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then to north cape in northern norway the atlantic ocean as seen from the west coast of ireland on a fair day covering approximately two zero of earth s surface the atlantic ocean is second only to the pacific in size with its adjacent seas it occupies an area of about one zero six four zero zero zero zero zero square kilometres four one one zero zero zero zero zero square miles without them it has an area of eight two four zero zero zero zero zero square kilometres three one eight zero zero zero zero zero sq mi the land area that drains into the atlantic is four times that of either the pacific or indian oceans the volume of the atlantic ocean with its adjacent seas is three five four seven zero zero zero zero zero cubic kilometres eight five one zero zero zero zero zero cu mi and without them three two three six zero zero zero zero zero cubic kilometres seven seven six four zero zero zero zero cu mi the average depths of the atlantic with its adjacent seas is three three three two metres one zero nine thre |
e two ft without them it is three nine two six metres one two eight eight one ft the greatest depth eight six zero five metres two eight two three two ft is in the puerto rico trench the width of the atlantic varies from two eight four eight kilometres one seven seven zero miles between brazil and liberia to about four eight three zero kilometes three zero zero zero mi between the united states and northern africa the atlantic ocean has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays gulfs and seas these include the caribbean sea gulf of mexico gulf of st lawrence mediterranean sea black sea north sea labrador sea baltic sea and norwegian greenland sea islands in the atlantic ocean include faroe islands greenland iceland rockall great britain ireland fernando de noronha the azores the madeira islands the canaries the cape verde islands sao tome e principe newfoundland bermuda the west indies ascension st helena trindade martin vaz tristan da cunha the falkland islands and south georgia island atlantic ocean ocean |
bottom the principal feature of the bottom topography of the atlantic ocean is a great submarine mountain range called the mid atlantic ridge it extends from iceland in the north to approximately five eight south latitude reaching a maximum width of about one six zero zero kilometres one zero zero zero mi a great rift valley also extends along the ridge over most of its length the depth of water over the ridge is less than two seven zero zero metres eight nine zero zero ft in most places and several mountain peaks rise above the water forming islands the south atlantic ocean has an additional submarine ridge the walvis ridge the mid atlantic ridge separates the atlantic ocean into two large troughs with depths averaging between three seven zero zero and five five zero zero metres one two zero zero zero and one eight zero zero zero ft transverse ridges running between the continents and the mid atlantic ridge divide the ocean floor into numerous basins some of the larger basins are the guiana north american ca |
pe verde and canaries basins in the north atlantic the largest south atlantic basins are the angola cape argentina and brazil basins the deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat although numerous seamounts and some guyots exist several deeps or trenches are also found on the ocean floor the puerto rico trench in the north atlantic is the deepest the laurentian abyss is found off the eastern coast of canada in the south atlantic the south sandwich trench reaches a depth of eight four two eight metres two seven six five one ft a third major trench the romanche trench is located near the equator and reaches a depth of about seven four five four metres two four four five five ft the shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about one one of the bottom topography in addition a number of deep channels cut across the continental rise ocean sediments are composed of terrigenous pelagic and authigenic material terrigenous deposits consist of sand mud and rock particles formed by erosion weathering an |
d volcanic activity on land and then washed to sea these materials are largely found on the continental shelves and are thickest off the mouths of large rivers or off desert coasts pelagic deposits which contain the remains of organisms that sink to the ocean floor include red clays and globigerina pteropod and siliceous oozes covering most of the ocean floor and ranging in thickness from six zero metres to three three zero zero metres two zero zero ft to one one zero zero zero ft they are thickest in the convergence belts and in the zones of upwelling authigenic deposits consist of such materials as manganese nodules they occur where sedimentation proceeds slowly or where currents sort the deposits water characteristics the salinity of the surface waters in the open ocean ranges from three three to three seven parts per thousand by mass and varies with latitude and season although the minimum salinity values are found just north of the equator in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along |
coasts where large rivers flow into the ocean maximum salinity values occur at about two five north latitude surface salinity values are influenced by evaporation precipitation river inflow and melting of sea ice surface water temperatures which vary with latitude current systems and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy range from less than two c to two nine c two eight f to eight four f maximum temperatures occur north of the equator and minimum values are found in the polar regions in the middle latitudes the area of maximum temperature variations values may vary by seven c to eight c one three f to one five f the atlantic ocean consists of four major water masses the north and south atlantic central waters constitute the surface waters the sub antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of one zero zero zero metres three three zero zero ft the north atlantic deep water reaches depths of as much as four zero zero zero metres one three two zero zero ft the antarctic bottom water |
occupies ocean basins at depths greater than four zero zero zero metres one three two zero zero ft within the north atlantic ocean currents isolate a large elongated body of water known as the sargasso sea in which the salinity is noticeably higher than average the sargasso sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for the european eel due to the coriolis effect water in the north atlantic circulates in a clockwise direction whereas water circulation in the south atlantic is counter clockwise the south tides in the atlantic ocean are semi diurnal that is two high tides occur during each two four lunar hours the tides are a general wave that moves from south to north in latitudes above four zero north some east west oscillation occurs climate waves in the trade winds in the atlantic ocean areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes the climate of the atlantic ocea |
n and adjacent land areas is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as the winds blowing across the waters because of the oceans great capacity for retaining heat maritime climates are moderate and free of extreme seasonal variations precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from the water temperatures the oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation climatic zones vary with latitude the warmest climatic zones stretch across the atlantic north of the equator the coldest zones are in the high latitudes with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice ocean currents contribute to climatic control by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions adjacent land areas are affected by the winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents the gulf stream for example warms the atmosphere of the british isles and northwestern europe and the cold water c |
urrents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of northeastern canada the grand banks area and the northwestern coast of africa in general winds tend to transport moisture and warm or cool air over land areas hurricanes develop in the southern part of the north atlantic ocean history and economy the atlantic ocean appears to be the second youngest of the world s oceans after the southern ocean evidence indicates that it did not exist prior to one eight zero million years ago when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral supercontinent pangaea were being rafted apart by the process of seafloor spreading the atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements were established along its shores the vikings portuguese and christopher columbus were the most famous among its early explorers after columbus european exploration rapidly accelerated and many new trade routes were established as a result the atlantic became and remains the major artery between europe and the americas |
known as transatlantic trade numerous scientific explorations have been undertaken including those by the german meteor expedition columbia university s lamont geological observatory and the united states navy hydrographic office the ocean has also contributed significantly to the development and economy of the countries around it besides its major transatlantic transportation and communication routes the atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves and the world s richest fishing resources especially in the waters covering the shelves the major species of fish caught are cod haddock hake herring and mackerel the most productive areas include the grand banks of newfoundland the shelf area off nova scotia georges bank off cape cod the bahama banks the waters around iceland the irish sea the dogger bank of the north sea and the falkland banks eel lobster and whales have also been taken in great quantities all these factors taken together tremendously enhance th |
e atlantic s great commercial value because of the threats to the ocean environment presented by oil spills marine debris and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea various international treaties exist to reduce some forms of pollution in one eight five eight the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by cyrus field in one nine one nine the american nc four became the first airplane to cross the atlantic though it made a couple of landings on islands along the way later in one nine one nine a british airplane piloted by alcock and brown made the first non stop transatlantic flight from newfoundland to ireland in one nine two one the british were the first to cross the north atlantic in an airship in one nine two two the portuguese were the first to cross the south atlantic in an airship the first transatlantic telephone call was made on january seven one nine two seven in one nine two seven charles lindbergh made the first solo non stop transatlantic flight in an airplane between new york city and pari |
s after rowing for eight one days and two nine six two miles on december three one nine nine nine tori murden became the first woman to cross the atlantic ocean by rowboat alone when she reached guadeloupe from the canary islands location body of water between africa europe the southern ocean and the americas geographic coordinates map references world area total seven six seven six two million km two nine six three seven million mi note includes the baltic sea black sea caribbean sea davis strait denmark strait part of the drake passage gulf of mexico labrador sea mediterranean sea north sea norwegian sea almost all of the scotia sea and other tributary water bodies area comparative slightly less than six five times the size of the united states coastline one one one eight six six km six nine five one zero mi climate tropical cyclones hurricanes develop anywhere from off the coast of africa near cape verde to the windward islands and move westward into the caribbean sea or up the east coast of north america |
hurricanes can occur from may to december but are most frequent from late july to early november storms are common in the north atlantic during northern winters making ocean crossings more difficult and dangerous terrain the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the labrador sea denmark strait and baltic sea from october to june there is a clockwise warm water gyre broad circular system of currents in the northern atlantic and a counter clockwise warm water gyre in the southern atlantic the ocean floor is dominated by the mid atlantic ridge a rugged north south centerline for the entire atlantic basin first discovered by the challenger expedition elevation extremes lowest point milwaukee deep in the puerto rico trench eight six zero five metres two eight two three two ft five three mi highest point sea level zero metres natural resources petroleum and gas fields fish marine mammals seals and whales sand and gravel aggregates placer deposits polymetallic nodules precious stones natural hazards icebergs ar |
