text
stringlengths 640
1.02k
|
|---|
hold new york isbn zero four four two two seven six seven nine six clark r mollenhoff atanasoff forgotten father of the computer one nine eight eight isbn zero eight one three eight zero zero three two three external links the birth of the abc rebuilding the abc the eniac patent trial honeywell inc honeywell vs sperry rand records one eight four six one nine seven three early computers history of computing one of a kind computers iowa state university the association of c and c users accu is a worldwide organisation of people interested in programming languages originally the association was primarily for c programmers it was then called the cug but it has since added c c java perl and python programmers to its membership the long form of the organisation s name is thus historical and seldom used the name accu is preferred members of accu include professional programmers and companies as well as amateur programmers the association is operated by a volunteer committee which is responsible for the organisation |
of an accu conference each spring in or near oxford as well as the publication of a number of journals the association has two types of membership regular membership provides access to the conferences and the association s principal journal c vu which contains articles letters and book reviews by members advanced membership additionally provides a subscription to overload which is designed for more advanced programmers full time students qualify for membership discounts external links accu official site accu silicon valley chapter c programming language family andrew is an english male s personal name for its meanings etymology pronunciation and translations see wiktionary people commonly known solely by the given name andrew include saint andrew andrew i of hungary andrew ii of hungary prince andrew duke of york things commonly known as andrew include andrew project carnegie mellon university computer project called andrew hurricane andrew a strong hurricane in one nine nine two see also andrea saint andrew |
s cross st andrew s cross spider androgen drew the andes between chile and argentina computer generated image of the andes made from a digital elevation model with a resolution of three zero arcseconds the andes is a vast mountain range forming a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of south america it is roughly seven zero zero zero km four four zero zero miles long five zero zero km three zero zero miles wide in some parts widest between one eight to two zero s latitude and of an average height of about four zero zero zero m one three zero zero zero feet the andean range is composed principally of two great chains separated by a deep intermediate depression in which arise other chains of minor importance the chief of which is chile s cordillera de la costa other small chains arise on the sides of the great chains the cordillera de la costa starts from the southern extremity of the continent and runs in a northerly direction parallel with the coast being broken up at its beginning into a numb |
er of islands and afterwards forming the western boundary of the great central valley of chile to the north this coastal chain continues in small ridges or isolated hills along the pacific ocean as far as venezuela always leaving the same valley more or less visible to the west of the western great chain the mountains extend over seven countries argentina bolivia chile colombia ecuador peru and venezuela the andes range is the highest mountain range outside asia with the highest peak aconcagua rising to six nine five nine m two three zero zero zero feet above sea level the summit of mount chimborazo in the ecuadorean andes is the point on the earth s surface most distant from its center because of the equatorial bulge the andes cannot match the himalaya in height but do so in width and are more than twice as long physical features geology the formation of the andes extends into the paleozoic era when terrane accretion was the dominant process it was during the cretaceous period that the andes began to take th |
eir present form by the uplifting faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east tectonic forces along the subduction zone along the entire west coast of south america where the nazca plate and a part of the antarctic plate are sliding beneath the south american plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day in the extreme south a major transform fault separates tierra del fuego from the small scotia plate across the one zero zero zero km wide drake passage lie the mountains of the antarctic peninsula south of the scotia plate which appear to be a continuation of the andes chain the andes range has many active volcanoes the most famous being cotopaxi one of the highest active volcanos in the world the andes can be divided into three sections the southern andes in argentina and chile the central andes including the chilean and peruvian cordilleras and the northern section in venezuela c |
olombia and northern ecuador consisting of two parallel ranges the cordillera occidental and the cordillera oriental the term cordillera comes from the spanish word meaning rope the andes range is approximately two zero zero three zero zero km wide throughout its length except in the bolivian flexure where it is six four zero km wide climate the climate in the andes varies greatly depending on location altitude proximity to the sea the southern section is rainy and cool the central andes are dry the northern andes are typically rainy and warm with an average temperature of one eight c in colombia the climate is known to change drastically tropical rainforests exist just miles away from the snow covered peak cotopaxi the mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas the snow line depends on the location it is at between four five zero zero four eight zero zero m in the tropical ecuadorian colombian venezuelan and northern peruvian andes rising to four eight zero zero five two zero zero m in |
the drier mountains of southern peru south to northern chile south to about three zero s then descending to four five zero zero m on aconcagua at three two s two zero zero zero m at four zero s five zero zero m at five zero s and only three zero zero m in tierra del fuego at five five s from five zero s several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level google earth images view of the mountains in the countryside just outside of punta arenas chile plant and animal life tropical rainforests encircle the northern andes the cinchona a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria is found in the bolivian andes the high altitude polylepis forests are present in the andean areas of ecuador peru and bolivia the trees que ua yagual quinua and other names that local people use to call them can be found at altitudes of four five zero zero m above sea level once abundant the forests began disappearing during the incan period when much of it was used for building material and cooking fuel the trees are now consider |
ed to be highly endangered with only one zero percent of the original forests remaining the llama can be found living at high altitudes predominantly in the peru and bolivia the alpaca a type of llama is raised for its wool the nocturnal chinchilla an endangered member of the rodent order inhabits the andes alpine regions the south american condor is the largest bird of its kind in the western hemisphere other animals include the guemul puma camelids and for birds the partridge parina huallata and coot llamas and pumas play important roles in many andean cultures the people transportation the people of the andes are not well connected with the city due to the arduous terrain vehicles are discouraged people generally walk to their destinations using the llama as their primary pack animal agriculture the ancient peoples of the andes such as the incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over six zero zero zero years because of the mountain slopes terracing has been a common practice maize and barley were im |
portant crops for these people currently tobacco cotton and coffee are the main export crops the potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed crop by far the most important plant in terms of history and culture is coca the leaves of which have been central to the andean people for centuries coca has been a staple dietary supplement and cornerstone to andean culture throughout much of its history mining mining is quite prosperous in the andes with iron gold silver and copper being the main production minerals the andes are reputed to be one of the most important sources of these minerals in the world peaks this is a partial listing of the major peaks in the andes mountain range typically five km or more in height licancabur bolivia chile llullaillaco chile argentina aconcagua argentina chimborazo ecuador alpamayo peru el misti peru huascar n peru bolivia ancohuma six four two seven m cabaray five eight six zero m chacaltaya five four two one m huayna potos six zero eight eight m illampu six thr |
ee six eight m illimani six four three eight m macizo de larancagua five five two zero m macizo de pacuni five four zero zero m nevado anallajsi five seven five zero m nevado sajama six five four two m patilla pata five three zero zero m tata sabaya five four three zero m bolivia chile cerro minchincha five three zero five m irruputuncu five one six three m licancabur five nine two zero m olca five four zero seven m paruma five four two zero m pomerape six three four eight m chile argentina aconcagua six nine six two m acotango six zero five two m cerro bayo five four zero one m cerro escorial five four four seven m cord n del azufre five four six three m falso azufre five eight nine zero m lastarria five six nine seven m llullaillaco six seven three nine m maipo five two six four m marmolejo six one one zero m ojos del salado six eight nine three m olca five four zero seven m parinacota six three four eight m pissis six seven nine five m sierra nevada de lagunas bravas six one two seven m socompa six zero fi |
ve one m colombia galeras four two seven six m nevado del ruiz five three eight nine m ecuador antisana five seven five three m cayambe five seven nine zero m chimborazo six two six seven m coraz n four seven nine zero m cotopaxi five eight nine seven m el altar five three two zero m illiniza five two four eight m pichincha four seven eight four m reventador three five six two m sangay five two three zero m tungurahua five zero two three m peru alpamayo five nine four seven m carnicero five nine six zero m el misti five eight two two m el toro five eight three zero m huascar n six seven six eight m jirishanca six zero nine four m rasac six zero four zero m rondoy five eight seven zero m sarapo six one two seven m seria norte five eight six zero m siula grande six three four four m yerupaja six six three five m yerupaja chico six zero eight nine m suggested reading external links photoglobe andes around mt mercedario andes geology arizona edu climate and animal life of the andes civilizations of ancient peru m |
ountain ranges mountains of south america ancylopoda is a group of mammals in the perissodactyla that show long curved and cleft claws morphological evidence indicates the ancylopoda diverged from the tapirs rhinoceroses and horses euperissodactyla after the brontotheria however earlier authoritites such as osborn sometimes considered the ancylopoda to be outside perissodactyla or as was popular more recently to be related to brontotheria odd toed ungulates the european anchovy engraulis encrasicholus is a fish somewhat related to the herring anchovies are placed in the family engraulidae it is easily distinguished by its deeply cleft mouth the angle of the gape being behind the eyes the pointed snout extends beyond the lower jaw the fish resembles a sprat in having a forked tail and a single dorsal fin but the body is round and slender the maximum length is eight one eight in anchovies are abundant in the mediterranean and are regularly caught on the coasts of sicily turkey italy france and spain the range o |
f the species also extends along the atlantic coast of europe to the south of norway in winter it is common off devon and cornwall great britain but has not hitherto been caught in such numbers as to be of commercial importance formerly they were caught in large numbers off the coast of the netherlands in summer when they entered the wadden sea and zuider zee after the closing of the zuider zee they were still found in the wadden sea until the one nine six zero s they were also caught in the estuary of the scheldt there is reason to believe that the anchovies found at the western end of the english channel in november and december are those which annually migrated from the zuider zee and scheldt in autumn returning thither in the following spring they were assumed to form an isolated stock for none come up from the south in summer to occupy the english channel though the species is resident on the coast of portugal the explanation appears to be that the shallow and landlocked waters of the zuider zee as well |
