text
stringlengths 640
1.02k
|
|---|
nitor there are dvg commands for positioning the cathode ray for drawing a line to a specified destination calling a subroutine with further commands and so on asteroids also features various sound effects each of which is implemented by its own circuitry the cpu activates these audio circuits and other hardware components by writing to special memory addresses memory mapped ports the inputs from the player s controls buttons are also mapped into the cpu address space the main asteroids game program uses only four kb of rom code another four kb of vector rom contain the descriptions of the main graphical elements rocks saucer player s ship explosion pictures letters and digits in the form of dvg commands legacy the gameplay in asteroids was imitated by many games that followed for example one of the objects of sinistar is to shoot asteroids in order to get them to release resources which the player needs to collect due to its success asteroids was followed by three sequels asteroids deluxe one nine eight zero |
space duel one nine eight two blasteroids one nine eight seven however the original game was by far the most popular of the series the killer list of videogames klov credits this game as one of the top one zero zero videogames readers of the klov credit it as the seventh most popular game ports being one of the most popular video games ever asteroids has been ported to multiple systems including many of atari s systems atari two six zero zero five two zero zero seven eight zero zero atari lynx and many others the two six zero zero port was the first game to utilize a bank switched cartridge doubling available rom space also a new version of asteroids was developed for playstation nintendo six four windows and the game boy color in the late one nine nine zero s a port was also included on atari s cosmos system but the system never saw release many of the recent tv games series of old atari games have included either the two six zero zero or arcade versions of asteroids atari has also used the game for its oth |
er late nine zero s anthology series essentially if one looks for this game one will be able to find it somewhere in two zero zero five asteroids including both atari two six zero zero and the arcade original along with asteroids deluxe were included as part of atari anthology for both xbox and playstation two using digital eclipse s emulation technology unofficial clones and variants avenger class fighter unleashes nova bombs in starscape there have been countless unofficial versions of asteroids produced these include near copies such as acornsoft s meteors as well as those with expanded gameplay and background such as stardust and starscape record breaking gameplay in march two zero zero four portland oregon resident bill carlton attempted to break the world record for playing an arcade version of asteroids playing over two seven hours before his machine malfunctioned ending his record run he scored one two seven million points putting him in five th place in the all time asteroids rankings in november one |
nine eight two scott safran set the still unbroken record of four one million points song in one nine eight two buckner and garcia recorded a song titled hyperspace using sound effects from the game and released it on the album pac man fever external links the killer list of video games entry on asteroids atari times all about asteroids asteroids flash version article at the dot eaters featuring a history of asteroids asteroids written for sony psp starscape asteroids game for pc with heavily advanced gameplay one nine seven nine computer and video games one nine seven nine arcade games one nine eight one computer and video games atari two six zero zero games atari five two zero zero games atari seven eight zero zero games atari lynx games atari eight bit family games apple macintosh games playstation games pc games nintendo six four games game boy color games shoot em ups arcade games atari arcade games vector arcade games mobile phone games asparagales is an order of monocots which includes a number of fam |
ilies of non woody plants in older classification systems the families now included in the asparagales were included in order liliales and some genera of which were even included in family liliaceae some classification systems separate some of the families listed below into additional orders including orders orchidales and iridales while other systems especially the angiosperm phylogeny group s classification system include the orchidales and iridales within the asparagales the order is named after the genus asparagus the angiosperm phylogeny group s classification system is widely used by botanists and was updated as the apg ii in two zero zero two to include recent findings especially in dna analysis their one nine nine eight scheme identified two nine families in order asparagales the apg ii consolidates some families and recognizes an alternative system of fewer larger families in which certain smaller families can be grouped within other larger families based on close genetic affinities and still follow |
the apg system under the new classification system one could for example correctly include daylilies hemerocallis in family hemerocallidaceae or in family xanthorrhoeaceae the apg ii classification of the asparagales is as follows alliaceae agapanthaceae amaryllidaceae asparagaceae agavaceae aphyllanthaceae hesperocallidaceae hyacinthaceae laxmanniaceae ruscaceae themidaceae asteliaceae blandfordiaceae boryaceae doryanthaceae hypoxidaceae iridaceae ixioliriaceae lanariaceae orchidaceae tecophilaeaceae xanthorrhoeaceae asphodelaceae hemerocallidaceae classification systems that separate the asparagales orchidales and iridales are generally organized as follows asparagales narrow sense family asparagaceae asparagus family family alliaceae onion family chives garlic onion family agavaceae agave family agave yucca family amaryllidaceae amaryllis family family asphodelaceae asphodel family aloe asphodel family hyacinthaceae hyacinth family bluebell hyacinth cetera orchidales family geosiridaceae family burmanniace |
ae family corsiaceae family orchidaceae orchid family iridales family iridaceae iris family asparagales sensu kubitzki one nine nine eight orchidaceae iridaceae doryanthaceae lanariaceae ixioliriaceae hypoxidaceae johnsoniaceae hemerocallidaceae tecophilaeaceae blandfordiaceae asteliaceae boryaceae asphodelaceae xanthorrhoeaceae aphyllanthaceae anemarrhenaceae amaryllidaceae agapanthaceae alliaceae themidaceae asparagaceae hyacinthaceae lomandraceae herreriaceae hostaceae anthericaceae agavaceae eriospermaceae ruscaceae behniaceae dracaenaceae convallariaceae nolinaceae reference kubitzki k conspectus of families treated in this volume one nine nine eight kubitzki k editor the families and genera of vascular plants vol three springer verlag berlin germany isbn three five four zero six four zero six zero six external links asparagales in angiosperm phylogeny website asparagales the order alismatales contains the alismatids a group of monocotyledons class liliopsida the order contains about one six five genera |
in one four families with cosmopolitic distribution most families are comprised of herbaceous non succulent plants these plants are commonly found in aquatic environmments the flowers are usually arranged in inflorescences and the mature seeds lack endosperm traditionally the order alismatales was restricted to contain just three families alismataceae butomaceae and limnocharitaceae the other families were not considered as alismatids and were assigned to various distinct orders but this approach produced polyphyletic groups and so the whole group of families is now placed into a single order the petrosaviaceae have been placed in this order but their actual affinity is not so clear the alismatids have been considered the sister group of the arales and the latter are now included here as a result of this merger the araceae became the most important family in the order accounting alone for over two zero zero zero species in about one zero zero genera the rest of families contain together just about five zero z |
ero species see also seagrass references b c j du mortier one eight two nine analyse des familles de plantes avec l indication des principaux genres qui s y rattachent five four imprimerie de j casterman tournay w s judd c s campbell e a kellogg p f stevens m j donoghue two zero zero two plant systematics a phylogenetic approach two nd edition pp two four two two four seven alismatales sinauer associates sunderland massachusetts isbn zero eight seven eight nine three four zero three zero alismatales on ncbi alismatales the apiales are an order of flowering plants the families given at right are typical of newer classifications though there is some slight variation and in particular the torriceliaceae may be divided these families are placed within the asterid group of dicotyledons under the older cronquist system only the apiaceae and araliaceae were included here and the restricted order was placed among the rosids rather than the asterids the pittosporaceae were placed within the rosales and the other forms |
within the family cornaceae apiales the asterales are an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants which include the composite family asteraceae sunflowers and daisies and its related families the order is cosmopolitic and includes mostly herbaceous species although a small number of trees lobelia and shrubs is also present the asterales can be characterized on the morphological and molecular level synapomorphies include the oligosaccharide inulin as the nutrients storage and the stamens are usually aggregated densely around the style or even are fused into a tube around it the last property is probably associated with the plunger or secondary pollination which is common among the families of the order families the asterales include about eleven families the largest of which is asteraceae with about two five zero zero zero species and campanulaceae with about two zero zero zero species the remaining families count together for less than five zero zero species the two large families are cosmopolitic with cente |
r of mass in the northern hemisphere and the smaller ones are usually confined to australia and the adjacent areas or sometimes the south america under the cronquist system asteraceae was the only family in the group but newer systems e g apg ii have expanded it evolution and biogeography the asterales order probably originated in cretaceous on the supercontinent gondwana in the area which is now australia and asia although most extant species are herbaceous the examination of the basal families in the order suggests that the common ancestor of the order was an arborescent plant fossil evidence of the asterales is rare and belongs to rather recent epoques so the precise estimation of the order s age is quite difficult an oligocene pollen is known for asteraceae and goodeniaceae and seeds from oligocene and miocene are known for menyanthaceae and campanulaceae respectively bremer and gustafsson one nine nine seven economical importance the asteraceae include some species grown for food e g sunflower helianthus |
annuus or chicory cichorium many spices and medicinal herbs are also present of horticultural importance are the asteraceae e g chrysanthemum and campanulaceae references k bremer m h g gustafsson one nine nine seven east gondwana ancestry of the sunflower alliance of families proceedings of the national academy of sciences u s a nine four nine one eight eight nine one nine zero available online abstract full text html full text pdf w s judd c s campbell e a kellogg p f stevens m j donoghue two zero zero two plant systematics a phylogenetic approach two nd edition pp four seven six four eight six asterales sinauer associates sunderland massachusetts isbn zero eight seven eight nine three four zero three zero j lindley one eight three three nixus plantarum two zero londini smissen r d december two zero zero two asterales sunflower in nature encyclopedia of life sciences nature publishing group london available online doi els site asterales this page is about the astronomical body asteroid for the arcade game |