e common in the davis strait denmark strait and the northwestern atlantic ocean from february to august and have been spotted as far south as bermuda and the madeira islands ships are subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern atlantic from october to may persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from may to september so can hurricanes north of the equator may to december the bermuda triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents due to unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes but coastguard records do not support this belief current environmental issues endangered marine species include the manatee seals sea lions turtles and whales drift net fishing is killing dolphins albatrosses and other seabirds petrels auks hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes there is municipal sludge pollution off the eastern united states southern brazil and eastern argentina oil pollution in the caribbean sea gulf of mexico lake maracai |
bo mediterranean sea and north sea and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the baltic sea north sea and mediterranean sea notes on geography major chokepoints include the strait of gibraltar and the panama canal strategic straits include the strait of dover straits of florida mona passage the sound oresund and windward passage the equator divides the atlantic ocean into the north atlantic ocean and south atlantic ocean previously known as the ethiopic ocean during the cold war the so called greenland iceland uk giuk gap was a major strategic concern the seabed in that area was laid with extensive hydrophone systems to track soviet submarines ports and harbours aberdeen united kingdom abidjan c te d ivoire a coru a spain accra ghana lesund norway amsterdam netherlands antwerp belgium bahia blanca argentina baltimore united states banjul the gambia belfast northern ireland bergen norway bissau guinea bissau bod norway bordeaux france boston united states bremen germany brest france bristol englan |
d cadiz spain cape town south africa casablanca morocco cayenne french guiana charleston united states charlottetown canada cherbourg france conakry guinea cork republic of ireland cotonou benin dakar senegal douala cameroon dublin republic of ireland dunkirk france edinburgh scotland everglades port united states fortaleza brazil georgetown guyana glasgow scotland gothenburg sweden hamburg germany halifax canada jacksonville united states lagos nigeria las palmas spain le havre france libreville gabon lisbon portugal liverpool england lom togo london england luanda angola macei brazil malabo equatorial guinea miami united states monrovia liberia montr al canada morehead city united states nantes france nantucket united states narvik norway new haven united states new london united states new york united states newcastle upon tyne england newport news united states norfolk united states nouakchott mauritania oslo norway ostend belgium palm beach united states paramaribo suriname peterhead united kingdom phila |
delphia united states port harcourt nigeria portland united states porto portugal porto novo benin portsmouth england portsmouth united states providence united states puerto cortes honduras qu bec canada rabat morocco recife brazil reykjav k iceland rio de janeiro brazil rotterdam netherlands salvador brazil saint nazaire france santa cruz de tenerife spain santander spain santos brazil savannah united states seville spain saint john canada sept les canada st john s canada southampton england stavanger norway sydney canada tangier morocco trois rivi res canada troms norway trondheim norway vigo spain vit ria brazil walvis bay namibia willemstad netherlands antilles wilmington united states yarmouth canada note on transportation the saint lawrence seaway is an important waterway references much of this article comes from the public domain site http oceanographer navy mil atlantic html dead link it is now accessible from the internet archive at http web archive org web two zero zero two zero two two one two on |
e five five one four http three a oceanographer navy mil atlantic html disclaimers for this website including its status as a public domain resource are recorded on the internet archive at http web archive org web two zero zero two zero two one two zero two one zero four nine http three a oceanographer navy mil warning html external links noaa in situ ocean data viewer plot and download ocean observations cia the world factbook atlantic ocean atlantic ocean oceans arthur schopenhauer february two two one seven eight eight september two one one eight six zero was a german philosopher he is most famous for his work the world as will and representation he is commonly known for having espoused a sort of philosophical pessimism that saw life as being essentially evil futile and full of suffering however upon closer inspection in accordance with eastern thought especially that of hinduism and buddhism he saw salvation deliverance or escape from suffering in aesthetic contemplation sympathy for others and ascetic li |
ving his ideas profoundly influenced the fields of philosophy psychology music and literature life schopenhauer was born in one seven eight eight in sztutowo poland near gda sk he was the son of heinrich floris schopenhauer and johanna schopenhauer a middle class mercantile family of dutch heritage although they had strong feelings against any kind of nationalism indeed the name arthur was selected by his father especially because it was the same in english german and french his parents were both from the city and johanna was an author as well after the city was annexed by prussia during the second partition of poland in one seven nine three the schopenhauer family fled to hamburg in one eight zero five schopenhauer s father died possibly by suicide and johanna moved to weimar because of a promise to pursue a business career schopenhauer remained in hamburg his disgust of this career however drove him away to join his mother in weimar after only a year he never got along with his mother when the writer goethe |
who was a friend of johanna schopenhauer told her that he thought her son was destined for great things johanna objected she had never heard there could be two geniuses in a single family schopenhauer studied at the university of g ttingen and was awarded a phd from the university of jena in one eight two zero schopenhauer became a lecturer at the university of berlin it was there that his opposition to hegel began while in berlin schopenhauer became involved in a consuming lawsuit from a caroline marquet she asked for damages from him a man of independent means on the basis that she had been injured when schopenhauer allegedly pushed her marquet had noisily attracted schopenhauer s attention then marquet s companion witnessed her as being prostrate outside of his apartment marquet claimed that the philosopher had assaulted and battered her after she refused to leave his doorway in this manner she succeeded in gaining through the court a portion of schopenhauer s limited wealth he had to make payments for ma |
ny years his reputation was permanently damaged by her legal machination schopenhauer s health deteriorated during the year of one eight six zero he died of natural causes on september two one of the same year at the age of seven two schopenhauer called himself a kantian and despised hegel he formulated a pessimistic philosophy that gained importance and support after the failure of the german and austrian revolutions of one eight four eight philosophy schopenhauer s starting point was kant s division of the universe into phenomenon and noumenon claiming that the noumenon was the same as that in us which we call will it is the inner content and the driving force of the world for schopenhauer human will had ontological primacy over the intellect in other words desire is understood to be prior to thought and in a parallel sense will is said to be prior to being in solving alleviating the fundamental problems of life schopenhauer was rare among philosophers in considering philosophy and logic less important or l |
ess effective than art certain types of charitable practice loving kindness in his terms and certain forms of religious discipline schopenhauer concluded that discursive thought such as philosophy and logic could neither touch nor transcend the nature of desire i e the will in the world as will and representation schopenhauer posited that humans living in the realm of objects are living in the realm of desire and thus are eternally tormented by that desire his idea of the role of desire in life is similar to that of vedanta hinduism and buddhism and schopenhauer draws attention to these similarities himself while schopenhauer s philosophy may sound rather mystical in such a summary his methodology was resolutely empirical rather than speculative or transcendental schopenhauer s identification of the kantian noumenon i e the actually existing entity with what we call our will deserves some explanation the noumenon was what kant called the ding an sich the thing in itself the reality that is the foundation of o |
ur sensory and mental representations of an external world in kantian terms those sensory and mental representations are mere phenomena schopenhauer s assertion that what we call our will is the same as this noumenon might at first instance strike some as oddly as heraclitus s revelation that everything is made out of fire but kant s philosophy was formulated as a response to the radical philosophical skepticism of david hume and his fellow british empiricists who claimed that as far as we could tell there was no outside reality beyond our mental representations of it schopenhauer begins by arguing that kant s demarcation between external objects knowable only as phenomena and the thing in itself of noumenon contains a significant omission there is in fact one physical object we know more intimately than we know any object of sense perception it is our own body we know our human bodies have boundaries and occupy space the same way other objects known only through our named senses do though we seldom think of |
our bodies as physical objects we know even before reflection that it shares some of their properties we understand that a watermelon cannot successfully occupy the same space as an oncoming truck we know that if we tried to repeat the experiment with our own bodies we would obtain similar results we know this even if we do not understand the physics involved we know that our consciousness inhabits a physical body similar to other physical objects only known as phenomena yet our consciousness is not commensurate with our body most of us possess the power of voluntary motion we usually are not aware of our lungs breath or our heartbeat unless our attention is called to it our ability to control either is limited our kidneys command our attention on their schedule rather than one we choose few of us have any idea what our livers are doing right now though this organ is as needful as lungs heart or kidneys the conscious mind is the servant not the master of these and other organs these organs have an agenda whic |
h the conscious mind did not choose and has limited power over when schopenhauer identifies the noumenon with the desires needs and impulses in us that we name will what he is saying is that we participate in the reality of an otherwise unachievable world outside the mind through will we cannot prove that our mental picture of an outside world corresponds with a reality by reasoning through will we know without thinking that the world can stimulate us we suffer fear or desire these states arise involuntarily they arise prior to reflection they arise even when the conscious mind would prefer to hold them at bay the rational mind is for schopenhauer a leaf borne along in a stream of pre reflective and largely unconscious emotion that stream is will and through will if not through logic we can participate in the underlying reality that lies beyond mere phenomena it is for this reason that schopenhauer identifies the noumenon with what we call our will also schopenhauer s philosophy could be considered as panpsyc |