as the sea on the dutch coast become raised to a higher temperature in summer than any part of the sea about the british coasts and that therefore anchovies were able to spawn and maintain their numbers in these waters their reproduction and development were first described by a dutch naturalist from observations made on the shores of the zuider zee spawning takes place in june and july and the eggs like those of the majority of marine fishes are buoyant and transparent but they are peculiar in having an elongated sausage like shape instead of being globular they resemble those of the sprat and pilchard in having a segmented yolk and there is no oil globule the larva hatch two or three days after the fertilization of the egg and are minute and transparent in august young specimens one to three in in length have been taken in the zuider zee and these must derived from the spawning of the previous summer there is no evidence to decide the question whether all the young anchovies as well as the adults leave the |
zuider zee in autumn but considering the winter temperature there it is probable that they do the eggs have also been obtained from the bay of naples and near marseilles also off the coast of holland and once at least off the coast of lancashire the occurrence of anchovies in the english channel has been carefully studied at the laboratory of the marine biological association at plymouth they were most abundant in one eight eight nine and one eight nine zero in the former year considerable numbers were taken off dover in drift nets of small mesh used for the capture of sprats in the following december large numbers were taken together with sprats at torquay in november one eight nine zero a thousand of the fish were obtained in two days from the pilchard boats fishing near plymouth these were caught near the eddystone anchovies for alternate meanings see anchor disambiguation a ship s or boat s anchor is used to attach the vessel to the bottom at a specific point there are two primary classes of anchors tempo |
rary and permanent a permanent anchor is often called a mooring and is rarely moved it s quite possible the vessel cannot hoist it aboard but must hire a service to move or maintain it a temporary anchor is usually carried by the vessel and hoisted aboard whenever the vessel is under way an anchor works by resisting the movement force of the vessel which is attached to it there are two primary ways to do this via sheer mass and by hooking into the seabed it may seem logical to think wind and currents are the largest forces an anchor must overcome but actually the vertical movement of waves develop the largest loads and modern anchors are designed to use a combination of technique and shape to resist all these forces a stocked ship s anchor a shankb crownc armd flukee pointf the position at which the armature is attached to the shank is called the crown and the shank is usually fitted with a ring or shackle to attach it to the cable there are many variations and additions to these basic elements for example th |
e whole class of anchors which include a stock such as the fisherman and fluke anchors a permanent anchor on the other hand may come in a wide range of types and has no standard form a slab of rock with an iron staple in it to attach a chain to serves very well as does a chevy long block motor modern moorings may be anchored by sand screws which look and act very much like over sized screws drilled into the seabed or by barbed metal beams pounded in or even driven in with explosives like pilings or a variety of other non mass means of getting a grip on the bottom one method of building a mooring is to use three or more temporary anchors laid out with short lengths of chain attached to a swivel so no matter which direction the vessel moves one or more anchors will be aligned to resist the force an interesting element of anchor jargon is the term under weigh which describes the anchor when it is hanging on the rope not on the bottom this is linked to the term to weigh anchor meaning to lift the anchor from the |
sea bed allowing the ship or boat to move usually an anchor is described as under weigh when it has been broken out of the bottom and is being hauled up to the boat because all the weight of the anchor and rode a term for the chain linking the anchor and the ship are lifted and when lifted from the water it becomes stowed although the terms may be linked under weigh should not be confused with under way which describes a vessel which is moving through the water development the earliest anchors were probably rocks and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the bronze age many modern moorings still rely on a large rock as the primary element of their design it simply works however using pure mass to resist the forces of a storm only works well as a permanent mooring trying to move a large enough rock to another bay is nearly impossible a simple anchor using a pair of wood arms under a rock mass is a primitive anchor which is still in use today the wood arms are pointed to penetrate the bottom an |
d the mass will overcome normal movement forces together they comprise what may have been the first successful attempts to hook into the seabed and use the strength there to prevent a vessel from moving almost all future anchor developments combine these two elements a penetrating point and a reasonable mass in the western world the vast majority of anchors worked on the concept of the grappling hook multiple points on arms such that at least one will be aimed toward the bottom suddenly the concept of the stock a bar placed perpendicular to the hooking arm at the other end of the shank which would roll the anchor over so the point would penetrate the bottom was developed and within a single century became the standard anchor type in the east however another model of anchor had been known for some time which also used a stock but with the stock located at the crown along with the arm this successful model is still built today in virtually unchanged form it also informed such modern designs as the us navy s sto |
ckless mark iv and the fluke style anchor designs of temporary anchors the range of designs is wide but there are actually trends in designs for modern anchors which allow them to be classed as hook plow and fluke types depending on the method by which they set hook designs use a relatively small fluke surface on a heavy narrow arm to penetrate deeply into problematic bottoms such as rocky heavy kelp or eel grass coral or hard sand two of the more common versions of this design are the fisherman and the grapnel plow designs are reminiscent of the antique farm plow and are designed to bury themselves the bottom as force is applied to them and are considered good in most bottom conditions from soft mud to rock north sea designs are actually a variation of a plow in how they work they bury into the bottom using their shape fluke designs use large fluke surfaces to develop very large resistance to loads once they dig into the seabed although they have less ability to penetrate and are designed to reset rather tha |
n turn their light weight makes them very popular in the past two zero years or so many new anchor designs have appeared driven by the popularity of private pleasure boats these anchors are usually designed for small to medium sized vessels and are usually not appropriate for large ships see modern designs fisherman a fisherman style anchor suspended against the bows a traditional design the fisherman also known as a kedge is familiar to people who ve never used an anchor the design is a non burying type with one arm penetrating the seabed and the other standing proud the anchor is popular as the ultimate storm anchor and has a good reputation for use in rock hard bottoms and kelp or eel grass covered bottoms the three piece versions can be stowed quite compactly and most versions include a folding stock so the anchor may be stowed flat on deck medieval kedge with double stock ca one four six five the primary weakness of the design is its ability to foul the cable over changing tides once fouled the anchor is |
likely to drag in comparison tests the fisherman design developed much less resistance than other anchors of similar weight it is difficult to bring aboard without scarring the topsides and does not stow in a hawse pipe or over an anchor roller fluke a fluke style anchor the most common commercial brand is the danforth which is sometimes used as a generic name for the class the fluke style uses a stock at the crown to which two large flat surfaces are attached the stock is hinged so the flukes can orient toward the bottom and on some designs may be adjusted for an optimal angle depending on the bottom type the design is a burying variety and once well set can develop an amazing amount resistance its light weight and compact flat design make it easy to retrieve and relatively easy to store some anchor rollers and hawse pipes can accommodate a fluke style anchor a few high performance designs are available such as the fortress which are lighter in weight for a given area and in tests have shown better than ave |
rage results the fluke anchor has difficulty penetrating kelp and weed covered bottoms as well as rocky and particularly hard sand or clay bottoms if there is much current or the vessel is moving while dropping the anchor it may kite or skate over the bottom due to the large fluke area acting as a sail or wing once set the anchor tends to break out and reset when the direction of force changes dramatically such as with the changing tide and on some occasions it might not reset but instead drag grapnel a grapnel style anchor a traditional design the grapnel style is simple to design and build it has a benefit in that no matter how it reaches the bottom one or more tines will be aimed to set the design is a non burying variety with one or more tines digging in and the remainder above the seabed in coral it is often able to set quickly by hooking into the structure but may be more difficult to retrieve a grapnel is often quite light and may have additional uses as a tool to recover gear lost overboard its weight |
also makes it relatively easy to bring aboard grapnels rarely have enough fluke area to develop much hold in sand clay or mud it is not unknown for the anchor to foul on its own rode or to foul the tines with refuse from the bottom preventing it from digging in it is quite possible for this anchor to find such a good hook that without a trip line it is impossible to retrieve the shape is generally not very compact and is difficult to stow although there are a few collapsing designs available north sea small boat version of the popular bruce designed originally for anchoring floating oil derricks in the north sea this versatile design has become a popular option for smaller boaters as well the burying design acts similarly to a large scoop and is known for the speed with which it digs in although not an articulated design it has the reputation of not breaking out with tide or wind changes instead slowly turning in the bottom to align with the force some versions of the design such as the bruce are reputed to |
be easy to retrieve once broken out of the bottom and some anchor rollers can accommodate their shank north sea designs may have difficulty penetrating weedy bottoms rock and coral they can be particularly difficult to break out although they can be got aboard without scarring the topsides they take up an inordinate amount of locker space they cannot be used with hawse pipes a cqr anchor plow several companies produce a plow style design and they are particularly popular with cruising sailors plows are generally good in all bottoms but not exceptional in any the cqr design has a hinged shank allowing the anchor to turn with direction changes rather than breaking out and also arranged to force the point of the plow into the bottom if the anchor lands on its side another commercial design the delta uses an unhinged shank and a plow with specific angles to develop very similar performance both can be stored in some anchor roller designs the plow is heavier than the average for the amount of resistance developed |