see asteroids an asteroid is a small solid object in our solar system orbiting the sun an asteroid is an example of a minor planet or planetoid which are much smaller than planets most asteroids are believed to be remnants of the protoplanetary disc which were not incorporated into planets during the system s formation due to excessive gravitational perturbations by jupiter some asteroids have moons the vast majority of the asteroids are within the main asteroid belt with elliptical orbits between those of mars and jupiter this picture of four three three eros shows the view looking from one end of the asteroid across the gouge on its underside and toward the opposite end features as small as three five m across can be seen asteroids in the solar system image four vesta one ceres moon at two zero km per px png to right four vesta one ceres earth s moon hundreds of thousands of asteroids have been discovered within the solar system and the present rate of discovery is about five zero zero zero per month as of |
february two three two zero zero six from a total of three two five six two seven registered minor planets one two zero four three seven have orbits known well enough to be given permanent official numbers of these one two eight nine zero have official names trivia at least six one zero of these names require diacritics the lowest numbered but unnamed minor planet is three three six zero one nine eight one va the highest numbered named minor planet is one one seven five zero six wildberg current estimates put the total number of asteroids in the solar system at several million the largest asteroid in the inner solar system is one ceres with a diameter of nine zero zero one zero zero zero km two other large inner solar system belt asteroids are two pallas and four vesta both have diameters of five zero zero km vesta is the only main belt asteroid that is sometimes visible to the naked eye in some very rare occasions a near earth asteroid may be visible without technical aid see nine nine nine four two apophis |
the mass of all the asteroids of the main belt is estimated to be about two three x one zero two one kg or about three of the mass of our moon of this one ceres comprises nine four zero to nine five zero x one zero one eight kg some four zero of the total adding in the next three most massive asteroids four vesta one two two pallas nine and one zero hygiea four bring this figure up six six while the three after that five one one davida one six seven zero four interamnia one four and three juno one two only add another four to the total mass the number of asteroids then increases exponentially as their individual masses decrease see also a list of noteworthy asteroids in our solar system or a sequentially ordered list of asteroids asteroid classification asteroids are commonly classified into groups based on the characteristics of their orbits and on the details of the spectrum of sunlight they reflect orbit groups and families main articles asteroid family and minor planet many asteroids have been placed in g |
roups and families based on their orbital characteristics it is customary to name a group of asteroids after the first member of that group to be discovered groups are relatively loose dynamical associations whereas families are much tighter and result from the catastrophic break up of a large parent asteroid sometime in the past for a full listing of known asteroid groups and families see minor planet and asteroid family spectral classification two five three mathilde a c type asteroid in one nine seven five an asteroid taxonomic system based on colour albedo and spectral shape was developed by clark r chapman david morrison and ben zellner these properties are thought to correspond to the composition of the asteroid s surface material originally they classified only three types of asteroids c type asteroids carbonaceous seven five of known asteroids s type asteroids silicaceous one seven of known asteroids m type asteroids metallic most of the remaining asteroids this list has since been expanded to include |
a number of other asteroid types the number of types continues to grow as more asteroids are studied see asteroid spectral types for more detail or for a list note that the proportion of known asteroids falling into the various spectral types does not necessarily reflect the proportion of all asteroids that are of that type some types are easier to detect than others biasing the totals problems with spectral classification originally spectral designations were based on inferences of an asteroid s composition c carbonaceous s silicaceous m metallic however the correspondence between spectral class and composition is not always very good and there are a variety of classifications in use this has led to significant confusion while asteroids of different spectral classifications are likely to be composed of different materials there are no assurances that asteroids within the same taxonomic class are composed of similar materials at present the spectral classification based on several coarse resolution spectrosc |
opic surveys in the one nine nine zero s is still the standard scientists have been unable to agree on a better taxonomic system largely due to the difficulty of obtaining detailed measurements consistently for a large sample of asteroids e g finer resolution spectra or non spectral data such as densities would be very useful asteroid discovery historical discovery methods asteroid discovery methods have drastically improved over the past two centuries in the last years of the one eight th century baron franz xaver von zach organized a group of two four astronomers to search the sky for the missing planet predicted at about two eight au from the sun by the titius bode law partly as a consequence of the discovery by sir william herschel in one seven eight one of the planet uranus at the distance predicted by the law this task required that hand drawn sky charts be prepared for all stars in the zodiacal band down to an agreed upon limit of faintness on subsequent nights the sky would be charted again and any mo |
ving object would hopefully be spotted the expected motion of the missing planet was about three zero seconds of arc per hour readily discernable by observers ironically the first asteroid one ceres was not discovered by a member of the group but rather by accident in one eight zero one by giuseppe piazzi director at the time of the observatory of palermo in sicily he discovered a new star like object in taurus and followed the displacement of this object during several nights his colleague carl friedrich gauss used these observations to determine the exact distance from this unknown object to the earth gauss calculations placed the object between the planets mars and jupiter piazzi named it after ceres the roman goddess of agriculture three other asteroids two pallas three juno four vesta were discovered over the next few years with vesta found in one eight zero seven after eight more years of fruitless searches most astronomers assumed that there were no more and abandoned any further searches however karl |
ludwig hencke persisted and began searching for more asteroids in one eight three zero fifteen years later he found five astraea the first new asteroid in three eight years he also found six hebe less than two years later after this other astronomers joined in the search and at least one new asteroid was discovered every year after that except the wartime year one nine four five notable asteroid hunters of this early era were j r hind annibale de gasparis robert luther h m s goldschmidt jean chacornac james ferguson norman robert pogson e w tempel j c watson c h f peters a borrelly j palisa paul henry and prosper henry and auguste charlois in one eight nine one however max wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to detect asteroids which appeared as short streaks on long exposure photographic plates this drastically increased the rate of detection compared with previous visual methods wolf alone discovered two four eight asteroids beginning with three two three brucia whereas only slightly more than three |
zero zero had been discovered up to that point still a century later only a few thousand asteroids were identified numbered and named it was known that there were many more but most astronomers did not bother with them calling them vermin of the skies modern discovery methods until one nine nine eight asteroids were discovered by a four step process first a region of the sky was photographed by a wide field telescope pairs of photographs were taken typically one hour apart multiple pairs could be taken over a series of days second the two films of the same region were viewed under a stereoscope any body in orbit around the sun would move slightly between the pair of films under the stereoscope the image of the body would appear to float slightly above the background of stars third once a moving body was identified its location would be measured precisely using a digitizing microscope the location would be measured relative to known star locations these first three steps do not constitute asteroid discovery th |
e observer has only found an apparition which gets a provisional designation made up of the year of discovery a code of two letters representing the week of discovery and of a number so more than the one discovered one took place in this week example one nine nine eight fj seven four the final step of discovery is to send the locations and time of observations to brian marsden of the minor planet center dr marsden has computer programs that compute whether an apparition ties together previous apparitions into a single orbit if so the object gets a number the observer of the first apparition with a calculated orbit is declared the discoverer and he gets the honour of naming the asteroid subject to the approval of the international astronomical union once it is numbered latest technology detecting hazardous asteroids there is increasing interest in identifying asteroids whose orbits cross earth s orbit and that could given enough time collide with earth see earth crosser asteroids the three most important group |
s of near earth asteroids are the apollos amors and the atens various asteroid deflection strategies have been proposed the near earth asteroid four three three eros had been discovered as long ago as one eight nine eight and the one nine three zero s brought a flurry of similar objects in order of discovery these were one two two one amor one eight six two apollo two one zero one adonis and finally six nine two three zero hermes which approached within zero zero zero five au of the earth in one nine three seven astronomers began to realize the possibilities of earth impact two events in later decades increased the level of alarm the increasing acceptance of walter alvarez theory of dinosaur extinction being due to an impact event and the one nine nine four observation of comet shoemaker levy nine crashing into jupiter the u s military also declassified the information that its military satellites built to detect nuclear explosions had detected hundreds of upper atmosphere impacts by objects ranging from one |
to one zero metres across all of these considerations helped spur the launch of highly efficient automated systems that consist of charge coupled device ccd cameras and computers directly connected to telescopes since one nine nine eight a large majority of the asteroids have been discovered by such automated systems a list of teams using such automated systems includes the lincoln near earth asteroid research linear team the near earth asteroid tracking neat team spacewatch the lowell observatory near earth object search loneos team the catalina sky survey css the campo imperatore near earth objects survey cineos team the japanese spaceguard association the asiago dlr asteroid survey adas the linear system alone has discovered six two two eight three asteroids as of december one four two zero zero five between all of the automated systems three eight six eight near earth asteroids have been discovered including over six zero zero more than one km in diameter naming asteroids the naming format newly discovere |
d asteroids are given a provisional designation consisting of the year of discovery and an alphanumeric code such as two zero zero one fh when its orbit is confirmed it is given a number and later may also be given a name e g one ceres the formal naming convention uses parentheses around the number e g four three three eros however dropping the parentheses is quite common informally especially when a name is repeated in running text it is common to drop the number altogether or to drop it after the first mention the minor planet circular mpc of october one nine two zero zero five was a historical one as it saw the highest numbered asteroid jump from nine nine nine four seven to one one eight one six one causing a small y two k like crisis for various automated data services up until then only five digits were allowed in most data formats for the asteroid number this has been addressed in some data fields by having the leftmost digit the ten thousands place use the alphabet as a digit extension a one zero b on |
