4C. This is due to the decrease in cell potential below the cutoff voltage of the battery when the current is at high speed [2]. The capacity curve becomes uneven and tends to decrease in current or voltage due to a decrease in capacity in addition to the safety factor the cell exploits the intermetallic lithium layer at the anode cell interface [7].","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":622,"width":427,"height":69,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"One of the interesting anode materials to be developed by researchers is LTO which consists of lithium titanate. LTO has a high level with a flat potential curve and stable with zero strain material [8,9]. The discharge material profile is clearly flat without any dimensions a promising unit cell change for solid lithium ion batteries, as it is able to minimize defects in its structure caused by overexpansion while charging/discharging. Several methods for making LTO anodes are sol-gel method, spray drying/pyrolysis, colloid template method, and solid state reaction [10].","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":693,"width":426,"height":21,"page_number":1,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Currently, LTO anode materials are being researched using solid-state reactions and sintering at various temperatures to obtain optimum electrical properties.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":64,"width":264,"height":26,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022","type":"Text"},{"left":432,"top":79,"width":84,"height":10,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN : 2302-9706","type":"Page header"},{"left":115,"top":726,"width":405,"height":19,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)","type":"Text"},{"left":504,"top":750,"width":16,"height":6,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"546","type":"Page footer"},{"left":94,"top":106,"width":60,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2. METHOD","type":"Section header"},{"left":94,"top":118,"width":427,"height":33,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The anode material synthesis process is carried out by a solid state reaction between Li2CO3 and TiO2 (anatase) powders through powder metallurgy which is processed by the following reaction [11]:","type":"Text"},{"left":231,"top":154,"width":179,"height":9,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"2Li2CO3 + 5TiO2 Li4Ti5O12 + 2CO2 (1)","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":166,"width":427,"height":32,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"For 250 grams of Li4Ti5O12 80.47 grams of Li2CO3 and 217.51 grams of TiO2 are required according to reaction (1). The mixing powder was ground for several hours to obtain a fine and homogeneous powder, then calcined at 700oC for 2 hours.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":201,"width":427,"height":93,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"After that, the powder was ground again and filtered until it reached a size of 200 mesh. At the same time silica sodalime is prepared from 500 grams of window glass by grinding and grinding to achieve a fine powder of up to 200 mesh. Before mixing all the powders were stored in an oven at 70oC for one night to keep the powders dry. After that, all powders were mixed with a ratio of 20% LTO as filler and 80% sodalime silica as a matrix in 40 ml of methanol, then sintered at temperatures of 700, 800, 850, 900,950oC for 2 hours. The sintered powder was milled again until the powder passed through a 400 mesh sieve. Finally the powder is added with methanol to make a slurry or paste and is ready to be pressed in a compression machine.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":297,"width":427,"height":68,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The green compact was continuously calcined at 540 oC and cooled in liquid nitrogen for 30 minutes. Samples were characterized by both XRD to identify phase formation after sintering and electrical properties. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also tested to obtain the impedance behavior of Li4Ti5O12 ceramic composites such as real impedance, imaginative impedance, total impedance, phase shift angle with various frequency spectrum in logarithmic scale using LCR meter, HIOKI 3532-80 Chemical Impedance meter as shown in Fig. 1.","type":"Text"},{"left":106,"top":510,"width":403,"height":21,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 1. (a) Schematic of EIS measurement, (b) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) apparatus.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":545,"width":151,"height":21,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. X-Ray Diffraction","type":"Section header"},{"left":94,"top":569,"width":427,"height":116,"page_number":2,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The phases present in the composite anode material were identified by XRD, the content of Li4Ti5O12, TiO2 (rutile) and TiO2 (anatase) for all sintered samples as shown in Figure 2. It is seen that the resulting increase in temperature changes the peak intensity of Li4Ti5O12. Some peaks hide and new peaks appear at higher temperatures which are identified as new phases present in the material. The lithium titanate phase has formed after sintering from 750oC to 950oC but sintering at temperatures of 750oC and 850oC there were some imputs indicated by peaks of TiO2 (anatase) and TiO2 (rutile). The rutile phase is stable at higher temperatures whereas anatase is the metastable phase according to refs [11-14]. Tao Yuan et al [11] reported that TiO2 impurities will disappear at lower temperatures when composite synthesis through cellulose-assisted combustion by calcining at a temperature of 750oC for 5 hours [15].","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":64,"width":264,"height":26,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022","type":"Text"},{"left":432,"top":79,"width":84,"height":10,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN : 2302-9706","type":"Page header"},{"left":115,"top":726,"width":405,"height":19,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)","type":"Text"},{"left":504,"top":750,"width":16,"height":6,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"547","type":"Page footer"},{"left":141,"top":234,"width":331,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 2. XRD LTO pattern with variation of sintering temperature for 2 hours.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":258,"width":427,"height":93,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Peak analysis used JCPDS #49-0207 as comparison data from XRD results. Some rutile impurities were still present after sintering at 850oC, but the peak intensity was reduced compared to lower temperatures, while at 900 and 950oC were investigated. a new phase with a low peak intensity at Bragg 2θ of 20.19o which indicates the peak of the Li2Ti3O7 phase. Bohnke et al. [16], reported that a new phase of Li2Ti3O7 appears at high temperatures between 940oC and 1050oC which is rapidly quenched in air to room temperature, because Li2Ti3O7 is stable at high temperatures such as above 940oC. Recently, X. HU et al. [17] it was also reported that an incorrect composition in the mole of the material led to the formation of the ramsdellite impurity Li2Ti3O7.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":353,"width":427,"height":33,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Wu Le et al. [18] showed that rutile TiO2 can be removed with an ethanolamine solution or using TiO2 nano particles but when using micron particles and ethanol, the rutile phase is still present [19,20].","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":389,"width":427,"height":128,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Identification of Li4Ti5O12 from the XRD pattern in Figure 2. shows the diffraction characteristics of all peaks at (111), (311), (400), (511), and (440) which are phase diffraction of Li4Ti5O12 with spinel cube structure according to space. Fd3m group (JCPDS card no. 26-1198) [21]. The loss of the prominet peak due to TiO2 has been localized at Bragg 2θ 0f 25 - 24o indicating TiO2 in a solid-state reaction [22]. The sharpness of the prominent peak at Bragg 2θ of 18.36o also indicates an increase in the crystallinity of TiO2, while sodalim glass as a matrix in Li4Ti5O12/NaSiO2 anode composites is not visible because the glass phase is amorphous. The lithium hydrate phase was not formed from the XRD analysis because rapid cooling in liquid N2 had stopped the reaction of lithium with the volatile water in the air. During quenching at -130oC for 30 minutes volatile N2 covered the sample to room temperature and this condition is expected to occur during the active anode process [23].","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":532,"width":207,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"3.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy","type":"Section header"},{"left":94,"top":544,"width":427,"height":56,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The conductivity measurement was carried out using the EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) method. The curve is shown in Figure 3. The EIS profile shows whether the curve has been well formed or not. A good anode will do a curved semicircle (semi-circle) pattern, and when the phase curve plot on the EIS graph will show the ideal curve like an inverted “S”. The EIS graph of each phase after sintering is as follows.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":711,"width":424,"height":9,"page_number":3,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 3. Spectrum of AC impedance at room temperature LiTiO with various sintering temperatures.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":64,"width":264,"height":26,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022","type":"Text"},{"left":432,"top":79,"width":84,"height":10,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN : 2302-9706","type":"Page header"},{"left":115,"top":726,"width":405,"height":19,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)","type":"Text"},{"left":504,"top":750,"width":16,"height":6,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"548","type":"Page footer"},{"left":94,"top":106,"width":427,"height":92,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Impedance measurement is carried out by applying a DC voltage of 4V and a pertubation of an AC signal of 10 mV combined with a DC voltage. If the DC voltage is below 3V it produces a less curved semicircle pattern. The frequency must be applied between 4 Hz and 1 MHz. Sintering at 750oC showed that the arch pattern size was large but the temperature gradually decreased and the smallest size was found after sintering at 850oC, while sintering at 900oC and 950oC, the arch pattern size returned to large. in line with the sample resistance. The resistance at a temperature of 850oC decreases while at a higher temperature it becomes larger. In general, all sintering conditions show a single semicircular curve.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":201,"width":427,"height":69,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The conductivity can be determined by the inverse resistance. The conductivity of the sample was measured by interpreting the size of the curved semicircle pattern, where the impedance values of Rb (bulk resistance) and Rgb (grain boundary resistance) were obtained [26,27], the results are shown in Table 1. .Rb shows the characteristics of bulk materials with ohmic, while Rgb shows the qualitative characteristics of grain boundaries with capacity behavior. Rb is always seen at high frequencies, while Rgb is at low frequencies [28-31].","type":"Text"},{"left":96,"top":285,"width":422,"height":21,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Table 1. Results Of Calculation Of The Conductivity Of Lto Ceramic Composite Anode Materials At Various Sintering Temperatures Taken From Ac Impedance Test.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":395,"width":426,"height":21,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The graph of the bulk and grain boundary conductivity at temperature changes is shown in Figure 4, as below.","type":"Text"},{"left":101,"top":534,"width":413,"height":9,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 4. Bulk conductivity and grain boundaries of LiTiO after sintering at different temperatures,","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":557,"width":427,"height":69,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 4 shows that the conductivity increases to 3.27 10-4 S.cm-1 for bulk (σb) and 1.02 10-7 S.cm-1 for grain boundaries (σgb) after sintering at 850oC and tends to decrease at temperature higher. When associated with the crystallite process, this material crystallizes better at temperatures of 750oC to 850oC, but at higher temperatures up to 950oC the crystallites become large and agglomerate. X.Xu et al [29] found results similar to current work for solid ceramic electrolytes or LTAP.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":629,"width":427,"height":44,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"When the crystal becomes big so EIS shows that the conductivity of the sample tends to be small. This is evidenced by the microstructure observed with the Scanning Electron Microscope in Figure 5. Figure 5. The microstructure of Li4Ti5O12 after sintering at various temperatures was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). For non-clumping particles, the ions will.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":676,"width":427,"height":33,"page_number":4,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"It is easy to move because the conductivity increases, while the agglomerated particles with a large particle size cause the ions to be transferred longer so that the diffusion length increases [32-34], as a result, the conductivity of the sample decreases [22].","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":64,"width":264,"height":26,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022","type":"Text"},{"left":432,"top":79,"width":84,"height":10,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN : 2302-9706","type":"Page header"},{"left":115,"top":726,"width":405,"height":19,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)","type":"Text"},{"left":504,"top":750,"width":16,"height":6,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"549","type":"Page footer"},{"left":94,"top":106,"width":427,"height":33,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The conductivity of our material is of the same order as the results reported by Vijayakumar et al [33]. They said that the conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 was 10-8 S/cm at room temperature [35], whereas Yanling Qi et al [34] found that the conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 is 2.5 10-8 S/cm [34],","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":142,"width":427,"height":45,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Hao et al [36] were 7.1 10–8 S/cm, and Huang et al [37] were 2.5 10–7 S/cm, respectively [37]. Meanwhile, Bohnke et al [16] said that the conductivity at high temperatures between 900 oC and 950oC decreased due to the presence of Li2Ti3O7 impurities in the material having a conductivity of 3.10-9 S/cm.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":189,"width":427,"height":33,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The phase angle (θ) and total impedance (Ztotal) are plotted from the phase angle (θ) on the primary vertical axis and the log frequency on the horizontal axis, while the impedance or log(Ztotal) on the secondary vertical axis [38-41] as shown in Figure 6 .","type":"Text"},{"left":102,"top":341,"width":410,"height":21,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Figure 6. The EIS spectrum shows that the phase angle (θ) moves and the Ztotal of the Li4Ti5O12 ceramic composite after sintering at various temperatures ranges from 0 to -90o.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":376,"width":427,"height":116,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The graph in Figure 6 shows that the sample has a capacitance characterized by a change in phase angle (θ) which moves from 0o to -90o. The shape of the curve like the letter \"S\" is inverted at 850oC and 900oC, but the lowest phase angle (θ) at 900oC is -70o, while at 850oC the phase is angle (θ) is -90o. At other temperatures the phase angle (θ) tends to form an additional curve and indicates the presence of a single phase or an impurity phase present in the material. Samples at a temperature of 850oC showed the presence of a single phase while at other temperatures there was a new phase or an impurity phase. The graph of Ztotal and log (f) shows that the sample at almost all temperatures has the same pattern at low frequencies and Ztotal is high, then at high frequencies and Ztotal decreases drastically to the order of 10-4, so the correlation between frequency and Ztotal is inverse and at high frequency, low impedance capacity.","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":495,"width":426,"height":21,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"Therefore at high frequencies it contributes to the bulk impedance, whereas at low frequencies the grain boundary impedance is more affected [42-44].","type":"Text"},{"left":94,"top":531,"width":83,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"4. CONCLUSION","type":"Section header"},{"left":94,"top":543,"width":427,"height":68,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"The synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 has been successfully produced through solid state reactions and sintering. The optimum conductivity was carried out after sintering at a temperature of 850oC for 2 hours with a conductivity of approx. ~1.02 10-7 S/cm. The phase angle (θ) at 850oC shows a displacement from 0O to -90O this pattern indicates good sample capacitance means the material has good ionic capacity as an 'insertion compound', and therefore Li4Ti5O12 has good ionic conductivity, but is still poor in conductivity electronic .","type":"Text"},{"left":274,"top":626,"width":66,"height":9,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"REFERENCE","type":"Section header"},{"left":100,"top":638,"width":420,"height":33,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[1] Wenquan Lu, Andrew Jansen, Dennis Dees, Paul Nelson, Nicholas R. VEselka, Gary Henriksen, High energy electrodes investigations for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, J Power Source 196 (2011) 1537-1540.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":674,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[2] Hiroshi Kawamoto, R&D Trends in Materials for Highpower and large capacity Lithium-ion Batteries for Vehicles Application, Science and Technology Trends, No.36 / July (2010).","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":697,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":5,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[3] Juichi Arai, Yasushi Muranaka, Mitsuru Koseki, High Strength and high energy lithium secondary battery for electricity vehicle, Hitachi Review vol.53 (2004).","type":"List item"},{"left":94,"top":64,"width":264,"height":26,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022","type":"Text"},{"left":432,"top":79,"width":84,"height":10,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"ISSN : 2302-9706","type":"Page header"},{"left":115,"top":726,"width":405,"height":19,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)","type":"Text"},{"left":504,"top":750,"width":16,"height":6,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"550","type":"Page footer"},{"left":100,"top":106,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[4] Antonio Salvatore Arico, nanostructured material for advanced energy conversion and storage devices, Nature, Vol 4 May 2005.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":130,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[5] Keijiro Sawai, Carbon material for lithium-ion (shuttlecock) cell, Solid State Ionics, volume 69, Issues 3-4, August 1994, Pages 273-283","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":154,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[6] Tsutomu Ohzuku, Naoki Matoba, Keijiro Sawai, Direct proof oh graphite-negative anomaly expansion electrode at first charge by dilatometry, J. Resources 97- 98 (2001) 73-77.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":178,"width":313,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[7] David Linden, Battery Handbook, McGraw Hill, second 1994 edition.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":189,"width":420,"height":33,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[8] Keijiro sawii, Ryoji Yamato, Tsutomu Ohzuku, Impedance measurements on a lithium-ion battery consisting of: Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 and LiCo1/2No1/2O2, Electrochimica Acta, 51 (2006) 1651-1655.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":225,"width":293,"height":9,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[9] Tsutomu Ohzuku, Atsushi Ueda, Norihiro Yamamoto, Zerostrain","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":237,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[10] Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 insertion mechanism for progress lithium-ion battery (shuttlecock), Electrochimica Acta 51 (2005) 1125-1129.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":261,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[11] Chien-Te Hsieh, Jia Yi Lin, Effect of adding Li on spinel lithium titanate charge/discharge behavior, J. Alloy and Compound 506 (2010) 231-236.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":285,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[12] Tao Yuan, Rui Cai, Ran Ran, Yingke Zhou, Zongping Shao, A study of the mechanism of Li4Ti5O12 synthesis from TiO2 anatase, J. Alloys and Compounds 505 (2010) 267-373.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":308,"width":420,"height":33,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[13] Tao Yuan, Xing Yu, Rui Cai, Yingke Zhou, Zongping Shao, Synthesis of pure and carbon- coated Li4Ti5O12 and low temperature electrochemical performance, Resource 195 (2010) 4997-5004.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":344,"width":420,"height":21,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[14] Tao Yuan, Rui Cai, Ran Ran, Yingke Zhou, Zongping Shao, A study of the mechanism of Li4Ti5O12 synthesis from TiO2 anatase, Alloys and Compounds 505 (2010) 367-373.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":368,"width":420,"height":33,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[15] Tao Yuan, Ke Wang, Rui Cai, Ran Ran, Zongping Shao, The cellulose-assisted combustion synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 adopts solid TiO2 anatase as raw material with high electrochemistry show, Alloys and Compounds 477 (2009) 665-672.","type":"List item"},{"left":100,"top":404,"width":420,"height":20,"page_number":6,"page_width":612,"page_height":792,"text":"[16] Tao Yuan, Rui Cai, Peng Gu, Zongping Shao, Synthesis of lithium Li4Ti5O12 insertion material of rutile TiO2 through the surface activation, Resources 195 (2010) 2883-2887.","type":"List item"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 64,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 432,\n \"top\": 79,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN : 2302-9706\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 726,\n \"width\": 405,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 504,\n \"top\": 750,\n \"width\": 16,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"545\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 127,\n \"top\": 107,\n \"width\": 361,\n \"height\": 42,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ANODE COMPOSITE ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE IMPROVEMENT WITH LIME EXTRACT SINTERING FOR LITHIUM CERAMIC BATTERY APPLICATION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 185,\n \"top\": 163,\n \"width\": 244,\n \"height\": 11,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Iqbal Ashari 1 , Solly Aryza 2 , Adi Sastra P Tarigan 3\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 210,\n \"top\": 188,\n \"width\": 195,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan North Sumatera, Indonesia\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 278,\n \"top\": 236,\n \"width\": 56,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ABSTRACT\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 116,\n \"top\": 249,\n \"width\": 54,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Article Info\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 192,\n \"top\": 249,\n \"width\": 326,\n \"height\": 104,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Synthesis of silica Li4Ti5O12/soda lime composite has been carried out for the anode component of lithium ceramic battery. The Li4Ti5O12 synthesis method is SSR (solid state reaction) from Li2CO3 and TiO2 powders. All lithium-based materials were calcined at 700oC for 2 hours, then ball milled to obtain finer particles and passed to a filter of less than 400 mesh. Before sintering the powder is dissolved in 99% methanol to make a paste. The Li4Ti5O12 paste was sintered at various temperatures from 750oC, 800oC, 850oC, 900oC to 950oC for 2 hours to obtain optimum electrical properties. The phase formed after sintering was identified by XRD.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 261,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Received, 01/08/22 Revised, 12/08/22 Accepted, 30/08/22\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 99,\n \"top\": 356,\n \"width\": 341,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Keywords: Li4Ti5O12/soda lime lithium ceramic battery composite, conductivity\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 385,\n \"width\": 96,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"1. INTRODUCTION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 396,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 104,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The dominance of lithium batteries as secondary batteries is growing over time, especially for many applications in portable electronic devices and currently for HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) due to the shortage of petroleum in the world [1-4]. Lithium batteries have more advantages in specific energy both gravimetric and volume compared to other batteries. State-of-the-art lithium ion battery technology is being developed for large-scale applications such as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrids electric vehicle (HEV). For this purpose, lithium ion batteries must have long-term cycling performance with high capacity. The graphite used as anode material has a capacity of about 372 mAh/g and has now been replaced by lithium the intercalated form of graphite LiC6 compounds with excellent reversibility.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 503,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The negative electrode or anode in commercial batteries is made of graphite but the disadvantages of graphite anode are cannot be applied under high power conditions and when the first charge the graphite dimensions have changed.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 539,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 80,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The interlayer space also increases so that the anode is an anomalous expansion due to the insertion of lithium ions into the graphite structure [5,6]. However, the storage capacity of graphite is quite large, which is around 8.9Ah/g, unfortunately the electron current is not able to capture large amounts such as >4C. This is due to the decrease in cell potential below the cutoff voltage of the battery when the current is at high speed [2]. The capacity curve becomes uneven and tends to decrease in current or voltage due to a decrease in capacity in addition to the safety factor the cell exploits the intermetallic lithium layer at the anode cell interface [7].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 622,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 69,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"One of the interesting anode materials to be developed by researchers is LTO which consists of lithium titanate. LTO has a high level with a flat potential curve and stable with zero strain material [8,9]. The discharge material profile is clearly flat without any dimensions a promising unit cell change for solid lithium ion batteries, as it is able to minimize defects in its structure caused by overexpansion while charging/discharging. Several methods for making LTO anodes are sol-gel method, spray drying/pyrolysis, colloid template method, and solid state reaction [10].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 693,\n \"width\": 426,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 1,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Currently, LTO anode materials are being researched using solid-state reactions and sintering at various temperatures to obtain optimum electrical properties.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 64,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 432,\n \"top\": 79,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN : 2302-9706\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 726,\n \"width\": 405,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 504,\n \"top\": 750,\n \"width\": 16,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"546\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 60,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2. METHOD\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 118,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The anode material synthesis process is carried out by a solid state reaction between Li2CO3 and TiO2 (anatase) powders through powder metallurgy which is processed by the following reaction [11]:\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 231,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 179,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"2Li2CO3 + 5TiO2 Li4Ti5O12 + 2CO2 (1)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 166,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 32,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"For 250 grams of Li4Ti5O12 80.47 grams of Li2CO3 and 217.51 grams of TiO2 are required according to reaction (1). The mixing powder was ground for several hours to obtain a fine and homogeneous powder, then calcined at 700oC for 2 hours.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 201,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 93,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"After that, the powder was ground again and filtered until it reached a size of 200 mesh. At the same time silica sodalime is prepared from 500 grams of window glass by grinding and grinding to achieve a fine powder of up to 200 mesh. Before mixing all the powders were stored in an oven at 70oC for one night to keep the powders dry. After that, all powders were mixed with a ratio of 20% LTO as filler and 80% sodalime silica as a matrix in 40 ml of methanol, then sintered at temperatures of 700, 800, 850, 900,950oC for 2 hours. The sintered powder was milled again until the powder passed through a 400 mesh sieve. Finally the powder is added with methanol to make a slurry or paste and is ready to be pressed in a compression machine.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 297,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 68,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The green compact was continuously calcined at 540 oC and cooled in liquid nitrogen for 30 minutes. Samples were characterized by both XRD to identify phase formation after sintering and electrical properties. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also tested to obtain the impedance behavior of Li4Ti5O12 ceramic composites such as real impedance, imaginative impedance, total impedance, phase shift angle with various frequency spectrum in logarithmic scale using LCR meter, HIOKI 3532-80 Chemical Impedance meter as shown in Fig. 1.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 106,\n \"top\": 510,\n \"width\": 403,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 1. (a) Schematic of EIS measurement, (b) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) apparatus.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 545,\n \"width\": 151,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. X-Ray Diffraction\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 569,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 116,\n \"page_number\": 2,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The phases present in the composite anode material were identified by XRD, the content of Li4Ti5O12, TiO2 (rutile) and TiO2 (anatase) for all sintered samples as shown in Figure 2. It is seen that the resulting increase in temperature changes the peak intensity of Li4Ti5O12. Some peaks hide and new peaks appear at higher temperatures which are identified as new phases present in the material. The lithium titanate phase has formed after sintering from 750oC to 950oC but sintering at temperatures of 750oC and 850oC there were some imputs indicated by peaks of TiO2 (anatase) and TiO2 (rutile). The rutile phase is stable at higher temperatures whereas anatase is the metastable phase according to refs [11-14]. Tao Yuan et al [11] reported that TiO2 impurities will disappear at lower temperatures when composite synthesis through cellulose-assisted combustion by calcining at a temperature of 750oC for 5 hours [15].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 64,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 432,\n \"top\": 79,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN : 2302-9706\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 726,\n \"width\": 405,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 504,\n \"top\": 750,\n \"width\": 16,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"547\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 141,\n \"top\": 234,\n \"width\": 331,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 2. XRD LTO pattern with variation of sintering temperature for 2 hours.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 258,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 93,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Peak analysis used JCPDS #49-0207 as comparison data from XRD results. Some rutile impurities were still present after sintering at 850oC, but the peak intensity was reduced compared to lower temperatures, while at 900 and 950oC were investigated. a new phase with a low peak intensity at Bragg 2θ of 20.19o which indicates the peak of the Li2Ti3O7 phase. Bohnke et al. [16], reported that a new phase of Li2Ti3O7 appears at high temperatures between 940oC and 1050oC which is rapidly quenched in air to room temperature, because Li2Ti3O7 is stable at high temperatures such as above 940oC. Recently, X. HU et al. [17] it was also reported that an incorrect composition in the mole of the material led to the formation of the ramsdellite impurity Li2Ti3O7.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 353,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Wu Le et al. [18] showed that rutile TiO2 can be removed with an ethanolamine solution or using TiO2 nano particles but when using micron particles and ethanol, the rutile phase is still present [19,20].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 389,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 128,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Identification of Li4Ti5O12 from the XRD pattern in Figure 2. shows the diffraction characteristics of all peaks at (111), (311), (400), (511), and (440) which are phase diffraction of Li4Ti5O12 with spinel cube structure according to space. Fd3m group (JCPDS card no. 26-1198) [21]. The loss of the prominet peak due to TiO2 has been localized at Bragg 2θ 0f 25 - 24o indicating TiO2 in a solid-state reaction [22]. The sharpness of the prominent peak at Bragg 2θ of 18.36o also indicates an increase in the crystallinity of TiO2, while sodalim glass as a matrix in Li4Ti5O12/NaSiO2 anode composites is not visible because the glass phase is amorphous. The lithium hydrate phase was not formed from the XRD analysis because rapid cooling in liquid N2 had stopped the reaction of lithium with the volatile water in the air. During quenching at -130oC for 30 minutes volatile N2 covered the sample to room temperature and this condition is expected to occur during the active anode process [23].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 532,\n \"width\": 207,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"3.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 544,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 56,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The conductivity measurement was carried out using the EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) method. The curve is shown in Figure 3. The EIS profile shows whether the curve has been well formed or not. A good anode will do a curved semicircle (semi-circle) pattern, and when the phase curve plot on the EIS graph will show the ideal curve like an inverted “S”. The EIS graph of each phase after sintering is as follows.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 711,\n \"width\": 424,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 3,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 3. Spectrum of AC impedance at room temperature LiTiO with various sintering temperatures.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 64,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 432,\n \"top\": 79,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN : 2302-9706\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 726,\n \"width\": 405,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 504,\n \"top\": 750,\n \"width\": 16,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"548\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 92,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Impedance measurement is carried out by applying a DC voltage of 4V and a pertubation of an AC signal of 10 mV combined with a DC voltage. If the DC voltage is below 3V it produces a less curved semicircle pattern. The frequency must be applied between 4 Hz and 1 MHz. Sintering at 750oC showed that the arch pattern size was large but the temperature gradually decreased and the smallest size was found after sintering at 850oC, while sintering at 900oC and 950oC, the arch pattern size returned to large. in line with the sample resistance. The resistance at a temperature of 850oC decreases while at a higher temperature it becomes larger. In general, all sintering conditions show a single semicircular curve.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 201,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 69,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The conductivity can be determined by the inverse resistance. The conductivity of the sample was measured by interpreting the size of the curved semicircle pattern, where the impedance values of Rb (bulk resistance) and Rgb (grain boundary resistance) were obtained [26,27], the results are shown in Table 1. .Rb shows the characteristics of bulk materials with ohmic, while Rgb shows the qualitative characteristics of grain boundaries with capacity behavior. Rb is always seen at high frequencies, while Rgb is at low frequencies [28-31].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 96,\n \"top\": 285,\n \"width\": 422,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Table 1. Results Of Calculation Of The Conductivity Of Lto Ceramic Composite Anode Materials At Various Sintering Temperatures Taken From Ac Impedance Test.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 395,\n \"width\": 426,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The graph of the bulk and grain boundary conductivity at temperature changes is shown in Figure 4, as below.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 101,\n \"top\": 534,\n \"width\": 413,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 4. Bulk conductivity and grain boundaries of LiTiO after sintering at different temperatures,\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 557,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 69,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 4 shows that the conductivity increases to 3.27 10-4 S.cm-1 for bulk (σb) and 1.02 10-7 S.cm-1 for grain boundaries (σgb) after sintering at 850oC and tends to decrease at temperature higher. When associated with the crystallite process, this material crystallizes better at temperatures of 750oC to 850oC, but at higher temperatures up to 950oC the crystallites become large and agglomerate. X.Xu et al [29] found results similar to current work for solid ceramic electrolytes or LTAP.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 629,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 44,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"When the crystal becomes big so EIS shows that the conductivity of the sample tends to be small. This is evidenced by the microstructure observed with the Scanning Electron Microscope in Figure 5. Figure 5. The microstructure of Li4Ti5O12 after sintering at various temperatures was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). For non-clumping particles, the ions will.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 676,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 4,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"It is easy to move because the conductivity increases, while the agglomerated particles with a large particle size cause the ions to be transferred longer so that the diffusion length increases [32-34], as a result, the conductivity of the sample decreases [22].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 64,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 432,\n \"top\": 79,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN : 2302-9706\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 726,\n \"width\": 405,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 504,\n \"top\": 750,\n \"width\": 16,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"549\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The conductivity of our material is of the same order as the results reported by Vijayakumar et al [33]. They said that the conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 was 10-8 S/cm at room temperature [35], whereas Yanling Qi et al [34] found that the conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 is 2.5 10-8 S/cm [34],\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 142,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 45,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Hao et al [36] were 7.1 10–8 S/cm, and Huang et al [37] were 2.5 10–7 S/cm, respectively [37]. Meanwhile, Bohnke et al [16] said that the conductivity at high temperatures between 900 oC and 950oC decreased due to the presence of Li2Ti3O7 impurities in the material having a conductivity of 3.10-9 S/cm.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 189,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The phase angle (θ) and total impedance (Ztotal) are plotted from the phase angle (θ) on the primary vertical axis and the log frequency on the horizontal axis, while the impedance or log(Ztotal) on the secondary vertical axis [38-41] as shown in Figure 6 .\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 102,\n \"top\": 341,\n \"width\": 410,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Figure 6. The EIS spectrum shows that the phase angle (θ) moves and the Ztotal of the Li4Ti5O12 ceramic composite after sintering at various temperatures ranges from 0 to -90o.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 376,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 116,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The graph in Figure 6 shows that the sample has a capacitance characterized by a change in phase angle (θ) which moves from 0o to -90o. The shape of the curve like the letter \\\"S\\\" is inverted at 850oC and 900oC, but the lowest phase angle (θ) at 900oC is -70o, while at 850oC the phase is angle (θ) is -90o. At other temperatures the phase angle (θ) tends to form an additional curve and indicates the presence of a single phase or an impurity phase present in the material. Samples at a temperature of 850oC showed the presence of a single phase while at other temperatures there was a new phase or an impurity phase. The graph of Ztotal and log (f) shows that the sample at almost all temperatures has the same pattern at low frequencies and Ztotal is high, then at high frequencies and Ztotal decreases drastically to the order of 10-4, so the correlation between frequency and Ztotal is inverse and at high frequency, low impedance capacity.\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 495,\n \"width\": 426,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"Therefore at high frequencies it contributes to the bulk impedance, whereas at low frequencies the grain boundary impedance is more affected [42-44].\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 531,\n \"width\": 83,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"4. CONCLUSION\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 543,\n \"width\": 427,\n \"height\": 68,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"The synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 has been successfully produced through solid state reactions and sintering. The optimum conductivity was carried out after sintering at a temperature of 850oC for 2 hours with a conductivity of approx. ~1.02 10-7 S/cm. The phase angle (θ) at 850oC shows a displacement from 0O to -90O this pattern indicates good sample capacitance means the material has good ionic capacity as an 'insertion compound', and therefore Li4Ti5O12 has good ionic conductivity, but is still poor in conductivity electronic .\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 274,\n \"top\": 626,\n \"width\": 66,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"REFERENCE\",\n \"type\": \"Section header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 638,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[1] Wenquan Lu, Andrew Jansen, Dennis Dees, Paul Nelson, Nicholas R. VEselka, Gary Henriksen, High energy electrodes investigations for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, J Power Source 196 (2011) 1537-1540.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 674,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[2] Hiroshi Kawamoto, R&D Trends in Materials for Highpower and large capacity Lithium-ion Batteries for Vehicles Application, Science and Technology Trends, No.36 / July (2010).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 697,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 5,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[3] Juichi Arai, Yasushi Muranaka, Mitsuru Koseki, High Strength and high energy lithium secondary battery for electricity vehicle, Hitachi Review vol.53 (2004).\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 94,\n \"top\": 64,\n \"width\": 264,\n \"height\": 26,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 432,\n \"top\": 79,\n \"width\": 84,\n \"height\": 10,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"ISSN : 2302-9706\",\n \"type\": \"Page header\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 115,\n \"top\": 726,\n \"width\": 405,\n \"height\": 19,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)\",\n \"type\": \"Text\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 504,\n \"top\": 750,\n \"width\": 16,\n \"height\": 6,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"550\",\n \"type\": \"Page footer\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 106,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[4] Antonio Salvatore Arico, nanostructured material for advanced energy conversion and storage devices, Nature, Vol 4 May 2005.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 130,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[5] Keijiro Sawai, Carbon material for lithium-ion (shuttlecock) cell, Solid State Ionics, volume 69, Issues 3-4, August 1994, Pages 273-283\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 154,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[6] Tsutomu Ohzuku, Naoki Matoba, Keijiro Sawai, Direct proof oh graphite-negative anomaly expansion electrode at first charge by dilatometry, J. Resources 97- 98 (2001) 73-77.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 178,\n \"width\": 313,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[7] David Linden, Battery Handbook, McGraw Hill, second 1994 edition.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 189,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[8] Keijiro sawii, Ryoji Yamato, Tsutomu Ohzuku, Impedance measurements on a lithium-ion battery consisting of: Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 and LiCo1/2No1/2O2, Electrochimica Acta, 51 (2006) 1651-1655.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 225,\n \"width\": 293,\n \"height\": 9,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[9] Tsutomu Ohzuku, Atsushi Ueda, Norihiro Yamamoto, Zerostrain\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 237,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[10] Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 insertion mechanism for progress lithium-ion battery (shuttlecock), Electrochimica Acta 51 (2005) 1125-1129.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 261,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[11] Chien-Te Hsieh, Jia Yi Lin, Effect of adding Li on spinel lithium titanate charge/discharge behavior, J. Alloy and Compound 506 (2010) 231-236.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 285,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[12] Tao Yuan, Rui Cai, Ran Ran, Yingke Zhou, Zongping Shao, A study of the mechanism of Li4Ti5O12 synthesis from TiO2 anatase, J. Alloys and Compounds 505 (2010) 267-373.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 308,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[13] Tao Yuan, Xing Yu, Rui Cai, Yingke Zhou, Zongping Shao, Synthesis of pure and carbon- coated Li4Ti5O12 and low temperature electrochemical performance, Resource 195 (2010) 4997-5004.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 344,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 21,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[14] Tao Yuan, Rui Cai, Ran Ran, Yingke Zhou, Zongping Shao, A study of the mechanism of Li4Ti5O12 synthesis from TiO2 anatase, Alloys and Compounds 505 (2010) 367-373.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 368,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 33,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[15] Tao Yuan, Ke Wang, Rui Cai, Ran Ran, Zongping Shao, The cellulose-assisted combustion synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 adopts solid TiO2 anatase as raw material with high electrochemistry show, Alloys and Compounds 477 (2009) 665-672.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n },\n {\n \"left\": 100,\n \"top\": 404,\n \"width\": 420,\n \"height\": 20,\n \"page_number\": 6,\n \"page_width\": 612,\n \"page_height\": 792,\n \"text\": \"[16] Tao Yuan, Rui Cai, Peng Gu, Zongping Shao, Synthesis of lithium Li4Ti5O12 insertion material of rutile TiO2 through the surface activation, Resources 195 (2010) 2883-2887.\",\n \"type\": \"List item\"\n }\n]"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":true},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":1203,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":120853,"offset":120300,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc1MTA1OTk4Mywic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL1dpa2lkZXBpYS9pZF9zY2hvbGFyX2h1cmlkb2NzIiwiZXhwIjoxNzUxMDYzNTgzLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.LHThPVkishYWJKSUKdA4inuwLs9yzmHYc6r77H-rKzjtKc-9JuOvMsr5Z0nX8y_GfBLuUxx4BLF0kgk-FfwSCg","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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b1b08a86-d49d-4d33-e7e4-51413dcc0374 | http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jrdi/article/download/703/494 | [
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"text": "Sensitivity of panoramic radiographs in diagnosing maxillary sinusitis: a scoping review",
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"text": "Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of using this panoramic radiograph in diagnosing maxillary sinusitis.",
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"text": "Review: Scoping Review with article searches was carried out through NCBI's PubMed database, Science Direct, and EbscoHost from January 2020 to March 2021, with the inclusion criteria being",
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"text": "Conclusion: Panoramic radiographs were found to be less sensitive for diagnosing maxillary sinusitis, but due to the low availability and accessibility of CBCT and CT, and related to their expensive cost and high radiation, panoramic radiographs are considered to be quite optimal.",
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"text": "Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia December 2021, Vol. 5, No. 3: 136-41 P-ISSN. 2685-0249 | E-ISSN. 2686-1321",
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"text": "Vera Widyastuti 1* , Azhari 2 , Lusi Epsilawati 2",
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"text": "Keywords: Maxillary sinusitis, panoramic radiography Cite this article: Widyastuti V, Azhari, Epsilawati L. Sensitivity of panoramic radiographs in diagnosing maxillary sinusi- tis: a scoping review. Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 2021;5(3)136 - 41. https://doi.org/10.32793/ jrdi.v5i3.703",
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"text": "Maxillary sinusitis is inflammation of maxillary sinus which can be classified as choric sinusitis when the inflammation persists for more than 12 weeks. Sinusitis is considered as the main cause of rinogen. However, in several cases, the fact shows that dental infection is the main predisposition factor. 1 Primarily, unilateral maxillary sinusitis cases have an odontogenic origin caused by periapical lesions and upper jaw teeth removal. Changes in the maxillary sinuses have been reported in 71.3% of patients with dental infections. 2",
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"text": "Panoramic radiograph becomes widely used for diagnosis aids for dental treatment planning and can be used as an early indication. Moreover, in some cases, it can positively provide a moderately clear picture, especially in the molar region of the lower jaw. Sinus region can be shown in the anterior posterior sinus wall, sinus roof and Maxillary sinus base. The basic image of the sinuses often experiences superimpose with the nearest bones especially the durum palate and zigoma. As a result, in many cases, the sinus basic pathology is not observable, especially when it merely involves the change in the sinus basic soft tissue. 3",
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"text": "Panoramic",
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"text": "radiograph, known as Orthotopantomography (OPG), is widely used in dental and facial pain examinations. Radiographic modality shows jawbone, teeth, and supporting structures including temporomandibular joints and maxillary sinuses, all of which can be the cause of facial pain. 4 Some of the advantages that panoramic radiography may offer are relatively low radiation",
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"text": "dose, 5 wide availability and relatively inexpensive cost. Moreover, it provides a great variety of information for dentists, not only in detecting caries and periodontal disease but also in detecting jaw tumors, temporomandibular joint arthritis and systemic diseases such as osteoporosis. In addition, it shares accurate information in medical diagnoses such as the presence of a globular radiopaque mass on the posterior wall or floor. 6 On the other hand, it has several disadvantages in detecting defects in the posterior wall 7 resulting from the artifact or superimposition caused by hard palate ( palatum durum ) and inferior nasal concha. Thus, diagnosing a disease affecting the maxillary sinus frequently requires great efforts, especially for inexperienced clinicians. 2",
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"text": "The purpose of this study is to determine the panoramic radiographs accuracy in diagnosing maxillary sinus. The research was carried out by collecting a number of articles from the PubMed NCBI, EBSCOhost and Science Direct databases which were adjusted to the predetermined keywords and then synthesized to meet the research questions.",
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"text": "This article was written using scoping review approach. This is an initial assessment of the potential size and scope of available research literature which aims to identify the nature and",
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"text": "* Correspondence to: Vera Widyastuti ✉ [email protected]",
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"text": "Received on: August 2021 Revised on: September 2021 Accepted on: October 2021",
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"text": "2 Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Univer- sitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia",
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"text": "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 which permits use, distribution and reproduction, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is non - commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.",
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"text": "Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 2021; 5(3); 136-41 | DOI: 10.32793/jrdi.v5i3.703",
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"text": "level of research evidence. 8 Tools and materials used in the study were stationery, laptop, and the Microsoft Words software. The databases used in this study were PubMed NCBI, Science Direct , and EbscoHost. The articles search method uses \"Boolean Operators\" using \"(Maxillary Sinusitis) AND (Disorders) AND (Panoramic Radiograph)\" as the keywords.",
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"text": "The articles used are the ones published between 2010 - 2020 from the NCBI PubMed database, Science Direct, and EbscoHost as the reference point of the study. The aim of study was to determine the accuracy of panoramic radiographs in diagnosing maxillary sinusitis. The eligibility criteria are compiled based on the Research Question, which is compiled through the PICO format used to clearly and comprehensibly define clinical question. PICO format itself is the acronym of Population or Problem, Intervention or Exposure, Comparison, and Outcome. 9 The articles were searched using Advanced Search with Boolean Operators \"AND\" and \"OR\" on the database using keywords predetermined and adjusted to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition, manual search was conducted to complete the search. The research was conducted online from January 2020 to March 2021.",
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"text": "The articles were searched using Advanced Search with Boolean Operators \"AND\" and \"OR\" on the database using keywords predetermined and",
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"text": "adjusted to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition, manual search was conducted to complete the search. The research was conducted online from January 2020 to March 2021. 10 Selected articles will be methodically screened for three times; (i) articles are screened by examining the possible duplication of each article on the database, (ii) ) articles are critically reviewed by selecting the title and abstract, and those that do not meet the inclusion criteria and research objectives are then screened, and (iii) articles are reviewed by reading their entire contents and screening according to the exclusion criteria. After that, the selected articles are synthesized qualitatively (Scoping Review).",
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"text": "The data of selected articles will be extracted with the collected data consisting of author's name, year of publication, article title, research method, number and type of participants, age, radiographic technique, results, and conclusions. The data will be tabulated and analyzed using the thematic analysis principle, a method used in identifying themes or problems from various studies, analyzing, interpreting, explaining, and taking into conclusions in a systematic review. 11",
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"text": "After the selection using predetermined search engine was done, the search results by using predetermined keywords were 1,122 articles, consisting of 68 articles from Pubmed NCBI, 735 articles from Science Direct, and 319 articles from",
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"text": "Figure 1. PRISMA –Scr chart",
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"text": "Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 2021; 5(3); 136-41 | DOI: 10.32793/jrdi.v5i3.703",
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"text": "Ebsco Host. The number of articles obtained by year of publication between 2010 - 2020 was 659 articles. In the second screening, where the duplicated articles were excluded, 589 articles were obtained. In the third screening, where the articles were selected based on the title and abstract, 19 articles were obtained. Furthermore, after examining the entire article contents, 4 articles were obtained which would be used as the research samples. The article search process is shown in Figure 1.",
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"text": "Articles included in inclusion criteria are shown in Table 1. The characteristics of articles included in inclusion criteria are shown in Table 2. There are four articles to be studied in detail along with a variety of sinus cases and to use panoramic techniques with maxillary sinus cases using reference standards.",
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"text": "The research results from each article are shown in Table 1. Different results are shown by each article. The first articles examined using periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, and CT (Computed Tomography), showed that the CT sensitivity is 89.7% and specificity is 94.6%, panoramic radiography has sensitivity of 68.2% and specificity 77.3%, Periapical Radiography Sensitivity 77.9% and Specificity 67%. 16 The second articles examined using CT or CBCT techniques and Panoramic Radiography showed that the panoramic radiographic technique is high, with accuracy 87.5%, sensitivity 86.7%, specificity 88.3%. 14 The third article examined using the CBCT technique and panoramic radiography showed that CBCT results showed a firm connection between the first and second molars with the maxillary sinus, respectively, in 54% and 38%, while the panoramic radiograph identifies two. 13 Furthermore, the fourth article examined using acetate conventional panoramic radiography and CT techniques showed that panoramic radiographs provide an accurate diagnosis which reaches 70% of cases time whereas conventional CT in acetate provides a highly accurate diagnosis to 89.9% of cases. 16",
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"text": "DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin is the cause of one - tenth of all cases of maxillary sinusitis. The proximity of the maxillary sinus to the upper posterior teeth give raise to dental disease to be a potential source of maxillary sinusitis. 16 Maxillary sinusitis is often caused by apical and/or periodontal lesions of the maxillary molars. 14 Knowledge of the anatomic and pathological relationships between the maxillary posterior teeth or the edentulous area and the maxillary sinus is necessary for diagnosis and treatment planning. Although the maxillary sinusitis diagnosis is predominately based on clinical signs, radiological findings are practicable in identifying the fundamental etiologic factor. Determining maxillary sinusitis etiology has important implications for clinical management since the pathophysiology, microbiology, and treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis differs from rhinogenic sinusitis. The closer the roots of the maxillary posterior teeth to the base of the maxillary sinus, the greater the risk of a mucosal reaction in tooth - related pathologies. Whereas mucosal thickening in the maxillary sinus implies irritation. The irritation may be odontogenic in nature when unilateral and focal changes exist in the sinus floor mucosa focal around the tip of the root or extracted tooth. 13 The relationship between the maxillary posterior teeth and the maxillary sinus can be assessed using various radiographic techniques. 13 Radiographic imaging has a great significant role in establishing the odontogenic etiology of maxillary sinusitis and completing the clinical findings. 16 Panoramic radiography is one of the leading radiographic techniques in oral health care. 13 Panoramic radiography also reduces the representation of the arch surface and provides a clear view of the sinus floor area and its relationship to the maxillary teeth. It makes determining the size of the periapical lesions, cysts and mucosal thickening in the maxillary sinus possible. 16",
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"text": "Table 1. Articles included in inclusion criteria",
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"text": "Author Year Study Design Title Simuntis, et al . 12 2017 Observational Study Clinical efficacy of main radiological diagnostic methods for odontogenic maxillary sinusitis",
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"text": "Murata, et al . 14 2019 Retrospective Study Deep - learning classification using convolutional neural network for evaluation of maxillary sinusitis on panoramic radiography",
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"text": "Shahbazian, et al . 13 2014 Comparative Study Comparative assessment of panoramic radiography and CBCT imaging for radiodiagnostics in the posterior maxilla Maestre - Ferrín, et al . 16 2011 Comparative Study Radiographic Findings in the Maxillary Sinus: Comparison of Panoramic Radiography with Computed Tomography",
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"text": "Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 2021; 5(3); 136-41 | DOI: 10.32793/jrdi.v5i3.703",
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"text": "Although panoramic radiography makes a wider coverage of facial bones and teeth with a relatively low radiation dose possible, it shows disadvantages such us distortion and blurred image. 13 It is important to notice that panoramic radiography has lower sensitivity than periapical radiography in detecting apical periodontitis. Furthermore, this technique has disadvantage in the upper molar region due to its 2D nature and anatomical superimposition. 16",
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"text": "For other imaging, the 3D imaging from Computed Tomography (CT) or Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), for example, can overcome",
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"text": "disadvantages by providing a multiplanar view of the maxillofacial region. CT is still considered as the gold standard in imaging sinonasal lesions, which produces higher radiation doses. Nowadays, CT has drastically dropped in the radiation dose without losing the image quality . However, its accessibility",
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"text": "and applicability are limited in diagnosing the oral health care. 13 CT has several advantages compared to the conventional radiography such as eliminating the superimposition of anatomical structures outside the area of interest and having high resolution and high contrast, making it possible to distinguish differences between different tissues in physical density less than 1%, compared to 10% for conventional radiographs. 15",
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"text": "It is noted that this modality is impractical in a dental application due to its relatively high radiation dose and relatively low spatial resolution. Even though several studies have tried to use the low - dose CT examination on the paranasal sinuses by decreasing the tube flow, their use is limited to cases of odontogenic sinusitis since the details associated with specific pathologies of the teeth and bones may need more clarity. Another disadvantage of CT is related to metal artifacts since metal objects around the teeth can make the image",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Characteristics of articles included in inclusion criteria",
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"text": "Author, Year Year Technique Result Conclusion Simuntis, et al . (2017) 12 3 months Periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, and CT (Computed Tomography) Results agreed by observers: 1) CT Sensitivity 89.7 and Specificity 94.6%, 2) Panoramic Radiography Sensitivity 68.2 and Specificity 77.3%, 3) Periapical Radiography Sensitivity 77.9 and Specificity 67% In diagnosing maxillary sinusitis using Computed Tomography, Panoramic radiography is less in accuracy",
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"text": "Murata, et al . (2019) 14 3 months CT or CBCT and panoramic radiography Performance of diagnostic system of deep learning for maxillary sinusitis Panoramic radiography is classified as high, with an accuracy of 87.5%, sensitivity 86.7%, specificity 88.3% The diagnostic performance for maxillary sinusitis on panoramic radiographs is quite high Shahbazian, et al . (2014) 13 8 months CBCT and panoramic radiography The close connectedness of the first and second molars with the maxillary sinus was, respectively, in 54 and 38%. Thirty - nine apical periodontitis lesions causing reactive changes in the maxillary sinus were detected by CBCT, while six of them were diagnosed using panoramic radiography. Panoramic radiography in the radioanatomical and radiodiagnostic observation of the maxillary posterior visualization of maxillary sinus inclusion posterior maxillary teeth",
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"text": "Maestre - Ferrín, et al . (2011) 16 - Panoramic radiography and conventional CT acetate 1. Results of the right sinus Panoramic radiographs showed 70% of a correct diagnosis 2. Results of the left sinus Panoramic radiographs 56.7% Computed tomography is the leading method in recent days in diagnosing maxillary sinus pathology compared to panoramic radiograph",
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"text": "Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 2021; 5(3); 136-41 | DOI: 10.32793/jrdi.v5i3.703",
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"text": "analysis hard. 15 In contrast to CT, CBCT produces high - resolution isotropic volume data at a lower dose and cost. At the same time the visualization quality of the maxillary sinus and bone structure is conforming in every respect. Therefore, CBCT is able to facilitate the diagnosis of specialized teeth in oral health care. 13 Cone Beam Computed Tomography, which has a cone beam computed tomography, is a relatively new diagnostic imaging modality. It has been used in a variety of applications in dentistry. It is suitable to be recommended as a dose - saving technique compared to the alternative medical CT scanning for common oral and maxillofacial radiographic imaging tasks. This modality shows high spatial resolution and high accuracy in finding apical periodontitis and mucosal thickening compared to 2D imaging, especially in maxillary teeth. The presence of metal artifacts is another disadvantage of CBCT. However, this issue was overcome by producer artifact suppression algorithm and an increased number of projections. 15",
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"text": "In a study conducted by Maillet et al ., 55% first molars cases and 34% apical periodontitis of second molars case were the cause of Odontogenic Maxillary Sinusitis. In recent days, the periapical pathology diagnosis is mostly based on panoramic radiographic examination. According to the literature, the sensitivity in identifying periodontitis is about 60% for panoramic radiographs. The main disadvantages of this imaging are the overlapping of the maxillary triple - rooted molars and the superimposition of anatomical structures, such as the zygomatic process. In addition, the ability to detect apical lesions radiographically depends on the involvement of cortical bone and X - ray angulation. Thus, part of the apical periodontal lesion is unobservable. According to Petersson et al . meta - analysis, panoramic radiography sensitivity and specificity are respectively 98% and 100%. According to Simuntis et al ., the overall sensitivity of panoramic radiographs was 66% higher and specificity 67% lower. Results may be different in some particular way since, as shown in the studies, the accuracy of the radiological method depends on the specialist's interpretation of the radiological imaging modality. 16",
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"text": "A the conclusion of several expert opinions, it indicates that CT is most specific method with the best accuracy when this view is evaluated by an experienced oral radiologist. However, in clinical practice, patients is permitted to be scanned in hospital only. More importantly, images are viewable for an experienced oral radiologist at any given time. The increasing popularity and use of CBCT in dental practice makes diagnosis posing no difficulty. 16 Sakakura et al . showed that the majority of dentists prescribe panoramic radiographs. Moreover he found that more than 95% of dentists obtain panoramic radiographs in at least 80% of their patients. In another study, Charles et al . assessing respondents ’ awareness on the use of Cone Beam Computed Temography (CBCT)",
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"text": "diagnostic application. As a result, 48.3% of respondents were unaware of CBCT and 82% of dentists considered CBCT too expensive or inconvenient to be used by their patients.",
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"text": "This research has shortcomings in some aspects such as the lack of articles that explain the effectiveness of panoramic radiographs in diagnosing maxillary sinusitis disorders in the past 10 years. Furthermore, the review process is only carried out by one person which might lead to a potential subjectivity in the review result.",
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"text": "Although the panoramic radiograph is less sensitive, it has a great significance to know and to learn more about the sinusitis images. Due to the fact that it is widely used by dentist, panoramic radiographs can be optimized. Although CBCT and CT are far more sensitive, their use is still low due to their limited availability, high price, and high radiation levels. Keeping the effort in diagnosing maxillary sinusitis with more number of articles, more number of samples, and wider research variables for more accurate results is required.",
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"text": "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS",
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"text": "None.",
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"text": "FOOTNOTES",
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"text": "All authors have no potential conflict of interest to declare for this article.",
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"text": "1. Fabre C, Atallah I, Wroblewski I, Righini CA. Maxillary sinusitis complicated by stroke. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2018;135(6):449 - 51. 2. Aukštakalnis R, Simonavičiūtė R, Simuntis R. Treatment options for odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: a review. Stomatologija. 2018;20(1):22 - 6.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
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{
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86dee25a-800a-a447-0a38-56fc910a9568 | https://jurnal.umb.ac.id/index.php/lateralisasi/article/download/214/196 | [
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"text": "LATERALISASI, Volume 7 Nomor 1, Maret 2019",
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{
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"text": "PENANAMAN TRADISI SANTUN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN ASPEK SOSIAL EMOSIONAL ANAK MELALUI PEMBIASAAN PENGGUNAKAN BAHASA INDONESIADI PAUD AL IKHLAS DESA SARENG KECAMATAN GEGER KABUPATEN MADIUN",
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"text": "Radian Arum Ardhani STIKES Bhakti Husada Mulia Madiun Jawa Timur [email protected]",
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{
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"text": "Abstrak",
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"text": "Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah dikarenakan menurunnya tingkat kesantunan anak-anak dalam tutur kata dan tindakan sehari – hari, hal ini terlihat dari sikap dan tata cara bertutur kata anak-anak yang ditunjukkan dalam pergaulan sehari hari di sekolah, ketidak santunan anak dalam bertutur kata ini disebabkan karena penggunaan bahasa anak yang masih bercampur antara bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa yang sehari-hari digunakan (bahasa jawa), hal ini pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi aspek social emosional anak, yang mana aspek sosil emosional merupakan salah satu aspek yang dikembangkan dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan aspek social emosional anak dalam tradisi santun dalam bertutur kata melalui pembiasaan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar dalam pergaulan nya disekolah. Penulisan ini juga dilatar belakangi dari sikap santun yang sangat dibutuhkan untuk ditanamkan pada anak usia dini, karena merupakan aspek yang menjadi ciri khas bangsa Indonesia. Sikap santundalam berbicara merupakan salah satu hal yang menunjukkan aspek social emosional dari anak tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan kelas padasiklusnya menggunakan model Spiral. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasidan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penanaman tradisi santun dalam bertutur kata melalui pembiasaan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar dapat meningkatkan aspek social emosional anak. Hal ini terbukti dengan adanya peningkatan dari siklus I ke siklus II sebanyak 30,77%. Dimana pada siklus satu tingkat keberhasilan mencapai 69,23% dan pada siklus kedua menjadi 100%.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci :Tradisi santun, Sosial Emosional, Pembiasaan Penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "The background of this study is due to the declining level of politeness of the children in the words and daily actions, this can be seen from the attitudes and procedures of speaking the children that are shown in day-to-day intercourse in school, the lack of children in saying this caused by the use of children's language that is still mixed between Indonesian and language that is used everyday (Javanese), this will ultimately affect the social emotional aspects of the child, where the emotional emotional aspect is one aspect developed in Early Childhood Education . The aim of the study was to find out the improvement of children's emotional social aspects in the tradition of being polite in speaking through the habituation of the use of Indonesian language that is good and correct in its association at school. This writing is also motivated by a courtesy that is very much needed to be instilled in early childhood, because it is an aspect that is characteristic of the Indonesian nation. Santundalam attitude is one thing that shows the emotional social aspects of the child. This study uses the class action research method in the cycle using the Spiral model. The technique of collecting data using observations and documentation. The results of the research obtained in this study indicate that the cultivation of polite traditions in speaking through the use of good and correct Indonesian can improve the social and emotional aspects of children. This is evidenced by an increase from cycle I to cycle II as much as 30.77%. Where in the first cycle the success rate reached 69.23% and in the second cycle to 100%.",
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"text": "Keywords: Polite, Social Emotional Tradition, Habituation To The Use Of Indonesian",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"height": 94,
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"text": "Anak usia dini adalah anak yang tarafperkembangannya masih membutuhkan perhatian dan bimbingan khusus baik dari orang tua maupun guru. Anak usia dini merupakan anak yang pada rentang usia 0- 8 tahun “ (Aisyah,2009: 1.3).Perkembangan pada diri anak usia dini haruslah benar-benar diarahkan sesuai tradisi yang berlaku di masyarakat, sehingga akan menciptakan karakter yang baik dan terarah sesuai nilai-nilai sosial emosional yang ada pada anak.",
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"text": "LATERALISASI, Volume 7 Nomor 1, Maret 2019",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2354-936X; e-ISSN: 2614-4522",
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"text": "2 | http://jurnal.umb.ac.id/index.php/lateralisasi",
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{
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"height": 115,
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"text": "Karakter anak haruslah diupayakan untuk di kembangkan karena karakter berarti tabiat, sifat- sifat kejiwaan, akhlak atau budi pekerti yang membedakan seseorang dengan yang lain atau watak (Tim Redaksi Tessaurus Bahasa Indonesia,2009:229). Karakter samadengan kepribadian ataupun akhlak. Doni Koesoema (2007:80) menjelaskan bahwa “Kepribadian merupakan ciri atau karakteristik atau sifat khas dari diri sendiri yang bersumber dari bentukan-bentukan yang diterima dari lingkungan, misalnya keluarga pada masa kecil, dan juga ba waan sejak lahir”.",
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"text": "Kelompok Bermain di PAUD Al Ikhlas desa Sareng kecamatan Geger kabupaten Madiun, anak-anak didalam menerapkan tradisi santun terutama dalam pembiasaan bertutur kata dan bersikap masih sangat kurang, ini disebabkan karena anak-anak cenderung pasif dalam melakukan hal-hal kesopanan terhadap orang yang lebih tua ataupun kepada sebayanya. Indikator kesopanan yang dapat terlihat adalah (1). Pada saat mereka meminta sesuatu kepada guru, mereka menggunakan bahasa ngoko misalnya “ Bu, aku jupukno bola kuwi bu ”. Ada juga yang mengatakan “ Bu,aku njaluk gambar niku bu ”. (2). Ketika anak -anak kecewa mereka langsung mengungkapkan dengan kata-kata yang tidak sopan, misal “ bu guru nakal ”. (3) Anak -anak cenderung berteriak-teriak dengan keras pada saat tidak diperhatikan dalam hal pembelajaran, misal “ buuu...guuuruuu,reneeoo!! ” (4) Anak-anak kurang menerapkan tiga kata sopan dengan Bahasa Indonesia yakni dalam hal melakukan dan meminta sesuatu kepada orang lain, seperti maaf, minta tolong dan terimakasih. Ditambah lagi dengan lingkungan sekitar yang mana kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang buruk mereka tiru dan lihat, kemudian mereka lakukan dalam bentuk nyata. Sehingga, mereka kurang begitu memahami akan pentingnya rasa menghormati terhadap orang yang lebih tua dari dirinya. Disamping itu masih seringnya penggunaan bahasa daerah dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masih selalu terbawa sehingga penggunaan bahasa Indonesia di kelas masih belum bisa maksimal digunakan.",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan aspek sosial emosional anak dalam hal tradisi santun dalam berbahasa melalui pembiasaan penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia di PAUD Al Ikhlas desa Sareng kecamatan Geger kabupaten Madiun tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Didalam meningkatkan aspek sosial emosional anak pada tradisi santun,selain orang tua, guru juga dituntut harus bisa lebih konsisten didalam membentuk karakter anak sesuai dengan sopan santun, dan norma- norma yang ada di masyarakat. Anak adalah aset negara yang harus kita jaga, kita kembangkan dan kita bentuk sesuai dengan nilai-nilai sosial dan budaya yang berlaku di masyarakat, sehingga pengembangan nilai-nilai kesantunan dan kesopanan pada anak usia dini dilakukan melalui pembiasaan-pembiasaan sesuai dengan apa yang dilihat dan dilakukan oleh orang-orang terdekatnya.",
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"text": "LATERALISASI, Volume 7 Nomor 1, Maret 2019",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2354-936X; e-ISSN: 2614-4522",