hism and solipsism and in some way gnostic psychology schopenhauer was perhaps even more influential in his treatment of man s mind than he was in the realm of philosophy philosophers have not traditionally been impressed by the tribulations of love but schopenhauer addressed it and related concepts forthrightly we should be surprised that a matter that generally plays such an important part in the life of man love has hitherto been almost entirely disregarded by philosophers and lies before us as raw and untreated material he gave a name to a force within man which he felt invariably had precedence over reason the will to live wille zum leben defined as an inherent drive within human beings and indeed all creatures to stay alive and to reproduce schopenhauer refused to conceive of love as either trifling or accidental but rather understood it to be an immensely powerful force lying unseen within man s psyche and dramatically shaping the world the ultimate aim of all love affairs is more important than all ot |
her aims in man s life and therefore it is quite worthy of the profound seriousness with which everyone pursues it what is decided by it is nothing less than the composition of the next generation these ideas foreshadowed and laid the groundwork for darwin s theory of evolution nietzsche s will to power and freud s concepts of the libido and the unconscious mind aesthetics see main article schopenhauer s aesthetics this wild and powerful drive to reproduce however caused suffering and pain in the world for schopenhauer one way to escape the suffering inherent in a world of will was through art through art schopenhauer thought the thinking subject could be jarred out of their limited individual perspective to feel a sense of the universal metaphysics directly the universal in question of course was the will the contest of personal desire with a world that was by nature inimical to its satisfaction is inevitably tragical therefore the highest place in art was given to tragedy music was also given a special stat |
us in schopenhauer s aesthetics as it did not rely upon the medium of representation to communicate a sense of the universal schopenhauer believed the function of art to be a meditation on the unity of human nature and an attempt to either demonstrate or directly communicate to the audience a certain existential angst for which most forms of entertainment including bad art only provided a distraction a wide range of authors from thomas hardy to woody allen and artists have been influenced by this system of aesthetics and in the two zero th century this area of schopenhauer s work garnered more attention and praise than any other according to daniel albright two zero zero five schopenhauer thought that music was the only art that did not merely copy ideas but actually embodied the will itself politics schopenhauer s politics were for the most part a much diminished echo of his system of ethics the latter being expressed in die beiden grundprobleme der ethik available in english as two separate books on the bas |
is of morality and on the freedom of the will ethics also occupies about one fourth of his central work the world as will and representation in occasional political comments in his parerga and paralimpomena and manuscript remains schopenhauer described himself as a proponent of limited government what was essential he thought was that the state should leave each man free to work out his own salvation and so long as government was thus limited he would prefer to be ruled by a lion than one of his fellow rats i e a monarch schopenhauer did however share the view of thomas hobbes on the necessity of the state and of state violence to check the destructive tendencies innate to our species schopenhauer by his own admission did not give much thought to politics and several times he writes prideful boasts of how little attention he had paid to political affairs of his day in a life that spanned several revolutions in french and german government and a few continent shaking wars he did indeed maintain his aloof posit |
ion of minding not the times but the eternities schopenhauer on women schopenhauer is also famous for his essay on women ber die weiber in which he expressed his opposition to what he called teutonico christian stupidity on female affairs he claimed that woman is by nature meant to obey and opposed schiller s poem in honor of women w rde der frauen the essay does give two compliments however that women are decidedly more sober in their judgment than men are and are more sympathetic to the suffering of others however the latter was discounted as weakness rather than humanitarian virtue the ultra intolerant view of women contrasts with schopenhauer s generally liberal views on other social issues he was strongly against taboos on issues like suicide and masochism and condemned the treatment of african slaves this polemic on female nature has since been fiercely attacked as misogynistic however he did not hold a universally negative opinion of women in particular one should note that schopenhauer had a very high |
opinion of madame de guyon whose writings and biography he highly recommended in any case the controversial writing has influenced many from nietzsche to one nine th century feminists while schopenhauer s hostility to women may tell us more about his biography than about philosophy his biological analysis of the difference between the sexes and their separate roles in the struggle for survival and reproduction anticipates some of the claims that were later ventured by sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists in the twentieth century schopenhauer on homosexuality schopenhauer was also one of the first philosophers since the days of greek philosophy to address the subject of male homosexuality in the third expanded edition of the world as will and representation one eight five six schopenhauer added an appendix to his chapter on the metaphysics of sexual love in it he develops the idea that since only mature men and fully adult but pre menopausal women are capable of bearing healthy children in early ado |
lescence and in late middle age the sexual appetite is susceptible of being turned towards another channel while there may again be more autobiography than analysis in this hypothesis it is consistent with the general tenor of schopenhauer s thought which gives the will in nature the position of setting an agenda for individual lives it is also one of the first attempts at portraying homosexuality as a natural phenomenon acknowledging its existence in every culture and seeking to explain its appearance even in those cultures whose moralities sharply condemn homosexual behaviour schopenhauer on hegel schopenhauer seems to have disliked just about everything concerning his contemporary georg wilhelm friedrich hegel the following quotation from on the basis of morality page one five one six is quite famous but schopenhauer had good reason to mistrust the writings of hegel in his foreword to the first edition of his work die beiden grundprobleme der ethik schopenhauer had found hegel to have fallen prey to the po |
st hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy schopenhauer s critique of hegel is most certainly directed at his perception that hegel s works use deliberately impressive but ultimately vacuous jargon and neologisms and that they contained castles of abstraction that sounded impressive but ultimately contained no verifiable content he also thought that his glorification of church and state were designed for personal advantage and had little to do with search for philosophical truth although schopenhauer may have appeared vain in his constant attacks on hegel they were not necessarily devoid of merit the right hegelians interpreted hegel as seeing the prussian state of his day as perfect and the goal of all history up until then common misconceptions many are put off schopenhauer by descriptions of him as an obstinate and arrogant man who did not lead the ascetic life that he glorified in his work the idea that he made resignation into a command to virtue is inaccurate as he was merely trying to explain asceticism in terms |
of metaphysics he does refer to the asceticism as a state of inner peace and cheerfulness but he also clearly states that he was not trying to recommend the denial of the will above the affirmation of the will furthermore the call to asceticism was supposed to come to select individuals as knowledge all of a sudden rather than being a virtue that can be taught in general he wrote it is a strange demand on a moralist that he should commend no other virtue than that which he himself possesses the world as will and representation vol i six eight nietzsche seems to have made this misinterpretation leading some people to a distorted view of schopenhauer the following sentence from the twilight of the idols is often quoted schopenhauer did see all these things as means to a more peaceful and enlightened way of life but none of them were denial of the will to live only asceticism is referred to in that way nietzsche also claimed that schopenhauer did not recognise that suffering had a redemptive quality yet his reco |
gnition of this seems blatantly clear in part four of the world as will and representation also his identification of the will with the kantian thing in itself has been misunderstood kant defined things in themselves as being beyond comprehension and that no one could know the inner nature of a material thing it is sometimes thought that schopenhauer denied this but he did not what he did assert was that one could know things about the thing in itself for example you can know that the will is a striving force that it is endless that it causes suffering that it will produce boredom if unoccupied etc however he did not say that you could directly know the will in addition it has sometimes been criticised that he never defined the will but he explained that it could not be fully defined influence schopenhauer is thought to have influenced the following intellectual figures and schools of thought friedrich nietzsche richard wagner sigmund freud charles darwin theodule ribot eugene o neill max horkheimer c g jung |
ludwig wittgenstein samuel beckett jorge luis borges dylan thomas emil cioran thomas mann phenomenalism and recursionism see also schopenhauer s criticism of the kantian philosophy bibliography major works ber die vierfache wurzel des satzes vom zureichenden grunde one eight one three on the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason ber das sehen und die farben one eight one six on vision and colours die welt als wille und vorstellung one eight one eight one eight one nine vol two one eight four four the world as will and representation sometimes also known in english as the world as will and idea vol one dover edition one nine six six isbn zero four eight six two one seven six one two vol two dover edition one nine six six isbn zero four eight six two one seven six two zero peter smith publisher hardcover set one nine six nine isbn zero eight four four six two eight eight five nine everyman paperback combined abridged edition two nine zero p isbn zero four six zero eight seven five zero five one be |
r den willen in der natur one eight three six on the will in nature ber die freiheit des menschlichen willens one eight three nine on freedom of the will ber die grundlage der moral one eight four zero on the basis of morality parerga und paralipomena one eight five one online texts ber religion from parerga und paralipomena ii german influence on friesian philosophy essay ber die weiber die kunst recht zu behalten the art of controversy bilingual source albright daniel two zero zero four modernism and music an anthology of sources p three nine n three four university of chicago press isbn zero two two six zero one two six seven zero external links biography and summary of his philosophy short biography contains the false view that schopenhauer was a solipsist indepth overview of his life and philosophy on the philosopher s impact on freud and psychology schopenhauer and aesthetic appreciation an essay on schopenhauer s debated place in the history of european philosophy detailing his relationship to earlier |
sources one seven eight eight births one eight six zero deaths natives of gda sk one nine th century philosophers atheist philosophers continental philosophers german philosophers idealists kantian philosophers angola is a country in southwestern africa bordering namibia the democratic republic of the congo and zambia and with a west coast along the atlantic ocean the exclave province cabinda has a border with congo brazzaville a former portuguese colony it has considerable natural resources among which oil and diamonds are the most relevant the country is nominally a democracy and is formally named the republic of angola portuguese rep blica de angola pron ipa origin and history of the name the name angola is a portuguese derivation of the bantu word n gola being the title of the native rulers of the quimbundos kingdom in the one six th century at the time of colonization by the portuguese history main article history of angola shows queen nzinga in peace negotiations with the portuguese governor in luanda o |