and may take slightly longer pull to set thoroughly it cannot be stored in a hawse pipe modern designs the new zealand designed rocna is an example of modern anchor design in recent years there has been something of a spurt in anchor design primarily designed to set very quickly then generate superior holding power these anchors mostly proprietary inventions still under patent are finding homes with users of small to medium sized vessels the german designed b gel has a sharp tip for penetrating weed and features a roll bar which orients the anchor to the correct attitude on the seabed the bulwagga is a unique design featuring three flukes instead of the regular two it has performed well in tests by independent sources such as american boating magazine practical sailor manufacturer s website the spade is a french design particularly popular with sailors although relatively expensive it performs well and features a demountable shank and optional aluminium construction which means a lighter and more easily stowa |
ble anchor the new zealand designed rocna is a new anchor gaining popularity amongst cruisers it too features a sharp toe for penetrating weed and grass and has a particularly large fluke area its roll bar is similar to that of the b gel and means the correct setting attitude is achieved without the need for extra weight to be inserted into the tip an inefficiency common in other anchor types manufacturer s website designs of permanent anchors these are used where the vessel is permanently sited for example in the case of lightvessels or channel marker buoys the anchor needs to hold the vessel in all weathers including the most severe storm but only occasionally or never needs to be lifted only for example if the vessel is to be towed into port for maintenance an alternative to using an anchor under these circumstances may be to use a pile driven into the seabed mushroom the mushroom anchor is suitable where the seabed is composed of silt or fine sand it was invented by robert stevenson for use by an eight tw |
o ton converted fishing boat pharos which was used as a lightvessel between one eight zero seven and one eight one zero near to bell rock whilst the lighthouse was being constructed it was equipped with a one five ton example it is shaped like an inverted mushroom the head becoming buried in the silt a counterweight is often provided at the other end of the shank to lay it down before it becomes buried a mushroom anchor will normally sink in the silt to the point where it has displaced its own weight in bottom material these anchors are only suitable for a silt or mud bottom since they rely upon suction and cohesion of the bottom material which rocky or coarse sand bottoms lack the holding power of this anchor is at best about twice its weight unless it becomes buried when it can be as much as ten times its weight they are available in sizes from about one zero lb up to several tons deadweight this is an anchor which relies solely on being a heavy weight it is usually just a large block of concrete or stone a |
t the end of the chain its holding power is equal to its weight underwater i e taking its buoyancy into account regardless of the type of seabed although suction can increase this if it becomes buried consequently deadweight anchors are used where mushroom anchors are unsuitable for example in rock gravel or coarse sand an advantage of a deadweight anchor over a mushroom is that if it does become dragged then it continues to provide its original holding force the disadvantage of using deadweight anchors in conditions where a mushroom anchor could be used is that it needs to be around ten times the weight of the equivalent mushroom anchor anchoring techniques naval anchor incorporated into hmas canberra one nine two seven memorial canberra australia heaving an anchor over the side is not good enough there are several elements to anchor gear to be considered and there are techniques to ensure a good set this article can discuss some of this information but it is by no means a treatise for safe anchoring anchori |
ng gear the elements of anchoring gear include the anchor the cable also called a rode the method of attaching the two together the method of attaching the cable to the ship charts and a method of learning the depth of the water charts are vital to good anchoring knowing the location of potential dangers as well as being useful in estimating the effects of weather and tide in the anchorage is essential in choosing a good place to drop the hook one can get by without referring to charts but they are an important tool and a part of good anchoring gear and a skilled mariner would not choose to anchor without them the depth of water is necessary for determining scope which is the ratio of length of cable to the depth measured from the highest point usually the anchor roller or bow chock to the seabed for example if the water is two five ft eight m deep and the anchor roller is three ft one m above the water the scope is the ratio between the amount of cable let out and two eight ft nine m for this reason it is im |
portant to have a reliable and accurate method of measuring the depth of water a cable or rode is the rope chain or combination thereof used to connect the anchor to the vessel neither rope nor chain is fundamentally superior as a cable or there would not be continued argument over the issue each has its strengths and its weaknesses and it is not the purpose of this article to address these anchoring the four primary questions to be considered before actually anchoring is the anchorage protected is the seabed good holding ground what is the depth tidal range and the current tide state is there enough room is the anchorage protected a good anchorage offers protection from the current weather conditions and will also offer protection from the expected weather you should also consider if the anchorage will be suitable for other purposes for example can you get safely to shore in your dinghy if that is one of your goals and keep in mind comfort a rolly harbor is no fun is the seabed good holding ground you should |
have charts to indicate the kind of bottom as well as a tool such as a sounding lead to collect a sample from the bottom generally speaking most anchors will hold well in sandy mud mud and clay or firm sand loose sand and soft mud are not desirable bottoms and especially soft mud which should be avoided if at all possible rock coral and shale prevent anchors from digging in although some anchors are designed to hook into such a bottom grassy bottoms may be good holding but only if the anchor can penetrate the bottom what is the depth tidal range and the current tide state if your anchorage is affected by tide you need to know the tide range and the times of high and low water you need enough depth for your vessel throughout the range it might swing at low tide not just where you drop the anchor this is also important when determining scope which should be figured for high tide and not the current tide state is there enough room if your anchorage is affected by tide you should keep in mind that the swing rang |
e will be larger at low tide than at high tide however no matter where you anchor you need to consider what the larges possible swing range will be and what obstacles and hazards might be within that range keep in mind that other vessels in the anchorage may have a swing range which can overlap yours boats on permanent moorings or shorter scope may not swing as far as you expect them to or may swing either more rapidly or more slowly than your vessel all chain cables tend to swing more slowly than all rope or chain and rope cables there are techniques of anchoring to limit the swing of a vessel if the anchorage has limited room methods the basic anchoring consists of determining the location dropping the anchor laying out the scope setting the hook and assessing where the vessel ends up after figuring out on the chart where a desirable location would be the vessel need to actually see what the situation is like there may be other boats who thought that would be a good spot or weather conditions are different |
than expected or even additional hazards not noted on the chart which make a planned location undesirable if the location is good the location to drop the anchor should be approached from down wind or down current whichever is stronger as the chosen spot is approached the vessel should be stopped or even beginning to drift back the anchor should be lowered quickly but under control until it is on the bottom the vessel should continue to drift back and the cable should be veered out under control so it will be relatively straight once the desired scope is laid out a minimum of eight one for setting the anchor and five one for holding though the preferred ratio is one zero one for both setting and holding power the vessel should be gently forced astern usually using the auxiliary motor but possibly by backing a sail a hand on the anchor line may telegraph a series of jerks and jolts indicating the anchor is dragging or a smooth tension indicative of digging in as the anchor begins to dig in and resist backward |
force the engine may be throttled up to get a thorough set if the anchor continues to drag or sets after having dragged to far it should be retrieved and moved back to the desired position or another location chosen with the anchor set in the correct location everything should be reconsidered is the location protected now and for the forecast weather is the bottom a suitable holding ground and is the anchor the right one for this type of bottom is there enough depth both now and at low tide especially at low tide but also at all tide states is there enough room for the boat to swing will another vessel swing into us or will we swing into another vessel when the tide or wind changes some other techniques have been developed to reduce swing or to deal with heavy weather forked moor bow and stern bahamian moor backing an anchor forked moor using two anchors set approximately four five apart or wider angles up to nine zero from the bow is a strong mooring for facing into strong winds to set anchors in this way fi |
rst one anchor is set in the normal fashion then taking in on the first cable as the boat is motored into the wind and letting slack while drifting back a second anchor is set approximately a half scope away from the first on a line perpendicular to the wind after this second anchor is set the scope on the first is taken up until the vessel is lying between the two anchors and the load is taken equally on each cable this moor also to some degree limits the range of a vessel s swing to a narrower oval care should be taken that other vessels will not swing down on the boat due to the limited swing range bow and stern not to be mistaken with the bahamian moor below in the bow and stern technique an anchor is set off each the bow and the stern which can severely limit a vessel s swing range and also align it to steady wind current or wave conditions one method of accomplishing this moor is to set a bow anchor normally then drop back to the limit of the bow cable or to double the desired scope e g eight one if the |
eventual scope should be four one one zero one if the eventual scope should be five one etc to lower a stern anchor by taking up on the bow cable the stern anchor can be set after both anchors are set tension is taken up on both cables to limit the swing or to align the vessel bahamian moor similar to the above a bahamian moor is used to sharply limit the swing range of a vessel but allows it to swing to a current one of the primary characteristics of this technique is the use of a swivel as follows the first anchor is set normally and the vessel drops back to the limit of anchor cable a second anchor is attached to the end of the anchor cable and is dropped and set a swivel is attached to the middle of the anchor cable and the vessel connected to that the vessel will now swing in the middle of two anchors which is acceptable in strong reversing currents but a wind perpendicular to the current may break out the anchors as they are not aligned for this load backing an anchor also known as tandem anchors in th |
is technique two anchors are shackled to a single cable running crown to shank with the leading anchor holding the cable down and the tension between the anchors taking load off this technique can develop great holding power and has been used in ultimate storm circumstances it does not limit swinging range and might not be appropriate for crowded anchorages kedging kedging is a technique for moving or turning a ship by using a relatively light anchor known as a kedge it was of particular relevance to sailing warships which used them to out manoeuvre opponents when the wind had dropped but might be used by any vessel in confined shoal water to place it in a more desirable position provided she had enough manpower references edwards fred sailing as a second language an illustrated dictionary one nine eight eight highmark publishing isbn zero eight seven seven four two nine six five zero hinz earl r the complete book of anchoring and mooring rev two d ed one nine eight six one nine nine four two zero zero one co |