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"text": "3 | http://jurnal.umb.ac.id/index.php/lateralisasi",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian dilakukan di PAUD Al Ikhlas desa sareng kecamatan Geger pada Kelompok Bermain kelas Besar Usia 5-6 tahun. Penelitian ini tergolong dalam Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (Classrom Action Research (CAR)). Suyadi (2015:17) Penelitian tindakan kelas adalah “penelitian dengan tindakan yang dilakukan di kelas.” Dalam penelitian ini, Subjek Penelitian yang digunakan adalah siswa KB di PAUD Al Ikhlas keas Melati (Usia 5-6 tahun) berjumlah tiga belas siswa yang terdiri dari 6 siswa laki – laki dan 7 siswa perempuan. Data penelitian diambil secara langsung oleh peneliti sehingga tergolong data primer dalam penelitian.",
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"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, dan dokumentasi. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian dengan observasi yang sistematis, sehingga disiapkan lembar observasi untuk memudahkan melakukan observasi. peneliti merencanakan penelitian sebanyak dua siklus. Setiap siklus pada penelitian ini terdiri dari 4 tahap yaitu: perencanaan tindakan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi, dan evaluasi refleksi (Suharsimi Arikunto, 2006:92). Untuk menentukan hasil penelitian, maka dilakukan analisis data. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah dengan menggunakan bilangan (numerik).",
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"text": "Analisis ini dihitung dengan menggunakan statistik sederhana, yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Menentukan prosentase keberhasilan siswa",
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"text": "x100 siswa seluruh jumlah aspek setiap diperoleh yang frekuensi jumlah : Prosentase",
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"text": "2. Kriteria penilaian Evaluasi siswa",
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"text": "Tabel 3.4: Kriteria Penilaian Individu (Evaluasi) No Nilai Keterangan 1. Bintang 4 Berkembang sangat baik",
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"text": "2. Bintang 3 Berkembang sesuai harapan 3. Bintang 2 Berkembang 4. Bintang 1 Belum Berkembang",
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"text": "Data yang dianalisis adalah data hasil observasipada saat siswa belajar. Observasi dilakukan untuk mengamati setiap kejadian yang sedang berlangsung dan mencatat dengan alat observasi tentang hal – hal yang akan diamati atau diteliti.",
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"text": "LATERALISASI, Volume 7 Nomor 1, Maret 2019",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2354-936X; e-ISSN: 2614-4522",
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"text": "4 | http://jurnal.umb.ac.id/index.php/lateralisasi",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN Hasil Penelitian",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian pada siklus I dan siklus II, menunjukkan adanya peningkatan. Dari 13 siswa yang mengikuti pembelajaran terdapat 4 siswa yang belum berkembang pada aspek social emosionalnya pada saat dilakukan pembiasaan pengunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam rangka menanamkan tradisi santun dalam bertutur kata serta bertindak. Terdapat 5 anak yang berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 4 anak yang sudah berkembang baik aspek social emosional nya. Adapun data lengkap peroleh nilai pada aspek social emosional siswa pada pembelajaran siklus 1 dapat dilihat dalam bentuk diagram sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Gambar1.Histogram Aspek social Emosional anak siklus 1",
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"width": 499,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan dipadukan dengan hasil dokumentasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti, keberhasilan pembelajaran dengan indicator keberhasilan ≥ bintang 3 untuk aspek social emosional anak di dapatkan data hasil penelitian sebagai berikut, Berdasarkan data hasil keberhasilan pembelajaran di KB pada PAUD Al Ikhlas adalah sebagai berikut, siswa yang berhasil sebanyak 9 siswa artinya pada siklus 1 ada 9 siswa yang mendapatkan tanda bintang lebih dari atau sama dengan 3. Sedangkan siswa yang belum berhasil dalam aspek social emosional (siswa yang belum berkembang sesuai harapan) sebanyak 4 siswa. Jika dilihat prosentase nya terdapat 69, 2 % siswa yang sudah berhasil atau mampu berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 30, 8 % siswa yang belum berkembang sesuai harapan. Jika di sajikan dalam diagram akan tersaji sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Histogram tingkat keberhasilan siswa pada aspek social emosional anak",
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"width": 498,
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"text": "Pada pelaksanaan siklus yang kedua diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut, bahwa 38, 46% atau sebanyak 5 siswa sudah berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 8 siswa atau 61,54% siswa yang",
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"text": "0 5 10 A B C Siklus I 0 10 Berhasil Belum berhasil Siklus 1",
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"text": "LATERALISASI, Volume 7 Nomor 1, Maret 2019",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2354-936X; e-ISSN: 2614-4522",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 227,
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"text": "4 | http://jurnal.umb.ac.id/index.php/lateralisasi",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN Hasil Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 108,
"width": 498,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "Hasil penelitian pada siklus I dan siklus II, menunjukkan adanya peningkatan. Dari 13 siswa yang mengikuti pembelajaran terdapat 4 siswa yang belum berkembang pada aspek social emosionalnya pada saat dilakukan pembiasaan pengunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam rangka menanamkan tradisi santun dalam bertutur kata serta bertindak. Terdapat 5 anak yang berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 4 anak yang sudah berkembang baik aspek social emosional nya. Adapun data lengkap peroleh nilai pada aspek social emosional siswa pada pembelajaran siklus 1 dapat dilihat dalam bentuk diagram sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Gambar1.Histogram Aspek social Emosional anak siklus 1",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan dipadukan dengan hasil dokumentasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti, keberhasilan pembelajaran dengan indicator keberhasilan ≥ bintang 3 untuk aspek social emosional anak di dapatkan data hasil penelitian sebagai berikut, Berdasarkan data hasil keberhasilan pembelajaran di KB pada PAUD Al Ikhlas adalah sebagai berikut, siswa yang berhasil sebanyak 9 siswa artinya pada siklus 1 ada 9 siswa yang mendapatkan tanda bintang lebih dari atau sama dengan 3. Sedangkan siswa yang belum berhasil dalam aspek social emosional (siswa yang belum berkembang sesuai harapan) sebanyak 4 siswa. Jika dilihat prosentase nya terdapat 69, 2 % siswa yang sudah berhasil atau mampu berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 30, 8 % siswa yang belum berkembang sesuai harapan. Jika di sajikan dalam diagram akan tersaji sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 402,
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"text": "Pada pelaksanaan siklus yang kedua diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut, bahwa 38, 46% atau sebanyak 5 siswa sudah berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 8 siswa atau 61,54% siswa yang",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 175,
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"text": "D Siklus I Keterangan Belum berhasil Keberhasilan",
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"width": 246,
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"text": "LATERALISASI, Volume 7 Nomor 1, Maret 2019",
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"height": 11,
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2354-936X; e-ISSN: 2614-4522",
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"width": 227,
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"text": "4 | http://jurnal.umb.ac.id/index.php/lateralisasi",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN Hasil Penelitian",
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{
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"top": 108,
"width": 498,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Hasil penelitian pada siklus I dan siklus II, menunjukkan adanya peningkatan. Dari 13 siswa yang mengikuti pembelajaran terdapat 4 siswa yang belum berkembang pada aspek social emosionalnya pada saat dilakukan pembiasaan pengunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam rangka menanamkan tradisi santun dalam bertutur kata serta bertindak. Terdapat 5 anak yang berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 4 anak yang sudah berkembang baik aspek social emosional nya. Adapun data lengkap peroleh nilai pada aspek social emosional siswa pada pembelajaran siklus 1 dapat dilihat dalam bentuk diagram sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Gambar1.Histogram Aspek social Emosional anak siklus 1",
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"top": 392,
"width": 499,
"height": 176,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan dipadukan dengan hasil dokumentasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti, keberhasilan pembelajaran dengan indicator keberhasilan ≥ bintang 3 untuk aspek social emosional anak di dapatkan data hasil penelitian sebagai berikut, Berdasarkan data hasil keberhasilan pembelajaran di KB pada PAUD Al Ikhlas adalah sebagai berikut, siswa yang berhasil sebanyak 9 siswa artinya pada siklus 1 ada 9 siswa yang mendapatkan tanda bintang lebih dari atau sama dengan 3. Sedangkan siswa yang belum berhasil dalam aspek social emosional (siswa yang belum berkembang sesuai harapan) sebanyak 4 siswa. Jika dilihat prosentase nya terdapat 69, 2 % siswa yang sudah berhasil atau mampu berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 30, 8 % siswa yang belum berkembang sesuai harapan. Jika di sajikan dalam diagram akan tersaji sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 676,
"width": 402,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Gambar 2. Histogram tingkat keberhasilan siswa pada aspek social emosional anak",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 696,
"width": 498,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Pada pelaksanaan siklus yang kedua diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut, bahwa 38, 46% atau sebanyak 5 siswa sudah berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 8 siswa atau 61,54% siswa yang",
"type": "Text"
},
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"top": 39,
"width": 246,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "LATERALISASI, Volume 7 Nomor 1, Maret 2019",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 354,
"top": 39,
"width": 197,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "p-ISSN: 2354-936X; e-ISSN: 2614-4522",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 319,
"top": 731,
"width": 227,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "5 | http://jurnal.umb.ac.id/index.php/lateralisasi",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 66,
"width": 498,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "sudah mampu berkembang dengan baik pada aspek social emosional. Sedangkan siswa yang belum berkembang atau mendapat bintang 3 sudah tidak ada lagi.",
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{
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"top": 94,
"width": 498,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Pada siklus kedua hasil observasi dipadukan dengan hasil dokumentasi untuk mendapatkan tingkat keberhasilan dalam pembelajaran. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh tentang tingkat keberhasilan pada aspek social emosional, terlihat bahwa semua siswa sudah berhasil 100% dalam pembelajaran. Dengan rincian sebanyak 5 siswa sudah berkembang sesuai harapan dan terdapat 8 siswa yang sudah berkembang dengan baik pada aspek social emosional nya.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 209,
"width": 498,
"height": 53,
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"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil yang sudah tercapai pada siklus II menggambarkan sudah semua siswa mampu berkembang sesuai harapan pada aspek social emosionalnya maka penelitian tindakan ini sudah dikatakan berhasil dan tidak diperlukan lagi siklus ketiga.",
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"text": "Pembahasan",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 309,
"width": 499,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Dengan demikian jelas bahwa pada siklus I ada 9 anak yang telah berhasil mendapatkan nilai diatas atau sama dengan bintang 3. Sedangkan yang mendapat bintang 2 sebanyak 4 siswa. Hal ini berbeda dengan yang terjadi ketika setelah selesai siklus II bahwa setelah siklus II semua siswa sudah mengalami peningkatan bahkan semuanya mendapat tanda bintang diatas atau sama dengan tiga. Pada siklus I prosentase keberhasilan sebesar 69, 23% sedangkan pada siklus II prosentase keberhasilan sebanyak 100,00% hal ini berarti pada pelaksanaan PTK kali ini dari siklus I ke siklus II terjadi peningkatan keberhasilan siswa sebanyak 30,77%.",
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"height": 135,
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"text": "Sehingga pembiasaan penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia yang dilakukan di PAUD Al IKhlas desa Sareng kecamatan Geger kabupaten Madiun mampu meningkatkan aspek social emosional anak. Pada saat penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar anak – anak secara terstruktur diarahkan untuk mampu menggunakan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar sehingga tidak bercampur dengan bahasa jawa ngoko sehingga kesantunan anak dalam bertutur kata dapat lebih di pantau. Karena jika menggunakan bahasa jawa, anak-anak masih banyak yang belum mampu membedakan antar kata yang sesuai untuk digunakan dalam bertutur kata.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"left": 57,
"top": 641,
"width": 499,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil Penelitian tentang pembiasaan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar dalam penanaman tradisi santun untuk meningkatkan aspek social emosional maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Penanaman tradisi santun dengan pembiasaan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dapat meningkatkan aspek social emosional anak. Hal ini terbukti dengan adanya peningkatan prosentase",
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"width": 246,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "LATERALISASI, Volume 7 Nomor 1, Maret 2019",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 354,
"top": 39,
"width": 197,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "p-ISSN: 2354-936X; e-ISSN: 2614-4522",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 57,
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"width": 498,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "keberhasilan yang semula 69,23% menjadi 100%. Hal ini berarti dengan menggunakan pembiasaan penggunaan bahasa Idonesia dalam menanamkan tradisi santun dapat meningkatkan aspek social emosional anak kurang lebih 30,77%.",
"type": "Text"
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490d8e2e-73a5-a41f-5f70-7efaf22b2b2e | http://journal-nusantara.com/index.php/J-CEKI/article/download/5036/3970 | [
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"text": "1 STIE Nusantara Makassar",
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"text": "2,3 Universitas Tompotika Luwuk 4,5 Universitas Sulawesi Barat E-mail: [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 , [email protected] 3 , [email protected] 4 , [email protected] 5",
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"text": "Article History: Received: 05 Agustus 2024 Revised: 20 Agustus 2024",
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"text": "Accepted: 23 Agustus 2024",
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"text": "Abstract: Pandemi COVID-19 telah menyebabkan perubahan signifikan dalam pola konsumsi masyarakat, yang berdampak langsung pada pasar ritel di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami perubahan tersebut melalui pendekatan Systematic Literature Review (SLR), dengan mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis literatur yang relevan terkait pola konsumsi, kesadaran kesehatan, keberlanjutan, dan strategi pemasaran ritel pasca pandemi. Hasil dari tinjauan literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa pandemi mempercepat transisi dari konsumsi konvensional ke digitalisasi, meningkatkan kesadaran konsumen terhadap kesehatan dan produk berkelanjutan, serta memaksa peritel untuk mengadaptasi strategi pemasaran yang lebih personal dan berbasis teknologi. Penelitian ini juga mengungkap dampak jangka panjang yang diantisipasi terhadap struktur pasar ritel di Indonesia, di mana belanja online menjadi bagian integral dari kebiasaan konsumen dan teknologi memainkan peran kunci dalam menentukan keberhasilan peritel di masa depan.",
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"text": "Keywords: Systematic Literature Review, Pola Konsumsi, Pasar Ritel, COVID-19",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN Pandemi COVID-19 telah menjadi katalis perubahan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk perilaku konsumsi masyarakat. Sebelum pandemi, kebiasaan belanja masyarakat Indonesia cenderung konvensional dengan dominasi transaksi offline. Namun, penerapan pembatasan sosial dan physical distancing memaksa masyarakat untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan kondisi baru, salah satunya dengan beralih ke belanja online (Sheth, 2020; Sumarliah et al., 2022; Verhoef et al., 2023).",
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"text": "Pergeseran ini tidak hanya terjadi pada saluran pembelian, tetapi juga pada jenis barang yang dibeli. Kebutuhan akan produk kesehatan, kebersihan, dan makanan sehat meningkat signifikan. Selain itu, dengan adanya ketidakpastian ekonomi, masyarakat menjadi lebih berhati- hati dalam membelanjakan uang mereka, cenderung fokus pada kebutuhan dasar dan menunda pembelian barang-barang mewah.",
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"text": "J-CEKI : Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah Vol.3, No.5, 2024",
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"text": "Perubahan ini memunculkan tantangan baru bagi pasar ritel. Peritel harus lebih responsif terhadap kebutuhan konsumen yang dinamis dan berinovasi dalam menawarkan produk dan layanan yang relevan dengan kondisi saat ini. Di sisi lain, perubahan pola konsumsi juga membuka peluang baru, terutama bagi ritel yang mampu beradaptasi dengan cepat terhadap tren digitalisasi dan keberlanjutan (Akram et al., 2021; Sharma et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020). Selain itu, meningkatnya kesadaran akan pentingnya kesehatan juga mempengaruhi pilihan konsumen. Produk-produk yang mendukung gaya hidup sehat dan ramah lingkungan menjadi lebih diminati. Hal ini menuntut peritel untuk menyesuaikan portofolio produk mereka dan memperkuat komunikasi yang relevan dengan preferensi baru konsumen. Pandemi juga mempercepat adopsi teknologi dalam aktivitas belanja. Konsumen kini lebih terbiasa dengan transaksi digital, dan ini membawa dampak jangka panjang terhadap struktur pasar ritel di Indonesia. Kecepatan dan kenyamanan yang ditawarkan oleh belanja online kemungkinan besar akan tetap menjadi bagian integral dari kebiasaan belanja masyarakat meskipun pandemi telah mereda (Kurniasari et al., 2023; Nanda et al., 2021; Trinugroho et al., 2022). Dengan demikian, pemahaman mendalam mengenai perubahan pola konsumsi ini sangat penting bagi peritel untuk tetap relevan dan kompetitif di pasar. Melalui penelitian ini, diharapkan dapat diidentifikasi strategi-strategi adaptif yang dapat diterapkan oleh peritel untuk menghadapi tantangan dan memanfaatkan peluang yang muncul pasca pandemi COVID-19.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) untuk mengevaluasi literatur yang ada mengenai perubahan pola konsumsi masyarakat dan implikasinya terhadap pasar ritel di Indonesia pasca pandemi COVID-19. SLR dipilih karena pendekatan ini memungkinkan peneliti untuk secara sistematis mengidentifikasi, menilai, dan menginterpretasikan semua penelitian yang relevan dengan pertanyaan penelitian yang ditentukan (Bahasoan et al., 2024; Syamruddin et al., 2021; Toiba et al., 2022). Dalam proses ini, peneliti menetapkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi untuk menyaring literatur yang akan direview. Literatur yang dipilih mencakup artikel jurnal, laporan industri, dan makalah konferensi yang diterbitkan dalam rentang waktu 2019-2024, dengan fokus pada topik pola konsumsi, digitalisasi ritel, kesadaran kesehatan, dan keberlanjutan. Studi yang tidak relevan dengan konteks Indonesia atau tidak membahas perubahan pasca pandemi dikecualikan dari analisis . Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui berbagai database akademik seperti Scopus, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar, menggunakan kata kunci yang relevan seperti \"COVID-19\", \"pola konsumsi\", \"pasar ritel\", \"Indonesia\", dan \"kesadaran kesehatan\". Artikel yang diidentifikasi kemudian disaring berdasarkan relevansi dan kualitasnya untuk memastikan bahwa hanya penelitian yang paling relevan yang dimasukkan dalam analisis.",
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"text": "Setelah literatur yang relevan terkumpul, artikel-artikel tersebut dianalisis secara mendalam untuk mengidentifikasi tren, kesenjangan, dan konsistensi dalam temuan. Data dari berbagai studi disintesis untuk memberikan gambaran umum mengenai bagaimana pandemi telah mengubah pola konsumsi masyarakat dan bagaimana perubahan ini mempengaruhi strategi ritel di Indonesia. Selain itu, evaluasi kualitas setiap studi dilakukan untuk menilai validitas, reliabilitas, dan relevansi temuan, sehingga hanya studi dengan kualitas tinggi yang dimasukkan dalam analisis akhir (Brandtner et al., 2021; Eger et al., 2021; Guthrie et al., 2021).",
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"text": "J-CEKI : Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah Vol.3, No.5, 2024",
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"text": "Hasil dari SLR ini kemudian dipresentasikan dalam bentuk tema-tema kunci yang mencakup pergeseran ke digitalisasi, peningkatan kesadaran kesehatan, perubahan prioritas pengeluaran, adaptasi strategi pemasaran, dan dampak jangka panjang pada struktur pasar ritel di Indonesia",
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"text": "Pergeseran dari Konsumsi Konvensional ke Digitalisasi Pandemi COVID-19 telah menjadi pendorong utama dalam mempercepat transisi dari konsumsi konvensional menuju digitalisasi. Sebelum pandemi, belanja online di Indonesia masih dianggap sebagai pilihan sekunder, terbatas pada kelompok konsumen tertentu yang lebih muda, melek teknologi, atau tinggal di kota-kota besar. Namun, dengan adanya pembatasan sosial yang ketat dan kekhawatiran terhadap kesehatan, banyak konsumen yang sebelumnya enggan mencoba belanja online akhirnya terpaksa beralih ke platform digital untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari- hari (Afridi et al., 2021; Olivia et al., 2020).",
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"text": "Perubahan ini bukan hanya tentang peningkatan jumlah konsumen yang berbelanja online, tetapi juga mencakup jenis barang yang dibeli dan frekuensi transaksi digital. Sebelum pandemi, barang-barang seperti elektronik dan fashion mungkin mendominasi penjualan online, tetapi setelah pandemi, kategori seperti bahan makanan, obat-obatan, dan kebutuhan rumah tangga mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa belanja online telah menjadi bagian penting dari kehidupan sehari-hari bagi banyak orang, yang sebelumnya hanya mengandalkan toko fisik untuk pembelian barang-barang tersebut (Akram et al., 2021; Luo, 2021). Perubahan ini juga memberikan tantangan baru bagi peritel yang masih bergantung pada model bisnis tradisional dengan fokus pada toko fisik. Ketika konsumen beralih ke belanja online, banyak toko fisik mengalami penurunan kunjungan dan penjualan. Peritel yang tidak cepat beradaptasi dengan tren ini berisiko kehilangan pangsa pasar. Tantangan ini mendorong peritel untuk mempercepat transformasi digital mereka, baik dengan memperkuat kehadiran online, mengoptimalkan situs web dan aplikasi mobile, maupun dengan meningkatkan layanan pengiriman yang cepat dan efisien (Zou & Cheshmehzangi, 2022).",
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"text": "Salah satu strategi kunci bagi peritel untuk bertahan dalam kondisi ini adalah dengan mengintegrasikan saluran online dan offline mereka. Ini dikenal sebagai pendekatan omnichannel, di mana konsumen dapat berbelanja dengan mulus antara toko fisik dan platform online. Misalnya, peritel dapat menawarkan opsi click-and-collect, di mana konsumen dapat memesan barang secara online dan mengambilnya di toko fisik. Pendekatan ini tidak hanya meningkatkan kenyamanan bagi konsumen tetapi juga membantu peritel memaksimalkan aset fisik mereka (Borsellino et al., 2020; Kim, 2020).",
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"text": "Di sisi lain, platform e-commerce dan marketplace besar seperti Tokopedia, Shopee, dan Lazada diuntungkan dari perubahan ini dengan meningkatnya jumlah transaksi. Mereka dengan cepat menyesuaikan diri dengan lonjakan permintaan, memperluas kategori produk, dan meningkatkan kapasitas logistik. Beberapa bahkan meluncurkan inisiatif baru untuk mendukung UMKM (Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah) yang terdampak pandemi, membantu mereka untuk mengalihkan penjualan mereka ke platform online.",
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"text": "Namun, tidak semua peritel berhasil dalam transisi ini. Ada banyak tantangan teknis dan operasional yang harus dihadapi, termasuk dalam hal pengelolaan inventaris, pemenuhan pesanan, dan pengalaman pelanggan di platform digital. Konsumen modern menuntut pengalaman belanja",
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"text": "online yang tidak hanya cepat tetapi juga aman dan personal. Oleh karena itu, peritel yang berhasil adalah mereka yang mampu menghadirkan layanan pelanggan yang unggul, mulai dari pengiriman tepat waktu hingga penanganan keluhan yang efisien.",
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"text": "Selain itu, pandemi juga telah mengubah pola perilaku konsumen, di mana banyak konsumen yang kini lebih berhati-hati dan selektif dalam pengeluaran mereka. Ini berarti bahwa peritel perlu menyesuaikan strategi pemasaran mereka untuk menarik konsumen yang lebih sadar anggaran, misalnya dengan menawarkan diskon, paket bundling, atau program loyalitas. Inovasi dalam pemasaran digital, seperti penggunaan data analitik untuk memahami preferensi konsumen dan personalisasi penawaran, menjadi semakin penting dalam menarik dan mempertahankan pelanggan.",
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"text": "Secara keseluruhan, transisi dari konsumsi konvensional ke digitalisasi yang dipercepat oleh pandemi COVID-19 telah mengubah lanskap ritel di Indonesia secara fundamental. Meskipun tantangan yang dihadapi tidak sedikit, peritel yang mampu beradaptasi dengan cepat dan inovatif akan lebih siap untuk mempertahankan dan bahkan meningkatkan pangsa pasar mereka di masa depan. Pandemi ini telah menjadi ujian nyata bagi industri ritel, menggarisbawahi pentingnya fleksibilitas dan kesiapan teknologi dalam menghadapi perubahan yang tidak terduga.",
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"text": "Peningkatan Kesadaran Kesehatan dan Preferensi Produk",
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"text": "Pandemi COVID-19 telah menjadi katalis utama dalam peningkatan kesadaran kesehatan di kalangan konsumen di seluruh dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Ketika virus menyebar dengan cepat dan menimbulkan dampak kesehatan yang signifikan, masyarakat menjadi lebih peduli terhadap aspek-aspek kesehatan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mereka. Kesehatan yang dulunya mungkin hanya menjadi salah satu dari sekian banyak perhatian, kini berada di garis depan pikiran konsumen, yang mengarah pada perubahan besar dalam preferensi produk (Olivia et al., 2020; Suryahadi et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021).",
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"text": "Seiring dengan meningkatnya kesadaran ini, permintaan akan produk-produk yang mendukung gaya hidup sehat melonjak tajam. Produk seperti makanan organik, yang sebelumnya mungkin hanya diminati oleh segmen pasar tertentu, kini menjadi pilihan utama bagi lebih banyak konsumen. Mereka semakin menyadari pentingnya asupan nutrisi yang lebih baik untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Ini tidak hanya terjadi pada makanan, tetapi juga pada suplemen kesehatan, di mana vitamin dan mineral untuk meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh menjadi barang yang sangat dicari (Djalante et al., 2020; Mahendradhata et al., 2021).",
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"text": "Selain itu, produk-produk kebersihan juga mengalami peningkatan permintaan yang signifikan. Produk seperti hand sanitizer, sabun antiseptik, dan disinfektan rumah tangga menjadi barang-barang esensial dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Konsumen tidak lagi melihat produk ini sebagai barang mewah atau tambahan, tetapi sebagai kebutuhan pokok yang harus selalu tersedia di rumah. Tren ini menunjukkan bagaimana pandemi telah mengubah perilaku konsumen secara drastis, menjadikan kesehatan dan kebersihan sebagai prioritas utama (Aisyah et al., 2022; Lestari et al., 2022).",
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"text": "Perubahan dalam preferensi ini memaksa peritel untuk menyesuaikan portofolio produk mereka agar tetap relevan di pasar. Peritel yang ingin bertahan dan berkembang di tengah pandemi harus dengan cepat beradaptasi dengan kebutuhan baru konsumen. Mereka yang berhasil menambah dan memperluas lini produk kesehatan, makanan sehat, dan kebersihan dalam waktu singkat, mampu menarik lebih banyak konsumen dan mempertahankan loyalitas pelanggan",
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"text": "lama. Ini juga mencakup penyesuaian dalam rantai pasokan untuk memastikan ketersediaan produk yang meningkat permintaannya.",
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"text": "Selain perubahan dalam portofolio produk, strategi pemasaran juga mengalami pergeseran yang signifikan. Kampanye pemasaran yang menekankan pentingnya kesehatan, kebersihan, dan gaya hidup sehat menjadi sangat efektif dalam menarik perhatian konsumen. Perusahaan- perusahaan yang cepat menangkap tren ini dan menyelaraskan komunikasi pemasaran mereka dengan kebutuhan dan kekhawatiran konsumen yang baru, berhasil membangun hubungan yang lebih kuat dengan pelanggan mereka. Pesan-pesan yang menekankan perlindungan diri, dukungan kesehatan, dan keselamatan keluarga menjadi inti dari strategi pemasaran ini. Di samping itu, konsumen menjadi lebih selektif dalam memilih produk, tidak hanya berdasarkan harga, tetapi juga berdasarkan manfaat kesehatan yang ditawarkan. Mereka cenderung memilih produk yang memberikan nilai tambah dalam hal kesehatan, seperti bahan- bahan alami, proses produksi yang bersih, dan kemasan yang higienis. Tren ini memicu banyak perusahaan untuk lebih transparan dalam informasi produk mereka, seperti mencantumkan komposisi dan manfaat kesehatan dari setiap bahan yang digunakan.",
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"text": "Perubahan preferensi ini juga menciptakan peluang baru bagi produsen lokal yang menawarkan produk-produk kesehatan dan kebersihan dengan kualitas tinggi. Banyak konsumen mulai mempercayai produk lokal yang diproduksi dengan standar yang baik dan mendukung keberlanjutan lingkungan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pandemi tidak hanya mendorong perubahan dalam pola konsumsi, tetapi juga mempengaruhi preferensi konsumen terhadap produk-produk lokal yang lebih dekat dan mudah dijangkau (Anyanwu et al., 2022; Iacovacci et al., 2023; Kumari & Bhateja, 2022).",
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"text": "Tidak hanya itu, peningkatan kesadaran kesehatan juga telah mengubah cara konsumen berbelanja. Mereka lebih berhati-hati dalam memilih tempat berbelanja, lebih menyukai toko atau platform yang dapat menjamin keamanan dan kebersihan produk. Toko-toko yang mampu memastikan protokol kesehatan yang ketat, baik secara fisik maupun online, menjadi pilihan utama konsumen. Ini menuntut peritel untuk tidak hanya menawarkan produk yang relevan, tetapi juga memastikan lingkungan berbelanja yang aman dan higienis.",
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"text": "Secara keseluruhan, peningkatan kesadaran kesehatan dan perubahan preferensi produk akibat pandemi telah menciptakan lanskap baru bagi industri ritel. Peritel yang ingin tetap relevan harus terus beradaptasi dengan kebutuhan konsumen yang berkembang, menawarkan produk yang mendukung kesehatan, serta menjalankan kampanye pemasaran yang sesuai dengan kondisi saat ini. Tren ini kemungkinan akan berlanjut, bahkan setelah pandemi mereda, mengingat kesehatan telah menjadi perhatian utama bagi konsumen modern.",
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"text": "Perubahan Prioritas Pengeluaran dan Konsumsi Berkelanjutan Pandemi COVID-19 telah membawa ketidakpastian ekonomi yang signifikan, memaksa banyak konsumen untuk meninjau kembali prioritas pengeluaran mereka. Di tengah ketidakpastian tersebut, banyak konsumen yang mulai mengurangi pembelian barang-barang mewah dan memilih untuk fokus pada kebutuhan dasar. Barang-barang seperti makanan, produk kebersihan, dan kebutuhan rumah tangga menjadi prioritas utama, sementara pengeluaran untuk barang-barang non-esensial, seperti pakaian desainer atau gadget terbaru, mengalami penurunan. Ini mencerminkan perubahan dalam cara konsumen mengelola keuangan mereka, dengan fokus pada kebutuhan yang benar-benar penting (Di Crosta et al., 2021; Omar et al., 2021).",
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"text": "Selain pergeseran fokus ke kebutuhan dasar, pandemi juga meningkatkan kesadaran konsumen terhadap isu-isu lingkungan. Banyak konsumen yang menjadi lebih sadar akan",
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"text": "dampak lingkungan dari pilihan belanja mereka, yang mengarah pada peningkatan minat terhadap produk yang berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan. Produk-produk ini, yang mencakup bahan-bahan organik, kemasan yang dapat didaur ulang, dan proses produksi yang ramah lingkungan, mulai diminati oleh konsumen yang ingin berkontribusi dalam menjaga kelestarian lingkungan. Kesadaran ini juga didorong oleh meningkatnya jumlah informasi yang tersedia tentang dampak negatif dari produk konvensional terhadap lingkungan (Altig et al., 2020; Baker et al., 2020).",
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"text": "Perubahan ini memberikan peluang baru bagi peritel untuk mengembangkan lini produk yang berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan. Peritel yang mampu menawarkan produk-produk yang sejalan dengan nilai-nilai konsumen mengenai keberlanjutan akan memiliki keunggulan kompetitif. Sebagai contoh, produk yang menggunakan bahan-bahan alami, memiliki jejak karbon rendah, atau mendukung ekonomi lokal, semakin banyak dicari oleh konsumen yang ingin membuat pilihan belanja yang lebih etis. Ini berarti bahwa peritel perlu mengadopsi praktik bisnis yang lebih berkelanjutan dan transparan dalam rantai pasokan mereka.",
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"text": "Konsumen juga semakin tertarik pada produk yang tidak hanya berkelanjutan, tetapi juga memiliki umur panjang atau dapat diperbaiki. Produk yang dapat digunakan kembali atau didesain untuk bertahan lebih lama menjadi lebih populer di kalangan konsumen yang ingin mengurangi limbah dan konsumsi berlebihan. Ini menunjukkan pergeseran dari budaya konsumsi sekali pakai ke arah konsumsi yang lebih bertanggung jawab dan berkelanjutan. Peritel yang dapat menyediakan produk-produk ini, serta memberikan layanan tambahan seperti perbaikan atau daur ulang, akan lebih menarik bagi konsumen yang sadar lingkungan. Pandemi juga mendorong banyak konsumen untuk mempertimbangkan kembali hubungan mereka dengan merek-merek yang mereka beli. Konsumen menjadi lebih selektif, memilih merek yang tidak hanya menawarkan produk berkualitas tetapi juga menunjukkan komitmen terhadap keberlanjutan dan tanggung jawab sosial. Merek-merek yang dapat membuktikan bahwa mereka beroperasi dengan cara yang etis dan berkelanjutan lebih mungkin untuk membangun loyalitas jangka panjang di kalangan konsumen yang semakin kritis (Martin- Neuninger & Ruby, 2020; Nicola et al., 2020; Sheth, 2020).",
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"text": "Namun, tantangan yang dihadapi peritel dalam mengembangkan produk berkelanjutan tidak kecil. Biaya produksi untuk barang-barang ramah lingkungan seringkali lebih tinggi, dan ini bisa menjadi hambatan bagi peritel yang beroperasi dengan margin yang ketat. Selain itu, ada kebutuhan untuk mendidik konsumen tentang manfaat dan nilai dari produk berkelanjutan, yang bisa membutuhkan investasi tambahan dalam pemasaran dan komunikasi. Namun, dengan meningkatnya permintaan untuk produk semacam itu, investasi ini dapat menghasilkan keuntungan jangka panjang bagi peritel.",
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"text": "Untuk mendukung transisi ini, peritel juga perlu bekerja sama dengan pemasok dan produsen yang memiliki komitmen serupa terhadap keberlanjutan. Ini bisa berarti memilih bahan- bahan yang lebih ramah lingkungan, mengurangi penggunaan plastik dalam kemasan, atau memastikan bahwa produk diproduksi dengan cara yang etis dan adil. Kerjasama semacam ini tidak hanya membantu peritel dalam memenuhi permintaan konsumen yang berkelanjutan, tetapi juga memperkuat citra merek sebagai pelopor dalam praktik bisnis yang bertanggung jawab. Secara keseluruhan, perubahan prioritas pengeluaran dan peningkatan kesadaran terhadap konsumsi berkelanjutan merupakan tren yang kemungkinan akan terus berkembang, bahkan setelah pandemi mereda. Peritel yang berhasil beradaptasi dengan tren ini akan memiliki peluang besar untuk memenangkan hati konsumen dan mempertahankan relevansi di pasar yang semakin",
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"text": "kompetitif. Namun, ini membutuhkan komitmen jangka panjang untuk beroperasi dengan cara yang lebih etis, transparan, dan berkelanjutan.",
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"text": "Implikasi bagi Strategi Pemasaran Ritel Seiring dengan perubahan pola konsumsi yang terjadi akibat pandemi, strategi pemasaran ritel juga harus beradaptasi untuk tetap relevan dan efektif. Konsumen yang semakin digital membutuhkan pendekatan pemasaran yang lebih personal dan berbasis data. Dalam konteks ini, personalisasi menjadi kunci untuk menarik perhatian konsumen dan membangun loyalitas. Peritel yang mampu memanfaatkan data konsumen untuk menawarkan pengalaman belanja yang disesuaikan dengan preferensi individu akan lebih berhasil dalam mempertahankan pelanggan (Guthrie et al., 2021; Nigam et al., 2023).",
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"text": "Data konsumen memungkinkan peritel untuk memahami perilaku, preferensi, dan kebutuhan konsumen secara lebih mendalam. Dengan analisis data yang tepat, peritel dapat mengidentifikasi pola belanja, memprediksi tren, dan menawarkan produk atau promosi yang relevan secara tepat waktu. Misalnya, dengan mengetahui kebiasaan belanja konsumen, peritel dapat mengirimkan rekomendasi produk yang sesuai atau memberikan diskon khusus untuk barang-barang yang sering dibeli oleh konsumen tersebut. Pendekatan ini tidak hanya meningkatkan kemungkinan konversi, tetapi juga memperkuat hubungan antara peritel dan konsumen (Jiang & Stylos, 2021; Nanda et al., 2021).",
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"text": "Selain itu, pemasaran melalui media sosial dan platform e-commerce menjadi semakin penting, seiring dengan meningkatnya aktivitas belanja online. Media sosial seperti Instagram, Facebook, dan TikTok tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai saluran pemasaran, tetapi juga sebagai tempat di mana konsumen mencari inspirasi, membandingkan produk, dan bahkan melakukan pembelian. Peritel yang aktif di media sosial dengan konten yang menarik dan interaktif akan lebih mudah menjangkau konsumen, terutama dari kalangan milenial dan Gen Z yang cenderung menghabiskan lebih banyak waktu di platform tersebut.",
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"text": "Pemasaran berbasis influencer juga menjadi alat yang efektif dalam menarik perhatian konsumen. Influencer yang memiliki pengikut yang banyak dan relevan dapat membantu peritel dalam memperkenalkan produk baru, meningkatkan kesadaran merek, dan mendorong penjualan. Kolaborasi dengan influencer memungkinkan peritel untuk menjangkau audiens yang lebih luas dan membangun kredibilitas melalui rekomendasi yang dianggap otentik oleh pengikut mereka. Ini sangat efektif di pasar di mana kepercayaan konsumen terhadap merek besar bisa berubah- ubah. Pemasaran melalui e-commerce juga menghadirkan tantangan tersendiri. Peritel harus memastikan bahwa pengalaman belanja online mereka tidak hanya intuitif dan mudah digunakan, tetapi juga aman dan dapat diandalkan. Konsumen yang beralih ke belanja online selama pandemi memiliki harapan yang tinggi terhadap keamanan data pribadi mereka, kecepatan pengiriman, dan kualitas produk yang diterima. Oleh karena itu, peritel perlu mengoptimalkan seluruh proses e-commerce mereka, mulai dari desain situs web hingga manajemen logistik, untuk memastikan pengalaman yang positif bagi konsumen.",
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"text": "Tidak hanya itu, peritel juga perlu memanfaatkan teknologi seperti AI dan big data dalam strategi pemasaran mereka. Teknologi ini memungkinkan peritel untuk melakukan segmentasi pasar yang lebih canggih, memprediksi tren dengan lebih akurat, dan mengotomatisasi kampanye pemasaran dengan efisiensi yang lebih tinggi. Misalnya, AI dapat digunakan untuk membuat rekomendasi produk yang lebih personal, atau untuk menjalankan kampanye iklan yang menargetkan audiens tertentu berdasarkan data perilaku mereka. Ini tidak hanya meningkatkan",
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"text": "efektivitas kampanye, tetapi juga menghemat biaya dan waktu (Eger et al., 2021; Kannan & Kulkarni, 2022).",
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"text": "Namun, dengan semakin ketatnya persaingan di pasar digital, peritel harus terus berinovasi dalam strategi pemasaran mereka. Ini bisa mencakup eksperimen dengan format konten baru, seperti video pendek atau live streaming, yang semakin populer di kalangan konsumen. Selain itu, peritel juga perlu menyesuaikan pesan pemasaran mereka dengan tren sosial dan budaya yang relevan, seperti keberlanjutan, inklusivitas, dan tanggung jawab sosial. Konsumen modern cenderung lebih menghargai merek yang menunjukkan komitmen terhadap isu-isu yang mereka pedulikan.",
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"text": "Secara keseluruhan, perubahan pola konsumsi yang didorong oleh digitalisasi memerlukan strategi pemasaran yang lebih canggih dan adaptif. Peritel yang mampu memanfaatkan teknologi dan data untuk menawarkan pengalaman belanja yang lebih personal dan relevan akan lebih siap menghadapi tantangan dan peluang di era pasca-pandemi. Meskipun jalan ke depan penuh dengan tantangan, peritel yang berinovasi dan beradaptasi dengan cepat akan dapat memanfaatkan tren ini untuk tumbuh dan berkembang.",
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"text": "Perubahan yang terjadi selama pandemi COVID-19 kemungkinan akan memiliki dampak jangka panjang pada struktur pasar ritel di Indonesia. Salah satu perubahan paling signifikan adalah pergeseran dari belanja offline ke belanja online. Sebelum pandemi, belanja online mungkin hanya dianggap sebagai opsi sekunder oleh banyak konsumen. Namun, dengan adanya pembatasan sosial dan kekhawatiran akan keselamatan, belanja online telah menjadi bagian integral dari kebiasaan belanja konsumen. Banyak konsumen yang awalnya enggan berbelanja online kini telah menemukan kenyamanan dan kemudahan yang ditawarkan oleh platform digital, dan perubahan ini diperkirakan akan bertahan lama.",
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"text": "Peritel yang tidak beradaptasi dengan perubahan ini mungkin akan kesulitan untuk bertahan di pasar yang semakin kompetitif. Konsumen yang sudah terbiasa dengan kenyamanan dan kecepatan belanja online kemungkinan besar akan terus memilih platform digital untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka, bahkan setelah pandemi berakhir. Ini menempatkan tekanan besar pada peritel tradisional untuk mengintegrasikan teknologi dalam operasi mereka dan menyediakan pengalaman belanja yang serupa, jika tidak lebih baik, dari yang ditawarkan oleh e- commerce.",
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"text": "Salah satu cara peritel dapat beradaptasi adalah dengan mengembangkan strategi omnichannel yang menggabungkan pengalaman belanja online dan offline. Ini memungkinkan konsumen untuk memulai perjalanan belanja mereka secara online dan menyelesaikannya di toko fisik, atau sebaliknya. Misalnya, konsumen dapat memesan produk secara online dan mengambilnya di toko, atau mereka dapat memeriksa barang secara fisik di toko sebelum membelinya secara online. Strategi semacam ini tidak hanya meningkatkan kenyamanan bagi konsumen tetapi juga membantu peritel memaksimalkan aset fisik mereka dan menjaga relevansi toko fisik di era digital.",
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"text": "Selain itu, integrasi teknologi dalam operasi ritel menjadi faktor kunci dalam menentukan keberhasilan peritel di masa depan. Teknologi seperti kecerdasan buatan (AI) dan big data memungkinkan peritel untuk memahami perilaku konsumen dengan lebih baik, memprediksi tren, dan mengoptimalkan inventaris serta rantai pasokan mereka. Misalnya, dengan menggunakan AI, peritel dapat menawarkan rekomendasi produk yang dipersonalisasi kepada konsumen, meningkatkan kemungkinan pembelian dan loyalitas pelanggan. Big data juga dapat membantu",
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"text": "peritel dalam menganalisis pola pembelian untuk mengantisipasi permintaan dan mengelola stok secara lebih efisien.",
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"text": "Namun, dengan semakin berkembangnya teknologi, ada tantangan baru yang harus dihadapi oleh peritel. Salah satu tantangan terbesar adalah kebutuhan untuk melindungi data konsumen. Dengan meningkatnya transaksi online, keamanan data menjadi perhatian utama bagi konsumen. Peritel yang gagal melindungi data konsumen dari ancaman keamanan siber berisiko kehilangan kepercayaan konsumen, yang dapat berdampak negatif pada bisnis mereka. Oleh karena itu, investasi dalam keamanan siber dan perlindungan data menjadi prioritas utama bagi peritel di era digital ini.",
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"text": "Perubahan ini juga berdampak pada struktur kompetisi di pasar ritel. Peritel kecil dan menengah yang tidak memiliki sumber daya untuk mengadopsi teknologi baru atau beralih ke model bisnis digital mungkin kesulitan untuk bersaing dengan pemain besar yang sudah mapan di ruang online. Ini bisa menyebabkan konsolidasi pasar, di mana perusahaan-perusahaan besar yang lebih adaptif dan inovatif mengambil alih pangsa pasar dari pemain yang lebih kecil. Namun, ada juga peluang bagi peritel kecil yang mampu menemukan ceruk pasar unik atau menawarkan pengalaman yang sangat personal untuk tetap kompetitif.",
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"text": "Selain itu, perubahan preferensi konsumen terhadap keberlanjutan dan tanggung jawab sosial juga akan mempengaruhi struktur pasar ritel di masa depan. Konsumen modern cenderung lebih memilih merek yang menunjukkan komitmen terhadap isu-isu lingkungan dan sosial. Peritel yang mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan tren ini, misalnya dengan menawarkan produk berkelanjutan atau mendukung inisiatif sosial, akan lebih disukai oleh konsumen. Ini menunjukkan bahwa di masa depan, keberlanjutan bukan hanya nilai tambah, tetapi bisa menjadi faktor penentu keberhasilan bisnis di pasar ritel.",
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"text": "Pada akhirnya, dampak jangka panjang pandemi pada struktur pasar ritel akan ditentukan oleh sejauh mana peritel dapat beradaptasi dengan perubahan ini. Mereka yang mampu mengintegrasikan teknologi, memahami dan merespons kebutuhan konsumen yang terus berkembang, serta berkomitmen terhadap keberlanjutan, akan memiliki peluang yang lebih besar untuk bertahan dan berkembang di pasar yang semakin kompetitif.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Pandemi COVID-19 telah membawa perubahan signifikan dalam pola konsumsi masyarakat di Indonesia, yang berdampak langsung pada industri ritel. Pergeseran dari konsumsi konvensional ke digitalisasi telah mempercepat adopsi belanja online sebagai pilihan utama konsumen. Peritel yang mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan cepat, memanfaatkan teknologi, dan mengoptimalkan pengalaman belanja online serta offline, lebih siap untuk mempertahankan dan bahkan meningkatkan pangsa pasar mereka dalam kondisi yang terus berubah.",
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"text": "Selain itu, kesadaran konsumen terhadap kesehatan dan keberlanjutan semakin meningkat selama pandemi. Produk-produk yang mendukung gaya hidup sehat dan ramah lingkungan mengalami lonjakan permintaan. Peritel yang dapat menawarkan produk berkelanjutan dan mengomunikasikan komitmen mereka terhadap keberlanjutan dan kesehatan, memiliki kesempatan untuk menarik konsumen yang semakin selektif dalam pilihan belanjanya. Perubahan ini juga menuntut penyesuaian dalam strategi pemasaran. Dengan konsumen yang semakin digital dan sadar akan keberlanjutan, pendekatan pemasaran yang lebih personal, berbasis data, dan disesuaikan dengan tren sosial dan budaya menjadi semakin penting.",
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"text": "J-CEKI : Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah Vol.3, No.5, 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "5014",
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"text": "Pemasaran melalui media sosial dan platform e-commerce juga menjadi elemen kunci dalam menjangkau konsumen modern yang lebih terlibat secara online.",
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"text": "Secara keseluruhan, dampak jangka panjang dari pandemi pada struktur pasar ritel sangatlah besar. Peritel yang berhasil beradaptasi dengan perubahan ini, terutama dalam mengintegrasikan teknologi dan merespons preferensi konsumen yang berubah, akan lebih siap untuk berkembang di pasar yang semakin kompetitif. Sementara itu, peritel yang gagal untuk berinovasi dan menyesuaikan diri dengan dinamika baru ini berisiko kehilangan relevansi di masa depan.",
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"text": "Journal Riset Mahasiswa Akuntansi (JRMA) ISSN: 2337-5663. Volume: 02, Nomor: 02, Oktober 2014",
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"text": "JUDUL PENGARUH KEPUTUSAN INVESTASI, KEPUTUSAN PENDANAAN, KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN, DAN TINGKAT SUKU BUNGA TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN",
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"text": "Ratna Ika Puspitaningtyas",
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"text": "(Program Studi Akuntansi, Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Kanjuruhan, Malang) e-mail: [email protected]",
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"text": "Sulistyo",
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"text": "Rita Indah Mustikowati",
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"text": "(Program Studi Akuntansi, Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Kanjuruhan, Malang)",
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"text": "ABSTRAK : Nilai perusahaan sangat penting karena dengan nilai perusahaan yang tinggi akan diikuti oleh tingginya kemakmuran pemegang saham. Semakin tinggi harga saham semakin tinggi pula nilai perusahaan, untuk mencapai nilai perusahaan umumnya para pemodal menyerahkan pengelolaannya kepada para professional. Optimalisasi nilai perusahaan dapat dicapai melalui pelaksanaan fungsi manajemen keuangan, dimana satu keputusan keuangan yang diambil akan mempengaruhi keputusan keuangan lainnya dan berdampak pada nilai perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh keputusan investasi, keputusan pendanaan, kebijakan dividen, dan tingkat suku bunga terhadap nilai perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Industri manufaktur dipilih karena memiliki jumlah perusahaan yang listing paling banyak dibandingkan dengan industri lain. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh keputusan investasi yang diproksikan dengan Price Earning Ratio (PER), keputusan pendanaan dikonfirmasikan melalui Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), kebijakan dividen yang diproksikan menggunakan Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR), dan tingkat suku bunga yang diproksikan menurut rata-rata suku bunga BI rate pertahun januari 2008-2011 berupa presentase (%) sebagai variabel independen terhadap nilai perusahaan yang dikonfirmasikan melalui Price Book Value (PBV) sebagai variabel dependen. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah perusahaan publik yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia dengan perusahaan manufaktur sebagai sampel. Metode sampling yang digunakan adalah metode purposive sampling. Sampel dikumpulkan dari 26 perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2008-2011. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji asumsi klasik: Uji multikolonieritas, uji autokorelasi, uji heteroskedastisitas, dan uji normalitas. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keputusan investasi, keputusan pendanaan, dan kebijakan dividen berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Sedangkan tingkat suku bunga berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Keputusan Investasi, Keputusan Pendanaan, Kebijakan Dividen, Tingkat Suku Bunga, Nilai Perusahaan",
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"text": "ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS USING THE BALANCED SCORECARD METHOD (A CASE STUDY OF THE COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATICS DEPARTMENT OF NORTH SUMATERA PROVINCE)",
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"text": "Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara sebagai organisasi sektor publik dengan pendekatan balanced scorecard . Kinerja diukur melalui empat perspektif balanced scorecard yaitu: perspektif keuangan, perspektif proses bisnis internal, perspektif pertumbuhan dan pembelajaran, serta perspektif pelanggan/masyarakat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, kuesioner, dan dokumentasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penilaian kinerja dari perspektif keuangan adalah ekonomis dengan rata-rata capaian realisasi anggaran 3 tahun kebelakang sebesar 86,60% yang berarti sudah efektif dan efisien, disisi lain informasi anggaran masih belum bersifat transparansi. Penilaian kinerja dari perspektif masyarakat dinilai baik, masyarakat puas dengan pelayanan informasi yang relevan dan terupdate. Penilaian kinerja menurut perspektif proses bisnis internal tergolong efisien dan baik dalam memberikan pelayanan diukur melalui beberapa indikator. Penilaian kinerja berdasarkan perspektif pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan dinilai baik memperhatikan kesejahteraan pegawainya yang diukur dengan beberapa indikator. Berdasarkan perspektif yang diukur masih terdapat kendala yang mempengaruhi kinerja organisasi menjadi kurang opimal sehingga harus diperhatikan dengan baik.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Kinerja, Organisasi Sektor Publik, Balanced Scorecard",
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"text": "Abstract: This study aims to analyze the performance of the Department of Communication and Information of North Sumatra Province as a public sector organization with a balanced scorecard approach. Performance is measured through four balanced scorecard perspectives, namely: financial perspective, internal business process perspective, growth and learning perspective, and customer/society perspective. The type of research used is qualitative and quantitative research with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that performance appraisal from a financial perspective is economical with an average budget realization for the past 3",
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"text": "years of 86.60%, which means it has been and is efficient, on the other hand the budget is still not transparent. Performance appraisal from the community's perspective is considered good, the community is satisfied with relevant and updated information services. Performance appraisal according to the internal business process perspective is efficient and good in providing services as measured by several indicators. performance appraisal based on a learning and growth perspective that is considered good considering the welfare of its employees as measured by several indicators. Based on the perspective of the magnitude there are still obstacles that affect organizational performance to be less than optimal so that it must be considered properly.",
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"text": "Tekanan globalisasi dan digital pada masa sekarang mengharuskan penyedia informasi untuk terus memberikan kinerja berkualitas baik dan informatif untuk semua masyarakat di berbagai kalangan. Hal ini juga harus terus disemarakkan, mengingat pada saat sekarang kita masih berada dalam masa pandemi yang belum kunjung usai.",
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"text": "lembaga/fasilitator informasi sangat berperan dalam penyuluhan informasi baik perkembangan, pencegahan dan peringatan dalam masa pandemi Covid 19. Seiring pula dengan berkembangnya teknologi informasi, peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya informasi",
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"text": "semakin meningkat. Dengan informasi yang tersedia, masyarakat dapat mengetahui kondisi sosial ataupun ekonomi dari masing-masing individu dalam masyarakat. Masyarakat",
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"text": "juga membutuhkan informasi agar dapat menyesuaikan diri serta peka terhadap kondisi lingkungan di sekitarnya. Selain itu, masyarakat membutuhkan informasi",
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"text": "yang sama yang disebut dengan informasi publik (Sari, 2016).",
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"text": "Penyedia informasi baik swasta atau pelayanan pemerintahan dalam bidang komunikasi dan informatika sangat perlu untuk meningkatkan kinerja pelayanan mereka dalam memberikan informasinya. Informasi yang diberikan haruslah sesuai fakta, jelas dan dapat dipercaya. Oleh karena itu setiap intansi pelayanan dapat mengukur kinerja operasionalnya untuk mengetahui seberapa baik kinerja yang telah terlaksana selama periode tertentu. Terutama pada organisasi sektor public yang memiliki tugas memberi pelayanan kepada masyarakat dan sebagai bentuk perantara pertanggungjawaban pemerintah kepada seluruh masyarakat. Dalam pelaksanaan seluruh aktivitas organsasi sektor public, dibutuhkan pengukuran kinerja organisasi sektor public pada suatu periode sebagai bahan pertanggung jawaban atas pemakaian dana yang dianggarkan pemerintah. Informasi yang digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja dapat berupa informasi financial dan",
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"text": "non financial . Hasil output dari pengukuran kinerja ini dapat berupa",
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"text": "laporan, seperti laporan operasional, laporan realisasi anggaran, laporan keuangan, laporan perubahan ekuitas dan lainnya. Dalam hal ini, Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara sebagai organisasi sektor publik yang tidak hanya memberikan informasi kondisi dalam lingkungan masyarakat namun juga informasi publik dari pemerintahan.",
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"text": "Diskominfo Provinsi Sumatera Utara diharapkan menjadi perantara atas informasi kebijakan/regulasi yang dibuat pemerintah kepada masyarakat. Pada Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara, terdapat beberapa kendala mengenai informasi kinerja organisasi yaitu",
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"text": "informasi anggaran yang masih belum transparan. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan teori informasi kinerja yang harus transparan untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap organisasi seperti yang tertera dalam peraturan Undang-Undang No. 14 Tahun 2008 tentang keterbukaan Informasi Publik. Selain itu, pada diskominfo provinsi sumatera utara belum menerapkan penuh sistem reward dan punishment sebagai bentuk kedisiplinan kinerja pegawai dan motivasi pegawai dalam meningkatkan kinerjanya. Oleh sebab itu, dibutuhkan suatu kinerja yang optimal dari Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara sebagai organisasi pemerintah.",
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"text": "Salah satu metode",
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"text": "pengukuran kinerja yang sering dipakai adalah metode balanced scorecard . Balanced scorecard merupakan metode pengukuran kinerja yang efektif dengan mengukur kinerja keuangan dan non",
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"text": "Balanced scorecard mencakup empat perspektif kerangka ukuran kinerja yaitu perspektif pelanggan, perspektif keuangan, perspektif proses bisnis internal dan perspektif pertumbuhan dan pembelajaran. Balanced Scorecard menggambarkan adanya keseimbangan antara tujuan jangka pendek dan tujuan jangka panjang ukuran keuangan dan non keuangan. Balanced scorecard dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengkomunikasikan rencana-rencana strategis kepada semua anggota organisasi. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pengukuran kinerja agar dapat mendeteksi kelemahan atau kekurangan yang ada untuk selanjutnya dilakukan perbaikan dimasa mendatang. Berdasarkan uraian diatas, maka penulis tertarik mengangkat penelitian untuk menganalisis kinerja organisasi public yaitu Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan metode balanced scorecard.",
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"text": "Organisasi Sektor Publik",
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"text": "Organisasi sektor public merupakan organisasi yang berhubungan dengan kepentingan umum dan penyediaan barang atau jasa kepada publik yang dibayar melalui pajak atau pendapatan negara lain yang diatur dengan hukum (Huda, 2013). Dengan kata lain, organisasi sektor public merupakan organisasi penyedia layanan public yang mendapatkan dan",
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"text": "memanfaatkan pendanaan dari pemerintah yang dianggarkan melalui dana APBN",
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"text": "Tujuan utama dari organisasi sektor publik yaitu untuk memberikan pelayanan publik dan mendistribusikan kesejahteraan dalam berbagai konteks, baik target sosial dan ekonomi. Hal ini yang membuat organisasi sektor public sangat berbeda dengan organisasi swasta yang memiliki tujuan mencari maksimum profit. Bentuk organisasi sektor publik meliputi yayasan, institusi pendidikan, organisasi agama, lembaga pemerintah, organisasi kesehatan, dan organisasi social.",
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"text": "Dalam organisasi sektor public, manajemen dan anggota organisasi bekerja untuk mencapai satu tujuan yakni pemenuhan pelayanan public. Organisasi sektor public yang memiliki cakupan wilayah kerja yang luas membuktikan besarnya peran dan pengaruh organisasi sektor public pada masyarakat. Organisasi sektor publik yang memiliki kinerja yang baik akan dapat memperbaiki kehidupan masyarakat. Untuk itu perlu adanya perhatian yang lebih terhadap peningkatan kinerja organisasi sektor publik (Fitriani, 2014).",
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"text": "non keuangan organisasi. Adanya ukuran kinerja yang baik akan meningkatkan kinerja organisasi dan juga membawa perubahan positif dalam memenuhi harapan publik atas pelayanan yang diberikan.",
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"text": "Kinerja",
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"text": "Menurut Moeheriono (2014), kinerja merupakan gambaran mengenai tingkat pencapaian pelaksanaan suatu program kegiatan atau kebijakan dalam mewujudkan sasaran, tujuan, visi dan misi organisasi yang dituangkan melalui perencanaan strategis suatu organisasi. Kinerja organisasi dapat diketahui dan diukur jika individu atau sekelompok karyawan telah mempunyai kriteria atau standar keberhasilan tolak ukur yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi (Nasrun, 2017).",
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"text": "Kinerja organisasi dapat dikatakan optimal apabila pelaksanaan kinerja berjalan efektif dan efisien sehingga menghasilkan hasil ouput yang tepat sasaran sesuai program kerja. Untuk mengetahui kinerja organisasi sudah berjalan baik atau tidak adalah dengan melakukan pengukuran kinerja organisasi. Menurut Mahsun (2015), pengukuran kinerja merupakan proses penilaian kinerja organisasi terhadap tujuan dan sasaran yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Penilaian kinerja meliputi informasi atas efisiensi penggunaan sumber daya dalam menghasilkan barang dan jasa, kualitas barang dan jasa bagi pelanggan/masyarakat, hasil kegiatan dibandingkan dengan maksud yang",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2685-2977 Jurnal Ekonomika Volume 13 Nomor 02 Juni 2022",
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"text": "diinginkan dan efektivitas tindakan dalam mencapai tujuan.",
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"text": "Konsep Balanced Scorecard",
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"text": "Balance Scorecard adalah suatu konsep pengukuran kinerja bisnis yang diperkenalkan oleh Robert S Kaplan (Guru Besar Akuntansi di Harvard Businees School) dan David P. Norton (Presiden dari Renaissance Solution, inc). Balance scorecard bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi yang lebih relevan tentang kegiatan yang dikelola. Balanced Scorecard memberikan kerangka berpikir untuk menjabarkan strategi organisasi ke dalam segi operasional. Kaplan dan Norton (1996) mengatakan bahwa organisasi menggunakan pengukuran scorecard untuk menghasilkan berbagai proses manajemen. Dengan balanced scorecard , tujuan suatu organisasi tidak hanya dinyatakan dalam ukuran keuangan saja, melainkan dinyatakan dalam ukuran bagaimana organisasi tersebut menciptakan nilai terhadap pelanggan yang ada pada saat ini dan akan datang, dan bagaimana organisasi tersebut harus meningkatkan kemampuan internalnya termasuk investasi pada manusia, sistem, dan prosedur yang dibutuhkan untuk memperoleh kinerja yang lebih baik di masa mendatang (Septariani & Silambi, 2015).",
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"text": "Selain berperan sebagai instrument pengukuran kinerja, balanced scorecard juga mampu berperan sebagai sistem manajemen serta alat komunikasi. Ukuran – ukuran yang dipergunakan dalam setiap perspektif balanced",
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"text": "scorecard menjadi alat komunikasi dari atasan kepada staff dan juga kepada pemegang kepentingan eksternal ( shareholder dan stakeholder ). Ada empat perspektif yang digunakan dalam konsep Balance scorecard yaitu perspektif keuangan, perspektif pelanggan, perspektif Proses bisnis internal, dan perspektif pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan. 1. Perspektif Keuangan Dalam Balanced Scorecard , perspektif keuangan merupakan perspektif yang menjadi perhatian tetap dalam perusahaan. Perspektif keuangan mengukur kinerja organisasi dalam usahanya mencapai keuangan yang optimal. Pengukuran kinerja keuangan ini akan menunjukkan apakah perencanaan dan pelaksanaan strategi suatu organisasi public telah memberikan kontribusi yang berarti bagi perusahaan.",
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"text": "2. Perspektif Pelanggan Pengukuran kinerja suatu entitas atau organisasi dapat diukur dengan perspektif pelanggan. Dalam entitas bisnis, pengukuran ini dilakukan dengan mengukur tingkat kepuasan atas harga dan pelayanan organisasi. Berbeda dengan organisasi public yang memiliki orientasi mengutamakan kesejahteraan dan kepuasan masyarakat. perspektif ini merupakan leading indikator yang bertujuan untuk menciptakan loyalitas pelanggan.",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2685-2977 Jurnal Ekonomika Volume 13 Nomor 02 Juni 2022",
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"text": "3. Perspektif Proses Bisnis Internal",
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"text": "Pengukuran kinerja pada perspektif ini mengacu pada proses kerja yang dilakukan dalam organisasi. Apakah organisasi telah melakukan proses kerja dengan baik sehingga menghasilkan ouput produk/jasa yang efektif dan efisien. Proses bisnis ini dibangun dengan melakukan inovasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja organisasi 4. Perspektif Pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan. Perspektif ini bertujuan untuk mewujudkan peningkatan kompetensi dan komitmen SDM pada organisasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja dalam pencapaian program kerja atau sasaran organisasi. Perspektif ini menekankan adanya investasi terhadap sumber daya manusia yang merupakan pendorong dihasilkannya kinerja yang baik. Sebagai salah satu metode pengukuran kinerja, ada beberapa hal yang membuat balanced scorecard lebih unggul dari metode lainnya yaitu : (1) pengukuran yang lebih luas dan menyeluruh (komprehensif) dengan mengukur kinerja keuangan dan non keuangan organisasi. (2) koherensi setiap perspektif dapat membantu pencapaian sasaran strategis organisasi karena semua sasaran strategis organisasi bisa dijelaskan. (3)",
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"text": "keseimbangan sasaran strategis yang dihasilkan dalam empat perspektif meliputi jangka pendek dan panjang",
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"text": "yang berfokus pada faktor internal dan eksternal. Kelebihan balanced scorecard tersebut dapat berdampak bagi organisasi untuk lebih bijak dalam memilih strategis dan membuat organisasi mampu untuk memasuki lingkungan yang kompleks (Murdiansyah et al., 2020).",
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"text": "METODOLOGI PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini penulis menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Penelitian ini berlokasi di Kantor Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara.",
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"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah observasi, wawancara, kuesioner, dan dokumentasi.",
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"text": "Data yang sudah diperoleh akan dianalisis dan interpretasi data kemudian disajikan dan pada akhirnya dilakukan penarikan kesimpulan atas jawaban-jawaban yang diperoleh dari informan. Pengujian dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode balanced",
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"text": "scorecard yang mencakup empat perspektif yaitu perspektif keuangan, perspektif pelanggan, perspektif bisnis internal dan perspektif pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "1. Kinerja Dinas Komunikasi dan",
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"text": "Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan Perspektif Keuangan Dalam pengukuran kinerja pada Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2685-2977 Jurnal Ekonomika Volume 13 Nomor 02 Juni 2022",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"height": 58,
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"text": "perspektif keuangan dapat dilihat menggunakan indikator efektifitas dan efisiensi anggaran, serta transparansi anggaran.",
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"text": "a. Efektifitas Dan Efesiensi Anggaran Pada penelitian ini, efektifitas dan efisiensi anggaran diukur dengan tingkat pencapaian realisasi anggaran dalam jangka tahun 2019 s/d 2021.",
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"text": "Efektif atau tidaknya anggaran diukur menggunakan tingkat ekonomis pengelolaan anggaran (Fajriah & Hidayat, 2019), yaitu :",
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"text": "Tabel 1.",
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"text": "Perhitungan Tingkat Ekonomis Anggaran",
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"text": "Sumber : Data diolah",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Tabel diatas menunjukkan bahwa setiap anggaran belanja pada Dinas Komunikasi dan",
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"text": "Informatika Sumatera Utara setiap",
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"text": "tahunnya",
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"text": "menunjukkan kriteria ekonomis, yang berarti Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi",
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"text": "Sumatera Utara dalam menggunakan biaya yang dianggarkan sudah efektif dengan hemat dan tidak melebihi target anggaran. Selain itu, berdasarkan hasil wawancara, Bendahara Pengeluaran Dinas Komunikasi Dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara Mengatakan bahwa kinerja Dinas Komunikasi Dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara sudah efektif dan efisien. Dalam hal ini dikarenakan proses anggaran dan pertanggungjawaban kinerja keuangan telah menggunakan sistem informasi yaitu SIMDA. SIMDA merupakan aplikasi utama dalam pengelolaan keuangan daerah. Program aplikasi ini digunakan untuk pengelolaan keuangan secara terintegrasi, meliputi penganggaran, penatausahaan, akuntansi dan pelaporannya dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan akuntabilitas keuangan organisasi perangkat daerah.",
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"text": "b. Transparansi Anggaran",
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"text": "Selain penggunaan anggaran,",
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"text": "transparansi anggaran yang dapat diakses para pengguna informasi atau masyarakat dapat menjadi penilaian kinerja organisasi. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara para pegawai Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera, transparansi kinerja keuangan telah diupayakan dengan dipublikasikannya beberapa informasi anggaran atau laporan keuangan di website diskominfo.sumutprov.go.id.",
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"text": "Namun, para pegawai keuangan di Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Tahun Anggaran Belanja Realisasi Anggaran (%) Kriteria 2019 45.771.66 39.488.72 86 Ekonomis 2020 28.207.66 26.736.33 95 Ekonomis 2021 54.543.84 42.969.11 79 Ekonomis Rata-rata Rasio Ekonomis 87 Ekonomis Tingkat kinerja Kriteria >100% Tidak Ekonomis 100% Ekonomis Berimbang <100% Ekonomis",
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"text": "Rasio Ekonomis = x 100% Anggaran Belanja Realisasi Anggaran",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2685-2977 Jurnal Ekonomika Volume 13 Nomor 02 Juni 2022",
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{
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"text": "Provinsi Sumatera Utara juga terkesan masih hati-hati dalam memberikan informasi anggaran kepada pihak luar sehingga transparansi kinerja keuangan masih belum optimal.",
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"text": "Utara Dengan Perspektif Proses",
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"text": "Bisnis Internal Pengukuran kinerja Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan perspektif proses bisnis internal diukur menggunakan indikator sarana dan prasarana operasional, dukungan teknologi dan sistem informatika, pengembangan inovasi, kuantitas dan kompetensi pegawai, dan koordinasi informasi dalam bekerja.",
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"text": "a. Sarana dan Prasarana Operasional",
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"text": "Sarana dan prasarana yang dimiliki oleh Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara sudah cukup mendukung aktifitas pegawai dalam bekerja. Dalam ruangan kantor tersedia AC, perangkat komputer yang cukup serta jaringan yang stabil. Akan tetapi ada beberapa hal kecil yang dianggap masih mengganggu para pegawai yaitu area parkir diskominfo provinsi sumatera utara yang masih kurang memadai.",
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"text": "Diskominfo sebagai instansi yang mengurus informasi elektronik, mengharuskan instansi memiliki teknologi mutakhir yang dapat",
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"text": "mempercepat kinerja dan mengikuti perkembangan digital sakarang. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara, dukungan teknologi dan sistem",
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"text": "informatika di diskominfo provinsi sumatera utara sudah sangat baik. Para pegawai yang bekerja dengan komputer telah difasilitasi 1 unit komputer. Jaringan pada Diskominfo Provsu (Provinsi Sumatera Utara) juga stabil. Jika ada gangguan pada jaringan, terdapat tenaga ahli yang dapat segera melakukan perbaikan.",
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"text": "c. Pengembangan Inovasi",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil wawancara, Diskominfo Provsu telah melakuan pengembangan inovasi untuk pelayanan public dengan sangat baik. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan pada salah satu program inovatif yang dicanangkan Pemerintah",
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"text": "Provinsi Sumatera Utara melalui Diskominfo Provsu yaitu aplikasi Sumut Smart Province (SSP) yang bertujuan untuk pengembangan dan peningkatan data dan informasi serta layanan masyarakat. Selain itu, diskominfo juga memiliki program inovasi penyedia informasi yaitu infosumut.id sebagai wadah informasi tentang kondisi wilayah sumatera utara dan informasi kebijakan pemerintah sumatera utara kepada publik yang relevan dan terupdate.",
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"text": "d. Kuantitas dan Kompetensi",
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"text": "Pegawai Berdasarkan hasil penelitian",
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"text": "melalui wawancara pegawai Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara, kuantitas pegawai dapat dikatakan minim sedangkan",
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"text": "155",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2685-2977 Jurnal Ekonomika Volume 13 Nomor 02 Juni 2022",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 198,
"height": 233,
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"text": "beban tugas setiap waktunya semakin bertambah sehingga dapat terjadi penggandaan beban tugas ( double job ) pada pegawai. Disisi lain, pada dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara telah mencapai kompetensi pegawai yang sangat baik. Hal ini merupakan hasil dari proses rektrutmen pegawai yang mengharuskan instansi merekrut pegawai berdasarkan prestasi atau kompetensi yang dimiliki oleh calon pegawai. Dengan proses rekrutmen tersebut maka instansi bisa mendapatkan pegawai dengan",
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"text": "kompetensi yang diharapkan serta sesuai dengan bidang pekerjaan yang dilakukan.",
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"text": "e. Koordinasi Informasi Dalam Bekerja",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil wawancara yang telah dilakukan, Diskominfo Provinsi Sumatera Utara telah menunjukkan kemudahan informasi di lingkungan kerja ataupun bagi masyarakat. Hal tersebut dapat diketahui dengan adanya koordinasi dalam melakukan layanan publik. Koordinasi tersebut ditunjukkan agar informasi dapat terlaksana secara cepat dan mudah. Selain itu, koordinasi juga memudahkan pegawai dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya dan integrasi sistem informasi ini juga memudahkan masyarakat dalam mendapatkan",
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"text": "pelayanan informasi.",
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"text": "3. Kinerja Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara dengan Perspektif pertumbuhan dan pembelajaran Pengukuran kinerja dengan Perspektif pertumbuhan dan pembelajaran dalam suatu organisasi publik adalah bagaimana instansi memperhatikan karyawannya, memantau kesejahteraan karyawan, dan meningkatkan pengetahuan serta kemampuan karyawan demi mewujudkan kinerja organisasi yang optimal. Kinerja diukur dengan melihat beberapa indikator diantaranya kesesuaian gaji dengan beban kerja, adanya sistem reward dan punishment, keterlibatan pegawai dalam proses pengambilan keputusan, pelatihan pegawai, dan lingkungan kerja.",
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"text": "a. Kesesuaian Gaji Dengan Beban",
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"text": "Kerja Dalam mewujudkan kinerja organisasi publik yang baik, penting bagi organisasi untuk memperhatikan kesejahteraan karyawan diantaranya kepuasan pegawai atas besarnya gaji yang mereka terima selama ini. Terlepas dari pegawai negeri sipil (PNS), kemampuan diskominfo provinsi sumatera utara dalam mengelola tenaga outsourcing adalah hal yang paling penting karena sangat bergantung penuh pada Diskominfo. Dalam wawancara yang dilakukan bersama beberapa informan, salah satunya Tenaga ahli keuangan di Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara, beliau mengatakan :",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2685-2977 Jurnal Ekonomika Volume 13 Nomor 02 Juni 2022",
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"text": "“ Gaji yang saya terima dengan beban kerja di diskominfo provinsi sumatera utara telah sepadan. Karena beban kerja yang ditugaskan sesuai dengan bidang yang saya tekuni. Jadi tidak ada kesenjangan antara gaji dan beban kerja. ”",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil wawancara tersebut, maka dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara telah mampu mengelola pegawainya dengan baik.",
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"text": "b. Adanya Sistem Reward Dan Punishment",
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"text": "Penerapan sistem reward dan punishment dalam organisasi digunakan untuk memotivasi para pegawai untuk bekerja lebih giat dan berusaha untuk meningkatkan kinerjanya agar tidak dibawah standar yang telah ditentukan. Berdasarkan wawancara yang dilakukan dengan pegawai dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara, sistem reward dan punishment di Diskominfo Provinsi belum sepenuhnya diterapkan. Hal tersebut menunjukkan kurangnya kedisiplinan pegawai yang dapat menjadi penghambat kinerja pegawai menjadi tidak optimal. Dalam wawancara, informan mengatakan",
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"text": "belum maksimal menerapkan sistem reward dan punishment atas kesalahan",
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"text": "atau keunggulan pegawai dalam bekerja. Namun jika pegawai melakukan kesalahan berat dengan merugikan instansi maka mendapatkan sanksi yang berlaku di Diskominfo Provinsi Sumatera Utara.",
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"text": "c. Keterlibatan Pegawai Dalam",
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"text": "Proses Pengambilan Keputusan",
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"text": "Dalam pelaksanaan kinerja yang baik terdapat peran pegawai yang sangat penting. Begitu pula dengan keterlibatan pegawai dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Manfaat adanya keterlibatan pegawai dalam proses pengambilan keputusan organisasi membuat para pegawai merasa dibutuhkan dan bertanggung jawab terhadap apa yang telah diputuskan. Selain itu, pegawai",
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"text": "merupakan orang yang paling paham terhadap apa yang menjadi tugasnya, sehingga dengan melibatkan pegawai dalam proses pengambilan keputusan maka masalah-masalah yang biasa dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan tugas dapat terdeteksi dan dicarikan solusi alternatifnya. Dalam wawancara bersama pegawai Diskominfo provinsi, informan mengatakan pada dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara melibatkan pegawai dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Adapun saran atau usulan dan inovasi dari pegawai akan ditampung dan dikordinasikan kembali dengan kepala divisi dan kepala dinas.",
