum the modern day gulf of taranto the sea of sicily the gulf of corinth and even the sea between crete and malta acts xxvii two seven the adriatic sea is ea
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st of italy a major tourist attraction it was used by the ancient romans to transport objects including animals and slaves to ostia the roman port these objects were used in various places in rome extent the adriatic extends northwest from four zero to four five four five n with an extreme length of about seven seven zero km four one five nm four eight zero mi it has a mean breadth of about one six zero km eight five nm one zero zero mi although the strait of otranto through which it connects at the south with the ionian sea is only four five five five nautical miles wide eight five one zero zero km moreover the chain of islands which fringes the northern part of the eastern shore reduces the extreme breadth of open sea in this part to one four five km seven eight nm nine zero mi its total surface area is about six zero zero zero zero square miles one six zero zero zero zero km the northern part of the sea is very shallow and between the southern promontories of istria and rimini the depth rarely exceeds four
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six m two five fathoms between ibenik and ortona a well marked depression occurs a considerable area of which exceeds one eight zero m one zero zero fathoms in depth from a point between kor ula and the north shore of the spur of monte gargano there is a ridge giving shallower water and a broken chain of a few islets extends across the sea the deepest part of the sea lies east of monte gargano south of dubrovnik and west of durr s where a large basin gives depths of nine zero zero m five zero zero fathoms and upwards and a small area in the south of this basin falls below one four six zero m eight zero zero fathoms the mean depth of the sea is estimated at two four zero m one three three fathoms coasts and islands the west shore is generally low merging in the northwest into the marshes and lagoons on either hand of the protruding delta of the river po the sediment of which has pushed forward the coastline for several miles within historic times adria is now some distance from the shore on islands within one
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of the lagoons opening from the gulf of venice venice has its unique situation other notable cities on the italian coast are trieste ravenna rimini ancona pescara bari and brindisi the east coast is generally bold and rocky with many islands south of the istrian peninsula which separates the gulfs of venice and gulf of trieste from the bay of kvarner the island fringe of the east coast extends as far south as dubrovnik the islands which are long and narrow the long axis lying parallel with the coast of the mainland rise rather abruptly to elevations of a few hundred feet with the exception of a few larger islands like bra vidova gora seven seven eight m or the peninsula pelje ac st ilija nine six one m there are over a thousand islands in the adriatic six six of which are inhabited on the mainland notably in the magnificent inlet of the gulf of kotor boka kotorska bocche di cattaro named after the town of kotor lofty mountains often fall directly to the sea the prevalent colour of the rocks is a light dead g
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rey contrasting harshly with the dark vegetation which on some of the islands is luxuriant in fact montenegro black mountain was named after the black pines that cover the coast there and similarly the greek name for the island of kor ula is korkyra melaina meaning black corfu major cities on the northeastern coast include trieste in italy izola koper piran and portoro in slovenia pula rovinj pore rijeka zadar ibenik trogir split dubrovnik in croatia herceg novi bar ulcinj in montenegro and durr s in albania miscellaneous the bora or bura northeast wind and the prevalence of sudden squalls from this quarter or the southeast are dangers to navigation in winter also notable are sirocco or jugo southern wind which brings rain in the winter and maestral western wind which brings nice weather in the summer tidal movement is slight the amphidromic point is just off the northwestern shore near ancona both coasts are popular tourist destinations see also list of rivers of europe list of islands in the adriatic extern
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al links satellite images and maps of adriatic sea from geabios gis public service weather forecast for eastern coast from geabios gis public service seas of the atlantic ocean geography of croatia august one six is the two two eight th day of the year two two nine th in leap years in the gregorian calendar there are one three seven days remaining events one seven seven seven american revolutionary war battle of bennington british forces are defeated by american troops one seven eight zero american revolutionary war battle of camden the british defeat the americans near camden south carolina one eight one two war of one eight one two american general william hull surrenders fort detroit without a fight to the british army one eight one nine eleven people die and four zero zero are injured by cavalry charges at the peterloo massacre at a public meeting at st peter s field manchester england one eight four one u s president john tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re establishment of the second bank of the
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united states enraged whig party members riot outside the white house in the most violent demonstration on white house grounds in u s history one eight five eight u s president james buchanan inaugurates the new transatlantic telegraph cable cable by exchanging greetings with queen victoria of the united kingdom however a weak signal will force a shutdown of the service in a few weeks one eight six eight arica peru now chile is devastated by a tsunami which followed a magnitude eight five earthquake in the peru chile trench off the coast the earthquake and tsunami killed an estimated two five zero zero zero people in arica and perhaps seven zero zero zero zero people in all one eight nine six skookum jim mason george carmack and dawson charlie discover gold in the klondike in canada one nine one three t hoku imperial university modern day t hoku university admits its first female students one nine one five world war i should victory be achieved over the central powers the triple entente promises the kingdom