e one z three five a three six z six one the highest number one two zero four three seven thus is cross referenced as c zero four three seven on some lists also the fictional asteroid of the little prince b six one two now could be connected with the real one one zero six one two two zero zero one ta one four two which is listed as b zero six one two two zero zero one ta one four two in the compacted lists although it is already present as four six six one zero b sixdouze b six one two in hexadecimal translates to four six six one zero in decimal notation unnamed asteroids unnamed asteroids that have been given a number keep their provisional designation e g two nine zero seven five one nine five zero da as modern discovery techniques have discovered vast numbers of new asteroids they are increasingly being left unnamed the first asteroid to be left unnamed was three three six zero one nine eight one va on rare occasions an asteroid s provisional designation may become used as a name in itself the still unnam |
ed one five seven six zero one nine nine two qb gave its name to a group of asteroids which became known as cubewanos sources for names the first few asteroids were named after figures from graeco roman mythology but as such names started to run out others were used famous people literary characters the names of the discoverer s wives children and even television characters the first asteroid to be given a non mythological name was two zero massalia named after the city of marseilles for some time only female or feminized names were used alexander von humboldt was the first man to have an asteroid named after him but his name was feminized to five four alexandra this unspoken tradition lasted until three three four chicago was named even then oddly feminised names show up in the list for years afterward as the number of asteroids began to run into the hundreds and eventually the thousands discoverers began to give them increasingly frivolous names the first hints of this were four eight two petrina and four e |
ight three seppina named after the discoverer s pet dogs however there was little controversy about this until one nine seven one upon the naming of two three zero nine mr spock which was not even named after the star trek character but after the discoverer s cat who supposedly bore a resemblance to him although the iau subsequently banned pet names as sources eccentric asteroid names are still being proposed and accepted such as six zero four two cheshirecat nine zero zero seven james bond or two six eight five eight misterrogers for a full list see meanings of asteroid names special naming rules asteroid naming is not always a free for all there are some types of asteroid for which rules have developed about the sources of names for instance centaurs asteroids orbiting between saturn and neptune are all named after mythological centaurs trojans after heroes from the trojan war and trans neptunian objects after underworld spirits asteroid symbols the first few asteroids discovered were assigned symbols like |
the ones traditionally used to designate earth the moon the sun and planets the symbols quickly became ungainly hard to draw and recognise by the end of one eight five one there were one five known asteroids each except one with its own symbol the first four s main variants are shown here one ceres old planetary symbol of ceres variant symbol of ceres sickle variant symbol of ceres other sickle variant symbol of ceres two pallas old symbol of pallas variant symbol of pallas three juno old symbol of juno other symbol of juno four vesta old symbol of vesta old planetary symbol of vesta modern astrological symbol of vesta johann franz encke made a major change in the berliner astronomisches jahrbuch baj berlin astronomical yearbook for one eight five four he introduced encircled numbers instead of symbols although his numbering began with astraea the first four asteroids continuing to be denoted by their traditional symbols this symbolic innovation was adopted very quickly by the astronomical community the follo |
wing year one eight five five astraea s number was bumped up to five but ceres through vesta would be listed by their numbers only in the one eight six seven edition a few more asteroids two eight bellona three five leukothea and three seven fides would be given symbols as well as using the numbering scheme the circle would become a pair of parentheses and the parentheses sometimes omitted altogether over the next few decades for details see james l hilton two zero zero one when did the asteroids become minor planets asteroid exploration until the age of space travel asteroids were merely pinpricks of light in even the largest telescopes and their shapes and terrain remained a mystery the first close up photographs of asteroid like objects were taken in one nine seven one when the mariner nine probe imaged phobos and deimos the two small moons of mars which are probably captured asteroids these images revealed the irregular potato like shapes of most asteroids as did subsequent images from the voyager probes |
of the small moons of the gas giants nine five one gaspra the first asteroid to be imaged in close up the first true asteroid to be photographed in close up was nine five one gaspra in one nine nine one followed in one nine nine three by two four three ida and its moon dactyl all of which were imaged by the galileo probe en route to jupiter the first dedicated asteroid probe was near shoemaker which photographed two five three mathilde in one nine nine seven before entering into orbit around four three three eros finally landing on its surface in two zero zero one other asteroids briefly visited by spacecraft en route to other destinations include nine nine six nine braille by deep space one in one nine nine nine and five five three five annefrank by stardust in two zero zero two in september two zero zero five the japanese hayabusa probe started studying two five one four three itokawa in detail and will return samples of its surface to earth following that the next asteroid encounters will involve the europ |
ean rosetta probe launched in two zero zero four which will study two eight six seven teins and two one lutetia in two zero zero eight and two zero one zero as a consequence of cost overruns and technical problems nasa cancelled its dawn mission in march two zero zero six dawn was originally scheduled to launch june two zero zero six later rescheduled for two zero zero seven and was to orbit both one ceres and four vesta in two zero one one two zero one five it has been suggested that asteroids might be used in the future as a source of materials which may be rare or exhausted on earth asteroid mining asteroids in fiction and film understandably most fictional depictions of asteroids focus on their potential risk of striking earth representations of the asteroid belt in film tend to make it unrealistically cluttered with dangerous rocks in reality asteroids even in the main belt are spaced extremely far apart professor moriarty sherlock holmes arch enemy is the celebrated author of the dynamics of an asteroid |
a book which ascends to such rarefied heights of pure mathematics that it is said that there was no man in the scientific press capable of criticizing it the valley of fear one nine one four set in one eight eight eight in the little prince a one nine four three novel by antoine de saint exup ry the title character lives on an asteroid named b six one two the asteroid moon petit prince was named after the character and four six six one zero b sixdouze after his asteroid catch that rabbit one of the short stories in isaac asimov s collection i robot one nine five zero takes place on an asteroid while marooned off vesta asimov s first published story concerns the plight of a group of astronauts stranded in orbit around the asteroid four vesta the japanese science fiction film the mysterians aka chikyu boeigun one nine five seven reveals the solar system s asteroid belt as the remnants of the mysterian s home planet mysteroid after a nuclear war broke out in green slime one nine six eight a masterpiece of b mov |
ies a rogue asteroid hurtles toward earth the astronauts leave space station gamma three and place bombs on the asteroid finding it inhabited by strange blobs of glowing slime that are drawn to the equipment unfortunately for everyone some of the slime was carried back on a space suit and soon evolves into tentacled creatures see the review the movie inspired the classic board game awful green things from outer space in the classic science fiction movie two zero zero one a space odyssey one nine six eight the discovery has a scientifically accurate close approach by a binary asteroid whilst en route to jupiter the scene simply cuts briefly to two lone rocks passing by the ship with tens of thousands of kilometres to spare in james p hogan s inherit the stars one nine seven seven first book of the gentle giants series minerva was a planet that exploded to form the asteroid belt five zero zero zero zero years ago the disaster movie meteor one nine seven nine depicts an asteroid named orpheus hurtling toward ear |
th after its orbit is deflected by a comet atari released the arcade game asteroids in one nine seven nine in the empire strikes back one nine eight zero han solo enters an asteroid field to flee from the imperial fleet and c three po thinks it is a bad idea han then hides his ship the millennium falcon inside a giant asteroid the ship is then attacked by a vast monster that lives inexplicably within the asteroid in the vacuum of space in orson scott card s ender s game one nine eight five a school on four three three eros is dedicated to children learning to become fleet commanders arthur c clarke s novel two zero six one odyssey three one nine eight six depicts a journey through the asteroid belt and its ominous parallels with the journey of the rms titanic l neil smith s novel pallas tor books one nine nine three depicts a modernized hunting based life on the terraformed asteroid pallas and introduces emerson ngu the book was partly insired by the one nine eight seven article the worst mistake in the histo |
ry of the human race written by jared diamond the book also includes a brief description of a way to encapsulate the entire surface of a small body such as an asteroid to enable creating an earthlike environment arthur c clarke s novel the hammer of god one nine nine three depicts mankind s efforts to stop an asteroid named kali from hitting the earth the film deep impact one nine nine eight was based on clarke s novel although in the movie the asteroid becomes a comet in the lucasarts game the dig originally released in one nine nine five and its novelization the impact threatening asteroid attila turns out to be an alien probe in the one nine nine eight movie starship troopers aliens launch an asteroid at earth completely wiping out buenos aires this is the opening move in the war the film armageddon one nine nine eight is also about efforts to stop an asteroid hitting earth its representation of an asteroid and of space travel in general is deeply unrealistic ben bova s novel series the asteroid wars two z |
ero zero one two zero zero four focuses on a war over the mining of the asteroid belt in the bbc drama documentary space odyssey voyage to the planets two zero zero four the pegasus encounters a binary asteroid from much closer than expected and dubs the rocks hubris and catastrophe as a result an episode of the political television drama the west wing entitled impact winter included a subplot in which the white house staff prepared for a possible asteroid strike on the earth first broadcast on december one five two zero zero four see also list of noteworthy asteroids list of asteroids list of asteroids named after important people list of asteroids named after places meanings of asteroid names near earth object minor planet asteroid belt pronunciation of asteroid names minor planet center references mcsween and mcsween meteorites and their parent planets isbn zero five two one five eight seven five one four external links known asteroid impacts their effects alphabetical list of minor planet names ascii mino |