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"text": "d. Pelatihan/training pegawai",
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"text": "Pelatihan atau training dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan atau kualitas diri seseorang. Dalam",
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"text": "organisasi, pelatihan dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pegawai dalam melakukan pekerjaannya serta meningkatkan produktivitas organisasi. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara bersama informan, selaku Plh. Subbag Umum",
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"text": "e-ISSN 2685-2977 Jurnal Ekonomika Volume 13 Nomor 02 Juni 2022",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "dan kepegawaian dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara,",
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"text": "beliau mengatakan diskominfo memberikan pelatihan/training kepada pegawai untuk mengupgrade",
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"text": "pengetahuan dan kemampuan pegawai. Beliau juga mengatakan bahwa pada diskominfo, pegawai dikirim ke dinas BPSDM (badan pengembangan sumber daya manusia) yang dimana terdiri dari kegiatan-kegiatan yang membangun kemampuan pegawai sesuai bidang tugasnya. Selain itu, diskominfo provsu juga sering mebuat seminar atau workshop untuk pegawainya seperti pelatihan",
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"text": "penyusunan laporan keuangan, kepemimpinan dan lainnya. e. Lingkungan kerja",
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"text": "Dalam pengukuran kinerja dengan perspektif pertumbuhan dan pembelajaran sangat penting untuk memperhatikan lingkungan kerja.",
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"text": "Linngkungan kerja yang baik dapat memotivasi pegawai untuk bekerja lebih giat dan nyaman melakukan tugasnya. Suasana kantor dan komunikasi antar pegawai dapat menjadi faktor yang berdampak bagi motivasi pagawai dalam bekerja. Hubungan antar rekan kerja yang positif dapat meningkatkan produktifitas kinerja pegawai. Dalam wawancara bersama pegawai dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara, informan mengatakan bahwa lingkungan kerja pada diskominfo sangat positif dan erat. Sesama rekan kerja",
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"text": "saling menyemangati dalam pekerjaan dan saling membantu saat ada kesempatan. Keadaan tersebut terbukti sesuai dengan observasi penulis selama magang di",
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"text": "dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara. Selain itu,",
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"text": "diskominfo provsu juga sering menyelenggarakan kegiatan outbond atau pergi ber-rekreasi bersama sehingga mempererat kekeluargaan di kantor. Sehingga dapat dinilai lingkungan kerja diskominfo provinsi sumatera utara sangat baik.",
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"text": "4. Kinerja Dinas Komunikasi Dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara Dengan Perspektif Masyarakat Dalam penelitian ini penulis mengganti perspektif pelanggan menjadi perspektif masyarakat sebagai sasaran informasi diskominfo provsu. Berdasarkan hasil form yang telah dibagikan peneliti, cara masyarakat mengakses informasi publik adalah dengan menggunakan media social dengan persentasi 100%. Hal ini sejalan dengan berkembangnya teknologi digital yang meluas. Hasil form juga menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat sumut sudah banyak mengetahui infosumut.id sebagai aplikasi organisasi pemerintah sumatera utara yang memberi informasi yang relevan dan lengkap.",
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"text": "Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan banyaknya pengikut pada akun",
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"text": "infosumut di berbagai platform media social. Disisi lain, berdasarkan hasil form menunjukkan masih banyak masyarakat menyebutkan kurangnya transparansi dan akuntabilitas kinerja dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara. Oleh karena itu, peran transparansi dan akuntabilitas kinerja dapat menjadi evaluasi bagi diskominfo untuk berupaya lebih",
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"text": "meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat dan menjadi perbaikan di masa",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan uraian pembahasan diatas tentang analisis kinerja mengunakan metode balanced scorecard dalam mengukur kinerja Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi sumatera Utara dapat disimpulkan sudah berjalan dengan sangat baik. Dalam 4 perspektif pengukuran kinerja balanced scorecard diantaranya:",
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"text": "1. Perspektif Keuangan. Pada perspektif keuangan, kinerja Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara diukur menggunakan indikator efektifitas dan efisiensi anggaran serta",
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"text": "transparansi anggaran yang dinilai sudah baik. Penetapan Anggaran dengan realisasi anggaran dari 3 tahun periode yaitu 2019 s/d 2021 menunjukkan rata-rata 86.60% yang berarti kinerja keuangan terhadap pengelolaan dana sudah ekonomis dan efektif. Selain itu, sistem informasi dalam pengelolaan data sudah efisien menggunakan aplikasi",
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"text": "SIMDA.",
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"text": "2. Perspektif Proses Bisnis Internal Pengukuran kinerja Dinas Komunikasi Dan Informatika Provinsi Sumatera Utara menggunakan perspektif proses bisnis internal dinilai sudah baik. Beberapa indikator ukuran kinerja seperti sarana dan prasarana",
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"text": "operasional, dukungan teknologi dan sistem informatika, pengembangan inovasi, kuantitas dan kompetensi pegawai, dan koordinasi lingkungan kerja telah menunjukkan penilaian baik. Dari beberapa indikator yang masih memiliki nilai kurang baik diantaranya sarana prasarana operasional yang masih kurang memadai, dan kuantitas pegawai yang minim.",
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"text": "3. Perspektif pertumbuhan dan pembelajaran Pada perspektif pertumbuhan dan pembelajaran, kinerja Dinas Komunikasi Dan Informatika",
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"text": "Provinsi Sumatera Utara dinilai sudah baik. Dari beberapa indikator ukuran kinerja yaitu kesesuaian gaji dengan beban kerja dinilai telah sepandan, adanya keterlibatan pegawai dalam proses pengambilan keputusan, serta pelatihan/training pegawai yang cukup, dan lingkungan kerja yang mendukung. Disisi lain indikator sistem reward dan punishment belum sepenuhnya diterapkan dengan baik.",
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"text": "Pada perspektif masyarakat, kinerja dinas komunikasi dan informatika provinsi sumatera utara sudah dinilai baik berdasarkan tingkat kepuasan masyarakat terhadap informasi yang relevan dan terupdate. Akan tetapi, terdapat keluhan masyarakat mengenai transparansi dan akuntabilitas kinerja yang masih kurang.",
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"text": "4) Meningkatkan transparansi dan akuntabilitas kinerja untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan masyarakat. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya, agar meneliti mendalam dengan metode Balanced Scorecard yang diukur dengan berbagai indikator lainnya pada masing-masing perspektif.",
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"text": "Fajriah, L.& Hidayat, M. T,. (2019). Penerapan Balanced Scorecard Dalam Pengukuran Kinerja Organisasi Publik (Studi Kasus Pada Badan Pendapatan Daerah kabupaten Mojokerto) Jurnal Ekonomi Akuntansi, 4(2) Fitriyani, D. (2014). Balanced",
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"text": "Kinerja Organisasi Sektor Publik. Jurnal Cakrawala Akuntansi, 6(1) Huda, A. Z. (2013). Analisis Kinerja Dengan Pendekatan Balanced Scorecard (Studi Kasus PDAM Tirta Dharma Kabupaten Klaten). Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Kaplan, S. Robert. & Norton P. David.",
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"text": "(1996). Balanced Scorecard : Menerapkan Strategi Menjadi Aksi. Jakarta : Erlangga.",
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"text": "Mahsun, M., F. Sulistyowati, dan A.P. Heribertus. (2015). Akuntansi Sektor Publik. BPFE. Yogyakarta Moeheriono. (2014). Pengukuran Kinerja Berbasis Kompetensi. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. Murdiansyah, I., Wahyuni, N., & Lestari, Y. O. (2020). Analisis Kinerja Berdasarkan Metode Balanced Scorecard (Studi Kasus Pada Kantor Perpustakaan Dan",
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"text": "Arsip Kabupaten Lumajang). Jca (Jurnal Cendekia Akuntansi), 1(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.32503/akuntansi. v1i1.1087",
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"text": "Nasrun, W. N. (2017). Pengukuran Kinerja Sektor Publik Dengan",
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"text": "Padabadan Pengelolaan Keuangan Dan aset Daerah Di Kota Makassar. Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar.https://digilibadmin.unis muh.ac.id Septariani, D. F., & Silambi, E. D. (2015). Analisis Kinerja Aparatur Pemerintah Menggunakan Pendekatan Balanced Scorecard ( Studi Kasus Pada Aparatur Pemerintah di Kampung Yanggandur). Jurnal ILmu Ekonomi & Sosial, 6(2) Sari, D. P,. (2016). Pengukuran Kinerja dengan 3 Perspektif Balanced",
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"text": "1,3 Program Studi Magister Administrasi Publik, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Bandung 2 Universitas Padjajaran Correspondent author: [email protected] Kota Bandung, Indonesia",
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"text": "This study aims to examine the influence of motivation and work environment on employee performance in Puskesmas Garuda, Andir District, Bandung City. The research sample consisted of 58 employees of Puskesmas Garuda selected randomly. Data were collected using questionnaires that measured the variables of work motivation, work environment, and employee performance. Path analysis was employed to analyze the relationships among these variables. The results of the study indicate that work motivation and work environment have a significant influence on employee performance in Puskesmas Garuda. The path analysis reveals that work motivation has a significant positive effect on employee performance (path coefficient = 0.55, p < 0.05), while the work environment also has a significant positive influence on employee performance (path coefficient = 0.42, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that effective management of work motivation and work environment can enhance employee performance in Puskesmas Garuda. Management needs to pay sufficient attention to employee work motivation by creating a conducive work environment and providing appropriate support. Factors such as job satisfaction, achievement, recognition, supervisor support, teamwork, and clear work policies need to be considered in improving employee performance.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir, Kota Bandung. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 58 pegawai Puskesmas Garuda yang dipilih secara acak. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner yang mengukur variabel motivasi kerja, lingkungan kerja, dan kinerja pegawai. Analisis jalur digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara variabel- variabel tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motivasi kerja dan lingkungan kerja memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda. Analisis jalur menunjukkan bahwa motivasi kerja memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai (koefisien jalur = 0.55, p < 0.05), sedangkan lingkungan kerja juga memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai (koefisien jalur = 0.42, p < 0.05). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan motivasi kerja dan lingkungan kerja yang baik dapat meningkatkan kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda. Manajemen perlu memberikan perhatian yang cukup terhadap motivasi kerja pegawai dengan menciptakan lingkungan yang kondusif dan memberikan dorongan yang tepat. Faktor-faktor seperti kepuasan kerja, pencapaian, pengakuan, dukungan atasan, kolaborasi tim, dan kebijakan kerja yang jelas perlu diperhatikan dalam meningkatkan kinerja pegawai.",
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"text": "Volume 6 Number 3 (August - October 2023), pp.977-987 Hari Mulyana. et.al DOI: https://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v6i3.223 Accredited SINTA 4 , SK. NOMOR 105/E/KPT/2022",
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"text": "Puskesmas memiliki peran penting dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat (Bungin, 2021). Dalam konteks tersebut, kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas menjadi faktor krusial untuk menjaga kualitas layanan yang diberikan. Motivasi pegawai dan lingkungan kerja yang kondusif memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kinerja individu. Motivasi, sebagai faktor internal, mendorong individu untuk mencapai tujuan dan berperilaku yang produktif dalam pekerjaan mereka. Motivasi yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan semangat, dedikasi, dan inisiatif pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugasnya dengan baik (Luthfi, 2020). Namun, situasi yang terjadi di Puskesmas Garuda menunjukkan adanya masalah terkait motivasi dan lingkungan kerja pegawai. Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Fitriani (2022), tingkat kepuasan kerja rendah, kurangnya semangat dan antusiasme dalam melaksanakan tugas, serta kurangnya interaksi dan kerjasama antar pegawai adalah indikator masalah tersebut. Fenomena ini dapat berdampak negatif pada kinerja pegawai dan pada akhirnya mempengaruhi kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat. Dalam konteks ini, penelitian ini akan menginvestigasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda. Melalui pendekatan penelitian yang serupa, penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan di lembaga pelayanan kesehatan serupa, seperti yang dilakukan oleh Rahayu (2021) di sebuah RSUD, dapat memberikan panduan yang penting. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini akan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana motivasi dan lingkungan kerja yang kondusif dapat meningkatkan kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan temuan penelitian ini, rekomendasi dapat diberikan kepada manajemen Puskesmas Garuda untuk mengimplementasikan strategi dan kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan motivasi pegawai serta menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang kondusif. Dalam studi yang dilakukan oleh Nurhayati (2020), implementasi program pelatihan, pengembangan karir, dan peningkatan komunikasi internal dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan kinerja pegawai di sebuah rumah sakit. Upaya seperti itu diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kinerja pegawai dan kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan, memberikan manfaat optimal bagi masyarakat yang membutuhkan layanan kesehatan di Puskesmas Garuda, Kecamatan Andir, Kota Bandung. Dalam penelitian ini, fokus utama adalah menginvestigasi pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir, Kota Bandung. Melalui identifikasi masalah dan penelitian ini, diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap pengetahuan dan pemahaman kita tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja pegawai dalam konteks pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian sebelumnya telah menggarisbawahi pentingnya faktor motivasi dan lingkungan kerja dalam meningkatkan kinerja pegawai di berbagai organisasi, termasuk di bidang layanan kesehatan. Dalam",
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"text": "lingkungan kerja yang memadai, pegawai cenderung merasa lebih termotivasi, bersemangat, dan produktif dalam menjalankan tugas-tugas mereka. Selain itu, motivasi yang tinggi juga dianggap sebagai faktor penting yang mempengaruhi kinerja pegawai.",
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"text": "Menurut penelitian oleh Nurwati et al. (2018), motivasi intrinsik dan ekstrinsik dapat mempengaruhi kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas. Mereka menemukan bahwa insentif finansial dan pengakuan atas prestasi kerja mendorong motivasi pegawai untuk meningkatkan kinerja mereka. Selain itu, penelitian oleh Widyastuti et al. (2020) menunjukkan bahwa faktor- faktor lingkungan kerja seperti dukungan supervisi, komunikasi yang efektif, dan ketersediaan sumber daya yang memadai secara signifikan berhubungan dengan kinerja pegawai di lembaga pelayanan kesehatan. Namun, meskipun ada beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan dalam konteks pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai, sedikit atau bahkan tidak ada penelitian yang secara khusus mengeksplorasi hubungan ini di Puskesmas Garuda, Kecamatan Andir, Kota Bandung. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisii kekosongan pengetahuan ini dan memberikan wawasan baru tentang pentingnya motivasi dan lingkungan kerja yang kondusif dalam meningkatkan kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas tersebut. Selain faktor internal, faktor eksternal seperti lingkungan kerja juga diduga berperan penting dalam memengaruhi kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda. Studi yang dilakukan oleh Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan menyatakan bahwa kondisi fisik dan psikososial lingkungan kerja dapat mempengaruhi motivasi dan kinerja pegawai. Misalnya, kurangnya fasilitas yang memadai dan kurangnya interaksi tim yang baik dapat merugikan motivasi dan kinerja pegawai.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pemahaman atas fenomena tersebut, penelitian ini akan menggali lebih dalam mengenai pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan yang berharga bagi manajemen Puskesmas Garuda dalam meningkatkan kinerja pegawai dan kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat. Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah dikemukakan, maka dapat dirumuskan rumusan masalah sebagai berikut : 1) Adakah pengaruh motivasi terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung ? 2) Adakah pengaruh lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung ? 3) Seberapa besar pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir terhadap kinerja pegawai ?",
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"text": "Penelitian ini akan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif untuk menguji pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda, Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung. Data akan dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner yang akan diberikan",
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"text": "PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI DI PUSKESMAS GARUDA KECAMATAN ANDIR KOTA BANDUNG",
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"text": "Volume 6 Number 3 (August - October 2023), pp.977-987 Hari Mulyana. et.al DOI: https://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v6i3.223 Accredited SINTA 4 , SK. NOMOR 105/E/KPT/2022",
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"text": "| J o u r n a l P u b l i c u h o - V o l 6 . N o 3 . 2 0 2 3 | Copyright©2023",
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"text": "kepada responden yang terdiri dari pegawai Puskesmas Garuda. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda, Kecamatan Andir, Kota Bandung. Pengambilan sampel akan dilakukan menggunakan teknik sampel acak sederhana (simple random sampling). Jumlah sampel yang akan diambil ditentukan berdasarkan rumus sampel minimum dengan mempertimbangkan tingkat signifikansi dan tingkat kepercayaan yang diinginkan.",
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"text": "Instrumen yang akan digunakan adalah kuesioner. Kuesioner akan terdiri dari beberapa bagian yang mencakup variabel motivasi, lingkungan kerja, dan kinerja pegawai. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan dalam kuesioner akan didasarkan pada konstruk-konstruk yang telah diidentifikasi dalam tinjauan literatur. Skala Likert dengan pilihan jawaban dari 1 hingga 5 akan digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat setuju atau tidak setuju responden terhadap pernyataan-pernyataan dalam kuesioner. Prosedur pengumpulan data akan dilakukan dengan mendistribusikan kuesioner kepada pegawai Puskesmas Garuda. Sebelumnya, izin dan persetujuan akan diperoleh dari manajemen Puskesmas untuk melakukan penelitian ini.",
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"text": "Kuesioner akan diberikan kepada responden secara langsung atau melalui surat elektronik dengan penjelasan tujuan penelitian dan instruksi mengisi kuesioner. Data yang terkumpul akan dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan teknik analisis yang sesuai.",
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"text": "Data yang terkumpul akan dianalisis menggunakan metode statistik. Analisis statistik yang akan digunakan termasuk analisis deskriptif untuk meringkas data secara statistik, uji validitas dan reliabilitas untuk memastikan kualitas instrumen, serta analisis jalur untuk menguji pengaruh motivasi dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai. Penelitian ini akan dilakukan dengan memperhatikan etika penelitian yang berlaku. Kerahasiaan data responden akan dijaga dengan menjaga anonimitas dan kerahasiaan identitas responden. Partisipasi dalam penelitian ini bersifat sukarela dan responden akan diberikan informasi yang jelas tentang tujuan dan manfaat penelitian.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa keterbatasan yang perlu diperhatikan. Pertama, penelitian ini hanya dilakukan di Puskesmas Garuda, Kecamatan Andir, Kota Bandung, sehingga generalisasi hasil penelitian ini hanya berlaku untuk populasi tersebut. Kedua, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, sehingga faktor-faktor kualitatif yang mungkin mempengaruhi kinerja pegawai tidak dapat diteliti secara mendalam.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Dalam suatu penelitian menggunakan uji validitas bertujuan untuk mengukur valid tidaknya suatu item pertanyaan. Dalam kuesioner sebuah item pertanyaan dapat dinyatakan valid apabila r hitung > r tabel atau r tabel < r hitung. Berikut ini adalah hasil dari uji validitas beberapa variabel:",
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"text": "ISSN 2621-1351 (online), ISSN 2685-072 9 (print) Volume 6 No 3 (August-October 2023) pp.977-987 Accredited SINTA 4 , SK.NOMOR 105/E/KPT/2022 Open Access at: https://journalpublicuho.uho.ac.id/index.php/journal/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v6i3.223",
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"text": "| J o u r n a l P u b l i c u h o - V o l - 6 . N o - 3 . 2 0 2 3 | Copyright©2023 981",
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"text": "Table 1. Uji validitas Variabel Pernyataan R Hitung R Tabel Keterangan Motivasi X1_1 .605 0.2787 VALID X1_2 .673 0.2787 VALID X1_3 .430 0.2787 VALID X1_4 .571 0.2787 VALID X1_5 .282 0.2787 VALID X1_6 .450 0.2787 VALID X1_7 .428 0.2787 VALID X1_8 .514 0.2787 VALID X1_9 .563 0.2787 VALID Lingkungan Kerja X2_1 .387 0.2787 VALID X2_2 .650 0.2787 VALID X2_3 .540 0.2787 VALID X2_4 .636 0.2787 VALID X2_5 .553 0.2787 VALID X2_6 .537 0.2787 VALID X2_7 .481 0.2787 VALID X2_8 .663 0.2787 VALID X2_9 .673 0.2787 VALID Kinerja pegawai Y_1 .531 0.2787 VALID Y_2 .486 0.2787 VALID Y_3 .671 0.2787 VALID Y_4 .669 0.2787 VALID Y_5 .542 0.2787 VALID Y_6 .619 0.2787 VALID Y_7 .551 0.2787 VALID Y_8 .702 0.2787 VALID Y_9 .326 0.2787 VALID Sumber: Data diolah, 2023",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel diatas uji validitas pada variabel X1, X2, dan Y dinyatakan VALID dan dapat digunakan untuk mengukur variabel yang akan diteliti.",
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"text": "Uji Reliabilitas",
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"text": "Metode uji reliabilitas yang digunakan adalah metode uji nilai Cronbach’s Alpha. Menurut Sekaran dalam Priyatno alat ukur berupa kuesioner dapat dikatakan reliabel jika mempunyai nilai Cronbach’s Alpha lebih besar dari 0,6.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Uji reliabilitas Variabel Cronbach's Alpha N of item Motivasi .799 9 Lingkungan Kerja .848 9 Kinerja Pegawai .838 9 Sumber: Data diolah, 2023",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada tabel diatas nilai Cronbach’s Alpha setiap variabel diatas 0,6 sehingga dapat dikatakan reliabel.",
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"text": "PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI DI PUSKESMAS GARUDA KECAMATAN ANDIR KOTA BANDUNG",
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"text": "ISSN 2621-1351 (online), ISSN 2685-0729 (print)",
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"text": "Volume 6 Number 3 (August - October 2023), pp.977-987 Hari Mulyana. et.al DOI: https://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v6i3.223 Accredited SINTA 4 , SK. NOMOR 105/E/KPT/2022",
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"text": "| J o u r n a l P u b l i c u h o - V o l 6 . N o 3 . 2 0 2 3 | Copyright©2023",
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"text": "Uji Normalitas",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Hasil Uji Normalitas Data",
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"text": "One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Unstandardized Residual N 50 Normal Parameters a,b Mean 39.5000000 Std. Deviation 2.72331060 Most Extreme Differences Absolute .119 Positive .119 Negative -.096 Test Statistic .119 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .276 c",
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"text": "a. Test distribution is Normal. b. Calculated from data. c. Lilliefors Significance Correction.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji normalitas menggunakan uji One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test diatas, diketahui bahwa nilai signifikansi sebesar 0.276 dimana angka tersebut lebih besar dari 0,05. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa data yang diuji dalam penelitian ini Berdistribusi Normal.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Uji regresi Model Unstandardize d Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 4.146 4.074 1.018 .314 X1 .360 .129 .330 2.791 .008 X2 .541 .120 .534 4.511 .000",
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"text": "a. Dependent Variable: Y",
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"text": "Nilai pengaruh Motivasi (X1) dan Lingkungan Kerja (X2) terhadap Kinerja Pegawai (Y) di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung dapat dihitung dengan persamaan:",
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"text": "Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2",
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"text": "Y = 4.146 + 0.360X1 + 0.541X2",
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"text": "Dengan keterangan sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "1. Nilai konstanta sebesar 4.146 bertanda positif hal ini menunjukkan kinerja pegawai sebesar",
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"text": "4.146 dipengaruhi oleh motivasi (X1), dan lingkungan kerja (X2).",
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"text": "2. Nilai motivasi sebesar 0,360, hal ini menunjukkan arah positif, maka dari itu jika variable",
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"text": "motivasi meningkat maka variabel kinerja pegawai akan meningkat sebesar 0,360.",
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"text": "3. Nilai linkungan kerja sebesar 0,541, hal ini menunjukkan arah positif, maka dari itu jika variable lingkungan kerja meningkat maka variabel kinerja pegawai akan meningkat sebesar 0,541.",
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"text": "ISSN 2621-1351 (online), ISSN 2685-072 9 (print) Volume 6 No 3 (August-October 2023) pp.977-987 Accredited SINTA 4 , SK.NOMOR 105/E/KPT/2022 Open Access at: https://journalpublicuho.uho.ac.id/index.php/journal/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v6i3.223",
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"text": "| J o u r n a l P u b l i c u h o - V o l - 6 . N o - 3 . 2 0 2 3 | Copyright©2023 983",
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"text": "Koefisien determinasi",
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"text": "Koefisien determinasi (R Square) merupakan alat untuk mengukur seberapa jauh kemampuan model dalam menerangkan variasi variabel dependen. Nilai koefisien determinasi adalah antara nol sampai satu. Nilai R Square yang kecil atau mendekati 0 (nol) berarti kemampuan variabel-variabel independen dalam menjelaskan variasi variabel dependen amat terbatas.",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Koefisien determinasi Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Chang e df1 df2 Sig. F Change 1 .791 a .626 .610 2.149 .626 39.338 2 47 .000 a. Predictors: (Constant), X2, X1",
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"text": "b. Dependent Variable: Y",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan menggunakan SPSS pada tabel di atas, diketahui bahwa nilai R Square sebesar 0.626 yang menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh dari kedua variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen adalah sebesar 62.2%. Sedangkan sebesar 15.8% atau sisanya dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Dengan kata lain, motivasi (X1) dan lingkungan kerja (X2) berpengaruh sebesar 62,2% terhadap kinerja pegawai (Y) di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung.",
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"text": "Uji Kelayakan Model (Uji F)",
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"text": "Uji kelayakan model atau yang lebih dikenal dengan uji F digunakan untuk menilai kelayakan model regresi yang telah terbentuk.",
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"text": "Tabel 6. Hasil Uji Kelayakan Model (Uji F)",
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"text": "ANOVA a Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 363.405 2 181.702 39.338 .000 b Residual 217.095 47 4.619 Total 580.500 49",
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"text": "b. Predictors: (Constant), X2, X1 ( Sumber: output spss diolah peneliti 2022 )",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil tabel di atas, didapat nilai F Hitung sebesar 39.338. Kemudian, bandingkan dengan F Tabel sebesar 3.19. Dari hasil tersebut terlihat bahwa F Hitung > F Tabel, yaitu 39.338 > 3.19 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa model regresi yang",
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"text": "PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI DI PUSKESMAS GARUDA KECAMATAN ANDIR KOTA BANDUNG",
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"text": "Volume 6 Number 3 (August - October 2023), pp.977-987 Hari Mulyana. et.al DOI: https://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v6i3.223 Accredited SINTA 4 , SK. NOMOR 105/E/KPT/2022",
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"text": "diestimasi layak dijadikan model penelitian. Selanjutnya, berdasarkan hasil tabel di atas juga menunjukkan nilai Sig. adalah sebesar 0.000. Karena nilai Sig. 0.000 < 0,05, maka sesuai dengan dasar pengambilan keputusan dalam uji F, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hipotesis diterima atau dengan kata lain motivasi (X1), dan lingkungan kerja (X2) secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai (Y).",
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"text": "Pengujian Hipotesis Secara Parsial (Uji t)",
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"text": "Uji t pada dasarnya menunjukkan seberapa jauh pengaruh satu variabel penjelasan atau independen secara individual dalam menerangkan variasi variabel dependen.",
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"text": "Tabel 7. Hasil Uji Hipotesis (Uji t) Coefficients a Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 4.146 4.074 1.018 .314 X1 .360 .129 .330 2.791 .008 X2 .541 .120 .534 4.511 .000",
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"text": "a. Dependent Variable: Y",
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"text": "( Sumber: output spss diolah peneliti 2023 )",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan menggunakan SPSS pada tabel di atas, dapat dilakukan uji hipotesis yaitu nilai-nilai di atas terlihat bahwa nilai t Hitung yang diperoleh variabel motivasi (X1) sebesar 2.791 > t Tabel (1.6772). Sesuai dengan kriteria, pengujian hipotesis bahwa Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Artinya, secara parsial motivasi (X1) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai (Y). sementara untuk nilai t Hitung yang diperoleh variabel lingkungan kerja (X2) sebesar 4.511 > t Tabel (1.6772). Sesuai dengan kriteria, pengujian hipotesis bahwa Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Artinya, secara parsial lingkungan kerja (X2) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Kinerja pegawai (Y).",
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"text": "Pengaruh Motivasi terhadap Kinerja Pegawai",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa motivasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai.",
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"text": "Motivasi pegawai memiliki peran krusial yang bisa membuat pegawai mampu memenuhi apa yang disyaratkan oleh pekerjaan dalam suatu organisasi sehingga organisasi tersebut mampu mencapai hasil yang diharapkan. Hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan sebagian besar pegawai harus terpenuhi kebutuhan dasar seperti kebutuhan fisiologis, kebutuhan rasa aman, kebutuhan sosial , kebutuhan penghargaan, hingga kebutuhan aktualisasi diri. Motivasi pegawai keseluruhan dalam memberikan pelayanan dapat dikatakan baik dan telah sesuai seperti yang diharapkan dalam rangka mencapai tujuan organsasi. Semakin baik motivasi pegawai akan semakin berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung.",
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"text": "ISSN 2621-1351 (online), ISSN 2685-072 9 (print) Volume 6 No 3 (August-October 2023) pp.977-987 Accredited SINTA 4 , SK.NOMOR 105/E/KPT/2022 Open Access at: https://journalpublicuho.uho.ac.id/index.php/journal/index DOI: https://doi.org/10.35817/publicuho.v6i3.223",
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"text": "Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Pegawai",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada hasil penelitian bahwa lingkungan kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai. Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Tan & Lim (2022) dan Huang & Wang (2021), keamanan dan kesehatan kerja yang dijaga dengan baik dapat mempengaruhi kinerja pegawai. Pegawai yang merasa aman dan terlindungi dari ancaman fisik dan psikologis cenderung lebih berfokus, produktif, dan memiliki kepuasan kerja yang tinggi (Oktavian et al.,2022). Oleh karena itu, organisasi perlu memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi iklim kerja yang aman, seperti kebijakan keselamatan, pelatihan keselamatan, dan promosi kesejahteraan psikologis. Selain itu, faktor-faktor fisik juga dapat memengaruhi lingkungan kerja. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fasilitas yang memadai, termasuk tempat kerja yang nyaman, alat dan peralatan yang diperlukan, serta aksesibilitas yang baik, dapat meningkatkan kenyamanan dan efisiensi pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugas mereka (Chen et al., 2021). Faktor-faktor fisik ini juga dapat mempengaruhi tingkat stres, konsentrasi, dan produktivitas pegawai.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa motivasi dan lingkungan kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai. Hasil uji F menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh dari kedua variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen adalah sebesar 62.2%. Sedangkan sebesar 15.8% atau sisanya dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Dengan kata lain, motivasi (X1) dan lingkungan kerja (X2) berpengaruh sebesar 62,2% terhadap Kinerja Pegawai (Y) di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa 1) variabel motivasi kerja memiliki pengaruh secara parsial dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda, Kecamatan Andir, Kota Bandung 2) Variabel lingkungan kerja memiliki pengaruh secara parsial dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda, Kecamatan Andir. Kota Bandung, dan hasil analisis jalur menunjukkan bahwa variabel motivasi kerja dan lingkungan kerja secara simultan ( bersama-sama ) memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda. Hal ini mengonfirmasi bahwa motivasi kerja dan lingkungan kerja memainkan peranan penting dalam meningkatkan keinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir Kota bandung.Temuan ini sejalan dengan dengan teori dan penelitian sebelumnya yang menunjukan hubungan positif antara motivasi kerja, lingkungan kerja dan kinerja pegawai. Untuk mencapai kinerja pegawai yang baik di Puskesmas Garuda Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung perlu terus diupayakan peningkatan motivasi terhadap pegawai dan peningkatan lingkungan kerja",
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"text": "PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI DI PUSKESMAS GARUDA KECAMATAN ANDIR KOTA BANDUNG",
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"text": "yang baik dan kondusif, membangun iklim kerja yang aman dan nyaman serta terus didukung dengan kepemimpinan yang baik dan optimal. Dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan kepuasan pelayanan kepada para pengunjung penting bagi manajemen Puskesmas Garuda untuk memperhatikan dan meningkatkan motivasi kerja bagi pegawai, baik melalui program motivasi, insentif, maupun pengembangan karir. Dengan demikian, peningkatan kinerja pegawai di Puskesmas Garuda dapat dicapai, yang pada gilirannya akan berdampak positif pada kualitas layanan kesehatan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat di Kecamatan Andir Kota Bandung.",
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"text": "81",
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{
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"text": "EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN DOSIS TINGGI METHYLPREDNISOLONE PADA TRAUMA SPINAL CORD AKUT",
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{
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"text": "Abdul Qodir Email: [email protected] Prodi Ilmu Keperawatan STIKES Widyagama Husada",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"text": "Acute spinal cord injury is a devastating condition typically affecting young people, mostly males. High-Dose Methylprednisolone treatment in the early hours after the injury is aimed at reducing the extent of permanent paralysis during the rest of the patient’s life. The aim To review randomized trials of High-Dose Methylprednisolone in Acute Spinal Cord Injuries. All randomized controlled trials of steroid treatment for acute spinal cord injury in any language. Data have been extracted from original trial reports. For the NASCIS, Japanese and French trials, additional data (e.g. SDs) have been obtained from the original authors. The evidence produced by this systematic review support the use of high dose methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury to improve neurological recovery. Patients who received high-dose methylprednisolone therapy should be observed with intensive in order to reduce complications from such therapy.",
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"text": "Keywords: Acute spinal cord, Injury, and Methylprednisolone",
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"text": "JURNAL ILMIAH KESEHATAN MEDIA HUSADA VOLUME 02/ NOMOR 01/ SEPTEMBER 2013",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 96,
"top": 781,
"width": 15,
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"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "82",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 278,
"top": 65,
"width": 63,
"height": 12,
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 96,
"top": 81,
"width": 448,
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"text": "Cedera tulang belakang akut adalah suatu kondisi yang menyebabkan kecacatan pada orang-orang muda, kebanyakan laki-laki. Terapi dosis tinggi methylprednisolone secara dini setelah cedera bertujuan untuk mengurangi tingkat kelumpuhan permanen selama sisa hidup pasien. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk meninjau percobaan acak dari High-Dosis Methylprednisolone Akut Spinal Cord Cedera. Semua penelitian dengan desain randomized controlled trials dari pengobatan steroid untuk cedera tulang belakang akut dalam bahasa apapun. Data telah dianalisa dari laporan percobaan asli. Untuk NASCIS, Jepang dan Perancis percobaan, data tambahan (misalnya SD) telah diperoleh dari penulis asli. Bukti yang dihasilkan oleh tinjauan sistematis ini mendukung penggunaan dosis tinggi metilprednisolon pada trauma spinal cord fase akut untuk meningkatkan pemulihan neurologis. Pasien yang menerima terapi metilprednisolon dosis tinggi harus diamati dengan intensif untuk mengurangi komplikasi dari terapi tersebut.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Cedra, Tulang Belakang, dan Methylprednisolone",
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{
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"width": 94,
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN Latar Belakang",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 318,
"width": 227,
"height": 263,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Diperkirakan angaka kejadian spinal cord injury (SCI) adalah sekitar 40 kasus per juta penduduk di AS atau sekitar 12.000 kasus baru setiap tahun, tidak termasuk korban yang meningal di tempat kejadian. Wyndaele dan Wyndaele (2006) melaporkan bahwa insiden cedera spinal secara global bervariasi dengan kisaran 10.4 sampai dengan 83 kasus per juta populasi setiap tahun (Furlan and Fehlings, 2009). Penyabab yang paling sering dari spinal cord injury (SCI) sejak tahun 2005 adalah kecelakan kendaraan bermotor (42%), jatuh, kekerasan (terutama luka tembak) dan olahraga. Insiden spinal cord injury (SCI) lebih besar terjadi pada dewasa muda, dari seluruh korban spinal cord injury (SCI) sekitar 80 % adalah usia 40 tahun (Kelly A. at.al., 2010).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Spinal cord injury merupakan salah satu penyebab utama disabilitas neurologis akibat trauma. Kerusakan neurologi dapat disebabkan oleh cedera primer atau cedera sekunder. Cedera primer diakibatkan oleh traksi dan kompresi pada medula spinalis, baik oleh tonjolan/fragmen tulang, herniasi diskus vertebralis maupun ligamen. Cedera sekunder dapat mengakibatkan ischemia, perubahan elektrolit, respon inflamasi, edema dan apoptosis. Pengobatan farmakologis dengan menggunakan methylprednisolone",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "bertujuan untuk mengurangi cedera sekunder (Gregory D, at.al., 2003).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 318,
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"text": "Methylprednisolone",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 483,
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"text": "merupakan",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 333,
"width": 227,
"height": 219,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "neuroprotektif yang dipercaya sebagai terapi famakologis pada pasien dengan trauma spinal. Methylprednisolone sebagai neuroprotektif berkerja dengan cara menghambat paroxidasi lipid, influx calsium, mencegah ischemia, dan anti infalamsi. Meskipun banyak sekali penelitian telah dilakukan selama 40 tahun terakhir mengenai methylprednisolone sebagai neuroprotektif. Akan tetapi hingga saat ini masih kontroversial tentang penggunaan methylprednisolone pada trauma spinal (Kelly A. at.al., 2010). Oleh karena itu pada makalah ini akan membahas bagaimana seharusnya",
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"text": "penggunaan terapi methylprednisolone pada kasus trauma spinal.",
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"text": "Rumusan Masalah",
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"text": "Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah diuraikan, maka dikemukakan rumusan masalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Bagaimanakah efektifitas penggunaan dosis tinggi methylprednisolon pada pasien dengan trauma spinal?",
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"text": "Tujuan",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 704,
"width": 227,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan methylprednisolon pada pasien dengan trauma spinal",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 38,
"width": 348,
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"text": "EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN DOSIS TINGGI METHYLPREDNISOLONE … ABDUL QODIR",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"text": "83",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "TINJAUAN PUSTAKA",
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{
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"text": "Patofiologi Acute Spinal Cord Injury",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Proses patologi yang terjadi pada pasien dengan trauma spinal dibagi menjadi dua tahap yaitu cedera primer dan cedera sekunder. Cedera primer disebabkan oleh trauma mekanik, compresi, contusio, laserasi, dan trauma penetrasi pada spinal cord. Kebanyakan kasus pasien dengan trauma spinal, cidera primer menyebabkan paralysis yang diakibatkan oleh kompresi dan contusio pada spinal cord atau berpindahnya collum spinal akibat fraktur atau dislokasi tulang pada spinal (Sekhon and Fehlings, 2001). Kerusakan akibat cedera primer menyebabkan cedera sekunder walaupun terjadinya dalam waktu menit sampai dengan bulan setelah cedera (Baptiste and Fehlings, 2006).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Cedera sekunder terjadi hal-hal sebagai berikut, peningkatan respirasi anerobik, peroxidasi lemak, kerusakan pada pembuluh darah, axon, dan myelin. Terjadi infalamsi akibat respon dari neutropil, microglia, dan magrofag. Pada cedera sekunder juga terjadi edema, peningkatan permiabilitas barier pembuluh darah pada spinal cord serta terjadi ischemia dan nekrosis. Sehingga apabila pasien dengan trauma spinal tidak ditangani dengan tepat dan cepat akan memperparah kondisi pasien.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 505,
"width": 226,
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"text": "Terapi farmakologis dengan",
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{
"left": 225,
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"text": "menggunakan",
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"text": "methylprednisolon",
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{
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"text": "bertujuan untuk",
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{
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"text": "mencegah cedera sekunder akibat trauma (Komal A. et. al ., 2010)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 580,
"width": 227,
"height": 86,
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"text": "Methylprednisolon Managemen trauma spinal dengan mengunakan methylprednisolon adalah untuk mencegah cedera sekunder akibat trauma telah dilakukan studi sejak lama sekali.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 128,
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"text": "Penggunaan",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 226,
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"text": "dosis tinggi methylprednisolon akan",
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{
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"width": 227,
"height": 100,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "mengambat peroxidasi lipid dengan menstabilkan membrana sel. Telah diketahui bahwa dengan mengambat peroxidasi lipid dapat mengurangi ischemia dan necrosis (Hall ED & Springer JE 2004 dalam Kelly A. at.al., 2010).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 60,
"width": 227,
"height": 160,
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"text": "Penggunaan dosis tinggi methylprednisolon menunjukan bahwa terdapat penurunan pelepasan interleukin, prostaglandin dimana merupakan mediator inflamasi. Manfaat yang lain dari penggunaan dosis tinggi methylprednisolon adalah meningkatkan perfusi ke jaringan yang mengalami cedera, menurunkan edema, peningkatan genarasi implus, dan efek positif pada konsentrasi elektrolit (Hawryluk GW, Rowland J, Kwon BK, Fehlings MG, 2008).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 315,
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"text": "Penelitian",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 253,
"width": 227,
"height": 160,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "mengenai terapi methylprednisolon pada trauma spinal telah banyak dilakukan. Seperti 3 penelitian dengan mengunakan sampel yang besar, desain penelitian yang handal, dan uji klinis yang dilakukan oleh National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (NASCIS I, II dan III) meneliti tentang efek penggunaan terapi steroid terhadap pasien dengan trauma spinal (Bracken, et. al ., 1984 dalam Hugenholtz, 2003).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 416,
"width": 227,
"height": 115,
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"text": "Dalam NASCIS I meneliti tentang perubahan fungsi motorik pada spesifik otot dan perubahan pada sentuhan ringan. Hasilnya tidak ada perbaikan yang signifikan pada fungsi sensorik maupun motorik. Tidak ada perbaikan fungsi sensorik maupun motorik diduga karena dosis methylprednisolon kurang tinggi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Sehingga peneliti menyarankan untuk memberikan methylprednisolon dalam dosis tinggi (Hugenholtz, 2003).",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"text": "Dalam NASCIS II yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 1990 membandingkan penggunaan dosis tinggi methylprednisolon (30 mg/kg intravena bolus) dengan naloxon (5,4 mg/kg bolus, kemudian dikuti 4,0 mg/kg/jam selam 23 jam) dan placebo pada 487 pasien dengan trauma spinal. Hasilnya adalah secara keseluruhan tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan fungsi neurologi pada semua kelompok. Akan tetapi setelah dilakukan analisis bagian/sub kelompok didapatkan bahwa pasien yang mendapatkan terapi methylprednisolon dalam 8 jam setelah",
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"text": "JURNAL ILMIAH KESEHATAN MEDIA HUSADA VOLUME 02/ NOMOR 01/ SEPTEMBER 2013",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"text": "84",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 60,
"width": 227,
"height": 130,
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"text": "cedera spinal menujukan bahwa terdapat perbaikan fungsi motorik dan sensorik dalam waktu 6 minggu dan 6 bulan. Setelah di follow up selama 1 tahun menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbaikan yang signifikan fungsi motorik sisi kanan. Tetapi tidak ada perbedaan pada fungsi sensorik dan tingkat kematian diantara kelompok (Hugenholtz, 2003., Komal A. et. al ., 2010).",
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"text": "Dalam NASCIS III penelitian dilakukan pada 499 pasien dengan trauma spinal, membandingkan pemberian methylprednisolon dalam waktu 48 jam infus dengan 24 jam infus yang dimulai dalam waktu 8 jam setelah cedera. Hasilnya tidak perbaikan fungsi motorik maupun sensorik pemberian methylprednisolon dalam waktu 24 jam. Hanya setelah dilakukan post hoc pada pasien yang menerima methylprednisolon 48 jam infus terutama pemberiannya dimulai 3-8 jam setelah cedera (Hugenholtz, 2003., Komal A. et. al ., 2010).",
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{
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"text": "Sebuah meta-analisis dari semua studi menyimpulkan, atas dasar dari sub kelompok post hoc yang masih kontrovesi dalam NASCIS II dan III dimana data tersebut dari Jepang. Pemberian dosis tinggi methylprednisolon dalam waktu 8 jam setelah cedera menunjukan adanya perbaikan fungsi motorik dan sensorik. Meskipun meta- analisis mengenai keefektifan methylprednisolon sebagai terapi trauma spinal masih belum jelas dan membutuhkan penelitian/studi lebih lanjut (Hugenholt, 2003).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Terapi steroid bukan tanpa risiko/komplikasi. Kebanyakan pasien dengan trauma spinal yang mendapatkan terapi methylprednisolon mengalami kelainan kapasitas vital paru dan sepsis. Dalam semua studi NASCIS dan beberapa studi yang lainya didapatkan insiden sepsis dan pneumonia sangat tinggi pada pasien yang menerima terapi dosis tinggi methylprednisolon dari pada kelompok yang menerima placebo atau obat lain. Hiperglikemia dan komplikasi gastrointestinal juga terjadi pada pemberian",
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"text": "dosis tinggi methylprednisolon (Hugenholtz, 2003., Komal A. et. al ., 2010).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Biaya terapi infus metilprednisolon tidak menjadi penghalang untuk terapi pasien dengan trauma spinal. Keuntungan dari kekuatan anti-gravitasi pada satu atau lebih otot dibawah segmen tulang belakang dapat memberikan keutungan fungsional yang penting, terutama pada pasien dengan cervical spinal cord injury . Oleh karena itu, meskipun hanya ada perbaikan kecil subkelompok NASCIS dapat dipandang sebagai manfaat dalam kasus cedera tulang cervical lengkap atau tidak lengkap. Meskipun risiko komplikasi dalam subkelompok NASCIS kemungkinan tetap terjadi, dokter mungkin masih memilih untuk mengelola dosis tinggi metilprednisolon infus dalam waktu 8 jam setelah cedera (Hugenholt, 2003., Kelly A. et.al. , 2010).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian yang ada sejak 40 tahun terakhir, permberian dosis tinggi metilprednisolon merupakan pilihan terapi pada pasien dengan trauma spinal. Pemberian dosis tinggi metilprednisolon yaitu 30 mg/kg bolus selama 15 menit, kemudian diikuti dengan 5,4 mg/kg/jam selama 23 jam, jika pemeberian",
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"text": "metilphrednisolon dimulai 3 jam setelah cedera. Pertimbangkan",
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"text": "terapi metilprednisolon dilanjutkan sampai 48 jam jika awal pemberiannya dalam 3 sampai 8 jam setelah cedera (Kelly A. et.al ., 2010).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Hindari pemberian terapi metilprednisolon apabila lebih dari 8 jam setelah cedera. Berdasarkan studi yang telah dilakukan termasuk NASCIS I, II dan III tidak didapatkan hasil yang signifikan dalam perbaikan fungsi motorik maupun sensorik antara kelompok pasien yang mendapatkan terapi metilprednisolon dengan kelompok pasien yang menerima placebo atau obat yang lain (Kelly A. et . al ., 2010).",
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"text": "mendapat profilaksis ulser untuk mencegah komplikasi pada gastro intestinal. Pasien juga harus terhidar dari keaadan hiperglikemia agar tidak terjadi komplikasi seperti sepsis. Sehingga pemberian dosis tinggi metilprednisolon dapat maksimal dengan cara meningkatkan efek terapuetik dan meminilisir efek sampingnya (Kelly A. et.al ., 2010).",
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"text": "Metilprednisolon merupakan neouropritektif pada pasien dengan trauma spinal. Permberian dosis tinggi metilprednisolon merupakan pilihan terapi pada pasien dengan trauma spinal. Pemberian dosis tinggi metilprednisolon dalam waktu 8 jam setelah cedera pada pasien dengan trauma spinal dapat memberikan manfaat dalam menigkatkan fungsi motorik dan sensorik. Pasien yang mendapatkan terapi dosis tinggi metilprednisolon harus diobservasi dengan intensive agar dapat mengurangi komplikasi akibat terapi tersebut.. Pemberian cairan harus adekuat, pencegahan komplikasi gastointestinal dengan pemberian profilaksis, dan mencegah terjadinya hiperglikemia agar pasien terhidar dari sepsis.",
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"text": "Methylprednisolon on regional blood flow and recovery of somatosensory evoked potentials. Journal of bone and join sugery. 2003;85;1",
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"text": "Fehlings MG (2008) Protection and repair of the injured spinal cord: a review of completed, ongoing, and planned clinical trials for acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurg Focus . 2008; 25(5):E14.",
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"text": "Methylprednisolone in Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Proceed With Caution. orthopedics. APRIL 2010 . volume 33. number 4 Komal A. et. al ., (2010). High-Dose",
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"text": "Pengaruh Pemberian Minuman Kombinasi Sari Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera) dan Garam NaCl terhadap Tekanan Darah dan Lama Periode Pemulihan Denyut Nadi pada Atlet Sepak Bola",
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"text": "Efrilia Maulana 1 , Siti Wahyuningsih 1 , Natalia Desy Putriningtyas 2*",
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"text": "1 Program Studi S-1 Ilmu Gizi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Respati Yogyakarta 2 Gizi S1 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Semarang",
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"text": "The athlete's achievement is related to the athlete's performance in a match. The performance can be seen in blood pressure and pulse. The administration of carbohydrate- electrolyte drinks influenced blood pressure and pulse. Drinks combination of sari dates and NaCl contain carbohydrates and electrolytes which helps to improve the performance of athletes by delaying fatigue. This research to determine the effect of combination palm juice extracts and NaCl on blood pressure and the period of recovery of the pulse of a soccer athlete. The quasi-experimental cross over study was completed. This research was carried out in the Wates square. Subjects in this study were Hizbul Wathan Wates Football School (SSB) athletes. The subjects received one experimental used 300 ml combination drink of palm juice and NaCl or control drink, namely sugar water after a washout period of six days. Blood pressure measurements were carried out fifteen minutes before exercise and fifteen minutes after exercise, while pulse measurements were carried out fifteen minutes before exercise and five minutes, ten minutes, fifteen minutes after exercise. The statistical test used was Shapiro Wilk, Paired t-test and Independent T-test. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect on the combination of dates, and NaCl combined with systole and diastolic blood pressure (p> 0.05), and there was a significant effect on the combination of dates palm juice and NaCl on pulse recovery five minutes, ten minutes and fifteen minutes after exercise (p <0.05). There was no significant effect on the combination of date palm juice and NaCl on blood pressure, and there was a significant effect on the combination of dates and NaCl combination drinks on the recovery of pulse five minutes, ten minutes and fifteen minutes after exercise.",
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"text": "Keywords: Dates, NaCl, Soccer, Blood Pressure, Pulse",
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"text": "Sepak bola merupakan olah raga populer dan sering dimainkan di berbagai negara termasuk Indonesia. Pencapaian prestasi atlet sepak bola di Indonesia yang masih rendah dibuktikan pada kompetisi di Asia youth game , Indonesia masih tertahan di perempat final (PSSI, 2013).",
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"text": "Tim sepak bola Indonesia U-23 juga dikalahkan oleh tim Thailand pada final SEA Games XXVII (Tomas, 2013), sedangkan di Yogyakarta sendiri, tim Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta hanya mampu meraih posisi runner up pada Pekan Olahraga Mahasiswa Nasional (POMNAS) setelah dikalahkan oleh tim Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta (Herawati, 2013).",
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"text": "Pembinaan sepak bola usia dini melalui sekolah sepak bola dan kompetisi antar sekolah sekolah merupakan sarana dalam meningkatkan prestasi sepak bola di Yogyakarta ataupun tingkat nasional. Salah satu sekolah sepak bola yang terdapat di Yogyakarta khusus nya di Kabupaten Kulon Progo adalah sekolah sepak bola Hizbul Wathan (HW) Wates.",
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"text": "Sekolah sepak bola Hizbul Wathan (SSB HW) Wates merupakan klub sepak bola yang berdiri pada tahun 2010. Sekolah Sepak Bola Hizbul Wathan (SSB HW) Wates berhasil menjadi juara di",
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"text": "divisi I, dan HW Wates berhak promosi ke divisi utama. Atlet sepak bola harus menjaga dan meningkatkan performa selama latihan dan pertandingan untuk meningkatkan prestasinya (Guyton dan Hall, 2008)",
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"text": "Prestasi atlet ini berkaitan dengan performa yang menjadi salah satu penentu kemenangan pada sebuah pertandingan. Salah satu cara yang dapat mewakili pengukuran performa atlet adalah pengukuran tekanan darah dan denyut nadi (William, 2007).",
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"text": "Peningkatan tekanan darah, denyut nadi, osmolalitas plasma bahkan kepadatan volume darah dapat dipicu melalui pengeluaran keringat pada saat seseorang melakukan olah raga. Cairan yang diberikan setelah berolahraga dapat efektif menurunkan kepadatan volume darah, menjaga status hidrasi dan mempercepat proses recovery (Irianto, 2007). Untuk menunjang perfoma atlet yang optimal, seorang atlet harus memperhatikan asupan cairan yang dikonsumsi baik pada saat latihan maupun pertandingan (Kirkendall, 2004).",
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"text": "Pemberian makanan atau minuman karbohidrat selama pertandingan terbukti memperbaiki performa pada babak kedua pertandingan sepak bola (Singh, 2011). Penundaan kelelahan pada atlet yang pada akhirnya meningkatkan performa atlet dilakukan melalui minuman dengan kadar",
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"text": "karbohidrat 6-8% selama latihan atau pertandingan. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian cairan karbohidrat selama 60-15 menit sebelum latihan dapat meningkatkan performa dan menunda kelelahan pada atlet (Murray, 2001).",
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"text": "Salah satu sumber karbohidrat yang dapat digunakan untuk memperbaiki performa yaitu buah kurma. Kurma ( Phoenix dactylifera ) memiliki komponen utama karbohidrat dengan unsur monosakarida glukosa, fruktosa dan sukrosa (Afriani, 2014). Kandungan karbohidrat yang tinggi dapat digunakan untuk salah satu sumber energi dalam tubuh untuk meningkatkan performa atlet (Murray, 2001). Bahan selain kurma yang dapat digunakan untuk memperbaiki performa adalah garam NaCl. Garam NaCl memiliki kandungan mineral yang berperan mengatur keseimbangan elektrolit tubuh (Afriani, 2014).",
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"text": "menggunakan rumus Lemeshow dan diperoleh subyek sebanyak 14 orang. Teknik pemilihan subyek penelitian menggunakan purposive sampling dengan kriteria inklusi berjenis kelamin laki-laki, usia 15-20 tahun, IMT/U normal, tingkat keterlatihan minimal latihan 3 bulan rutin dan bersedia menjadi subyek penelitian dengan menandatangi informed consent.",
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"text": "Kelompok intervensi pada penelitian ini menggunakan minuman kombinasi 12,5% (8%) sari kurma dan 0,5 gram garam NaCl yang dilarutkan dalam 300 ml air. Kelompok kontrol menggunakan empat gram glukosa yang dilarutkan dalam 300 ml air.",
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"text": "Tahapan persiapan pada penelitian ini diawali dengan recruitment dan melakukan pengukuran karakteristik subyek. Tahapan selanjutnya adalah pemberian minuman air",
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"text": "gula sebanyak 300 ml sebagai kontrol sekaligus pengukuran tekanan darah dan denyut nadi 15 menit sebelum latihan. Setelah subyek selesai latihan dilakukan pengukuran denyut nadi pada menit kelima, kesepuluh dan kelimabelas dilanjutkan pengukuran tekanan darah. Subyek akan memasuki periode washout selama enam hari setelah pemberian minuman kontrol.",
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"text": "Subyek akan kembali dilakukan pengukuran denyut nadi dan tekanan darah 15 menit sebelum latihan kemudian diberikan minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl. Setelah subyek selesai melakukan latihan maka dilakukan pengukuran denyut nadi pada menit kelima, kesepuluh dan kelima belas dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran tekanan darah (Afriani, 2014). Tekanan darah diukur oleh enumerator yang telah mendapatkan Ketrampilan Dasar Perawat menggunakan alat pengukur tekanan darah digital merk onemed. Denyut nadi diukur menggunakan metode palpasi menggunakan jari telunjuk dan jari tengah serta dihitung berdasarkan waktu menggunakan stopwatch. Uji Statistik",
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"text": "Shapiro wilk digunakan untuk mengetahui normalitas data. Pengaruh pemberian kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl sebelum dan sesudah intervensi menggunakan uji paired t-test.",
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"text": "menganalisis perbedaan antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok intervensi. Ethical clearance dari Komisi Etik Universitas RespatiYogyakarta telah diperoleh sebelum penelitian dilakukan dengan No 087.2/UNRIYO/PL/IV/2018.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Seluruh subyek yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah atlet Sekolah Sepak Bola Hizbul Wathan (SSB HW) Wates. Tabel 1 menjelaskan mengenai karakteristik subyek seperti usia, berat badan, tinggi badan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT) menurut umur dan aktivitas fisik. Nilai median usia subyek adalah 17 tahun dengan usia maksimal 17 tahun dan minimal 15 tahun. Rerata berat badan subyek 56,96±4,38 kg dengan berat badan maksimal serta minimal masing- masing 66,30 kg dan 49,20 kg. Rerata tinggi badan subyek 165,76±4,73 cm dengan tinggi badan maksimal 174,50 cm serta tinggi badan minimal 159,00 cm. Rerata IMT/U subyek 0,37±0,22 SD dengan nilai IMT/U maksimal 0,76 SD dan nilai IMT/U minimal 0,04 SD. Nilai median aktivitas fisik subyek 1,04 PAL dengan nilai aktivitas fisik maksimal 2,04 PAL dan nilai aktivitas minimal 1,04 PAL. Tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa rerata asupan energi subyek 2286,20±158,55 kkal dengan dengan nilai asupan energi maksimal 2534,00 kkal dan nilai asupan energi minimal 2077,00 kkal. Rerata asupan protein subyek 92,21±8,81 g dengan nilai asupan protein maksimal 109,00 g dan nilai asupan protein",
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"text": "minimal 80,00 g. Rerata asupan lemak subyek 56,28±8,77 g dengan nilai asupan lemak maksimal 69,00 g dan nilai asupan lemak minimal 36,00 g. Nilai median asupan karbohidrat subyek 330,50 g dengan nilai asupan karbohidrat maksimal 545,00 g dan nilai asupan karbohidrat minimal 257,00 g. Rerata asupan cairan subyek 2.792,90±275,86 ml dengan nilai asupan cairan maksimal 3.200,00 ml dan nilai asupan cairan minimal 2.300,00 ml. Tidak ada pengaruh signifikan (p>0,05) pemberian minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl terhadap tekanan darah sistol dan diastol sebelum latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan, dengan signifikansi tekanan darah sistol sebesar p =0,066 dan tekanan darah diastol sebesar p =0,530.",
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"text": "Kelompok kontrol menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan (p>0,05) pemberian minuman kontrol terhadap tekanan darah sistol dan diastol sebelum latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan, dengan signifikansi tekanan darah sistol sebesar p =0,829 dan tekanan darah diastol sebesar p =0,119. Tabel 4 menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan ( p >0,05) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol terhadap tekanan darah sistol dan diastol sebelum latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan. Nilai signifikasi sebelum latihan pada tekanan darah sistol dan diastol sebesar p =0,508 dan p =0,703. Nilai signifikansi 15 menit setelah latihan pada",
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"text": "tekanan darah sistol dan diastol sebesar p =0,161 dan p =0,061. Tabel 5 menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan (p<0,05) pemberian minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl terhadap denyut nadi sebelum latihan, 5 menit setelah latihan, 10 menit setelah latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan, dengan signifikansi denyut nadi sebelum latihan dan 5 menit setelah latihan sebesar p =0,000, denyut nadi 5 menit dan 10 menit setelah latihan sebesar p =0,000 dan denyut nadi 10 menit dan 15 menit setelah latihan sebesar p =0,001. Kelompok kontrol menunjukkan ada pengaruh yang signifikan (p<0,05) pada pemberian minuman kontrol terhadap denyut nadi sebelum latihan, 5 menit setelah latihan, 10 menit setelah latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan, dengan signifikansi denyut nadi sebelum latihan dan 5 menit setelah latihan sebesar p =0,000, denyut nadi 5 menit dan 10 menit setelah latihan sebesar p =0,002 dan denyut nadi 10 menit dan 15 menit setelah latihan sebesar p =0,004.",
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"text": "Tabel 6 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan ( p <0,05) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol terhadap denyut nadi sebelum latihan, 5 menit setelah latihan, 10 menit setelah latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan. Nilai signifikansi denyut nadi sebelum latihan sebesar p =0,007, denyut nadi 5 menit setelah latihan sebesar p =0,004, denyut nadi 10 menit setelah latihan sebesar p =0,000 dan denyut nadi 15 menit setelah",
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"text": "latihan sebesar p =0,001.",
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"text": "Tabel 1 Karakteristik Subyek Penelitian",
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"text": "Karakteristik Subyek N Mean±SD Usia (tahun) 14 17,00 (15,00-17,00)* Berat badan (kg) 14 56,96±4,38 Tinggi badan (cm) 14 165,76±4,73 IMT/U (SD) 14 0,37±0,22 Aktivitas fisik (PAL) 14 1,04 (1,04-2,04) Keterangan: *Median (min-max)",
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"text": "Tabel 2 Kebiasaan Makan Subyek",
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"text": "Asupan Zat Gizi N Mean±SD Energi (kkal) 14 2286,20±158,55 Protein (g) 14 92,21±8,81 Lemak (g) 14 56,28±8,77 Karbohidrat (g) 14 330,50 (257,00-545,00)* Cairan (ml) 14 2792,90±275,86 Keterangan:*Median (min-max)",
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"text": "Tabel 3 Pengaruh Pemberian Minuman pada Kelompok Perlakuan dan Kelompok Kontrol Terhadap Tekanan Darah Kelom pok P1 P2 Mean±SD Mean±SD ∆ P Perlakuan Sistol 132,93±13,01 121,36±15,06 -11,57 0,066* Diastol 82,78±4,85 81,14±7.97 -1,64 0,530* Kontrol Sistol 129,07±17,09 130,04±18,08 0,97 0,829* Diastol 81,35±12,89 88,14±8,37 6,79 0,119* Keterangan:",
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"text": "*tidak signifikansi untuk p >0,05 dengan uji Paired T Test P1: Pengukuran Tekanan Darah Sebelum latihan (mmHg) P2: Pengukuran Tekanan Darah 15 Menit setelah latihan (mmHg)",
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"text": "Perlakuan : Minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl",
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"text": "Tabel 4 Perbedaan Pemberian Minuman pada Kelompok Perlakuan dan Kelompok Kontrol Terhadap Tekanan Darah Kelom pok P1 P2 P3 P4 Perlakuan Kontrol 132,93±13,01 129,07±17,09 82,78±4,85 81,35±12,89 121,36±15,06 130,43±18,08 81,14±7,97 88,14±8,37 ∆ P -3,86 0,508* -1,43 0,703* 9,07 0,161* 7 0,061* Keterangan:",
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"text": "*tidak signifikansi untuk p >0,05 dengan uji Independent T-test P1: Tekanan Darah Sistol Sebelum latihan (mmHg) P2: Tekanan Darah Diastol Sebelum latihan (mmHg) P3: Tekanan Darah Sistol 15 Menit setelah latihan (mmHg) P4: Tekanan Darah Diastol 15 Menit setelah latihan (mmHg) Perlakuan : Minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl Kontrol : Air gula",
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"text": "Tabel 5 Pengaruh Pemberian Minuman pada",
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"text": "Kelompok Perlakuan dan Kelompok Kontrol",
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"text": "Terhadap Denyut Nadi Kelom pok P0 P1 P2 P3 P 1 (0&1) P 2 (1&2) P 3 (2&3)",
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"text": "Perlakuan Kontrol 88,21± 7,70 73,35± 16,69 105,71± 9,79 118,93± 12,33 92,28± 11,30 109,50± 8,72 80,42± 8,41 94,28± 11,73 0,000* 0,000* 0,000* 0,002* 0,001* 0,004* Keterangan: Data dinyatakan dalam mean ± standar deviasi",
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"text": "*Signifikansi untuk p <0,05 dengan uji Paired T Test P0: Pengukuran Denyut Nadi Sebelum latihan (kali/menit) P1: Pengukuran Denyut Nadi 5 Menit setelah latihan (kali/menit) P2: Pengukuran Denyut Nadi 10 Menit setelah latihan (kali/menit) P3: Pengukuran Denyut Nadi 15 Menit setelah latihan (kali/menit) Perlakuan : Minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl Kontrol : Air gula",
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"text": "Kelompok Perlakuan dan Kelompok Kontrol",
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"text": "Terhadap Denyut Nadi",
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"text": "Kelompok P1 P2 P3 P4 Perlakuan 88,21±7,70 105,71±9,79 92,28±11,30 80,42±8,41 Kontrol 73,35±16,69 118,93±12,33 109,50±8,72 94,28±11,7 ∆ -14,86 13,22 17,22 13,86 P 0,007* 0,004* 0,000* 0,001*",
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"text": "Keterangan:",
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"text": "*Signifikansi untuk p <0,05 dengan uji Paired T Test P1: Pengukuran Denyut Nadi Sebelum latihan (kali/menit) P2: Pengukuran Denyut Nadi 5 Menit setelah latihan (kali/menit) P3: Pengukuran Denyut Nadi 10 Menit setelah latihan (kali/menit) P4: Pengukuran Denyut Nadi 15 Menit setelah latihan (kali/menit) Perlakuan : Minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl Kontrol : Air gula",
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"text": "1. Karakteristik Subyek",
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"text": "Karakteristik subyek yang diamati adalah usia, berat badan, tinggi badan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT) menurut umur dan aktivitas fisik. Subyek yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah atlet SSB HW Wates sebanyak 14 orang atlet.",
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini subyek berusia 15 sampai 17 tahun dengan 12 subyek memiliki aktivitas fisik ringan dan dua subyek dengan kategori",
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"text": "Jurnal Gizi Volume 8 No 2 Tahun 2019",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "aktivitas fisik berat.",
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"text": "2. Asupan Subyek Penelitian",
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini, data asupan makan subyek yang dianalisis adalah data kebiasaan makan subyek. Satu hari sebelum intervensi dilakukan wawancara pada subyek menggunakan formulir SQFFQ. Berdasarkan hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa asupan energi, protein, lemak dan cairan subyek terdistribusi normal dan menunjukkan homogenitas subyek berdasarkan asupan energi, protein, lemak dan cairan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis asupan karbohidrat tidak terdistribusi normal dan tidak menunjukkan homogenitas berdasarkan asupan karbohidrat.",
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"text": "3. Pengaruh Pemberian Minuman Kombinasi Sari Kurma dan NaCl terhadap Tekanan Darah",
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"text": "Minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl sebanyak 300 ml dengan frekuensi satu kali pemberian diberikan sebelum subyek melakukan pengukuran tekanan darah. Pengukuran tekanan darah dilakukan dua kali yaitu 15 menit sebelum latihan fisik dan 15 menit setelah latihan fisik. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa",
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"text": "rerata tekanan darah sistol dan diastol 15 menit setelah latihan mengalami penurunan. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan pemberian minuman pada kelompok perlakuan terhadap tekanan darah sistol dan diastol sebelum latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan. Penelitian ini sejalan dengan Afriani (Afriani, 2014) yang menyebutkan bahwa pemberian minuman kombinasi maltodekstrin dan vitamin C sebanyak 300 ml, tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan pada tekanan darah sistol dan diastol pada atlet sepak bola. Hal ini terjadi karena pengaruh situasi lingkungan yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil pengukuran tekanan darah pada atlet terutama karena faktor suhu (Halonen, 2010). Tekanan darah dapat menurun dikarenakan adanya peningkatan suhu tubuh sehingga",
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"text": "keringat yang menyebabkan plasma darah keluar sehingga volume darah menurun. Peningkatan suhu tubuh mengakibatkan kehilangan cairan sebesar 5-6% dari berat badan. Tubuh akan selalu mengupayakan dalam kondisi suhu tubuh normal meskipun sedang dalam kondisi hypertermi . Air merupakan cairan paling baik untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh yang disertai dehidrasi",
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini subyek juga diberikan minuman kontrol yaitu air gula sebanyak 300 ml dengan frekuensi satu kali pemberian. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan pemberian minuman pada kelompok kontrol terhadap tekanan darah sistol dan diastol sebelum latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan. Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian Meludu et al (Meludu, 2005) bahwa tidak ada perubahan yang signifikan pada tekanan darah pada pemberian minuman dengan satu gram glukosa dalam 250 ml air.",
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"text": "statistik menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan ( p >0,05) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol terhadap tekanan darah sistol dan diastol sebelum latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa minuman yang diberikan pada kelompok perlakuan memiliki efek yang sama dengan minuman pada kelompok kontrol. Hal tersebut karena jumlah glukosa pada minuman kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol juga sama, yaitu empat gram glukosa.",
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"text": "mengandung 8% karbohidrat, jumlah tersebut telah sesuai dengan syarat minuman olahraga yang menyatakan bahwa kandungan karbohidrat 6-8% selama latihan atau pertandingan dapat membantu meningkatkan performa atlet dengan menunda kelelahan (Dorfman, 2008). Minuman pada kelompok perlakuan dibuat dengan mempertimbangkan nilai osmolaritas.",
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"text": "NaCl yang digunakan dalam minuman kelompok perlakuan sebanyak 500 mg atau 28,54 mOsm. Konsentrasi natrium 20 sampai 50 mmol/L dapat membantu memulihkan memulihkan volume plasma dan keseimbangan cairan (Koswara, 2009).",
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"text": "4. Pengaruh Pemberian Minuman Kombinasi Sari Kurma dan NaCl terhadap Denyut Nadi",
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini subyek diberikan minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl sebanyak 300 ml sebanyak satu kali per hari. Minuman kombinasi ini mengandung 8% karbohidrat (4,104 g glukosa) dan 500 mg NaCl. SNI 01-4452- 1998 menyebutkan bahwa minuman isotonik harus mengandung gula (minimal 5%) dan mineral (Na maksimal 800-1000 mg/kg). Minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl ini sudah sesuai dengan SNI 01-4452-1998, yaitu karbohidrat yang digunakan 8% dan natrium 500",
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"text": "bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pada pemberian minuman pada kelompok perlakuan terhadap denyut nadi sebelum latihan, lima menit setelah latihan, 10 menit setelah latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan dengan nilai p <0,05. Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian",
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"text": "Saharullah yang menyatakan bahwa pemulihan denyut nadi dengan pemberian minuman isotonik lebih baik daripada pemulihan denyut nadi dengan pemberian air putih pada pemain Hoki FIK UNM. Pemulihan denyut nadi yang lebih baik ini dikarenakan pada larutan glukosa mengandung elektrolit (isotonik) sehingga memudahkan penyerapan oleh usus halus secara difusi aktif daripada air. Glukosa juga berperan dalam meningkatkan reabsorpsi natrium ataupun kebalikannya natrium juga berguna dalam absorpsi glukosa. Minuman isotonik memberikan efek yang lebih cepat dalam pemulihan denyut nadi dikarenakan mudah diserap oleh usus. Hasil penelitian ini juga sejalan dengan penelitian Hidajah yang menyatakan bahwa minuman isotonik dalam kemasan berukuran 250 cc mengandung lebih",
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"text": "dari 5% (110 mg) natrium dapat mempercepat pemulihan denyut nadi dibandingkan minuman isotonik dalam kemasan yang berukuran 350 cc yang mengandung 2% (45 mg) natrium (Hidajah, 2011).",
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"text": "Pada penelitian ini subyek juga diberikan minuman kontrol yaitu air gula sebanyak 300 ml dengan frekuensi satu kali pemberian. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pada pemberian minuman pada kelompok kontrol terhadap denyut nadi sebelum latihan, 5 menit setelah latihan, 10 menit setelah latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan dengan nilai p <0,05. Denyut nadi pada kelompok kontrol mengalami penurunan, tetapi tidak sebanyak denyut nadi pada kelompok perlakuan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kandungan minuman kontrol hanya glukosa saja (4 g atau karbohidrat 8%).",
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"text": "Hal ini berbanding lurus dengan pendapat Irawan mengenai pergantian cairan pada atlet yang berolahraga. Atlet yang melakukan olahraga apabila hanya mengkonsumsi minuman berkarbohidrat dapat menyebabkan hiponatremi. Kondisi hiponatremi ini dikarenakan ketidakseimbangan jumlah air dan natrium. Natrium berfungsi mempercepat proses pemulihan denyut nadi (Irawan, 2007).",
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"text": "terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan ( p <0,05) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol terhadap denyut nadi sebelum latihan, 5 menit setelah latihan, 10 menit setelah latihan dan 15 menit setelah latihan. Minuman pada kelompok perlakuan mengandung 4,104 g glukosa (8% karbohidrat) dan 0,5 g natrium, sedangkan minuman pada kelompok kontrol hanya mengandung 4 g glukosa (8% karbohidrat). Perbedaan minuman pada kedua kelompok tersebut adalah kandungan NaCl yang terdapat pada minuman perlakuan.",
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"text": "Cairan ekstraselular tubuh dapat digantikan oleh kandungan natrium dalam minuman isotonik yang berfungsi mempertahankan keseimbangan air dan asam basa serta sebagai stimulus saraf, kontraksi otot serta membantu pemulihan denyut nadi (Irawan, 2007).",
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"text": "Tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pada pemberian minuman kombinasi sari kurma (Phoenix dactylifera) dan garam NaCl terhadap tekanan darah. Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pada pemberian minuman kombinasi sari kurma",
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"text": "(Phoenix dactylifera) dan garam NaCl tehadap pemulihan denyut nadi.",
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"text": "Diharapkan penelitian selanjutnya melakukan uji kandungan zat gizi pada minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl dan melakukan uji osmolaritas pada minuman kombinasi sari kurma dan garam NaCl.",
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bc2e7316-7472-bd10-eccc-e194b73951fc | https://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/jm/article/download/1129/869 | [