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of serbia the austro hungarian territories of baranja srem slavonia and bosnia and herzegovina and the eastern two three of dalmatia from the river of krka to the city of bar one nine two zero ray chapman of the cleveland indians is hit in the head by a fastball thrown by carl mays of the new york yankees and dies early the next day to date chapman is the only player to die from injuries sustained in a major league baseball game one nine two eight murderer carl panzram is arrested in washington dc after killing two zero people one nine three zero the first color sound cartoon called fiddlesticks is made by ub iwerks one nine four two world war ii the two person crew of the u s naval blimp l eight disappear without a trace on a routine anti submarine patrol over the pacific ocean the blimp drifts without her crew and crashlands in daly city california one nine four six the japan business federation or keidanren is established and ichir ishikawa is appointed its representative one nine five four sports illustra
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ted magazine is first published one nine six zero cyprus gains its independence from the united kingdom one nine six zero joseph kittinger parachutes from a balloon over new mexico at one zero two eight zero zero feet three one three three zero m setting three records that still stand today high altitude jump free fall and fastest speed by a human without an aircraft one nine six two the beatles fire drummer pete best and replace him with ringo starr one nine six four vietnam war a coup d tat replaces duong van minh with general nguyen khanh as president of south vietnam a new constitution is established with aid from the u s embassy one nine six six vietnam war the house un american activities committee begins investigations of americans who have aided the viet cong the committee intends to introduce legislation making these activities illegal anti war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and five zero people are arrested one nine seven two the royal moroccan air force mistakenly fires upon but fails to bring d
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own hassan ii of morocco s plane while he is traveling back to rabat one nine seven four the ramones play their first ever show at the cbgb s one nine eight four carmaker john de lorean is acquitted of all eight counts of possessing and distributing cocaine one nine eight seven a mcdonnell douglas md eight two carrying northwest airlines flight two five five crashes on takeoff from detroit metropolitan airport killing one five five people onboard with the sole survivor four year old cecelia cichan one nine nine three the debian gnu linux distribution is founded by ian murdock one nine nine six sigma beta rho is founded at the university of pennsylvania two zero zero three u s representative from south dakota bill janklow hits and kills a motorcyclist with his car at a rural intersection near trent south dakota he will eventually be convicted of manslaughter and will resign from congress two zero zero five west caribbean airways flight seven zero eight crashes near machiques venezuela killing the one six zero
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aboard births one three five five philippa plantagenet countess of ulster one three seven eight hongxi emperor of china d one four two five one five five seven agostino carracci italian artist d one six zero two one five nine six frederick v elector palatine d one six three two one six four five jean de la bruy re french writer d one six nine six one six five zero vincenzo coronelli italian cartographer and encylopedist d one seven one eight one six eight two louis duke of burgundy heir to the throne of france d one seven one two one eight three two wilhelm wundt german psychologist d one nine two zero one eight four five gabriel lippmann french physicist nobel prize laureate d one nine two one one eight six zero jules laforgue french poet d one eight eight seven one eight six two amos alonzo stagg american coach d one nine six five one eight six eight bernarr mcfadden american publisher d one nine five five one eight eight four hugo gernsback luxembourg born editor and publisher d one nine six seven one eigh
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t eight eight t e lawrence english writer and soldier d one nine three five one eight eight eight armand j piron american musician d one nine four three one eight nine two otto messmer american cartoonist d one nine eight three one eight nine four george meany american labor union leader d one nine eight zero one eight nine five albert cohen swiss novelist d one nine eight one one eight nine five liane haid austrian actress d two zero zero zero one nine zero two georgette heyer english novelist d one nine seven four one nine zero four wendell meredith stanley american chemist nobel prize laureate d one nine seven one one nine one one e f schumacher german economist and statistician d one nine seven seven one nine one two ted drake english footballer d one nine nine five one nine one three menachem begin prime minister of israel recipient of the nobel peace prize d one nine nine two one nine two zero charles bukowski american poet d one nine nine four one nine two three mill r fernandes brazilian cartoonist an
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d playwright one nine two four fess parker american actor one nine two eight ann blyth american actress one nine two nine helmut rahn german footballer d two zero zero three one nine three zero robert culp american actor one nine three zero frank gifford american football player and announcer one nine three one eydie gorme american singer one nine three three julie newmar american actress one nine three nine trevor mcdonald obe television newsreader one nine four zero bruce beresford australian film director one nine four six massoud barzani iraqi kurdish politician one nine four six lesley ann warren american actress one nine five zero hasely crawford trinidad and tobago athlete one nine five two reginald veljohnson american actor one nine five three kathie lee gifford french born singer and actress one nine five four james cameron canadian film director one nine five seven tim farriss australian lead guitarist inxs one nine five eight angela bassett american actress one nine five eight madonna american sing