r planet center alphabetical and numerical lists of minor planet names unicode institute of applied astronomy warning some designation here might be incorrect near earth objects dynamic site asteroids dynamic site up to date osculating orbital elements and proper orbital elements asteroid naming statistics near earth asteroid tracking neat spaceguard uk when did the asteroids become minor planets large amount of information on asteroid groups collected by g rard faure translation richard miles asteroid simulator with moon and earth asteroid navigator first asteroid asteroids generally to allocute means to speak out formally in the field of apologetics allocution is generally done in defense of a belief in politics one may allocute before a legislative body in an effort to influence their position on an issue in law it is generally meant to state specifically and in detail what one did and or why often in relation to commission of a crime in most jurisdictions a defendant is allowed the opportunity to allocute |
that is explain himself before sentence is passed some jurisdictions hold this as an absolute right and in its absence a sentence may potentially be overturned with the result that a new sentencing hearing must be held allocution is sometimes required of a defendant who pleads guilty to a crime in a plea bargain in exchange for a reduced sentence in this instance allocution can serve to provide closure for victims or their families in principle it removes any doubt as to the exact nature of the defendant s guilt in the matter however there have been many cases in which the defendant allocuted to a crime that he did not commit often because this is a requirement to receiving a lesser sentence the term allocution is generally only in use in jurisdictions in the united states though there are similar processes in other nations see also confession law an affidavit is a formal sworn statement of fact written down signed and witnessed as to the veracity of the signature by a taker of oaths such as a notary public |
the name is medieval latin for he has declared upon oath one use of affidavits is to allow evidence to be gathered from witnesses or participants that may not be available to testify in person before the court in american jurisprudence it is very unusual to allow an unsupported affidavit to be entered into evidence as the person sworn in the affidavit is not subject to cross examination with regard to material facts which may be dispositive of the matter at bar affidavits from persons who are dead or otherwise incapacitated or who cannot be located or made to appear may be accepted by the court but usually only in the presence of corroborating evidence a formerly written affidavit which reflected a better grasp of the facts closer in time to the actual events may be used to refresh a witness recollection materials used to refresh recollection are admissible as evidence some types of motions will not be accepted by a court unless accompanied by an independent sworn statement or other evidence in support of the |
need for the motion in such a case the court will accept an affidavit from the filing attorney in support of the motion as certain assumptions are made to wit the affidavit in place of sworn testimony promotes judicial economy the lawyer is an officer of the court and knows that a false swearing by him if found out could be grounds for severe penalty up to and including disbarment the lawyer if called upon would be able to present independent and more detailed evidence to prove the facts set forth in his affidavit in the united kingdom affidavits are made by writing i state full name of insert address on this date date in words make oath and say as follows after this has been written the facts to be sworn are listed in pros or in bullet points the document is then taken to a commisssioner for oaths most solicitors are also commissioners for oaths they will then ask you to swear on a holy book particular to your faith the new testament the old testament the qur an etc and ask you to verify what has been state |
d an affidavit is of equivalent value to sworn testimony evidence legal documents for other uses see aries disambiguation aries latin for ram symbol image aries symbol png unicode is one of the constellations of the zodiac it lies between pisces to the west and taurus to the east notable features aries stars are rather faint except for ari hamal and ari sharatan other important stars are ari mesarthim and ari botein teegarden s star in aries is one of our sun s closest neighbours notable deep sky objects the few deep sky objects in aries are very dim they include the galaxies ngc six nine seven northwest of ngc seven seven two southeast of ngc nine seven two in the constellation s northern corner and ngc one one five six northwest of mythology when including fainter stars visible to the naked eye the area resembles the head of a ram having a general herbivore head shape and a spiral horn in greek mythology this is believed to represent the ram which carried athamas s son phrixus and daughter helle to colchis |
to escape their stepmother ino helle fell off into the sea which later became the hellespont on reaching safety phrixis sacrificed the ram and hung its fleece in the grove of ares where it turned to gold and later became the quest of jason and the argonauts it appears that babylonians greeks persians and egyptians all agreed on the name of the ram for this constellation the main area of the sky constituting the sign of aries containing part of pisces the pleiades and the constellation of andromeda may be the origin of the myth of the girdle of hippolyte which forms part of the twelve labours of hercules astrology the western astrological sign aries of the tropical zodiac march two one april one nine differs from the astronomical constellation and the hindu astrological sign of the sidereal zodiac april one nine may one three in some cosmologies aries is associated with the classical element fire and thus called a fire sign along with sagittarius and leo it is the domicile of mars and the exaltation of the sun |
it is also one of the four cardinal signs along with libra capricorn and cancer its polar opposite is libra each astrological sign is assigned a part of the body viewed as the seat of its power aries rules the head and face the symbol for aries is the ram notable and named stars style color zero zero zero zero zero zero font size smaller cellspacing two cellpadding zero style background color dddddd bd style background color dddddd f style background color dddddd names and other designations style background color dddddd mag style background color dddddd ly away style background color dddddd comments one three alpha arietis hamal hemal hamul ras hammel el nath arietis two zero one six five nine five gamma arietis mesarthim mesartim three eight eight two zero four triple star system component magnitudes four seven five four eight three nine six is an alpha two canum venaticorum type variable star five six delta arietis botein four three five one six eight the bright star catalogue five th revised ed the hippa |
rcos catalogue esa sp one two zero zero see also external links the deep photographic guide to the constellations aries aries constellation astrological signs aquarius latin for the water bearer or cup bearer symbol image aquarius symbol small png unicode is the eleventh sign of the zodiac situated between capricornus and pisces its symbol is image aquarius symbol small png representing part of a stream of water aquarius is one of the oldest recognized constellations along the zodiac the sun s apparent path it is found in a region often called the sea due to its profusion of watery constellations such as cetus pisces eridanus etc sometimes the river eridanus is depicted spilling from aquarius watering pot notable deep sky objects there are three deep sky objects that are on the messier catalog the globular cluster m two globular cluster m seven two and the open cluster m seven three two planetary nebulae are found in aquarius ngc seven zero zero nine called the saturn nebula due to its resemblance to the plan |
et to the southeast of aquarii and ngc seven two nine three the famous helix nebula southwest of aquarii history the constellation was immortalized in the one nine six zero s proclaimed the age of aquarius however there is no standard definition for astrological ages so the age of aquarius could begin in two one five zero or even two six six zero depending on the preferred definition based on the modern constellation boundaries of pisces and aquarius the age of aquarius would begin around two six six zero however with so much of modern society reflecting the qualities of aquarius most astrologers believe that this era has begun mass production electricity flight and space travel electronic communications including computers the internet even the growing movement against capitalism in favour of a more socialist system of humanitarian development are all related to the aquarian paradigm mythology the best known myth identifies aquarius with ganymede a beautiful youth with whom zeus fell in love and whom he in t |
he guise of an eagle represented as the constellation aquila carried off to olympus to be cupbearer to the gods crater is sometimes identified as his cup aquarius generally resembles the figure of a man and when considering fainter humanly visible stars it takes on the image of a man with a bucket from which is pouring a stream aquarius was also identified as the pourer of the waters which flooded the earth in the great flood in the ancient greek version of the myth as such the constellation eridanus was sometimes identified as being a river poured out by aquarius it may also together with the constellation pegasus be part of the origin of the myth of the mares of diomedes which forms one of the twelve labours of heracles its association with pouring out rivers and the nearby constellation of capricornus may be the source of the myth of the augean stable which forms another of the labours astrology the western astrological sign aquarius of the tropical zodiac january two zero february one eight differs from t |
he astronomical constellation and the hindu astrological sign of the sidereal zodiac february one six march one one in some cosmologies aquarius is associated with the classical element air and thus called an air sign with libra and gemini it is also one of the four fixed signs along with leo scorpio and taurus its polar opposite is leo it is the domicile of saturn since its discovery uranus has been considered aquarius ruling or co ruling planet by many modern astrologers each astrological sign is assigned a part of the body viewed as the seat of its power aquarius rules the circulatory system as well as the ankles the symbol for aquarius is the water bearer notable and named stars style color zero zero zero zero zero zero font size smaller cellspacing two cellpadding zero style background color dddddd bd style background color dddddd f style background color dddddd names and other designations style background color dddddd mag style background color dddddd ly away style background color dddddd comments two |
two beta aquarii sadalsuud sadalsud sad es saud sadalsund saad el sund two nine zero six one zero cd as suc d sacd as suc d luck of lucks style background color eeeeee three four alpha aquarii sadalmelik sadal melik sadalmelek sadlamulk el melik saad el melik ruchbah two nine five seven six zero cd al malik mulk luck of the king kinghood rucbah shared with cassiopeiae four eight gamma aquarii sadachbia sadalachbia three eight six one five eight cdu al axbiyah luck of the tents homes lit hidings shelters style background color eeeeee seven six delta aquarii skat scheat seat sheat three two seven one six zero five five zeta aquarii three six five one zero five binary star component magnitudes four four two four five nine style background color eeeeee c eight eight eight eight aquarii three six eight two three four seven three lambda aquarii hydor ekkhysis three seven three three nine two c the swallower b nine eight nine eight aquarii three nine six one six two style background color eeeeee six two eta aquarii |
four zero four one eight four seven one tau two aquarii four zero five three eight zero style background color eeeeee four three theta aquarii ancha four one seven one nine one c n the two swallowers albulaan shared with aquarii style background color eeeeee five two pi aquarii seat four six six one one zero zero seat shared with aquarii gamma cassiopeiae type variable star two three xi aquarii four six eight one seven nine style background color eeeeee g six six six six aquarii four six eight b one zero one one zero one aquarii four seven zero style background color eeeeee c eight nine eight nine aquarii four seven one six mu aquarii albulaan four seven three one five five c n the two swallowers albulaan shared with aquarii style background color eeeeee three one omicron aquarii kae uh four seven four three eight one the bright star catalogue five th revised ed the hipparcos catalogue esa sp one two zero zero see also references external links the deep photographic guide to the constellations aquarius nights |