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
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"text": "THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION, WORK DISCIPLINE AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON THE WORK PRODUCTIVITY OF PT PERKEBUNAN MINANGA OGAN EMPLOYEES IN THE REGIONAL OFFICE SECTION",
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"text": "Ratih 1 , Faitullah 2 , Iin Hendrayani 3 , Ahmad Muhammad Ridho 4",
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"text": "Mulia Darma Pratama College of Finance and Banking Academy 2, 3, 4",
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"text": "Abstract: Employee misconduct at PT Minanga Ogan Plantation is evident in the employees' tardiness and mishandling of break time. Additionally, employees' laziness, boredom, and lack of desire cause delays in their work. Increasing staff productivity requires more focus. This study aims to investigate the effects of work environment, work discipline, and motivation on worker productivity at the regional office of PT Minanga Ogan Plantation. 37 respondents made up the study's population, and questionnaire distribution was the method of data collection. Quantitative research methodologies are employed in this study. Descriptive and verification approaches were employed in data analysis techniques. The analysis in this study shows that, in the PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation Regional Office, work environment (X3) has no effect on productivity, whereas motivation (X1) and discipline (X2) each have an impact. At the PT Minanga Ogan Plantation Regional Office, motivation, work discipline, and work environment all contribute 64.9% to employee productivity, according to the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.643. There are additional elements like pay, communication, and training that could affect the remaining 35.1%. To increase productivity, a comprehensive strategy that takes into consideration other variables influencing worker performance is required.",
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"text": "Keywords: MOTIVATION, WORK DISCIPLINE, WORK EMPLOYEE",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Resources are a company's most unique, most vulnerable, purest and most unpredictable asset. Each employee has a different set of backgrounds, which will affect their individual expectations and in turn will affect the dynamics of the relationship between people and the company's organization. The expectations of individuals or groups of employees may be the same, not the same or completely contrary to the expectations of the company. The interaction of these two expectations and goals and their negotiation affects the psychological contract in organizational culture, (Rahmavati 2013) The company is an organization that has a purpose. One of those goals is profit-seeking. These benefits can be achieved if the company's performance is efficient and effective. It can be illustrated by increased productivity (Since 2022).",
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"text": "Employee work productivity for a company is very important as a measure of success in running a business. Because the higher the work productivity of employees in a company, it means that the company's profits will increase. Efforts to increase employee work productivity can be done by providing motivation, compensation, training and facilities that can be used by employees while working (Lestari 2019). Employee work productivity is a very important factor in supporting business success. High productivity will be very beneficial both for the entrepreneur and for his employees, especially for his welfare. Productivity also reflects the work ethic of employees which is also reflected in a good mental attitude. Employers and employees involved in a company must strive to increase their productivity, (Wahyuningsih 2019).",
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"text": "According to (Pandji Anoraga and Janti Soegiastuti. 2000:192-194) Employee Work Productivity factors are Motivation, Education, Work Discipline, Work Ethic Attitude, Skills, Nutrition and Health, Income Level, Work Environment and Work Climate, Technology,",
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
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"text": "Production Facilities, Social Security, Management, Achievement Opportunities. In this study, researchers used motivation, work discipline and work environment as independent variables (X) that affect employee work productivity as dependent variables (Y). these factors are related to phenomena and more specifically with objects in PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation Office Section Regional Office. Work motivation is something that makes the motivation for someone to work (Cahyani, Faitullah, and Hendrayani 2023). According to (Sutrisno 2016), describes discipline as a force that develops in the body of employees and causes employees to conform to the difficulty of decisions, regulations, and high values of work and behavior.",
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"text": "According to (Asmaya 2017) \"The condition of the work environment is the environment in which the employee works. The formation of work ethic, one of which is determined by the conditions of a supportive work environment, will make employees or employees feel comfortable and enthusiastic in carrying out their obligations, while unsupportive work environment conditions will make employees not excited and feel uncomfortable, if so it will directly affect the work ethic of employees\". It can be concluded that good working environment conditions will affect the passion and morale of employees while working (Ramadan, Utari, and Jannah 2023). Minanga Group started operations with the establishment of PT Perkebunan Minanga Ogan in 1981 in Baturaja, South Sumatra, and the company's first factory was built in 1987 located in Lubuk Batang Village, Lubuk Batang District, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. Based on interviews from PT. Minanga ogan plantation, one of the problems faced is that some employees lack work discipline, this is characterized by the frequent employees who arrive late and there are still employees who make mistakes in taking advantage of lunch break time and cause delays in coming back to start work activities such as arriving not on time.",
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"text": "The phenomenon that occurs is less employee motivation, employees are sometimes bored and lazy about their work resulting in the work they do delayed and late, this can be paid more attention to in order to maximize employee performance so that work productivity increases. And as for the close work environment, the distance between the factory and the office that makes noise becomes noisy, and the smell of waste that stings the nose makes the working atmosphere uncomfortable. Previous similar research has been researched by (Assagaf and Dotulong 2015) entitled \" The influence of discipline, motivation and morale on the work productivity of Manado City Regional Revenue Office employees\" This study shows that discipline does not have a significant effect on work productivity, motivation and morale have a significant effect on work productivity. Previous similar studies have been researched by (Taptanzani and Siregar 2022) \"The Effect of Work Environment and Job Satisfaction on Employee Work Productivity at PT. Gold Coin Indonesia Kim II Mabar \"In conclusion, the work environment has no effect and is not significant on employee work productivity, while job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on employee work productivity, and simultaneously the work environment and job satisfaction have a positive and significant effect on employee work productivity. Based on the background above, Researchers are interested in conducting research with the title \"The Effect Of Motivation, Work Discipline and Work Environment on The Work Productivity of Employees of PT Perkebunan Minanga Ogan in The Regional Office Section\"",
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"text": "Research conducted by (OH and Novita 2019) and (Leihitu and Kalangi 2022) The results of motivation research did not have a significant effect on employee productivity. While in research (Purnami and Utama 2019) The results of work motivation research affect employee work productivity.",
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{
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"text": "Research conducted by (Wirayani, Suprihartini, and Kurniawan 2021) shows the results that discipline does not have a significant effect on employee work productivity. While the results of research from (Kustini and Sari 2020) states that work discipline has a positive effect on employee work productivity.",
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"text": "Research conducted by (Taptanzani and Siregar 2022) states that the work environment has no effect on employee work productivity. While in research conducted by (Purnami and Utama 2019) shows that the work environment has a positive and very strong effect on employee work productivity.",
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"text": "To answer the formulation of the first problem, the hypothesis will be formulated as follows: H1 : It is suspected that there is a partial influence of motivation, work discipline and work environment on employee work productivity at PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation.",
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"text": "H2: It is suspected that there is at least one influence of motivation, work discipline and work environment simultaneously on employee work productivity at PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation.",
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"text": "According to (Sunyoto Danang. 2012:11), Motivation is a drive that grows in a person. Both those who come from within and from outside themselves to do a job with high enthusiasm use all the abilities and skills they have to achieve organizational goals.",
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"text": "According to (Wibowo 2011:162), Motivation dimensions and indicators are as follows: 1. Dimensions of the need for achievement, indicators:",
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"text": "a. Work targets",
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"text": "b. Quality of work",
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"text": "c. Responsibility",
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"text": "d. Risk",
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"text": "2. The dimensions of needs expand associations, indicators:",
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"text": "a. Communication",
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"text": "b. Friendship",
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"width": 332,
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"text": "3. The dimensions of the need to master something work, indicators:",
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"text": "a. Leader",
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"text": "b. Company ambassadors",
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"text": "Work discipline is a person's awareness and willingness to obey all company regulations and applicable social norms (Octarine, Warni, and P. 2023). Discipline as an attitude, behavior and actions that are in accordance with the regulations of the company, both written and unwritten. Discipline is an attitude of respect for the rules and regulations of the company, which exists in the employee, which causes him to be able to conform voluntarily to the rules and regulations of the company (Agusria, Nasution, and Puspita 2020)",
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"text": "According to (Sefriady and Iskandar 2018) Dimensions and indicators of labor discipline variables as follows:",
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"text": "1. Dimensions of attendance with indicators: on time, percentage of attendance, provision of working hours.",
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"text": "2. The dimension of creativity with indicators: skillful, innovative.",
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"text": "161",
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"text": "Work Environment (X3)",
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"text": "According to (Wursanto 2009), defining the work environment is everything that concerns the physical and psychological aspects that will directly or indirectly affect employees. According to (Sedarmayanti. 2009:21) The work environment is the entire tool and material faced, the surrounding environment in which a person works, his work methods, and his work arrangements both as individuals and as a group.",
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"text": "According to (Ronal and Hotlin 2019), The work environment in the company is divided into two dimensions, namely:",
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"text": "1. Physical Work Environment Physical work environments are all physical conditions that exist around the workplace and can affect employees. The physical work environment consists of several indicators, namely:",
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"text": "a. Workplace building",
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{
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"top": 244,
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"text": "b. Adequate work equipment",
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{
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"text": "c. Facilities",
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"text": "d. Availability of transportation facilities",
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"text": "2. Non-Physical Work Environment Non-physical work environment is the creation of a harmonious working relationship between employees and superiors. The non-physical work environment consists of several indicators, namely:",
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"text": "a. Co-worker relationships at the same level",
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{
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"text": "b. Relationship between superiors and employees",
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{
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"text": "c. Cooperation between employees",
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"text": "Employee Work Productivity",
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"text": "According to (Sweden 2014:12), Productivity is a measure of the quality and quantity of work done, taking into account the cost of resources used to do the work. Productivity is defined as the level of efficiency in producing goods or services: \"Productivity expresses how to make good use of resources in producing goods\" according to (Sedarmayanti. 2009), to measure work productivity, a dimension and indicator are needed, namely: Efficiency, Effectiveness, Quality. The indicators used in supporting these dimensions are:",
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"text": "1. Efficiency Dimension which consists of four indicators, namely;",
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"text": "a. Working relationship among subordinates",
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{
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"width": 189,
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"text": "b. Working relationship with superiors",
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{
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"text": "c. Health maintenance coverage",
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{
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"width": 152,
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"text": "d. Social security employment",
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{
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"top": 548,
"width": 341,
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"text": "2. Effectiveness Dimension which consists of two indicators, namely;",
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{
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"text": "a. Work ethic",
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{
"left": 86,
"top": 576,
"width": 92,
"height": 11,
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"text": "b. Work discipline",
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{
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"top": 589,
"width": 312,
"height": 11,
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"text": "3. Quality Dimension which consists of two indicators, namely;",
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{
"left": 86,
"top": 603,
"width": 42,
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"text": "a. Skills",
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{
"left": 86,
"top": 617,
"width": 97,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "b. Work experience",
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{
"left": 50,
"top": 645,
"width": 83,
"height": 11,
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"text": "Locus Research",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 658,
"width": 485,
"height": 39,
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"text": "The locus in this study is PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation Located in Village, JL. Raya Prabumulih-Baturaja, Tanjong Dalam, Lubuk Batang, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra 32121",
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"text": "Object of Research",
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"top": 727,
"width": 436,
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"text": "The object of this study is employees of PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation in Regional Office",
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"text": "Research Population",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 769,
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"text": "In this study, the population is employees of PT. Minanga Ogan plantation in the Regional",
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
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{
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"top": 39,
"width": 212,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Available online http://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/jm",
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{
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"text": "162",
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{
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"text": "Office.",
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"text": "Research Sample",
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{
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"top": 120,
"width": 486,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "The samples taken in this study were employees of PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation in the Regional Office located in the Village, JL. Raya Prabumulih-Baturaja, Tanjong Dalam, Lubuk Batang, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra 32121 with 37 employees. The reason for using saturated samples is because it only uses a portion of the permanent employee population in regional offices",
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"text": "Research Methods",
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{
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"top": 217,
"width": 486,
"height": 38,
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"text": "The method used in this study is a quantitative method, which is a method that starts with collecting data, recording data, clarifying data and analyzing based on problems that have been formulated and then drawing conclusions.",
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"text": "Data Analysis Methods",
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{
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"top": 286,
"width": 486,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "The data analysis methods used in this study are descriptive and verifiative methods. The researcher will describe the condition of the respondent and the frequency of respondents' answers. The collected data is then carried out validity tests, reliability tests, normality tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t tests (partial tests), F tests (simultaneous tests) and coefficient determination (R2).",
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"text": "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Validity Test",
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"text": "The validity test is to determine the feasibility of items in a list of statements with variables. This test is carried out to measure the data that has been obtained after the study. Validity relates to the accuracy of measuring instruments doing their job of achieving their goals. The data obtained through the questionnaire can answer the purpose of the study. To obtain directed results with the following criteria: If rcalculate > rtabel, then the statement is declared valid, if rcalculate < rtabel, then the statement is declared invalid.",
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"text": "Table I R calculate > r table, Valid",
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{
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"text": "No Variable R calculate r table Information 1 Motivation(X 1 ) Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 Statement 4 Statement 5 0,578 0,523 0,633 0,703 0,634 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid 2 Work Discipline (X2) Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 Statement 4 Statement 5 0,759 0,761 0,758 0,841 0,660 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid 3 Work Environment (X3) Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 Statement 4 0,474 0,790 0,618 0,813 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid",
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 319,
"top": 39,
"width": 212,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Available online http://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/jm",
"type": "Page header"
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"top": 796,
"width": 19,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "163",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 79,
"width": 399,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "No Variable R calculate r table Information Statement 5 0,731 0,3160 rcount > rtable Valid 4 Employees Work Productivity (Y) Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 3 Statement 4 Statement 5 0,790 0,485 0,720 0,763 0,624 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 0,3160 rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid rcount > rtable Valid",
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"text": "Source: Processing data using SPSS 22",
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"text": "Based on the table above, it can be known the comparison between the calculated and rtable values of each statement statement. The value of rtable is found at a significance of 0.05 with a 2- sided test and the amount of data (N) = 37, then the rtable is 0.3160 (see appendix to table r) . Because all statement statements on each variable have a calculated value greater than rtable, which is 0.3160, so it can be said that all instrument statements are valid.",
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"text": "Reliability Test",
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"text": "Reliability tests are used to show the consistency of respondents' answers to statements contained in questionnaires where validity has been tested. An instrument used in a variable is reliable if it has a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of more than 0.60.",
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"text": "Table 2 Reliable",
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"text": "No. Variabel Cronbach Alpha Information 1. Motivation(X 1 ) 0,591 Reliable 2. Work Discipline (X 2 ) 0,809 Reliable 3. Work Environment (X 3 ) 0,727 Reliable 4. Employee’s Work Productivity (Y) 0,708 Reliable",
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"top": 467,
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"text": "Source: Processing data using SPSS 22",
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"text": "Based on the table above, the reliability test results can be seen that the variables Motivation (X1), Work Discipline (X2), Work Environment (X3), and Employee Work Productivity (Y) have a value greater than 0.60. The variables of Work Discipline, Work Environment and Work Productivity of the employee are said to be reliable to be used as a measuring instrument, because the Cronbach Alpha value is greater than 0.60. While the Motivation variable is not reliable because the Cronbach Alpha value is smaller than 0.60.",
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"text": "Normality Test",
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"text": "c. Lilliefors Significance Correction.",
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"text": "One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Unstandardized Residual N 37 Normal Parameters a,b Mean .0000000 Std. Deviation .90271834 Most Extreme Differences Absolute .129 Positive .113 Negative -.129 Test Statistic .129",
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"top": 39,
"width": 212,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Available online http://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/jm",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 283,
"top": 809,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "164",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 82,
"top": 80,
"width": 417,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .121 c",
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"text": "a. Test distribution is Normal.",
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"text": "b. Calculated from data.",
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"text": "c. Lilliefors Significance Correction. Source: Processing data using SPSS 22",
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"text": "Based on the table above, it is known that the significance value of Asiymp.Sig (2-tailed) of 0.121 is greater than 0.05. Then according to the basis of decision-making in the Kolmogrov- Smirnov normality test above, it can be concluded that the data are normally distributed.",
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"text": "Multiple Linear Regression Analysis",
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"top": 240,
"width": 484,
"height": 39,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "After testing the data collection tool, then testing using multiple linear regression is carried out to explain how the relationship of the independent variable to the dependent variable. The results of data processing can be seen in the following table.",
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"text": "Table 4",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 310,
"width": 218,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "a. Dependent Variable: work productivity",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 324,
"width": 445,
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"text": "Coefficients a Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 5.423 2.668 2.033 .050 motivation .405 .139 .416 2.917 .006 Work discipline .352 .106 .450 3.310 .002 Work environment .032 .103 .037 .314 .755 a. Dependent Variable: work productivity",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "Source: Processing data using SPSS 22",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "From the results of the table above in the form of unstandardized coefficients beta, the regression equation is obtained as follows:",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + e Y = 5.423+ 0,405X1 + 0,352X2 + 0,032X3 + e",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 50,
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"text": "Where:",
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"text": "And : Employee Work Productivity a : Constant B1,B2,B3 : Regression Coefficient X1 : Motivation X2 : Work Discipline X3 : Work Environment e : error",
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"text": "The multiple linear regression equation above can be explained as follows:",
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"text": "1. A constant of; 5,423 meaning if Motivation(X1), Work Discipline (X2), and Work Environment (X3) the value is 0, then Employee Work Productivity (Y) its value 5,423.",
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
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"text": "Available online http://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/jm",
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"text": "165",
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"text": "2. Variable regression coefficient Motivation (X1) with value 0,405 That is, if Motivation Increased by one unit, then Employee Work Productivity (Y) will see an increase of 0.405 assuming the other independent variable (X) the value is fixed. Value coefficient Positive Means relationship occurs Positive between Employee Work Productivity with Motivation.",
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"text": "3. The regression coefficient of the Work Discipline variable (X2) with a value of 0.352 means if Work Discipline experienced an increase of one unit, then Employee Work Productivity (Y) will experience increase by 0,352 assuming the other independent variable (X) the value is fixed. Coefficient Positive value occurs Positive relationship between Work Discipline with Employee Work Productivity.",
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"text": "4. Variable regression coefficient Work Environment (X3) with value; 0,032 That is, if Work Environment experienced an increase of one unit, then Work Productivity of Karja Employees (Y) will increased by 0.032 assuming the other independent variable (X) value remain. Negative coefficient means that there is a negative relationship between Work Environment with Employee Work Productivity.",
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"text": "Partial Testing (Test t)",
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"text": "a. Dependent Variable: work productivity (X2), and Work Environment (X3) partially have a significant influence on the variables tied to Employee Work Productivity (Y) at PT. Minanga Plantation tcalculate (-2.034 ≤ 0.314 < 2.034) and a significant value of 0.755 > 0.05, then the alternative hypothesis is rejected and the null hypothesis is accepted which means stating that the Work Environment (X 3 ) has no effect on Employee Work Productivity (Y).",
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"text": "TABLE 5 PARTIAL TEST RESULT (T TEST)",
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"text": "COEFFICIENTS A",
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"text": "VARIABLE CALCULATED VALUE",
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"text": "RTABLE VALUE",
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"text": "INFORMAT ION 1 0.578 0.3160 RCALCULATE > RTABEL,VALID 0.759 0.3160 RCALCULATE > RTABEL,VALI D 3 0.474 0.3160 4 EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVIT Y (Y) 0.790 0.3160 RCALCUL ATE > RTABEL,V ALID .006 WORK DISCIPLINE .352 .106 .450 3.310 .002 WORK ENVIRONMENT .032 .103 NO. VARIABLE CRONBAC H ALPHA",
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"text": "INFORMATION",
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"text": "Source: Processing data using SPSS 22",
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"text": "Decision making criteria: Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected if -ttabel ≤ tcalculate ≤ ttabel Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected if tcount <- ttabel or tcount ≥ ttabel",
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"text": "1. Motivational Variables",
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"text": "The test results obtained t count of 2.917 with a significant value of 0.006. With an error rate of 0.05 with (df = n – k) or (37 – 4 = 33), we get a table t value of ± 2.034 (see appendix to table t),",
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 212,
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"text": "Available online http://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/jm",
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"text": "166",
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"text": "so the calculated t value (2.917) > table (2.034) and a significant value of 0.006 < 0.05, then the alternative hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected which means stating that Motivation (X 1 ) has a positive effect on employee work productivity (Y). 2. Work Discipline Variables",
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"text": "The test results obtained t count of 3.310 with a significant value of 0.002. With an error rate of 0.05 with (df = n – k) or (37 – 4 = 33), a ttable value of ± 2.034 (see appendix to table t), so the calculated value (3.310) > table (2.034) and a significant value of 0.002 < 0.05, then the alternative hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected which means stating that Work Discipline (X2) has a positive effect on employee work productivity (Y).",
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"text": "3. Work Environment Variables",
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"top": 217,
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"text": "The test results obtained t count of 0.314 with a significant value of 0.755 With an error rate of 0.05 with (df = n – k) or (37 – 4 = 33), obtained a table t value of ± 2.034 (see appendix to table t), so the value",
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"text": "Simultaneous Testing (Test F)",
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"text": "b. Predictors: (Constant), work environment, work discipline, motivation",
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"text": "Table 6 ANOVA a Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regressio n 52.934 3 17.645 19.848 .000 b Residual 29.336 33 .889 Total 82.270 36 a. Dependent Variable: work productivity b. Predictors: (Constant), work environment, work discipline, motivation",
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"text": "Source: Processing data using SPSS 22",
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"text": "Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected if Fcalculate ≤ Ftable 2.89 Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected if Fcalculate > Ftable 2.89",
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"text": "Based on the results of the F test in the table obtained Fcalculate of 19.848 with a significant value level of 0.000 with an error rate of 0.05 with df 1 (number of variables 1) or 4 – 1 = 3, and df 2 (n – k -1) or 37 – 3 -1 = 33 (n is the number of cases and k is the number of independent variables), the results obtained for the Ftable are 2.89. So the conclusion can be Fcalculate > Ftable (19.848> 2.89), sig 0.000 < 0.05 so the null hypothesis is rejected it can be concluded that there is at least one independent variable: Motivation (X1), Work Discipline (X2), and Work Environment (X3) affect the Work Productivity of Employees (Y) PT. Minaanga Plantation Ogan Regional Office Section .",
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"text": "Coefficient of Determination (R2)",
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"width": 482,
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"text": "This coefficient of determination is used to determine how much influence the independent variables have on the dependent variable. The value of the coefficient of determination for independent variables of more than two is used Adjusted R Square as follows.",
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"top": 39,
"width": 212,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Available online http://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/jm",
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"text": "Table 7 coefficient of determination Model Summary b Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .802 a .643 .611 .943",
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"text": "a. Predictors: (Constant), work environment, work discipline, motivation",
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"text": "b. Dependent Variable: work productivity Source: Processing data using SPSS 22",
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"text": "The coefficient of determination value test aims to show the percentage of the correctness of the prediction from the regression tester performed, the greater the Adjusted R square , the greater the variation of the variable can be explained by the independent variable. The coefficient of determination of Adjusted R Square obtained is 0.611 (61.1%) means that the variables Motivation (X1), Work Discipline (X2), and Employee Work Environment (X3) explain productivity (Y) by 61.1% while the remaining 38.9% (100% – 61.1%) can be explained by other variables that were not studied in this study and can then be further investigated by other researchers.",
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"text": "Discussion of Research Results",
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"text": "1. The Effect of Motivation (X1) on Employee Work Productivity (Y)",
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"text": "The results showed that the test result variable was obtained tcount of 2.917 with a significant value of 0.006. With an error rate of 0.05 with (df = n – k) or (37 – 4 = 33), we get a table t value of 2.028 (see the appendix to the table t), so the calculated t value (2.917) > table (2.034) and a significant value of 0.006 < 0.05, then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected which means stating that Motivation (X1) has a positive effect on Employee Work Productivity (Y). Motivation can be interpreted as a motivating force that causes people to do something or who are done because of fear of something. To achieve maximum work productivity, organizations must ensure the selection of the right people, with the right work and conditions that allow them to work optimally Motivation can be defined as a mental state that encourages activity and energizes that leads to achieving needs, providing satisfaction or reducing imbalances. It can be concluded that there is no motivation if it is not felt. the existence of needs and satisfaction and imbalances. Stimulation of such things will foster motivation, and motivation that has grown will be the impetus to achieve the goal of meeting needs and achieving balance (Sedarmayanti. 2018:66). Results of research conducted by (Senen 2008) Motivation affects Employee Work Productivity. This is in accordance with research conducted by (Lestari 2019), motivation affects employee work productivity, this is because motivation will provide inspiration, encouragement, morale for employees so that a good cooperative relationship is established between employees and leaders so that company goals can be achieved optimally. This motivation is very important because of the work motivation that is expected by every employee to work hard and enthusiastically to achieve high work productivity.",
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"text": "2. The Effect of Work Discipline (X2) on Employee Work Productivity (Y)",
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{
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"width": 485,
"height": 112,
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"text": "The test results obtained a tcount of 3.445 with a significant value of 0.002. With an error rate of 0.05 with (df = n – k) or (37 – 4 = 33), we get a table t value of 2.034 (see the appendix to the table t), so the calculated value (3.310) > table (2.034) and a significant value of 0.002 < 0.05, then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected which means stating that Work Discipline (X2) has a positive effect on Employee Work Productivity (Y). With discipline, productivity will increase. Employee discipline plays a dominant, cursive, and critical role in all efforts to increase employee productivity. Work discipline is a driving tool for employees. In order for every job to run smoothly, it must be tried so that there is good discipline (Sutrisno 2019). Results of research conducted by (Santoni and Suana 2018) Work Discipline affects Employee Work Productivity. This",
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"text": "Jurnal Manajemen, Volume 12 No 2, April 2024",
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"text": "Available online http://jurnal.unpal.ac.id/index.php/jm",
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"text": "is in accordance with research conducted by (Student in 2017), With discipline, productivity will increase. Employee discipline plays a dominant, crucial, and critical role in the overall effort to increase work productivity in employees. Employee work discipline is very important. Work discipline is something that must be instilled in every employee, because this will involve the moral responsibility of the employee on his duty.",
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"text": "3. The effect of the employee work environment (X3) on employee work productivity (Y)",
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"text": "The test obtained a tcount of 0.314 with a significant value of 0.755 With an error rate of 0.05 with (df = n – k) or (37 – 4 = 33), a table t value of 2.034 (see the appendix to the t table), so the calculated t value (-2.034) ≤ 0.314 < 2.034) and a significant value of 0.755 > 0.05, then Ha was rejected and Ho was accepted which means stating that the Employee Work Environment (X3) has no effect on Employee Work Productivity (Y). Revealing one of the factors that affect work productivity is the work environment. A comfortable or conducive work environment such as a clean workspace, good layout and beautiful colors, sufficient air circulation, adequate lighting, away from noise that interferes with work concentration, good security and a sense of togetherness between leaders and employees, and employees with fellow employees or colleagues are highly expected in doing their work so that what is produced is in accordance with what is expected (Sedarmayanti. 2004:12). Research Results (Hartanti, Operations, and Work 2022), Work Environment Does Not Affect Employee Work Productivity. This is in accordance with research conducted by (Kristina 2012), the company needs to foster good cooperation among fellow employees in order to create a good, safe, peaceful and pleasant work environment so that what is the company's goal can be realized in accordance with the plan that has been set. A good working atmosphere will encourage the creation of high work enthusiasm and production can run smoothly so that work productivity can be increased. The influence of motivation (X1), work discipline (X2), and work environment (X3) simultaneously on employee work productivity (Y) at PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation Office Section Regional Office .",
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"text": "Based on the results of the F test in the table, Fcalculate is 19.848 with a significant value level of 0.000. Therefore the value is significantly smaller than (0.000 < 0.05) so the null hypothesis rejected can be concluded that there is at least one independent variable: motivation (X1), work discipline (X2), and employee work environment (X3) affect employee work productivity at PT. Minanga Plantation Ogan Regional Office Section. The results of this study are consistent with a number of previous studies, where the study showed that variables of training knowledge, motivation, and work ethics are known to affect employee work performance. Therefore it can be said that motivation (X1), work discipline (X2) and work environment (X3) simultaneously affect employee work productivity (Y).",
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"text": "CONCLUSION AND ADVICE",
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"text": "Based on research analysis at PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation Regional Office Section, it is concluded that Motivation, Work Discipline, and Work Environment together have a significant effect on Employee Work Productivity. Although all these variables have important contributions, Work Discipline is the most dominant factor in increasing productivity. The coefficient of determination shows that about 64.9% of the variation in work productivity can be explained by these three variables, while the rest is influenced by other factors not examined in the study.",
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"text": "Based on the results of the analysis and discussion described in the previous chapter, this study can provide suggestions so that PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation so that in the future more attention will be paid to employee motivation related to their work to be in accordance with the main duties of each employee, work discipline to always control the work of employees to be more effective at work and the Work Environment To always be maintained, this is expected to be applied to the Regional Office at PT. Minanga Ogan Plantation so that the strength of adaptive attitude, motivation, discipline and environment in employees can be managed correctly so that employee productivity is better.",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 50,
"top": 105,
"width": 486,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Agusria, L., Nasution, Z., &; Puspita, E. (2020). The Influence Of Leadership, Motivation And Work Discipline On Employee Performance Pt. Prisma Cipta Mandiri Sungai Bungur Estate, East Kikim District, Lahat Regency. BRIDGE (Journal of Economics, Management, Business, Auditing, and Accounting), 5(1), 55-67.",
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"left": 50,
"top": 160,
"width": 486,
"height": 39,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
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7dfd4267-0aaf-f655-3368-3074373d7654 | https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/jseb/article/download/5058/8907 | [
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"text": "JURNAL ILMIAH SOSIO-EKONOMIKA BISNIS",
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"text": "ISSN: 1412-8241 (p); 2621-1246 (e), Volume 20. no (2) 2017 DOI: doi.org/10.22437/jiseb.v20i2",
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"text": "Analisis Nilai Tambah Pengolahan Lateks Menjadi Sheet Angin Di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi (Studi Kasus Pada Kelompok Tani Sejahtera Bersama Desa Muhajirin Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota)",
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"text": "Riri Elisa Hutagalung 1) Elwamendri 2) dan Zakky Fathoni 2)",
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"text": "1) Alumni Jurusan/Program Studi Agribisnis Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jambi,",
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"text": "2) Staf Pengajar Jurusan/Program Studi Agribisnis Fakultas Petanian Universitas Jambi.",
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"text": "Email : [email protected]",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
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"left": 71,
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"width": 459,
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui gambaran umum pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin (2) mengetahui besarnya pendapatan usahatani karet yang memproduksi lump dan (3) mengetahui besarnya nilai tambah yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Metode deskriptif digunakan untuk menceritakan gambaran umum pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin. Metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk analisis pendapatan dari usahatani karet dan untuk nilai tambah digunakan tabel bantu analisis nilai tambah modifikasi metode Hayami. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) kegiatan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin dimulai dari kegiatan penyiapan bahan baku sampai pengeringan (2) rata-rata pendapatan yang diterima petani adalah sebesar Rp. 6.036.152,90 /ha/tahun (3) rata-rata nilai tambah yang diperoleh dari kegiatan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin adalah sebesar Rp. 1.778,00 per proses produksinya. Dari analisis marjin nilai tambah diketahui bahwa balas jasa terhadap faktor produksi, paling besar diterima oleh sumbangan input lain sebesar 46,97% dan pendapatan sebesar 34,99 % sementara keuntungan adalah 18,04 %. Dari hasil penelitian dan analisis data yang dilakukan, kegiatan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin layak dikembangkan karena dengan produksi yang besar maka akan diperoleh tambahan pendapatan oleh petani karet yang melakukan kegiatan pengolahan ini serta memiliki nilai tambah yang tinggi dari produknya.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Sheet Angin, Usahatani Karet, Nilai Tambah",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"text": "This study aims to (1) know the general picture of Latex Processing to be “sheet angin”, (2) to determine the magnitude of Rubber Lump Processing Farm income, and (3) to determine the magnitude of value-added that produced by processing latex to be “ Sheet Angin”. Data analysis method that used in this research is Quantitative Descrpitive Method. Descrptive method is used to give the general picture of latex processing to be “sheet angin”. The quantitative method is used to analyze the income of rubber farmer and Hayami Method auxiliary table modificatioin is used for the analysis of value-added. The result of the research showed that (1) the processing latex to be “Sheet Angin” activities are starting from the preparation of raw material until the drying process (2) the average income that farmer received is Rp. 6.036.152,90 /ha/year, and (3) the average Value-added that received from latex processing to be “Sheet Angin” is Rp. 1.778,00 per production process. From value-added margin analysis note that the remuneration of production factor is most received by contribution of other input with 46,97 % and labor income with 34,99 % while the profit amount was 18,04 %. From research result and data analisys which is conducted, processing latex to be “sheet angin” is worth to develop because with large production will be obtained additional income by rubber farmer who’s doing this processing activity and also have high value added from the product.",
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"text": "Keywords : Sheet Angin, Rubber Farming , Value Added",
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"width": 219,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "JURNAL ILMIAH SOSIO-EKONOMIKA BISNIS",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 71,
"top": 50,
"width": 279,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ISSN: 1412-8241 (p); 2621-1246 (e), Volume 20. no (2) 2017 DOI: doi.org/10.22437/jiseb.v20i2",
"type": "Text"
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"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1",
"type": "Page header"
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 71,
"top": 111,
"width": 457,
"height": 164,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Karet alam di Indonesia merupakan salah satu komoditas penting perkebunan selain kelapa sawit dan teh, baik sebagai sumber devisa, kesempatan kerja dan pendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi sentra-sentra baru di wilayah sekitar perkebunan karet maupun pelestarian lingkungan dan sumberdaya hayati. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh jumlah petani yang terlibat dalam usaha karet alam mencapai 1,907 juta kepala keluarga, sehingga banyak penduduk menggantungkan hidup dari tanaman ini (Dirjen Perkebunan, 2006). Provinsi Jambi merupakan salah satu Provinsi penghasil karet utama nasional disamping Provinsi lainnya. Dimana Karet merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan Provinsi Jambi yang telah diusahakan pada tingkat perkebunan karet rakyat sejak lebih dari seratus tahun yang lalu dan memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan petani di Provinsi Jambi (Napitupulu, Dkk 2014). Pada tahun 2013 Provinsi Jambi tercatat mengekspor karet sejumlah 198.148,58 ton dengan perolehan devisa sebesar US $ 502.443.844,28 dan pada tahun 2011 menjadi kontributor utama terhadap perolehan devisa negara dari Provinsi Jambi dengan total ekspor 238.965,72 ton dengan perolehan devisa sebesar US $ 1.111.721.556,82 (BPS, 2012).",
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"top": 276,
"width": 457,
"height": 176,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Saat ini permasalahan yang muncul bagi petani karet adalah rendahnya harga jual bahan olah karet di tingkat petani yang disebabkan oleh lemahnya posisi petani dalam hal tawar menawar menjadikan petani hanya sebagai pihak yang menerima harga saja ( pricetaker ) selain itu rendahnya harga bahan olah karet tidak terlepas dari bentuk pasar dalam pemasaran karet di tingkat petani merupakan bentuk pasar yang oligopsoni , serta minimnya sarana pengukuran mutu bokar di lapangan menyebabkan sulitnya menentukan mutu bokar yang sebenarnya. Rendahnya harga bokar yang diterima oleh petani mendorong petani untuk melakukan kegiatan perubahan bentuk produksi yaitu dalam bentuk sheet angin. Dimana Kelompok Tani Sejahtera Bersama, merupakan kelompok tani yang telah melakukan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin. Keunggulan dari sheet angin ini adalah memiliki harga jual yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan bokar dalam bentuk lump dimana harga sheet angin ini adalah Rp. 25.000 per kilogram sementara harga lump yang diterima oleh anggota kelompok tani sejahtera bersama adalah kisaran harga Rp. 7.700 - Rp. 7.900 per kilogram sedangkan kelemahannya berasal dari kegiatan pengolahan yang belum rutin dilakukan karena kesibukan dari anggota kelompok tani yang melakukan pengolahan sheet angin ini.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 176,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Lamanya proses perputaran uang saat melakukan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin menyebabkan anggota Kelompok Tani belum mau melakukan kegiatan pengolahan karena untuk menghasilkan lateks menjadi sheet angin dibutuhkan masa pengolahan minimal 8 hari, sedangkan untuk menghasilkan lateks dalam bentuk lump hanya diperlukan waktu 2 hari, sehingga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari anggota kelompok tani lebih memilih menjual bokarnya dalam bentuk lump karena perputaran uangnya lebih cepat. Dalam proses pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin, kelompok tani ini masih menggunakan alat tradisional seperti mesin penggiling manual. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) Untuk mengetahui bagaimana gambaran umum pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin pada anggota Kelompok Tani Sejahtera Bersama Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota Kabupaten Muaro Jambi 2) Untuk mengetahui berapa besarnya pendapatan usahatani karet yang memproduksi lump setiap anggota Kelompok Tani Sejahtera Bersama Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota Kabupaten Muaro Jambi 3) Untuk mengetahui besarnya nilai tambah yang dihasilkan dari proses pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin pada anggota Kelompok Tani Sejahtera Bersama Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota Kabupaten Muaro Jambi.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"top": 678,
"width": 457,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Penelitian yang dilakukan ini merupakan studi kasus pada Kelompok Tani Sejahtera Bersama. Pemilihan Kelompok Tani Sejahtera Bersama ini dilakukan secara sengaja ( purposive ) dengan pertimbangan bahwa di Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota ini terdapat anggota Kelompok Tani yang memproduksi sheet angin. Penelitian ini dibatasi pada penciptaan nilai tambah pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan bentuk ( form utility ), memindah tempat ( place utility ), maupun menyimpan ( storage utility ).",
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"text": "2",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan cara sensus sehingga diperoleh 26 anggota Kelompok Tani Sejahtera Bersama sebagai sampel. Dimana 1 anggota kelompok tani dijadikan sampel untuk mengetahui besarnya nilai tambah pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin dan 26 anggota kelompok tani dijadikan sampel untuk mengetahui besarnya pendapatan dari usahatani karet yang menghasilkan lump. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis Deskriptif Kuantitatif. Analisis deskriptif dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran umum kegiatan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin. Untuk analisis nilai tambah digunakan metode analisis menggunakan tabel bantu analisis metode Hayami serta program bantu Microsoft Excel. Data kuantitatif yang disajikan dalam bentuk tabulasi ini kemudian diinterpretasikan.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 200,
"width": 457,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Untuk mengetahui besarnya nilai tambah dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan Tabel bantu analisis nilai tambah metode Hayami. Kerangka analisis nilai tambah metode Hayami dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1.",
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"top": 251,
"width": 383,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 1. Kerangka Analisis Perhitungan Nilai Tambah Menurut Metode Hayami",
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"left": 77,
"top": 263,
"width": 376,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "No Variabel Nilai 1 Output, Input Dan Harga 1. Output (Kg/Proses Produksi)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 302,
"width": 175,
"height": 12,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Bahan Baku (Kg/ Proses Produksi)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 315,
"width": 180,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Tenaga Kerja (Rp/ Proses Produksi)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 327,
"width": 95,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Faktor Konversi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 340,
"width": 172,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5. Koefisien Tenaga Kerja Langsung",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 353,
"width": 120,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "6. Harga Output (Rp/Kg)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 365,
"width": 246,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "7. Upah Rata-Rata tenaga kerja (Rp/ proses produksi)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 77,
"top": 289,
"width": 387,
"height": 101,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a b c d = a/b e = c/b f g 2 Pendapatan dan Keuntungan",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 390,
"width": 202,
"height": 12,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "8. Harga Bahan Baku (Rp/ proses produksi)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 403,
"width": 220,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "9. Sumbangan Input Lain (Rp/ proses produksi)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 416,
"width": 203,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "10. Nilai Output (4x6) (Rp/ proses produksi)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 429,
"width": 146,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "11. a. Nilai Tambah (10 – 9 – 8)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 441,
"width": 245,
"height": 63,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Rasio Nilai Tambah (11.a/10) x 100 %) 12. a. Imbalan Tenaga kerja (5x7)(Rp/proses produksi) b. Bagian Tenaga Kerja (12.a/11.a) x 100%) 13. a. Keuntungan (11.a – 12.a)(Rp/proses produksi) b. Tingkat Keuntungan (13.a/10) x 100%)",
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},
{
"left": 428,
"top": 390,
"width": 38,
"height": 38,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "h i j = d x f",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 428,
"top": 429,
"width": 74,
"height": 50,
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"text": "k = j – h – i l = k/j x 100% m = e x g n = m/k x 100%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 428,
"top": 479,
"width": 68,
"height": 25,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "o = k – m p = o/j x 100%",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 77,
"top": 504,
"width": 214,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3 Balas Jasa Terhadap Faktor Produksi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 517,
"width": 223,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "14. Margin (10-8)(Rp/proses produksi) a. Pendapatan Tenaga Kerja (12.a/14) x 100%) b. Sumbangan Input Lain (9/14) x 100%)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 109,
"top": 555,
"width": 217,
"height": 12,
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"text": "c. Keuntungan Perusahaan (13.a/14) x 100%)",
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{
"left": 428,
"top": 517,
"width": 72,
"height": 25,
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"text": "q = j – h r = m/q x 100%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 428,
"top": 542,
"width": 71,
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"text": "s = r/q x 100% t = o/q x 100 %",
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},
{
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"top": 581,
"width": 457,
"height": 24,
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"text": "Untuk menghitung pendapatan usahatani karet anggota kelompok tani sejahtera bersama dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus :",
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"text": "Pd = TR – TC",
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"top": 644,
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"text": "Dimana : Pd",
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{
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"text": "= Pendapatan dari Usahatani TR = Total Penerimaan dari Usahatani",
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},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 682,
"width": 206,
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"text": "TC = Total Biaya/ Pengeluaran Usahatani",
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{
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"text": "Untuk menghitung jumlah penerimaan yang diterima petani dari usahatani karet adalah dengan mengalikan jumlah produksi dengan harga jual.",
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},
{
"left": 100,
"top": 745,
"width": 53,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "TR = P.Q",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 519,
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"width": 5,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "3",
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{
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"top": 86,
"width": 46,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dimana :",
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"text": "TR = Total penerimaan dari usahatani karet,",
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{
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"top": 111,
"width": 241,
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"text": "P = Harga per satuan produksi yang dihasilkan,",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 124,
"width": 193,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Q = Jumlah produksi yang dihasilkan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Sedangkan untuk total biaya secara matematis dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :",
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{
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"text": "TC = FC + VC",
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},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 200,
"width": 46,
"height": 12,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dimana :",
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{
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"text": "TC",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 212,
"width": 117,
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"text": "= Total biaya usahatani,",
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{
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"text": "FC",
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},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 225,
"width": 129,
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"text": "= Biaya Tetap (fixed cost),",
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"text": "VC = Biaya variabel (variable cost)",
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 50,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Uji-t satu sampel menentukan apakah mean sampel berbeda secara statistik terhadap mean populasi berdasarkan hipotesis yang diketahui. Uji-t satu sampel merupakan uji parametrik. Pada uji-t satu sampel, variabel uji dibandingkan terhadap nilai uji yang diketahui atau nilai hipotesis dari mean populasi yang diketahui. Nilai t hitung dapat diperoleh dengan rumus sebagai berikut :",
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{
"left": 275,
"top": 324,
"width": 46,
"height": 21,
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"text": "𝑡 = 𝑥¯ − µ",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 295,
"top": 341,
"width": 24,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "𝑠/ 𝑛",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 354,
"width": 43,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dimana :",
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"width": 112,
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"text": "t = t hitung x ̄ = mean n = ukuran sampel",
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},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 405,
"width": 116,
"height": 12,
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"text": "s = standar deviasi",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 430,
"width": 457,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Nilai t hitung kemudian dibandingkan dengan nilai kritik t tabel dari tabel distribusi t dengan derajat bebas (df) = n – 1 dan selang kepercayaan yang ditentukan, jika t hitung > t tabel , maka kita menemukan cukup bukti untuk menolak hipotesis.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 481,
"width": 50,
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"text": "t hitung > t tabel",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 481,
"width": 154,
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"text": "Tolak H 0 t hitung ≤ t tabel Terima H 1",
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},
{
"left": 71,
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"width": 376,
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"text": "H 0 = Pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin memiliki nilai tambah lebih kecil dari 0 H 1 = Pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin memiliki nilai tambah lebih besar dari 0",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 557,
"width": 144,
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 582,
"width": 163,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Produksi Usahatani Karet Rakyat",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 595,
"width": 457,
"height": 100,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut Mubyarto (2006), besarnya produksi akan menentukan besarnya kesempatan ekonomi yang diterima petani. Apabila tingkat produksi yang diperoleh petani banyak, arus kesempatan ekonomi yang akan diperoleh cukup besar dan sebaliknya. Rata-rata produksi yang diperoleh petani responden adalah sebesar 1.054,71 kg/ha/tahun dengan rata-rata luas sadapan 2,47 Ha per petani. Dimana produksi lump per tahun terbanyak untuk petani responden yaitu antara 894 – 997 kg/ha/tahun yaitu sebanyak 7 orang atau 26,92 %. Produksi lump yang di hasilkan petani responden di daerah penelitian tergolong rendah, hal ini dapat disebabkan karena sebagian besar merupakan tanaman tua dan pengaruh iklim yang tidak baik pada saat penelitian.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 708,
"width": 177,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penerimaan Usahatani Karet Rakyat",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 721,
"width": 457,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penerimaan usahatani yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah jumlah seluruh penerimaan yang berasal dari usahatani karet yang dinilai dengan uang. Hernanto (2006) mengatakan, penerimaan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 5,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 86,
"width": 456,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "usahatani adalah hasil produksi yang diusahakan oleh petani dikalikan dengan harga jual hasil produksi. Dimana penerimaan usahatani karet per tahun terbanyak untuk petani responden yaitu antara Rp. 7.707.400 - Rp. 8.517.599 (26,92 %). Harga bokar merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan usatahani karet. Harga bokar yang diterima petani merupakan harga bersih yang telah dikurangi dengan biaya penjualan yang telah disepakati bersama oleh anggota Kelompok Tani.",
"type": "Text"
},
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"width": 172,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Total Biaya Usahatani Karet Rakyat",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 187,
"width": 457,
"height": 76,
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"text": "Total biaya usahatani karet adalah penjumlahan keseluruhan pengeluaran usahatani dalam satu tahun. Terdapat tiga biaya usahatani karet dalam penelitian ini yaitu biaya sarana produksi, penyusutan alat-alat tahan lama dan biaya tenaga kerja. Dimana total biaya yang dikeluarkan petani responden terbanyak yaitu antara Rp. 1.863.822,10 – Rp. 2.240.670,64 (30,77%). Rata-rata total biaya petani responden per tahunnya adalah Rp. 5.505.555,56 /tahun dan rata-rata total biaya per hektar per tahunnya yaitu Rp. 2.190.602,77 /ha/tahun.",
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"width": 177,
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"text": "Pendapatan Usahatani Karet Rakyat",
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"left": 71,
"top": 288,
"width": 457,
"height": 151,
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"text": "Pendapatan diartikan sebagai selisih antara besarnya penerimaan dan biaya yang dikeluarkan. Pendapatan yang diperoleh petani responden adalah jumlah produksi dikalikan dengan harga pada saat penelitian dilakukan kemudian dikurangi dengan jumlah biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan dalam proses produksi. Dimana pendapatan petani responden terbanyak yaitu antara Rp. 4.763.125,6 – Rp. 5.472.291,1 (26,92%). Rata-rata pendapatan petani responden per tahunnya adalah Rp. 15.242.444,44 /tahun dan rata-rata total biaya per hektar per tahunnya yaitu Rp. 6.036.152,90 /ha/tahun. Jika dibanding dengan penelitian Dede (2012) dengan judul analisis pendapatan usahatani karet rakyat di Kecamatan Singkut diperoleh pendapatan sebesar Rp. 1.280.347.252 /tahun dengan rata-rata per hektarnya sebesar Rp. 27.833.636 /ha/tahun untuk petani tansmigrasi sedangkan untuk petani non transmigrasi diperoleh pendapatan sebesar Rp. 332.780.300 /tahun dengan rata-rata per hektarnya sebesar Rp. 18.487.794 /ha/tahun maka di daerah penelitian pendapatan usahatani karet masih tegolong rendah.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 440,
"width": 457,
"height": 113,
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"text": "Usahatani karet merupakan mata pencaharian utama sebagian besar petani karet di daerah penelitian, sehingga pendapatan usahatani karet merupakan pendapatan rumah tangga petani tersebut. Rata-rata pendapatan usahatani karet per hari adalah Rp. 16.767,09 /ha. Bank dunia menggunakan ukuran garis kemiskinan absolute yaitu US $ 2 per hari (BPS 2011). Jika nilai tukar rupiah rata-rata adalah dikisaran Rp. 15.000 untuk setiap satu dolar, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pendapatan per kapita, petani responden di daerah penelitian berada di bawah garis kemiskinan yang telah ditetapkan bank dunia. Akan tetapi jika dibandingkan dengan garis kemiskinan Kapubaten Muaro Jambi yaitu Rp. 225.169 /kap/bulan maka rata-rata pendapatan yang diperoleh petani responden di daerah penelitian di atas rata-rata garis kemiskinan Muaro yaitu Rp. 503.021,74 /ha/bulan.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 71,
"top": 567,
"width": 139,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Proses Produksi Sheet Angin",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 579,
"width": 457,
"height": 177,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Adapun tahap untuk mengolah lateks menjadi sheet angin adalah sebagai berikut : 1) Lateks hasil penyadapan diangkut dari kebun ke tempat pengolahan. Lateks ditempatkan dalam ember dengan dihitung volumenya. Kemudian diencerkan dengan air bersih yang sama volumenya dengan volume lateks tersebut 2) Lateks yang telah dicampur kemudian disaring dengan saringan, kemudian ditambahkan campurkan deorub, lalu diaduk perlahan-lahan agar deorub tersebut tecampur merata dengan lateks. Takaran yang telah dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian dimasukkan ke dalam tempat pembekuan. Buih-buih yang timbul harus selalu dibuang 3) Biarkan selama ± 0,5 jam agar lateks membeku. Kemudian tempat pembekuan ditutup agar kotoran tidak masuk. Setelah lateks membeku kemudian ditekan-tekan agar kandungan air di dalam lateks berkurang. Kemudian dibiarkan beberapa menit 4) Giling bekuan lateks dalam gilingan yang terdiri dari gilingan halus dan gilingan batik. Bekuan lateks digiling sebanyak 6 kali dalam gilingan halus sampai diperoleh lembaran yang memiliki ketebalan ± 2 mm begitu selanjutnya untuk bekuan lateks yang lain, setelah selesai lalu lembaran digiling pada gilingan batik sehingga tebentuk lembaran dengan permukaan batik 5) Gantunglah tiap lembaran pada palang-palang bambu di tempat yang teduh agar lembaran menjadi kering 6) Setelah",
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"text": "5",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 86,
"width": 456,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "lembaran sheet mulai kering kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam ruangan. Dibiarkan 7 hingga 8 hari agar lembaran sheet kering secara sempurna.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 124,
"width": 242,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Komponen – Komponen Pembentuk Nilai Tambah",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 137,
"width": 457,
"height": 87,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Output merupakan keluaran dari suatu proses produksi. Pada penelitian ini output adalah sheet angin yang dihasilkan oleh anggota kelompok tani. Rata-rata output yang dihasilkan adalah sebesar 3,28 Kg per proses produksi dengan penggunaan rata-rata bahan baku 10 Kg per proses produksi. Faktor konversi hasil produksi dengan pemakaian bahan baku adalah sebesar 0,32. Rata-rata harga output sebesar Rp. 25.000 per kg. Maka akan menghasilkan rata-rat nilai output sebesar Rp. 8.115,01. Untuk melihat jumlah output, bahan baku, faktor konversi dan harga output per kilogram bahan baku dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 238,
"width": 457,
"height": 103,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 2. Rata-Rata Output, Bahan Baku, Faktor Konversi, Harga Output, dan Nilai Output Per Proses Produksi Selama Periode Penelitian Komponen Nilai (per proses produksi) Output (Kg) 3,28 Bahan baku (Kg) 10 Faktor konversi 0,32 Harga output (Rp/Kg) 25.000 Nilai output (Rp/Kg) 8.115,01",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 355,
"width": 457,
"height": 100,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bahan baku utama yang digunakan dalam proses pembuatan sheet angin adalah lateks. Rata-rata biaya bahan baku yang digunakan per proses produksi sebesar Rp. 22.000, dengan harga bahan baku yang diperoleh sebesar Rp. 5.000/Kg, dengan rata-rata penggunaan bahan baku tiap proses produksinya sebesar 10 Kg. Jumlah tenaga kerja merupakan banyaknya tenaga kerja yang dicurahkan untuk mengolah bahan baku lateks menjadi sheet angin per proses produksi. Jumlah tenaga kerja yang terlibat dalam proses produksi sheet angin adalah sebanyak 2 orang. Curahan tenaga kerja adalah banyaknya curahan jam kerja dalam setiap proses produksi. Rata-rata curahan jam kerja per proses produksi yang digunakan dalam pembuatan sheet angin adalah 1,51 (Jam kerja/proses produksi).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 456,
"width": 457,
"height": 126,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Curahan tenaga kerja pada proses produksi sheet angin ini tidak terlalu berbeda jauh karena proses produksi yang kontiyu setiap harinya dan kapasitas mesin yang selalu tetap. Curahan tenaga kerja juga akan mempengaruhi koefisien tenaga kerja yaitu angka yang menunjukan perbandingan antara curahan tenaga kerja yang digunakan untuk mengolah satu satuan input bahan baku lateks menjadi sheet angin. Pada proses produksi pengolahan sheet angin angka koefisien kerja sebesar 0,15. Artinya setiap pengolahan 1 Kg lateks menjadi sheet angin dibutuhkan 0,15 (jam/proses produksi). Dalam setiap proses produksinya, anggota kelompok tani akan mengelurkan sejumlah uang untuk membayar upah tenaga kerja. Dimana anggota Kelompok Tani memberikan upah tenaga kerja adalah sebesar Rp 50.000 (Rp/proses produksi) dengan upah per jam kerja adalah sebesar Rp. 7.142.86. Jumlah curahan tenaga kerja dapat dilihat pada Tabel 3.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 595,
"width": 43,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 3.",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 77,
"top": 595,
"width": 368,
"height": 70,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rata-Rata Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Per Proses Produksi Komponen Nilai Tenaga kerja (Jam) 1,51 Koefisien tenaga kerja 0,15 Upah rata-rata tenaga kerja (Rp/Jam) 7.142,86",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 679,
"width": 457,
"height": 62,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nilai input lain merupakan biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan diluar bahan baku utama yang mendukung kelancaran proses produksi. Dalam proses produksi sheet angin nilai input lain yang diperhitungkan adalah biaya bahan penolong dan biaya penyusutan alat. Total rata-rata nilai input lain yaitu sebesar Rp. 6.685,01 untuk tiap proses produksi yang terdiri dari Rp. 3.810,00 biaya bahan penolong dan Rp. 2.875,01 untuk biaya penyusutan alat. Selama periode penelitian ini rata-rata",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 5,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "6",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 86,
"width": 456,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "penggunaan bahan baku yaitu sebesar 10 Kg, berarti rata-rata nilai input lain per satuan bahan baku yang digunakan adalah sebesar Rp. 1.337,00.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 124,
"width": 105,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Nilai Tambah",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 137,
"width": 457,
"height": 49,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Salah satu tujuan dari proses pengolahan adalah menciptakan nilai tambah suatu produk. Analisis nilai tambah dilakukan untuk mengetahui besarnya nilai tambah, imbalan tenaga kerja, imbalan bagi modal dan anggota kelompok tani dari tiap kilogram lateks yang diolah. Hasil perhitungan rata-rata nilai tambah per proses produksi dapat dilihat pada Tabel 4.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 200,
"width": 456,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 4. Perhitungan Nilai Tambah Menggunakan Metode Hayami Per Proses Produksi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 76,
"top": 212,
"width": 446,
"height": 337,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Selama Periode Penelitian. No. Variabel Rata-rata I. Output, Input, Biaya 1 Output (Kg) 3,28 2 Bahan baku (Kg) 10,00 3 Tenaga kerja (Jam kerja/Proses produksi) 1,51 4 Faktor konversi 0,32 5 Koefisien tenaga kerja 0,15 6 Harga output (Rp/Kg) 25000,00 7 Upah rata-rata tenaga kerja (Rp/Proses produksi) 7142,86 II. Pendapatan dan Keuntungan 8 Harga bahan baku (Rp/Kg) 5000,00 9 Sumbangan input lain (Rp/Kg bahan baku) 1337,00 10 Nilai output (Rp/Kg) 8115,01 11 a. Nilai tambah (Rp/Kg) 1778,00 b. Rasio nilai tambah (%) 21,12 12 a. Imbalan tenaga kerja (Rp/Kg) 1061,19 b. Bagian tenaga kerja (%) 120,29 13 a. Keuntungan (Rp/Kg) 716,81 b. Tingkat keuntungan (%) 8,06 III. Balas Jasa Terhadap Faktor Produksi 14 Marjin (Rp/Kg) 3115,01 a. Pendapatan tenaga kerja (%) 34,99 b. Sumbangan input lain (%) 46,97 c. Keuntungan agroindustri (%) 18,04",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 563,
"width": 457,
"height": 138,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 4 menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata nilai tambah yang diperoleh dari pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin sebesar Rp. 1.778,00. Artinya, setiap 1 Kg bahan baku yang digunakan akan memberikan peningkatan nilai guna kepada petani sebesar Rp. 1.778,00 sedangkan besarnya rasio nilai tambah yang dihasilkan selama periode penelitian adalah sebesar 21,12%. Sementara nilai tambah bersih atau keuntungan diperoleh dengan mengurangkan imbalan tenaga kerja dari nilai tambahnya. Selama periode penelitian keuntungan yang diperoleh sebesar Rp. 716,81 untuk tiap pengolahan 1 kg lateks menjadi sheet angin atau sebesar 18,04 % dari nilai produknya. Jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian Nugraha (1999) pada industri pengolahan getah pinus menjadi gondorukem di PT. Maruha Karya Sari mendapatkan hasil penelitian nilai tambah sebesar Rp. 398 dengan rasio nilai tambah sebesar 43,54%, nilai tambah yang diperoleh dari pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin yang diperoleh anggota Kelompok Tani cukup besar.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 702,
"width": 457,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Imbalan tenaga kerja merupakan besarnya upah yang diterima tenaga kerja yang diperoleh dengan cara mengalikan koefisien tenaga kerja dengan upah rata-rata tenaga kerja per proses produksi. Tujuannya adalah untuk memotivasi dan mempertahankan tenaga kerja untuk mencapai tujuan utama yaitu memperoleh keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya. Tabel 4 menunjukkan rata-rata imbalan tenaga",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 5,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "7",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 86,
"width": 456,
"height": 100,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kerja adalah sebesar Rp. 1.061,19 /Kg bahan baku sedangkan rata-rata bagian yang diterima tenaga kerja adalah sebesar 120,29 %. Artinya setiap pengolahan 1 Kg bahan baku, tenaga kerja mendapat imbalan sebesar Rp. 1.061,19. Imbalan tenaga kerja pada pengolahan sheet angin jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian Marlenasari (2013) pada agroindustri tempurung menjadi arang di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat diperoleh imbalan tenaga kerja untuk arang kering sebesar Rp. 111,84 bahan baku dengan bagian tenaga kerja 53,75%, sementara imbalan tenaga kerja untuk arang basah sebesar Rp. 17,67 /Kg bahan baku dengan bagian tenaga kerja 0,23 % maka imbalan tenaga kerja yang diperoleh dari pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin lebih besar.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 187,
"width": 457,