rnell maritime press isbn zero eight seven zero three three five three nine one hiscock eric c cruising under sail second edition one nine six five oxford university press isbn zero one nine two one seven five two two x pardey lin and larry the capable cruiser one nine nine five pardey boooks paradise cay publications isbn zero nine six four six zero three six two four rousmaniere john the annapolis book of seamanship one nine eight three one nine eight nine simon and schuster isbn zero six seven one six seven four four seven one smith everrett cruising world s guide to seamanship hold me tight one nine nine two new york times sports leisure magazines external links north star marine supplies popular online anchoring store inamar recommendations for safe moorings lightship anchors a process of evolution an essay on boat anchors by new zealand boatbuilder offshore cruiser consultant peter smith the titanic task that put the town on the map titanics centre anchor all about the anchor some good photos history of |
netherton nautical terms ship construction sailing ship elements for the province of iraq see al anbar anbar originally called firuz shapur or perisapora a town founded about ad three five zero by shapur sapor ii sassanid king of persia on the east bank of the euphrates just south of the nahr isa or sakhlawieh canal the northernmost of the canals connecting that river with the tigris in lat three three deg two two n long four three deg four nine e it was captured and destroyed by the emperor julian in a d three six three but speedily rebuilt it became a refuge for the christian and jewish colonies of that region and there are said to have been nine zero zero zero zero jews in the place at the time of its capture by ali ibn abi talib in six five seven the arabs changed the name of the town to anbar granaries abu al abbas as saffah the founder of the abbasid caliphate made it his capital and such it remained until the founding of baghdad in seven six two it continued to be a place of much importance throughout |
the abbasid period but now it is now entirely deserted occupied only by ruin mounds their great extent indicates the former importance of the city references anazarbus med ain zarba mod anavarza was an ancient cilician city situated in anatolia in modern turkey in the aleian plain about one zero miles west of the main stream of the pyramus river jihun and near its tributary the sempas su a lofty isolated ridge formed its acropolis though some of the masonry in the ruins is certainly pre roman the suda s identification of it with cyinda famous as a treasure city in the wars of eumenes of cardia cannot be accepted in the face of strabo s express location of cyinda in western cilicia under the early roman empire the place was known as caesarea and was the metropolis of cilicia secunda rebuilt by the emperor justin i after an earthquake it became justinopolis five two five but the old native name persisted and when thoros i king of lesser armenia made it his capital early in the one two th century it was known a |
s anazarva its great natural strength and situation not far from the mouth of the sis pass and near the great road which debouched from the cilician gates made anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the byzantine empire and the early muslim invaders it had been rebuilt by harun al rashid in seven nine six refortified at great expense by saif ad daula the hamdanid one zero th century and sacked and ruined by the crusaders the present wall of the lower city is of late construction probably armenian it encloses a mass of ruins conspicuous in which are a fine triumphal arch the colonnades of two streets a gymnasium etc a stadium and a theatre lie outside on the south the remains of the acropolis fortifications are very interesting including roads and ditches hewn in the rock but beyond ruins of two churches and a fine tower built by thoros i there are no notable structures in the upper town for picturesqueness the site is not equalled in cilicia and it is worthwhile to trace the three fine aq |
ueducts to their sources a visit in december two zero zero two showed that the three aqueducts mentioned above have been nearly completely destroyed only small isolated sections are left standing with the largest portion lying in a pile of rubble that stretches the length of where the aqueducts once stood a powerful earthquake that struck the area in one nine four five is thought to be responsible for the destruction anatolia an anagram greek ana back or again and graphein to write is a type of word play the result of rearranging the letters of a word or phrase to produce other words using all the original letters exactly once anagrams are often expressed in the form of an equation with the equals symbol separating the original subject and the resulting anagram earth heart is an example of a simple anagram expressed so in a more advanced sophisticated form of anagramming the aim is to discover a result that has a linguistic meaning that defines or comments on the original subject in a humorous or ironic way e |
g roll in the hay thrill a honey discovered by tony crafter when the subject and the resulting anagram form a complete sentence a tilde is used instead of an equal sign e g semolina is no meal history the construction of anagrams is an amusement of great antiquity jews are often credited with the invention of anagrams probably because later hebrew writers particularly kabbalists were fond of it asserting that secret mysteries are woven in the numbers of letters anagrams were known to the greeks and also to the romans although the known latin examples of words of more than one syllable are nearly all imperfect the romans called the art of finding anagrams the ars magna great art interestingly ars magna is a perfect anagram of the word anagrams they were popular throughout europe during the middle ages indeed the right to lampoon royalty and politicians via anagram was enshrined in english law in one two one five when king john albeit under duress signed the magna carta magna carta anagram act at runnymede in |
surrey and later particularly in france where an anagrammatist to the king was appointed by louis xiii w camden remains seven th ed one six seven four defines anagrammatisme as a dissolution of a name truly written into his letters as his elements and a new connection of it by artificial transposition without addition subtraction or change of any letter into different words making some perfect sense applyable i e applicable to the person named dryden disdainfully called the pastime the torturing of one poor word ten thousand ways but many men and women of note have found amusement in it a well known anagram is the change of ave maria gratia plena dominus tecum hail mary full of grace the lord is with you into virgo serena pia munda et immaculata bright virgin pious clean and spotless among others are the anagrammatic answer to pilate s question quid est veritas what is truth namely est vir qui adest it is the man who is here and the transposition of horatio nelson into honor est a nilo latin honor is from the |
nile and of florence nightingale into flit on cheering angel james i s courtiers discovered in james stuart a just master and converted charles james stuart into claimes arthur s seat eleanor audeley wife of sir john davies is said to have been brought before the high commission in one six three four for extravagances stimulated by the discovery that her name could be transposed to reveale o daniel and to have been laughed out of court by another anagram submitted by the dean of the arches dame eleanor davies never soe mad a ladie numerical anagrams numerical anagrams use roman numerals within words these numeral letters taken together according to their numerical values express some epoch such as the year of an event an example of this kind is a distich of godart on the birth of the french king louis xiv which occurred in the year one six three eight on a day wherein there was an astrological conjunction of the eagle with the lion s heart e x or i ens d e l ph i n aq vil c or di sq v e l eon i s c ongress v |
ga ll os spe l t i t i aq v e refe ci t this roughly translates to on the conjunction of the eagle and the heart of the lion the new dauphin brings hope and happiness to the french the highlighted roman numerals sum to one six three eight pseudonyms the pseudonyms adopted by authors are often transposed forms more or less exact of their names thus calvinus becomes alcuinus v u francois rabelais alcofribas nasier arrigo boito tobia gorrio edward gorey ogdred weary vladimir nabokov vivian darkbloom vivian bloodmark or dorian vivalcomb bryan waller proctor barry cornwall poet henry rogers r e h greyson sanche de gramont ted morgan and so on it is to be noted that several of these are imperfect anagrams letters having been left out in some cases for the sake of easy pronunciation telliamed a simple reversal is the title of a well known work by de maillet one of the most remarkable pseudonyms of this class is the name voltaire which the celebrated philosopher assumed instead of his family name fran ois marie arou |
et and which is now generally allowed to be an anagram of arouet le jeune that is arouet the younger anagramming may also be used to good effect in farce or parody a writer might take an unpleasant person he knows base a character in a book on him and then transpose the letters in the source s name for example controversial israeli prime minister ariel sharon might be satirized as say local greengrocer leon a shirra a rather inventive way to avoid a libel lawsuit anagrams have also shown up in rock music the doors lead singer jim morrison invoked his name as mr mojo risin on the song l a woman the band sad caf released an album called facades blur singer damon albarn uses the name dan abnormal for the title of a song on the great escape and all of the band adopt anagramed pseudonyms for the music video of m o r the new wave band missing persons recorded an album called spring session m and guns n roses lead singer axl rose s stage name is an anagram of oral sex astronomy perhaps the only practical use to whic |
h anagrams have been turned is to be found in the transpositions in which some of the astronomers of the one seven th century embodied their discoveries with the design apparently of avoiding the risk that while they were engaged in further verification the credit of what they had found out might be claimed by others thus galileo announced his discovery that venus had phases like the moon in the form haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur oy latin this immature feminine one has already been read in vain by me oy with a subject verb number agreement error that is cynthiae figuras aemulatur mater amorum latin the mother of loves venus imitates the figures of cynthia the moon similarly when robert hooke discovered hooke s law in one six six zero he first published it in anagram form one might think of this as a primitive example of a zero knowledge proof there are also a few natural anagrams english words unconsciously created by switching letters around the french chaise longue long chair became the american c |
haise lounge by metathesis transposition of letters and or sounds this is an example of folk etymology it has also been speculated that the english curd comes from the latin crudus raw methods before the computer age anagrams were constructed using a pen and paper or lettered tiles by playing with letter combinations and experimenting with variations some individuals with prodigious talent have also been known to see anagrams in words unaided by tools computers have enabled a new method of creating anagrams the anagram server an anagram server utilizes an exhaustive database of words the anagrammist one who creates anagrams enters a word or phrase into the server s search engine and the server produces a list containing every possible combination of words or phrases from the input word or phrase anagram servers use advanced features to control the search results by excluding or including certain words limiting the number or length of words in each anagram or limiting the number of results when sharing their n |