kyinfo com constellation aquarius aquarius constellation astrological signs anime is a style of cartoon animation originating in japan anime is characterized by character and background styles which may be created by hand or may be assisted by computers storylines may feature a variety of characters and may be set in different locations and in different eras anime is aimed at a broad range of audiences because there are a wide range of different genres that any series may be categorised under anime may be broadcast on television distributed on media such as dvds or published as console and computer games anime is often influenced by japanese comics known as manga anime may also be adapted into live action television programs a scene from cowboy bebop one nine nine eight toc history atom star of the long running science fiction series mighty atom also known as astro boy to western audiences the history of anime begins at the start of the two zero th century when japanese filmmakers experimented with the animat |
ion techniques that were being explored in the west during the one nine seven zero s anime developed further separating itself from its western roots and developing unique genres such as mecha in the one nine eight zero s anime was accepted in the mainstream in japan and experienced a boom in production the one nine nine zero s and two zero zero zero s saw an increased acceptance of anime in overseas markets terminology the japanese term for animation is anim shon pronounced written in katakana it is a direct transliteration and reborrowed loanword of the english term animation the japanese term is abbreviated as anime pronounced both the original and abbreviated forms are valid and interchangeable in japanese but as could be expected the abbreviated form is more commonly used the term is a broad one and does not specify an animation s nation of origin or style pronunciation the english word anime is a transliteration of the abbreviated version of this japanese term and it is typically pronounced as or ann ih |
may ah nee may is a less common variant some theorize the word comes from the french anim animated or les dessins anim s animated drawings and pronounce it as ah nee may though the japanese themselves deny this theory and the fact that it is written in japanese syllables as anime rather than animei further lowers its credibility as with a few other japanese words such as pok mon and kobo ab anime is sometimes spelled as anim in english with an acute accent over the final e to cue the reader that the letter is pronounced as hence the pronunciations ah neem and uh neem are generally considered incorrect syntax anime can be used as a common noun do you watch anime or as a suppletive adjective the anime guyver is different from the movie guyver it may also be used as a mass noun as in how much anime have you collected and therefore is never pluralized animes nouns are never pluralized in japanese synonyms anime is sometimes referred to by the blend word japanimation but this term has fallen into disuse it saw th |
e most usage during the one nine seven zero s and one nine eight zero s which broadly comprise the first and second waves of anime fandom the term survived at least into the early one nine nine zero s but seemed to fade away shortly before the mid one nine nine zero s anime resurgence in general the term now only appears in nostalgic contexts the term is much more commonly used within japan to refer to domestic animation since anime or anim shon is used to describe all forms of animation japanimation is used to distinguish japanese work from that of the rest of the world in more recent years anime has also frequently been referred to as manga in europe a practice that may stem from the japanese usage in japan manga can refer to both animation and comics although the use of manga to refer to animation is mostly restricted to non fans among english speakers manga usually has the stricter meaning of japanese comics an alternate explanation is that it is due to the prominence of manga entertainment a distributor |
of anime to the us and uk markets because manga entertainment started out in the uk this use of the term is much more common in europe characteristics dragon ball z is one of the most popular sh nen anime anime features a wide variety of artistic styles which vary from artist to artist and is characterized by stark colorful graphics and stylized colorful images depicting vibrant characters in a variety of different settings and storylines aimed at a wide range of audiences genres anime has many genres with as many as traditional live action cinema such genres include adventure science fiction children s stories romance medieval fantasy erotica hentai occult horror action and drama most anime includes content from several different genres as well as a variety of thematic elements this can make categorizing some titles very difficult a show may have a seemingly simple surface plot but at the same time may feature a far more complex deeper storyline and character development it is not uncommon for a strongly act |
ion themed anime to also involve humor romance and even poignant social commentary the same can be applied to a romance themed anime in that it may involve a strong action element genres and designations that are specific to anime and manga for other possible genres see list of movie genres bish jo japanese for beautiful girl blanket term that can be used to describe any anime that features pretty girl characters for example magic knight rayearth bish nen japanese for beautiful boy blanket term that can be used to describe any anime that features pretty and elegant boys and men for example fushigi y gi ecchi japanese for indecent sexuality contains mild sexual humor for example love hina hentai japanese for abnormal or perverted and used by western audiences to refer to pornographic anime or erotica however in japan the term used to refer to the same material is typically poruno or ero josei japanese for young woman this is anime or manga that is aimed at young women and is one of the rarest forms kodomo japa |
nese for child this is anime or manga that is aimed at young children for example doraemon mecha anime or manga featuring giant robots example mobile suit gundam mo anime or manga featuring characters that are extremely perky or cute for example little snow fairy sugar progressive art films or extremely stylized anime for example voices of a distant star seinen anime or manga similar to sh nen but targeted at teenage or young male adults for example oh my goddess sentai super sentai literally fighting team in japanese refers to any show that involves a superhero team for example cyborg zero zero nine sh jo japanese for young lady or little girl refers to anime or manga targeted at girls for example fruits basket mah sh jo subgenre of shoujo known for magical girl stories for example sailor moon sh jo ai japanese for girl love refers to anime or manga that focus on love and romance between female characters for example revolutionary girl utena sh nen japanese for boys refers to anime or manga targeted at boys |
for example dragon ball z sh nen ai japanese for boy love refers to anime or manga that focus on love and romance between male characters this term is being phased out in japan due to references to pedophilia and is being replaced by the term boys love bl an example of this style is gravitation some anime titles are written for a very specific audience even narrower than those described above for example initial d and x driver concern street racing and car tuning ashita no joe is about boxing hanaukyo maid team is based on the french maid fantasy recently the national child exploitation coordination centre of canada has incorrectly classified all anime as hentai giving an improper impression of the content of most anime and manga series this occurred despite having linked to this wikipedia page in order to establish a definition of terms the site can be viewed at the following link complaints about the article s content and improper citations caused the ncecc to revise the citations but not the content music |
much like western live action cinema anime uses music as an important artistic tool anime soundtracks are big business in japan and are often times met with similar demand as chart topping pop albums it is for this reason that anime music is often composed and performed by a list musicians stars and composers skilled bgm composers are highly respected in the anime fan community anime series with opening credits use the opening theme song as a quick introduction to the show the most frequent use of music in anime is background music or bgm bgm is used to set the tone of a given scene for example neon genesis evangelion s decisive battle is played when the characters are making battle preparations and it features heavy drum beats and a militaristic style which highlights the tension of the scene and hints at the action to follow the theme song also referred to as the opening song or abbreviated as op usually matches the overall tone of the show and serves to get the viewer excited about the upcoming program ins |
ert songs and ending songs abbr ed often make commentary about the plot or the program as a whole and are often times used to highlight a particularly important scene opening and ending themes as well as insert songs are frequently performed by popular musicians or japanese idols so in this way songs become a very important component of an anime program in addition to the themes the seiy for a specific anime also frequently releases cd for their character called image albums despite the word image in the cd s name it only contains music and or voice messages where the seiy talks with the audience or about herself making the listener think that the character him herself is singing another type of anime cds release are drama cd featuring songs and tracks which makes use of the seiy to tell a story often not included in the main anime animation style lum from urusei yatsura an iconic anime character the drawing style used in anime is counter productive to the animation process having far too many details and sub |
sequently making it difficult to keep the number of drawings comparable to other cartoons with design ethics that stress simplicity this may be due to a philosophy of applying more effort into each of a few drawings than less effort into one of many osamu tezuka adapted and simplified many disney animation precepts to reduce the budget costs and number of frames in the production though it should be noted that disney films made in the west are not anime this was intended to be a temporary measure to allow him to produce one episode every week with an inexperienced animation staff anime studios have since perfected techniques to draw as little new animation as possible using scrolling or repeating backgrounds still shots of characters sliding across the screen and dialogue which involves only animating mouths while the rest of the screen remains absolutely still a technique not wholly unfamiliar to western animation the overall effect of these techniques such as reduced frame rate several still shots and scrol |
ling backgrounds has led some critics to accuse anime of choppiness or poor quality in general see also limited animation there are often scenes where the frame rate of the animation far exceeds the quality of the rest of the production these are commonly referred to as money shots outside of japan where more effort is put into the animation of one scene to give it emphasis over the rest of the work animator yasuo otsuka was the pioneer of this technique exceptions to these rules are early classic films such as those produced by toei animation up until the mid one nine six zero s and recent big budget films such as those produced by the enormously successful studio ghibli these movies have much higher production values due to their anticipated success at the box office some animators in japan overcome production values by utilizing different techniques than the disney or the old tezuka otsuka methods of animating anime directors such as hiroyuki imaishi cutey honey dead leaves simplify backgrounds so that mor |