ne six five seven the earliest inhabitants of the area were khoisan hunter gatherers they were largely replaced by bantu tribes during bantu migrations in present day angola portugal settled in one four eight three at the river congo where the kongo state ndongo and lunda existed the kongo state stretched from modern gabon in the north to the kwanza river in the south portugal established in one five seven five a portuguese colony at luanda based on the slave trade the portuguese gradually took control of the coastal strip throughout the one six th century by a series of treaties and wars they formed the colony of angola the dutch occupied luanda from one six four one four eight providing a boost for anti portuguese states in one six four eight portugal retook luanda and initiated a process of military conquest of the kongo and ndongo states that ended with portuguese victory in one six seven one full portuguese administrative control of the interior didn t occur until the beginning of the two zero th century |
in one nine five one the colony was restyled as an overseas province also called portuguese west africa when portugal refused a decolonization process three independence movements emerged the popular movement for the liberation of angola movimento popular de liberta o de angola mpla with a base among kimbundu and the mixed race intelligentsia of luanda and links to communist parties in portugal and the eastern bloc the national liberation front of angola frente nacional de liberta o de angola fnla with an ethnic base in the bakongo region of the north and links to the united states and the mobutu regime in zaire and the national union for total independence of angola uni o nacional para a independ ncia total de angola unita led by jonas malheiro savimbi with an ethnic and regional base in the ovimbundu heartland in the center of the country after a one four year independence guerrilla war and the overthrow of fascist portugal s government by a military coup angola s nationalist parties began to negotiate for |
independence in january one nine seven five independence was to be declared in november one nine seven five almost immediately a civil war broke out between mpla unita and fnla exacerbated by foreign intervention south african troops struck an alliance of convenience with unita and invaded angola in august one nine seven five to ensure that there would be no interference by a newly independent angolan state in namibia which was then under south african control hodges two zero zero one one one cuban troops came to the support of the mpla in october one nine seven five enabling them to control the capital luanda and hold off the south african forces the mpla declared itself to be the de facto government of the country when independence was formally declared in november with agostinho neto as the first president in one nine seven six the fnla was defeated by a combination of mpla and cuban troops leaving the marxist mpla and unita backed by the united states and south africa to fight for power the conflict rage |
d on fuelled by the geopolitics of the cold war and by the ability of both parties to access angola s natural resources the mpla drew upon the revenues of off shore oil resources while unita accessed alluvial diamonds that were easily smuggled through the region s very porous borders lebillon one nine nine nine in one nine nine one the factions agreed to turn angola into a multiparty state but after the current president jos eduardo dos santos of mpla won un supervised elections unita claimed there was fraud and fighting broke out again a one nine nine four peace accord lusaka protocol between the government and unita provided for the integration of former unita insurgents into the government a national unity government was installed in one nine nine seven but serious fighting resumed in late one nine nine eight rendering hundreds of thousands of people homeless president jos eduardo dos santos suspended the regular functioning of democratic instances due to the conflict on february two two two zero zero two |
jonas savimbi the leader of unita was shot dead and a cease fire was reached by the two factions unita gave up its armed wing and assumed the role of major opposition party although the political situation of the country seems to be normalizing president dos santos still hasn t allowed regular democratic processes to take place among angola s major problems are a serious humanitarian crisis a result of the prolonged war the abundance of minefields and the actions of guerrilla movements fighting for the independence of the northern exclave of cabinda frente para a liberta o do enclave de cabinda angola like many sub saharan nations is subject to periodic outbreaks of infectious diseases in april two zero zero five angola was in the midst of an outbreak of the marburg virus which was rapidly becoming the worst outbreak of a haemorrhagic fever in recorded history with over two three seven deaths recorded out of two six one reported cases and having spread to seven out of the one eight provinces as of april one n |
ine two zero zero five politics main article politics of angola the executive branch of the government is composed of the president the prime minister currently fernando da piedade dias dos santos and council of ministers currently political power is concentrated in the presidency the council of ministers composed of all government ministers and vice ministers meets regularly to discuss policy issues governors of the one eight provinces are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the president the constitutional law of one nine nine two establishes the broad outlines of government structure and delineates the rights and duties of citizens the legal system is based on portuguese and customary law but is weak and fragmented and courts operate in only one two of more than one four zero municipalities a supreme court serves as the appellate tribunal a constitutional court with powers of judicial review has never been constituted despite statutory authorization the two seven year long civil war has ravaged the c |
ountry s political and social institutions the un estimates of one eight million internally displaced persons idps while generally the accepted figure for war affected people is four million daily conditions of life throughout the country and specifically luanda population approximately four million mirror the collapse of administrative infrastructure as well as many social institutions the ongoing grave economic situation largely prevents any government support for social institutions hospitals are without medicines or basic equipment schools are without books and public employees often lack the basic supplies for their day to day work the president has announced the government s intention to hold elections in two zero zero six these elections would be the first since one nine nine two and would serve to elect both a new president and a new national assembly list of political parties in angola administrative divisions map of angola with the provinces numbered main article provinces of angola angola is divide |
d into one eight provinces geography map of angola luanda the angolan capital main article geography of angola angola is bordered by namibia to the south zambia to the east the democratic republic of the congo to the north east and the south atlantic ocean to the west the exclave of cabinda also borders the republic of the congo to the north angola s capital luanda lies on the atlantic coast in the north west of the country angola is divided into an arid coastal strip stretching from namibia to luanda a wet interior highland a dry savanna in the interior south and southeast and rain forest in the north and in cabinda the zambezi river and several tributaries of the congo river have their sources in angola exclaves and enclaves the exclave province of cabinda borders with both the republic of the congo and the democratic republic of the congo the latter s only oceanic access six zero kilometres three seven mi in width divides angola from cabinda the population stands at around three zero zero zero zero zero tw |
o thirds of which inhabit the surroundings in a generally stable state on congolese and zairian territory the angolan central government has yet to put a definitive end to the cabindese secessionist movement economy main article economy of angola angola is an economy in disarray because of a quarter century of nearly continuous warfare despite its abundant natural resources output per capita is among the world s lowest subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for eight five of the population oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy contributing about four five to gdp and nine zero of exports control of the oil industry is consolidated in sonangol group a conglomerate which is owned by the angolan government notwithstanding the signing of a peace accord in november one nine nine four millions of land mines remain rural violence is a possibility and many farmers are reluctant to return to their fields as a result much of the country s food must still be imported despite |
the increase in the pace of civil warfare in late one nine nine eight the economy grew by an estimated four in one nine nine nine the government introduced new currency denominations in one nine nine nine including a one and five kwanza note expanded oil production brightens prospects for two zero zero zero but internal strife discourages investment outside of the petroleum sector with the advent of peace in two zero zero two a strategic partnership with china is set in motion so huge investments by chinese companies are now in place especially in the construction sector and more recently in the metallurgical sector demographics main article demographics of angola angola has three main ethnic groups each speaking a bantu language ovimbundu three seven kimbundu two five and bakongo one three other groups include chokwe or lunda ganguela nhaneca humbe ambo herero and xindunga in addition mesti os angolans of mixed european and african family origins amount to about two with a small one population of whites main |
ly ethnically portuguese portuguese make up the largest non angolan population with at least three zero zero zero zero though many native born angolans can claim portuguese nationality under portuguese law in one nine seven five two five zero zero zero zero cuban soldiers settled angola to help the mpla forces to fight for its independence these cubans are of european and asian mostly chinese descent while others include those of pure african and mulatto descent who has ancestors in angola but in one nine eight nine almost all cubans went out of the country after a peace agreement has been signed between angola cuba and south africa portuguese is both the official and predominant language spoken in the homes of about two thirds of the population and as a secondary language by many more cubans speak spanish language but almost none of their descendants speak it the great majority of the inhabitants are of bantu stock with some admixture in the congo district in the south east are various tribes of bushmen the |
best known of the bantu tribes are the ba kongo ba fiot who dwell chiefly in the north and the abunda mbunda ba bundo who occupy the central part of the province which takes its name from the ngola tribe of abunda another of these tribes the bangala living on the west bank of the upper kwango must not be confused with the bangala of the middle congo in the abunda is a considerable strain of portuguese blood the ba lunda inhabit the lunda district along the upper kunene and in other districts of the plateau are settlements of boers the boer population being about two zero zero zero in the coast towns the majority of the white inhabitants are portuguese the mushi kongo and other divisions of the ba kongo retain curious traces of the christianity professed by them in the one six th and one seven th centuries and possibly later crucifixes are used as potent fetish charms or as symbols of power passing down from chief to chief whilst every native has a santu or christian name and is dubbed dom or dona fetishism is |