ewly discovered anagrams with other enthusiasts some anagrammists indicate the method they used anagrams constructed without aid of a computer are noted as having been done manually or by hand those made by utilizing a computer may be noted by machine or by computer or may indicate the name of the computer program using anagram genius anagram servers are available on the internet some examples are internet anagram server anagram genius anagram logic anagram finder arrak anagrams there is also software to download and run locally such as fourmilab anagram finder anagram artist crosswords cryptic crossword puzzles frequently use anagrammatic clues usually indicating that they are anagrams by the inclusion of a word like confused or in disarray an example would be businessman burst into tears nine letters the solution stationer is an anagram of into tears the letters of which have burst out of their original arrangement to form the name of a type of businessman what is the most anagrammable name on record there |
must be few names as deliciously workable as that of augustus de morgan who tells that a friend had constructed about eight zero zero on his name specimens of which are given in his budget of paradoxes p eight two see also list of anagrams anagram indicators anagramatic poem the board game anagrams ambigram blanagram the da vinci code a book by dan brown palindrome pangram constrained writing letter bank dave barry literary to be or not to be that is the question whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune in one of the bard s best thought of tragedies our insistent hero hamlet queries on two fronts about how life turns rotten discovered by cory calhoun ivanhoe by sir walter scott a novel by a scottish writer rocket boys october sky the restaurant at the end of the universe of arthur dent never the enthusiast e eats tom marvolo riddle lord voldemort s real name i am lord voldemort in the novel and the film of harry potter by j k rowling references anagram from maddox s |
webpage external links anagram oriented towards scrabble anagrams long and short anagram genius software plus archive of thousands of example anagrams the anagrammed bible proverbs ecclesiastes song of solomon isbn zero nine seven zero two one four eight zero four internet anagram server i rearrangement servant the anagrammy awards anagram finder fourmilab ch anagram logic anagram finder anagram site anapad is a special text editor for anagrammatists people who make anagrams it is particularly useful for anagramming long texts such as poems puzzles surrealist games word games word play anadyr is a river in the extreme northeast of siberia russia the river taking its rise in the stanovoi mountains as the ivashki or ivachno about six seven n latitude and one seven three e longitude flows through the chukotka at first southwest and then east and enters the gulf of anadyr after a course of about five zero zero miles the country through which it passes is thinly populated and is dominated by tundra which is rich |
with a variety of plant life much of the region is folded in rugged mountains and is a beautiful landscape for nine months of the year the ground is covered with snow and the frozen rivers become navigable roads reindeer upon which the inhabitants subsist were once found in considerable numbers but the domestic reindeer population has collapsed dramatically since the reorganization and privatization of state run collective farms beginning in one nine nine two as herds of domestic reindeer have declined herds of wild caribou have increased see also anadyr town operation anadyr references rivers of russia andr marie amp re january two zero one seven seven five june one zero one eight three six was a french physicist who is generally credited as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism the ampere unit of measurement of electric current is named after him early days amp re was born in lyon near his father s country house in poleymieux and as a child prodigy took a passionate delight in the pursuit of knowl |
edge from his very infancy and is reported to have worked out long arithmetical sums by means of pebbles and biscuit crumbs before he knew the figures his father began to teach him latin but ceased on discovering the boy s greater inclination and aptitude for mathematical studies the young amp re however soon resumed his latin lessons to enable him to master the works of euler and bernoulli in later life he was accustomed to say that he knew as much about mathematics when he was eighteen as ever he knew but a polymath his reading embraced nearly the whole round of knowledge history travels poetry philosophy and the natural sciences in one seven nine six he met julie carron and an attachment sprang up between them in one seven nine nine they were married from about one seven nine six amp re gave private lessons at lyons in mathematics chemistry and languages and in one eight zero one he removed to bourg as professor of physics and chemistry leaving his ailing wife and infant son jean jacques amp re at lyon she |
died in one eight zero four and he never recovered from her death in the same year he was appointed professor of mathematics at the lyc e of lyon contributions to physics and further studies jean baptiste joseph delambre s recommendation obtained for him the lyon appointment and afterwards one eight zero four a subordinate position in the polytechnic school at paris where he was appointed professor of mathematics in one eight zero nine here he continued to pursue his scientific research and his diverse studies with unabated diligence he was admitted as a member of the institute in one eight one four amp re s fame mainly rests on the service that he rendered to science in establishing the relations between electricity and magnetism and in developing the science of electromagnetism or as he called it electrodynamics on september one one one eight two zero he heard of h c rsted s discovery that a magnetic needle is acted on by a voltaic current only a week later on september one eight he presented a paper to th |
e academy containing a far more complete exposition of that and kindred phenomena legacy and final days the whole field thus opened up he explored with characteristic industry and care and developed a mathematical theory which not only explained the electromagnetic phenomena already observed but also predicted many new ones he died at marseille and is buried in the cimeti re de montmartre paris the great amiability and childlike simplicity of amp re s character are well brought out in his journal et correspondance paris one eight seven two forty five years later mathematicians recognized him references external links www ampere cnrs fr ampere and the history of electricity correspondence bibliography experiments simulations etc edited by cnrs france one seven seven five births one eight three six deaths electrostatics french physicists alumni of the cole polytechnique alternate meanings amoeboid amoebozoa for the operating system see amoeba distributed operating system for the record store see amoeba music am |
oeba also spelled ameba is a genus of protozoa that moves by means of temporary projections called pseudopods and is well known as a representative unicellular organism the word amoeba is variously used to refer to it and its close relatives now grouped as the amoebozoa or to all protozoa that move using pseudopods otherwise termed amoeboids see those pages for further information amoeba itself is found in freshwater typically on decaying vegetation from streams but is not especially common in nature however because of the ease with which they may be obtained and kept in the lab they are common objects of study both as representative protozoa and to demonstrate cell structure and function the cells have several lobose pseudopods with one large tubular pseudopod at the anterior and several secondary ones branching to the sides the most famous species a proteus is seven zero zero eight zero zero m in length but many others are much smaller each has a single nucleus and a simple contractile vacuole which maintai |
ns its osmotic pressure as its most recognizable features early naturalists referred to amoeba as the proteus animalcule after a greek god who could change his shape the name amibe was given to it by bery st vincent from the greek amoibe meaning change a good method of collecting amoeba is to lower a jar upside down until it is just above the sediment surface then slowly let air escape so the top layer will be sucked into the jar try not to allow deeper sediment get sucked in you can slowly move the jar when tilting it so you collect from a larger area if no amoeba are found one can try introducing some rice grains into the jar and waiting for them to start to rot the bacteria eating the rice will be eaten by the amoeba thus increasing the population and making them easier to find amoeba in popular culture the north american writer tom robbins states in the preface to his book even cowgirls get the blues that amoebas are cool because they reproduce by binary fission so the first amoeba is still alive to this |
day in the one nine eight four computer game boulder dash rockford the main character is chased all the time by a constantly growing amoeba in certain places of brazil the term amoeba in its portuguese form ameba is used as a derogatory slang for slow obtuse person external links wikibooks compare size of cells amoeba info protistaamoeboidsamoebozoa ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula nh three at standard temperature and pressure ammonia is a gas it is toxic and corrosive to some materials and has a characteristic pungent odor an ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramid shape as would be expected from vsepr theory this shape gives the molecule an overall dipole moment and makes it polar so that ammonia very readily dissolves in water the nitrogen atom in the molecule has a lone electron pair and ammonia acts as a base that means that when in aqueous solution it can take a proton from water this produces a hydroxide anion and an ammonium cation nh four which has the shape of a regula |
r tetrahedron the degree to which ammonia forms the ammonium ion depends on the ph of the solution at physiological ph seven about nine nine of the ammonia molecules are protonated the main uses of ammonia are in the production of fertilizers explosives and polymers it is also an ingredient in certain household glass cleaners ammonia is found in small quantities in the atmosphere being produced from the putrefaction of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater while ammonium chloride sal ammoniac and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts crystals of ammonium bicarbonate have been found in patagonian guano ammonium salts also are found distributed through all fertile soil and in seawater substances containing ammonia or that are similar to it are called ammoniacal history salts of ammonia have been known from very early times thus the term hammoniacus sal appears in the writings of pliny although it is not known whether the ter |
m is identical with the more modern sal ammoniac in the form of sal ammoniac ammonia was known to the alchemists as early as the one three th century being mentioned by albertus magnus it was also used by dyers in the middle ages in the form of fermented urine to alter the colour of vegetable dyes in the one five th century basilius valentinus showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalis on sal ammoniac at a later period when sal ammoniac was obtained by distilling the hoofs and horns of oxen and neutralizing the resulting carbonate with hydrochloric acid the name spirit of hartshorn was applied to ammonia gaseous ammonia was first isolated by joseph priestley in one seven seven four and was termed by him alkaline air in one seven seven seven karl wilhelm scheele showed that it contained nitrogen and claude louis berthollet in about one seven eight five ascertained its composition the haber process to produce ammonia from the nitrogen contained in the air was developed by fritz haber and car |
l bosch in one nine zero nine and patented in one nine one zero it was first used on an industrial scale by the germans during world war i the ammonia was used to produce explosives to sustain their war effort synthesis and production because of its many uses ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals today nh three is manufactured by the haber process in this process n two and h two combine in the presence of an iron catalyst at a pressure of two zero zero bar two zero mpa three zero zero zero lbf in and a temperature of five zero zero c a molybdenum promoter may also be used n two three h two two nh three compared to older methods the feedstocks of the haber process are relatively inexpensive nitrogen makes up seven eight of the atmosphere while hydrogen is produced in situ from ch four thus the industrial process entails heating air and natural gas a by product is co two before the start of wwi most ammonia was obtained by the dry distillation of nitrogenous vegetable and animal product |