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er and actress one nine six zero timothy hutton american actor one nine six four jimmy arias american tennis player one nine six seven ulrika jonsson swedish born television personality one nine six eight mateja svet slovenian alpine skier one nine seven two stan lazaridis australian footballer one nine seven four robin hull finnish snooker player one nine seven four krisztina egerszegi hungarian swimmer one nine seven six jonatan johansson finnish footballer one nine eight zero vanessa carlton american singer songwriter and pianist one nine eight zero robert hardy english bassist franz ferdinand one nine eight one taylor rain american actress one nine eight seven kyal marsh australian actor deaths one zero two seven giorgi i king of georgia b nine nine eight one three two seven roch french saint one three five eight duke albert ii of austria b one two nine eight one four one nine wenceslaus king of the romans king of bohemia b one three six one one four four three ashikaga yoshikatsu japanese shogun b one fo
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ur three four one five one eight loyset comp re french composer one five three two john elector of saxony b one four six eight one six six one thomas fuller english churchman and historian b one six zero eight one six seven eight andrew marvell english poet b one six two one one seven zero five jakob bernoulli swiss mathematician and scientist b one six five four one seven three three matthew tindal english deist b one six five seven one seven nine one charles fran ois de broglie marquis de ruffec french soldier and diplomat b one seven one nine one eight eight six sri ramakrishna paramahansa indian guru b one eight three six one eight nine three jean martin charcot french neurologist b one eight two five one eight nine nine robert wilhelm bunsen german chemist b one eight one one one nine zero seven james hector scottish geologist b one eight three four one nine two one king peter i of serbia b one eight four four one nine three eight robert johnson american singer and guitarist b one nine one one one nine t
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hree eight andrej hlinka slovak politician and priest b one eight six four one nine four eight babe ruth baseball player b one eight nine five one nine four nine margaret mitchell american novelist b one nine zero zero one nine five six bela lugosi hungarian actor b one eight eight two one nine five seven irving langmuir american chemist nobel prize laureate b one eight eight one one nine five nine wanda landowska polish harpsichordist b one eight seven nine one nine seven three selman waksman ukrainain born biochemist recipient of the nobel prize in physiology or medicine b one eight eight eight one nine seven five vladimir kuts ukrainian born runner b one nine two seven one nine seven seven elvis presley american singer and actor b one nine three five one nine seven nine john diefenbaker thirteenth prime minister of canada b one eight nine five one nine eight three earl averill baseball player b one nine zero two one nine eight nine amanda blake american actress b one nine two nine two zero zero two abu nid
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al palestinian political leader b one nine three seven two zero zero two jeff corey american actor b one nine one four two zero zero three idi amin ugandan dictator b one nine two eight two zero zero four ivan hlinka czech hockey coach b one nine five zero two zero zero four robert quiroga american boxer b one nine six nine two zero zero five fr re roger of taiz swiss monk and mystic b one nine one five holidays and observances rc saints feast day of saint stephen i of hungary saint roch helps against plague and skin diseases eastern orthodox commemoration of the translation of the acheiropoietos icon a k a the mandelion now lost from edessa to constantinople on one six august nine four four palio dell assunta in siena usa legal holiday in vermont for the battle of bennington in one seven seven seven which actually took place in the state of new york external links bbc on this day august one five august one seven july one six september one six listing of all days alan kay during an interview alan kay born may
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one seven one nine four zero is an american computer scientist known for his early work on object oriented programming and user interface design until recently he was a senior fellow at hp labs an adjunct professor of computer science at the university of california los angeles a visiting professor at kyoto university and an adjunct professor at mit he is also the president of the viewpoints research institute early life and work originally from springfield massachusetts kay earned a bachelor s degree in mathematics and molecular biology from the university of colorado and another master s degree and ph d from the university of utah at the university of utah in the one nine six zero s kay worked with ivan sutherland on pioneering graphics applications including sketchpad around this time he also worked as a professional jazz guitarist kay joined xerox corporation s palo alto research center parc in one nine seven zero in the seventies he was one of the key members there to develop prototypes of networked wor
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kstations using the programming language smalltalk these inventions were later commercialized by apple in the apple macintosh kay is one of the fathers of the idea of object oriented programming along with some colleagues at parc and predecessors at the norwegian computing centre he is the conceiver of the dynabook concept which defined the basics of the laptop computer and the tablet computer and he is also considered by some as the architect of the modern windowing graphical user interface gui after one zero years at xerox parc kay became atari s chief scientist for three years recent work and recognition starting in one nine eight four kay was a fellow at apple computer until steve jobs eliminated the company s r by alan kay and adele goldberg alan kay s hp bio a pc pioneer decries the state of computing by david kirkpatrick fortune magazine eight july two zero zero four available for fee doing with images makes symbols communicating with computers video lecture by alan kay with lots of examples of early g