the prevailing religion throughout the province the dwelling places of the natives are usually small huts of the simplest construction used chiefly as sleeping apartments the day is spent in an open space in front of the hut protected from the sun by a roof of palm or other leaves despite all that catholicism remains the dominant religion although recently an increasing number of churches are claiming more followers particularly evangelicals list of angolans culture main article culture of angola list of writers from angola contemporary dance company of angola stamps list of errors on portuguese ex colonies stamps of angola one nine one two list of errors on portuguese ex colonies stamps of angola one nine one four list of errors on portuguese ex colonies stamps of angola one nine two one list of birds on stamps of angola list of people on stamps of angola list of bonsai on stamps list of fish on stamps miscellaneous topics communications in angola foreign relations of angola list of angolan companies milita |
ry of angola sonangol group transport in angola see also list of sovereign states reference much of the material in these articles comes from the cia world factbook two zero zero zero and the two zero zero three u s department of state website external links government republic of angola official government portal national assembly of angola official site in portuguese embassy of angola in washington dc government information and links news allafrica angola news headline links angola press government controlled news agency in portuguese french and english angonoticias in portuguese a popular news source in angola mangole in portuguese a full news source in angola and web directory of angolan sites online jornal de angola in portuguese a popular newspaper in angola overviews bbc country profile angola cia world factbook angola us state department angola includes background notes country study and major reports radio music site official de kizomba radio canal angola online directories columbia university librar |
ies angola directory category of the www vl open directory project angola directory category stanford university africa south of the sahara angola directory category tourism other angola conflict briefing angola african union member states former portuguese colonies cplp member states map of angola angola is located on the south atlantic coast of west africa between namibia and the republic of the congo it also is bordered by the democratic republic of the congo and zambia to the east the country is divided into an arid coastal strip stretching from namibia to luanda a wet interior highland a dry savanna in the interior south and southeast and rain forest in the north and in cabinda the zambezi river and several tributaries of the congo river have their sources in angola the coastal strip is tempered by the cool benguela current resulting in a climate similar to coastal peru or baja california there is a short rainy season lasting from february to april summers are hot and dry while winters are mild the inter |
ior highlands have a mild climate with a rainy season from november through april followed by a cool dry season from may to october elevations generally range from three zero zero zero to six zero zero zero feet nine zero zero to one eight zero zero m the far north and cabinda enjoy rain throughout much of the year the coast is for the most part flat with occasional low cliffs and bluffs of red sandstone there is but one deep inlet of the sea great fish bay or ba a dos tigres farther north are port alexander little fish bay and lobito bay while shallower bays are numerous lobito bay has water sufficient to allow large ships to unload close inshore the coast plain extends inland for a distance varying from three zero to one zero zero miles four eight to one six five km this region is in general sparsely watered and somewhat sterile the approach to the great central plateau of africa is marked by a series of irregular terraces this intermediate mountain belt is covered with luxuriant vegetation water is fairly |
abundant though in the dry season obtainable only by digging in the sandy beds of the rivers the plateau has an altitude ranging from four zero zero zero to six zero zero zero ft one two zero zero to one eight zero zero m it consists of well watered wide rolling plains and low hills with scanty vegetation in the east the tableland falls away to the basins of the congo and zambezi to the south it merges into a barren sandy desert a large number of rivers make their way westward to the sea they rise mostly in the mountain belt and are unimportant the only two of any size being the kwanza and the kunene separately noticed the mountain chains which form the edge of the plateau or diversify its surface run generally parallel to the coast as tala mugongo four four zero zero ft one three five zero m chella and vissecua five two five zero ft to six five zero zero ft or one five zero zero to two zero zero zero m in the district of benguela are the highest points of the province viz loviti seven seven eight zero ft two |
three seven zero m in one two five s and mt elonga seven five five zero ft two three zero zero m south of the kwanza is the volcanic mountain caculo cabaza three three zero zero ft one zero zero zero m from the tableland the kwango and many other streams flow north to join the kasai river one of the largest affluents of the congo which in its upper course forms for fully three zero zero mi four nine zero km the boundary between angola and the congo state in the south east part of the province the rivers belong either to the zambezi system or like the okavango drain to lake ngami geology the rock formations of angola are met with in three distinct regions the littoral zone the median zone formed by a series of hills more or less parallel with the coast the central plateau the central plateau consists of ancient crystalline rocks with granites overlain by unfossiliferous sandstones and conglomerates of paleozoic age the outcrops are largely hidden under laterite the median zone is composed largely of crystalli |
ne rocks with granites and some palaeozoic unfossiliferous rocks the littoral zone contains the only fossiliferous strata these are of tertiary and cretaceous ages the latter rocks resting on a reddish sandstone of older date the cretaceous rocks of the dombe grande region near benguella are of albian age and belong to the acanthoceras mamillari zone the beds containing schloenbachia inflata are referable to the gault rocks of tertiary age are met with at dombe grande mossamedes and near loanda the sandstones with gypsum copper and sulfur of dombe are doubtfully considered to be of triassic age recent eruptive rocks mainly basalts form a line of hills almost bare of vegetation between benguella and mossamedes nepheline basalts and liparites occur at dombe grande the presence of gum copal in considerable quantities in the superficial rocks is characteristic of certain regions location southern africa bordering the south atlantic ocean between namibia and democratic republic of the congo geographic coordinates |
map references africa area total one two four six seven zero zero km land one two four six seven zero zero km water zero km area comparative australia comparative smaller than the northern territory canada comparative slightly smaller than the northwest territories united kingdom comparative five times bigger than the uk united states comparative slightly less than twice the size of texas capital luanda s o paulo de loanda port railhead major cities amboim porto amboim bailundo vila teixeira da silva benguela s o felipe de benguella port railhead ca la vila robert williams calandula duque de bragan a camacupa vila general machado chibia vila jo o de almeida ganda vila mariano machado huambo nova lisboa rail kuito silva porto kuvango vila da ponte lubango s da bandeira lwena vila luso massango forte rep blica mbanza congo s o salvador do congo menongue serpa pinto railhead namibe mo medes port railhead n dalatando vila salazar rail n giva vila pereira d e a saurimo vila henrique de carvalho soyo santo ant nio |
do zaire sumbe novo redondo tombua porto alexandre u je carmona other towns in angola land boundaries total five one nine eight km border countries democratic republic of the congo two five one one km of which two two zero km is the boundary of discontiguous cabinda province republic of the congo two zero one km namibia one three seven six km zambia one one one zero km coastline one six zero zero km maritime claims contiguous zone two four nautical miles four four five km exclusive economic zone two zero zero nautical miles three seven zero km territorial sea one two nautical miles two two km climate like the rest of tropical africa angola experiences distinct alternating rainy and dry seasons it is semiarid in south and along coast to luanda north has cool dry season may to october and hot rainy season november to april in the interior above three three zero zero ft one zero zero zero m the temperature and rainfall decrease the plateau climate is healthy and invigorating the mean annual temperature at s o sa |
lvador do congo is two two two c seven two five f at loanda two three three c seven four three f and at caconda one nine five c six seven two f the climate is greatly influenced by the prevailing winds which arc w s w and s s w two seasons are distinguished the cool from june to september and the rainy from october to may the heaviest rainfall occurs in april and is accompanied by violent storms terrain angola has three principal natural regions the coastal lowland characterized by low plains and terraces hills and mountains rising inland from the coast into a great escarpment and an area of high plains called the high plateau planalto which extends eastward from the escarpment the highest point in angola is morro de moco at two six two zero m coastal lowland the coastal lowland rises from the sea in a series of low terraces this region varies in width from about two five kilometers near benguela to more than one five zero kilometers in the cuanza river valley just south of angola s capital luanda and is mark |
edly different from angola s highland mass the atlantic ocean s cold northwardflowing benguela current substantially reduces precipitation along the coast making the region relatively arid or nearly so south of benguela where it forms the northern extension of the namib desert and quite dry even in its northern reaches even where as around luanda the average annual rainfall may be as much as fifty centimeters it is not uncommon for the rains to fail given this pattern of precipitation the far south is marked by sand dunes which give way to dry scrub along the middle coast portions of the northern coastal plain are covered by thick brush hills and mountains the belt of hills and mountains parallels the coast at distances ranging from two zero kilometers to one zero zero kilometers inland the cuanza river divides the zone into two parts the northern part rises gradually from the coastal zone to an average elevation of five zero zero meters with crests as high as one zero zero zero meters to one eight zero zero |
meters south of the cuanza river the hills rise sharply from the coastal lowlands and form a high escarpment extending from a point east of luanda and running south through namibia the escarpment reaches two four zero zero meters at its highest point southeast of the town of sumbe and is steepest in the far south in the serra da chela mountain range high plateau the high plateau lies to the east of the hills and mountains and dominates angola s terrain the surface of the plateau is typically flat or rolling but parts of the benguela plateau and the humpata highland area of the hu la plateau in the south reach heights of two five zero zero meters and more the malanje plateau to the north rarely exceeds one zero zero zero meters in height the benguela plateau and the coastal area in the immediate environs of benguela and lobito the bi plateau the malanje plateau and a small section of the hu la plateau near the town of lubango have long been among the most densely settled areas in angola drainage most of the co |
untry s many rivers originate in central angola but their patterns of flow are diverse and their ultimate outlets varied a number of rivers flow in a more or less westerly course to the atlantic ocean providing water for irrigation in the dry coastal strip and the potential for hydroelectric power only some of which had been realized by one nine eight eight two of angola s most important rivers the cuanza and the cunene take a more indirect route to the atlantic the cuanza flowing north and the cunene flowing south before turning west the cuanza is the only river wholly within angola that is navigable for nearly two zero zero kilometers from its mouth by boats of commercially or militarily significant size the congo river whose mouth and western end form a small portion of angola s northern border with zaire is also navigable north of the lunda divide a number of important tributaries of the congo river flow north to join it draining angola s northeast quadrant south of the divide some rivers flow into the za |