e attention can be paid to character animation other animators like tatsuyuki tanaka in koji minamoto s eternal family in particular use squash and stretch an animation technique not often used by japanese animators tanaka makes other shortcuts to compensate for this some higher budgeted television and ova original video animation series also forego the shortcuts found in most other anime while different titles and different artists have their own unique artistic styles many stylistic elements have become extremely common some examples have become so common that they are often described as being definitive of anime in general and have been given names of their own the most common is the large eyes style drawn on many anime characters common mainly due to the influence of osamu tezuka who was inspired by the exaggerated features of western cartoon characters such as betty boop and mickey mouse and from disney s bambi tezuka found that large eyes allowed his characters to better express their emotions some west |
ern audiences have interpreted such stylized eyes as more caucasian cultural anthropologist matt thorn argues that japanese animators and audiences do not perceive them as inherently more or less foreign when tezuka began drawing ribbon no kishi the first manga specifically targeted at young girls tezuka further exaggerated the size of the characters eyes indeed through ribbon no kishi tezuka set a stylistic template that later sh jo artists tended to follow another variation of this style is chibi or super deformed which usually feature huge eyes an enlarged head and small body other stylistic elements are common as well often in comedic anime characters that are shocked or surprised will perform a face fault in which they display an extremely exaggerated expression angry characters may exhibit a vein or stressmark effect where lines representing bulging veins will appear on their forehead angry women will sometimes summon a mallet from nowhere and strike someone with it leading to the concept of hammerspace |
male characters will develop a bloody nose around their female love interests typically to indicate arousal this is supposedly due to blood rushing to the face in an exaggerated blush embarrassed characters will invariably produce a massive sweat drop which has become something of a stereotype of anime the degree of stylization varies from title to title some titles make extensive use of common stylization flcl for example is known for its wild exaggerated stylization in contrast titles such as only yesterday a film by isao takahata take a much more realistic approach and feature no stylistic exaggerations another unique aspect of anime not found in other commercial animation markets is the lack of a directoral system in most animation produced around the world animators are all forced to conform to a set style by the director or animation director in japan starting with the animation director yoshinori kanada as a means to save time and money each animator brings his her own style to the work the most extre |
me examples of this can be found in mindgame or the hakkenden the hakkenden is particularly extreme showing constantly shifting styles of animation based upon the key animator that worked on that particular episode this approach combined with otsuka s money shots make key animators important individuals in the style and production of an anime film many non japanese cartoons are starting to incorporate mainstream anime shortcuts and symbols to appeal to anime s tremendously growing fanbase and cut costs production types of anime most anime can be categorized as one of three types films which are generally released in theaters represent the highest budgets and generally the highest video quality popular anime movies include akira ghost in the shell and spirited away some anime films are only released at film or animation festivals and are shorter and sometimes lower in production values some examples of these are winter days and osamu tezuka s legend of the forest other types of films include compilation movies |
which are television episodes edited together and presented in theaters for various reasons and are hence a concentrated form of a television serial these may however be longer than the average movie there are also theatrical shorts derived from existing televisions series and billed in japanese theaters together to form feature length showing television series anime is syndicated and broadcast on television on a regular schedule television series are generally low quality compared to ova original video animation and film titles because the production budget is spread out over many episodes rather than a single film or a short series most episodes are about two three minutes in length to fill a typical thirty minute time slot with added commercials one full season is two six episodes and many titles run half seasons or one three episodes most tv series anime episodes will have opening credits closing credits and often an eyecatch a very short scene often humorous or silly that is used to signal the start or |
end of the commercial break as bumpers in the united states are used in a similar fashion eyecatch scenes are often found in tv series anime and are generally similar throughout the series ova original video animation sometimes oav or original animated video anime is often similar to a television miniseries ovas are typically two to twenty episodes in length one shots are particularly short usually less than film length they are most commonly released directly to video as a general rule ova anime tends to be of high quality approaching that of films titles often have a very regular continuous plot best enjoyed if all episodes are viewed in sequence popular ova titles include flcl bubblegum crisis and tenchi muyo opening credits closing credits and eyecatches may sometimes be found in ova releases but not universally franchising it is very common for one title to spawn several different releases a title that starts as a popular television series might then have a movie produced at a later date a good example i |
s tenchi muyo originally an ova it spawned three movies three television series and several spinoff titles and specials not all successors to an anime are a sequel to the original story prequels and alternate stories are commonly adapted from the original licensing and distribution anime is available outside of japan in localized form licensed anime is modified by western distributors through dubbing into the language of the country the anime may also be edited to alter cultural references that may not be understood by a non japanese person and companies may remove what may be perceived as objectionable content for the fans who may object to the editing and dubbing of anime dvds may be their preference dvd releases often include both the dubbed audio and the original japanese audio with subtitles are typically unedited and lack commercials fansubs although it is a violation of copyright laws in many countries some fans watch fansubs recordings of anime series that have been subtitled by fans watching subtitle |
d japanese versions is usually seen as the intended method of watching anime by enthusiasts the ethical implications of producing distributing or watching fansubs is a topic of much controversy even when fansub groups do not profit from and cease distribution of their work once the series has been licensed see fansub for further discussion of ethical issues of fansubbing see also a life size model of a robot from the animation laputa on top of the ghibli museum in mitaka tokyo animated cartoon animation anime industry anime physics history of anime manga traditional animation amerime editing of anime in international distribution terminology anime music video catgirl chibi cosplay d jinshi or doujinshi dorama eroge ganguro guro hentai j pop lolicon otaku seiy shota licensing and translation editing of anime in international distribution fansub glossary japanese film credit terms lists animated television series anime characters anime companies conventions list of anime notable anime anime theatrically release |
d in america notable names in anime directors creators and so forth references clements jonathan and helen mccarthy the anime encyclopedia berkeley calif stone bridge press two zero zero one isbn one eight eight zero six five six six four seven napier susan j anime from akira to princess mononoke new york palgrave two zero zero one isbn zero three one two two three eight six two poitras gilles anime companion berkeley calif stone bridge press one nine nine eight isbn one eight eight zero six five six three two nine poitras gilles anime essentials berkeley calif stone bridge press two zero zero zero isbn one eight eight zero six five six five three one baricordi andrea and pelletier claude anime a guide to japanese animation one nine five eight one nine eight eight montreal canada protoculture two zero zero zero isbn two nine eight zero five seven five nine zero nine external links databases anidb database of anime series hashes fansub groups and mylist feature anime academy anime database community forum and |
articles on culture style and prominent figures anime lyrics animenfo anime database reviews and community forums richard llewellyn s anime tv series list comprehensive anime title database link sites anime allies directory directory of anime sites and resources anime web turnpike news anime news network anime news site also has weekly columns forums and an extensive encyclopedia of series companies and staff cast wikis anime wiki their goal is to build a wiki without copying other sources review sites anime reviews toys and opening movie intros anime on dvd extensive database of anime dvd reviews anime fridge an archive of anime video games manga and related soundrack reviews the anime review reviews of current and past anime series them anime indepth reviews and synopses of various anime titles anime frontier reviews of anime and manga as well as other various resources other reference japan seven webzine and an archive of anime music ost j music anime tropes common cliches and visual cues greencine primer |
on anime anime portal in russia notes animation anime art genres cartooning film asterism may refer to asterism astronomy asterism gemmology asterism typography ankara is the capital of turkey and the country s second largest city after stanbul the city has a population of four three one nine one six seven provience five one five three zero zero zero as of two zero zero five and a mean elevation of eight five zero m two eight zero zero ft it was formerly known as angora or eng r and in roman times as ancyra and in classical and hellenistic periods as kyra it is also the capital of ankara province centrally located in anatolia ankara is an important commercial and industrial city it is the center of the turkish government and houses all foreign embassies it is an important crossroads of trade strategically located at the center of turkey s highway and rail network and serves as the marketing center for the surrounding agricultural area the city was famous for its long haired goat and its wool angora wool a uni |
que breed of cat ankara cat white rabbits pear honey and the region s muscat grapes ankara is situated upon a steep and rocky hill which rises five zero zero ft above the plain on the left bank of the enguri su a tributary of the sakarya sangarius river the city is located three nine five two three zero north three two five two east three nine eight seven five three two eight three three three the city which is one of the driest places in turkey and surrounded by a barren featureless steppe vegetation with various hittite phrygian ottoman byzantine and roman archeological sites it has a harsh dry continental climate with cold snowy winters and hot dry summers rainfall occurs mostly during spring and autumn the hill is crowned by the ruins of the old castle which add to the picturesqueness of the view but the town was not well built many of its houses constructed of sun dried mud bricks along narrow streets there are however many finely preserved remains of greek roman and byzantine architecture the most remar |
kable being the temple of augustus on the walls of which is the famous monumentum ancyranum history ankara bazaar in one nine two zero s the region s vibrant history can be traced back to the bronze age hatti civilization which was succeeded in the two nd millennium bc by the hittites in the one zero th century bc by the phrygians then by the lydians and persians persian sovereignty lasted until the persians defeat at the hands of the macedonian king alexander the great in three three three bc alexander came from gordium to ankara and stayed in the city for a period of time after his death at babylon in three two three bc and the subsequent division of his empire amongst his generals ankara and its environs fell into the share of antigonus in two seven eight bc ankara was occupied by the gaulish race of galatians who were the first to make ankara their capital it was then known as ancyra meaning anchor in greek ankara s organized and written history starts with the galatians a view from ulus the historical di |