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raphic user interfaces the computer revolution hasn t happened yet talk at educom one nine nine eight computers in education predicting the future remarks from one nine eight nine stanford computer forum education in the digital age talk a conversation with alan kay big talk with the creator of smalltalk and much more from dynabook to squeak a study in survivals listof links tracing the evolution of kay s vision the early history of smalltalk the best way to predict the future is to prevent it the one zero zero laptop learners and powerful ideas one nine four zero births living people american computer programmers american computer scientists apple employees computer pioneers disney imagineers hewlett packard people human computer interaction notables people from massachusetts turing award laureates apl for a programming language is an array programming language based on a notation invented in one nine five seven by kenneth e iverson while at harvard university it originated in an attempt to provide consisten
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t notation for the teaching and analysis of topics related to the application of computers the notation was later used to describe the ibm system three six zero machine architecture a description much more concise and exact than the existing documentation and revealing several previously unnoticed problems then a selectric typeball was made to write a linear representation of this notation in one nine six four a subset of the notation was implemented as a programming language dr iverson published his notation in one nine six two in a book titled a programming language and apl got its name from the title of this book iverson received the turing award in one nine seven nine for his work as with all programming languages that have had several decades of continual use apl has changed significantly from the notation described by iverson in his book one thing that has remained constant is that apl is interpretive and interactive features much appreciated by its users conversely its initial lack of support for both
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structured and modular programming has been solved by all the modern apl incarnations one much criticized aspect still remains though the use of a special character set see character set below these characters have all been incorporated into unicode which is now the base character set of several apl products there is also a pure ascii reworking of apl called j with greatly increased expressive power overview over a very wide set of problem domains math science engineering computer design robotics data visualization actuarial science traditional dp etc apl is an extremely powerful expressive and concise programming language typically set in an interactive environment it was originally created as a way to describe computers by expressing mathematical notation in a rigorous way that could be interpreted by a computer it is easy to learn but apl programs can take some time to understand unlike traditional structured programming languages code in apl is typically structured as chains of monadic or dyadic functions
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and operators acting on arrays because apl has so many nonstandard primitives functions operators or features built into the language and indicated by a single symbol or a combination of a few symbols apl does not have function or operator precedence the original apl did not have control structures loops if then else but the array operations it included could simulate structured programming constructs for example the iota function which yields an array from one to n can simulate for loop iteration more recent implementations of apl generally include explicit control structures so that data structure and control flow structure can be more clearly separated the apl environment is called a workspace in a workspace the user can define programs and data i e the data values exist also outside the programs and the user can manipulate the data without the necessity to define a program for example n leftarrow four five six seven assign the vector values four five six seven to n n four add four to all values giving ei
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ght nine one zero one one and print them absence of the assignment arrow means show n print the sum of n i e two two the user can save the workspace with all values programs and execution status in any case the programs are usually not compiled but interpreted a commercial compiler was brought to market by stsc now manugistics apl is well known for its use of a set of non ascii symbols that are an extension of traditional arithmetic and algebraic notation these cryptic symbols some have joked make it possible to construct an entire air traffic control system in two lines of code indeed in some versions of apl it is theoretically possible to express any computable function in one expression that is in one line of code you can use the other line for i o or constructing a gui because of its condensed nature and non standard characters apl has sometimes been termed a write only language and reading an apl program can at first feel like decoding an alien tongue because of the unusual character set many programmers
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used special apl keyboards in the production of apl code nowadays there are various ways to write apl code using only ascii characters indeed most if not all modern implementations use the standard keyboard displaying apl symbols by use of a particular font advocates of apl claim that the examples of write only code are almost invariably examples of poor programming practice or novice mistakes which can occur in any language however when implementing an apl module to be run using an interpreter as was usual a common tactic was to initially implement the module as separate mostly understandable lines once the logic was verified the lines would then be merged into one line for optimal processing in the interpreter these apl one liners as they were called were incomprehensible when viewed even a short time later the accomplished apl programmer would document the function of the module in comments if it had to be changed the code would be discarded and re implemented apl has perhaps had an unusually high percent