s by the reduction of nitrous acid and nitrites with hydrogen and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by alkaline hydroxides or by quicklime the salt most generally used being the chloride sal ammoniac thus two nh four cl two cao cacl two ca oh two two nh three it can also been obtained by the hydrolysis of many metal nitrides for example mg three n two six h two o three mg oh two two nh three biosynthesis ammonia is produced from atmospheric n two by enzymes called nitrogenases the overall process is called nitrogen fixation although it is unlikely that biomimetic methods will be developed that are competitive with the haber process intense effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation the scientific interest in this problem is motivated by the unusual structure of the active site of the enzyme which consists of an fe seven mos nine ensemble ammonia is also a metabolic product of amino acid deamination in humans it is quickly converted to urea which is mu |
ch less toxic this urea is a major component of the dry weight of urine properties ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell it is lighter than air its density being zero five eight nine times that of air it is easily liquefied and the liquid boils at three three seven c and solidifies at seven five c to a mass of white crystals liquid ammonia possesses strong ionizing powers two two and solutions of salts in liquid ammonia have been much studied liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vaporization two three three five kj mol c f water four zero six five kj mol methane eight one nine kj mol phosphine one four six kj mol and can therefore be used in laboratories in non insulated vessels at room temperature even though it is well above its boiling point it is miscible with water all the ammonia contained in an aqueous solution of the gas may be expelled by boiling the aqueous solution of ammonia is basic the maximum concentration of ammonia in water a saturated solution |
has a density of zero eight eight zero g cm three and is often known as eight eight zero ammonia it does not sustain combustion and it does not burn readily unless mixed with oxygen when it burns with a pale yellowish green flame at high temperature and in the presence of a suitable catalyst ammonia is decomposed into its constituent elements chlorine catches fire when passed into ammonia forming nitrogen and hydrochloric acid unless the ammonia is present in excess the highly explosive nitrogen trichloride ncl three is also formed the ammonia molecule readily undergoes nitrogen inversion at normal pressures that is to say that the nitrogen atom passes through the plane of the three hydrogen atoms as if it were an umbrella turning inside out in a strong wind the energy barrier to this inversion is two four seven kj mol in ammonia and the resonance frequency is two three seven nine ghz corresponding to microwave radiation of a wavelength of one two six zero cm the absorption at this frequency was the first mic |
rowave spectrum to be observed c e cleeton h williams one nine three four formation of salts one of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its power of combining directly with acids to form salts thus with hydrochloric acid it forms ammonium chloride sal ammoniac with nitric acid ammonium nitrate etc however perfectly dry ammonia will not combine with perfectly dry hydrogen chloride moisture being necessary to bring about the reaction nh three hcl nh four cl the salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the and all contain the ammonium ion nh four acidity although ammonia is well known as a base it can also act as an extremely weak acid it is a protic substance and is capable of dissociation into the amide nh two ion for example when solid lithium nitride is added to liquid ammonia forming a lithium amide solution li three n s two nh three l three li am three nh two am this is a bronsted lowry acid base reaction in which ammonia is acting as an acid formation of other compounds a |
mmonia can act as a nucleophile in substitution reactions amines can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides although the resulting nh two group is also nucleophilic and secondary and tertiary amines are often formed as by products using an excess of ammonia helps minimise multiple substitution and neutralises the hydrogen halide formed methylamine is prepared commercially by the reaction of ammonia with chloromethane and the reaction of ammonia with two bromopropanoic acid has been used to prepare racemic alanine in seven zero yield ethanolamine is prepared by a ring opening reaction with ethylene oxide the reaction is sometimes allowed to go further to produce diethanolamine and triethanolamine amides can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with a number of carboxylic acid derivatives acyl chlorides are the most reactive but the ammonia must be present in at least a two fold excess to neutralise the hydrogen chloride formed esters and anhydrides also react with ammonia to form amides ammo |
nium salts of carboxylic acids can be dehydrated to amides so long as there are no thermally sensitive groups present temperatures of one five zero two zero zero c are required the hydrogen in ammonia is capable of replacement by metals thus magnesium burns in the gas with the formation of magnesium nitride mg three n two and when the gas is passed over heated sodium or potassium sodamide nanh two and potassamide knh two are formed where necessary in substitutive nomenclature iupac recommendations prefer the name azane to ammonia hence chloramine would be named chloroazane in substitutive nomenclature not chloroammonia ammonia as a ligand ammonia can act as a ligand in transition metal complexes it is a pure donor in the middle of the spectrochemical series and shows intermediate hard soft behaviour for historical reasons ammonia is named ammine in the nomenclature of coordination compounds some notable ammine complexes include hexamminecopper ii cu nh three six two a characteristic dark blue complex formed b |
y adding ammonia to solution of copper ii salts diamminesilver i ag nh three two the active species in tollens reagent formation of this complex can also help to distinguish between precipitates of the different silver halides agcl is soluble in dilute two m ammonia solution agbr is only soluble in concentrated ammonia solution while agi is insoluble in aqueous solution of ammonia ammine complexes of chromium iii were known in the late one nine th century and formed the basis of alfred werner s theory of coordination compounds werner noted that only two isomers fac and mer of the complex crcl three nh three three could be formed and concluded that the ligands must be arranged around the metal ion at the vertices of an octahedron this has since been confirmed by x ray crystallography an ammine ligand bound to a metal ion is markedly more acidic than a free ammonia molecule although deprotonation in aqueous solution is still rare one example is the calomel reaction where the resulting amidomercury ii compound i |
s highly insoluble hg two cl two two nh three hg hgcl nh two nh four cl uses the most important single use of ammonia is in the production of nitric acid a mixture of one part ammonia to nine parts air is passed over a platinum gauze catalyst at eight five zero c whereupon the ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide four nh three five o two four no six h two o the catalyst is essential as the normal oxidation or combustion of ammonia gives dinitrogen and water the production of nitric oxide is an example of kinetic control as the gas mixture cools to two zero zero two five zero c the nitric oxide is in turn oxidized by the excess of oxygen present in the mixture to give nitrogen dioxide this is reacted with water to give nitric acid for use in the production of fertilizers and explosives in addition to serving as a fertilizer ingredient ammonia can also be used directly as a fertilizer by forming a solution with irrigation water without additional chemical processing this later use allows the continuous growing o |
f nitrogen dependent crops such as maize corn without crop rotation but this type of use leads to poor soil health ammonia has thermodynamic properties that make it very well suited as a refrigerant since it liquefies readily under pressure and was used in virtually all refrigeration units prior to the advent of haloalkanes such as freon however ammonia is a toxic irritant and its corrosiveness to any copper alloys increases the risk that an undesirable leak may develop and cause a noxious hazard its use in small refrigeration units has been largely replaced by haloalkanes which are not toxic irritants and are practically not flammable note butane and isobutane which have very suitable thermodynamic properties for refrigerants are extremely flammable ammonia continues to be used as a refrigerant in large industrial processes such as bulk icemaking and industrial food processing ammonia is also useful as a component in absorption type refrigerators which do not use compression and expansion cycles but can expl |
oit heat differences since the implication of haloalkane being major contributors to ozone depletion ammonia is again seeing increasing use as a refrigerant ammonia is a primary ingredient in old style household cleaners it is also sometimes added to drinking water along with chlorine to form chloramine a disinfectant unlike chlorine on its own chloramine does not combine with organic carbon containing materials to form carcinogenic halomethanes such as chloroform liquid ammonia as a solvent see also inorganic nonaqueous solvent liquid ammonia is the best known and most widely studied non aqueous ionizing solvent its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured electrically conducting solutions containing solvated electrons apart from these remarkable solutions much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions comparison of the physical properties of nh three with those of water shows that nh three has |
the lower melting point boiling point density viscosity dielectric constant and electrical conductivity this is due at least in part to the weaker h bonding in nh three and the fact that such bonding cannot form cross linked networks since each nh three molecule has only one lone pair of electrons compared with two for each h two o molecule the ionic self dissociation constant of liquid nh three at five zero c is approx one zero three three mol two l two solubility of salts liquid ammonia is an ionizing solvent although less so than water and dissolves a range of ionic compounds including many nitrates nitrites cyanides and thiocyanates most ammonium salts are soluble and these salts act as acids in liquid ammonia solutions the solubility of halide salts increases from fluoride to iodide a saturated solution of ammonium nitrate contains zero eight three mol solute per mole of ammonia and has a vapour pressure of less than one bar even at two five c solutions of metals see also solvated electron metallic solu |
tion liquid ammonia will dissolve the alkali metals and other electropositive metals such as ca sr ba eu and yb at low concentrations e li two two four three zero four k e k one nine eight two nine three na e na one eight five two seven one zn two two e zn zero five three zero seven six nh four e h two nh three zero zero zero cu two two e cu zero four three zero three four ag e ag zero eight three zero eight zero the range of thermodynamic stability of liquid ammonia solutions is very narrow as the potential for oxidation to dinitrogen e n two six nh four six e eight nh three is only zero zero four v in practice both oxidation to dinitrogen and reduction to dihydrogen are slow this is particularly true of reducing solutions the solutions of the alkali metals mentioned above are stable for several days slowly decomposing to the metal amide and dihydrogen most studies involving liquid ammonia solutions are done in reducing conditions although oxidation of liquid ammonia is usually slow there is still a risk of |