mbezi river and thence to the indian ocean others to the okavango river as the cubango river is called along the border with namibia and in botswana and thence to the okavango swamp in botswana the tributaries of the cubango river and several of the southern rivers flowing to the atlantic are seasonal completely dry much of the year land use and hazards natural resources petroleum diamonds iron ore phosphates copper feldspar gold bauxite uranium land use arable land two four one permanent crops zero four other nine seven one nine one nine nine nine est irrigated land seven five zero km one nine nine eight est natural hazards locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau environment current issues overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures desertification deforestation of tropical rain forest in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel resulting in loss of biodiversity soil erosion contributing to water poll |
ution and silting of rivers and dams inadequate supplies of potable water environment international agreements party to biodiversity climate change desertification law of the sea ozone layer protection ship pollution marpol seven three seven eight signed but not ratified none of the selected agreements flora and fauna both flora and fauna are those characteristic of the greater part of tropical africa as far south as benguela the coast region is rich in oil palms and mangroves in the northern part of the province are dense forests in the south towards the kunene are regions of dense thorn scrub rubber vines and trees are abundant but in some districts their number has been considerably reduced by the primitive methods adopted by native collectors of rubber the species most common are various root rubbers notably the carpodinus chylorrhiza this species and other varieties of carpodinus are very widely distributed landolphias are also found the coffee cotton and guinea pepper plants are indigenous and the tobac |
co plant flourishes in several districts among the trees are several which yield excellent timber such as the tacula pterocarpus tinctorius which grows to an immense size its wood being blood red in colour and the angola mahogany the bark of the musuemba albizzia coriaria is largely used in the tanning of leather the mulundo bears a fruit about the size of a cricket ball covered with a hard green shell and containing scarlet pips like a pomegranate the fauna includes the lion leopard cheetah elephant giraffe rhinoceros hippopotamus buffalo zebra kudu and many other kinds of antelope wildpig ostrich and crocodile among fish are the barbel bream and african yellow fish geography note the province of cabinda is an exclave separated from the rest of the country by the democratic republic of the congo extreme points this is a list of the extreme points of angola the points that are farther north south east or west than any other location angola northernmost point unnamed point on the border with republic of the co |
ngo north of the town caio bemba cabinda province an angolan exclave easternmost point unnamed location on a river section of the border with zambia north of the town sapeta in zambia moxico province southernmost point on the point where the cunene river section of the border with namibia terminates at the caprivi strip immediately north of the town andara in namibia cuando cubango province westernmost point ba a dos tigres island namibe province angola mainland northernmost point a point on the border with the democratic republic of congo immediately to the north west of the town luvo zaire province easternmost point unnamed point on a river section of the border with zambia north of the town sapeta in zambia moxico province southernmost point on the point where the cunene river section of the border with namibia terminates at the caprivi strip immediately north of the town andara in namibia cuando cubango province westernmost point unnamed headland west of tombua porto alexandre namibe sources library of co |
ngress country studies much of the material in this article comes from the cia world factbook two zero zero three and the two zero zero three u s department of state website see also angola extreme points of angola geography of angola geography by country demographics of angola data of fao year two zero zero five number of inhabitants in thousands the demographics of angola consist of three main ethnic groups each speaking a bantu language ovimbundu three seven kimbundu two five and bakongo one three other groups include chokwe or lunda ganguela nhaneca humbe ambo herero and xindunga in addition mixed racial european and africa people amount to about two with a small one population of whites mainly ethnically portuguese portuguese make up the largest non angolan population with at least three zero zero zero zero though many native born angolans can claim portuguese nationality under portuguese law in one nine seven five two five zero zero zero zero cuban soldiers settled angola to help the mpla forces to figh |
t for its independence these cubans are of european and asian mostly chinese descent while others include those of pure african and mulatto descent who has ancestors in angola but in one nine eight nine almost all cubans went out of the country after a peace agreement has been signed between angola cuba and south africa cubans speak spanish language but almost none of their descendants speak it portuguese is both the official and predominant language the great majority of the inhabitants are of bantu negro stock with some admixture in the congo district with the pure negro type in the south east are various tribes of bushmen the best known of the bantu negro tribes are the ba kongo ba fiot who dwell chiefly in the north and the abunda mbunda ba bundo who occupy the central part of the province which takes its name from the ngola tribe of abunda another of these tribes the bangala living on the west bank of the upper kwango must not be confounded with the bangala of the middle congo in the abunda is a consider |
able strain of portuguese blood the ba lunda inhabit the lunda district along the upper kunene and in other districts of the plateau are settlements of boers the boer population being about two zero zero zero in the coast towns the majority of the white inhabitants are portuguese the mushi kongo and other divisions of the ba kongo retain curious traces of the christianity professed by them in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and possibly later crucifixes are used as potent fetish charms or as symbols of power passing down from chief to chief whilst every native has a santu or christian name and is dubbed dom or dona fetishism is the prevailing religion throughout the province the dwelling places of the natives are usually small huts of the simplest construction used chiefly as sleeping apartments the day is spent in an open space in front of the hut protected from the sun by a roof of palm or other leaves demographic data from the cia world factbook population pyramid for angola population one one one |
nine zero seven eight six july two zero zero five est age structure zero one four years four three four male two four five four two zero nine female two four zero seven zero eight three one five six four years five three seven male three zero five nine three three nine female two nine five five zero six zero six five years and over two eight male one three nine nine six one female one seven five one three four two zero zero five est median age total one eight one two years male one eight one two years female one eight one one years two zero zero five est population growth rate one nine two zero zero five est birth rate four four six four births one zero zero zero population two zero zero five est death rate two five nine deaths one zero zero zero population two zero zero five est net migration rate zero two eight migrant s one zero zero zero population two zero zero five est sex ratio at birth one zero five male s female under one five years one zero two male s female one five six four years one zero four mal |
e s female six five years and over zero eight male s female total population one zero two male s female two zero zero five est infant mortality rate total one nine one one nine deaths one zero zero zero live births male two zero three six eight deaths one zero zero zero live births female one seven eight zero seven deaths one zero zero zero live births two zero zero five est life expectancy at birth total population three six six one years male three six years female three seven two five years two zero zero five est total fertility rate six two seven children born woman two zero zero five est hiv aids adult prevalence rate three nine two zero zero three est people living with hiv aids two four zero zero zero zero two zero zero three est deaths two one zero zero zero two zero zero three est major infectious diseases degree of risk very high food or waterborne diseases bacterial and protozoal diarrhea hepatitis a typhoid fever vectorborne diseases malaria african trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness are high risks |
in some locations respiratory disease meningococcal meningitis water contact disease schistosomiasis two zero zero four nationality noun angolan s adjective angolan ethnic groups ovimbundu three seven kimbundu two five bakongo one three mestico mixed european and native african two european one other two two religions indigenous beliefs four seven roman catholic three eight protestant one five one nine nine eight est languages portuguese official bantu and other african languages literacy definition age one five and over can read and write total population four two male five six female two eight one nine nine eight est references much of the material in this article comes from the cia world factbook two zero zero five and the two zero zero three u s department of state website geography of angola angolan society demographics by country angola changed from a one party marxist leninist system ruled by the mpla to a formal multiparty democracy following the one nine nine two elections president dos santos won t |
he first round election with more than four nine of the vote to jonas savimbi s four zero a runoff never has taken place the subsequent renewal of civil war and collapse of the lusaka protocol have left much of this process stillborn but democratic forms exist notably the national assembly currently political power is concentrated in the presidency the executive branch of the government is composed of the president the prime minister currently fernando da piedade dias dos santos and council of ministers the council of ministers composed of all government ministers and vice ministers meets regularly to discuss policy issues governors of the one eight provinces are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the president the constitutional law of one nine nine two establishes the broad outlines of government structure and delineates the rights and duties of citizens the legal system is based on portuguese and customary law but is weak and fragmented courts operate in only one two of more than one four zero munic |
ipalities a supreme court serves as the appellate tribunal a constitutional court with powers of judicial review has never been constituted despite statutory authorization the two six year long civil war has ravaged the country s political and social institutions the un estimates of one eight million internally displaced persons idps while generally the accepted figure for war affected people is four million daily conditions of life throughout the country and specifically luanda population approximately four million mirror the collapse of administrative infrastructure as well as many social institutions the ongoing grave economic situation largely prevents any government support for social institutions hospitals are without medicines or basic equipment schools are without books and public employees often lack the basic supplies for their day to day work executive branch president jos eduardo dos santos mpla two one september one nine seven nine prime minister fernando da piedade dias dos santos nando mpla six |