"height": 76,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Keuntungan disebut juga dengan nilai tambah bersih. Keuntungan yang diperoleh per proses produksi sheet angin adalah Rp 716,81 per proses produksi dengan persentase keuntungan adalah 8,06 %. Jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian Gulo (2013) dengan judul proses pengadaan bahan baku dan nilai tambah industri plywood kayu karet diperoleh keuntungan sebesar Rp. 230.674 /m3 dengan tingkat keuntungan 16,59 % maka keuntungan yang diperoleh dari kegiatan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin lebih rendah yaitu sebesar Rp. 716,81 dengan tingkat keuntungan 8,06%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 263,
"width": 457,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Marjin menunjukkan kontribusi faktor-faktor produksi selain bahan baku yang digunakan dalam proses produksi. Dari besarnya margin ini kita dapat melihat balas jasa terhadap faktor produksi tenaga kerja, sumbangan input lain dan keuntungan industri. Besarnya marjin diperoleh dengan cara mencari selisih nilai output dengan harga bahan baku. Tabel 4 menunjukan bahwa rata-rata margin selama periode penelitian adalah sebesar Rp. 3.115,01 /Kg bahan baku. Kontribusi marjin terbesar yang diperoleh yaitu pada sumbangan input lain sebesar 46,97 %.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 352,
"width": 127,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio-Rasio Nilai Tambah",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 364,
"width": 457,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio nilai tambah merupakan persentase nilai dari nilai produk. Rasio-rasio yang akan dihitung dan dianalisis yaitu rasio nilai tambah per tenaga kerja, nilai tambah per nilai output, nilai tambah per biaya tenaga kerja dan keuntungan per nilai tambah. Nilai rata-rata perhitungan rasio dapat dilihat dalam Tabel 5 Berikut ini. Rasio nilai tambah per tenaga kerja menunjukkan jumlah nilai tambah yang dihasilkan per proses produksi dan sejumlah bahan baku dengan mengunakan sejumlah tenaga kerja yang tersedia. Tabel 5 menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata nilai tambah per tenaga kerja sebesar Rp. 899,00 artinya setiap penggunaan 1 orang tenaga kerja dapat memberikan nilai tambah sebesar Rp. 899,00. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata nilai tambah per tenaga kerja yang diperoleh menguntungkan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 465,
"width": 457,
"height": 88,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil perhitungan rata-rata rasio per tenaga kerja yang diperoleh lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian Maimun (2009) pada industri pengolahan kopi “Ulee Kareng” di Banda Aceh yang menghasilkan nilai tambah per tenaga kerja sebesar Rp. 2.854 untuk kopi non organik dan Rp. 3.601 untuk kopi organik. Sementara nilai tambah per tenaga kerja jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian Nugraha (1999) pada industri pengolahan getah pinus menjadi gondorukem menghasilkan nilai tambah per tenaga kerja sebesar Rp. 33,17 maka rasio nilai tambah pengolahan sheet angin lebih baik yaitu sebesar Rp. 899,00.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 554,
"width": 457,
"height": 100,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio nilai tambah per nilai output menggambarkan besarnya nilai tambah yang diperoleh dari setiap nilai produk sheet angin yang dihasilkan. Besarnya rasio nilai tambah per nilai output selama periode penelitian adalah sebesar 21,12 % Artinya dari 100 nilai output akan memberikan nilai tambah sebesar Rp. 21,12 hal ini menunjukan efisiensi yang baik antara biaya produksi dan nilai output. Rata- rata rasio nilai tambah per nilai output yang dihasilkan lebih rendah dibanding penelitian sebelumnya. Nugraha (1999) Pada industri pengolahan getah pinus menjadi gonderukem menghasilkan nilai tambah per output sebesar 43,54%. Sementara pada pengolahan kayu karet yang dilakukan Gulo (2013) pada industri plywood menghasilkan nilai tambah per output sebesar 21,35 %.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 655,
"width": 457,
"height": 88,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio nilai tambah per biaya tenaga kerja menggambarkan besarnya nilai tambah yang dihasilkan dari setiap rupiah yang dikeluarkan untuk membayar tenaga kerja. Rasio nilai tambah per biaya tenaga kerja selama periode penelitian adalah sebesar Rp. 0,25. Artinya setiap rupiah yang dikeluarkan untuk membayar tenaga kerja akan menghasilkan nilai tambah sebesar Rp 0,25. Hal ini menunjukan efisien antara upah dan tenaga kerja terhadap nilai tambah yang dihasilkan. Rasio nilai tambah per biaya tenaga kerja pada pengolahan sheet angin lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian sebelumnya pada industri plywood yang menghasilkan rasio nilai tambah per biaya tenaga",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 5,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "8",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 86,
"width": 456,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kerja sebesar Rp. 4,47. Begitu juga jika dibandingkan dengan industri pengolahan gondorukem yang menghasilkan rasio nilai tambah per biaya tenaga kerja sebesar Rp. 23,41.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 111,
"width": 457,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rasio keuntungan per nilai tambah menunjukkan keuntungan yang diperoleh sebagai bagian dari nilai tambah. Rasio ini diperoleh dari perbandingan keuntungan dengan nilai tambah yang dihasilakan. Tabel 5 Menunjukkan bahwa keuntungan per nilai tambah yang diperoleh sebesar -20,29 %. Artinya dari setiap Rp. 100 nilai tambah akan diperoleh keuntungan sebesar Rp. -20,29. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa rasio keuntungan per nilai tambah yang diperoleh petani belum efisien. Rasio keuntungan per nilai tambah yang diperoleh cukup rendah jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian- penelitian sebelumnya. Pada industri Plywood diperoleh tingkat keuntungan per nilai tambah sebesar 77,45 %. Sementara pada industri pengolahan kopi “Ulee Kareng” diperoleh tingkat keuntungan per nilai tambah sebesar 95,33% untuk kopi non organik dan 96,3% untuk produk kopi organik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 238,
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"height": 12,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 5. Rata-Rata Nilai Rasio Selama Periode Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 77,
"top": 251,
"width": 445,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Komponen Nilai Nilai tambah per tenaga kerja (Rp/Tenaga Kerja) 889,00 Nilai tambah per nilai output (%) 21,12 Nilai tambah per biaya tenaga kerja 0,25 Keuntungan per nilai tambah (%) -20,29",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 329,
"width": 214,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Simulasi Kenaikan Penggunaan Bahan Baku",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 341,
"width": 457,
"height": 63,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa masih terdapat kemungkinan bagi anggota Kelompok Tani untuk meningkatkan penggunaan bahan baku dalam kegiatan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin dengan memperbaiki kapasitas produksi sehingga diperoleh keuntungan yang lebih tinggi dari kegiatan pengolahan ini. Jika kapasitas mesin per hari per proses produksi adalah 200 Kg diolah menjadi sheet maka akan diperoleh hasil seperti terlihat pada Tabel 6 berikut ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 417,
"width": 43,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 6.",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 76,
"top": 417,
"width": 452,
"height": 336,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil Simulasi Perhitungan Nilai Tambah Menggunakan Metode Hayami Penggunaan 200 Kg Bahan Baku. No. Variabel 200 I. Output, Input, Biaya 1 Output (Kg) 65.60 2 Bahan baku (Kg) 200 3 Tenaga kerja (Jam kerja/Proses produksi) 7,00 4 Faktor konversi 0,33 5 Koefisien tenaga kerja 0,04 6 Harga output (Rp/Kg) 25.000,00 7 Upah rata-rata tenaga kerja (Rp/Proses produksi) 7.142,86 II. Pendapatan dan Keuntungan 8 Harga bahan baku (Rp/Kg) 5.000,00 9 Sumbangan input lain (Rp/Kg bahan baku) 1.354,23 10 Nilai output (Rp/Kg) 8.200,00 11 a. Nilai tambah (Rp/Kg) 1.845,77 b. Rasio nilai tambah (%) 22,51 12 a. Imbalan tenaga kerja (Rp/Kg) 250,08 b. Bagian tenaga kerja (%) 13,54 13 a. Keuntungan (Rp/Kg) 1.595,77 b. Tingkat keuntungan (%) 19,46 III. Balas Jasa Terhadap Faktor Produksi 14 Marjin (Rp/Kg) 3.200,00 a. Pendapatan tenaga kerja (%) 7,81 b. Sumbangan input lain (%) 0,24 c. Keuntungan agroindustri (%) 49,87",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 519,
"top": 37,
"width": 5,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "9",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 86,
"width": 456,
"height": 88,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari hasil perhitungan yang dilakukan jika bahan baku yang diolah setiap harinya adalah 200 Kg maka diperoleh keuntungan sebesar Rp. 1.595,77 artinya setiap penggunaan 1 Kg bahan baku akan diperoleh keuntungan sebesar Rp 1.595,77 atau sebesar 19,46 % dari produknya. Berdasarkan hasil diatas, kegiatan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin akan bermanfaat bagi petani karet dan layak untuk dikembangkan, dimana dari hasil pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin maka akan diperoleh tambahan pendapatan oleh petani karet yang melakukan kegiatan pengolahan ini serta memiliki nilai tambah yang tinggi dari produknya.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 80,
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"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "KESIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 210,
"width": 457,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Proses pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin dimulai dari kegiatan penyiapan bahan baku sampai pengeringan. Besarnya rata-rata produksi yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan usahatani karet di daerah penelitian adalah 1.054,71 Kg/Ha/Tahun dan besarnya pendapatan yang diperoleh dari usahatani karet di daerah penelitian yaitu Rp. 6.036.152,92 /ha/tahun. Besarnya nilai tambah per proses produksi adalah sebesar Rp. 1778,00 /kg bahan baku. Hal ini menunjukkan pengolahan lateks menjadi sheet angin memiliki nilai tambah yang cukup tinggi.",
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"text": "Jakarta: Sekretariat Direktorat Jendral Perkebunan Departemen Pertanian.",
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"text": "Vol. 8, No. 4, Dec 2019, pp. 413~418 ISSN: 2252-8806, DOI: 10.11591/ijphs.v8i4.20398",
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"text": "Yulia Rachmawati 1 , Sapja Anantanyu 2 , Kusnandar 3",
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"text": "Article history: Received Sep 29, 2019 Revised Oct 10, 2019 Accepted Nov 15, 2019 The tendency to eat in response to stress known as emotional eating (EmE).",
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"text": "Individuals with EmE usually has been change their dietary pattern towards more unhealthy snacking which contribute to overweight. This study aims to examine the interrelationship between EmE, snacking behavior and nutritional status among adolescents. This was an analytic observational with a cross sectional design study. It was conducted in Surakarta, on August 2019. Total 140 adolescents aged 14-17 years were selected. The data of EmE were measured by Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ), data of snacking behaviour measured by food frequencies questionnaire (FFQ), and BMI were measured using weight scale and microtoice. Data were analyzed by descriptive, bivariate and binary logistic using SPSS v.23. There was significantly difference of EmE and snacking behavior in underweight, normal, and overweight adolescents. We found that underweight (4.17±3.16) and normal individuals (4.97±4.19) were not an emotional eater, and less sweet snacks and sweet drinks consumption while overweight individuals were an emotional eater (14.26±6.04) and eat more sweet snacks, and sweet drinks (p<0.001) during negative emotional states. It was shown that emotional eating and snacking behavior were found higher in overweight than underweight and normal individuals.",
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"text": "Keywords: Adolescent Emotional eating Nutritional status",
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"text": "Overweight Snacking behavior",
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"text": "Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.",
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"text": "Yulia Rachmawati Department of Nutrition, Postgraduated Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir Sutami No.36 A, Pucangsawit, Kec. Jebres, Kota Surakarta, Jawa Tengah 57126. Email: [email protected]",
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"text": "1. INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Adolescence is a transitions period between childhood and adulthood. Pubertal transition is characterized by physically growth, cognitive and psychosocial development. An adolescent will experience a ‘period of storm and stress’ which emotional tension occurs as the result of physical, psychosocial, and hormonal changes. This situation makes adolescents tend to get more psychological stress and cause negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and stress [1]. In the state of emotional tension in response to a difficult experience also results in physiological and behavioral changes, including eating behavior [2]. The tendency to eat in response to the negative emotions is well known as emotional eating (EmE) [3]. Some individuals use Emotional Eating (EmE) as a method of escaping emotional distress. Adolescents with emotional eating disorder tend to feel excessive hunger and increasing the frequency of snacking sweet high energy-dense foods such as cake, ice cream, chocolate and soda. Several studies have shown that increased frequencies of snacking habits implicated in increased body weight and risk for overweight and obesity in the various age group [4-6]. Moreover, using food in response to stress has been identified as a mediator between stressful life experience and indicator of obesity [7].",
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"text": "According to WHO, approximately 18% children and adolescents aged 5-19 years are considered overweight and obese. Children and adolescent with overweight and obesity are higher risk for developing",
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"text": "Int. J. Public Health Sci. Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2019: 413 – 418",
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"text": "the same problem in adulthood and cause many chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers [8-9]. In Indonesia, overweight and obesity is still high prevalent. In 2013, prevalence of overweight among adolescents aged 16-18 still 7.3% (5.7% overweight ; 1.6% obesity). Central Java is one of the highest prevalence of obesity case with 1.8%, and Surakarta City is the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity case with 6.4% and 5.9% [10].",
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"text": "This was an analytic observational with a cross sectional design study. It was conducted in four high school in Surakarta, on August 2019. Total population in this study was 2754 adolescents, and sample size was counted by Open Epi application. Total 140 adolescents aged 14-17 years was sampling by cluster random sampling technique. Subject who consumed anti-depressants, anti-anxiety, mood stabilizers, anti-psychotic medication, appetite stimulant, and drugs stimulate weight gain were not included. Also, subject who was on menstrual period, or fasting were exclude from the study.",
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"text": "Dependent variable on this study was nutritional status, and independent variable was emotional eating and snacking behavior. Definition of nutritional status in this study was nutritional status of adolescents which measured by counted weight (kg) per height (m 2 ) (BMI) per age. Definition of emotional eating in this study was the tendency to eat in response to the negative emotions during a month ago which measured by Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ). EEQ consisted of 10 question about emotional eating with Likert Score 0 for never, 1 for sometimes, 2 for usually, and 3 for always. The results of EEQ would be classified into 4 which 0-5 was “non emotional eater”; 6-10 was “Low emotional eater”; 11-20 was “Emotional eater”; and 20-30 was “Very Emotional Eater”. Snacking behavior is frequency of salty-sweet high fat and energy-dense snacks consumption during a month ago which measured by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). FFQ will consisted of high density snack or drink with Likert score 0 for never, 1 for 2-3 times a month, 2 for 2-3 times a week, 3 for daily, 4 for a couple times a day.",
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"text": "Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS V.23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Normality of data distribution was examined by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and non parametrics test were used because the data were abnormal. Bivariate test between each variable was examined by Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test. Mutivariate test was examined by Binary Regression. Value of P<0.005 was considered as significant. Anonymity, confidentiality, and written informed consent were obtained from all subjects. The trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of Medicine Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta No.314/UN27.06/KEPK/2019.",
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"text": "At the beginning of the study, 144 subjects participated in this study, but four subjects did not complete the questionnaire and excluded. Therefore, the statistical analysis was performed on 140 subjects who completed the study. Characteristics of the study population including age, grade, pocket money, parent’s education, parent’s occupation, and family income were presented in Table 1. The majority of subjects (58.6%) were 11 th grade student in high school, and the rest were 10 th grade. Based on the average pocket money, 77.9% of subjects had an average pocket money which was 20.807.00 IDR per day. The majorities of subject’s parent were bachelor, and worked as private employees, or entrepreneurs, while the majority of subject’s mothers were housewives. The majority of subject' parents had an income above the Surakarta City Regional Minimum Wage in 2019 which was 1.802.700.00 IDR per month.",
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"text": "415 Elementary Junior High Senior High University 5 12 57 66 3.6 8.6 40.7 47.1 Father Occupation Civil servants State-Own Enterprises Enterpreneur/private employee Farmer/Laborer Retired 34 7 81 15 3 24.3 5.0 57.9 10.7 2.1 Father Income** <Regional Minimum Wage ≥Regional Minimum Wage 18 122 8.6 91.4 Mother Education Elementary Junior High Senior High University 6 10 59 65",
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"text": "Nutritional status distribution based on gender is presented in Table 2. It can be seen that the majority of subjects (53.6%) are female. The prevalence of underweight adolescents in this study was 8.5%, with a higher prevalence of underweight among boys (5.0%) than girls (3.6%). Most (67.1%) of subjects were normal with the prevalence of normal among girls (40.0%) were higher than boys (27.1%). The prevalence of overweight in this study is relatively high at 24.3% with the prevalence of overweight among boys (14.3%) higher than girls (10.0%).",
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"text": "Boys Girls Total P *",
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"text": "% n % Underweight 7 5.0 5 3.6 12 8.5",
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"text": "0.126 Normal 38 27.1 56 40.0 94 67.1 Overweight 20 14.3 14 10.0 34 24.3 Total 65 46.4 75 53.6 140 100",
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"text": "*Chi-square test with significant p<0.05",
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"text": "These present study showed that the prevalence of adolescents with normal nutritional status was 67.1%, underweight was only around 8.5%; while overweight was relatively high at 24.3%. This result is consistent with the situation in Indonesia which still experiencing double burden problems [11]. The present results support the prior research who found a higher prevalence of underweight among male adolescents than female adolescents [12]. However, from the chi-square test the difference of nutritional status based on gender was not statistically significant. This was also consistent with the prior research who found that gender differences were not related to nutritional status [13]. But another study found that overweight was closely correlated with gender [14].",
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"text": "The difference of emotional eating and snacking behavior based on the nutritional status of subjects were presented in Table 3. It can be seen that the average of emotional eating score of subjects with underweight, normal, and overweight were 4.17±3.16, 4.97±4.19, 14.26±6.04, respectively. From the Kruskal Wallis test, obtained p value<0.001 which means there were differences in emotional eating scores based on the nutritional status of subjects. In Table 3 also could be seen the frequencies of snack consumption with indicators of sweet snacks, salty snacks, one meal dish and sweet drinks. The score of sweet snack consumption in underweight, normal, and overweight subjects were 1.39±0.57, 2.41±0.79, 5.08±1.81 respectively, with p value<0.001. The score of salty snacks consumption in",
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"text": "Int. J. Public Health Sci. Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2019: 413 – 418",
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"text": "underweight, normal and overweight subjects were 2.06±0.57, 3.34±1.19, 5.40±2.19, respectively, with a p value<0.001. The score of one dish meal consumption in underweight, normal and overweight subjects were 1.81±0.73, 2.60±1.22, 3.86±1.47 respectively, with p value<0.001. The score of sweet snack consumption in underweight, normal, and overweight subjects were 1.93±0.94, 2.86±1.50, 4.74±2.26 respectively, with p value<0.001. Therefore, there were significant differences in the snacking behavior (sweet snack, salty snack, one dish meal, sweet drink) among underweight, normal and overweight subjects.",
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"text": "Table 3. Difference of emotional eating and snacking behavior based on nutritional status",
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"text": "Underweight Normal Overweight p * Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Emotional Eating Non-EE LEE EE VEE Rerata 2.38 7.75 - - 4.17 1.68 2.06 - - 3.16 2.62 8.14 14.00 21.50 4.97 1.99 1.41 1.41 0.71 4.19 2.50 7.86 14.71 21.86 14.26 3.53 1.21 2.93 1.36 6.04 <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* Snacking Behaviour Sweet Snacks Salty Snacks One dish meal Sweet Drink 1.39 2.06 1.81 1.93 0.57 0.57 0.73 0.94 2.41 3.34 2.60 2.86 0.79 1.19 1.22 1.50 5.08 5.40 3.86 4.74 1.81 2.19 1.47 2.26",
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"text": "Note: Non-EE: Non-Emotional Eater; LEE: Low Emotional Eater; EE: Emotional Eater; VEE: Very Emotional Eater Eater; *Uji Kruskal Wallis test signifikan p<0.05",
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"text": "From the present results, emotional eating occurred among 49.3% of subjects both boys and girls. However, the prevalence of emotional eating among girls was slightly higher than boys. It was consistent with the previous research which found that emotional eating were higher prevalent in girls than boy. This was because women tend to experienced negative emotions such as stress (perceived stress), worry (worries), and anxiety (anxiety) psychologically, while men tend to experienced negative emotions only confusion (confused mood) feeling [15]. But, from the results of the average emotional eating score by gender, it was found that the average emotional eating score among boys was higher than girls, although not significantly different. This could be caused by the prevalence of overweight boys was higher than girls. This was supported by prior research which found that emotional eating were higher prevalent among overweight than underweight individuals [16].",
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"text": "Emotional eating was usually caused by several factors such as alexithymia, emotional regulation, and genetic disorders. Genetic factors were related to the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) response to stress by cortisol secretion, through a system called the serotonergic brain system. In the serotonergic brain system, the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT-SLC6A4) had to regulate serotonin secretion which will stabilize appetite and body weight. If there was a disruption in the serotonergic brain system such as the occurrence of polymorphisms in the 5-HTTLPR allele gene, it will cause a decrease in serotonin secretion and cause feelings of depression and cause emotional eating disorders [17].",
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"text": "The present results showed a relationship between snacking frequencies with nutritional status using BMI per age indicators. We found that higher frequencies of snacking would positively affects the BMI score. This results supported by a cohort study which found that people who highly frequent of snacking experienced significant weight gain during the follow-up study. Individuals with highly frequent snacking behavior had 69% higher risk of overweight and obesity [18]. From the present results was also found that underweight to normal adolescents preferred to consume the type of salty snacks. Overweight adolescents preferred the type of sweet snacks and sugary drinks. Food preferences based on nutritional status theory was reported that individuals with overweight and obese tend to like snacks with sweet taste (bread, cakes, biscuits, chocolate), or sweet and milky drinks (tea, coffee, chocolate). Underweight individuals tend to choose boiled snacks, fruit and dairy products.",
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"text": "3.3. Multivariate analysis",
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"text": "Multivariate analysis between emotional eating, snacking behavior and nutritional status were presented in Table 4. It was known that the emotional eating variable had p value=0.008 and sweet snack variables had p value<0.001, so it was statistically significant. In other words, emotional eating variables and sweet snack consumption simultaneously affect the nutritional status of subjects. While other variables such as the salty snacks (p=0.080), one meal dish (p=0.191), and sweet drinks (p=0.149) consumption were not statistically significant (>0.05) so these variables were not simultaneously affect the nutritional status of",
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"text": "Int. J. Public Health Sci.",
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"text": "ISSN: 2252-8806",
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"text": "Emotional eating, snacking behavior and nutritional status among adolescents (Yulia Rachmawati)",
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{
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"text": "subjects. From the results above we obtained the regression equation Y=17.131+0.183 X1+2.213 X2-0.493 X3-0.381 X4-0.304 X5 and resulted as R 2 68.9%.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Regression of emotional eating, snack behavior and nutritional status",
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"text": "Nutritional Status (Body Mass Index) B t CI 95% p* R 2 Lower Upper Emotional Eating 0.183 2.711 0.050 0.317 0.008* 0.689 Snacking Behaviour Sweet Snacks Salty Snacks One dish meal Sugary Drink 2.213 -0.493 -0.381 -0.304 5.587 -1.764 -1.314 -1.452 1.429 -1.046 -0.953 -0.718 2.996 0.060 0.192 0.110 <0.001* 0.080 0.191 0.149",
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"text": "Note: Non-EE: Non-Emotional Eater ; LEE: Low Emotional Eater ; EE: Emotional Eater ; VEE: Very Emotional Eater Eater ; *Binary Linier Regression test significant p<0.05",
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"text": "In this study, it was known that there was a relationship between emotional eating, snacking behavior, and nutritional status. Emotional eating disorders can changes the snacking behavior and contribute to changed nutritional status. In another words, individual with emotional eating or known as emotional eater tend to consumed higher frequent of snacking which cause higher body mass index which contributes to overweight. This result supported by previous study which found that overweight individuals tend to overeating during emotional states compared to underweight or normal individuals [18]. Previous research also found that adolescents who experienced emotional eating tend to consume sweet high energy-dense foods [15]. This was also found that emotional eating was positively related to higher consumption of high energy-dense, sweet, and high fat snack [20].",
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"text": "Children or adolescents who were experienced emotional eating tend to had restrained eater habits before. Individuals who usually restrained eating were usually able to control their eating strategies when the emotional state is neutral or positive, but when experienced stress or another negative emotions, it became uncontrollable so it affected the eating behavior [21]. The interrelationship between emotional eating, snacking behavior and nutritional status also supported by prior study which found that food was a comforting agent that provides comfort after consumed [22]. Physiologically, snack, especially sweet snacks, contained tryptophan which can help increased the serotonin hormone which raise sense of happiness, calm, and reducing the negative emotions [23]. Consequently, increased of calorie intake and imbalance sugar, high fat, low fiber diet contributes to higher BMI and risk of overweight and obesity [24]. Somehow, it could be also become a reciprocal relationship which individual with overweight and obesity could be very emotional eating and influenced the frequencies of snacking that cause the overweight or obesity could get worse [25].",
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"text": "Increased frequency of high density snack consumption due to emotional eating correlated with an increased of body mass index and contributes to overweight. And it was shown that emotional eating disorder and sweet-high density snacking behavior were found higher in overweight than underweight and normal individuals.",
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"text": "We are thankful to the subject who kindly participated in this trial. We also declared there is none conflict of interest.",
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"text": "[24] Chambers,J.A., Swanson , V.,“A health assessment tool for multiple risk factors for obesity: results from a pilot study with UK adults”. Patient Education and counseling, 62: 79-88. 2006.",
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"text": "[25] Schneider, K.L., et al., “Trait anxiety, but nor trait anger, predisposes obese individuals to emotional eating”. Appetite, 55: 701-706. 2010.",
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c61e32c2-b503-8907-6eb0-70a7ffaf4fe2 | https://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/psiko/article/download/357/608 | [
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"text": "STRATEGI COPING TERHADAP STRES KERJA DI LINGKUNGAN KARYAWAN STAIN MALANG Tristiadi Ardi Ardani",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"height": 94,
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"text": "Background : Stres effect of work represent an problems which later will become big problems in the field of safety and health of work Because stres have undesirable impact like for example accident of work, disease related to work and also health of management and mental. Preventive of stres require to be conducted comprehensively good at organizational storey; level and also at individual storey; level and also entangle role various sector and also various professional circlewhich is discipline multi.",
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"text": "Method: Analysis Data of kuantitif in this research of method used analyse dwivariat test student t between program group of SPS 2000 from Sutrisno Hadi and of Yuni Pamardiningsih UGM Version of IBM / in, Copyrights (c) 2002. While with data collecting method qualitative by interview at employees of STAIN Malang.",
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"text": "Result: From result of koputasi obtained by result of higher woman group average of men average with woman group average number equal to 116.000 while its men group [of] him equal to 113.778. From result of test of t which is to be obtained by value of p equal to 0.504. There by can be said that by there no different among woman and men in strategy of coping in face of work stres. In this research to know technique reliabilitas taken is analysis of varians of Hoyt. Of computing test by using program of SPS of Sutrsino Hadi and of Yuni Pamardiningsih UGM Version of IBM / in, Copyrights (c) 2002 obtained result of tt r equal to 0.832, p equal to 0.000 meaning the appliance reliabilitas can be pledged. While with data collecting method qualitative by interview at employees obtained by result of that there is indication of is existence of stres work at employees.",
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"text": "Conclusion: that no different between woman and men in strategy of coping in face of work stres. Method data collecting quantitatively with enquette at employees obtained by result of that there is indication of is existence of stres work at employees. As for strategy of coping in face of stres to men employees most chosening to smoke, but there is also employees chosening to walk along to watch television and others when is face work. While at woman employees some people chosen to discuss with friend one friend or office of other office and some of again chosen to walk along when stres face work.",
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"text": "Keyword: strategy of coping, stres work.",
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"text": "A. PENDAHULUAN.",
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"top": 696,
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"height": 52,
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"text": "GBHN 1993 menyatakan bahwa titik berat PJP II adalah bidang ekonomi, yaitu terciptanya keseimbangan antara sektor pertanian dan sektor industri. Proses industrialisasi sendiri memerlukan penyediaan sumber daya manusia berkualitas, penerapan ilmu dan teknologi maju dan canggih, disamping persaingan yang",
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"text": "33",
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"height": 94,
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"text": "ketat. Realitas ini tidak dapat dihindari, termasuk juga dalam dunia pendidikan. Perguruan tinggi bersaing ketat untuk memberikan pelayan yang berstandar tinggi dan berkualitas pada mahasiswa. Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN) Malang, adalah salah saru perguruan tinggi negeri yang terlibat langsung dalam persaingan tersebut. Lembaga ini menyediakan sarana dan prasarana yang lengkap didukung sumber daya yang berkualitas baik, mulai pejabat rektorat, dosen sampai karyawan. Semua dilakukan demi menghadapi persaingan tersebut.",
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"text": "Dalam lingkungan kerja dengan sistem kompleks ini setiap komponen saling berkait. Setiap subsistem saling berirteraksi, seperti bagian administrasi akan berhubungan dengan data dan informasi, bagian kemahasiswaaan berinteraksi dengan bagian perpustakaan. Adanya interaksi antara berbagai komponen dalam lingkungan kerja seperti ini dapat menimbulkan berbagai dampak psikologis. Yang paling utama memegang peranan adalah faktor penjadwalan seperti waktu kerja, masa istirahat dan sebagainya. Kesemuanya penyebab gangguan psikologis yang menimbulkan kelelahan. 1",
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"text": "Reaksi dari setiap karyawan terhadap lingkungan kerja merupakan reaksi psikologis yang menimbulkan kondisi fisiologis seperti meningginya tekanan darah. Timbulnya ulcus ventriculi , sakit kepala dan beberapa gangguan kesehatan lainnya. Bersamaan dengan ini timbul pula reaksi psikologis berupa ketegangan syaraf, depresi dan lain-lain yang mengganggu keseimbangan kehidupan. Berbagai komponen di lingkungan kerja yang menimbulkan reaksi psikologis maupun fisiologis dikenal sebagai stressor dan aspek gangguan kepribadian terhadap karyawan tersebut di kenal sebagai stres .",
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"text": "Stres merupakan respon adaptif karyawan terhadap situasi dan kejadian di lingkungan kerja dan hal ini berakibatkan tuntutan khusus baik fisik maupun psikologis dari karyawan tersebut. Adanya peringatan maupun resiko terhadap bahaya potensial di lingkungan kerja maka para karyawan berhadapan dengan sindroma fight or flight dimana terbebaskan hormon adrenalin, perubahan pernafasan maupun timbulnya ketegangan otot. Bagi para karyawan yang telah terlatih dan dilengkapi dengan peralatan terhadap bahaya fisik akan berkurang tingkat stres seperti para pekerja tambang, polisi, petugas pemadam kebakaran maupun militer. Untuk ini tentu harus ada suatu stimulus yang memiliki potensi bahaya dan menyangkut persepsi terhadap ancaman yang muncul serta perbandingan antara tuntutan yang menekan individu dan kemampuannya untuk mengatasi tuntutan tersebut. Perilaku ini bisa dikenal sebagai strategi coping . Beberapa penelitian telah mengungkapkan bahwa beberapa pekerjaan menimbulkan banyak stress related illness . Namun, hal itu bukan berarti semua penyakit disebabkan oleh pekerjaan. Hampir semua orang dalam kehidupan mengalami stress sehubungan dengan pekerjaan mereka. Tidak jarang situasi yang stressful kecil dan tidak berarti tetapi justru memberikan yang besar dan berkelanjutan dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa muatan kerja dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya peningkatan kecelakaan dan masalah–masalah kesehatan, sehingga para karyawan mengalami stress dan akan berupaya bagamana mengatasi stres tersebut.",
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"text": "Setiap individu memberikan reaksi yang berbeda dalam mengatasi stress. Lazarus dan Folkman, menggambarkan coping sebagai,“…Suatu proses di mana",
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"text": "34",
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"height": 66,
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"text": "individu mencoba untuk mengelola jarak yang ada antara tuntutan-tuntutan (baik yang berasal dari individu maupun dari lingkungan) dengan sumber–sumber daya yang mereka gunakan dalam mengatasi situasi stressful…”. 2 Artinya, stress dapat diatasi dengan melakukan transaksi dengan lingkungan (perilaku coping ) dimana hubungan transaksi ini merupakan suatu proses yang dinamis.",
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"text": "Beranjak dari dasar pemikiran diatas, permasalahan yang akan dikaji secara mendalam pada penelitian ini adalah strategi coping terhadap stress kerja di lingkungan karyawan STAIN Malang.",
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"text": "Tujuan Penelitian.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi coping terhadap stres kerja di lingkungan karyawan STAIN Malang",
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"text": "Manfaat Penelitian",
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"text": "Penelitian ini diharapkan akan membawa manfaat antara lain:",
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"text": "a. Secara teoritis, memberikan tambahan kajian tentang strategi coping terhadap stres. Dan sumbangan buat psikologi klinis yang bisa dimanfaatkan di dunia psikologi industri dan organisasi.",
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"text": "b. Secara praktis, Memberikan tambahan khasanah dan model bagi sebuah instansi atau lembaga, perusahaan yang peduli kesehatan karyawannya.",
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"text": "B. TINJAUAN TEORITIS.",
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"text": "Strategi Coping",
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"text": "Secara umum, stress dapat diatasi dengan melakukan transaksi dengan lingkungan (perilaku coping ) dimana hubungan transaksi ini merupakan suatu proses yang dinamis. Beberapa ahli menyimpulkan bahwa coping itu adalah,",
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"text": "(a) respons tingkah laku atau pikiran terhadap situasi stres.",
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"text": "(b) dengan menggunakan sumber dalam dirinya maupun lingkungan",
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"text": "(c) yang dilakukan secara sadar dan",
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"text": "(d) bertujuan untuk meningkatkan perkembangan individu seperti pengembangan kontrol pribadi individu. 3",
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"text": "Secara umum coping itu sendiri mempunyai 2 macam fungsi, yaitu :",
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"text": "(1). Emotion focused coping.",
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"text": "Untuk mengatur respon emosional terhadap stress. Pengaturan ini melalui perilaku individu, seperti penggunaan alkohol, meniadakan fakta-fakta yang tidak menyenangkan, melalui strategi kognitif. Bila individu tidak mampu mengubah kondisi yang stressful, individu akan cenderung untuk mengatur emosinya.",
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"text": "(2) Problem focused coping. Untuk mengurangi stressor, individu akan mengatasi dengan mempelajari cara-cara atau kerampilan-ketrampilan yang baru. Individu akan cenderung menggunakan strategi ini, bila dirinya yakin akan dapat mengubah situasi. 4 Stres Kerja.",
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"text": "Perkembangan ekonomi yang cepat, perampingan perusahaan, PHK, merger dan bangkrutnya beberapa perusahaan sebagai akibat dari krisis yang berkepanjangan telah menimbulkan dampak yang sangat merugikan bagi ribuan bahkan jutaan tenaga kerja. Mereka harus rela dipindahkan kebagian yang sangat tidak mereka kuasai dan tidak tahu berapa lama lagi mereka akan dapat bertahan",
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"text": "35",
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 400,
"height": 66,
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"text": "atau dipekerjakan. Selain itu mereka harus menghadapi boss baru, pengawasan yang ketat, tunjangan kesejahteraan berkurang dari sebelumnya, dan harus bekerja lebih lama dan lebih giat demi mempertahankan status sosial ekonomi keluarga. Para pekerja di setiap level mengalami tekanan dan ketidakpastian. Situasi inilah yang seringkali memicu terjadinya stres kerja",
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"text": "Anoraga mendefinisikan stres sebagai suatu bentuk tanggapan seseorang, baik secara fisik maupun mental terhadap suatu perubahan lingkungan yang dirasakan mengganggu dan mengakibatkan dirinya terancam 5 . Sementara itu, Beehr dan Newman mengatakan bahwa stres kerja merupakan suatu interaksi antara kondisi kerja dengan sifat-sifat pekerja yang mengubah fungsi fisik maupun psikis yang normal. Definisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa stres kerja merupakan tuntutan pekerjaan yang tidak dapat diimbangi oleh kemampuan pekerja. 6",
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"text": "Pengertian yang sama diungkapkan oleh Riggio yang mengatakan bahwa stres kerja merupakan suatu keadaan yang penuh dengan tekanan yang diakibatkan karena peristiwa dalam lingkungan pekerjaan. 7 Disisi lain, menurut Berry, stres kerja merupakan respon tubuh yang muncul karena stresor kerja. Pekerjaan-pekerjaan tertentu umumnya dirasakan menjadikan munculnya stres kerja. Stres kerja muncul tergantung pada situasi atau kondisi yang ada. 8",
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"text": "Stres merupakan suatu kondisi ketegangan yang mempengaruhi emosi, proses berpikir dan kondisi seseorang. Kondisi yang cenderung menimbulkan stres disebut stresor . 9 Menurut Cary Cooper dan Alison Straw dari British Institute of Manajement , gejala stres dapat dilihat dari tiga sisi, yaitu gejala fisik, tingkah laku secara umum, gejala-gejala di tempat kerja. 10",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka disimpulkan bahwa stres kerja merupakan suatu keadaan yang bersifat potensial maupun nyata yang penuh dengan tekanan dan melibatkan tuntutan fisik serta psikologis yang diakibatkan karena peristiwa atau kondisi dalam lingkungan pekerjaan yang sifatnya relatif karena dipengaruhi oleh penyesuaian diri individu.",
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"text": "Menurut Gibson, Ivancevich dan Donnelly, ada 4 macam penyebab stres kerja, yaitu:",
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"text": "(1) lingkungan fisik .",
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"text": "Sumber stres ini adalah faktor cahaya, suara, suhu, dan udara yang terkena polusi, sehingga biasanya menjadi masalah bagi pekerjaan-pekerjaan kasar",
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"text": "(2) individual .",
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"text": "Terdiri dari konflik peran, ambiguitas peran, beban kerja yang berlebihan, dan tanggungjawab pekerjaan. Konflik peran adalah sumber stres yang akan muncul dan akan semakin meningkat ketika seseorang menerima pesan-pesan yang tidak cocok berkenaan dengan perilaku yang sesuai, misalnya saja adanya tekanan untuk bergaul dengan orang-orang yang tidak sesuai dengan diri seseorang. Ambiguitas peran terjadi ketika tidak adanya pengetahuan seorang individu tentang hak, hak istimewa, dan kewajiban dari suatu pekerjaan.",
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"text": "Beban kerja yang berlebihan bisa berupa beban kerja secara kuantitatif maupun kualitatif. Beban kerja yang bersifat kualitatif dirasakan individu ketika individu merasa tidak memiliki kemampuan yag dibutuhkan untuk",
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"text": "36",
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{
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"height": 94,
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"text": "menyelesaikan pekerjaan atau adanya tuntutan standar performansi kerja yang terlalu tinggi. Beban kerja yang bersifat kumulatif adalah banyaknya sesuatu yang harus dikerjakan atau tidak cukupnya waktu yang diberikan untuk menyelesaikan suatu pekerjaan. Sedangkan tanggungjawab pekerjaan bisa menjadi beban kerja yang dapat menimbulkan stres kerja apabila tanggungjawab tersebut dirasakan terlalu besar bagi individu yang bersangkutan.",
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"text": "(3) struktur organisasi .",
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"text": "Hal-hal yang mengakibatkan kondisi emosional yang negatif adalah jeleknya struktur organisasi, misalnya struktur organisasi yang terlalu panjang, struktur yang terlalu birokratis, atau struktur organisasi yang terlalu kaku, serta tidak adanya kebijakan khusus bagi pekerja 11 .",
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"text": "Sementara itu, Berry berpandangan bahwa stres dalam kerj disebabkan oleh sumber fisik yang berupa tingkat kebisingan, temperatur atau suhu dan polusi udara; kondisi temporal dalam suatu pekerjaan yang meliputi perubahan zona waktu, perubahan jadual dan adanya tenggang waktu atau deadline untuk menyelesaikan suatu pekerjaan; kondisi sosiopsikologis yang terdiri dari tekanan akibat perkawinan, kesesakan serta adanya relokasi atau migrasi; karakteristik pekerjaan yaitu pekerjaan yang berlebihan atau sebaliknya, beban pekerjaan yang sangat ringan, konflik peran serta adanya ambiguitas peran, adanya perubahan dalam organisasi. 12",
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"text": "Disisi lain, Riggio mengungkapkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang dapat menjadi sumber stres atau stresor kerja adalah,",
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"text": "(1) stresor organisasional.",
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"text": "a) pekerjaan yang berlebihan, dimana stres akan terjadi ketika pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan membutuhkan kerja yang sangat cepat, hasil yang banyak dan konsentrasi yang berlebihan.",
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{
"left": 131,
"top": 489,
"width": 382,
"height": 38,
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"text": "b) Under-utilization , yaitu suatu keadaan dimana seorang pekerja merasa tidak dapat menggunakan kemampuan yang dimilikinya yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan.",
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{
"left": 149,
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"width": 364,
"height": 39,
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"text": "Misalnya lulusan sarjana yang bekerja pada bagian costumer service akan merasakan stres karena tidak bisa menggunakan kemampuannya dalam bekerja.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 131,
"top": 571,
"width": 383,
"height": 108,
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"text": "c) Ketidakpastian tugas. Ketidakpastian tugas merupakan sumber stres yang dihasilkan dari ambiguitas tugas pekerjaan. Misalnya saja, tugas dan persyaratannya tidak didefinisikan secara jelas. Ketika pekerja tidak yakin dengan tanggungjawab mereka dan tugas-tugas yang harus dikerjakan, maka stres dapat muncul. Ketidakpastian pekerjaan yang bisa menghasilkan stres ini juga bisa dihasilkan dari kurangya umpan balik reguler terhadap performansi individu yang bersangkutan, seberapa baik atau burukkah hasil kenerja mereka.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 131,
"top": 682,
"width": 383,
"height": 52,
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"text": "d) Kondisi fisik di lingkungan kerja. Kondisi fisik di lingkungan kerja juga merupakan sumber stres. Pekerjaan yang dilakukan pada temperatur yang ekstrem, suara yang bising atau pencahayaan yang kurang atau ventilasi yang terbatas dapat mempengaruhi munculnya stres. Pekerjaan yang",
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{
"left": 500,
"top": 93,
"width": 12,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "37",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 152,
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"width": 361,
"height": 25,
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"text": "penuh bahaya yang menempatkan pekerja beada pada resiko kesehatan dan resiko hidup dapat juga menjadi penyebab stres.",
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"text": "(2) Sumber stres yang berdasarkan pada hubungan. Salah satu sumber paling besar yang membuat stres kerja dihasilkan dari sulitnya hubungan interpersonal pada pekerjaan, yaitu stres interpersonal yang merupakan salah satu tipe stres dimana mungkin hampir semua pekerja mengalaminya. Stres interpersonal dipicu dari kesulitan dalam membangun dan memelihara hubungan dengan pekerja lain dalam bekerja. Pimpinan yang kasar dengan gaya manajemen yang menghukum akan juga menjadi sumber stres. Stres interpersonal juga bisa diakibatkan oleh rekan kerja dimana antara individu dan rekan kerjanya ditempatkan dalam situasi konflik yang serupa. Misalnya adanya promosi atau kenaikan jabatan.",
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 400,
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"text": "(3) Perasaan kurangnya kontrol. Perasaan semacam ini umumnya terjadi pada pekerjaan di tingkat rendah sampai pada pekerjaan tingkat tinggi dalam suatu organisasi.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 140,
"top": 323,
"width": 376,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Pekerjaan yang sangat kaku dan penuh dengan aturan dimana pekerja tidak mampu mendapatkan masukan dalam keputusan pekerjaan dan prosedur akan menimbulkan stres, khususnya bagi pekerja yang ingin mendapatkan masukan. Penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa pekerja yang mampu melakukan kontrol terhadap lingkungan pekerjaannya, dengan teknik-teknik seperti memberikan suara dalam proses pengambilan keputusan, akan berkurang stresnya dan meningkat kepuasan kerjanya.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 420,
"width": 400,
"height": 52,
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"text": "(4) Situasi yang berubah, meliputi: reorganisasi perusahaan, penggabungan dengan organisasi yang lain atau akusisi dengan perusahaan lain, berubahnya sistem kerja dan teknologi kerja, perubahan dalam kebijakan perusahaan, perubahan manajerial atau perubahan personel. 13",
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 400,
"height": 25,
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"text": "Menurut Terry Beehr dan John Newman gejala stress kerja dapat di bagi dalam 3 (tiga) aspek, yaitu gejala psikologis, gejala psikis dan perilaku.",
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{
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"height": 230,
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"text": "Gejala Psikologis Gejala Fisik Gejala Perilaku Kecemasan, ketegangan Meningkatnya detak jantung dan tekanan darah Menunda ataupun menghindari pekerjaan/tugas Bingung, marah, sensitif Meningkatnya sekresi adrenalin dan noradrenalin Penurunan prestasi dan produktivitas Memendam perasaan Gangguan gastrointestinal, misalnya gangguan lambung Meningkatnya penggunaan minuman keras dan mabuk Komunikasi tidak efektif Mudah terluka Perilaku sabotase Mengurung diri Mudah lelah secara fisik Meningkatnya frekuensi absensi Depresi Kematian Perilaku makan yang tidak normal (kebanyakan atau kekurangan) Merasa terasing dan Gangguan kardiovaskuler Kehilangan nafsu makan dan",
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{
"left": 500,
"top": 93,
"width": 12,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "38",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 112,
"top": 119,
"width": 401,
"height": 297,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "mengasingkan diri penurunan drastis berat badan Kebosanan Gangguan pernafasan Meningkatnya kecenderungan perilaku beresiko tinggi, seperti ngebut, berjudi Ketidakpuasan kerja Lebih sering berkeringat Meningkatnya agresivitas, dan kriminalitas Lelah mental Gangguan pada kulit Penurunan kualitas hubungan inter- personal dengan keluarga dan teman Turunnya fungsi intelektual Kepala pusing, migrain Kecenderungan bunuh diri Kehilangan daya konsentrasi Kanker Kehilangan spontanitas dan kreativitas Ketegangan otot Kehilangan semangat hidup Probem tidur (sulit tidur, terlalu banyak tidur) Menurunnya harga diri dan rasa percaya diri",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 140,
"top": 482,
"width": 196,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dampak dari stres yang potensial, yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Dampak subyektif, antara lain berupa kekhawatiran atau ketakutan, agresi, apatis, rasa bosan, depresi, keletihan, frustrasi, kehilangan kendali emosi, penghargaan diri yang rendah, gugup, kesepian.",
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{
"left": 130,
"top": 537,
"width": 383,
"height": 39,
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"text": "2. Dampak perilaku yang berupa mudah mendapatkan kecelakaan, kecanduan alkohol, penyalahgunaan obat, makan atau merokok secara berlebihan, perilaku impulsif.",
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{
"left": 130,
"top": 578,
"width": 383,
"height": 39,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Dampak kognitif dapat berupa ketidakmampuan untuk membuat keputusan yang masuk akal, daya konsentrasi rendah, kurang perhatian, sangat sensitif terhadap kritik, hambatan mental.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 620,
"width": 383,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4. Dampak fisiologis dapat berupa kandungan glukosa darah meningkat, denyut jantung, tekanan darah meningkat, berkeringat, mulut kering, bola mata melebar, tubuh panas dan dingin.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 661,
"width": 383,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "5. Dampak organisasi antara lain berupa angka absensi rendah, omset rendah, produktifitas rendah, terasing dari mitra kerja, ketidakpuasan kerja, komitmen organisasi dan loyalitas berkurang. 14",
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},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 703,
"width": 364,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Akibat timbulnya stres adalah terjadinya pergeseran faktor psikologis maupun fisik diluar keseimbangan (stabilitas). Mekanisme ini tergambar pada diagram berikut:",
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"width": 12,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "39",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 127,
"width": 286,
"height": 21,
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"text": "Masa Stressor Stres Adaptasi Seimbang Tenang",
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{
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"width": 24,
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"text": "Stres",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 217,
"width": 365,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Dalam melakukan suatu pekerjaan karyawan akan mengalami stres. Stres merupakan suatu respon adaftif karyawan terhadap situasi dan kejadian di lingkungan kerja. Stres bisa positif atau negatif. Jika stres itu negatif maka karyawan akan mengadakan adaptasi coping sehinggga keadaan menjadi seimbang seperti semula.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Hipotesis.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian di atas, hipotesis yang diajukan penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan antara laki-laki dan perempuan di lingkungan karyawan STAIN Malang dalam memilih strategi coping terhadap stres.",
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"text": "C. METODE PENELITIAN. Variabel Penelitian.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 383,
"width": 400,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Untuk meneliti suatu konsep secara empiris, konsep tersebut harus dioperasionalkan dengan mengubahnya menjadi variabel. Variabel adalah segala sesuatu yang menjadi obyek pengamatan penelitian atau faktor-faktor yang berperan dalam peristiwa atau gejala yang diteliti. Dalam penelitian ini variabel yang diteliti meliputi variabel bebas dan terikat, yaitu:",
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{
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"text": "a. Variabel Bebas : Strategi coping",
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{
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"top": 466,
"width": 160,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "b. Variabel Terikat : Stres Kerja",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 480,
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Definisi Opeasional.",
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{
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"text": "Definisi operaional dari variabel-variabel dalam penelitian adalah sebagai berikut:",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 521,
"width": 400,
"height": 66,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "a. Strategi coping terhadap stres. Suatu proses di mana individu mencoba untuk mengelola jarak yang ada antara tuntutan-tuntutan (baik tuntutan yang berasal dari individu maupun tutntutan yang berasal dari lingkungan) dengan sumber–sumber daya yang mereka gunakan dalam mengatasi situasi stressful.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 590,
"width": 80,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Stress kerja.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 131,
"top": 604,
"width": 382,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Stres kerja merupakan suatu keadaan yang bersifat potensial maupun nyata yang penuh dengan tekanan dan melibatkan tuntutan fisik serta psikologis yang diakibatkan karena peristiwa atau kondisi dalam lingkungan pekerjaan yang sifatnya relatif karena dipengaruhi oleh penyesuaian diri individu.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 659,
"width": 113,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Populasi dan Sampel.",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 673,
"width": 400,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Populasi yang digunakan, sesuai tujuan penelitian ini, adalah seluruh karyawan di lingkungan STAIN Malang. Pengambilan subyek sebagai sampel penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan ciri-ciri populasi yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya, yaitu:",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "1. Karyawan di lingkungan STAIN Malang",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 742,
"width": 147,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Pendidikan minimal SMA",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 500,
"top": 93,
"width": 12,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "40",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 225,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Berjenis kelamin laki-laki atau perempuan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 130,
"width": 219,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4. Selama penelitian berdomisili di Malang",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 144,
"width": 324,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Metode Pengumpulan Data. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan beberapa metode:",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 171,
"width": 400,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Observasi, dilakukan dengan cara mengamati pelaksanaan pelayanan kerja di lingkungan STAIN Malang dan bagaimana strategi karyawan dalam menghadapi stres kerja.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 213,
"width": 400,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Wawancara, dilakukan untuk menggali data yang lebih mendalam tentang pelaksanaan kerja di lingkungan STAIN Malang dan bagaimana strategi karyawan dalam menghadapi stres kerja.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 254,
"width": 400,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Kuesioner. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan satu macam angket yaitu angket yang mengukur tentang strategi coping terhadap stres. Metode angket digunakan dengan alasan bahwa subjek adalah orang yang paling tahu tentang dirinya. Apa yang dikemukakan oleh subjek dianggap benar dan dapat dipercaya, dan interpretasi subjek tentng pernyataan-pernytaan yang diajukan kepadanya adalah sama dengan apa yang dimaksud oleh pembuat skala.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 337,
"width": 400,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Angket Identitas Diri. Digunakan untuk mengetahui data-data pribadi dari subjek, seperti jenis kelamin, umur, pendidikan terakhir, dan lain-lain.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 365,
"width": 113,
"height": 11,
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"text": "Metode Analisis Data",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 378,
"width": 400,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Data dari hasil penelitian yang dikumpulkan melalui skala yang sudah diuji kesahihan dan keandalannya dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji t dan dengan mempertimbangkan rerata untuk tiap-tiap kelompok. Dalam penelitian ini seluruh hasil perhitungan analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan Seri Program Statistik (SPS) –2000 edisi Sutrisno Hadi dan Yuni Pamardiningsih UGM Versi IBM/IN, Hak Cipta (c) 2002. 15",
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{
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"text": "D. TEMUAN PENELITIAN. Lokasi Penelitian.",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 502,
"width": 400,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan di STAIN Malang dengan populasi karyawan di lingkungan lembaga tersebut. Alasan dipilihnya STAIN Malang sebagai lokasi penelitian adalah karena STAIN Malang adalah perguruan tinggi yang sedang menanjak dan sedang menata diri. Dengan makin pesatnya perkembangan STAIN Malang dan bertambah banyaknya jumlah mahasiswa berarti makin menuntut pelayanan yang baik. Pelayanan yang makin baik dan banyak tetapi tidak diimbangi dengan jumlah karyawan akan mengakibatkan resiko stres kerja yang tinggi. Untuk itulah peneliti memilih STAIN Malang sebagai lokasi penelitian.",
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"text": "Penelitian dari dilakukan tanggal 1 Agustus – 15 September 2002 dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 28 orang karyawan. Dari 40 angket yang disebarkan 5 buah angket tidak dikembalikan dengan lengkap, 2 angket tidak diisi lengkap identitasnya, 5 angket tidak lengkap jawabannya, dan sisanya adalah angket dari karyawan yang bisa dianalisa. Selain itu, pengumpulan data juga dilakukan dengan mengunakan metode kualitatif terutama untuk mengetahui data dari karyawan mengenai strategi coping terhadap stres kerja dengan memberi pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan stres kerja dan bagaimana cara mengatasinya..",
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"text": "41",
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"width": 400,
"height": 39,
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"text": "Sebelumnya peneliti mengadakan observasi lapangan, untuk mencari dan menemukan informan yang tepat sesuai dengan syarat- syarat sebagai informan yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.",
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"text": "Validitas Alat Ukur.",
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"text": "Hasil komputasi analisis kesahihan butir (validity) dengan menggunakan program SPS dari Sutrisno Hadi dan Yuni Pamardiningsih UGM Versi IBM/IN, Hak Cipta (c) 2002 menyatakan bahwa dari 40 butir, 20 butir gugur sedangkan 20 butir sahih. Adapun butir yang gugur adalah butir nomor 1, 2,3,4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18,19, 21, 26, 27 28,34, 36, 37, 38s Reliabilitas.",
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"text": "Reliabilitas teknik yang dilakukan adalah analisis varians dari Hoyt. Dari uji komputasi dengan menggunakan program SPS dari Sutrsino Hadi dan Yuni Pamardiningsih UGM Versi IBM/IN, Hak Cipta (c) 2002 diperoleh hasil r tt sebesar 0.832, p sebesar 0.000 yang berarti reliabilitas alat tersebut dapat diandalkan.",
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"text": "Analisa Data.",
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"text": "Analisis data kuantitif dalam penelitian ini mengunakan metode analisis dwivariat uji t student antar kelompok program SPS 2000 dari Sutrisno Hadi dan Yuni Pamardiningsih UGM Versi IBM/IN, Hak Cipta (c) 2002. Dari hasil koputasi diperoleh hasil rerata kelompok wanita lebih tinggi dari rerata laki-laki dengan angka rerata kelompok wanita sebesar 116.000 sedangkan kelompok laki- laki reratanya sebesar 113.778.",
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"text": "Dari hasil uji t yang dilakukan diperoleh nilai p sebesar 0.504. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa tidak ada perbedaaan antara laki-laki dan wanita dalam strategi coping dalam menghadapi stres kerja. Sedang dengan metode pengumpulan data secara kualitatif dengan cara wawancara pada karyawan diperoleh hasil bahwa ada indikasi adanya stres kerja pada karyawan. Adapun strategi coping dalam menghadapi stres bagi karyawan laki-laki sebagian besar adalah merokok, berjalan-jalan dan menonton televisi, sedang pada karyawan wanita memilih untuk berbincang-bincang dengan teman satu kantor atau teman dari kantor yang lain dan sebagian lagi memilih untuk berjalan-jalan.",
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"text": "E. P E N U T U P Kesimpulan.",
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"text": "Hasil komputasi yang menggunakan program SPS 2000 dari Sutrisno Hadi dan Yuni Pamardiningsih UGM Versi IBM/IN, Hak Cipta (c) 2002 diperoleh hasil p sebesar 0.504. dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa tidak ada perbedaaan antara laki-laki dan wanita dalam strategi coping dalam menghadapi stres kerja. Sementara itu, dengan metode pengumpulan data secara kualitatif dengan cara wawancara pada karyawan diperoleh hasil bahwa ada indikasi adanya stres kerja pada karyawan. Adapun strategi coping dalam menghadapi stres bagi karyawan laki-laki sebagian besar memilih merokok, berjalan-jalan atau menonton televisi, sedang pada karyawan wanita memilih untuk berbincang-bincang dengan teman satu kantor atau teman dari kantor yang lain, atau memilih untuk berjalan-jalan.",
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"text": "Stres akibat kerja merupakan permasalahan yang besar dalam bidang keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja, karena stres mempunyai dampak yang tidak",
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"text": "diinginkan seperti kecelakaan kerja, penyakit yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan serta kesehatan mental. Pencegahan dan manajemen stres perlu dilakukan secara komprehensif baik pada tingkat organisasi maupun pada tingkat individu serta melibatkan peran berbagai sektor maupun berbagai kalangan profesional yang multi disiplin.",
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"text": "Saran-saran.",
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"text": "1. Bagi para peneliti berikutnya yang berminat terhadap tema yang sama, hendaknya mempertimbangkan variable-variabel lain yang mempengaruhi strategi coping terhadap stres seperti perbedaan beban kerja, lingkungan kerja, jenis pekerjaan, dan lain-lain.",
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"text": "2. Bagi para pengambil keputusan,",
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"text": "a. agar mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi stres kerja pada karyawan sehingga diperoleh hasil yang kerja yang optimal.",
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"text": "b. melakukan beberapa program pencegahan dan manajemen untuk memperkecil resiko karyawan mengalami stres kerja melalui beberapa upaya:",
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"text": "- upaya primer: pengembangan aspek organisasi dan aspek pekerjaan",
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"text": "dalam rangka memperkecil stresor atau pengendalian hazard ( hazard control ) khususnya hazard psikososial agar tercapai organisasi yang sehat ( health organization ).",
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"text": "- upaya sekunder: pelatihan sumber daya manusia dalam konteks promosi kesehatan dan pengembangan skill.",
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"text": "- upaya tertier: pengembangan bantuan konseling pada karyawan.",
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"text": "Catatan Akhir.",
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"text": "1 Smet, B. Psikologi Kesehatan . (Jakarta, Grasindo, 1994),",
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"text": "2 Ibid , 4 . 3 Shinta, E. “Perilaku Coping dan Dukungan Sosial pada pemuda penganggur: Studi Deskriftif terhadap Pemuda Penganggur di Perkotaan, Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia . (edisi No. 1, 1995), 34-42",
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"text": "4 Ibid, 4. 5 Anoraga, P. Psikologi Kerja . (Jakarta, Rineka Cipta, 1992),",
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"width": 317,
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"text": "6 Rice, P.L. It Resh and Health. (California, Cole Publishing Company, 1992),",
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"top": 578,
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"text": "7 Riggio, E. R. Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology, (London, Scott. Glenview, 1990),",
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"top": 601,
"width": 240,
"height": 11,
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"text": "8 Berry, M. L. Psychology at Work . (Mc Graw Hill, 1998),",
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"top": 613,
"width": 332,
"height": 11,
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"text": "9 Umar, H. Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Organisasi. (Jakarta, Gramedia, 2000),",
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"top": 624,
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"text": "10 Ibid, 6. 11 Gibson, Organizations, (Richard Irwin, Inc, 1995),",
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"text": "12 Berry, Psychology at Work , (Mc Graw Hill, 1998),",
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"text": "13 Ibid, 6. 14 Ibid 15 Hadi, S & Pamardiningsih, Seri Program Statistik (2000),",
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"text": "Anoraga, P. Psikologi Kerja . (Jakarta, Rineka Cipta, 1992), Berry, Psychology at Work , (Mc Graw Hill, 1998), Gibson, Organizations, (Richard Irwin, Inc, 1995), Hadi, S & Pamardiningsih, Seri Program Statistik (2000), Rice, P.L. It Resh and Health. (California, Cole Publishing Company, 1992),",
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"text": "Shinta, E. “Perilaku Coping dan Dukungan Sosial pada pemuda penganggur: Studi Deskriftif terhadap Pemuda Penganggur di Perkotaan, Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia . (edisi No. 1, 1995), Smet, B. Psikologi Kesehatan . (Jakarta, Grasindo, 1994), Umar, H. Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Organisasi. (Jakarta, Gramedia, 2000),",
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059824ba-d485-6bda-0d56-a6c3b1e1c980 | https://ijble.com/index.php/journal/article/download/749/683 | [
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"text": "Sea transportation services that transport certain goods have many problems, for example related to the responsibility of sea transportation services for damage to goods or delays in goods, so these matters must be resolved in forums or dispute resolution institutions. The legal research method used in this research is normative juridical research which is research carried out or aimed only at written regulations with the nature of descriptive analysis research, which is a method that functions to describe or provide an overview of the object under study. The data source used is secondary data with quantitative data analysis. The results of this research are that the carrier must be responsible if loss or damage occurs from the transportation activity. As explained in Article 40 to Article 42 of the Shipping Law, the carrier company is responsible for the safety of the goods or passengers it transports in accordance with the agreement agreed upon by both parties.\" that the carrier's responsibility for damage to the goods is realized through the provision of compensation in accordance with article 472 of the Commercial Code, the procedures for settling claims from customers in the process of organizing the transportation of goods by sea are usually settled at the port of unloading between the follower and the recipient of the goods. The things that need to be done by the owner of the goods when submitting a claim for compensation is that the sender or recipient of the goods includes a Bill of Lading and a Receipt in submitting a claim for compensation",
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"text": "The main function of transportation is to distribute goods from the place of origin to the destination effectively and efficiently. Transportation classification can be categorized into 3 means, namely land transportation routes (via roads and trains), sea transportation routes, and air transportation routes. Of the three types of transportation modes mentioned above, the researcher will take the case of transportation by sea. In general, there are 2 options for sending goods by sea, namely by using a bulk ship and using a container or container from the shipping company / container ship. Expedition via container or what is more commonly called a container, is a storage and delivery medium for goods that is most often used in inter-island expedition activities. Transportation Management Services Business (freight forwarder) is a business activity aimed at all activities necessary for the delivery and receipt of goods via land, rail, sea and/or air transportation. As a freight forwarding company.",
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"text": "Article 53 of Law Number 17 of 2006 concerning Amendments to Law Number 10 of 1995 concerning Customs states that provisions on prohibitions and/or restrictions issued by technical agencies must be submitted to the Minister of Finance u.p. Director General of Customs and Excise. Regarding the provisions conveyed, the Director General of Customs and Excise conducted research and the",
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"text": "Director General of Customs and Excise on behalf of the Minister of Finance determined a list of goods prohibited or restricted for import or export based on Minister of Finance Regulation Number 224/PMK.04/2015 concerning Import Control or Export of Prohibited and/or Restricted Goods, to be further supervised by DJBC. In other words, the shipper is the seller or owner of the goods who sends the cargo to the consignee. Consignee is someone who receives the shipped cargo. Therefore, it can be concluded that the consignee is the recipient of goods / buyer of goods sent by the previous shipper in accordance with the sale and purchase agreement of both parties Usually there is an agreement between the shipper and the consignee before shipping the goods. The purpose of the agreement is to agree on the terms and delivery procedures intended by both parties to avoid or anticipate the occurrence of default",
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"text": "However, in reality, most transportation does not have a written agreement with the seller or owner of the goods but only has an unwritten agreement between the logistics / freight forwarding service provider and the shipper / sender or owner of the goods or consignee / buyer or recipient. Transportation as an agreement is generally verbal (not written) but is always supported by transportation documents which prove that the agreement has occurred. These parties have the freedom to determine the rights and obligations that must be fulfilled in sending/transporting goods. The law only applies as long as the parties do not specify other agreements that they agree to and as long as this does not harm the public interest. In this case, the carrier has an important role in the process of delivering goods safely, quickly and intact. It cannot be denied that freight forwarders can also be sued for the integrity of the cargo when it arrives at the destination, even though in some cases, the freight forwarder does not carry out the loading process so that the freight forwarder also does not know the condition of the goods being loaded, whether in terms of quality and quality they are in accordance with the agreement of the buying and selling parties or No. So from the description above, there are problems in Freight Forwarding's responsibility in shipping cargo",
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"page_number": 2,
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"text": "METHOD",
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"top": 535,
"width": 455,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "This research uses normative juridical research and the nature of this thesis's research method is descriptive analysis, namely research that describes, examines, explains and analyzes a legal regulation, in this case related to Dispute Resolution Between Transportation Carrier/Freight Forwarder Services And Exporters Regarding Damage To Goods/Cargo By Sea Line In Medan, Source The legal materials used in this research are secondary data which is data obtained from official documents, books or any form of research related to research objects and research results in the form of reports, journals, theses, dissertations and statutory regulations. The data analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis, namely a research procedure that produces analytical descriptive data, namely by collecting materials and data as well as applicable regulations and legislation which are then analyzed using logical legal thinking.",
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"height": 21,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 5, Number 2, 2024 https://ijble.com/index.php/journal/index",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 287,
"top": 795,
"width": 25,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "1731",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 107,
"width": 311,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 135,
"width": 455,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "In general, a breach of contract will occur if one of the parties is declared to have failed to fulfill the performance or in other words, a breach of contract exists if one of the parties cannot prove that he or she has committed the default through no fault of his own or due to compelling circumstances. Default by one party can of course cause losses to the other party. Forms of Maritime Dispute Resolution Legal disputes or disputes in a legal relationship can generally be resolved through two methods of resolution, namely:",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "a. Peaceful settlement (non-litigation), b. Settlement through authorized institutions or institutions (litigation).",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 259,
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"height": 94,
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"text": "The two types of dispute resolution above can also be applied in sea transportation. However, both types of dispute resolution have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Peaceful dispute resolution requires the will and ability to negotiate to achieve a peaceful resolution of the dispute. The use of a non-litigation dispute resolution model prioritizes a \"consensus\" approach and seeks to reconcile the interests of the disputing parties and aims to obtain dispute resolution results towards a win-win solution.",
"type": "Text"
},
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"left": 72,
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"width": 454,
"height": 191,
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"text": "The justice to be achieved through this mechanism is commutative justice. Meanwhile, resolution through an authorized institution or agency requires knowledge of the procedures and/or rules that apply to resolving the dispute, namely in the form of procedural legal rules. Apart from that, legal protection can also be applied in sea transportation as regulated in the Consumer Protection Law. Based on the provisions of Article 1 point 1 UUPK states \"Consumer protection is all efforts that ensure legal certainty to provide protection to consumers\". The above formulation is an effort by law makers to fortify or protect consumers from arbitrary actions by business actors. So if a business actor, in this case a carrier, violates one of the acts prohibited in the UUPK which can cause harm to consumers, in this case passengers, then consumers who are harmed can resolve the dispute by filing a lawsuit against the business actor, either through an institution tasked with resolving disputes between consumers and perpetrators. business or through courts within the general judiciary, as regulated in Article 45 UUPK",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Discussion",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 562,
"width": 455,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "The responsibility of shipping business actors or ship entrepreneurs is regulated in article 321 of the Commercial Code which states \"entrepreneurs are responsible for losses caused to third parties due to unlawful acts of those who are in permanent or temporary service on ships because of their position or because they carry out their activities on the ship carrying out work for a load. According to this article, there are two types of responsibility of ship entrepreneurs, namely:",
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"height": 25,