explosion particularly if transition metal ions are present as possible catalysts detection and determination ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected in very minute traces by the addition of nessler s solution which gives a distinct yellow coloration in the presence of the least trace of ammonia or ammonium salts sulfur sticks are burnt to detect small leaks in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems larger quantities can be detected by warming the salts with a caustic alkali or with quicklime when the characteristic smell of ammonia will be at once apparent the amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with sodium or potassium hydroxide the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a known volume of standard sulfuric acid and the excess of acid then determined volumetrically or the ammonia may be absorbed in hydrochloric acid and the ammonium chloride so formed precipitated as ammonium hexachloroplatinate nh four two ptcl six safety precautions toxic |
ity the toxicity of ammonia solutions does not usually cause problems for humans and other mammals as a specific mechanism exists to prevent its build up in the bloodstream ammonia is converted to carbamoyl phosphate by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase and then enters the urea cycle to be either incorporated into amino acids or excreted in the urine however fish and amphibians lack this mechanism as they can usually eliminate ammonia from their bodies by direct excretion ammonia even at dilute concentrations is highly toxic to aquatic animals and for this reason it is classified as dangerous for the environment household use solutions of ammonia five one zero by weight are used as household cleaners particularly for glass these solutions are irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes respiratory and digestive tracts and to a lesser extent the skin they should never be mixed with chlorine containing products for example household bleach as a variety of toxic and carcinogenic compounds are formed e g ch |
loramine hydrazine laboratory use of ammonia solutions the hazards of ammonia solutions depend on the concentration dilute ammonia solutions are usually five one zero by weight two five by weight a two five by weight solution has a density of zero nine zero seven g cm three and a solution which has a lower density will be more concentrated the european union classification of ammonia solutions is given in the table s phrases the ammonia vapour from concentrated ammonia solutions is severely irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract and these solutions should only be handled in a fume hood saturated zero eight eight zero solutions can develop a significant pressure inside a closed bottle in warm weather and the bottle should be opened with care this is not usually a problem for two five zero nine zero zero solutions ammonia solutions should not be mixed with halogens as toxic and or explosive products are formed prolonged contact of ammonia solutions with silver mercury or iodide salts can also lead to |
explosive products such mixtures are often formed in qualitative analysis and should be acidified and diluted before disposal once the test is completed laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia gas or liquid anhydrous ammonia is classified as toxic t and dangerous for the environment n the gas is flammable autoignition temperature six five one c and can form explosive mixtures with air one six two five the permissible exposure limit pel in the united states is five zero ppm three five mg m three while the idlh concentration is estimated at three zero zero ppm repeated exposure to ammonia lowers the sensitivity to the smell of the gas normally the odour is detectable at concentrations of less than zero five ppm but desensitized individuals may not detect it even at concentrations of one zero zero ppm ammonia reacts violently with the halogens and causes the explosive polymerization of ethylene oxide it also forms explosive compounds with compounds of gold silver mercury germanium or tellurium and with stibine viole |
nt reactions have also been reported with acetaldehyde hypochlorite solutions potassium ferricyanide and peroxides anhydrous ammonia corrodes copper and zinc containing alloys and so brass fittings should not be used for handling the gas liquid ammonia can also attack rubber and certain plastics see also ammonia data page chlorination water purification nitrogen metabolism reference baker h b one eight nine four j chem soc six five six one two bibliography external links ammonia the next step international chemical safety card zero four one four anhydrous ammonia international chemical safety card zero two one five aqueous solutions national pollutant inventory ammonia niosh pocket guide to chemical hazards institut national de recherche et de securite in french emergency response to ammonia fertilizer releases spills for the minnesota department of agriculture computational chemistry wiki nitrogen compounds hydrides bases nitrogen metabolism household chemicals refrigerants amethyst sio two is a violet or pu |
rple variety of quartz often used as an ornament the name is generally said to be derived from the greek a not and methuskein to intoxicate expressing the old belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness it was held that wine drunk out of a cup of amethyst would not intoxicate however the word may probably be a corruption of an oriental name for the stone a bed of amethyst crystals on base rock one three cm five in long in the two zero th century the color of amethyst was attributed to the presence of manganese however since it is capable of being greatly altered and even discharged by heat the color was believed by some authorities to be from an organic source ferric thiocyanate was suggested and sulfur was said to have been detected in the mineral as of two zero zero five impurity atoms are known to be responsible of the colour of the amethyst on exposure to heat amethyst generally becomes yellow and much of the citrine cairngorm or yellow quartz of jewelry is said to be merely burnt amethyst |
veins of amethystine quartz are apt to lose their color on the exposed outcrop amethyst is composed of an irregular superposition of alternate lamellae of right handed and left handed quartz it has been shown that this structure may be due to mechanical stresses as a consequence of this composite formation amethyst is apt to break with a rippled fracture or to show thumb markings and the intersection of two sets of curved ripples may produce on the fractured surface a pattern something like that of engine turning some mineralogists following sir david brewster apply the name of amethyst to all quartz which exhibits this structure regardless of color amethyst amethyst was used as a gemstone by the ancient egyptians and was largely employed in antiquity for intaglios beads of amethyst are found in anglo saxon graves in england it is a widely distributed mineral but fine clear specimens that are suitable for cutting as ornamental stones are confined to comparatively few localities such crystals occur either in t |
he cavities of mineral veins and in granitic rocks or as a lining in agate geodes a huge geode or amethyst grotto from near santa cruz in southern brazil was exhibited at the d sseldorf exhibition of one nine zero two many of the hollow agates of brazil and uruguay contain a crop of amethyst crystals in the interior much fine amethyst comes from russia especially from near mursinka in the ekaterinburg district where it occurs in drusy cavities in granitic rocks many localities in india yield amethyst and it is found also in sri lanka chiefly as pebbles six carat pear shape amethyst ring due to its popularity as a gemstone several descriptive terms have been coined in the gem trade to describe the varying colors of amethyst rose de france is usually a pale pinkish lavender or lilac shade usually the least sought color the most prized color is an intense violet with red flashes and is called siberian although gems of this color may occur from several locations other than siberia notably uruguay and zambia in mo |
re recent times certain gems usually of bolivian origin that have shown alternate bands of amethyst purple with citrine orange have been given the name ametrine purple corundum or sapphire of amethystine tint is called oriental amethyst but this expression is often applied by jewellers to fine examples of the ordinary amethystine quartz even when not derived from eastern sources professional gemological associations such as the gemological institute of america gia or the american gemological society ags discourage the use of the term oriental amethyst to describe any gem as it may be misleading amethyst occurs at many localities in the united states but these specimens are rarely fine enough for use in jewelry among these may be mentioned amethyst mountain texas yellowstone national park delaware county pennsylvania haywood county north carolina and deer hill and stow maine it is found also in the lake superior district amethyst is relatively common in northwestern ontario but uncommon elsewhere in canada it |
was selected as the provincial mineral of ontario in one nine seven five value traditionally included in the cardinal or most valuable gemstones along with diamond sapphire ruby and emerald amethyst has lost much of its substantial value due to the discovery of extensive deposits in locations such as brazil even high quality examples are often sold in large unfinished slabs or as geodes in everyday locations amethyst in folklore and astrology amethyst is the birthstone associated with february it is also associated with the constellations of pisces aries especially the violet and purple variety aquarius and sagittarius it is a symbol of heavenly understanding and of the pioneer in thought and action on the philosophical religious spiritual and material planes ranking members of the catholic church traditionally wear rings set with a large amethyst as part of their office see also list of minerals gemstones quartz varieties albertosaurus is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late cretaceous pe |
riod of north america it was a large bipedal predator with a massive head and tiny forelimbs much like the better known tyrannosaurus rex although not quite as big adults reached up to three zero feet nine meters in length etymology the genus albertosaurus can be translated as alberta lizard and is named for the canadian province of alberta in which it was found the name also incorporates the greek term sauros meaning lizard which is the most common suffix used in dinosaur names there is one named species considered valid today a sarcophagus this name has the same etymology as the funeral container of the same name a combination of the greek words sarx meaning flesh and phagos meaning to eat this refers to its quite obvious carnivorous habits both genus and species were named by famous american paleontologist henry fairfield osborn in one nine zero five taxonomy albertosaurus is a member of the family tyrannosauridae and is united with the closely related gorgosaurus in the subfamily albertosaurinae holtz two |
zero zero four also places the newly described appalachiosaurus in this subfamily while carr et al two zero zero five do not invalid species other species have been named a arctunguis also from alberta was found to be a junior synonym of a sarcophagus by russell one nine seven zero a megagracilis later renamed dinotyrannus is a smaller animal from the hell creek formation of montana and is now thought to be a juvenile tyrannosaurus synonymy with gorgosaurus in one nine seven zero dale russell examined fossils of both albertosaurus and another tyrannosaurid gorgosaurus which comes from slightly older sediments and found very few differences to separate them while retaining the two as different species he assigned them to the same genus gorgosaurus libratus was not named until one nine one four so the name albertosaurus retained priority as the genus name since it was older creating the new combination albertosaurus libratus this name found common use for a few decades but a recent reanalysis of tyrannosaurid |
skulls performed by influential paleontologist phil currie in two zero zero three found that the differences are more pronounced than previously thought although the two species are still closely related as albertosaurus and gorgosaurus are considered sister taxa and there is no commonly accepted definition of a genus in paleontology currie acknowledged that the difference between retaining them in one genus or separating them into two is largely arbitrary however he recommended separating them to allow more flexibility when naming new species in the future and because there is no greater degree of difference between the two than there is between daspletosaurus and tyrannosaurus which are almost universally retained as different genera other paleontologists with the exception of carr et al two zero zero five have largely followed currie s recommendation on the subject and gorgosaurus is now widely recognized as a separate genus location and age albertosaurus is known mostly from the horseshoe canyon formation |