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age of users who are subject matter experts who know some apl rather than professional programmers who know something about a subject iverson designed a successor to apl called j which uses ascii natively so far there is only a single source of j implementations http www jsoftware com other programming languages offer functionality similar to apl a is an open source programming language with many commands identical to apl examples here s how you would write a program that would sort a word list stored in matrix x according to word length x x here s a program that finds all prime numbers from one to r left sim r in r circ times r right r leftarrow one downarrow iota r here s how to read it from right to left iota creates a vector containing integers from one to r if r six at the beginning of the program iota r is one two three four five six drop first element of this vector downarrow function i e one so one downarrow iota r is two three four five six set r to the vector leftarrow assignment primitive generate
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outer product of r multiplied by r i e a matrix which is the multiplication table of r by r circ timesfunction build a vector the same length as r with one in each place where the corresponding number in r is in the outer product matrix in set inclusion function i e zero zero one zero one logically negate the values in the vector change zeros to ones and ones to zeros sim negation function i e one one zero one zero select the items in r for which the corresponding element is one function i e two three five calculation apl was unique in the speed with which it could perform complex matrix operations for example a very large matrix multiplication would take only a few seconds on a machine which was much less powerful than those today there were some technical and other economic reasons for this advantage commercial interpreters delivered highly tuned linear algebra library routines very low interpretive overhead was incurred per array not per element apl response time compared favorably to the runtimes of early
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optimizing compilers a widely cited paper the apl machine perpetuated the myth that apl made pervasive use of lazy evaluation where calculations would not actually be performed until the results were needed and then only those calculations strictly required although this technique was used by just a few implementations it embodies the language s best survival mechanism not specifying the order of scalar operations even as eventually standardized by x three j one zero apl is so highly data parallel it gives language implementers immense freedom to schedule operations as efficiently as possible as computer innovations such as cache memory and simd execution became commercially available apl programs ported with little extra effort spent re optimizing low level details terminology apl makes a clear distinction between functions and operators functions take values variables or constants or expressions as arguments and return values as results operators take functions as arguments and return related derived funct
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ions as results for example the sum function is derived by applying the reduction operator to the addition function applying the same reduction operator to the ceiling function which returns the larger of two values creates a derived maximum function which returns the largest of a group vector of values in the j language iverson substituted the terms verb and adverb for function and operator apl also identifies those features built into the language and represented by a symbol or a fixed combination of symbols as primitives most primitives are either functions or operators coding apl is largely a process of writing non primitive functions and in some dialects of apl operators however a few primitives are considered to be neither functions nor operators most noticeably assignment character set apl has always been criticized for its choice of a unique non standard character set the fact that those who learn it usually become ardent adherents shows that there is some weight behind iverson s idea that the notatio
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n used does make a difference in the beginning there were few terminal devices which could reproduce the apl character set the most popular ones employing the ibm selectric print mechanism along with a custom type element with the popularization of the unicode standard which contains an apl character set the eternal problem of obtaining the required particular fonts seems poised to go away apl symbols and keyboard layout apl keyboard with special characters note the mnemonics associating an apl character with a letter question mark on q power on p rho on r base value on b encode on n modulus on m and so on this makes it easier for an english language speaker to type apl on a non apl keyboard providing one has visual feedback on one s screen all apl symbols are present in unicode it may be required to significantly reconfigure your browser in order to display unicode fonts see also apl function symbols for a list of built in monadic and dyadic functions and their unicode representation ibm three two seven zero
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keyboard layout for apl usage apl has long had a small but fervent user base it has been particularly popular in financial and insurance applications in simulations and in some mathematical applications but apl has been used in a wide variety of contexts and for many and varied purposes standardization apl has been standardized by the ansi working group x three j one zero and iso iec joint technical committee one subcommittee two two working group three the core apl language is specified in iso eight four eight five one nine eight nine and the extended apl language is specified in iso iec one three seven five one two zero zero one quotes apl in which you can write a program to simulate shuffling a deck of cards and then dealing them out to several players in four characters none of which appear on a standard keyboard david given apl is a mistake carried through to perfection it is the language of the future for the programming techniques of the past it creates a new generation of coding bums edsger dijkstra
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