strict of ankara the city subsequently fell to the roman empire in one eight nine bc and became the capital of the roman province of galatia under roman rule ankara became a gate to the east for rome and as such was well developed achieving the status of city state or polis the city s military as well as logistical significance lasted well into the long byzantine reign even after its capital was moved to constantinople although ankara fell into the hands of several arab armies numerous times after the six th century it remained an important crossroads polis within the byzantine empire until the late one one th century in one zero seven one seljuk sultan alparslan threw open the door to anatolia for the turks by his victory at malazgirt he then annexed ankara an important location for military transportation and natural resources to turkish territory in one zero seven three orhan i second bey of the ottoman empire captured the city in one three five six another turkic leader timur lenk besieged ankara as part |
of his campaign in anatolia but in one four zero three ankara was again under ottoman control at the close of world war i turkey was under the control of the ottoman sultan and having lost the war was being shared by greeks french british and italians the leader of the turkish nationalists kemal atat rk established the headquarters of his resistance movement in ankara in one nine one nine see treaty of s vres and turkish war of independence after the war of independence was won and the ottoman empire was dissolved turkey was declared a republic on october two nine one nine two three ankara having replaced stanbul formerly constantinople as the capital of the new republic of turkey on october one three one nine two three a recent view from k z lay the central district of ankara after ankara became the capital of the newly founded republic of turkey new development divided the city into an old section called ulus and a new section called yeni ehir ancient buildings reflecting roman byzantine and ottoman history |
and narrow winding streets mark the old section the new section now centered around k z lay has the trappings of a more modern city wide streets hotels theaters shopping malls and high rises government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section attractions general attractions an tkabir atat rk s mausoleum an tkabir is located on an imposing hill in the anittepe quarter of the city stands the mausoleum of mustafa kemal atat rk founder of the republic of turkey completed in one nine five three it is an impressive fusion of ancient and modern architecture an adjacent museum houses a superior wax statue of atat rk his writings letters and personal items as well as an exhibition of photographs recording important moments in his life and in the establishment of the republic anitkabir is open everyday and the adjacent museum every day except mondays the ankara ethnography museum etno rafya m zesi this museum is opposite the opera house on talat pasa boulevard in ulus district there is a fine |
collection of folkloric as well as seljuk and ottoman era artifacts an hattian artifact from three rd millennium bc in the museum of anatolian civilizations the museum of anatolian civilizations anadolu medeniyetleri m zesi situated at the ankara castle entrance it is an old bedesten covered bazaar that has been beautifully restored and now houses a unique collection of paleolithic neolithic hatti hittite phrygian urartian and roman works and showpiece lydian treasures the engelhan rahmi m ko museum engelhan rahmi m ko m zesi is an industrial museum opposite the entrance to the citadel close to anatolian civilization museum located in the historic engelhan a former caravanserai built in one five two two the museum displays huge variety of exhibits on such diverse themes as engineering road transport scientific instruments maritime medicine and many others the beautiful and atmospheric courtyard now houses the newly restored shop where the founder of the ko group mr vehbi ko started his working life and when y |
ou have finished your museum visit you can relax in either the divan caf or the sophisticated divan brasserie in the courtyard state art and sculpture museum the painting and sculpture museum resim heykel m zesi close to the ethnography museum and houses a rich collection of turkish art from the late one nine th century to the present day there are also galleries which host guest exhibitions the war of independence museum kurtulu sava m zesi in ulus square is what was originally the first parliament building of the republic of turkey there the war of independence was planned and directed here as recorded in various photographs and items presently on exhibition in another display wax figures of former presidents of the republic of turkey are on exhibit the tcdd locomotive museum near the railway station by celal bayar blvd is a very interesting open air museum that traces the history of steam locomotion through the locomotives and artifacts on display archeological sites ankara citadel ankara citadel the found |
ations of the citadel were laid by the galatians on a prominent lava outcrop and the rest was completed by the romans the byzantines and seljuks further made restorations and additions the area around and inside the citadel being the oldest part of ankara contains many fine examples of traditional architecture there are also recreational areas to relax many restored traditional turkish houses inside the citadel area have found new life as restaurants serving local cuisine music and of course raki roman theatre the remains the stage and the backstage can be seen outside the castle roman statues that were found here are exhibited in the museum of anatolian civilizations see above the seating area is still under excavation temple of augustus it was built by the galatian king pylamenes in ad one zero as a tribute and sign of fidelity to augustus and was reconstructed by the romans on the ancient ankara acropolis in the two nd century it is important for the monument ancyranum the sole surviving political testamen |
t of augustus detailing his achievements inscribed on its walls in latin and greek in the fifth century the temple was converted into a church by the byzantines the temple is in the ulus quarter of the city roman bath this bath has all the typical features of a classical roman bath a frigidarium cold room tepidarium cool room and caldarium hot room the bath was built in the reign of emperor caracalla in three rd century ad to honour the asclepios the god of medicine today only the basement and first floors remain situated in ulus quarter column of julian this column in ulus was erected in ad three six two to commemorate a visit by the roman emperor julian the apostate it stands fifteen meters high and has a typical leaf decoration on the capital modern monuments monument to a secure confident future this monument in g ven park bakanl klar quarter was erected in one nine three five and bears atat rk s advice to his people turk be proud work hard and believe in yourself victory monument zafer an t erected in on |
e nine two seven in zafer square in the s hhiye quarter it depicts atat rk in uniform hatti monument built in the one nine seven zero s in s hhiye square this impressive monument symbolizes the hatti gods and commemorates anatolia s earliest known civilization mosques kocatepe mosque kocatepe mosque this mosque was constructed in the late two zero th century in accordance with classical ottoman models which emphasize the placement of four minarets its size and prominent location make it a landmark that can be seen from most anywhere in central ankara haci bayram mosque this mosque in ulus quarter next to the temple of augustus was built in the early one five th century in seljuk style and was subsequently restored by architect sinan in the one six th century with kutahya tiles being added in the one eight th century the mosque was built in honor of haci bayram veli whose tomb is next to the mosque parks ankara has many delightful parks and open spaces mainly established in the early years of the republic and |
well maintained and expanded thereafter the most important of these parks are gen lik park houses an amusement park with a large pond for rowing the botanical garden se menler park anayasa park ku ulu park famous for the swans received as a gift from the chinese government abdi ipekci park g ven park see above for the monument kurtulu park has an ice skating rink alt n park also a prominent exposition fair area harikalar diyari said to be europe s biggest park inside city borders and g ksu park g ksu park located in eryaman district was established in two zero zero four atat rk farm and zoo atat rk orman iftli i ao is an expansive recreational farming area housing a zoo several small agricultural farms greenhouses restaurants a dairy farm and a brewery it is a pleasant place to spend a day with family be it for having picnics hiking biking or simply enjoying good food and nature there is also an exact replica of the house where atat rk was born in one eight eight one in thessaloniki greece visitors to the ift |
lik farm as it is affectionately called by ankarans can sample such famous products of the farm as its excellent old fashioned beer and ice cream fresh dairy products and meat rolls kebaps made on charcoal through an excellent traditional restaurant merkez lokantasi central restaurant caf s and other establishments scattered in the farm shopping an inside view of karum shopping and in the atakule tower in ankaya ankaya being the quarter with the highest elevation in the city the tower has a magnificent view over the whole city and also has a revolving restaurant at the top where the complete panorama can be enjoyed in a more leisurely fashion as ankara started expanding westward in the one nine seven zero s there are several modern suburbia style developments and mini cities along the western highway also known as eskisehir road the armada mall on the highway the galleria in mitk y and a huge mall in bilkent center offering north american and european style mall shopping opportunities these can be reached fol |
lowing the eski ehir highway universities ankara is known for the multitude of universities it is home to these include the following several of them being among the most reputable of the country ankara university at l m university ba kent university bilkent university ankaya university gazi university hacettepe university middle east technical university ufuk university transportation map of the subway of ankara esenboga international airport located in the north of the city is the main airport of ankara the bus lines constitute the main means of inter city transportation in turkey and ankara intercity bus terminal turkish ankara ehirleraras terminal letmesi a t is an important part of the network the railstation ankara gar of turkish republic railways turkish t rkiye cumhuriyeti devlet demiryollar tcdd is an important hub connecting western and eastern parts of the country ego elektrik gaz otob s operates the public transportation there are currently two subway lines in the city and three more are under con |
struction a view from ankara metro sports the city has three football clubs currently competing in the turkish premier super league gen lerbirli i finished five th in the league b y k ehir belediye ankaraspor finished seven th in the league and ankarag c finished one three th in the league see also synod of ancyra manga band external links ankara city life photos gallery photo album of municipality of ankara pictures of ankara monumentum ancyranum turkish ministry of culture and tourism s ankara environs page ankara weather forecast information pictures of the capital of this province pictures of some of the oldest and finest finds in the country at ankara museum of anatolian civilizations atat rk mausoleum in ankara archaeological sites in turkey capitals in asia cities in turkey ankara pronunciation al a ra bij ja states algeria bahrain egypt iraq jordan kuwait lebanon libya mauritania morocco oman qatar saudi arabia somalia sudan syria tunisia united arab emirates palestine west bank and gaza western sahar |
a sadr yemen by a majority and in many other countries such as israel as a minority language region arab world speakers two zero six million ethnologue native speakers of all dialects one nine nine eight est two eight six million population of arab countries cia world factbook two zero zero four est excluding arab minorities in other countries and bilingual speakers rank five by first language slightly before portuguese and bengali familycolor afro asiatic fam two semitic fam three west semitic fam four central semitic script arabic alphabet nation algeria bahrain comoros chad djibouti egypt eritrea iraq israel jordan kuwait lebanon libya mauritania morocco oman palestine qatar western sahara sadr saudi arabia somalia sudan syria tunisia united arab emirates yemen a national language of mali senegal hassaniya international organizations united nations arab league organization of islamic conference african union agency egypt academy of the arabic language iso one ar iso two ara lc one ara ld one arabic generic |