of alberta canada this formation is from the early maastrichtian stage of the late cretaceous period about seven three to seven zero million years ago many other dinosaurs have been found there including ornithomimids chirostenotes dromaeosaurids ankylosaurians ceratopsians pachycephalosaurs and hadrosaurids fossils of albertosaurus have also been reported from the american states of montana and wyoming but these are not recognizable to species level according to currie two zero zero three and holtz two zero zero four remains albertosaurus currie two zero zero three recognized ten skulls which belong to a sarcophagus with certainty as well as seven skeletons of varying completeness the holotype skull was found by famous canadian geologist joseph b tyrrell bonebed in alberta in addition articulated remains of one two more individuals of all different ages have been recovered from a bonebed locality in alberta providing a nearly complete sequence from juvenile to very old adults this is now one of the most com |
pletely known tyrannosaurid species it is possible that such a large number of individuals in one place represents some sort of social behavior among albertosaurs but this is difficult to prove references original description synonymization with gorgosaurus anatomy re separation from gorgosaurus includes phylogeny includes phylogeny description of appalachiosaurus includes phylogeny cretaceous dinosaurs theropods tyrannosaurids assembly language commonly called assembly or asm is a human readable notation for the machine language that a specific computer architecture uses machine language a pattern of bits encoding machine operations is made readable by replacing the raw values with symbols called mnemonics for example a computer with the appropriate processor will understand this x eight six ia three two machine language one zero one one zero zero zero zero zero one one zero zero zero zero one for programmers however it is easier to remember the equivalent assembly language representation mov al zero six one |
h which means to move the hexadecimal value six one nine seven decimal into the processor register with the name al the mnemonic mov is short for move and a comma separated list of arguments or parameters follows it this is a typical assembly language statement transforming assembly into machine language is accomplished by an assembler and the reverse by a disassembler unlike in high level languages there is usually a one to one correspondence between simple assembly statements and machine language instructions however in some cases an assembler may provide pseudoinstructions which expand into several machine language instructions to provide commonly needed functionality for example for a machine that lacks a branch if greater or equal instruction an assembler may provide a pseudoinstruction that expands to the machine s set if less than and branch if zero on the result of the set instruction every computer architecture has its own machine language and therefore its own assembly language computers differ by |
the number and type of operations that they support they may also have different sizes and numbers of registers and different representations of data types in storage while all general purpose computers are able to carry out essentially the same functionality the way they do it differs and the corresponding assembly language must reflect these differences in addition multiple sets of mnemonics or assembly language syntax may exist for a single instruction set in these cases the most popular one is usually that used by the manufacturer in their documentation machine instructions instructions in assembly language are generally very simple unlike in a high level language any instruction that references memory for data or as a jump target will also have an addressing mode to determine how to calculate the required memory address more complex operations must be built up out of these simple operations some operations available in most instruction sets include moving set a register a temporary scratchpad location in |
the cpu itself to a fixed constant value move data from a memory location to a register or vice versa this is done to obtain the data to perform a computation on it later or to store the result of a computation read and write data from hardware devices computing add subtract multiply or divide the values of two registers placing the result in a register perform bitwise operations taking the conjunction disjunction and or of corresponding bits in a pair of registers or the negation not of each bit in a register compare two values in registers for example to see if one is less or if they are equal affecting program flow jump to another location in the program and execute instructions there jump to another location if a certain condition holds jump to another location but save the location of the next instruction as a point to return to a call some computers include one or more complex instructions in their instruction set a single complex instruction does something that may take many instructions on other comp |
uters such instructions are typified by instructions that take multiple steps may issue to multiple functional units or otherwise appear to be a design exception to the simplest instructions which are implemented for the given processor some examples of such instruction include saving many registers on the stack at once moving large blocks of memory complex and or floating point arithmetic sine cosine square root etc performing an atomic test and set instruction instructions that combine alu with an operand from memory rather than a register a form of complex instructions that has become particularly popular recently are simd operations that perform the same arithmetic operation to multiple pieces of data at the same time which have appeared under various trade names beginning with mmx and altivec the design of instruction sets is a complex issue with a simpler instruction set generally grouped under the concept risc perhaps offering the potential for higher speeds while a more complex one traditionally calle |
d cisc may offer particularly fast implementations of common performance demanding tasks may use memory and thus cache more efficiently and be somewhat easier to program directly in assembly see instruction set for a fuller discussion of this point assembly language directives in addition to codes for machine instructions assembly languages have extra directives for assembling blocks of data and assigning address locations for instructions or code they usually have a simple symbolic capability for defining values as symbolic expressions which are evaluated at assembly time making it possible to write code that is easier to read and understand like most computer languages comments can be added to the source code these often provide useful additional information to human readers of the code but are ignored by the assembler and so may be used freely they also usually have an embedded macro language to make it easier to generate complex pieces of code or data in practice the absence of comments and the replacemen |
t of symbols with actual numbers makes the human interpretation of disassembled code considerably more difficult than the original high level source would be usage of assembly language historically a large number of programs have been written entirely in assembly language a classic example was the early ibm pc spreadsheet program lotus one two three even into the one nine nine zero s the majority of console video games were written in assembly language including most games written for the sega genesis and the super nintendo entertainment system the popular arcade game nba jam one nine nine three was also coded entirely using assembly language there is some debate over the continued usefulness of assembly language it is often said that modern compilers can render higher level languages into codes that run as fast as hand written assembly but counter examples can be made and there is no clear consensus on this topic it is reasonably certain that given the increase in complexity of modern processors effective ha |
nd optimization is increasingly difficult and requires a great deal of knowledge however some discrete calculations can still be rendered into faster running code with assembly and some low level programming is actually easier to do with assembly some system dependent tasks performed by operating systems simply cannot be expressed in high level languages in particular assembly is often used in writing the low level interaction between the operating system and the hardware for instance in device drivers many compilers also render high level languages into assembly first before fully compiling allowing the assembly code to be viewed for debugging and optimization purposes it s also common especially in relatively low level languages such as c to be able to embed assembly language into the source code with special syntax programs using such facilities such as the linux kernel often construct abstractions where different assembly language is used on each platform the program supports but it is called by portable |
code through a uniform interface many embedded systems are also programmed in assembly to obtain the absolute maximum functionality out of what is often very limited computational resources though this is gradually changing in some areas as more powerful chips become available for the same minimal cost another common area of assembly language use is in the system bios of a computer this low level code is used to initialize and test the system hardware prior to booting the os and is stored in rom once a certain level of hardware initialization has taken place code written in higher level languages can be used but almost always the code running immediately after power is applied is written in assembly language this is usually due to the fact that system ram may not yet be initialized at power up and assembly language can execute without explicit use of memory especially in the form of a stack assembly language is also valuable in reverse engineering since many programs are distributed only in machine code form |
and machine code is usually easy to translate into assembly language and carefully examine in this form but very difficult to translate into a higher level language tools such as the interactive disassembler make extensive use of disassembly for such a purpose menuetos a floppy based operating system with a fully functional gui is written entirely in assembly a six four bit version is also available the author claims that only through assembly language could he produce his system in less than one four megabytes example listing of assembly language source code example of a selection of instructions for a virtual computer with the corresponding address in memory where each instruction will be placed these addresses are not static see memory management accompanying each instruction is the generated by the assembler object code that coincides with the virtual computer s architecture or isa see also assembler books the art of assembly language programming by randall hyde computer books us online assembly language |
books pc assembly language by dr paul carter pc assembly tutorial using nasm and gcc by paul carter programming from the ground up by jonathan bartlett external links menuetos hobby operating system for the pc written entirely in six four bit assembly language list of resources books websites newsgroups and irc channels linux assembly unix assembly language programming ppr learning assembly language codeteacher assembly language programming examples typed assembly language tal authoring windows applications in assembly language assembly languages programming languages in ancient mythology ambrosia greek is sometimes the food sometimes the drink of the gods the word has generally been derived from greek a not and mbrotos mortal hence the food or drink of the immortals thetis anointed the infant achilles with ambrosia and passed the child through the fire to make him immortal a familiar phoenician custom but peleus appalled stopped her in iliad xvi apollo washed the black blood from the corpse of sarpedon and a |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.