december two zero zero two the president is elected for a five year term by the people the council of ministers appointed by the president legislative branch the national assembly assembleia nacional has two two zero members elected for a four year term one three zero members by proportional representation and nine zero members in provincial districts the next elections due for one nine nine seven have been put off indefinitely political parties and elections the president has announced the government s intention to hold elections in two zero zero six these elections would be the first since one nine nine two and would serve to elect both a new president and a new national assembly judicial branch supreme court or tribunal da relacao judges of the supreme court are appointed by the president administrative divisions angola has eighteen provinces provincias singular provincia bengo benguela bie cabinda cuando cubango cuanza norte cuanza sul cunene huambo huila luanda lunda norte lunda sul malanje moxico namib |
e uige zaire political pressure groups and leaders front for the liberation of the enclave of cabinda or flec n zita henriques tiago antonio bento bembe note flec is waging a small scale highly factionalized armed struggle for the independence of cabinda province international organization participation acp afdb ceeac eca fao g seven seven iaea ibrd icao icct signatory icftu icrm ida ifad ifc ifrcs ilo imf imo interpol ioc iom iso correspondent itu nam oas observer oau sadc un un security council temporary unctad unesco unido upu wco wftu who wipo wmo wtoo wtro politics of angola angola s is the fastest growing economy in africa largely due to a major oil boom but it also ranks in the bottom one zero of socioeconomic conditions in the world aside from the oil sector and diamonds it is in economic disarray because of two six years of nearly continuous warfare despite abundant natural resources output per capita remains among the world s lowest subsistence agriculture and dependence on humanitarian food assista |
nce sustain the large majority of the population little industry exists by contrast the rapidly expanding petroleum industry now producing up to eight zero zero zero zero zero barrels one two seven zero zero zero m per day behind only nigeria in africa accounts for more than six zero of gnp and nine zero of government revenues oil production remains largely offshore and has few linkages with other sectors of the economy block zero located of the enclave of cabinda provides the majority of angola s crude oil production there chevrontexaco through its subsidiary cabinda gulf oil company is the operator with a three nine two share with sonangol the angolan state oil company total and eni agip splitting up the rest chevrontexaco also operates angola s first producing deepwater section block one four which started pumping in january two zero zero zero the u s takes more than half of angola s production by far the largest importer exports to asian countries have grown rapidly in recent years however especially chin |
a significant discoveries have been made on deepwater blocks one five one seven one eight and two four with exxonmobil bp statoil norsk hydro and agip having major interests total operates angola s one refinery in luanda as a joint venture with sonangol plans for a second refinery in lobito are moving forward in the last decade of the colonial period angola was a major african food exporter but now is forced to import almost all its food because of severe wartime conditions including extensive planting of landmines throughout the countryside agricultural activities have been brought to a near standstill some efforts to recover have gone forward however notably in fisheries coffee production though a fraction of its pre one nine seven five level is sufficient for domestic needs and some exports in sharp contrast to a bleak picture of devastation and bare subsistence is expanding oil production now almost half of gdp and nine zero of exports at eight zero zero zero zero zero barrels one two seven zero zero zero |
m a day diamonds make up most of the remaining exports and have provided much of the revenue for jonas savimbi s unita rebellion through illicit trade other rich resources await development gold forest products fisheries iron ore coffee and countless fruits an economic reform effort was launched in one nine nine eight in april two zero zero zero angola started an international monetary fund imf staff monitored program smp the program formally lapsed in june two zero zero one but the imf remains engaged in this context the government of angola has succeeded in unifying exchange rates and has raised fuel electricity and water rates the commercial code telecommunications law and foreign investment code are being modernized a privatization effort prepared with world bank assistance has begun with the bci bank nevertheless a legacy of fiscal mismanagement and corruption persists angola is the third largest trading partner of the united states in sub saharan africa largely because of its petroleum exports the u s |
imports about four of its oil from angola a share which should continue to increase by the same token u s companies account for more than half the investment in angola with chevron texaco leading the way the u s exports industrial goods and services primarily oilfield equipment mining equipment chemicals aircraft and food to angola while principally importing petroleum economy overview angola is an economy in disarray because of a quarter century of nearly continuous warfare and corruption despite its abundant natural resources output per capita is among the world s lowest subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for eight five of the population oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy contributing about four five to gdp and nine zero of exports notwithstanding the signing of a peace accord in november one nine nine four violence continues millions of land mines remain and many farmers are reluctant to return to their fields as a result much of the country s food must |
still be imported to take advantage of its rich resources gold diamonds extensive forests atlantic fisheries and large oil deposits angola will need to implement the peace agreement and reform government policies despite the increase in the pace of civil warfare in late one nine nine eight the economy grew by an estimated four in one nine nine nine the government introduced new currency denominations in one nine nine nine including a one and five kwanza note expanded oil production brightens prospects for two zero zero zero but internal strife discourages investment outside of the petroleum sector african union member economies communications in angola telephony telephone service is limited mostly to government and business use nine six three zero zero main lines were reported to be in use in two zero zero three and one three zero zero zero zero mobile cellular lines were reported in two zero zero two hf radiotelephone is used extensively for military links the domestic system consists of a limited system of |
wire it also uses microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter the international country code for angola is two four four angola has two intelsat satellite earth stations for communications across the atlantic ocean fiber optic submarine cable sat three wasc provides connectivity to europe and asia radio broadcast stations am two one fm six shortwave seven two zero zero zero radios six three zero zero zero zero one nine nine seven television broadcast stations six two zero zero zero televisions one five zero zero zero zero one nine nine seven internet internet hosts one seven two zero zero three internet users two zero zero zero zero zero two zero zero two iso three one six six one alpha two country code ao reference cia world factbook two zero zero four communications in angola transportation in angola comprises railways total two seven six one km narrow gauge two six three eight km one zero six seven m gauge one two three km zero six zero zero m gauge two zero zero two there are three separate lines which |
do not link up a fourth system linked gunza and gabela railways in angola have suffered a lot of damage in the civil war and a four b project is proposed to restore the lines and even to extend the system a link to namibia is partly under construction railway links to adjacent countries the major railway in angola is the benguela railway severely damaged during the civil war after independence congo no lobito lubumbashi restoration link proposed namibia no same gauge links proposed and partially under construction in two zero zero five zambia no highways total seven six six two six km paved one nine one five six km unpaved five seven four seven zero km one nine nine seven est waterways one two nine five km navigable pipelines crude oil one seven nine km ports and harbors atlantic ocean from north to south ambriz cabinda luanda railhead for malanje lobito railhead for congo malongo namibe railhead for menongue porto amboim soyo merchant marine total eight ships one zero zero zero grt or over three zero three |
one one grt four eight nine two four dwt ships by type cargo seven petroleum tanker one two zero zero two est airports two four three two zero zero two airports with paved runways total three two over three zero four seven m four two four three eight to three zero four seven m eight one five two four to two four three seven m one four nine one four to one five two three m five under nine one four m one two zero zero two est airports with unpaved runways total two one one two zero zero two over three zero four seven m two two four three eight to three zero four seven m four one five two four to two four three seven m three zero nine one four to one five two three m nine five under nine one four m eight zero two zero zero two est national airline taag air angola reference this article comes from the cia world factbook two zero zero three see also angola transportation in angola angola s military is called the faa the portuguese acronym for angolan armed forces headed by a chief of staff who reports to the minis |
ter of defense there are three divisions the army navy marinha de guerra mdg and air and air defense forces fana total manpower is about one one zero zero zero zero the army is by far the largest of the services with about one zero zero zero zero zero men and women the navy numbers about three zero zero zero and operates several small patrol craft and barges air force personnel total about seven zero zero zero its equipment includes russian manufactured fighters and transport planes a small number of faa personnel are stationed in the democratic republic of the congo kinshasa and the republic of the congo brazzaville references cia world factbook two zero zero five u s department of state background notes two zero zero three military of angola militaries froom one nine seven five to one nine eight nine angola was aligned with the eastern bloc in particular the soviet union and cuba since then it has focused on improving relationships with western countries cultivating links with other portuguese speaking coun |
tries and asserting its own national interests in central africa through military and diplomatic intervention in one nine nine three it established formal diplomatic relations with the united states it has entered the southern african development community as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely anglophone neighbors to the south zimbabwe and namibia joined angola in its military intervention in the democratic republic of the congo where angolan troops remain in support of the joseph kabila government it also has intervened in the republic of the congo brazzaville to support the existing government in that country since one nine nine eight angola has successfully worked with the un security council to impose and carry out sanctions on unita more recently it has extended those efforts to controls on conflict diamonds the primary source of revenue for unita at the same time angola has promoted the revival of the community of portuguese speaking countries cplp as a forum for cultural exchange and expandi |
ng ties with portugal and brazil in particular disputes international angola gives shelter to thousands of refugees from the democratic republic of the congo while thousands of angolan refugees still remain in neighboring states as a consequence of the protracted civil wars in both states illicit drugs angola is used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for western europe and other african states reference much of the material in this article comes from the cia world factbook two zero zero three and the two zero zero three u s department of state website foreign relations of angola albert sidney johnston albert sidney johnston february two one eight zero three april six one eight six two was a career u s army officer and a confederate general during the american civil war considered by confederate president jefferson davis to be the finest general in the confederacy he was killed early in the war at the battle of shiloh early life johnston was born in washington kentucky the youngest son of dr john a |