see varieties of arabic for the individual codes ll one none arabic less formally is the largest member of the semitic branch of the afro asiatic language family classification south central semitic and is closely related to hebrew and aramaic it is spoken throughout the arab world and is widely studied and known throughout the islamic world arabic has been a literary language since at least the six th century and is the liturgical language of islam quite a few english words are ultimately derived from arabic often through other european languages especially spanish among them every day vocabulary like sugar sukkar cotton or magazine more recognizable are words like algebra alcohol and zenith see list of english words of arabic origin literary and modern standard arabic the term arabic may refer either to literary arabic or modern standard arabic or to the many localized varieties of arabic commonly called colloquial arabic arabs consider literary arabic as the standard language and tend to view everything e |
lse as mere dialects literary arabic literally the most eloquent arabic language refers both to the language of present day media across north africa and the middle east and to the more articulate language of the qur an the expression media here includes most television and radio and all written matter including all books newspapers magazines documents of every kind and reading primers for small children colloquial or dialectal arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties derived from classical arabic spoken daily across north africa and the middle east which constitute the everyday spoken language these sometimes differ enough to be mutually incomprehensible these dialects are not typically written although a certain amount of literature particularly plays and poetry exists in many of them they are often used to varying degrees in informal spoken media such as soap operas and talk shows literary arabic or classical arabic is the official language of all arab countries and is the only form of arab |
ic taught in schools at all stages the sociolinguistic situation of arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of diglossia the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language usually in different social situations in the case of arabic educated arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their local dialect and their school taught literary arabic to an equal or lesser degree this diglossic situation facilitates code switching in which a speaker switches back and forth unaware between the two varieties of the language sometimes even within the same sentence in instances in which arabs of different nationalities engage in conversation only to find their dialects mutually unintelligible e g a moroccan speaking with a lebanese both should be able to code switch into literary arabic for the sake of communication since the written arabic of today differs from the written arabic of the qur anic era it has become customary in western scholarship and among non ara |
b scholars of arabic to refer to the language of the qur an as classical arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speech as modern standard arabic arabs on the other hand often use the term to refer to both forms thus placing greater emphasis on the similarities between the two the difference between arabic of the qur anic era and today s classical arabic is only in the degree of eloquence the vocabulary the syntactic and grammatical rules are the same arabic and islam it is sometimes difficult to translate islamic concepts and concepts specific to arab culture without using the original arabic terminology the qur an is expressed in arabic and traditionally muslims deem it impossible to translate in a way that would adequately reflect its exact meaning indeed until recently some schools of thought maintained that it should not be translated at all a list of islamic terms in arabic covers those terms which are too specific to translate in one phrase while arabic is strongly associated with isl |
am and is the language of salah it is also spoken by arab christians oriental jews and smaller sects such as iraqi mandaeans even so a majority of the world s muslims do not actually speak arabic but only know some fixed phrases of the language such as those used in islamic prayer however to counteract this trend non arabic speaking muslims are strongly encouraged to learn the language classification and related languages maltese which is spoken on the mediterranean island of malta is the only surviving european language to derive primarily from arabic though it contains a large number of italian and english borrowings dialects see varieties of arabic for main article colloquial arabic is a collective term for the spoken languages or dialects of people throughout the arab world which as mentioned differ radically from the literary language the main dialectal division is between the maghreb dialects and those of the middle east followed by that between sedentary dialects and the much more conservative bedouin |
dialects maltese though descended from arabic is considered a separate language speakers of some of these dialects are unable to converse with speakers of another dialect of arabic in particular while middle easterners can generally understand one another they often have trouble understanding maghrebis although the converse is not true due to the popularity of middle eastern especially egyptian films and other media one factor in the differentiation of the dialects is influence from the languages previously spoken in the areas which have typically provided a significant number of new words and have sometimes also influenced pronunciation or word order however a much more significant factor for most dialects is as among romance languages retention or change of meaning of different classical forms thus iraqi aku levantine fiih and north african kayen all mean there is and all come from arabic yakuun fiihi kaa in respectively but now sound very different the major groups are egyptian arabic maghreb arabic algeri |
an arabic moroccan arabic tunisian arabic and western libyan levantine arabic western syrian lebanese palestinian and western jordanian cypriot maronite arabic iraqi arabic khuzestani arabic which has significant persian influence and is not understood by most other arabic speakers gulf arabic eastern syrian kuwaiti saudi arabian persian gulf coast from iraq to oman including much of saudi arabia s eastern province and minorities on the other side other varieties include in mauritania and western sahara andalusi arabic extinct but important role in literary history maltese sudanese arabic with a dialect continuum into chad baharna arabic bahrain saudi eastern province and oman hijazi arabic west coast of saudi arabia northern saudi arabia eastern jordan western iraq najdi arabic najd region of central saudi arabia yemeni arabic yemen to southern saudi arabia sounds the phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of standard arabic vowels arabic has three vowels with their long forms plus two diphthongs a open e |
as in english bed but centralised i u ai ay au aw allophonically after velarized consonants see following the vowel a is pronounced as thus also after r ai as and au as consonants see arabic alphabet for explanations on the ipa phonetic symbols found in this chart is pronounced as by some speakers this is especially characteristic of the egyptian and southern yemeni dialects in many parts of north africa and in the levant it is pronounced as is pronounced only in the name of god i e allah when the word follows a u or after i or it is unvelarised bismi l l h is usually a phonetic approximant in many varieties if not most are actually epiglottal despite what is reported in many earlier works the consonants traditionally termed emphatic are either velarised or pharyngealised in some transcription systems emphasis is shown by capitalizing the letter e g is written d in others the letter is underlined or has a dot below it e g vowels and consonants can be phonologically short or long long geminate consonants are n |
ormally written doubled in latin transcription i e bb dd etc reflecting the presence of the arabic diacritic mark shaddah which marks lengthened consonants such consonants are held twice as long as short consonants this consonant lengthening is phonemically contrastive e g qabala he received and qabbala he kissed syllable structure arabic has two kinds of syllable open syllables cv and cvv and closed syllables cvc cvvc and cvcc every syllable begins with a consonant or else a consonant is borrowed from a previous word through elision especially in the case of the definite article the al used when starting an utterance or l when following a word e g baytu l mudiir house of the director which becomes bay tul mu diir when divided syllabically by itself definite mudiir would be pronounced stress although word stress is not phonemically contrastive in standard arabic it does bear a strong relationship to vowel length and syllable shape and correct word stress aids intelligibility in general heavy syllables attract |
stress i e syllables of longer duration a closed syllable or a syllable with a long vowel in a word with a syllable with one long vowel the long vowel attracts the stress e g ki taab and kaa tib in a word with two long vowels the second long vowel attracts stress e g ma kaa tiib in a word with a heavy syllable where two consonants occur together or the same consonant is doubled the last heavy syllable attracts stress e g ya ma niyy ka tabt ka tab na ma jal lah mad ra sah yur sil na this last rule trumps the first two ja zaa i riyy otherwise word stress typically falls on the first syllable ya man ka ta bat etc the cairo egyptian arabic dialect however has some idiosyncrasies in that a heavy syllable may not carry stress more than two syllables from the end of a word so that mad ra sah carries the stress on the second to last syllable as does qaa hi rah dialectal variations in some dialects there may be more or fewer phonemes than those listed in the chart above for example non arabic is used in the maghreb d |
ialects as well in the written language mostly for foreign names semitic became extremely early on in arabic before it was written down a few modern arabic dialects such as iraqi influenced by persian distinguish between and interdental fricatives and are rendered as stops and in some dialects principally levantine and egyptian and as and in learned words from the standard language early in the expansion of arabic the separate emphatic phonemes and coallesced into a single phoneme becoming one or the other predictably dialects without interdental fricatives use exclusively while those with such fricatives use again in learned words from the standard language is rendered as in dialects without interdental fricatives another key distinguishing mark of arabic dialects is how they render standard a voiceless uvular stop it retains its original pronunciation in widely scattered regions such as yemen and morocco and among the druze while it is rendered in gulf arabic iraqi arabic upper egypt and less urban parts of |
the levant e g jordan and as a glottal stop in many prestige dialects such as those spoken in cairo beirut and damascus thus arabs instantly give away their geographical and class origin by their pronunciation of a word such as qamar moon or grammar see arabic grammar writing system main article arabic alphabet the arabic alphabet derives from the aramaic script which variety nabataean or syriac is a matter of scholarly dispute to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of coptic or cyrillic script to greek script traditionally there were several differences between the western maghrebi and eastern version of the alphabet in particular the fa and qaf had a dot underneath and a single dot above respectively in the maghreb and the order of the letters was slightly different at least when they were used as numerals however the old maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the maghreb itself and remains in use mainly in the quranic schools zaouias of west africa arabic like oth |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.