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"text": "a. Ship operators are responsible for the legal actions that people working on ships carry out in their respective work environments.",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 673,
"width": 454,
"height": 38,
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"text": "b. Ship operators are responsible for losses caused by unlawful acts of people who work on ships for the purposes of the ship or its cargo, provided that the unlawful acts are carried out within their respective work environment.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 714,
"width": 455,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "There is no requirement for a transportation agreement to be in writing, just verbally, as long as there is agreement of will (consensus). From the above definition, it can be interpreted that for a transportation agreement to exist, it is sufficient to have an agreement (consensus) between the parties, this is as stated in",
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"text": "Volume 5, Number 2, 2024",
"type": "Section header"
},
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"left": 399,
"top": 82,
"width": 122,
"height": 6,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "https://ijble.com/index.php/journal/index",
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"text": "1732",
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},
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"left": 72,
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"text": "the provisions of Article 90 of the Commercial Code which states that a transportation document is an agreement between the sender or forwarder on one party and the carrier or skipper. boat to another party and the letter contains in addition to what would have been agreed upon by both parties, such as regarding the time within which the transportation must be completed and regarding compensation in the event of delays, it also contains:",
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"text": "a. Name and weight or size of the goods being transported, as well as brands and numbers;",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 217,
"width": 307,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "b. The name of the person to whom the goods are sent;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 231,
"width": 276,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "c. Name and location of the carrier or boat owner;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 245,
"width": 158,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "d. Amount of carrier wages;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 259,
"width": 53,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "e. Date;",
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"text": "f. Signature of the sender or forwarder.",
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{
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"width": 455,
"height": 67,
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"text": "According to Article 1367 of the Civil Code, hereinafter abbreviated to the Civil Code, legal responsibility for people who suffer losses is not only limited to their own actions, but also the actions of their employees, employees, agents and representatives if they cause losses to other people, as long as the person acts in accordance with the duties and obligations assigned to that person",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "The carrier is always considered responsible in accordance with the provisions of article 41 paragraph (2) of Law No. 17 of 2008. In this principle, the carrier is always considered responsible for any losses arising from the transportation it carries out. However, if the carrier can prove that the loss incurred was not his fault, then the carrier can be released from the responsibility to pay some or all of the compensation. In the carrier's responsibility for damage to the goods, it is realized through the provision of compensation, as stated in article 472 of the Commercial Code as stated that: \"Compensation that must be paid by the carrier due to delivery of the goods in whole or in part, must be calculated according to the price of the goods and the type and the same situation at the place of delivery when the goods were supposed to be handed over, with deductions for what has been saved in terms of duties, costs and transportation costs, due to not handing over the goods.",
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"text": "The party concerned can submit a claim officially and in writing to the carrier with proof of valid documents, but usually claim settlement is based on the principles of kinship and deliberation. However, in this case, it also does not rule out the possibility that compensation could take the form of repairs to damaged goods so that it can be assumed that the carrier has made compensation payments. The interests of consumers must be protected so that consumers will easily hide behind these legal norms or rules as a means of protection for themselves. This is based on Article 1 point 1 of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. Based on the results of an inventory of statutory regulations in the field of maritime transportation, both in public law and civil law, there are formal sources of these regulations, including Law no. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law no. 21 of 1992 concerning Shipping, Civil Code, KUHD, Conventions, International Conventions, other related laws, several government regulations, ministerial decisions and other implementing regulations. Therefore, consumers (senders or recipients of goods) have the right to claim against the carrier through claims for compensation as stated in article 472 of the Commercial Code.",
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"text": "Volume 5, Number 2, 2024",
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"text": "1733",
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"text": "Compensation claims (claims) are usually settled at the port of discharge between the retainer and the consignee. The things that the owner of the property needs to do when filing a claim for compensation are as follows:",
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"text": "a. The sender or recipient of the goods includes the Bill of Lading and the Mualim's Receipt from the cargo party when submitting a claim for compensation.",
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"text": "b. Every sender or recipient of goods has the right to receive a statement from the shipping carrier or carrier called a \"Notice of Claim\".",
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"width": 455,
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"text": "c. Usually shipping airlines issue certificates including: E.B (except bewijs) and C.C.B (claim constateting bewijs)",
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"text": "Based on the above evidence, the recipient of the goods has the right to submit a letter of demand for compensation (claim) to the carrier, which contains, among other things: information regarding the delivery of the goods, appointment to TBT and a brief explanation regarding the shortage of goods being shipped upon inspection. has been carried out, the amount of compensation claimed and an explanation of the basis for calculating the amount of compensation stated in the CCB are submitted to the carrier. After the sender submits a loss claim letter to the carrier, the carrier inspects and examines the shortage/damage to the goods. Apart from that, the carrier also needs to examine the claim letter to see whether the claim has expired or not within 1 year after delivery of the goods. In accordance with article 487 and article III paragraph 6 of The Hague Rules, it is stipulated that the collection of the right to \"legal claim\" for compensation for losses must be carried out within 1 year after delivery of the goods. If the carrier is proven to be at fault for damage/loss to the goods, the carrier will reimburse the amount of compensation money determined by the regulations stated on the bill of lading. However, if there is no price information for the goods at the destination, the carrier will compensate the loss on the basis of the f.o.b price, C & F price and c.i.f. price",
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"text": "After submitting a claim to the carrier, the sender or recipient of the goods can carry out the settlement of the claim for compensation for violations committed by the carrier in 2 (two) ways in accordance with the contents of Article 45 paragraph (2) of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, that is :",
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"text": "Non-Litigation Settlement of consumer disputes outside of court through a mediation, arbitration or conciliation process which aims to reach an agreement regarding the form and amount of compensation so that losses suffered by consumers do not occur again as regulated in Article 47 of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection.",
"type": "Text"
},
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"text": "Litigation: Settlement of consumer disputes through institutions tasked with resolving disputes between consumers and business actors or through courts within the general judiciary.",
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"text": "In general, sea transportation service dispute resolution can be carried out in a non-litigation manner because it relates to claims for damage to goods and delays in delivery made at the port when the goods arrive. However, it does not rule out the possibility that maritime transportation service disputes can be resolved through litigation through a lawsuit for compensation.",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Responsibility of the carrier (freight forwarder) if cargo is damaged during sea transportation. The carrier must be responsible if loss or damage occurs as a result of the transportation activity. As explained in Article 40 to Article 42 of the Shipping",
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"height": 13,
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"text": "Volume 5, Number 2, 2024",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "Law, the carrier company is responsible for the safety of the goods or passengers it transports in accordance with the agreement agreed upon by both parties. that the carrier's responsibility for damage to the goods is realized through the provision of compensation in accordance with Article 472 of the Commercial Code, which is a form of normative legal protection to protect the sender or recipient of goods in sea transportation. Procedures for settling claims from customers in the process of organizing the transportation of goods by sea are usually completed at the port of unloading between the follower and the recipient of the goods. The things that need to be done by the owner of the goods when submitting a claim for compensation is that the sender or recipient of the goods includes a Bill of Lading and a Receipt from the cargo party in submitting a claim for compensation. Every sender or recipient of goods has the right to obtain a statement from the shipping carrier or carrier that called a \"Notice of Claim\". Usually shipping airlines issue certificates including E.B (except bewijs) and C.C.B (claim constatetering bewijs). Based on this evidence, the recipient of the goods has the right to submit a letter of claim for compensation (claim) to the carrier, which contains, among other things: information regarding the delivery of goods goods, appointment to the TBT and a brief explanation regarding the shortage of goods being shipped if an inspection has been carried out then submitted to the carrier, the amount of compensation claimed and an explanation regarding the basis for calculating the amount of compensation stated in the CCB.",
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"text": "Reference",
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23310d2b-49a1-f958-7902-a1d3b2ae1046 | https://jurnal.syntaxliterate.co.id/index.php/syntax-literate/article/download/13105/8250 | [
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"text": "Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p–ISSN: 2541-0849 e- ISSN: 2548-1398 Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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"text": "DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING VIDEOS ON BASIC SOCCER GAME TECHNIQUES AT THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION UNIT LEVEL",
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"text": "Muhammad David, Hartati, Herri Yusfi, Iyakrus, Wahyu Indra Bayu Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]",
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"text": "The development of educational civilization and technology is expected to make it easier teachers in order to create and produce learning media that can be used practically and efficiently. Sports and health Physical Education subjects are one of the subjects that can utilize technology in the learning process. This research aims to determine the validity, practicality and effectiveness of tutorial video learning media. This research is development research (R&D). This research produced a learning media product that can be used in Physical Education Subjects for Junior High School Foottball material. This study was validated by 3 expertsand declared suitable for use, the results of the effectiveness test in the small groupof this study showed a figure of 18,330 for T count greater than T table 1.761 while the effectiveness test result in a large group was 29.215 for Tcount greater than Ttable 1.691 which means the study is effective for improving the cognitive abilities of learners. Learning through this medium can be accessed online and offline. This research shows that tutorial video physical education learning media developed and tested for validity and effectiveness can be used in teaching and learning activities.",
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"text": "Keywords: Media; Tutorial Video; Football.",
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"text": "Introduction",
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"text": "Education is an effort to prepare reliable Human Resources (HR) useful for the development of the nation and state. Education is one of the most important factors for the sustainability of mankind. In addition to clothing and food, education can already be included in basic human needs (Gunawan et al., 2017). The progress or failure of a country can be seen from the progress of its education system, without education humans will be difficult to develop and even backward. Education must be truly directed at producing qualified human beings with noble ethics and good morals (Wahyudin, 2014).",
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"text": "How to cite: Muhammad David, Hartati, Herri Yusfi, Iyakrus, Wahyu Indra Bayu (2022) Development Videos on Basic Soccer Game Techniques At The Junior High School Education Unit Level, 10.36418/syntax-literate.v7i10.13105",
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"text": "of Learning (7) 10,. Doi: E-ISSN: 2548-1398",
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"text": "Published by: Ridwan Institute",
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"text": "Development of Learning Videos on Basic Soccer Game Techniques at The Junior High School Education Unit Level",
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"text": "Syntax Literate, Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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"text": "Education as a leading sector of human development has a significant contribution in responding to global competition in changing socioeconomic conditions of the world community. Education must keep up with the development and demands of human needs. Some experts argue, the development of the education system follows the development of the industrial revolution. Education is degraded and inversely proportional to the advancement of world technology regulations (Ardhani et al., 2021). We have entered the vortex of the industrial revolution 4.0 or entered the 21st century. According to Daryanto (2017), the characteristics of the century",
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"text": "21 is characterized by the use of information and communication technology in all aspects of life. This technology can connect the world beyond geographical barriers, so that it becomes borderless. Education in the world is also directed towards high-level technological breeds. Schools are the main person in charge of creating humans who are ready to face the digital era and have to go the extra mile (Buhari, 2017). Extraordinary education is a super powerful demand of education providers in preparing generation Z humans or known as gen-Z (Arkorful &; Abaidoo, 2015; Ojokoh et al., 2013). 21st century learning is an education in order to prepare students to be able to apply advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which is growing so very quickly has an influence on various aspects of life, including the teaching and learning process. (Jannah et al., 2019). One example of advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has an influence on the learning process is that students are given opportunities and are required to be able to develop their skills in mastering technology, especially computers, so that students have the ability to use technology in the learning process aimed at achieving thinking skills in student learning (Gjelaj et al., 2020; Jaya et al., 2018).",
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"text": "The 21st century is now also called the age of knowledge, the objectives of education can include: (1) preparing humans in a world of ups and downs, dynamic and unpredictable (unpredictable); (2) creative behavior; (3) liberating unique individual intelligence and (4) producing innovators. One of the lesson contents that focus on achieving all domains of learning objectives, namely the cognitive, effective and psychomotor domains included in the 21st century learning area is the content of Physical Education, Sports and Health, hereinafter referred to as PJOK. Suherman (2018) revealed that PJOK is an educational process that utilizes physical activities, systematically planned aimed at developing and improving individuals organically, neuromuscularly, perceptually, cognitively, affectively, psychomotor, emotionally and within the framework of the national education system.",
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"text": "The advantages of soccer according to Kurniati (2016), namely (1) able to develop children's social skills obtained through the process of playing; (2) games allow active participation of students to learn; (3) have competitive values that are able to provide opportunities for students to learn to compete healthily to achieve the expected goals; (4) help develop, both social skills, motor skills and emotional skills in communication between players. Learning by playing makes a good experience for students, not only developing muscle skills, coordination of movements,",
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"text": "Muhammad David, Hartati, Herri Yusfi, Iyakrus, Wahyu Indra Bayu",
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"text": "Syntax Literate , Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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"text": "communication skills and learning to concentrate.",
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"text": "The scope of PJOK learning that almost meets all 21st century learning criteria standards, students are expected to have life skills as a provision to enter the next level. That is, the world of education must be able to predict and prepare what skills must be possessed by students to live in the future. At this point, education must be able to adapt to rapid developments in the field of information and communication technology by starting to build an education system (digital era learning) (Pertiwi et al., 2017).",
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"text": "PJOK learning is a complex educational process through physical activity focused on achieving all domains of learning objectives consisting of cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains and simultaneously developed in a quality learning design. (Yunitaningrum & Triansyah, 2016). On the other hand, problems in PJOK learning until now have never subsided and are multidemnent, let's say related to the teacher's ability to teach students who are still minimal, the availability of PJOK infrastructure is very limited and the discrepancy in the qualifications of PJOK teachers, such as there are still many PJOK teachers with non-undergraduate education qualifications and even in some schools, PJOK lessons are taught by teachers who are not qualified PJOK teachers (Dwi et al., 2020).",
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"text": "The use of learning media is one of the alternatives that can be used to overcome the limitations of teaching and learning activities of PJOK content. One of the media that can be used is digital-based learning media, considering that digitalization of life that is growing rapidly in the future must be implemented in the world of education, so that it can equip our children with important skills in dealing with them. According to Dale quoted by Arsyad (2010), that the acquisition of learning outcomes through the sense of sight ranges from 75%, through the sense of hearing around 13% and through other senses around 12%. Thus, visual learning media has a greater influence than learning media through audio.",
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"text": "Research Methods",
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"text": "This research has been carried out in SMP Negeri 3 Kikim Timur, Kikim Timut District, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra Province. The implementation is carried out in approximately 6 months, namely September-March 2023 starting from preliminary studies to the product testing and evaluation process.",
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"text": "This type of research is research and development (R&D) with qualitative and quantitative research approaches. This R&D is based on video-based physical education learning on football material, which has been tested, validated, and revised to obtain media, demonstrating the effectiveness and feasibility of its value. The resulting product is a video-based Physical Education learning media made from basic football techniques. From several existing development research models, the author decided to use the ADDIE model, the basis for consideration of choosing the use of the ADDIE model, the selection of this model is based on the consideration that this model is developed systematically and is based on the theoretical foundation of learning design besides that",
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"text": "Development of Learning Videos on Basic Soccer Game Techniques at The Junior High School Education Unit Level",
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"text": "Syntax Literate, Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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"text": "because each step in the development procedure stage is explained in detail, what researchers will do when developing products in the form of learning media video- based, and manual book.",
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"text": "The research method used is to adopt from the ADDIE development model the procedures for using the ADDIE model include: 1) Analyze , 2) Design , 3) Develop , 4) Implement , and 5) Evaluate (Branch, 2009) . Research and development in the field of education is a development model that has advantages at the stage of systematic work. Each phase is evaluated and revised from the stages passed, so that the resulting product becomes a valid product.",
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"text": "The stages in research and development include several things: 1) The preliminary study stage; 2) The conceptual design stage of the model; and 3) Design development stage; 4) Product implementation stage; 5) Product evaluation stage. This Physical Education learning media development procedure follows the steps of product development according to the ADDIE model pattern.",
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"text": "Data collection techniques in research are carried out through several methods, namely observation, interviews, questionnaires and test methods . Data analysis techniques in this study consist of validity, practicality, and effectiveness analysis.",
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"text": "Results and Discussion",
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"text": "A. Data Analysis of Expert Validation Results",
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"text": "Data obtained from suggestions and input during validation by experts are used for improvements in the development of physical education learning media based on learning videos on soccer material. Here are the results of the validation assessment percentage from experts:",
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"text": "1. Validity",
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"text": "The total score of media experts = 45, the maximum score = 52 then the percentage of validity results in media experts is: 45 x 100 = 86.53%. Total score of material experts = 42, maximum score = 48 then the percentage of validity results in material experts is: 42 x 100 = 87.50%. And the total score of learning experts = 47, the maximum score = 52 then the percentage of validity results in learning experts is 47 x 100 = 90.38%.",
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"text": "The data above shows that the percentage of assessment in the media aspect of 86.53% is located in the interval 86-100 is categorized as very good, as well as the aspect of pencak silat material shows a percentage of 87.50% is categorized as very good, and in the aspect of instruments in learning shows a percentage of 90.38% is also classified as very good. In addition to getting the assessment, there are several suggestions submitted by validators, including:",
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"text": "a. Adjust the colors on the appearance of the application",
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"text": "b. Add images inside the material with different angles",
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"text": "The revision of learning video media has been in accordance with the criticism or suggestions given by validators, including:",
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"text": "a. In-app colors and contrasts are already customized for all menus",
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"text": "Muhammad David, Hartati, Herri Yusfi, Iyakrus, Wahyu Indra Bayu",
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"text": "Syntax Literate , Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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"text": "b. Side view images and videos have been inserted into the app",
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"text": "2. Practicality",
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"text": "Practicality data was sourced from teacher responses through questionnaire answers totaling 12 statements with Likert scale. The respondents' answers are scored and then presented as the following table:",
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"text": "No Statement Shoes ∑ %",
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"text": "may pose risks feel.",
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"text": "Improve skills",
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"text": "The percentage (%) in the table above, is calculated using the formula:",
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"text": "P= x 100% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10",
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"text": "1. Learning media",
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"text": "developed can improve cognitive and psychomotor abilities 2. Interesting media 4",
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"text": "4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 36 90,0 37 92,5 Learner learning developed learner interest 3. The material provided is more varied so that it adds interest in",
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"text": "4. The material has been arranged in a coherent and systematic manner 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 34 85,0 so that it is easy to apply. 5. The material can be implemented on time 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 35 87,5 6. The material has included indicators in 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 37 92,5",
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"text": "7. 7 The material does not use harmful movements that 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 36 90,0 injury.",
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"text": "8. 8 The material gives a pleasant 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 35 87,5 9. 9 Matter involves movements that can 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 34 85,0 football Total 319 797,5 Average 35,4 88,6",
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"text": "P = percentage value R = total score SM = maximum score, in the table above SM = 40 100% = constant value",
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"text": "The response of teachers to the development of learning video media such as the table above is very high with a percentage of 88.6%.",
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"text": "3. Effectiveness",
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"text": "To see the results of the effectiveness, pre-test and post-test were carried out in small groups and large groups. Small group trials were carried out in class IXA SMPN 3 Kikim Timur which was carried out on 15 students and large group trials were carried out on 35 students in class IXC SMPN 3 Kikim Timur. The test results can be seen in the following table:",
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"text": "One Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test POST_TEST PRE_TEST N 15 15 Normal Parametersa,b Mean 69.0000 74.6000 Std. Deviation 1.19523 1.18322 Most Extreme Differences Absolute 0.199 0.168 Positive 0.135 0.168 Negative -0.199 -0.166 Test Statistic 0.199 0.168 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 0.115c 0.200c, d",
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"text": "a. Test distribution is Normal.",
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"text": "The table above, obtained by Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) in the post test column 0.115 and the pre test column 0.200. Based on the test criteria, it is declared Asymp. Sig ( 2-tailed ) > 0.05, so the pretest and posttest data of small groups are normally distributed so that effectiveness analysis can be continued using paired sample tests , the results of which appear in the following table:",
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"text": "Table 3 Small Group Effectiveness Analysis",
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"text": "Paired Samples Test",
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"text": "Paired Differences t df Sig. (2- tailed) Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference",
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"text": "Muhammad David, Hartati, Herri Yusfi, Iyakrus, Wahyu Indra Bayu",
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"text": "Syntax Literate , Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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{
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"text": "Deviatio n Mean Lower Upper Mean Pair 1 POST_TEST PRE_TEST",
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"text": "5.60000 1.18322 0.30551 4.94476 6.25524 18.330 14 0.000",
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"text": "The table above in column t obtained a calculated t value of 18.330. Next, we find the magnitude of the table t value with dk = 15 - 1, and the odds (1 - α), where α = 0.05 are obtained 1.761. Based on the test criteria, it is stated that t count > t table or 18,330 > 1,761, so the development of learning video media on soccer material effectively improves the cognitive abilities of students.",
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"text": "Large Group Normality Test Results",
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"text": "One Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test POST_TEST PRE_TEST N 35 35 Normal Parametersa,b Mean 74.7714 69.1429 Std. Deviation 1.35225 1.33158 Most Extreme Differences Absolute 0.144 0.147 Positive 0.144 0.147 Negative -0.139 -0.140 Test Statistic 0.144 0.147 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 0.062c 0.052c",
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"text": "b. Test distribution is Normal.",
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{
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"text": "The table above, obtained by Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) in the post test column 0.062 and the pre test column 0.052. Based on the test criteria, it is declared Asymp. Sig (2- tailed ) > 0.05, so the pretest and posttest data are normally distributed so that effectiveness analysis can be continued using paired sample tests , the results of which appear in the following table:",
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"text": "Table 5 Small Group Effectiveness Analysis",
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"text": "Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2- tailed) Std. Deviatio n",
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"text": "Std.",
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"text": "Error",
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"text": "Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Mean",
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"text": "Development of Learning Videos on Basic Soccer Game Techniques at The Junior High School Education Unit Level",
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"text": "Pair 1 POST_TEST",
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"text": "PRE_TEST 5.60000 1.18322 0.30551 4.94476 6.25524 18.330 14 0.000",
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"text": "The table above in column t obtained a calculated t value of 18.330. Next, we find the magnitude of the table t value with dk = 15 - 1, and the odds (1 - α), where α = 0.05 are obtained 1.761. Based on the test criteria, it is stated that t count > t table or 18,330 > 1,761, so the development of learning video media on soccer material effectively improves the cognitive abilities of students.",
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"text": "Large Group Normality Test Results One Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test POST_TEST PRE_TEST N 35 35 Normal Parametersa,b Mean 74.7714 69.1429 Std. Deviation 1.35225 1.33158 Most Extreme Differences Absolute 0.144 0.147 Positive 0.144 0.147 Negative -0.139 -0.140 Test Statistic 0.144 0.147 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 0.062c 0.052c",
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"text": "c. Test distribution is Normal.",
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{
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"top": 457,
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"text": "The table above, obtained by Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) in the post test column 0.062 and the pre test column 0.052. Based on the test criteria, it is declared Asymp. Sig (2- tailed ) > 0.05, so the pretest and posttest data are normally distributed so that effectiveness analysis can be continued using paired sample tests , the results of which appear in the following table:",
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"text": "Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2- tailed) Std. Deviatio n",
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"text": "Std.",
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"text": "Error",
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"text": "Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Mean Pair 1 POST_TEST",
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"text": "-PRE_TEST",
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"text": "5.62857 1.13981 0.19266 5.23703 6.02011 29.215 34 0.000",
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"text": "Muhammad David, Hartati, Herri Yusfi, Iyakrus, Wahyu Indra Bayu",
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{
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"text": "Syntax Literate , Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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{
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"top": 88,
"width": 387,
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"text": "The table above in column t obtained a calculated t value of 29.215. Next, we find the magnitude of the table t value with dk = 35 - 1, and the odds (1 - α), where α = 0.05 are obtained 1.691. Based on the test criteria, it is stated that t count > t table or 29.215 > 1.691, so the development of learning video media on soccer material effectively improves the cognitive abilities of students.",
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"text": "Discussion",
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"text": "Development of Learning Media Based on Learning Videos",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "This development uses the Research & Development (R&D) method. Research & Development (R&D) or Research and Development. The learning media design model or approach is the ADDIE model which consists of several stages, namely: (1) Analysis; (2) Design; (3) Development; (4) Implementation; (5) Evaluation.",
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"text": "The first stage is the analysis stage. In the analysis there are 2 stages. Needs Assessment in the form of analysis of field conditions and participants as well as collection of material references that will be used as the subject of discussion in media development. The results of information about the learning process, student characteristics and the development of learning media obtained from observation activities carried out when carrying out research. The next activity is Front-end Analysis by collecting references in the form of curriculum, syllabus, lesson plans, and teaching modules for pencak silat materials as well as books related to the material and others needed in the development of learning media. The results of the analysis then selected 2 curricula to be included in the learning media, namely the Independent Curriculum and the 2013 Curriculum.",
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"text": "The second stage is Design. The design stage is the stage of designing learning video-based learning media which includes the formulation of the objectives of making learning media, making fowcharts , collecting documentation, collecting design objects, and arranging feasibility test instruments.",
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"text": "The third stage is Development. This development stage is the stage of creating and developing learning media from all components that have been prepared into a whole unit in accordance with the flowchart that has been designed. After the media has been created, validation is carried out by media experts, material experts, and learning experts to obtain input on the development accompanied by this video-based learning media feasibility assessment instrument.",
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"text": "The fourth stage is implementation. At this stage, the interactive learning media that has been completed is then implemented to students in grade IXC SMPN 3 Kikim Timur, Lahat Regency. This implementation aims to determine the response of students to the video-based learning media developed results. From this stage, it will be known the feasibility of the media developed.",
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"text": "The fifth stage is evaluation. The evaluation carried out is in the form of evaluation of development and evaluation of the feasibility of learning media products. Development evaluation is carried out by media experts, material experts, and learning",
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"text": "Development of Learning Videos on Basic Soccer Game Techniques at The Junior High School Education Unit Level",
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"text": "Syntax Literate, Vol. 8, No. 7, Juli 2023",
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{
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"text": "experts to determine the feasibility of the development learning media, and to measure whether or not the development learning media is disseminated and used at the junior high school level. The evaluation of learning media products was carried out by Physical Education teachers who are members of the MGMP (Subject Teacher Conference) of Banyuasin Regency to find out how responses about the developed media. From the evaluation above, it will provide data that describes the quality of the learning media product whether it is valid or invalid. According to Wibowo (2016) one of the characteristics of successful learning can be concluded from the level of learning of students, the higher the learning of students, the greater the chance of success. Meanwhile, Hadi (2017) said students are considered successful in achieving learning goals if they show changes in knowledge, attitudes and skills that are better than before. From some of these opinions, the development of video-based physical education learning media on soccer material can be said to be successful.",
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"text": "Some previous studies that stated that innovation and development in audio- visual or multimedia-based learning media that support the achievement of improving the cognitive aspects of students include research conducted by Vai et al., (2019) which concluded that the development of multimedia-based soccer learning media at the high school / MA level using one of the software called Adobe Flash CS has proven effective and can be used in the process learn to teach football. In this study, researchers prefer to develop learning media in the form of video applications so that students and teachers can more easily access at any time the learning media.",
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"text": "Video-based physical education learning media on soccer material for junior high school levels that have been developed have been tested for validity, practicality, and effectiveness in their application. The results of the effectiveness test that have been carried out found data that the development of video-based learning media on soccer material is effective in improving the cognitive abilities of students. Through observations made by researchers, it is also seen that changes in student interest when the teaching and learning process is applied using the developed learning media.",
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"text": "Final Product Results",
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"text": "The final product is the result of the development / creation of android-based learning media on junior high school football material which is final. This media is the result of research and development carried out. This product will later be distributed to students and teachers in Physical Education subjects, especially junior high school football materials. This video-based application product can be accessed via youtube with keywords “#anakpenjas”.",
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"text": "Muhammad David, Hartati, Herri Yusfi, Iyakrus, Wahyu Indra Bayu",
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"text": "Gambar 1",
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"text": "Tampilan Dinding pada Youtube",
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"text": "Product Limitations",
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"text": "In the development of this video-based physical education learning media product, there are still limitations. The following are the limitations of video-based physical education learning media products:",
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"text": "1. There is no instrument to measure aspects of student attitudes in the use of video- based learning media.",
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"text": "2. The product is only limited to Android-based mobile phone users and includes iOS users but must be online.",
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"text": "3. The process of taking pictures on video-based learning media, is still sober according to the ability of researchers and does not use professional services.",
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"text": "Conclusion",
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"text": "Based on the results of research and discussion stated in the previous chapter, the development of video-based learning media can be concluded as follows: 1) The development of video-based learning media on junior high school football material was developed with the ADDIE model . Learning media contains Learning Outcomes, Basic Competencies, learning objectives, indicators, material descriptions in accordance with the curriculum, as well as photos and video tutorials of movements so that students better understand the material. There are 2 types of evaluation, namely multiple choice and description to measure student understanding in the learning process. The advantage of this learning media is that it can be used online and offline, so students who do not have internet access on their mobile phones can access the material anytime, anywhere, without limited space and time. 2) The feasibility test results of video-based learning media from media experts obtained a feasibility percentage of 86.53% in the Very Good category, for the results of material experts of 87.50% in the very good category, and the results of learning experts of 90.38% in the very good category. As well as for the practicality test of physical education teacher respondents amounted to 88.6% in the very good category. Based on the results of these tests, video-based Physical Education Learning Media on junior high school football material is suitable for use in the learning process. (3) Product advantages: a) This learning media can be accessed on android mobile phone types starting from version 5.0, b) This application can be accessed online",
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"text": "and offline , c) Photos and videos are available along with explanations of every movement in the material making it easier for students to understand the material, d) The application can be accessed on the playstore and downloaded at any time without having to use a password. There are also product shortcomings, including: The product is only limited to Android-based mobile phone users and includes iOS users but must be online, The process of taking pictures and videos on video-based learning media, is still modest in accordance with the ability of researchers, and does not use professional services.",
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"text": "Vol. 3 No. 2, December 2022, pp. 165-173 DOI: 10.20884/1.jes.2022.3.2.7458 Available at http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jes/index",
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"text": "Alya Zasha Khalisa 1 , Widyastuti 2",
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"text": "11/12/2022 Final Revision: 20/12/2022 Available online: 31/12/2022 Abstract. This study analyzed the presuppositions in Marcus Rashford's open letter to the UK government regarding free school meals for children all over UK during the outbreak of Covid-19. His open letter is an essential part of social activism in a changing society. It was written with enthusiasm, optimism, and positivity for a new future. The study is conducted to fill the gap between the previous studies since no research has analyzed an open letter before. This study used Yule's theory (1996) of presuppositions and Cutting (2002) to analyze the data found in the letter. The results of the study found that the open letter used four kinds of presuppositions, which is existential, factive, lexical, and counterfactual presuppositions. Rashford was able to provide the audience with new data as an addition to the material they already knew by utilizing those presuppositions. Additionally, it refutes a common misconception. In this case, the UK government's stance is successfully influenced.",
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"text": "Keywords: presupposition, open letter, social activism",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Standing for human rights whenever, wherever, and at whichever level is a powerful form of activism. One of the people who played a big role in it is the great Muhammad Ali. He refused to be drafted into the United States Army in 1966, claiming his Islamic beliefs and how the war's cause did not correspond with them. Due to his remarks, he was arrested, and his boxing license was canceled (DAZN, 2021). Ali’s action reflects social activism, which is an individual's decision to participate in society (Brenman and Sanchez, 2014). In this case, it is not social activism if participation is forced or compelled. Confronting existing power, authority, or \"the way things are\" is a common feature of social activism.",
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"text": "Presuppositions of Social Activism in Marcus Rashford’s Open Letter",
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"text": "However, social activism is frequently misinterpreted by many (Taib, 2006). To avoid misinterpretation, activists who intend to promote activism need to have the same understanding as the ones they want to engage with. The understanding should be able to be conveyed through communication. Before producing a speech, in a communication, speakers would assume a presupposition as an event (Yule, 1996). One can recognize the statement as information that is understood correctly and will be connected with its knowledge. The presupposition is in the form of a speaker's saying that the speech partner can know the person or object being discussed. The speech partner will understand or recognize something that the speaker communicates.",
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"text": "Presuppositions, according to Griffiths (2006) are the shared underlying assumptions that people take for granted during a communication. These are significant in pragmatics because they are necessary for connecting discourse. Background presuppositions are also an excellent place to start for a reader or listener who wants to know what the message's author thinks is important. People who are well acquainted can form entirely correct ideas of what assumptions they share. It is, however, more challenging to determine which portions of that information the other person is considering at any given time throughout a communicative interaction. A presupposition is sometimes used to refer to a specific type of inference described in this section. In addition, presupposition deals with the truth-value in the utterance. The true value is based on what is happening in the language and the world. Katz in Sopha (2020) said that the truth of a sentence's presupposition must flow from the statement's truth. Still, if the presupposition is false, the statement has no truth value, meaning it is neither true nor false. The presupposition must be true if the sentence is false.",
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"text": "Yule (1996) classified presuppositions into six types, they are existential, factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and counterfactual presupposition. The symbol (>>) st ands for “presupposes” in presuppositions.",
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"text": "An existential presupposition is a form of presupposition in which the objective is to assume the existence of someone or something. It is identified by using a noun phrase and possessive construction. For example, Kai has a new shirt >> The new shirt exists because Kai bought it.",
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"text": "Then, the form of the presupposition that demonstrates a fact is known as a factive presupposition. It can be seen in terms like know, glad, be aware, regret, and realize, which can be viewed as facts. In this case, the speaker persuades the addressee to believe what he or she is saying. For example, we know that Kubo is a Japanese footballer >> Kubo is a Japanese footballer. In this example, the speaker strives to inform the reader about Kubo.",
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"text": "In contrast with factive presupposition, the non-factive presupposition is associated with some verbs that assume not to be true. Such verbs are: imagine, pretend, and dream. Those are used to presuppose that something is not valid. For example, Erika pretends to be angr y >> Erika is not angry. This example shows that the speaker is not angry.",
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"text": "Next, there is lexical presupposition. In other words, the usage of one form with its declared meaning is typically read with the assumption that additional meanings are possible. For example, Reno stopped loving Risa >> Reno used to love Risa. This example shows that ‘Reno’ was doing something, but ‘Reno’ stopped doing it now.",
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"text": "J-Lalite: Journal of English Studies Vol.3, No.2, December, 2022: page 165 – page 173",
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"text": "Another one is structural presupposition. A structural presupposition is a type of presupposition that is linked to the use of the WH question, which is information obtained after the WH question has already been determined to be true. For example, where did Nana buy the bracelet? >> Nana bought a bracelet. The last one is counterfactual presupposition that gives rise to meaning that is the polar opposite of the facts. When information is not valid at the time of utterance, this kind can be demonstrated using if-clause. For example, if Joey came here, this would not happen >> Joey did not come here.",
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"text": "There are several studies done on presuppositions. The first study is conducted by Bahar and Ariyanti (2020) about the types of presupposition and the function used by the previous mayor of Surabaya, Tri Rismaharini, on a television program named Satu Indonesia. This study was based on the theory of Yule (1996). It used a descriptive qualitative method and a presupposition pragmatic. This research found that there are four types of presuppositions in the interview which are existential, non-factive, lexical, and counterfactual presuppositions. Furthermore, those presuppositions have three pragmatic functions: emphasis, persuasive, and euphemism.",
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"text": "The next study was conducted by Devi (2020) concerning pragmatic presuppositions in Youtube advertisement. For the method, it employs mostly a qualitative design with some descriptive quantification. This study adopts the presupposition triggers’ classification by Khaleel (2010) with some adjustments. From the investigation, it is found that there are seven types of triggers in the advertisements analyzed; they are existential (definite description), lexical (conventional items and iterative), and structural (questions, adverbial clauses, comparative constructions, and non-restrictive clauses). Existential presuppositions were the most frequent ones, which can be used to notify viewers that their product exists and drive their curiosity in purchasing the advertised products.",
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"text": "Auliawanti and Parmawati (2020) also examined presupposition in President Erdogan’s message in the form of a speech. The qualitative descriptive method was used as the research methodology in this study. In this case, the theory of Yule (1996) was used to analyze the group of presuppositions. This study showed that there are 30 utterances with three sorts of presuppositions: existential, lexical, and functional, with existential presupposition dominating.",
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"text": "Another study was conducted by Khalili (2017) which investigated Heart of Darkness, a short novel . In collecting the data, it employed non-participant observation as a method of data coll ection. This study also used Yule’s theory (1996). It provides insight to the readers on presupposition as a pragmatic study. Moreover, the result found that existential presuppositions were most used in this study.",
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"text": "Lastly, the use of presuppositions was also studied in the communication between a student and a lecturer through WhatsApp by Ariyanti, Damanhuri, Wedawati, and Khoiri (2020). As a means of explanation, the qualitative method was used and the theory of Yule (1996) was used. The result showed that the presuppositions used by the lecturers are 39 presuppositions (12 existential, three factive, 16 lexical, six structurals, and two non-factive).",
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"text": "Presuppositions of Social Activism in Marcus Rashford’s Open Letter",
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"text": "This current study deals with Marcus Rashford's open letter. Marcus Rashford is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for the national team of England and Manchester United Football Club (Manchester United FC Ltd, n.d.). Just like Muhammad Ali who took a part in social activism by refusing to be drafted into the US Army , Rashford’s open letter is an essential part of social activism in a changing society. His letter was issued with anticipation, jubilation, and fresh hope for a future. Rashford’s statements are highly anticipated and crucial for the public, the black community, and all those who support him to make a change for society. Thus, Rashford's open letter is one-of-a-kind in a variety of ways. His acts and inactions as a black English footballer draw the attention of a wide range of individuals. Rashford was regarded as a hero who represented the 'people' (Whittingham, 2020). Every word that Rashford delivered in his open letter holds important messages about social activism to combat the UK's child hunger. Hence, Rashford's open letter became the object of this study, focusing on examining the social activism through pragmatic presuppositions.",
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"text": "Unlike previous research, this study examined the presuppositions on Marcus Rashford’s open letter. According to BBC Online (2015), an open letter is addressed to the general public or a specific person, such as a politician, but published in a public forum such as a major newspaper or a social media. It is also letter which is intended to be read by many people, not only the person to whom it is addressed (Cambridge University Press, n.d.). Furthermore, an open letter itself is one of the letter types, which is also under the branch of non-fiction texts, texts based on facts (BBC Online, 2017).",
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"text": "This study will help to reveal the types of presuppositions used by Marcus Rashford in his open letter. Moreover, it will also be able to reveal the underlying meanings of the presuppositions used by Marcus Rashford in his open letter. The study is conducted to fill the gap between the previous studies, since no research has analyzed an open letter before. Furthermore, it is also due to presuppositions being inferences about what is assumed in an utterance rather than directly asserted. It can be drawn even when there is little or no surrounding context.",
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"text": "This research focused on forming descriptive information in the shape of a person's written sentences, which was analyzed and it is known as qualitative method. This research used qualitative methods, which illustrate a distinctive method to scholarly analysis than quantitative research methods (Creswell and Creswell, 2018). It builds on the data of texts and images, has different data analysis steps, and draws on various designs.",
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"text": "The source of the data is from a Rashford’s open letter that was taken from a Twitter post which was posted on Rashford’s official Twitter account, @MarcusRashford, back on June 15, 2020 (Twitter, 2020). This research data are the written sentences obtained from Marcus Rashford’s open letter to the UK government.",
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"text": "The data are collected in a document analysis technique wherein social activism is analyzed in this research. The study's document is an open letter with written sentences as its content. As for the research instrument, it is the observation",
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"text": "J-Lalite: Journal of English Studies Vol.3, No.2, December, 2022: page 165 – page 173",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"text": "169",
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"text": "checklist consists of sentences that contain presupposition triggers in Marcus Rashford’s open letter.",
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"text": "The presupposition data analysis was classified in accordance with Yule's (1996) theory, according to which presuppositions were chosen by triggers. A presupposition that is triggered by a word or sentence structure is meant to be background knowledge that is believed to be understood by the addressee (Griffiths, 2006). By highlighting the presuppositional utterance triggers, the data were classified into presuppositions. Every utterance contains a presupposition that is dependent on the triggers.",
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"text": "The data obtained are then classified according to the types of presuppositions.",
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"text": "RESULT AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "T he presuppositions used in Marcus Rashford’s open letter are discussed below. The analysis draws on associative endophora by Cutting (2002) and the theory of cohesion by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), which depends in part on background knowledge of the cultural or interpersonal context inside the presuppositional pool as well as knowledge of what came before or later in the same text.",
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"text": "For this study, the concept of social activism is adopted from Brenman and Sanchez (2014), which describes social activism as getting engaged with others in working together to make a difference in society. The term \"social\" refers to both \"society\" and the notion that activism encourages participation. It demonstrates an individual decision to participate in society. People often decide to participate in social activism because of morals. Social responsibility thoughts are frequently shared between them. Some activists put their actions on their personal relationship, while others think they were born with a psychological tendency for social justice activism. As for Rashford, in the open letter he wrote, he refers to his activism actions to two themes, they are: a) Rashford’s childhood; and b) fresh hope for the future of the UK children.",
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"text": "a) Rashford ’s Childhood",
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"text": "Inside the letter, Rashford describes his personal experience of having to struggle with life and his relation with free school meals as a child, emphasizing how much they supported his family using presuppositions triggers.",
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"text": "1) “ My story to get here is all-too-familiar for families in England: my mum worked full-time, earning minimum wage to make sure we always had a good evening meal on the table.”",
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"text": "2) “ The system was not built for families like mine to succeed, regardless of how hard my mum worked.”",
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"text": "Data 1 and 2 displayed the use of existential presuppositions with my story and the system as the triggers to show the existence of them. In datum 1, Rashford clarified that he also had a story similar to families in England. His statement suggested that the families who struggle in England are just like his family back in the days, where the parents would work hard while only receiving the minimum pay to ensure that their children had a satisfying supper. Rashford, in datum 2, also used the presupposition to tell the addressees that there was a system in the UK that did not",
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"text": "Presuppositions of Social Activism in Marcus Rashford’s Open Letter",
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"text": "Alya Zasha Khalisa",
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"text": "170",
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"text": "help many families to succeed, including his own family. He implied from the familiarity of his story to the present day, that the issue has been there for a long time and it has not changed. The two presuppositions indicated Rashford is having his personal relationship from his childhood absorbed to his action of issuing an open letter for the UK government, which portrayed social activism.",
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"text": "3) “It’s only now that I really understand the enormous sacrifice my mum made in sending me away to live in digs aged 11, a decision no mother would ever make l ightly.”",
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"text": "Datum 3 showed the use of factive presupposition with understand as the trigger to refer to a fact. Rashford presupposed that by sending him to live away from home at the age of 11, his mother had made a huge sacrifice. The present day’s issue made him realize that. Furthermore, he emphasized again that the problem had always existed, but that the pandemic had made it worse. How Rashford deals with his childhood experience here, and how that helped him realize about an issue of child hunger in the UK, is one aspect about social activism.",
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"text": "4) “ We relied on breakfast clubs, free school meals, and the kind actions of neighbours and coaches.”",
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"text": "In datum 4, relied is categorized as lexical presupposition since this expression was used to presuppose unstated concept. The concept is that when Rashford was a child, his family used to rely on breakfast clubs, free school meals, and the kindness of his neighbors and coaches to live. Without the help from those people, he would not be able to survive as the UK government did not do enough to help him and many other children. This, once again, shows how Rashford’s childhood experience in the past urged him to take social action.",
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"text": "b) Fresh Hope for the Future of the UK Children",
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"text": "Rashford used his open letter to the UK government to request that it reconsider its decision to end free school food vouchers. He used presuppositions to illustrate the causes and realities of the poor society.",
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"text": "5) “ As many of you know, as lockdown hit and schools were temporarily closed, I partnered with food distribution charity FareShare to help cover some of the free school meal deficit.”",
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"text": "6) “ This is about humanity .”",
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"text": "7) Food poverty in England is a pandemic that could span generations if we don’t course correct now.",
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"text": "In data 5, 6, and 7, the use of existential presuppositions can be seen with the use of triggers such as FareShare , humanity , food poverty . Rashford indicated in data 6 dan 7 that there is an issue existing which is about humanity, specifically about food poverty in England. He wanted to highlight how important the issue is. Rashford then clarified, it can be seen in datum 5, that there is a food distribution charity named FareShare that partnered with him. Together, they covered up a part of the",
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"text": "J-Lalite: Journal of English Studies Vol.3, No.2, December, 2022: page 165 – page 173",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "deficit in the providing of free school meals. Without his partnership with FareShare, there would not be any help for the free school meal deficit. The main point from those three data is, here, he implicitly urged the government to take on this matter quickly. Because if they do not fix it now, it will only get worse. In this case, by using the existential triggers above to urge the government so that they take an action belongs to social activism as Rashford hoped for a new future.",
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"text": "8) “ Whilst the campaign is currently distributing 3 million meals a week to those most vulnerable across the UK, I recognize it’s just not enough.”",
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"text": "9) “ I also know from talking to people that there is a 2-child-per-family limit, meaning someone like my mum would only have been able to cover the cost of 2 of her 5 children.”",
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"text": "10) “I’m asking you today to extend that same thinking to protecting all vulnerable children acro ss England.”",
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"text": "In here, recognize , know , and asking are categorized as factive presuppositions as they showed facts. Rashford implied that the UK government did not try enough to protect their people. The campaign he did while partnering with FareShare of providing 3 million meals a week to the most vulnerable people in the UK is not enough. By saying not enough, in datum 8, he suggested that the government needs to do something too. They need to help significantly. Furthermore, in datum 9, Rashford suggested that the policy, Universal Credit scheme, is insufficient for a big family because it has a 2-child-per-family limit. He presupposed that this policy would be unfair for families with more than 2 children. Rashford then used presupposition in datum 10 to imply that the UK government did not protect the vulnerable children. He was asking the UK government to protect all the vulnerable children across England, like how they took extra care of the other things, as they have not done so. Again, the facts Rashford showed by using the triggers were that he demanded the UK government to make a change, which was an act of social activism.",
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"text": "11) “ I would be doing myself, my family and my community an injustice if I didn’t stand here today with my voice and my platform and ask you for help.”",
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"text": "In datum 11 above, the if-clause used was the trigger for counterfactual presupposition which leads in meaning that is opposite with the facts. Rashford urged the UK government to protect all the vulnerable children across England. He presupposed that without doing all of this, he will disrespect all of the people who had helped him back in the days when he was just a poor kid. The presupposition used there showed that Rashford ’s decision is his individual decision to get involved in society and change it for the better.",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "In conclusion, Marcus Rashford’s open letter presupposes his miserable childhood and his hope for a new future for the UK children. The theme of Rashford’s childhood consist of three presuppositions, they are existential, factive, and lexical. As for the theme of fresh hope for the future of the UK children, it consists",
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"text": "Presuppositions of Social Activism in Marcus Rashford’s Open Letter",
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"text": "Alya Zasha Khalisa",
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"text": "172",
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"text": "of three presuppositions also, which consist of existential, factive, and counterfactual presuppositions. The use of all the presuppositions in his open letter, which he used to critique the UK’s child hu nger were connected to his personal interactions and life experiences. Importantly, it influenced the stance of the addressee, which is in this case, the stance of the UK government.",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 184,
"width": 428,
"height": 57,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Whittingham, S. (2020). Marcus Rashford: Man Utd star a “hero” in Wythenshawe. Retrieved December 10, 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england- manchester-53065947",
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4cb8c77a-ae61-dbf8-b45d-54cd2b078e56 | http://aksara.unbari.ac.id/index.php/aksara/article/download/201/102 | [
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"text": "This research aims at describing language errors in writing letter numbers, mailing letter, opening paragraph, and closing paragraph of official letters of SMA Negeri 9 Jambi City year of 2019. This research is a qualitative descriptive. The technique used in collecting data are observation and documentation. The results of the analysis show that the errors in writing letter numbers are the use of colons and slashes which are preceded and followed by a space. Errors in writing mailing letter is indicated in the use of kepada which indicates language redundancy; the use of a colon (:) which should be replaced by a period (.); the use of punctuation marks (.) at the end of the mailing address; and the use of bold letters in the mailing address. Written errors in the opening paragraph of the letter are the writing of the opening greeting Dengan hormat in the beginning of the paragraph that should be included in the first sentence of the letter opening. Written errors in the closing paragraphs of letters are the incomplete closing sentences of the letter which should have been mentioned earlier, written behind the word demikianlah; and errors in the use of preposition di.",
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"text": "1 Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Batanghari, Jambi",
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"text": "2 Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Batanghari, Jambi",
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"text": "Kesalahan Berbahasa pada Surat Dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi 203",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Bahasa memegang peranan yang sangat penting bagi manusia. Dengan bahasa manusia dapat berinteraksi sosial, berkomunikasi, dan dapat bekerja sama dengan orang lain karena pada hakikatnya bahasa adalah alat komunikasi. Manusia tanpa adanya bahasa tidak akan dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik dan sempurna dalam menyampaikan pesan yang ingin disampaikan.",
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"text": "Komunikasi adalah satu tindakan yang mendorong untuk mengungkapkan ide dan gagasan yang ingin disampaikan oleh pemberi pesan. Penggunaan bahasa dalam komunikasi terdiri dari dua saluran yakni, ragam lisan dan ragam tulis (Moeliono, 1993: 7). Ragam lisan adalah ragam bahasa yang diungkapkan melalui media lisan yang terikat oleh kondisi, ruang dan waktu sehingga situasi saat pengungkapan dapat membantu pemahaman pendengar, sedangkan ragam tulis adalah ragam bahasa yang dipergunakan melalui media tulis, yang tidak terikat oleh ruang dan waktu.",
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"text": "Penggunaan media tulis bisa dilakukan pada saat penulisan surat. Surat merupakan suatu sarana komunikasi antara dua pihak secara tertulis untuk menyampaikan informasi. Informasi dapat berupa pemberitahuan, pernyataan, laporan usulan, dan sebagainya. Surat sebagai sarana berkomunikasi tertulis, paling tidak melibatkan dua pihak yaitu pengirim surat dan penerima surat.",
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"text": "Tujuan utama orang menulis surat ialah untuk menginformasikan dan mengkomunikasikan suatu pemikiran dan gagasan kepada orang lain dengan maksud tertentu. Surat menjadi salah satu sarana komunikasi yang memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan dengan sarana komunikasi lisan. Kelebihan itu di",
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"text": "antaranya surat yang diberikan kepada pembaca akan dapat dibaca berulang- ulang, apabila pembaca tidak dapat memahami dengan isi informasi yang diberikan dalam surat tersebut.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan isinya, surat dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu surat pribadi, surat dinas/resmi, dan surat niaga/dagang. Surat dinas merupakan surat-surat resmi yang di dalamnya menyangkut berbagai hal tentang kedinasan, misalnya: pengangkatan pegawai, kenaikan pangkat, kenaikan gaji, perpindahan pegawai, dan keputusan pemberhentian pegawai (Darmawati, 2007: 1). Surat dinas ini sering digunakan dalam instansi pemerintah maupun instansi pendidikan.",
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"text": "Salah satu instansi pendidikan yang menggunakan surat dinas sebagai alat komunikasi adalah Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) Negeri 9 Kota Jambi. Dalam suatu instansi, khususnya SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi banyak melaksankan kegiatan yang melibatkan banyak pihak seperti rapat guru, rapat kegiatan sekolah, rapat ujian semester dan lain-lain. Oleh karena itu, untuk memperlancar pelaksanaan kegiatan tersebut, diperlukan media komunikasi yaitu surat guna menyampaikan informasi-informasi seperti pemberitahuan, perintah, permintaan, undangan, tugas, maupun teguran kepada pihak-pihak yang bersangkutan.",
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"text": "Surat-surat yang dikeluarkan oleh instansi-instansi pendidikan sudah seharusnya menggunakan bahasa dan tata cara penulisan yang baku sebagaimana yang tertulis dalam pasal 33 ayat 1 Undang-Undang 24 Tahun 2009 yang berbunyi “Bahasa Indonesia Wajib digunakan dalam komunikasi resmi di lingkungan kerja pemerintah dan swasta”. Komunikasi yang dimaksud",
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"text": "Penggunaan bahasa yang baku dan tata cara penulisan yang baku akan mempermudah",
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"text": "dalam memahami pesan yang disampaikan serta akan menghindari dari salah penafsiran pada isi surat. Dengan demikian, kegaiatan dalam berkomunikasi akan berjalan dengan lancar. Sejalan dengan hal tersebut, Semi (2008: 9) berpendapat ”Apabila surat yang ditulis tidak beres, baik bentuk maupun bahasanya, tentu surat itu tidak mendapat sambutan yang baik. Sebaliknya, bila surat yang kita tulis itu rapi dan memenuhi ketentuan menulis surat yang baik dan benar, tentu saja surat itu mendapat sambutan yang baik.”",
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"text": "Pada kenyataannya, penulisan surat dinas tidaklah mudah. Apalagi bagi pegawai bagian tata usaha sekolah, yang rata-rata pendidikannya tidak berlatarbelakang pendidikan bahasa Indonesia sehingga pemahaman akan bahasa maupun tata cara penulisan surat yang baku masih kurang. Selain itu, penggunaan bahasa ibu dalam lingkungan sekolah secara tidak langsung juga mempengaruhi penggunaan bahasa",
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"text": "Indonesia. Hal tersebut senada dengan pendapat Rofii (2015) bahwa bahasa pertama (bahasa Ibu)",
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"text": "dapat mempengaruhi penggunaan bahasa kedua. Memang pada dasarnya penggunaan bahasa ibu tidak dilarang, tetapi sudah menjadi kewajiban pegawai pendidikan untuk menggunakan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengamatan awal, terhadap surat dinas yang dikeluarkan oleh SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi diketahui masih banyak terdapat kesalahan, baik dari segi bahasa maupun cara penulisannya. Banyaknya penyimpangan yang terjadi akan menjadikan informasi",
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"text": "surat sulit dipahami. Misalnya salah satu surat resmi perihal Pengarahan dan Pembinaan.. Kesalahan pertama yang terjadi pada kesalahan nomor surat yaitu Nomor: 800 /229/ SMA 9 /LL/ 2019, kesalahan penulisan nomor surat itu adalah setelah huruf dan angka menggunakan spasi hal itulah yang menyebabkan salah. Karena menurut aturan yang berlaku, tanda garis miring tidak didahului dan diikuti spasi, sehingga penulisan yang benar yaitu Nomor:",
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"text": "Kesalahan kedua pada penulisan alamat surat yaitu Kepada Yth: K.a Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jambi, kesalahan penulisan alamat surat itu adalah penggunaan kata Kepada yang tidak seharusnya ditulis, sebab siapapun sudah mengetahui bahwa alamat yang ditulis itu merupakan alamat yang dituju dan kesalahan singkatan K.a seharusnya tidak disingkat melainkan ditulis langsung yaitu Kepala . Jadi penulisan yang benar seharunya adalah Yth. Kepala Dinas Pendidikan Provindi Jambi. Berdasarkan paparan di atas, maka penelitian ini penting untuk dilaksanakan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah dikemukakan, perlu dilakukan pengidentifikasian masalah yang terkait dengan topik yang akan dibahas. Kesalahan bahasa dalam surat resmi dapat terjadi pada (1) format surat, (2) kesalahan penulisan kepala surat, (3) kesalahan penulisan nomor surat, (4) kesalahan penulisan lampiran, (5) kesalahan penulisan hal surat, (6) kesalahan penulisan tanggal surat, (7) kesalahan penulisan alamat surat, (8) kesalahan penulisaan salam pembuka, (9) kesalahan penulisan paragraf pembuka, (10) kesalahan penulisan paragraf penutup, (11) kesalahan penulisan salam penutup, dan (12) kesalahan penulisan tembusan Rahmadi (2017: 183-195).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan identifikasi masalah, diketahui bahwa permasalahan yang ditemukan terlalu luas. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini hanya dibatasi pada beberap aspek, sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "1. Kesalahan bahasa penulisan nomor surat pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019.",
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"left": 85,
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"height": 39,
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"text": "2. Kesalahan bahasa penulisan alamat surat pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "3. Kesalahan bahasa penulisan paragraf pembuka pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019.",
"type": "List item"
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "4. Kesalahan bahasa penulisan paragraf penutup pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019. Adapun pertanyaan penelitian dalam penelitian ini, sebagai berikut.",
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"top": 347,
"width": 205,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Bagaimanakah kesalahan bahasa penulisan nomor surat pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019?",
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"height": 53,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Bagaimanakah kesalahan bahasa penulisan alamat surat pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019?",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 207,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Bagaimanakah kesalahan bahasa penulisan paragraf pembuka pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019?",
"type": "List item"
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"height": 52,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Bagaimanakah kesalahan bahasa penulisan paragraf penutup pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019?",