nd abigail harris johnston his father was a native of salisbury connecticut although albert johnston was born in kentucky he lived much of his life in texas which he considered his home he was educated at transylvania university in lexington and later secured an appointment to west point in one eight two six he graduated eighth in his class from the united states military academy with a commission as a second lieutenant in the two nd u s infantry he was assigned to posts in new york and missouri and served in the black hawk war in one eight three two as chief of staff to general henry atlinson in one eight two nine he married henrietta preston he resigned his commission in one eight three four to return to kentucky to care for his dying wife they had one son william preston johnston texas army in april one eight three four johnston took up farming in texas but enlisted as a private in the texas army during the texas war of independence against the republic of mexico in one eight three six one month later john |
ston was promoted to major and the position of aide de camp to general sam houston he was named adjutant general as a colonel in the republic of texas army on august five one eight three six on january three one one eight three seven he became senior brigadier general in command of the texas army on february seven one eight three seven he fought in a duel with texas brig gen felix huston challenging each other for the command of the texas army johnston refused to fire on huston and lost the position after he was wounded in the pelvis the second president of the republic of texas mirabeau b lamar appointed him secretary of war on december two two one eight three eight johnston was to provide the defense of the texas border against mexican invasion and in one eight three nine conducted a campaign against indians in northern texas in february one eight four zero he resigned and returned to kentucky where he married eliza griffin in one eight four three they settled on a large plantation he named china grove in b |
razoria county texas u s army johnston returned to the texas army during the mexican american war under general zachary taylor as a colonel of the one st texas rifle volunteers the enlistments of his volunteers ran out just before the battle of monterrey johnston managed to convince a few volunteers to stay and fight as he himself served as the inspector general of volunteers and fought at the battles of monterrey and buena vista johnston remained on his plantation after the war until he was appointed by president zachary taylor to the u s army as a major and was made a paymaster in december of one eight four nine he served in that role for more than five years making six tours and traveling more than four zero zero zero miles annually on the indian frontier of texas he served on the texas frontier and elsewhere in the west in one eight five five president franklin pierce appointed him colonel of the two nd now five th cavalry a new regiment which he organized as a key figure in the utah war he led u s troops |
who established a non mormon government in the formerly mormon territory he received a brevet promotion to brigadier general in one eight five seven for his service in utah he spent one eight six zero in kentucky until december two one when he sailed for california to take command of the department of the pacific civil war at the outbreak of the civil war johnston was the commander of the u s army department of the pacific in california he was approached by some californians who urged him to take his forces east to join the union against the confederacy he resigned his commission april nine one eight six one as soon as he heard of the secession of texas he remained in california until june after a rapid march through the deserts of arizona and texas he reached richmond virginia on or about september one one eight six one there johnston was appointed a general by his friend jefferson davis on may three zero one eight six one johnston became the second highest ranking confederate general after the little known |
samuel cooper as commander of the western department he raised the army of mississippi to defend confederate lines from the mississippi river to kentucky and the allegheny mountains although the confederate army won a morale boosting victory at first bull run in the east in one eight six one matters in the west turned ugly by early one eight six two johnston s subordinate generals lost fort henry on february six one eight six two and fort donelson on february one six one eight six two to union brig gen ulysses s grant johnston has been faulted for poor judgment in selecting gens tilghman and floyd for those crucial positions and for not supervising adequate construction of the forts and union maj gen don carlos buell captured the vital city of nashville tennessee gen p g t beauregard was sent west to join johnston and they organized their forces at corinth mississippi planning to ambush grant s forces at pittsburg landing tennessee shiloh johnston concentrated many of his forces from around the theater and l |
aunched a massive surprise attack against grant at the battle of shiloh on april six one eight six two as the confederate forces overran the union camps johnston seemed to be everywhere personally leading and rallying troops up and down the line at about two three zero p m while leading one of those charges he was wounded taking a bullet behind his right knee he did not think the wound serious at the time and sent his personal physician to attend to some wounded union soldiers instead the bullet had in fact clipped his popliteal artery and his boot was filling up with blood within a few minutes johnston was observed by his staff to be nearly fainting off of his horse and asked him if he was wounded to which he replied yes and i fear seriously it is possible that johnston s duel in one eight three seven had caused nerve damage or numbness to that leg and that he did not feel the wound to his leg as a result johnston was taken to a small ravine where he bled to death in minutes ironically it is probable that a |
confederate soldier fired the fatal round no union soldiers were observed to have ever gotten behind johnston during the fatal charge while it is known that many confederates were firing at the union lines while johnston charged well in advance of his soldiers he was the highest ranking casualty of the war and his death was a strong blow to the morale of the confederacy jefferson davis considered him the best general in the country this was two months before the emergence of robert e lee as their pre eminent general epitaph johnston was buried in new orleans louisiana in one eight six six a joint resolution of the texas legislature was passed to have his body reinterred to the texas state cemetery in austin the re interment occurred in one eight six seven four decades later the state appointed elisbet ney to design a monument and sculpture of him to be erected at his gravesite the texas historical commission has erected a historical marker near the entrance of what was once his plantation an adjacent marker w |
as erected by the san jacinto chapter of the daughters of the republic of texas and the lee roberts and davis chapter of the united daughters of the confederate states of america references eicher john h the alamo and the texas war for independence da capo press isbn zero three zero six eight one zero four zero nine roland charles p albert sidney johnston soldier of three republics austin one nine six four one eight zero three births one eight six two deaths american civil war generals american civil war people confederate army generals history of texas people from texas texas united states army officers west point graduates the arctic ocean located mostly in the north polar region is the smallest of the world s five oceans and the shallowest even though iho recognizes it as an ocean oceanographers may call it the arctic mediterranean sea or simply the arctic sea classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the atlantic ocean geography arctic ocean the arctic ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and |
covers an area of about one four zero nine zero zero zero zero km five four four zero zero zero zero mi slightly less than one five times the size of the us the coastline length is four five three eight nine km nearly landlocked it is surrounded by the land masses of eurasia north america greenland and a number of islands it includes baffin bay barents sea beaufort sea chukchi sea east siberian sea greenland sea hudson bay hudson strait kara sea laptev sea white sea and other tributary bodies of water it is connected to the pacific ocean by the bering strait and to the atlantic ocean through the greenland sea an underwater ocean ridge the lomonosov ridge divides the arctic ocean into two basins the eurasian or nansen basin which is between four zero zero zero and four five zero zero m one three zero zero zero and one five zero zero zero ft deep and the north american or hyperborean basin which is about four zero zero zero m deep the topography of the ocean bottom is marked by fault block ridges plains of the |
abyssal zone ocean deeps and basins the average depth of the arctic ocean is one zero three eight m three four zero seven ft in part due to the large extent of continental shelf extant on the eurasian side the arctic ocean is used by both marine mammals and nuclear submarines the greatest inflow of water comes from the atlantic by way of the norwegian current which then flows along the eurasian coast water also enters from the pacific via the bering strait the east greenland current carries the major outflow temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes ice covers most of the ocean surface year round causing subfreezing temperatures much of the time the arctic is a major source of very cold air that inevitably moves toward the equator meeting with warmer air in the middle latitudes and causing rain and snow little marine life exists where the ocean surface is covered with ice throughout the year marine life abounds in open areas especially the more southerly waters the ocean s ma |
jor ports are the russian cities of murmansk and arkhangelsk archangel the arctic ocean is important as the shortest air route between the pacific coast of north america and europe overflies it major chokepoint is the southern chukchi sea northern access to the pacific ocean via the bering strait strategic location between north america and russia shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western russia floating research stations operated by the us and russia maximum snow cover in march or april about two zero to five zero centimeters over the frozen ocean snow cover lasts about one zero months geographic coordinates climate extent of the arctic ice pack in september one nine seven eight two zero zero two extent of the arctic ice pack in february one nine seven eight two zero zero two polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges winters characterized by continuous darkness cold and stable weather conditions and clear skies summers characterized |
by continuous daylight damp and foggy weather and weak cyclones with rain or snow there is considerable seasonal variation in how much pack ice covers the arctic ocean elevation extremes lowest point fram basin four six six five m according to the arctic ocean s eurasian basin deepest point is at five four five zero m one seven eight eight one ft highest point sea level zero m natural resources oil and gas fields placer deposits polymetallic nodules sand and gravel aggregates fish marine mammals seals and whales the political dead zone near the center of the sea is also at the center of a mounting dispute between the united states russia canada norway and denmark it is considered significant because of its potential to contain as much as or more than a quarter of the world s oil and gas resources the tapping of which could greatly alter the flow of the global energy market the arctic s new gold rush bbc natural hazards ice islands occasionally break away from northern ellesmere island icebergs calved from gla |
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