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"text": "Berdasarkan",
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"text": "fokus dan pertanyaan penelitian tersebut, maka dapat ditentukan tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam penelitian ini, sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "2. Mendeskripsikan kesalahan bahasa penulisan alamat surat pada surat",
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"text": "dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019.",
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"text": "3. Mendeskripsikan kesalahan bahasa penulisan paragraf pembuka pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019.",
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{
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Mendeskripsikan kesalahan bahasa penulisan paragraf penutup pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019.",
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{
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"text": "Kajian Teoretis",
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{
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"top": 250,
"width": 205,
"height": 260,
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"text": "Bahasa adalah suatu sistem lambang berupa bunyi, bersifat arbitrer, digunakan oleh suatu masyarakat tutur untuk bekerja sama, berkomunikasi, dan mengidentifikasi diri (Chaer, 2006: 1). Fungsi dari bahasa itu pada umumnya yaitu sebagai alat komunikasi atau alat perhubungan antar anggota-anggota masyarakat; suatu komunikasi yang diadakan dengan mempergunakan bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat-ucap manusia (Keraf, 1984: 17). Fungsi bahasa yang terutama adalah sebagai alat untuk bekerja sama atau berkomunikasi di dalam kehidupan manusia bermasyarakat. Rofii dan Hasibuan (2019:17) mengatakan bahwa Fungsi bahasa yang paling mendasar ialah sebagai alat komunikasi. Bahasa",
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"text": "digunakan masyarakat sebagai alat pergaulan antarsesama dan alat untuk",
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{
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"width": 205,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "menyampaikan sebuah pemikiran. Bahasa Indonesia sendiri, yang mempunyai kedudukan sebagai bahasa nasional dan bahasa resmi negara di tengah-tengah berbagai macam bahasa daerah (Chaer, 2006: 2).",
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"text": "Penggunaan bahasa dalam komunikasi terdiri dari dua saluran yakni, ragam lisan dan ragam tulis (Moeliono, 1993: 7). Ragam lisan adalah ragam bahasa yang diungkapkan melalui media lisan yang terikat oleh kondisi, ruang dan waktu sehingga situasi saat",
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"text": "Aksara: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 2 September 2020 http://Aksara.unbari.ac.id/index.php/aksara",
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"width": 94,
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "E-ISSN:2597-6095",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 158,
"top": 756,
"width": 299,
"height": 24,
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"text": "Kesalahan Berbahasa pada Surat Dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi 206",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 85,
"width": 126,
"height": 11,
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"text": "pengungkapan dapat",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 85,
"width": 205,
"height": 121,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "membantu pemahaman pendengar. Ragam tulis adalah ragam bahasa yang dipergunakan melalui media tulis, yang tidak terikat oleh ruang dan waktu. Berdasarkan media yang digunakan ragam bahasa dibedakan atas (1) ragam bahasa lisan: berpidato, berdiskusi, bertelpon, dan (2) ragam bahasa tulis (Widjono, 2015: 31).",
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"text": "Surat adalah sarana untuk menyampaikan informasi secara tertulis dari pihak yang satu ke pihak yang lain, informasi itu dapat berupa pemberitahuan, pernyataan, pertanyaan, sikap dan lain-lain (Semi, 2008: 1). Surat dinas (resmi) adalah surat yang menyangkut kedinasan yang dikeluarkan oleh lembaga resmi seperti jawatan, kantor, organisasi, dan dikirimkan kepada siapa saja, baik perorangan maupun kantor, organisasi, atau jawatan lainnya (Semi, 2008: 1).",
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"text": "Fungsi utama surat pada umunya yaitu untuk menyampaikan pesan secara dua arah, baik dari pemberi pesan dan penerima pesan yang ingin disampaikan meliputi penyampaian informasi,",
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"text": "gagasan, pemberitahuan, dan lainnya kepada penerima surat. Di samping itu surat memiliki fungsi sebagai dokumentasi tertulis, alat pengingat, dan bukti tertulis (Darmawati, 2007: 2).",
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"left": 85,
"top": 526,
"width": 205,
"height": 136,
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"text": "Bahasa surat digunakan sebagai bagian dari inti surat. Bahasa yang digunakan hendaklah harus mematuhi aturan kaidah kebahasaan penulisan surat yang benar. Bahasa surat merupakan bahasa tulis, maka aturan yang menyangkut tentang bahasa tulis harus diperhatikan, misalnya, mengenai paragraf, pemakaian kalimat topik, ejaan, dan lain-lain (Semi, 2008: 83).",
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"height": 52,
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"text": "Bentuk atau format surat dinas adalah sebagai berikut: 1) kop surat, 2) nomor surat, 3) hal surat, 4) tempat dan tanggal pembuatan surat, 5) alamat surat,",
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"height": 94,
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"text": "6) salam pembuka, 7) kalimat pembuka surat, 8) isi surat, 9) kalimat penutup surat, 10) salam penutup, 11) tanda tangan, 12) nama pengirim surat, dan 13) jabatan pengirim surat. Berikut merupakan penjelasan dari bagian-bagian surat (Darmawati, 2007: 3).",
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{
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"top": 181,
"width": 205,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Kesalahan berbahasa adalah penggunaan bahasa yang menyimpang dari kaidah bahasa yang berlaku dalam bahasa itu (Rofii, 2015). Analisis kesalahan berbahasa adalah suatu proses kerja yang digunakan oleh guru dan peneliti bahasa dengan langkah-langkah pengumpulan data, pengidentifikasian kesalahan yang terdapat di dalam data, penjelasan kesalahan tersebut, pengklasifikasian",
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"text": "kesalahan itu berdasarkan penyebabnya, serta pengevaluasian",
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{
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"top": 347,
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"height": 25,
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"text": "taraf keseriusan kesalahan itu (Rahmadi, 2017:201).",
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{
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"top": 375,
"width": 205,
"height": 190,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Kesalahan bahasa dalam surat resmi dapat terjadi pada (1) format surat, (2) kesalahan penulisan kepala surat, (3) kesalahan penulisan nomor surat, (4) kesalahan penulisan lampiran, (5) kesalahan penulisan hal surat, (6) kesalahan penulisan tanggal surat, (7) kesalahan penulisan alamat surat, (8) kesalahan penulisaan salam pembuka, (9) kesalahan penulisan paragraf pembuka, (10) kesalahan penulisan paragraf penutup, (11) kesalahan penulisan salam penutup, dan (12) kesalahan penulisan tembusan (Rahmadi, 2017: 183).",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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{
"left": 322,
"top": 596,
"width": 204,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskritif dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang berkaitan dengan kajian bahasa. Dalam hal ini pendekatan kualitatif adalah “Suatu pendekatan yang juga disebut pendekatan investigasi karena biasanya peneliti mengumpulkan data dengan cara bertatap muka langsung dan berinteraksi dengan orang-orang di",
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"text": "Aksara: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 2 September 2020 http://Aksara.unbari.ac.id/index.php/aksara",
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"left": 462,
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"width": 94,
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"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "E-ISSN:2597-6095",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 158,
"top": 756,
"width": 299,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kesalahan Berbahasa pada Surat Dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi 207",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 85,
"width": 204,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "tempat penelitian (McMillan & Schumacher, 2003: 73).” Jenis penelitian kualitatif",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 126,
"width": 204,
"height": 39,
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"text": "merupakan cara yang digunakan dalam penelitian untuk memecahkan masalah dengan mendeskripsikan",
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"height": 121,
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"text": "data-data berdasarkan fakta yang ada. Menurut Denzim dan Lincoln (dalam Moleong 2012: 42) yang dimaksud dengan penelitian kualitatif adalah “Penelitian yang menggunakan latar alamiah, dengan maksud menafsirkan fenomena yang terjadi dan dilakukan dengan jalan melibatkan berbagai metode yang ada.”",
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{
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"text": "Tempat penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Jambi yaitu SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi Tahun 2019. Penelitian ini dimulai dari tanggal 13 November 2019 sampai dengan Agustus 2020 sesuai dikeluarkan SK bimbingan Nomor 256 Tahun 2019.",
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"height": 176,
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"text": "Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teknik observasi dan dokumentasi. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-kata, gambar, dan bukan angka-angka. Dengan demikian, laporan penelitian akan berisi kutipan-kutipan data untuk memberi gambaran penyajian laporan tersebut. Data tersebut mungkin berasal dari naskah wawancara, catatan lapangan, foto, videotape, dokumen pribadi, catatan atau memo, dan dokumen resmi lainnya (Moleong, 2012: 42).",
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"text": "Analisis data adalah proses mencari dan menyusun secara sistematis data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara, catatan lapangan, dan bahan- bahan lain, sehingga dapat mudah difahami (Sugiyono, 2016: 244). Dengan kata lain analisis data salah satu cara kegiatan analisis data yang ada berdasarkan aturan yang telah ditentukan.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang",
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"text": "telah dilakukan",
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"text": "ditemukan beberapa hal terkait dengan kesalahan berbahasa pada penulisan surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019, sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "a. Kesalahan Penulisan pada Nomor Surat",
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"text": "Nomor surat ini diperlukan karena dengan adanya nomor surat ini dapat dengan mudah mengatur",
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "penyimpanannya sebagai arsip, menemukan kembali bila diperlukan, dan mengetahui jumlah surat yang keluar (Semi, 2008: 52). Kesalahan yang ditemukan pada penulisan nomor surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019 adalah sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "1) Nomor: 1.1.19/800/ 048 / SMA 9/ LL/2019",
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"width": 186,
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"text": "2) Nomor: 1.1.19/800/048/ SMA",
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{
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"text": "9/LL/2019",
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"text": "3) Nomor: 1.1.19/800/ 048 / SMA 9/LL/2019",
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{
"left": 340,
"top": 402,
"width": 162,
"height": 11,
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"text": "4) No:800/ 077/SMA9/LL/2019",
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{
"left": 340,
"top": 416,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "5) No: 800/ 139 /SMA9/LL/2019 Berdasarkan data tersebut",
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"top": 444,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "diketahui kesalahan penulisan pada nomor surat dinas dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019 sebagai berikut.",
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"left": 322,
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"text": "1. Adanya tanda baca garis miring yang didahului dan diikuti oleh spasi. Menurut aturan yang berlaku, penulisan nomor surat yang benar tidak perlu diberi spasi. Pemberian spasi membuka peluang bagi orang lain untuk mengubahnya (Darmawati, 2007: 5).",
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"left": 322,
"top": 596,
"width": 205,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "2. Pada penulisan kata No yang boleh disingkat tetapi harus menggunakan tanda baca titik setalah penulisan No. Karena ketika penulisannya disingkat harus menggunakan tanda baca titik setelahnya menjadi No. (Soedjito & Solchan, 2013: 42).",
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"text": "Sehingga penulisan nomor surat dinas yang benar adalah:",
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"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "E-ISSN:2597-6095",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 158,
"top": 756,
"width": 299,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kesalahan Berbahasa pada Surat Dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi 208",
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{
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"text": "1) Nomor:1.1.19/800/048/SMA9/LL /2019",
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{
"left": 102,
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"width": 181,
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"text": "2) Nomor:1.1.19/800/048/SMA9/LL /2019 3) Nomor:1.1.19/800/048/SMA9/LL",
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"left": 120,
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"text": "/2019",
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"text": "4) No.:800/077/SMA9/LL/2019",
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"top": 181,
"width": 162,
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"text": "5) No.:800/139/SMA9/LL/2019",
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{
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"width": 202,
"height": 177,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "b. Kesalahan Penulisan pada Alamat Surat Alamat surat berisikan nama lengkap dan identitas atau alamat dari pihak yang terkirim. Alamat fungsinya sebagai penunjuk dalam menyampaikan surat kepada orang yang berhak menerimanya. Oleh karena itu, penulisan alamat surat haruslah lengkap dan jelas (Kosasih, 2012: 100). Kesalahan yang ditemukan pada penulisan alamat surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019 sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "1) Kepada",
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"text": "Yth : Direktur PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) Jambi di – Jambi.",
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"text": "2) Kepada Yth : Ka. Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jambi",
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"text": "3) Kepada Yth. KAPOLRESTA Jambi Di,",
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"text": "di – Jambi. Berdasarkan data tersebut diketahui kesalahan penulisan pada alamat surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota",
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"text": "1. Penggunaan kata “kepada ” yang tidak perlu ditulis karena siapapun sudah mengetahui bahwa alamat surat yang ditulis itu adalah alamat yang dituju (Rahmadi, 2017: 189).",
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"text": "2. Penggunaan kata sapaan tidak perlu ditulis di depan gelar, pangkat, dan jabatan. Kata sapaan digunakan jika diikuti langsung oleh nama orang yang dituju (Rahmadi, 2017: 189).",
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"text": "5. Kesalahan pada penggunaan tanda baca titik dua (:) yang seharusnya diganti dengan tanda titik (.), karena tanda baca titik dua (:) dipakai pada akhir suatu pernyataan lengkap yang diikuti pemerincian atau penjelasan (Rahmadi, 2017: 59). Sedangkan alamat surat tidak menyatakan perincian maka tidak diperlukan menggunakan tanda baca titik dua. Singkatan Yth. juga seharusnya menggunakan tanda titik bukan dengan tanda titik dua, karena singkatan yang terdiri atas tiga huruf atau lebih diikuti dengan tanda titik (Rahmadi, 2017: 44).",
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"text": "6. Kesalahan pada penulisan kata di- yang tidak perlu ditulis karena nama kota tidak didahului kata depan di, tidak ditulisakan dengan huruf kapital semua, tidak perlu digaris bawahi, dan tidak bertitik akhir atau",
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"text": "Kesalahan Berbahasa pada Surat Dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi 209",
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"text": "tanda baca lainnya (Soedjito & Solchan, 2013: 46).",
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"text": "7. Kesalahan pada singkata Ka. yang seharusnya ditulis langsung menjadi Kepala tidak perlu disingkat, karena penulisan alamat surat hendaknya ditulis dengan jelas, singkat, dan lengkap (Rahmadi, 2017: 189).",
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"text": "c. Kesalahan Penulisan pada Paragraf Pembuka Paragraf pembuka sesuai dengan",
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"text": "namanya adalah untuk menyampaikan informasi pengantar atau pendahuluan (Semi, 2008:60). Kesalahan penulisan paragraf pembuka surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi Tahun 2019 sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "1) Dengan hormat, dengan ini kami sampaikan bahwa SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi akan mengadakan Ujian Sekolah Berbasis Komputer (USBK) tahun 2019 yang akan dilaksanakan mulai tanggal 15 s.d 28 Maret 2019 dengan menggunakan komputer, oleh sebab itu kami mohon kepada bapak agar tidak pemadaman listrik untuk wilayah Payo Selincah khususnya wilayah SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi.",
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"text": "Republik Indonesia Resor Kota jambi Nomor: B/741/III/2019/Reskrim tanggal 26 Maret 2019, perihal permintaan dokumen yang terkait dengan dugaan tindak pidana korupsi penyalahgunaan dana BOS SMA N 9 Kota Jambi Tahun Anggaran",
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"text": "2017/2018, dengan ini kami dari pihak sekolah ingin memberikan keterangan terkait dengan permasalahan tersebut.",
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"text": "2. Kesalahan pada penulisan dengan ini kami sampaikan bahwa yang seharusnya diganti dengan ini kami beri tahukan bahwa. Karena surat ini merupakan suatu pemberitahuan. Untuk surat-surat yang berisi suatu pemberitahuan dipergunakan kalimat pembuka Dengan ini kami beri tahukan bahwa... (Soedjito&Solchan:",
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"text": "1) Kami beri tahukan dengan hormat bahwa SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi akan mengadakan Ujian Sekolah Berbasis Komputer (USBK) tahun 2019 yang akan dilaksanakan mulai tanggal 15 s.d 28 Maret 2019 dengan menggunakan komputer, oleh sebab itu kami mohon kepada bapak agar tidak pemadaman listrik untuk wilayah Payo Selincah khususnya wilayah SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi.",
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"text": "2) Dengan ini kami beri tahukan sehubungan adanya surat dari Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Resor Kota jambi Nomor: B/741/III/2019/Reskrim tanggal 26 Maret 2019, perihal permintaan dokumen yang terkait dengan dugaan tindak pidana korupsi penyalahgunaan dana BOS SMA N 9 Kota Jambi Tahun Anggaran 2017/2018, dengan ini kami dari pihak sekolah ingin memberikan keterangan terkait dengan",
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"text": "3) Dengan ini kami beri tahukan bahwa sehubungan adanya terjadi konsleting kabel PLN menuju jalur SMAN 9 Kota Jambi",
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"text": "d. Kesalahan Penulisan pada Paragraf Penutup Paragraf penutup digunakan untuk menutup keseluruhan isi surat. Kadang-kadang digunakan untuk",
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"text": "digunakan untuk menyatakan terima kasih (Semi, 2008: 62). Kesalahan penulisan paragraf penutup surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi Tahun 2019 sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "2) Demikianlah surat keterangan ini kami buat, dan semoga dapat memberikan keterangan agar dapat digunakan sebagaimana mestinya.",
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"top": 568,
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"text": "3) Demikianlah permohonan ini kami sampaikan, atas kerjasamanya kami ucapkan terima kasih.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data tersebut diketahui kesalahan penulisan pada kesalahan penulisan pada paragraf penutup surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi Tahun 2019 sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "1. Kurang cukup penulisan paragraf penutup. Kata demikianlah",
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"text": "disebutkan sebelumnya, misalnya laporan, penjelasan, keterangan, pemberitahuan. Sebaiknya apa yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya itu dituliskan di belakang kata demikianlah (Soedjito & Solchan,",
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"text": "2008: 58-59).",
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"text": "2. Pada penulisan di ucapkan yang menggunakan spasi, seharusnya ini tidak perlu diberi spasi. Karena penulisan awalan kata di yang menyatakan arti suatu pekerjaan atau keadaan penulisannya dirangkai dengan kata yang mengikutinya (Darmawati, 2007: 19).",
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"text": "4. Kurangnya penulisan kata surat sebelum kata permohonan karena jika tidak ditambahkan maka kurang lengkap kalimat tersebut, orang yang membacanya tidak mengetahui lebih detail permohonan apa yang dimaksudkannya.",
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"text": "1) Demikian surat ini disampaikan atas perhatiannya diucapkan terima kasih.",
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"height": 53,
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"text": "2) Demikianlah surat keterangan ini kami tulis, dan semoga dapat memberikan keterangan agar dapat digunakan sebagaimana mestinya.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis kesalahan berbahasa dalam surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa masih ditemukan beberapa kesalahan dalam hal-",
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"text": "Kesalahan Berbahasa pada Surat Dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi 211",
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{
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"height": 100,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "hal berikut: (1) penulisan nomor surat, (2) penulisan alamat surat, (3) penulisan paragraf pembuka, dan (4) penulisan paragraf penutup. Selanjutnya bentuk kesalahan berbahasa pada surat dinas SMA Negeri 9 Kota Jambi tahun 2019 adalah sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "Kesalahan penulisan nomor surat yang ditemukan adalah pada tanda baca titik dua dan tanda baca garis miring yang didahului dan dikuti spasi, karena nomor surat tidak perlu diberi spasi.",
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"text": "Kesalahan penulisan alamat surat yang ditemukan adalah kesalahan (1) pada penulisan kata kepada yang tidak perlu ditulis pada kertas surat. Kesalahan (2) pada penggunaan tanda baca titik dua (:) yang seharusnya diganti dengan tanda titik (.), karena tanda baca titik dua (:) dipakai pada akhir suatu pernyataan lengkap yang diikuti pemerincian atau penjelasan).",
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"text": "seharusnya menggunakan tanda titik bukan dengan tanda titik dua, karena singkatan yang terdiri atas tiga huruf atau lebih diikuti dengan tanda titik. Kesalahan (3) pada penulisan kata di- yang tidak perlu ditulis karena nama kota tidak didahului kata depan di, tidak ditulisakan dengan huruf kapital semua, tidak perlu digaris bawahi, dan tidak bertitik akhir atau tanda baca lainnya. Kesalahan (4) pada pengguanaan tanda baca titik (.) diakhir alamat surat yang seharusnya tidak perlu menggunakan tanda titik. Kesalahan (5) pada penggunaan huruf tebal pada alamat surat yang seharusnya ditulis",
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"text": "penutup. Kata demikianlah menyatakan sesuatu yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya, misalnya laporan,",
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"text": "penjelasan, keterangan, pemberitahuan. Kesalahan (2) pada penulisan kata di ucapkan yang kata depan di menggunakan spasi atau dipisah, seharusnya langsung saja digabung menjadi diucapkan .",
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"text": "1. Bagi penulis surat dinas, penerapan penggunaan kaidah kebahasaan yang baik dan benar harus lebih diperhatikan, sehingga tidak terjadi kesalahan dalam penulisannya.",
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"text": "2. Bagi para guru di sekolah, materi kesalahan berbahasa pada surat dinas ini dapat digunakan sebagai materi tambahan yang diimplementasikan dalam proses pembelajaran.",
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"text": "3. Bagi peneliti, penelitian tentang kesalahan berbahasa dalam penulisan surat perlu lebih diperhatikan, karena sangat berguna dalam proses penyampaian pesan secara tertulis melalui surat dinas atau surat resmi.",
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"text": "Aksara: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 2 September 2020 http://Aksara.unbari.ac.id/index.php/aksara",
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"text": "Chaer, Abdul. (2006). Tata Bahasa",
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"text": "Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Rineka",
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"text": "Darmawati, Uti. (2007). Surat Dinas. Klaten: Intan Pariwara. Keraf, Gorys. (1984). Tata Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Nusa Indah.",
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"text": "Kosasih, Endang. (2012). Dasar-dasar Keterampilan Menulis. Bandung:Yrama Widya. Mc. Millan & Sally Schumacher. (2003).",
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"text": "Research in Education. Versi terjemahan Sekolah Pascasarjana Program Doktor Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Islam Nusantara. Moeliono, Anton M. (1993). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan",
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"text": "Moleong, Lexy J. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung:",
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"text": "Pengaruh Suhu Kalsinasi pada Proses Dekomposisi Dolomit ( Ahmad Royani )",
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"text": "Ahmad Royani, Eko Sulistiyono dan Deddy Sufiandi Pusat Penelitian Metalurgi dan Material - LIPI",
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"text": "Kawasan Puspiptek, Serpong 15314, Tangerang Selatan E-mail: [email protected] Diterima: 13 Juni 2016 Diperbaiki: 18 Agustus 2016 Disetujui: 15 September 2016",
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"text": "PENGARUH SUHU KALSINASI PADA PROSES DEKOMPOSISI DOLOMIT. Proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO dan CaO merupakan proses penting mengingat kedua oksida tersebut banyak digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Untuk melihat pengaruh suhu proses kalsinasi terhadap dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO dan CaO, maka dilakukan kalsinasi. Proses kalsinasi menggunakan tungku Muffle furnace dengan suhu sebesar 500 o C, 600 o C, 700 o C, 800 dan 900 o C. Sebanyak kurang lebih 100 gram/sampel dolomit dimasukkan dalam tungku dan dipanaskan dengan laju pemanasan 10 o C/menit pada berbagai suhu yang kemudian ditahan masing-masing selama 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 dan 5 jam. Produk kalsinasi kemudian ditimbang dan dikarakterisasi dengan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) . Hasil percobaan menunjukkan kalsinasi dolomit semakin meningkat seiring dengan kenaikkan suhu kalsinasi. Proses kalsinasi dolomit optimum tercapai pada suhu 900 o C selama 4 jam dengan pengurang berat mencapai 46,74 %. Berdasarkan perhitungan stoikiometri pengurangan berat 46,74 % menunjukkan bahwa 97,78 % dolomit terdekomposisi menjadi MgO dan CaO. Pembentukan fasa MgO dan CaO dari dolomit melalui dua tahapan yaitu tahapan pembentukan fasa MgO-CaCO 3 pada suhu 700 o C dan tahapan pembentukan CaO pada suhu 800 o C - 900 o C. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan dari proses kalsinasi dolomit ini adalah peningkatan suhu kalsinasi dapat meningkatkan proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi fasa MgO dan CaO.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: Dekomposisi, Kalsinasi, Dolomit, Perubahan fasa",
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"text": "THE EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF DOLOMITE. Decomposition of dolomite to MgO and CaO is important because both these oxides are widely used in various applications. To determine the effect of calcination temperature on the decomposition of dolomite to MgO and CaO, the calcination was investigated. The Muffle furnace was used to calcination process at temperatures of 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 o C. A total of dolomite (100 gram) was put in a furnace and heated with a heating rate of 10 o C /min at various temperatures and then arrested with holding time 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours, respectively. The calcined samples were then weight measured and characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The experimental results indicated that the decomposition of dolomite increases with the increases of the calcination temperature. The optimum calcination conditions are achieved at 900 °C for 4 hours. Under the optimum conditions, the weight loss of dolomite can reach 46.74%. Based on stoichiometry calculations 46.74% weight reduction showed that 97.78% of dolomite decomposed into MgO and CaO. The decomposition of dolomite into CaO and MgO through two stages, namely stages of formation of MgO-CaCO 3 at 700 o C and CaO at 800 °C - 900 °C. The conclusions obtained from this calcination of dolomite is the raising of calcination temperature can improve the process of decomposition of dolomite into MgO and CaO.",
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"text": "Keywords: Decomposition, Calcination, Dolomite, Phase transformation",
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"text": "Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia Vol. 18, No. 1, Oktober 2016, hal. 41-46",
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"text": "Dolomit merupakan batuan sedimen alami yang termasuk rumpun mineral karbonat [1,2]. Mineral dolomit murni secara teoritis mengandung 45,6% MgCO 3 atau 21,9% MgO dan 54,3% CaCO 3 atau 30,4% CaO. Rumus kimia mineral dolomit dapat ditulis meliputi CaCO 3 .MgCO 3 , CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 atau Ca x Mg 1-x CO 3 , dengan nilai x lebih kecil dari satu [3]. Potensi dolomit di Indonesia cukup besar dan terbesar ditemukan mulai dari propinsi di Aceh hingga ke Papua dengan spesifikasi yang berbeda-beda. Di alam, dolomit jarang ditemukan dengan komposisi murni, karena umumnya mineral ini selalu terdapat bersama-sama (bercampur) dengan batu gamping, kwarsa, rijang, pirit, lempung dan pengotor lainnya. Dolomit merupakan mineral gabungan dari dua karbonat yakni magnesium karbonat (MgCO 3 ) dan kalsium karbonat (CaCO 3 ). Dolomit dapat berdekomposisi menjadi senyawa oksida berupa MgO dan CaO yang banyak digunakan pada berbagai aplikasi di industri [4-6]. MgO dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bata tahan api tahan suhu tinggi, bahan campuran semen, industri medis, bahan pembuatan pupuk dan sebagai bahan isolator. Sedangkan CaO banyak digunakan dalam industri pembuatan semen dan bahan industri kimia untuk pembuatan senyawa tertentu [5,6]. Dengan demikian proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO dan CaO merupakan proses penting walaupun membutuhkan energi dan bersifat endotermik.",
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"left": 57,
"top": 428,
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"height": 337,
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"text": "Proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO dan CaO sudah banyak dilakukan baik secara isothermal maupun non-isothermal [7-12]. Variabel proses sangat berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan kurva dan puncak fasa MgO dan CaO. Peningkatan laju pemanasan dekomposisi menyebabkan peningkatan ketinggian puncak dari MgO dan CaO [7]. Mekanisme dekomposisi parsial MgO dari dolomit bermula dari lepasnya gas CO 2 dan terbentuknya ion O 2- pada permukaan dolomit. Kemudian Mg 2+ bergerak menuju O 2- sedangkan Ca 2+ bermigrasi membentuk CaCO 3 pada permukaan dolomit [8]. Pada penelitian kalsinasi dolomit alam menggunakan gas argon pada tekanan atmosfir, dekomposisi menjadi MgO dan CaCO 3 terjadi pada suhu 700 o C kemudian CaCO 3 berdekomposisi menjadi CaO pada suhu700 o C hingga 900 o C [9]. Bentuk kristalin CaO dan MgO dapat dihasilkan dari dolomit melalui dua tahapan kalsinasi dalam gas CO 2 dan N 2 [10]. Penelitian dekomposisi pada dolomit palygorskite-China (DPC), suhu dekomposisi dolomit ditemukan 50 °C lebih rendah dari dolomit umum. Dekomposisi dolomit mulai terjadi pada suhu 500 o C dan berakhir pada 780 o C dengan puncak maksimum terdapat pada suhu 745 o C [13]. Proses dekomposisi magnesium karbonat terjadi pada suhu lebih rendah dari pada proses dekomposisi kalsium karbonat [14]. Fasa MgO terdekomposisi dari dolomit dan memisah padasuhu kalsinasi 850 o C [15]. Terbentuknya MgO pada proses dekomposisi magnesium karbonat melalui dua tahap",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 83,
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"height": 385,
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"text": "yakni proses dehidrasi dan pembentukan MgO [16]. Proses dekomposisi dolomit juga dipengaruhi oleh komposisi kandungan dari CaCO 3 dan MgCO 3 . Penelitian mengenai pengaruh komposisi menyebutkan energi aktivasi meningkat 1,309 kJ/mol untuk setiap penambahan persen berat dari CaCO 3 [17]. Di Indonesia, Proses kalsinasi terhadap dolomit juga pernah dilakukan oleh Eko dkk. Penelitiannya difokuskan pada pengamatan terhadap ukuran dari dolomit itu sendiri. Hasil percobaannya menyebutkan bahwa ukuran butiran dolomit berpengaruh terhadap hasil kalsinasi, semakin besar ukuran dolomit yang diproses maka reaksi kalsinasi semakin cepat [18]. Banyak yang mempengaruh keberhasilan proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO dan CaO. Faktor-faktor tersebut meliputi tekanan parsial dari gas CO 2 , massa dolomit, laju pemanasan, suhu dan waktu proses [19]. Pada penelitian ini, dolomit alam dimodifikasi dengan proses kalsinasi pada berbagai suhu dan waktu. Untuk melihat pengaruh suhu dan waktu proses kalsinasi terhadap dekomposisi dolomit, maka suhu kalsinasi divariasikan dari 500 hingga 900 o C dan waktu kalsinasi diperpanjang dari 1 sampai 5 jam. Berdasarkan referensi yang telah disebutkan bahwa peningkatan suhu dapat mempengaruhi proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi fasa MgO dan CaO. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu kalsinasi dalam proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi fasa MgO dan CaO. Proses kalsinasi yang sederhana diharapkan mampu membentuk fasa MgO dan CaO dari dolomit sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan berbagai aplikasi di industri.",
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"text": "METODE PERCOBAAN",
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"top": 506,
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"text": "Bahan dan Alat",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 524,
"width": 221,
"height": 49,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Bahan yang digunakan meliputi serbuk dolomit dari daerah Jawa Timur (PT. XYZ) dengan komposisi kimia seperti pada Tabel 1. Pola difraksi sinar-X untuk dolomit digambarkan pada Gambar 1.",
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"text": "Proses kalsinasi menggunakan tungku Muffle furnace ( Carbolite-CWF 1300, England) . Karakterisasi sampel dolomit dan produk kalsinasi menggunakan difraksi sinar-X (Shimadzu XRD 7000) untuk mengetahui fasa-fasa yang terkandung dalam dolomit dan hasil proses dekomposisi. XRF (JEOL Element Analizer",
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"text": "No Senyawa % Berat 1. CaO 61,38 2. MgO 25,73 3. Na 2 O 7,93 4. SiO 2 1,19 5. Al 2 O 3 0,84 6. P 2 O 5 0,54 7. SO 3 0,41 8. K 2 O 0,40 9. Fe 2 O 3",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "0,37 Tabel 1 . Analisis komposisi kimia dolomit dengan XRF",
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"text": "43",
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{
"left": 84,
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"width": 285,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Pengaruh Suhu Kalsinasi pada Proses Dekomposisi Dolomit ( Ahmad Royani )",
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"text": "JSX -3211) untuk analisa komposisi kimia mineral dolomit dan Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ) JEOL JSM-6390A untuk analisis struktur mikro dan morfologi partikel.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Cara Kerja",
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"top": 327,
"width": 221,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Bijih dolomit digerus sehingga berukuran kurang dari 60 mesh kemudian dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu100 o C selama 7 jam. Setiap sampel sebanyak 100 gram serbuk dolomit dimasukkan dalam tungku dan dipanaskan dengan laju pemanasan 10 o C/menit pada berbagai suhu. Suhu proses kalsinasi divariasikan dari 500 o C hingga 900 o C. Setelah suhu proses kalsinasi tercapai kemudian ditahan selama 1 jam hingga 5 jam untuk setiap variasi suhu. Produk kalsinasi kemudian ditimbang dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan difraksi sinar-X dan Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ).",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 498,
"width": 151,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Karakteristik Sampel Dolomit",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 516,
"width": 221,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dolomit yang digunakan dari daerah Jawa Timur mempunyai komponen utama CaO dan MgO sebesar 61,38 % dan 25,73 % serta unsur pengotor lainnya seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam hasil analisis XRF pada Tabel 1. Pada analisa dolomit awal dengan menggunakan difraksi sinar-X (Gambar 1), terlihat sangat jelas bahwa puncak menunjukkan mineral dolomit dan tidak ditemukan puncak unsur-unsur pengotor dikarenakan kandungannya yang kecil. Hasil SEM-Mapping dolomit ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2. Dari Gambar 2 tersebut, dapat dilihat bahwa sebaran unsur Ca, Mg, O serta C yang ditandai dengan warna merah hampir merata dan berada pada seluruh permukaan yang menyatakan mineral dolomit. Sedangkan unsur pengotor seperti Fe, Si dan Al tidak terlihat.",
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"text": "Proses Kalsinasi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 732,
"width": 221,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Hasil proses kalsinasi dolomit pada berbagai suhu terhadap waktu ditunjukkan pada Gambar 3. Gambar 3 menunjukkan peningkatan fasa terdekomposisi atau",
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"height": 123,
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"text": "persen kalsinasi selama proses pemanasan. Persen kaslinasi (fasa terdekomposisi) dihitung dari perubahan berat sampel terhadap berat awal karena berat yang hilang berupa gas CO 2 yang secara teoritik maskimal sebesar 47,8 %. Dapat dilihat bahwa persen kalsinasi maksimum dicapai pada suhu 900 o C yakni mencapai 46,74% atau setara dengan 97,78 % dari teoritik. Pada suhu 900 o C tersebut, dapat dikatakan bahwa telah terjadi proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO dan CaO secara total karena MgCa(CO 3 ) 2 hampir terdekomposisi",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Gambar 1 . Pola difraksi sinar-X dolomit.",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 2 . Hasil SEM-Mapping Dolomit.",
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{
"left": 318,
"top": 617,
"width": 220,
"height": 21,
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"text": "Gambar 3 . Grafik hubungan persen kalsinasi dan waktu pada berbagai suhu.",
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"text": "44",
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{
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"text": "Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia Vol. 18, No. 1, Oktober 2016, hal. 41-46",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 331,
"width": 221,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "secara sempurna (97,78%) menjadi MgO dan CaO. Hasil ini sesuai dengan yang dilakukan oleh P. Engler, dkk yang menyatakan bahwa proses dekomposisi total dolomit terjadi pada suhu 900 - 960 o C [20]. Selanjutnya pada suhu rendah reaksi cenderung berjalan lambat sehingga proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO dan CaO membutuhkan waktu yang panjang. Dapat dibandingkan bahwa pada suhu 500 o C hanya 1,6% fasa yang terdekomposisi menjadi MgO dan CaO selama 5 jam sedangkan pada suhu 900 o C hampir keseluruhan terdekomposisi menjadi MgO dan CaO.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 57,
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"text": "Pembentukan Fasa MgO dan CaO",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 57,
"top": 489,
"width": 221,
"height": 277,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Hasil analisis difraksi sinar-X terhadap dolomit setelah dilakukan proses kalsinasi dalam berbagai suhu ditunjukkan dalam Gambar 4. Pada suhu 500 o C dan 600 o C, belum ditemukan puncak MgO ataupun CaCO 3 . Namun, pada 600 o C mulai muncul puncak CaCO 3 di sudut 2 pada posisi sudut 29,42 o . Sedangkan pada suhu 700 o C, mulai terbentuk fasa MgO pada sudut 2 diposisi 42,94 o dan 62,35 o serta fasa CaCO 3 yang semakin banyak. Hasil analisis difraksi sinar-X menyatakan bahwa proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO dan CaCO 3 mulai terbentuk pada suhu 700 o C. Pada suhu rendah (kurang dari 700 o C) puncak fasa MgO belum terbentuk dan masih sama seperti kondisi awal. Dari hasil analisis difraksi sinar-X juga dapat dijelaskan bahwa proses dekomposisi fasa dolomit (MgCa(CO 3 ) 2 ) menjadi MgO dan CaCO 3 mulai terjadi pada 700 o C. Hasil ini sesuai dengan yang dilakukan oleh K. Sasaki et al, yang menyatakan proses dekomposisi dolomit menjadi MgO mulai terjadi pada 700 o C [9]. Pada suhu 800 o C dan 900 o C, fasa MgO dan CaO sudah sangat jelas dan puncak-puncaknya juga semakin banyak. Hal ini terjadi karena pada suhu tersebut pembentukan MgO yang hampir sempurna dan senyawa",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 289,
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"text": "kalsit (CaCO 3 ) mengalami dekomposisi menjadi CaO [14]. Pada suhu 800 o C dan 900 o C, ditemukan juga fasa CaO.H 2 O. Penyebab adanya fasa CaO.H 2 O ini dimungkin karena sifatnya yang hidrokopis sehingga pada saat pendinginan atau peyimpanan terjadi reaksi dengan H 2 O. Hasil – hasil pola difraksi sinar-X memperlihatkan bahwa mekanisme proses dekomposisi dolomit terjadi melalui dua tahapan sesuai dengan Persamaan (1) dan Persamaan (2).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 289,
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"text": "MgCa(CO 3 ) 2 MgO + CaCO 3 + CO 2 ............. (1) CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2 ........................................ (2) Reaksi pertama terjadi pada suhu sekitar 700 o C sedangkan reaaksi kedua terjadi pada suhu diatas 800 o C. Reaksi pertama disebut juga dengan proses dekomposisi parsial sedangkan reaksi kedua disebut dengan proses dekomposisi total. Hasil penelitian ini sebanding dengan yang dilakukan oleh P. Engler, dkk yang menyatakan bahwa pembentukan MgO terjadi antara 550 o C - 765 o C, sedangkan CaO dibentuk antara 900 o C - 960 o C [20]. Hasil penelitian ini juga sesuai dengan yang dilakukan oleh K. Sasaki, dkk yang menyatakan bahwa CaCO 3 berdekomposisi menjadi CaO dan gas CO 2 pada suhu 700 o C hingga 900 o C [9]. Pada hasil proses dekomposisi ini juga terbentuk fasa Ca.H 2 O, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa fasa CaO sudah cukup banyak sehingga fasa CaO ada yang menyerap air dari udara membentuk fasa Ca.H 2 O.",
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"text": "Morfologi Butiran",
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{
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"height": 49,
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"text": "Hasil analisis SEM-Mapping mikro struktur butiran dolomit setelah dilakukan kalsinasi pada 900 o C selama 4 jam dilihat dalam Gambar 5. Dari hasil gambar SEM-Mapping tersebut, nampaknya unsur Ca",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Pola Difraksi Sinar-X Hasil Dekomposisi",
"type": "Caption"
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"left": 528,
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"text": "45",
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{
"left": 84,
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"text": "Pengaruh Suhu Kalsinasi pada Proses Dekomposisi Dolomit ( Ahmad Royani ) mendominasi seluruh permukaan butiran (ditunjukkan dengan warna merah yang pekat pada Gambar 5). Sementara untuk unsur Mg sebaranya lebih kecil dari unsur Ca ( warna merah lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan unsur Ca). Secara umum dapat dilihat bahwa sebaran butiran CaO dan MgO merata keseluruhan permukaan dengan intensitas yang berbeda. Hasil analisa kualitatif SEM-EDS butiran dolomit setelah dilakukan kalsinasi pada 900 o C selama 4 jam ditunjukkan dalam Gambar 6. Hasil analisa kualitatifSEM-EDS butiran dolomit setelah dilakukan kalsinasi pada suhu 900 oC selama 4 jam ditunjukkan dalam Gambar 6. Dari hasil analisa kualitatif SEM-EDS tersebut, butiran dolomit diketahui mengandung 17,47% Mg dan 41,67% Ca atau setara dengan 28,97% MgO dan 58,34% CaO.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 737,
"width": 221,
"height": 37,
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"text": "Proses pembentukan fasa MgO dan CaO dari dolomit dapat dilakukan melalui proses kalsinasi. Proses kalsinasi dolomit berlangsung semakin cepat seiring",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "dengan kenaikkan suhu kalsinasi yang ditandai dengan semakin meningkatnya persen kehilangan berat. Proses kalsinasi dolomit optimum dicapai pada suhu 900 o C selama 4 jam dengan pengurang berat sebesar 46,74 %. Berdasarkan perhitungan stoikiometri pengurangan berat 46,74 % menunjukkan bahwa 97,78 % dolomit terdekomposisi menjadi MgO dan CaO. Pembentukan fasa MgO dan CaO dari dolomit pada proses kalsinasi melalui dua tahapan yaitu tahapan pembentukan fasa MgO-CaCO 3 pada suhu 700 o C dan tahapan pembentukan CaO pada suhu 800 o C hingga 900 o C.",
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"text": "UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH",
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{
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"top": 254,
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"height": 61,
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"text": "Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Pusat Penelitian Metalurgi dan Material, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yang telah mendanai penelitian ini melalui kegiatan Kompetensi Inti pada tahun anggaran 2016.",
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"text": "DAFTAR ACUAN",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "[1]. A I. Casado et al. “Morphology and Origin of Dolomite in Paleosols and Lacustrine Sequences. Examples from the Miocene of the Madrid Basin”. Sedimentary Geology , vol. 312, pp. 50-62, 2014.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 318,
"top": 402,
"width": 221,
"height": 49,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[2]. K. Hips et al. “Dolomitization of Triassic Microbial Mat Deposits (Hungary): Origin of Microcrystalline Dolomite”. Sedimentary Geology , vol. 318, pp. 113-129, 2015.",
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{
"left": 318,
"top": 450,
"width": 221,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[3]. A.A Olajire. “A Review of Mineral Carbonation Technology in Sequestration of CO 2 ”. Journal of",
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},
{
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"width": 221,
"height": 85,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Petroleum Science and Engineering , vol. 109, pp. 364-392, 2013. [4]. B.B Joanna et al. “A Novel Method for Simultaneous Determination of Selected Elements in Dolomite and Magnesia by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy with Slurry Sample Introduction”.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 341,
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"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Spectrochimica Acta Part B , vol. 113, pp. 79-83, 2015.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 318,
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"height": 49,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "[5]. A. Buasri et al. “TheApplication of Calcium Oxide and Magnesium Oxide from Natural Dolomitic Rock for Biodiesel Synthesis”. Energy Procedia , vol. 79, pp. 562 - 566, 2015.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "List item"
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{
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"text": "Gambar 5 . Hasil Foto SEM-Mapping Dolomit pada suhu 900 o C (pembesaran 3.000X).",
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"text": "Gambar 6 . Hasil Foto SEM-EDS Dolomit pada suhu 900 o C",
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"text": "0.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 keV 0 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5600 C ou nt s O K a M gK a Ca K a C aK b",
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"text": "ZAF Method Standardless Quantitative Analysis Fitting Coefficient : 0.3505 Element (keV) Mass% Error% Atom% O K Mg K Ca K 0.525 1.253 3.690 40.86 17.47 41.67 0.76 0.23 0.26 59.22 16.67 24.11 Total 100.00 100.00",
"type": "Table"
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53d73537-13a8-6f54-b728-b2e7def74a57 | https://sjm-fk.ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/UnsriMedJ/article/download/132/125 | [
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"text": "Evaluation of University Student Eating Pattern Based on “Isi Piringku” [My Plate] Guideline and Their Correlation to Increased Body Weight during Pandemic",
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"text": "Dina Anandita Irawan, Zettira Dwi Zahra, Nur Jannah Binti Azhar, Sofa Rahmannia *",
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"text": "1 Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pasundan, Bandung, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "The Ministry of Health has issued dietary guidelines, namely ”Isi Piringku” [My Plate]. However, few studies have evaluated the implementation and its relationship to nutritional status in the university student population, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives of this study include (1) evaluating student eating patterns during the pandemic based on the ”Isi Piringku” guidelines; (2) analyze the correlation of diet to changes in body weight during the pandemic. This research was conducted using an online survey of 110 students spread throughout Indonesia in the first to eighth semesters. The analysis was carried out by descriptively comparing the median portion of the type of food to the ”Isi Piringku” recommendations and analyzing the correlation using Spearman's analysis. In 4 types of food (staple food, side dish, vegetables, and fruit), there is a gap between the median proportions eaten by respondents and recommendations including staple foods (29% and 33%), side dish (38% and 17%), vegetables (17% and 33%), and fruit (14% and 17%), respectively. However, staple food intake correlates significantly with weight gain (r=0.24, p=0.012). Conversely, protein intake mainly from vegetable products negatively correlated with weight gain (r=-0.28, p=0.030). In conclusion, there is a large gap in vegetable consumption among Indonesian students. The proportion of staple foods is considered sufficient and needs to be maintained in moderation to avoid the risk of weight gain during the pandemic.",
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"text": "Keywords: COVID-19, Eating Patern, Isi Piringku, Weight Gain, University Student",
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"text": "1. Introduction",
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"text": "Obesity is a condition that can worsen the symptoms of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) infection. It is reinforced by the relationship between obesity and COVID-19, which can increase chronic pro-inflammatory, excessive oxidative stress response, and impaired immunity. 1 Weight gain can be influenced by various factors, ranging from diet, activity, and metabolism. 2 Unbalanced eating habits can significantly increase body weight which is exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This obesity condition affects the metabolic balance, decreases lung function, and causes a poor response to mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 survivors. 1 This condition can prolong the duration of healing or worsen the symptoms of COVID-19 infection.",
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"text": "The results of 40 systematic reviews and 20 meta-analyses show that there has been an increase in obesity rates in various countries throughout the pandemic, including in European countries, the United States, Mexico, and China. 3 The phenomenon of the global increase in the incidence of obesity needs to be addressed immediately to avoid metabolic diseases in the future. World Health Organization (WHO) states that obesity and metabolic diseases are priority issues that need to be addressed after the pandemic.",
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"text": "Young adult age groups, especially university students, need more attention in the problem of increasing obesity prevalence. Obesity that occurs in this period affects not only themselves but also their offspring. Obesity in this period causes fat accumulation in the ovum follicles in women, decreased",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine , Volume 5 No.1 2022, Hal 68-74, DOI: 10.32539/SJM.v5i1.132",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"text": "69",
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"text": "sperm motility in men, increased DNA and mitochondrial damage, and epigenetic disorders that increase the risk of metabolic diseases in themselves and their offspring. 4-5 Modifiable factors that can be done to avoid obesity include improving diet. Minister of Health Regulation Number 41 of 2014 states that pedoman gizi seimbang [balanced nutrition guidelines] are intended to provide guidelines for daily food consumption and healthy behaviour based on consuming various foods, higiene and sanitation, physical activity, and monitoring normal weight. 6 The food portion guidelines that were previously 4 sehat 5 sempurna [4 healthy and 5 perfect] have now turned into \" Isi Piringku \" [My Plate]. This new concept aims to regulate a healthy and balanced diet, from the composition of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.",
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"text": "”Isi Piringku” is a program promoted by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia since 2017 to campaign for visualized food consumption to make it easier for people to implement balanced nutritional foods. The portion rules in ”Isi Piringku” are staples foods with a portion of two-thirds of half a plate, side dishes with one-third portion of half a plate, vegetables with a portion of two-thirds of half a plate and fruits with one- third portion of half a plate. 6",
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"text": "Therefore, this study aims to (1) evaluating student eating patterns during the pandemic based on the ”Isi Piringku” guidelines; (2) analyze the correlation of diet to changes in body weight during the pandemic.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "2. Method",
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"text": "This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey through a google form . The questionnaire consisted of several questions regarding demographics, body weight before and after the pandemic, and the proportion of food on the plate. Food",
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"text": "proportions are divided according to the ”Isi Piringku” standard covering staple foods, side dishes (animal and plant-based dishes), vegetables, and fruit.",
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"text": "The questionnaires that have been tested and refined are then distributed to students spread across Indonesia (n=110) in the first to eighth semesters from all kinds of majors, both social science and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The distribution of respondents has been grouped based on research subjects, namely university, region, major, age and sex. For age, we analyze based on median (IQR). The online survey was distributed in August 2021 through several platforms, including Instagram, Line, Twitter, WhatsApp. It aims to expand and improve the accuracy of the data in reaching a large population. Filling out the questionnaire is voluntary, and an explanation of the research objectives and procedures and informed consent to fill out the questionnaire are listed on the first page.",
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"text": "The data cleaning process is carried out by sorting and eliminating invalid responses so that data that is already valid and meets the qualification standards will be continued into the coding process. There were three incomplete body weight data, so that they were excluded from the analysis of weight changes.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "The data were analyzed descriptively to get the demographic distribution of the research respondents. A normality test was conducted to evaluate the distribution of the data. Data that are not normally distributed are presented in the median, and some categorical data are presented in proportion. Food proportions are shown in the median (IQR), and the proportions are then compared with the ”Isi Piringku” recommendation. The proportion of food data was analyzed for correlation to changes in body weight using Spearman's analysis. The data is considered significant if the p-value is <0.05.",
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"text": "Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine , Volume 5 No.1 2022, Hal 68-74, DOI: 10.32539/SJM.v5i1.132",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "The value of r represents a positive correlation coefficient (r>0) and a negative correlation (r<0). Data were analyzed using Stata 13 software.",
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"text": "3. Results",
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"text": "The comparison of the median portion of food types with the ”Isi Piringku” recommendations was carried out with a population distribution of 110 students spread throughout Indonesia in the first to eighth semesters from all kinds of majors, both social and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The distribution of respondents has been grouped based on research subjects, namely university, region, major, age and sex. The origin of the university is almost evenly distributed both public and private universities. The distribution of respondents was spread across universities in Indonesia,",
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"text": "which is more dominated by universities on Java, compared to others. The median age of the respondents is 20 years, and the prevalence of respondents was 82% for female that shown more dominate from all respondents. (Table 1).",
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"text": "Table 2 describes the proportion of food on the plate and its comparison based on the “ Isi Piringku ” guideline. In staple foods, the median consumption proportion was 29% (21- 38%), with the proportion exceeding the recommendation only 32%. Side dish intake (38%) is higher than the recommended proportion of ”Isi Piringku” (17%). Comparison of the proportion of university students eating pattern and the “ Isi Piringku ”",
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"text": "recommendation is also depicted in Figure 1.",
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"text": "Table 1. Demographic Characteristic of University Student",
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"text": "Demographic Characteristic n (%) University Public 48 43.6% Private 62 56.4% Region Java 104 96.3% Others 4 3.7% Major STEM* 58 52.8% Social Science 52 47.2% Age, Median IQR (Year) 110 20 (19, 20) Sex Male 21 18% Female 89 82%",
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"text": "Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine , Volume 5 No.1 2022, Hal 68-74, DOI: 10.32539/SJM.v5i1.132",
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"text": "Table 2. Student eating pattern based on ” Isi Piringku ” (n=110) Food Component Median (IQR) ”Isi Piringku” Recommendation Proportion below recommendation Proportion exceed recommendation Staple food 29 (21-38) 33% (1/3 of plate) 67.27 % 32.73 % Side dish* 38 (31-45) 17% (1/6 of plate) 2.73 % 97.27 % Animal-source dish 21 (17-25) - - - Plant-based dish 17 (14-20) - - - Vegetables 17 (13-22) 33% (1/3 of plate) 97.27 % 2.73 % Fruit 14 (0-21) 17% (1/6 of plate) 64.55 % 35.45 %",
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"text": "* Animal or plant-based dishes cannot be compared with the “Isi Piringku” recommendation because the guideline does not explicitly distinguish the protein source.",
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"text": "Figure 1. Comparison of University Student Eating Pattern with “ Isi Piringku ” Recommendation",
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"text": "Moreover, the food sources on the side dish consist of 21% animal-sourced food and 17% plant-based dish. Almost all respondents did not meet the recommendation for vegetable consumption (17% vs 33%). More",
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"text": "than half consume fewer vegetables, according to the recommendations. One-third of respondents did not eat fruit at all (data not shown).",
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"text": "The correlation of food proportion with changes in body weight during the pandemic can be seen in Table 3. The body weight gain indicator is used to see the correlation of diet only during the pandemic period. In comparison, the weight indicator during the pandemic describes the correlation of diet both before and during the pandemic. Staple food showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.242, p=0.012) between the proportion of consumption and weight gain during the pandemic, and foods other than staples had a negative correlation with weight gain.",
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"text": "Plants' protein consumption was significant negatively correlated (r=-0.208, p=0.030) with bodyweight during the pandemic. However, there is a different",
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"text": "Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine , Volume 5 No.1 2022, Hal 68-74, DOI: 10.32539/SJM.v5i1.132",
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"text": "pattern between the impact of food consumption during and before the pandemic. Staple foods consistently have a positive correlation with body weight. Side dishes, especially protein from plants, and fruit consistently have a negative correlation with body weight.",
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"text": "This study found a low intake of vegetables and fruit; even a one-third of the respondents did not eat fruit at all. In addition, there are food consumption patterns that are known to be positively and negatively associated with weight gain. These findings might be a recommendation in the effort to formulate policies to prevent obesity in the future.",
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"text": "This research observes a correlation between the proportion of types of food to weight gain. A positive correlation was found consistently in the proportion of staple food intake, which represents carbohydrates, to weight gain. This finding is in line with the Carbohydrate-Insulin Model (CIM) framework, where the theory explains that the type of food has a role in weight gain compared to the amount of food that is often measured using calorie units. This model suggests that increased consumption of processed, high- glycemic carbohydrates can cause hormonal changes resulting in calorie deposition in adipose tissue, increase hunger, and decrease energy expenditure. 7 Other research has also found a positive correlation between an increase in the glycemic index and weight gain. 8 This finding underscores that the quality of carbohydrates is essential in ensuring ideal body weight.",
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"text": "Respondent's proportion of staple food consumption is close to the recommendation, which is one-third of a plate. A different finding was seen in the female population, who reported consuming up to 70% of staple foods. 9 This condition may be due to",
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"text": "differences in the population age and life cycle stage and also context in which this study was conducted during the pandemic. Increased consumption of staple foods during the pandemic can put students at risk of weight gain. The low level of physical activity also supports this due to the shift from offline to online lecture modes. Studies on weight gain have confirmed this condition during the pandemic, suggesting that high calories consumed and low physical activity lead to weight gain during the COVID-19 pandemic. 10 The consumption of side dishes in this study was sufficient compared to the recommendations. Research looking at proportions based on the whole plate is still rare, but quite a lot of research explores the diversity of foods consumed. Research that observes adolescent diets sees a relatively good trend of side dish consumption patterns where almost one-third of respondents consume side dishes. 11 Among the side dishes consumed, eggs were only eaten by almost 50% of respondents, and only one third consumed milk.",
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"text": "This study found a negative correlation between the consumption of side dishes from plants and weight gain. This finding is in line with other research, which states that the combination of food with protein can lower the glycemic index and could be especially relevant for long-term weight gain. Protein is known to be protective against obesity. This is also supported by the finding that consumption of legumes and peanuts correlated with weight loss in 4 years long. 8 Vegetables and fruits are essential in the daily food consumption of every individual for a healthy life. 12 Vegetable consumption in all respondents in this study is still below the recommendation, whereas one-third of respondents reported not consuming fruit. In general, as many as 97.1% of the Indonesian population have a low consumption pattern of vegetables and fruit compared to the",
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"text": "Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine , Volume 5 No.1 2022, Hal 68-74, DOI: 10.32539/SJM.v5i1.132",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "recommended consumption of vegetables and fruit in the 2014 balanced nutrition guidelines. 13 The same gap exists in other countries such as America. This finding is of concern because it is known that regular consumption of vegetables and fruit can prevent chronic diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that the health benefits of fruits and vegetables are associated with synergies or interactions of bioactive compounds and other nutrients in whole foods. 14 Therefore, this study recommends increasing the intake of vegetables and fruits as a better and more effective source of nutrients than nutrients obtained from supplements.",
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"text": "This study has several strengths, including 1) seeks to evaluate diet using local guidelines so that it can be one of the government's program evaluation efforts; 2) succeeded in showing a correlation between eating patterns based on the portion of food in the plate and bodyweight so the community can easily adopt the knowledge. The limitations of this study including 1) the study design is a one-time point survey so that there is the potential for recall errors to occur in obtaining weight data before the pandemic; 2) food proportion data obtained based on self- reported. Further research is needed with a longitudinal design and a more rigorous dietary assessment method to obtain information about changes during the pandemic.",
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"text": "There is a large gap in vegetable and fruit consumption among Indonesian students. The proportion of staples was positively correlated with body weight and, conversely, the proportion of plants' protein was negatively correlated with body weight. The proportion of staple foods consumption is considered sufficient and needs to be",
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"text": "maintained in moderation to avoid the risk of weight gain during the pandemic.",
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"text": "References",
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e8d81e47-0b25-f9f3-c8ce-70a2ae8f3045 | https://japendi.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/japendi/article/download/388/770 | [
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"text": "STRATEGI MANAJEMEN KEUANGAN AKUNTABEL MABES TNI MENGHA DAPI ANCAMAN MILITER",
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"text": "Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan Program Studi Strategi dan Kampanye Militer, Indonesia Email: [email protected]",
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"text": "*Correspondence INFO ARTIKEL ABSTRAK Diajukan 18 Agustus 2021 Diterima 17 September 2021 Diterbitkan 30 Nopember 2021 Latar Belakang: Pertahanan keutuhan wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia tidak saja menjadi tanggung jawab TNI tetapi rakyat juga merupakan bagian dari itu, Saat ini Indonesia dalam masa damai maka doktrin pertahanan digunakan sebagai penuntun dan pedoman bagi penyelenggaraan pertahanan negara dalam menyiapkan kekuatan dan pertahanan dalam kerangka kekuatan untuk daya tangkal yang mampu mencegah setiap hakikat ancaman salah satunya ancaman militer, untuk melaksanakan tugas tersebut, penggunaan kekuatan TNI dan sarana prasarana dibiayai dari APBN yang diajukan oleh Kementerian Pertahanan. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk menganalisis Akuntabilitas Manajemen Keuangan dalam operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi dan Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel dalam Operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi Metode : Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari para narasumber/informan yang ditetapkan, selanjutnya dianalisis dengan Teknik analisis kualitatif",
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"text": "Hasil: Menunjukan bahwa Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel menunjukan acara Mabes TNI mengelola anggaran mencapai tujuan, sasaran jangka panjang dan target hasil ( outcome ) program prioritas RPJP 2005-2024 yang menjadi tugas dan fungsi Kemhan dalam kegiatan pertahanan negara salah satunya adalah Operasi Militer dalam rangka mengantisipasi adanya ancaman militer.Kesimpulan strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel dalam Operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi adalah melalui strategis planning , management dan Thinking",
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"text": "strategies; financial",
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"text": "management; accountable. Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
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"text": "Background: The defense of the territorial integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is not only the responsibility of the TNI but the people are also part of it. Currently, Indonesia is in peacetime, the defense doctrine is used as a guide and guide for the implementation of national defense in preparing strength and defense within the framework of strength for deterrence that is able to prevent every nature of the threat, one of which is a military threat, to carry out this task, the use of TNI forces and infrastructure is financed from the APBN proposed by the Ministry of Defense. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze Financial Management Accountability in Military Operations with regard to Bureaucratic Reform and Accountable Financial Management Strategies in Military Operations with regard to Bureaucratic Reform. Methods: This study uses a qualitative method. Data were obtained from the sources / informants set, then analyzed by qualitative analysis techniques Results: Shows that Financial Management Strategy Accountable TNI showed a way to manage budgets achieve the goals, objectives and targets long-term results(outcomes)2005- 2024 RPJP priority program which tasks and functions of the Ministry of defense in the national defense activities one of which is a military operation in order to anticipate the threat militer.Kesimpulan Accountable financial management strategy in military operations with regard to bureaucratic reform is through strategis planning, management and Thinking",
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"text": "Militer Indonesia, sesuai sejarahnya tumbuh secara alami dalam perjalanan panjang merebut dan mempertahankan kemerdekaan bangsa dan negara sebelum akhirnya dibentuk menjadi Tentara Nasional. Dalam perjalanan sejarah perjuangannya militer Indonesia tidak pernah berjuang sendiri namun senantiasa berada dalam kerjasama yang sinergis dengan rakyat. Dengan fakta sejarah tersebut maka jati diri militer Indonesia disebut sebagai tentara rakyat ( People Army ) dan tentara pejuang ( warrior ) (Andriani, 2018). Sebagai fakta sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) juga merupakan bagian dari masyarakat umum yang dipersiapkan secara khusus untuk melaksanakan tugas pembelaan negara dan bangsa, serta memelihara pertahanan dan keamanan nasional (Chalim & Farhan, 2016).",
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"text": "Saat ini bangsa Indonesia sedang memasuki suatu masa transisi, suatu masa di mana kita tengah berubah atau beralih dari suatu era yang orang mengatakan itu sebagai era otoritarian pada era demokrasi dan perubahan seperti itu memang masih banyak ketidakpastian. Namun demikian ada satu hal yang sudah pasti bahwa perubahan tersebut tidaklah mengubah tugas dan tanggung jawab TNI selaku alat negara bidang pertahanan dan keamanan, serta tidak mengubah sikap dan perilaku prajurit TNI yang harus senantiasa mengayomi masyarakat. Bahwa bila pada era yang lalu TNI",
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"height": 26,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1969",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 428,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "melaksanakan tugas bukan hanya di bidang pertahanan tetapi juga di bidang sosial politik, maka setelah memasuki era reformasi, TNI telah menempatkan posisinya yang tepat sesuai dengan tatanan negara demokrasi. Peran sosial politik telah tinggalkan dan hanya berkonsentrasi di bidang pertahanan dan keamanan negara (Darwis, 2021).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 151,
"width": 428,
"height": 170,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertahanan keutuhan wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia tidak saja menjadi tanggung jawab TNI tetapi rakyat juga merupakan bagian dari itu, dengan rakyat TNI kuat. Saat ini Indonesia dalam masa damai maka doktrin pertahanan digunakan sebagai penuntun dan pedoman bagi penyelenggaraan pertahanan negara dalam menyiapkan kekuatan dan pertahanan dalam kerangka kekuatan untuk daya tangkal yang mampu mencegah setiap hakikat ancaman serta kesiapsiagaan dalam meniadakan ancaman, baik yang berasal dari luar maupun dalam negeri. Namun manakala Indonesia pada keadaan perang maka doktrin pertahanan memberikan tuntutan dan pedoman dalam mendayagunakan segenap kekuatan nasional dalam upaya pertahanan guna menyelamatkan negara dan bangsa dari ancaman yang dihadapi (Indrawan, 2018).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 326,
"width": 428,
"height": 202,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertahanan Negara diselenggarakan dalam rangka memelihara stabilitas keamanan nasional yang menggunakan konsep dasar Manajemen Pertahanan Negara. Seluruh komponen bangsa mempunyai hak, tanggung jawab dan kewajiban mempertahankan negara sebagaimana diatur oleh peraturan perundang-undangan. Pertahanan negara merupakan fungsi pemerintah pusat yang tidak dapat didelegasikan kepada pemerintah daerah. Dalam pelaksanaan fungsi ini, semua sumber daya nasional, termasuk yang berada di daerah-daerah otonom, dapat didayagunakan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan pertahanan Negara. Dan untuk menunjang Manajemen Pertahanan Negara tersebut, komponen pertahanan negara dikategorikan ke dalam komponen utama, komponen cadangan dan komponen pendukung. Pengelolaan Pertahanan Negara dilaksanakan dengan membina, membangun, serta menyiapkan dan menyiagakan TNI di masa damai, agar sewaktu-waktu bila keadaan krisis timbul dapat segera dikerahkan untuk menanggulangi krisis.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 532,
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"height": 59,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penyelenggaraan manajemen yang berbasis prinsip-prinsip good governance yang dimaksud adalah (1) partisipasi, (2) kepastian hukum, (3) transparansi, (4) tanggung jawab, (5) berorientasi pada kesepakatan, (6) keadilan, (7) efektifitas dan efisiensi, (8) akuntabilitas, (9) visi strategik.(Nathasya dan sawitri, 2016)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 596,
"width": 428,
"height": 154,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Prinsip-prinsip itulah yang melekat pada sebuah institusi khususnya Mabes TNI dalam rangka mencapai apa yang diharapkan, seperti menjalankan ataupun merencanakan program-program dalam rangka menjaga pertahanan negara baik jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek khususnya menghadapi ancaman militer. Sebagaimana dalam penelitian (Kennedy et al., 2017) menjelaskan bahwa dalam rangka manajemen penyelenggaraan anggaran pertahanan, aspek ekonomi menjadi hal yang paling diperhatikan dalam melihat permasalahan pertahanan. Sedang berbeda dengan penelitian yang dilakukan (Herlia, 2019) bahwa dalam menjaga pertahanan negara juga dapat menggunakan strategi komunikasi di era keterbukaan baik terhadap OMP maupun OMSP yang diimplementasikan terhadap publik internal dan eksternal meliputi strategi",
"type": "Text"
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"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Kombang Hananto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1970 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 428,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pemilihan pesan, strategi media, strategi pemilihan waktu dan strategi pemilihan lingkungan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 120,
"width": 429,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dalam penelitian ini salah satu prinsip prinsip good governance yaitu akuntabilitas menjadi pilihan dari Peneliti untuk diangkat dalam penelitian ini, dikarenakan Akuntabilitas ternyata sangat dibutuhkan dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan khususnya di institusi Mabes TNI sebagai pertanggungjawaban pengelolaan manajemen keuangan kepada kementerian Pertahanan guna menghilangkan patologi birokrasi seperti Korupsi Kolusi Nepotisme dan sebagainya dalam melaksanakan program pertahanan negara salah satunya menghadapi ancaman militer.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 247,
"width": 428,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Selama ini Panglima TNI selaku pejabat pengelola manajemen keuangan negara sesuai kedudukan dan kewenangannya melaksanakan kegiatan pengelolaan manajemen keuangan negara yang meliputi perencanaan, pengawasan dan pertanggungjawaban.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 300,
"width": 431,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hal tersebut diatas, Prinsip akuntabilitas yang terdapat dalam prinsip-prinsip good governance mengharuskan institusi TNI melakukan langkah- langkah kebijakan melalui strategi manajemen keuangan yang akuntabel dalam rangka melaksanakan proses anggaran bila terdapat kebutuhan penggunaan diluar yang telah ditetapkan, hal ini dikarenakan institusi Mabes TNI merupakan Induk dari 3 (tiga) Angkatan yaitu TNI Angkatan darat, TNI Angkatan Laut dan TNI Angkatan Udara dan menjadi tonggak dalam mengakomodir kegiatan Pertahanan Negara khususnya dalam menghadapi ancaman militer.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 427,
"width": 431,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penelitian ini difokuskan pada Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel Mabes TNI . Dari fokus ini dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) sub fokus penelitian yaitu: 1) Akuntabilitas Manajemen Keuangan dalam operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi. 2) Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel dalam Operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 523,
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"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Metode Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 538,
"width": 428,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, yaitu menurut (Anggito & Setiawan, 2018), adalah metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi objek yang alamiah, (sebagai lawannya adalah eksperimen) dimana peneliti adalah sebagai instrumen kunci, Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan secara triangulasi (gabungan), dari beberapa Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 618,
"width": 273,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Observasi terhadap objek penelitian secara langsung",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 634,
"width": 177,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Wawancara terhadap responden.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 649,
"width": 428,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Dokumentasi berupa pengumpulan data-data seperti gambar-gambar, foto-foto dan dokumen-dokumen yang terkait dengan penelitian.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 681,
"width": 428,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data merupakan langkah yang paling strategis dalam penelitian, karena tujuan utama dalam penelitian adalah mendapatkan data (Hasanah, 2017). Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan dan Teknik wawancara . Selain itu Teknik pengumpulan data adalah cara untuk memperoleh data yang valid, objektif dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 143,
"top": 36,
"width": 370,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1971",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 428,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sedangkan Tehnik analisis data atau kualitatif adalah proses memilih, memilih dan mengorganisasikan data yang terkumpul dari catatan lapangan, hasil observasi, wawancara mendalam dan dokumentasi, sehingga diperoleh pemahaman yang mendalam bermakna, unik dan berupa temuan baru yang bersifat deskriptif, kategorisasi dan atau pola-pola hubungan antar kategori dari objek yang diteliti.",
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"text": "Hasil dan Pembahasan",
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{
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"width": 102,
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "A. Hasil Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "Peneliti melakukan observasi secara langsung ke lapangan diantaranya Ditjen Renhan Kemhan, Srenum TNI, SOPS TNI dan KOGABWILHAN TNI untuk memperoleh data terkait dengan Akuntabilitas Manajemen Keuangan dalam operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi dan Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel dalam Operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi, dengan hasil yang diperoleh sebagai berikut:",
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{
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"top": 310,
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"text": "1. Akuntabilitas Manajemen Keuangan dalam operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 342,
"width": 393,
"height": 170,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Akuntabilitas Manajemen Keuangan dalam Operasi Militer dimaksud adalah pertanggungjawaban Mabes TNI dalam melakukan suatu rangkaian pekerjaan atau usaha yang dilakukan dalam kegiatan operasi Militer berkenaan dengan reformasi birokrasi yaitu untuk mewujudkan good governance yang didukung oleh penyelenggara negara yang profesional dan bebas KKN serta menjalankan prinsip prinsip manajemen keuangan salah satunya adalah Akuntabilitas (Jaya, 2011), karena akuntabilitas dapat dianggap sebagai bentuk pertanggungjawaban atau kewajiban moral / hukum yang melekat pada individu, kelompok atau organisasi untuk menjelaskan cara mengelola sumberdaya yang dimiliki seperti dana, peralatan atau kewenangan yang diperoleh dari pihak ketiga telah gunakan, diperoleh data dari beberapa narasumber sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 517,
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"height": 11,
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"text": "a. Ditjen Renhan Kemhan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 532,
"width": 374,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Ditjen Renhan Kemhan mempunyai tugas menyiapkan perumusan serta melaksanakan kebijakan dan standarisasi teknis, pemberian bimbingan teknis serta evaluasi di bidang perencanaan program dan anggaran pertahanan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 596,
"width": 236,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Ditjen Renhan Kemhan mempunyai Fungsi :",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 612,
"width": 356,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a) Perumusan kebijakan perencanaan program dan anggaran pertahanan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 643,
"width": 356,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b) Penyusunan standar, norma, pedoman, kriteria dan prosedur di bidang perencanaan program dan anggaran Kementerian Pertahanan dan Mabes TNI, perencanaan program dan anggaran Angkatan serta perencanaan program dan anggaran khusus;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 707,
"width": 356,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c) Pelaksanaan dan evaluasi kebijakan di bidang perencanaan program dan anggaran;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 39,
"width": 108,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Kombang Hananto",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1972 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 88,
"width": 356,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d) Pelaksanaan bimbingan, supervisi teknis dan perizinan di bidang perencanaan program dan anggaran pertahanan;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 120,
"width": 374,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Akuntabilitas dalam Manajemen keuangan pada Ditjen Renhan atau dapat dikatakan sebagai bentuk kewajiban mempertanggungjawabkan keberhasilan atau kegagalan pelaksanaan misi organisasi dalam mencapai tujuan dan sasaran yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya (Nasution, 2018), melalui suatu media pertanggungjawaban yang dilaksanakan dalam rangka operasi militer yaitu sebagai berikut:",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 215,
"width": 356,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a) Laporan untuk komponen yang telah memiliki ketetapan standar biaya keluaran adalah indeks untuk biaya personil per orang per hari.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 247,
"width": 356,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b) Laporan berupa dokumen tertulis penetapan penggunaan APBN dari Presiden, Pengajuan dari Menteri Pertahanan, Kerangka Acuan Kegiatan (KAK), Rencana Acuan Biaya (RAB) dan Kajian Teknis yang masing-masing dokumen tersebut ditandatangani oleh pejabat eselon I.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 326,
"width": 356,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "c) Indeks standar biaya keluaran untuk operasi militer, yang saat ini ditetapkan untuk prajurit dan PNS Kemhan/TNI. Mobilisasi komponen cadangan dan komponen pendukung untuk kepentingan mengatasi ancaman militer perlu didukung oleh regulasi yang memadai (Mahfudin, 2021).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
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"width": 356,
"height": 154,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d) Penyusunan indeks standar biaya kebutuhan anggaran operasi militer yang melibatkan kekuatan komponen utama, komponen cadangan dan komponen pendukung apabila disusun dalam masa damai tidak memiliki kendala yang berarti (Zamaro, 2018). Apabila penyusunan tersebut dilaksanakan dalam situasi negara dalam kondisi darurat/bahaya, kendala paling utama adalah lamanya proses mulai dari pembahasan, usulan sampai dengan penetapan. Selain itu kesiapan pemangku kepentingan di luar Kemhan/TNI belum terbukti terlatih untuk mampu menyelesaikan tugas dalam kondisi keadaan darurat.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "b. Srenum TNI",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 139,
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"width": 374,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "1) Staf Kebijakan Strategis dan Perencanaan Umum TNI disingkat Srenum TNI bertugas membantu Panglima TNI merumuskan kebijakan dan perencanaan strategis pengembangan kekuatan TNI, merumuskan kebijakan sistem dan metode, sistem informasi, penelitian dan pengembangan, menyiapkan program dan anggaran pengendalian program dan anggaran, pelaksanaan anggaran serta kerjasama internasional TNI dalam rangka pembinaan dan penggunaan kekuatan TNI dalam rangka mendukung tugas pokok TNI.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 707,
"width": 374,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Akuntabilitas dalam Manajemen keuangan pada Srenum TNI atau dapat dikatakan sebagai bentuk kewajiban mempertanggungjawabkan keberhasilan atau kegagalan pelaksanaan misi organisasi dalam",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 143,
"top": 36,
"width": 370,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1973",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 88,
"width": 356,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "mencapai tujuan dan sasaran yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya (Albugis, 2016) Albugis, Febriana F, melalui suatu media pertanggungjawaban yang dilaksanakan dalam rangka operasi militer yaitu sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 157,
"top": 135,
"width": 356,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a) Standar biaya keluaran untuk pengerahan alutsista serta komponen",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 175,
"top": 151,
"width": 338,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "lainnya yang diberdayakan dalam suatu operasi militer diantaranya adalah:",
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"text": "1) Komponen yang diajukan untuk operasi militer yang telah ditetapkan standar biaya keluarannya adalah indeks kebutuhan perorangan.",
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"text": "2) Persyaratan kelengkapan dokumen berpedoman pada ketentuan yang saat ini berlaku.",
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"text": "3) Kebutuhan anggaran untuk pemberdayaan komponen cadangan dan komponen pendukung diusulkan oleh Kemhan.",
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"text": "4) Kendala utama pengusulan kebutuhan operasi militer adalah ketersediaan anggaran pemerintah pada BA BUN Kemenkeu",
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"text": "b) Pengajuan kebutuhan anggaran yang belum dialokasikan dalam DIPA diusulkan dengan sumber anggaran dari BA BUN Kemenkeu, regulasi yang ada saat ini belum dapat diadaptasikan untuk mengatasi ancaman militer yang membutuhkan biaya yang sangat besar.",
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"text": "c. SOPS TNI",
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"text": "1) Staf Operasi TNI disingkat Sops TNI bertugas membantu Panglima TNI menyelenggarakan fungsi staf di bidang operasi meliputi penggunaan kekuatan dan pelatihan yang bersifat integratif, kerjasama keamanan perbatasan, survei dan pemetaan, dalam rangka mendukung tugas pokok TNI .",
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"text": "2) Akuntabilitas dalam Manajemen keuangan pada SOPS TNI atau dapat dikatakan sebagai bentuk kewajiban mempertanggungjawabkan keberhasilan atau kegagalan pelaksanaan misi organisasi dalam mencapai tujuan dan sasaran yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya, melalui suatu media pertanggungjawaban yang dilaksanakan dalam rangka operasi militer yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "a) Standar biaya keluaran untuk pengerahan alutsista serta komponen lainnya yang diberdayakan dalam suatu operasi militer diantaranya:",
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"text": "1) Komponen yang diajukan untuk mendukung operasi militer adalah kebutuhan untuk komponen utama, komponen cadangan dan komponen pendukung. Kegiatan operasi kontinjensi dan operasi penanggulangan bencana alam dikarenakan kondisional, tidak masuk dalam rencana kebutuhan anggaran rutin yang dialokasikan dalam RKA Tahunan.",
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"text": "2) Persyaratan kelengkapan dokumen berpedoman pada ketentuan yang saat ini berlaku.",
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"text": "B. Kombang Hananto",
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"text": "1974 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "3) Kebutuhan anggaran untuk pemberdayaan komponen cadangan dan komponen pendukung perlu ditetapkan untuk mewujudkan akuntabilitas dan tertib administrasi organisasi.",
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"text": "4) Operasi militer yang ideal membutuhkan anggaran yaitu tahapan pratugas, pelaksanaan operasi dan pengakhiran kegiatan.",
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"text": "5) Kendala utama adalah indeks standar biaya yang saat ini telah ditetapkan belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan anggaran.",
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{
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"text": "b) Proses pengusulan kebutuhan anggaran operasi militer mengacu pada ketentuan yang berlaku saat ini membutuhkan waktu kurang lebih satu bulan terhitung mulai tahap perencanaan sampai dengan realisasi anggarannya. Piranti lunak pengelolaan keuangan yang dibuat oleh",
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"text": "Kemenkeu telah dapat mendukung mekanisme pengelolaan keuangan negara pada seluruh instansi pemerintah. Kendala yang dihadapi adalah kebijakan Kemenkeu tentang pemblokiran DIPA K/L apabila terjadi kebijakan khusus dari pemerintah terkait penghematan anggaran.",
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"text": "c) Sarana prasarana yang dibutuhkan untuk mewujudkan integrasi pelaksanaan operasi militer dengan aplikasi pengelolaan keuangan negara adalah konfigurasi jaringan dan hardware yang adaptif serta mengikuti teknologi terkini. Integrasi tersebut harus terjamin perlindungan dan penggunaannya serta diawaki oleh personil dengan standar kualifikasi dan kompetensi yang sesuai. Dalam rangka memenuhi persyaratan kebutuhan sarana prasarana tersebut perlu diwujudkan interoperability Siskodal TNI dan didukung oleh sinerginya seluruh piranti lunak dalam mendukung pengambilan keputusan Panglima TNI. Kendala dalam bidang sarana prasarana adalah keterbatasan infrastruktur khususnya pulau terluar dan wilayah perbatasan, terbatasnya SDM TNI baik kemampuan maupun kuantitas dalam hal penguasaan sistem informatika serta ketersediaan anggaran guna memenuhi kebutuhan sarpras yang ideal.",
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"text": "d. KOGABWILHAN TNI",
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"text": "1) KOGABWILHAN TNI atau yang disebut dengan Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan Tentara Nasional Indonesia merupakan satuan baru yang langsung berada dibawah komando Panglima TNI. Fungsi dan peran Kogabwilhan akan mengintegrasikan berbagai pangkalan TNI di seluruh wilayah Indonesia, (https://nasional.okezone.com, 2021)",
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"text": "2) Saat ini Kogabwilhan terbagi menjadi 3 (tiga), masing-masing dipimpin oleh seorang Perwira Tinggi yang berpangkat Bintang tiga, yakni: (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan, 2021).",
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"text": "3) Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan I, berkedudukan di Tanjung Pinang, Kepulauan Riau, diantaranya:",
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"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
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"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1975",
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"text": "a) Darat, meliputi : Sumatra, Jakarta, Banten, Jawa Barat, Kalimantan Barat, dan Kalimantan Tengah",
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"text": "b) Laut, meliputi : Perairan di sekitar Sumatera, Jakarta, Banten, Jawa Barat, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah dan ALKI-1 beserta perairan sekitarnya",
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"text": "c) Udara, meliputi : Wilayah di atas Sumatra, Jakarta, Banten, Jawa",
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"text": "Barat, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah dan ALKI-1 beserta perairan sekitarnya.",
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"text": "e. Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan II, berkedudukan di Penajam Paser, Kalimantan Timur",
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"text": "(1) Darat, meliputi : Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Utara, Sulawesi, Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, dan Jawa Timur",
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"text": "(2) Laut, meliputi : Perairan di sekitar Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, Sulawesi, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Utara dan ALKI-2 serta ALKI-3a beserta perairan sekitarnya",
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"text": "(3) Udara, meliputi : Wilayah di atas Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, Sulawesi, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Utara dan ALKI-2 serta ALKI-3a beserta perairan sekitarnya .",
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"text": "f. Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan III, berkedudukan di Timika, Papua",
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"text": "1) Darat, meliputi : Kepulauan Maluku dan Pulau Papua.",
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"text": "2) Laut, meliputi : Perairan di sekitar Kepulauan Maluku, Pulau Papua dan ALKI-3b beserta perairan sekitarnya.",
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{
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"text": "3) Udara, meliputi : Wilayah di atas Kepulauan Maluku, Pulau Papua dan ALKI-3b beserta perairan sekitarnya.",
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"text": "Akuntabilitas dalam Manajemen keuangan pada KOGABWILHAN TNI atau dapat dikatakan sebagai bentuk kewajiban mempertanggungjawabkan keberhasilan atau kegagalan pelaksanaan misi organisasi dalam mencapai tujuan dan sasaran yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya, melalui suatu media pertanggungjawaban yang dilaksanakan dalam rangka operasi militer yaitu sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "a) Usulan pengajuan kebutuhan anggaran operasi militer yang belum dialokasikan dalam DIPA disusun berdasarkan cara bertindak sesuai jenis dan skala ancaman militer yang harus diatasi. Komponen yang saat ini telah ditetapkan adalah untuk mendukung kebutuhan perorangan.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"width": 356,
"height": 43,
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"text": "Kebutuhan anggaran penggunaan alutsista belum ditetapkan disebabkan karena dinamika jenis ancaman militer dan digolongkan sebagai kebutuhan yang urgensinya diajukan pada saat kejadian berlangsung.",
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"text": "B. Kombang Hananto",
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"left": 85,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1976 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 88,
"width": 356,
"height": 43,
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"text": "Perlu ditetapkan standar biaya sebagai pedoman penyusunan kebutuhan anggaran pemberdayaan komcad dan komduk. Kendala penyusunan kebutuhan anggaran adalah kebijakan politik pemerintah.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 139,
"top": 135,
"width": 374,
"height": 202,
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"text": "b) Proses pengusulan kebutuhan anggaran operasi militer mengacu pada ketentuan yang berlaku saat ini membutuhkan waktu kurang lebih satu bulan terhitung mulai tahap perencanaan sampai dengan realisasi anggarannya. Piranti lunak pengelolaan keuangan saat ini belum dapat mengakomodir mekanisme guna menghadapi ancaman militer yang membutuhkan biaya sangat besar, hal ini terlihat dari sudut pemenuhan kebutuhan Alutsista yang cenderung kurang mendukung adanya pemenuhan kebutuhan alutsista sebagai proyeksi ancaman kedepan yang dihadapi oleh militer. Kendala yang dihadapi adalah proses persetujuan anggaran untuk kegiatan operasi militer. Piranti lunak yang ideal adalah yang mampu mengakomodir kebutuhan anggaran kontinjensi dalam menghadapi ancaman militer yang mengarah pada pengerahan kekuatan dalam operasi militer.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 139,
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"text": "c) Sarana prasarana yang dibutuhkan harus mampu mengintegrasikan kebutuhan alutsista militer dengan kemampuan daya dukung ketersediaan anggaran apabila terjadi operasi militer. Sarpras tersebut memiliki kehandalan dalam transfer data, informasi dan komunikasi terkait pengelolaan keuangan negara dalam operasi militer serta terkoneksi antara K/L dengan Bappenas dan Kemenkeu. Selain itu dibutuhkan Standar Operasional dan Prosedur (SOP) yang mampu memberikan penjelasan tentang mekanisme pengusulan anggaran dalam rangka operasi militer sehingga mampu cepat merespon kebutuhan biaya dalam pelaksanaan operasi militer. Kendala dalam pemenuhan sarpras adalah mekanisme pengelolaan keuangan negara saat ini membutuhkan proses waktu yang panjang sedangkan pada saat operasi militer dibutuhkan dukungan yang cepat dan responsif guna mengatasi ancaman militer dengan segera dan tidak berlarut.",
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"text": "d) Konsep pembinaan personil pelaksana dalam sistem pengelolaan keuangan negara dilaksanakan dengan mengarah pada kemampuan SDM dalam pemanfaatan teknologi digital. Metode pembinaan personil juga dilaksanakan dengan merekrut Komcad dan Komduk yang memiliki kemampuan dan profesionalisme guna disiapkan secara dini dalam mengatasi ancaman militer",
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{
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"text": "2. Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel dalam Operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi.",
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"text": "a. Ditjen Renhan Kemhan",
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"text": "Strateginya melalui usulan kebutuhan anggaran operasi militer yang agar dapat dialokasikan dalam DIPA Tahun Anggaran berjalan disusun oleh Mabes TNI setelah ada penetapan/direktif dari Presiden. Saat ini terkait",
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"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1977",
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{
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"text": "dengan kegiatan operasi militer yang belum dialokasikan dalam DIPA disiapkan oleh Pemerintah dengan sumber anggaran BA BUN pada Kementerian Keuangan. Alokasi anggaran yang diusulkan menyesuaikan dengan ketersediaan anggaran pemerintah.",
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"text": "b. Srenum TNI",
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"text": "Strateginya dengan mengajukan dukungan anggaran secara berjenjang melalui Kemhan dan Kemenkeu (BA BUN).",
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"text": "c. SOPS TNI",
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"text": "Strateginya melalui konsep pembinaan personil pelaksana dalam sistem pengelolaan keuangan negara dilaksanakan dengan",
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"text": "mempertimbangkan rasio antara satuan operasi dan satuan pendukung. Kompetensi yang dibutuhkan antara lain kemampuan manajemen personil pada kondisi negara darurat dengan tetap berpedoman pada prosedur hubungan kerja kelembagaan yang telah ditetapkan.",
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"text": "d. KOGABWILHAN TNI",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 139,
"top": 326,
"width": 374,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Strategi Binpers dalam sistem pengelolaan keuangan negara dengan menggunakan pembinaan kemampuan SDM yang mengarah kepada pemanfaatan teknologi guna mempercepat proses pengelolaan keuangan negara.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 406,
"width": 86,
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"page_number": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Pembahasan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 103,
"top": 421,
"width": 410,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Akuntabilitas Manajemen Keuangan dalam operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 453,
"width": 392,
"height": 170,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Semangat reformasi telah mendorong aparatur penegakan hukum dan keadilan melakukan pembaharuan dan peningkatan efektivitas dalam melaksanakan fungsi penyelenggaraan pemerintahan negara dalam pembangunan, perlindungan dan pelayanan masyarakat guna mendukung kebutuhan serta kepentingan rakyat. Rakyat yang memberi amanah menghendaki agar pemerintah memberikan perhatian yang sungguh sungguh dalam menanggulangi korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme (KKN) sebagaimana diamanatkan oleh TAP MPR Nomor XI/MPR/1998 tentang penyelenggara negara yang bersih dan bebas korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme, dan Undang- Undang No. 28 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggara Negara yang Bersih dan Bebas dari Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 156,
"top": 628,
"width": 293,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dalam Pasal 3 Undang-Undang tersebut dinyatakan bahwa :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 641,
"width": 392,
"height": 45,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "“ Asas-asas umum penyelenggaraan negara meliputi asas kepastian hukum, asas tertib penyelenggara negara, asas kepentingan umum, asas keterbukaan, asas proporsionalitas, asas profesionalitas, dan asas akuntabilitas”.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 691,
"width": 392,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Dalam penjelasan mengenai pasal tersebut, dirumuskan bahwa asas akuntabilitas adalah asas yang menentukan bahwa setiap kegiatan dan hasil akhir dari kegiatan penyelenggaraan negara harus dapat dipertanggungjawabkan",
"type": "Text"
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"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Kombang Hananto",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1978 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 88,
"width": 392,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kepada masyarakat dan rakyat sebagai pemegang kedaulatan tertinggi negara sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 120,
"width": 392,
"height": 153,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari rumusan tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa akuntabilitas adalah pertanggungjawaban setiap proses dan hasil akhir penyelenggaraan negara. Permasalahan akuntabilitas merupakan salah satu persoalan penting dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Sampai saat ini Pemerintah masih terus mengkaji pelaksanaannya dan melakukan pengembangan kemampuan pertanggungjawaban dan kemampuan untuk menyusun perencanaan strategis untuk menyelaraskan visi dan misinya dengan potensi, peluang, dan kendala yang dihadapi dalam upaya peningkatan akuntabilitas kinerja Pemerintahan. Dengan perencanaan strategis maka instansi Pemerintah akan mampu menjawab tuntutan masyarakat dan tercapainya akuntabilitas kinerja instansi Pemerintah.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 278,
"width": 392,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Asas Akuntabilitas menurut Pasal 20 Undang - Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Negara yang Bersih dan Bebas dari Kolusi, Korupsi dan Nepotisme adalah asas yang menentukan bahwa setiap kegiatan dan hasil akhir dari kegiatan Penyelenggara Negara harus dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kepada masyarakat atau rakyat sebagai pemegang kedaulatan tertinggi negara sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang undangan yang berlaku.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 390,
"width": 392,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Berdasarkan Pedoman Penyusunan Pelaporan Akuntabilitas Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah yang ditetapkan oleh Kepala Lembaga Administrasi Negara, dalam modul Akuntabilitas Instansi Pemerintah, BPKP, 2007 menyatakan bahwa pelaksanaan Akuntabilitas Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah harus berdasarkan prinsip berikut ini :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 120,
"top": 469,
"width": 396,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Adanya komitmen dari pimpinan dan seluruh staf instansi yang bersangkutan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 485,
"width": 393,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Berdasarkan suatu sistem yang dapat menjamin penggunaan sumber sumber daya secara konsisten dengan peraturan perundang undangan yang berlaku.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 517,
"width": 385,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Menunjukkan tingkat pencapaian sasaran dan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 532,
"width": 393,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Berorientasi pada pencapaian visi dan misi serta hasil dan manfaat yang diperoleh",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 564,
"width": 202,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e. Jujur, objektif, transparan dan akurat",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 580,
"width": 393,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "f. Menyajikan keberhasilan/kegagalan dalam pencapaian sasaran dan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 612,
"width": 393,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "g. Adanya pengawasan dan penilaian terhadap akuntabilitas kinerja instansi pemerintah.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 643,
"width": 392,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut Chalid (2005) menyatakan bahwa transparansi berarti pemerintah terbuka dalam memberikan informasi yang seluas-luasnya dalam pengelolaan sumber daya publik kepada masyarakat. Dalam hal pengelolaan keuangan yang pada dasarnya merupakan dana masyarakat, maka pemerintah perlu didorong untuk memberikan informasi keuangan yang diperlukan secara akurat, relevan, tepat waktu dan dapat dipercaya (Chalid 2005). Mulai dari proses perencanaan hingga pertanggungjawaban atas program dan anggaran",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 143,
"top": 36,
"width": 370,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1979",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 88,
"width": 392,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "yang telah ditetapkan. Transparansi adalah sebuah konsep yang luas berhubungan dengan ketersediaan informasi ( supply side of transparency ), dapat diakses, dan digunakan oleh masyarakat dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya ( demand side of transparency) (Araujo dan Tejedo-Romero 2016).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 151,
"width": 392,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Implementasi Akuntabilitas Instansi Pemerintah di Indonesia Undang- undang No. 17 Tahun 2003 menyebutkan bahwa pengelolaan keuangan negara berprinsip pada akuntabilitas berorientasi hasil, profesionalitas, proporsionalitas, keterbukaan dalam pengelolaan keuangan negara, serta pemeriksaan yang bebas dan mandiri.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 231,
"width": 392,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertanggungjawaban Keuangan Negara Didalam Pasal 1 UU 15 tahun 2004 tentang Pemeriksaan Pengelolaan dan Tanggung Jawab Keuangan Negara, menyatakan bahwa:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 278,
"width": 392,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengelolaan Keuangan Negara adalah keseluruhan kegiatan pejabat pengelola keuangan negara sesuai dengan kedudukan dan kewenangannya, yang meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengawasan, dan pertanggungjawaban.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
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"height": 59,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tanggung Jawab Keuangan Negara adalah kewajiban Pemerintah untuk melaksanakan pengelolaan keuangan negara secara tertib, taat pada peraturan perundang-undangan, efisien, ekonomis, efektif, dan transparan, dengan memperhatikan rasa keadilan dan kepatutan..",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut bahwa Akuntabilitas tidak asing lagi didengar seiring disusunnya Road Maps Reformasi Birokrasi yang mengamanatkan 3 (tiga) sasaran utama reformasi birokrasi yaitu:",
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"text": "a. Birokrasi yang bersih dan akuntabel",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 453,
"width": 182,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Birokrasi yang efektif dan efisien",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 469,
"width": 392,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Birokrasi yang memiliki pelayanan publik yang berkualitas Oleh karena itu Akuntabilitas Manajemen Keuangan dalam operasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 501,
"width": 230,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Militer dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap yaitu:",
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{
"left": 120,
"top": 517,
"width": 393,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "a. Penetapan perencanaan strategik, perencanaan kinerja, dan penetapan rencana kerja, meliputi pembuatan visi, misi, tujuan, sasaran, kebijakan, dan program. Pada tahap inilah, Mabes TNI menghasilkan rencana kerja jangka menengah lima tahunan (RPJM/RPJMD) yang kemudian diturunkan menjadi rencana kinerja tahunan (RKP/RKPD), rencana anggarannya (RKA), Perjanjian Kinerja (PK), SOP, dan lain sebagainya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 612,
"width": 393,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Pengukuran kinerja, meliputi pengukuran indikator kinerja, pengumpulan data kinerja, membandingkan realisasi dengan rencana kerja, kinerja tahun sebelumnya, atau membandingkan dengan instansi lain sejenis yang terbaik di bidangnya;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 675,
"width": 393,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Pelaporan kinerja, berupa pembuatan Laporan Akuntabilitas Kinerja Instansi Pemerintahan (LAKIP) dengan format standar laporan yang telah ditetapkan (rinci dengan berbagai indikator, bukti, dan capaian nya);",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 723,
"width": 393,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Pemanfaatan informasi kinerja untuk perbaikan kinerja berikutnya secara berkesinambungan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 39,
"width": 108,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Kombang Hananto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1980 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 88,
"width": 392,
"height": 170,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Akuntabilitas keuangan merupakan pertanggungjawaban mengenai integritas keuangan, pengungkapan dan ketaatan terhadap peraturan perundang- undangan. Sasarannya adalah laporan keuangan yang mencakup penerimaan, penyimpanan dan pengeluaran keuangan Mabes TNI dalam pelaksanaan operasi Militer, selain itu komponen pembentuk akuntabilitas keuangan terdiri atas Integritas Keuangan, Pengungkapan dan Ketaatan terhadap Peraturan Perundang-undangan. Akuntabilitas juga menyajikan deviasi (selisih, penyimpangan) antara realisasi kegiatan dengan rencana dan keberhasilan/kegagalan pencapaian sasaran. Dalam penyelenggaraan akuntabilitas Mabes TNI memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip sebagai berikut :",
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"left": 120,
"top": 262,
"width": 394,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Adanya komitmen yang kuat dari pimpinan yaitu Panglima TNI dan seluruh staf.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 294,
"width": 394,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Adanya suatu sistem yang dapat menjamin kegunaan sumber sumber daya secara konsisten dengan peraturan-peraturan perundang",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 326,
"width": 143,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. undangan yang berlaku.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 342,
"width": 256,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Adanya tingkat pencapaian tujuan dan sasaran.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 358,
"width": 393,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e. Berorientasi kepada pencapaian visi dan misi serta hasil dan manfaat yang diperoleh.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 390,
"width": 394,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "f. Jujur, objektif, dan inovatif sebagai katalisator perubahan manajemen Mabes TNI dalam bentuk pemutakhiran metode dan Teknik pengukuran kinerja dan penyusunan laporan akuntabilitas.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 437,
"width": 392,
"height": 154,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Selain prinsip-prinsip tersebut di atas, bahwa pelaksanaan sistem akuntabilitas kinerja Mabes TNI dapat dikatakan lebih efektif sehingga komitmen yang kuat dari Mabes TNI yang mempunyai wewenang dan bertanggung jawab di bidang pengawasan dan penilaian terhadap akuntabilitas kinerja Mabes TNI. Pokok-pokok Pertanggung jawaban Pengelolaan Keuangan Negara (1) Penjelasan UU No. 17 tahun 2003 Salah satu upaya konkrit untuk mewujudkan transparansi dan akuntabilitas pengelolaan keuangan negara adalah penyampaian laporan pertanggungjawaban keuangan pemerintah yang memenuhi prinsip-prinsip tepat waktu dan disusun dengan mengikuti standar akuntansi pemerintah yang telah diterima secara umum.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 121,
"top": 596,
"width": 392,
"height": 154,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dalam kaitannya dengan penjelasan di atas, akuntabilitas Mabes TNI masih sebatas tahap kepatuhan atau compliance dan tahap ini baru tahap awal dari lima tahap akuntabilitas sesuai perspektif fungsional yaitu Komitmen yang kuat dari pimpinan yaitu Panglima TNI dan seluruh staf guna menghadapi ancaman militer melalui kegiatan operasi militer, sedangkan 4 tahap lainnya yaitu sumber-sumber daya seperti sumber daya manusia sebagai pelaksana pengelolaan keuangan negara di lingkungan Kemhan/TNI dan pengawak aplikasinya belum memiliki kecakapan sesuai tugas, fungsi dan tanggung jawabnya, serta belum memiliki kualifikasi keahlian, sumber daya berupa sarana prasarana yaitu alutsista yang belum memadai dan Regulasi belum dapat",
"type": "Text"
},
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"left": 143,
"top": 36,
"width": 370,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1981",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 88,
"width": 392,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "diadaptasikan untuk mengatasi ancaman militer yang membutuhkan biaya yang sangat besar.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 120,
"width": 392,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tingkat pencapaian tujuan dan sasaran dalam menghadapi ancaman militer belum jelas dikarenakan saat ini negara masih dalam keadaan damai, sehingga visi dan misi serta hasil dan manfaat yang diperoleh dalam menghadapi ancaman militer belum terlihat, namun demikian TNI tidak boleh lemah, untuk mengatasi kemungkinan kemungkinan yang terjadi tetap diwaspadai dalam arti kata bahwa dalam rangka penguatan pertahanan negara TNI melakukan kegiatan operasi Militer dengan didukung oleh anggaran, sarana prasarana lainnya.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 231,
"width": 392,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tahapan yang berikutnya belum optimalnya sikap jujur, objektif, dan inovatif sebagai katalisator perubahan manajemen Mabes TNI dalam bentuk pemutakhiran metode dan Teknik pengukuran kinerja dan penyusunan laporan akuntabilitas dalam rangkaian Road Map reformasi birokrasi menuju birokrasi yang akuntabel, efektif dan efisien serta berkualitas.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 121,
"top": 310,
"width": 392,
"height": 138,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Oleh karena itu untuk mewujudkan TNI yang profesional dalam mewujudkan reformasi birokrasi maka akuntabilitas manajemen keuangan pada pelaksanaan kegiatan operasi militer guna menghadapi ancaman militer maka langkah-langkah yang dipedomani sebagai suatu kebijakan dalam mengoptimalkan, mengintegrasikan seluruh kekuatan, kemampuan, gelar dan sumber daya yang ada dilakukan melalui manajemen perubahan, penataan peraturan perundang-undangan, Pengaturan Organisasi, Tata Laksana/SOP, Tata Sistem SDM Aparatur, Pengawasan, Akuntabilitas Kinerja, Pelayanan Publik dan Monev.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 453,
"width": 410,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel dalam Operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 156,
"top": 485,
"width": 357,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel menunjukan bagaimana cara",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 501,
"width": 392,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mabes TNI mengelola anggaran mencapai tujuan, sasaran jangka panjang dan target hasil ( outcome ) program prioritas RPJP 2005-2024 yang menjadi tugas dan fungsi Kemhan dalam kegiatan pertahanan negara salah satunya adalah Operasi Militer dalam rangka mengantisipasi adanya ancaman militer sebagaimana diatur pada Permenhan No. 3 Tahun 2019 tentang Pengelolaan Program dan Anggaran di lingkungan Kemhan dan TNI pasal 1 angka 1 yang menyatakan:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 612,
"width": 393,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengelolaan Program dan Anggaran yang selanjutnya disingkat PPA adalah suatu proses dalam mengelola program dan anggaran dimulai dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengendalian, pengawasan dan pelaporan program dan anggaran untuk mewujudkan PPA yang efektif, efisien, ekonomis, dan transparan di lingkungan Kementerian Pertahanan dan Tentara Nasional Indonesia.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 691,
"width": 392,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Program prioritas RPJP 2005-2024 terkait reformasi birokrasi pada pelaksanaannya dapat menghasilkan karakter birokrasi yang berkelas dunia ( world class bureaucracy ) yaitu memiliki pelayanan publik yang semakin berkualitas dan tata kelola yang semakin efektif dan efisien. Periodisasi",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 39,
"width": 108,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Kombang Hananto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1982 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 88,
"width": 392,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi tidak terlepas dari pengaruh perkembangan paradigma ilmu administrasi dan tata kelola pemerintahan yang berkembang di dunia..",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 135,
"width": 392,
"height": 313,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pencapaian hasil implementasi reformasi birokrasi Mabes TNI dalam pengelolaan anggaran yang akuntabel menjadi dasar dalam penguatan birokrasi Kementerian Pertahanan untuk mewujudkan pemerintahan yang bersih dan bebas KKN, meningkatkan kualitas serta meningkatkan kapasitas dan akuntabilitas kinerja birokrasi. Adanya arahan Presiden untuk membangun reformasi birokrasi yang sistematis dan berkelanjutan sehingga tercipta birokrasi pemerintahan yang lebih lincah, sederhana, adaptif, dan inovatif, serta mampu bekerja secara efektif dan efisien. Sehingga hasil pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi dapat dirasakan manfaatnya langsung oleh masyarakat, dengan terus meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan publik, diantaranya melalui peningkatan performa/kinerjanya menjadi lebih efektif dan produktif, penerapan reward dan punishment secara konsisten dan berkelanjutan, dan lain-lain. Pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi dilakukan terhadap 8 (delapan) area perubahan yang menjadi fokus pembangunan, yaitu manajemen perubahan, deregulasi kebijakan, penataan dan penguatan organisasi, penataan tata laksana, penataan SDM aparatur, penguatan akuntabilitas, penguatan pengawasan, peningkatan kualitas pelayanan publik. Pelaksanaan 8 (delapan) area perubahan ini dapat diadaptasi secara kontekstual di seluruh satuan kerja di lingkungan Kementerian Pertahanan dan Mabes TNI agar tercipta value baru di masing-masing satuan kerja yang mendukung internalisasi perubahan mindset dan culture-set.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 453,
"width": 392,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tantangan Reformasi birokrasi Manajemen keuangan dalam pengelolaan keuangan pada operasi militer tidaklah mudah dalam manajemen penyelenggaraan pertahanan untuk mengawal NKRI, pengelolaan anggaran pertahanan khususnya dalam kegiatan operasi militer merupakan serangkaian usaha yang bertujuan untuk menggali dan memanfaatkan segala potensi yang dimiliki secara efektif dan efisien guna mencapai tujuan tertentu yang telah ditentukan. (Jamal Ma’mur Asmani, 2012).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 564,
"width": 392,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Memahami dan mendalami konsep tentang manajemen keuangan akuntabel terdapat pemikiran sederhana ( simple ) tentang manajemen keuangan dalam operasi militer yaitu suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan pimpinan dalam hal ini adalah Panglima TNI dalam menggerakkan para bawahannya untuk menggunakan fungsi-fungsi manajemen, meliputi :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 643,
"width": 210,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Perencanaan keuangan (penganggaran)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 659,
"width": 242,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Pengelolaan berupa pengeluaran (pencairan),",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 675,
"width": 81,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Penggunaan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 691,
"width": 74,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Pencatatan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 707,
"width": 83,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e. Pemeriksaan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 723,
"width": 87,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "f. Pengendalian",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 739,
"width": 113,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "g. Penyimpanan dana",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 143,
"top": 36,
"width": 370,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1983",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 88,
"width": 123,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "h. Pertanggungjawaban",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 104,
"width": 393,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "i. Pelaporan uang yang dimiliki oleh suatu institusi (organisasi), termasuk di dalamnya institusi yang menyelenggarakan kegiatan operasi Militer yaitu Mabes TNI",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 163,
"width": 395,
"height": 186,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Intinya dari manajemen keuangan dalam operasi militer, mengelola uang yang ada dan menyiapkan dan melaksanakan instrumen adminstratif untuk mencapai hasil yang efektif dan efisien. Sedangkan kajian manajemen keuangan dalam pembiayaan operasi Militer bukanlah semata-mata mengelola uang yang ada di instansi Mabes TNI. Uang itu, tidak datang atau ada tanpa digali dan dicari sumbernya yakni Negara dan masyarakat. Makna anggaran operasi Militer di sini jelas Kementerian Pertahanan menyediakan uang untuk membiayai operasi Militer. Dengan demikian kegiatan manajemen keuangan dan pembiayaan dalam operasi militer memastikan kehadiran Negara (Kemhan) ada dalam kapasitas dan tanggung jawabnya sesuai dengan Permenhan No. 3 Tahun 2019 tentang Pengelolaan Program dan Anggaran di lingkungan Kemhan dan TNI pasal 1 angka 13 yang menyatakan:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 354,
"width": 393,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengguna Anggaran yang selanjutnya disingkat PA adalah Menteri Pertahanan yang mempunyai kewenangan penggunaan anggaran pada Bagian Anggaran Kemhan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 402,
"width": 392,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut maka peneliti berpendapat bahwa strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel dalam Operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 449,
"width": 114,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Strategis Planning",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 465,
"width": 374,
"height": 170,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berpedoman keterkaitan antara tekanan internal dan kebutuhan eksternal yang datang dari luar, tergantung unsur analisis kebutuhan proyeksi, peramalan, ekonomis dan finansial. Perencanaan strategis (strategis planning) adalah “proses pemilihan tujuan-tujuan organisasi; penentuan strategi, kebijaksanaan dan program-program strategik yang diperlukan untuk tujuan-tujuan tersebut; dan penetapan metoda-metoda yang diperlukan untuk menjaga bahwa strategi dan kebijaksanaan telah diimplementasikan (Hani Handoko, 2003). Sehingga secara ringkas perencanaan strategik merupakan proses perencanaan jangka panjang yang disusun dan digunakan untuk menentukan dan mencapai tujuan-tujuan organisasi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 640,
"width": 374,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ada tiga alasan yang menunjukkan pentingnya perencanaan strategis dalam pengelolaan manajemen keuangan (Sutrisno, 2009) guna menghadapi ancaman militer melalui program operasi militer",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 687,
"width": 374,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Perencanaan strategik memberikan kerangka dasar dalam mana semua bentuk-bentuk perencanaan lainnya harus diambil.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 719,
"width": 374,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Pemahaman terhadap perencanaan strategik akan mempermudah pemahaman bentuk-bentuk perencanaan lainnya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 39,
"width": 108,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "B. Kombang Hananto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1984 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 88,
"width": 374,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Perencanaan strategik sering merupakan titik permulaan bagi pemahaman dan penilaian kegiatan-kegiatan manajer dan organisasi.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 120,
"width": 374,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Perencanaan strategik tidak hanya merupakan kegiatan perencanaan suatu organisasi, tetapi perencanaan strategik lebih merupakan salah satu peranan manajemen yang paling kritis yaitu terkait anggaran karena merupakan proses kegiatan atau proses penyusunan anggaran (budget). Budget merupakan rencana operasional yang dinyatakan secara kuantitatif dalam bentuk satuan uang yang digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam melaksanakan kegiatan operasi militer dalam kurun waktu tertentu.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 231,
"width": 374,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penyusunan anggaran berangkat dari rencana atau program Mabes TNI dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan operasi militer yang telah disusun dan diperhitungkan biaya yang dibutuhkan dengan langkah-langkah penyusunan anggaran sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 294,
"width": 374,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Menginventarisasikan rencana kegiatan operasi militer dalam rangka menghadapi ancaman militer",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 326,
"width": 305,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Menyusun rencana berdasarkan skala prioritas kegiatannya",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 342,
"width": 374,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3) Menetapkan kebutuhan untuk pelaksanaan rincian kegiatan operasi militer dalam rangka menghadapi ancaman militer",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 374,
"width": 319,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4) Menentukan sumber dana untuk membiayai kegiatan tersebut.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 390,
"width": 134,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Strategis Management",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 405,
"width": 374,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Upaya mengelola proses perubahan seperti perencanaan. Strategis, struktural organisasi, kontrol dan kebutuhan primer, dijelaskan sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 139,
"top": 453,
"width": 85,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1) Perencanaan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 469,
"width": 356,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Yaitu suatu proses mengembangkan tujuan-tujuan organisasi serta memilih serangkaian tindakan (strategi) untuk mencapai tujuan- tujuan tersebut. Perencanaan mencakup: menetapkan tujuan, mengembangkan berbagai premis mengenai lingkungan organisasi dimana tujuan-tujuan organisasi hendak dicapai, memilih arah tindakan ( courses of actions) untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan tersebut (Jackson et al., 2010).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 580,
"width": 356,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Perencanaan dibuat di semua jenis kegiatan salah satunya kegiatan operasi militer. Perencanaan adalah proses dasar di mana pengelola organisasi akan memutuskan tujuan dan cara perencanaan mencapainya.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 628,
"width": 356,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sebelum pengelola dapat mengorganisasikan, mengarahkan, atau mengawasi, pengelola harus membuat rencana- rencana yang memberikan tujuan dan harus dilakukan, kapan melakukannya, bagaimana melakukannya, dan siapa yang melakukannya (Fuad, 2021).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 707,
"width": 356,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut Indra Bastian, perencanaan Organisasi ada 2 macam, yaitu sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 739,
"width": 129,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 18,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a) Perencanaan Program",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 143,
"top": 36,
"width": 370,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 796,
"width": 428,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021 1985",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 175,
"top": 88,
"width": 338,
"height": 90,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Perencanaan program ini berisi keputusan organisasi mengenai “ apa yang harus dilakukan, kapan melakukannya, bagaimana melakukannya, dan siapa yang melakukannya ”. Dalam hal ini, Mabes TNI yang menjadi patokan utama proses perencanaan agenda program kegiatan operasi militer dalam menghadapi ancaman militer.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 157,
"top": 183,
"width": 139,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(b) Perencanaan Keuangan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 175,
"top": 199,
"width": 341,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Perencanaan keuangan biasanya dibuat berdasarkan anggaran yang dirancang organisasi. Proses anggaran ini harus diawali dengan penetapan tujuan, target dan kebijakan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 247,
"width": 86,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2) Pengendalian",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 262,
"width": 356,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Yaitu merupakan suatu proses untuk memastikan adanya kinerja yang efisien untuk pencapaian tujuan Mabes TNI dalam pelaksanaan operasi militer. Pengendalian mencakup:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 310,
"width": 216,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a) Menetapkan berbagai tujuan dan standar",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 326,
"width": 356,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b) Membandingkan kinerja sesungguhnya (yang diukur) dengan tujuan dan standar yang telah ditetapkan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 157,
"top": 358,
"width": 325,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c) Mendorong keberhasilan dan mengoreksi berbagai kelemahan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 120,
"top": 374,
"width": 114,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 19,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Strategis Thinking",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 139,
"top": 390,
"width": 377,
"height": 106,
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"text": "Sebagai kerangka dasar untuk menilai kebutuhan, merumuskan tujuan dan hasil-hasil yang ingin dicapai secara berkesinambungan (Manap, 1999), dalam arti kata sebagai cara pikir yang berkaitan dengan konsep- konsep luas terkait kegiatan operasi militer, baik umum, maupun menyeluruh yang berfokus pada ancaman militer yang didasarkan pada antisipasi terhadap kondisi tersebut dimasa kini dan mendatang sebagai antisipasi berbagai situasi yang mungkin terjadi.",
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"text": "Kesimpulan",
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"text": "Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Tanggung Jawab Keuangan Negara adalah kewajiban Pemerintah untuk melaksanakan pengelolaan keuangan negara secara tertib, taat pada peraturan perundang-undangan, efisien, ekonomis, efektif, dan transparan, dengan memperhatikan rasa keadilan dan kepatutan, oleh karena itu Akuntabilitas Manajemen Keuangan dalam operasi Militer dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap yaitu: a) Penetapan perencanaan strategik, perencanaan kinerja, dan penetapan rencana kerja, meliputi pembuatan visi, misi, tujuan, sasaran, kebijakan, dan program. Pada tahap inilah, Mabes TNI menghasilkan rencana kerja jangka menengah lima tahunan (RPJM/RPJMD) yang kemudian diturunkan menjadi rencana kinerja tahunan (RKP/RKPD), rencana anggarannya (RKA), Perjanjian Kinerja (PK), SOP, dan lain sebagainya. b) Pengukuran kinerja, meliputi pengukuran indikator kinerja, pengumpulan data kinerja, membandingkan realisasi dengan recana kerja, kinerja tahun sebelumnya, atau membandingkan dengan instansi lain sejenis yang terbaik di bidangnya; c) Pelaporan kinerja, berupa pembuatan",
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 20,
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"text": "1986 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia (Japendi) , Vol. 2 No. 11 Nopember 2021",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Laporan Akuntabilitas Kinerja Instansi Pemerintahan (LAKIP) dengan format standar laporan yang telah ditetapkan (rinci dengan berbagai indikator, bukti, dan capaian nya); d) Pemanfaatan informasi kinerja untuk perbaikan kinerja berikutnya secara berkesinambungan. Dalam kaitannya dengan penjelasan di atas, akuntabilitas Mabes . TNI masih sebatas tahap kepatuhan atau compliance dan tahap ini baru tahap awal dari lima tahap akuntabilitas sesuai perspektif fungsional. e) Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel menunjukan bagaimana cara Mabes TNI mengelola anggaran mencapai tujuan, sasaran jangka panjang dan target hasil ( outcome ) program prioritas RPJP 2005- 2024 yang menjadi tugas dan fungsi Kemhan dalam kegiatan pertahanan negara salah satunya adalah Operasi Militer dalam rangka mengantisipasi adanya ancaman militer. Pencapaian hasil implementasi reformasi birokrasi Mabes TNI dalam pengelolaan anggaran yang akuntabel menjadi dasar dalam penguatan birokrasi Kementerian Pertahanan untuk mewujudkan pemerintahan yang bersih dan bebas KKN, meningkatkan kualitas serta meningkatkan kapasitas dan akuntabilitas kinerja birokrasi. Adanya arahan Presiden untuk membangun reformasi birokrasi yang sistematis dan berkelanjutan sehingga tercipta birokrasi pemerintahan yang lebih lincah, sederhana, adaptif, dan inovatif, serta mampu bekerja secara efektif dan efisien. Sehingga hasil pelaksanaan reformasi birokrasi dapat dirasakan manfaatnya langsung oleh masyarakat, dengan terus meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan publik, diantaranya melalui peningkatan performa/kinerjanya menjadi lebih efektif dan produktif, penerapan reward dan punishment secara konsisten dan berkelanjutan. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut maka strategi Manajemen Keuangan Akuntabel dalam Operasi Militer berkenaan dengan Reformasi Birokrasi adalah melalui strategis planning, management dan Thinking.",
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"text": "Pelatihan Berbahasa Jawa di Media Sosial pada Siswa SMP Surakarta untuk Menanamkan Pendidikan Budi Pekerti",
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"text": "Albugis, F. F. (2016). Penerapan Sistem Akuntansi Keuangan Daerah dalam mewujudkan transparansi dan akuntabilitas keuangan pemerintah daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi , 4 (3).",
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"text": "Andriani, A. (2018). Saya Indonesia, Negara Maritim Jati Diri Negaraku . CV Jejak (Jejak Publisher).",
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"text": "Anggito, A., & Setiawan, J. (2018). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif . CV Jejak (Jejak Publisher).",
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"text": "Chalim, M. A., & Farhan, F. (2016). Peranan Dan Kedudukan Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Tni) Di Dalam Rancangan Undang-Undang Keamanan 102 Nasional Di Tinjau Dari Perspektif Politik Hukum Di Indonesia. Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum , 2 (1), 102–110.",
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6e91593a-e9b5-41c1-b0e7-5e65787084d8 | https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/download/9371/6412 | [
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"text": "INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research Volume 4 Nomor 2 Tahun 2024 Page 45-56 E-ISSN 2807-4238 and P-ISSN 2807-4246",
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"text": "Pengaruh Persepsi Harga, Kesadaran Merek, Kualitas Pengiriman Terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan dan Niat Beli Ulang Pada Franchise Ngikan Yuk",
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"text": "Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Persepsi Harga Kesadaran Merek dan Kualitas Pengiriman terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen dan Niat Beli Ulang pada produk Ngikan Yuk di Kota Bukittinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan teknik non probability sampling dengan metode pengambilan sampel purposive sampling, kemudian data diolah serta dianalisis menggunakan metode SEM-PLS dengan bantuan software SmartPLS 3.0. Responden penelitian berjumlah 115 pelanggan Ngikan Yuk di Kota Bukittinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variabel Persepsi Harga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen, variabel kesadaran merek berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen, variabel kualitas pengiriman berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen dan variabel persepsi harga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang, variabel Kesadaran merek berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang, variabel kualitas pengiriman tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang dan kepuasan kosumen berpengaruh signifikan terhadao niat beli ulang. Implikasi penelitian ini pihak Ngikan Yuk harus selalu memberikan ikan segar yang siap olah dan memperhatikan tepung bagian luar agar tidak bertekstur keras sehingga balita juga bisa menikmati hasil produk Ngikan Yuk.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Persepsi Harga, Kesadaran Merek, Kualitas Pengiriman, Kepuasan Konsumen, Niat Beli Ulang",
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"text": "The research aims to determine the influence of Price Perception, Brand Awareness and Delivery Quality on Consumer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention for Ngikan Yuk products in Bukittinggi City. This research uses a quantitative method with a non-probability sampling technique with a purposive sampling method, then the data is processed and analyzed using the SEM-PLS method with the help of SmartPLS 3.0 software. The research respondents were 115 Ngikan Yuk customers in Bukittinggi City. The research results show that the Price Perception variable has a significant effect on consumer satisfaction, the brand awareness variable has a significant effect on consumer satisfaction, the delivery quality variable has a significant effect on consumer satisfaction and the price perception variable has no significant effect on repurchase intention, the Brand Awareness variable has a significant effect on repurchase intention , the delivery quality variable does not have a significant effect on repurchase intention and customer satisfaction has a significant effect on repurchase intention. The implications of this research are that Ngikan Yuk must always provide fresh fish that is ready to be processed and pay attention to the outer flour so that it does not have a hard texture so that toddlers can also enjoy the results of Ngikan Yuk products.",
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"text": "Keywords: Price Perception, Brand Awareness, Delivery Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Repurchase Intention",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Perkembangan dunia bisnis di Indonesia saat ini semakin pesat dan telah merambah di seluruh kalangan. Bisnis kuliner merupakan salah satu sektor bisnis yang berkembang di Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan oleh faktor geografis dan budaya dari berbagai daerah yang berdampak pada keanekaragaman kuliner di Indonesia. Keadaan bisnis saat ini terus dituntut untuk menghadapi berbagai bentuk persaingan serta harus mengikuti perkembangan zaman terhadap kebutuhan konsumen (Putra, 2021). Perusahaan selalu dipaksa untuk memberikan produk dengan kualitas yang terbaik dan menarik bagi konsumen. Pemerintah sangat mendukung keberlangsungan usaha di Indonesia khususnya Franchise. Pemerintah mendukung usaha Franchise karena usaha ini dapat membawa dampak positif bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia (Prabowo et al., 2020)",
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"text": "Industri kuliner merupakan bisnis yang tidak pernah mati sebab makan dan minum merupakan kebutuhan primer masyarakat, sehingga apabila makan dan minum masih menjadi kebutuhan yang diutamakan maka industri kuliner akan terus tumbuh dan berkembang. Perkembangan industri kuliner saat ini semakin pesat, karena potensi untuk berkembangnya bisnis kuliner ini cukup besar, salah satunya karena mobilitas masyarakat yang semakin meningkat sehingga mereka tidak memiliki banyak waktu untuk memasak makanan dan minuman sendiri.",
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"text": "Salah satu Franchise saat ini yaitu Ngikan. Ngikan Yuk merupakan salah satu bisnis dibidang kuliner yang menawarkan bidang kerjasama. Ngikan Yuk didirikan oleh Muhammad Ikra di Jakarta dan bekerjasama dengan salah satu influencer muda yaitu Rachel Venya dan Okin untuk menjadi owner yang merupakan selebgram dan mulai dikenal oleh masyarakat luas dimana mereka mempunyai jutaan followers aktif di beberapa media sosial seperti instagram dan youtube. Ngikan pertama kali membuka outletnya di daerah Tebet Jakarta Selatan pada tanggal 13 Oktober 2019, pada grand opening pertama Ngikan mendapat respon positif dari konsumennya. Olahan ikan nila fillet goreng tepung dengan nasi liwet dan 3 jenis sambal gerai Ngikan selalu menuai antrian panjang para pengunjung yang penasaran dengan fillet ikan goreng tepung. Sekarang gerai outlet sudah berjumlah 44 cabang yang tersebar diberbagai daerah di Indonesia seperti Tangerang, Bogor, Cibubur, Bandung, Jogja, Malang, Jambi, Padang hingga Bukittinggi.",
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"text": "Peneliti melakukan survei pendahuluan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner online dalam bentuk pertanyaan ke 25 responden melalui google form. Berdasarkan survei pendahuluan (2023), bahwa persepsi harga adalah bagaimana informasi harga dipahami seutuhnya dan memberikan makna yang dalam bagi konsumen. Persepsi harga menjadi sebuah penilaian penting bagi konsumen tentang perbandingan besarnya pengorbanan dengan apa yang akan didapatkan dari produk dan jasa, harga pada Ngikan sangat mempengaruhi konsumen dalam pembelian ulang produk dan kualitas yang didapat sebanding dengan harga yang di berikan pada produk Ngikan Yuk (Putra, 2021)",
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"text": "Berdasarkan survei pendahuluan (2023) selain dari persepsi harga, kesadaran merek adalah kemampuan seorang konsumen sehingga dapat mengenali atau dapat mengingat kembali merek sehingga konsumen dapat mengaitkannya dengan satu kategori produk tertentu oleh karena hal tersebut maka seorang konsumen dapat memiliki kesadaran merek terhadap sebuah merek dengan otomatis sehingga mampu menggambarkan elemen suatu merek tanpa bantuan. Merek sebagai nama atau simbol yang bersifat membedakan (seperti sebuah logo, cap, atau kemasan) dengan maksud mengidentifikasikan barang atau jasa dari seorang penjual atau sekelompok penjual tertentu, dengan demikian membedakannya dari barang barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan para kompetitor. Merek memegang peranan yang penting bagi produsen maupun konsumen. Kesadaran merek pada Ngikan Yuk cukup besar sebanyak 64% pelanggan menganggap bahwa merek Ngikan cukup terkenal, dan merek juga berpengaruh dibanding cita rasa yang produk dapat (Cindy et al., 2022).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan survei pendahuluan (2023), kualitas pengiriman mengacu pada pengalaman konsumen mengenai pengiriman produk saat dipesan yang dilihat dari",
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"text": "Copyright @ Vivi Oktavia, Syuryatman Desri, Lucky Mahesa Yahya, Desi Yulia Rahmi",
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"text": "beberapa indikator pengiriman makanan, seperti kemampuan untuk melacak lokasi makanan secara real-time, ketepatan pengiriman makanan, perkiraan waktu kedatangan makanan dan perilaku petugas pengiriman, dan pada pengiriman produk Ngikan yang menggunakan go food ini sangat membantu para konsumen saat malas pergi langsung ke outlet Ngikan. Banyak nya 68% yang mengatakan bahwa adanya jasa pengiriman membuat mereka mengambil keputusan untuk membeli ulang produk Ngikan Yuk (Mahardhika et al., 2023)",
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"text": "Berdasarkan survei pendahuluan (2023), pengaruh dari persepsi harga, kesadaran merek dan kualitas pengiriman berdampak pada kepuasan pelanggan dimana perasaan puas yang didapatkan oleh pelanggan karena mendapatkan nilai dari pemasok atau produsen (Mirella et al., 2022). Banyaknya 56% pelanggan merasakan bahwa kepuasan yang dirasakan dalam membeli produk Ngikan Yuk menjadikan mereka pelanggan sejati dari Franchise Ngikan di kota Bukittinggi.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan survei pendahuluan (2023), tidak hanya kepuasan pelanggan namun pengaruh dari persepsi harga, kesadaran merek dan kualitas pengiriman juga mempengaruhi niat beli ulang pada pembelian Franchise Ngikan Yuk. Repurchase intention atau minat beli ulang merupakan minat pelanggan untuk melakukan pembelian suatu barang/jasa secara berulang dan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor yang ada. Salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan minat beli ulang adalah merek karena merek yang telah melekat dalam hati pelanggan akan mendorong pelanggan untuk memilih merek tersebut lagi dikemudian hari (Andreas Yudhi et al., 2020). Banyaknya 64% yang merasakan bahwa produk Ngikan Yuk memberikan nilai yang cukup sehingga mereka memiliki minat untuk membeli kembali.",
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"text": "Di kota Bukittinggi sangat banyak usaha bisnis makanan seperti Restoran, Rumah Makan dan Cafe dan memiliki jumlah yang cukup banyak. Dilihat dari Tabel 1.1",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Jumlah Restoran/Rumah Makan di Kota Bukittinggi Kategori Perbedaan Jumlah Restoran Restoran adalah tempat makan yang memiliki aturan manajemen, SOP (Standar Operasional Prosedur), yang mengatur tentang bagaimana menjaga kualitas menu yang dijual, pelayanan kepada pengunjung, hingga manajemen SDM yang bekerja di restoran tersebut. 43 Rumah makan Rumah makan adalah tempat makan yang tidak memiliki aturan atau standar manajemen yang baku atau bersifat struktural. 152 Café Cafe adalah sebuah tempat yang lebih dikenal masyarakat untuk tempat 75",
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"text": "Copyright @ Vivi Oktavia, Syuryatman Desri, Lucky Mahesa Yahya, Desi Yulia Rahmi",
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{
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"text": "ngopi dan nongkrong.",
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{
"left": 76,
"top": 86,
"width": 276,
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"text": "Sumber: Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bukittinggi (2022)",
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"text": "Dalam usaha bisnis terdapat dua pilihan sistem Franchise yang ditawarkan yaitu autopilot (Bisnis autopilot adalah bisnis dengan sistem otomatis, dimana owner tidak perlu melakukan pemantauan atau pengawasan secara terus-menerus. Hal ini karena owner telah menyerahkan segala urusan operasional perusahaan kepada para karyawan terpercayanya.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan salah satu gerai Ngikan Yuk di kota Bukittinggi yang didirikan oleh Hendy Setiono sebagai objek penelitian. Lokasinya berada di Jalan Ahmad Karim No 1a (sebelah Kantor BTN) Kota Bukittinggi, Sumatera Barat. Berdiri pada Desember 2020. Dengan kriteria yang berbeda antara pemilik Franchise yang ada di Bukittinggi, Ngikan Yuk tetap menggunakan strategi pemasarannya untuk menarik konsumennya agar tetap loyal karena usaha ini merupakan Franchise olahan ikan yang unik dan viral. Ngikan Yuk buka pada jam 10 pagi sampai jam 10 malam di hari senin-jumat, sedangkan sabtu- minggu buka dari jam 10 pagi sampai jam 12 malam dan memiliki karyawan 15 orang. Usaha ini mengutamakan kualitas produk serta kenyamanan konsumen dalam mengunjungi Ngikan Yuk seperti, memiliki toilet, musholla, tempat parkir, dan memiliki spot bermain anak-anak.",
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"text": "Penjualan produk Ngikan tertuju kepada masyarakat kecuali balita karena makanan Ngikan tidak hanya menggunakan saos namun makanan olahan ikan ini memiliki tekstur yang krispy sehingga jika di santap oleh balita bisa membahayakan gusinya.",
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"text": "Menu Ngikan Yuk sangatlah sederhana, hanya ada tiga macam menu yaitu paket Ngikan saos oseng mercon, paket Ngikan saos sambal matah dan paket Ngikan saos acar kuning. Memang ada tiga macam pilihan saos atau sambal yang disajikan bersama fillet ikan krispi dan nasi liwet. Jenis fillet ikannya juga hanya satu jenis yaitu ikan nila. Meski demikian menu ini layak dianggap menu juara karena potongan fillet krispynya cukup besar, di bagian luarnya begitu renyah dan gurih, sedang bagian dalamnya lembut dan benar- benar daging ikan sepenuhnya nggak ada durinya sama sekali.",
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"text": "Nasi liwetnya juga sangat enak, nasinya pulen dan aroma serta kelezatan rempahnya sangat terasa. Makan nasi liwetnya aja sudah enak, apalagi ditambah dengan fillet ikan krispi, makin bikin merem melek, dan satu lagi, sambalnya itu bikin makin juara. Yang paling pedas adalah sambal oseng mercon, di dalam sambal ada potongan daging dan juga lemak daging sehingga cocok sekali dicocol dengan fillet ikan. Sambal yang agak pedas lagi adalah sambal matah, ini juga pedas tetapi ada sedikit rasa asam. Sayangnya sambal matahnya",
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"text": "Copyright @ Vivi Oktavia, Syuryatman Desri, Lucky Mahesa Yahya, Desi Yulia Rahmi",
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"width": 468,
"height": 36,
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"text": "ditumis sehingga tidak begitu segar agar tidak cepat basi. Yang ketiga adalah sambal acar kuning. Untuk sambal yang satu ini rasanya segar dan cenderung asam.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Harga Menu Ngikan Yuk No Nama Menu Harga 1 Paket Ngikan Saos Oseng Mercon Rp. 36.900 2 Paket Ngikan Saos Sambal Mentah (Best Seller) Rp. 36.900 3 Paket Ngikan Saos Acar Kuning Rp. 36.900 4 Nasi Liwet Rp. 8.800 5 Air Mineral Rp. 8.000 6 The Pucuk Harum Rp. 11.000",
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"text": "Sumber: Hargamenu.com (2023)",
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"text": "Ngikan Yuk juga menyediakan Media Sosial Instagram dan Gojek untuk menunjang promosi dan melakukan transaksi pembelian dengan menawarkan Cash On Delivery (COD). Berdasarkan uraian diatas untuk mengulas lebih lanjut terkait dengan perilaku konsumen akan dis ajikan dalam skripsi dengan judul “Pengaruh Persepsi Harga, Kesadaran Merek, Kualitas Pengiriman terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan dan Niat Beli Ulang Pada Franchise Ngikan Yuk di Kota Bukittinggi” .",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tujuannya, penelitian ini termasuk ke dalam jenis penelitian purposive sampling, yaitu jenis penelitian yang teknik pengambilan sampel berdasarkan penilaian karakteristik anggota sampel yang disesuaikan dengan tujuan peneliti (Mahardhika et al., 2023). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode kuantitatif, yang merupakan data dalam bentuk angka yang pada umumnya dikumpulkan melalui pertanyaan tertutup (Sekaran & Bougie, 2017). Tipe investigasi yang digunakan adalah tipe kausalitas, dimana pada tipe investigasi ini akan mengkaji tentang sebab-akibat serta bagaimana pengaruh yang didapatkan antara satu variabel dengan variabel lainnya. Pengaruh variabel yang akan diukur adalah persepsi harga, kesadaran merek dan kualitas pengiriman sebagai variabel independen, dan kepuasan pelanggan sebagai variabel dependen, serta niat beli ulang sebagai variabel mediasinya. Cakupan waktu (time horizon) pada penelitian ini menggunakan one shot atau sectional dimana data yang diambil kemudian diolah dengan langsung didapatkan hasilnya, dengan satu kali uji data. Data dari penelitian yang dilakukan hanya akan dikumpulkan dalam satu waktu tertentu yaitu pada",
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"text": "Copyright @ Vivi Oktavia, Syuryatman Desri, Lucky Mahesa Yahya, Desi Yulia Rahmi",
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{
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"text": "tahun 2023.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Persepsi Harga Berpengaruh Positif dan Signifikan Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Dari analisis yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini, diketahui bahwa hipotesis satu, yaitu Persepsi Harga memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Franchise Ngikan Yuk dapat diterima. Hal ini sejalan dengan fenomena yang terjadi bahwa persepsi harga mempengaruhi kepuasan konsumen dikarenakan jika konsumen dominan merasa harga yang diberikan oleh Franchise Ngikan Yuk sangat wajar tidak terlalu mahal dan tidak terlalu tinggi dalam hal ini konsumen merasa puas dengan harga Ngikan Yuk. Berdasarkan pengolahan data kuesioner diperoleh hasil bahwa Persepsi Harga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen.",
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"text": "Terdapatnya hubungan yang signifikan di penelitian ini tidak sejalan dengan penelitian terdahulu yang dilakukan oleh (Wariki et al., 2015) yang menemukan hubungan negatif dan tidak signifikan pengaruh dari persepsi harga terhadap kepuasan konsumen pada perumahan tamansari metropolitan Manado. Namun Terdapatnya hubungan yang signifikan dengan penelitian terdahulu yang dilakukan oleh (Maimunah et al., 2019) yang menemukan hubungan positif dan signifikan pengaruh dari persepsi harga terhadap kepuasan konsumen “Mie Liho Mie Kiro” Kecamatan Driyorejo, Gresik. Tambahannya, hal ini juga sejalan dengan penelitian terdahulu yang dilakukan oleh (Montung et al., 2015) yang menemukan hubungan positif dan signifikan pada pengaruh persepsi harga terhadap kepuasan konsumen di restoran kawan baru Jakarta.",
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"text": "Kesadaran Merek Berpengaruh Positif dan Signifikan Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Dari analisis yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini, diketahui bahwa hipotesis dua, yaitu Kesadaran Merek memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Franchise Ngikan Yuk dapat diterima. Hal ini sejalan dengan fenomena yang terjadi bahwa kesadaran merek mempengaruhi kepuasan konsumen dikarenakan jika konsumen dominan merasa merek dari Ngikan Yuk membuat mereka puas dalam melakukan pembelian karena merek pada Ngikan Yuk terkenal dikalangan selebgram dan dibumingkan oleh Rachel Venya dan Okin. dalam hal ini konsumen merasa puas dengan merek Ngikan Yuk. Berdasarkan pengolahan data kuesioner diperoleh hasil bahwa Kesadaran Merek berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian terdahulu yang dilakukan oleh (Ariowibowo et",
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"text": "Copyright @ Vivi Oktavia, Syuryatman Desri, Lucky Mahesa Yahya, Desi Yulia Rahmi",
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{
"left": 76,
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"text": "al., 2018) yang menyatakan bahwa kesadaran merek berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Brand Activation Merek Marina. Pada penelitian terdahulu oleh (Darmawan, 2019) juga mengatakan bahwa kesadaran merek berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan pelanggan rumah makan Dewi Kahyangan di Kota Jombang. Dan ada juga pendapat dari penelitian terdahulu yang menyatakan bahwa Kesadaran merek tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap Loyalitas Konsumen Hand Body Lotion di wilayah Jakarta Timur (Baisyir, 2021).",
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"text": "Kualitas pengiriman berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Analisis pada uji hipotesis mengungkapkan bahwa hipotesis tiga yakni kualitas pengiriman berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan konsumen dapat diterima. Hal ini sejalan dengan fenomena yang terjadi bahwa Kualitas Pengiriman mempengaruhi kepuasan konsumen dikarenakan jika konsumen Ngikan Yuk merasa sangat terbantu dengan adanya jasa pengiriman online seperti gofood atau grabfood dan lainnya. Dengan begitu konsumen dari Franchise Ngikan Yuk merasa puas dalam melakukan pembelian melalui jasa online.",
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"text": "Persepsi Harga Tidak Berpengaruh Signifikan Terhadap Niat Beli Ulang",
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"text": "Analisis pada uji hipotesis mengungkapkan bahwa hipotesis empat yakni persepsi harga tidak berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan konsumen dan ditolak. Hal ini sejalan dengan fenomena yang terjadi bahwa persepsi harga tidak mempengaruhi niat beli ulang seseorang atau konsumen karena harga bukan patokan yang signifikan untuk dijadikan niat untuk membeli ulang pada Franchise Ngikan Yuk.",
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"text": "Kesadaran Merek Berpengaruh Signifikan Terhadap Niat Beli Ulang",
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"text": "Analisis pada uji hipotesis mengungkapkan bahwa hipotesis lima yakni Kesadaran merek berpengaruh terhadap niat beli ulang dan diterima. Hal ini sejalan dengan fenomena yang terjadi bahwa kesadaran merek mempengaruhi niat beli ulang pada Franchise Ngikan Yuk di kota Bukittinggi. Dimana konsumen merasa merek yang terkenal membuat mereka puas dalam melakukan pembelian sehingga adanya rasa puas mendorong mereka dalam membeli kembali produk makanan Ngikan Yuk.",
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"text": "Terdapatnya hubungan yang signifikan di penelitian ini tidak sejalan dengan penelitian terdahulu yang dilakukan oleh(Maulid & Rosa, 2020) yang menyatakan bahwa kesadaran merek tidak berpengaruh terhadap niat beli ulang pada Vitamin Merek Holisticare Ester C pada Masa Pandemi Covid 19 di Banda Aceh. Dan pada penelitian terdahulu (Hanfan, 2017) mengatakan bahwa kesadaran merek berpengaruh signifikan terhdap niat beli ulang pada",
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"text": "mie instan merek Indomie di Tegal. (Setyorini & Hidayat, 2022) juga mengatakan bahwa kesadaran merek berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang pada Ritel pasar swalayan Gelael Supermarket Mall Ciputra Semarang.",
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"text": "Kualitas Pengiriman Tidak Berpengaruh Signifikan Terhadap Niat Beli Ulang Analisis pada uji hipotesis mengungkapkan bahwa hipotesis enam yakni kualitas pengriman tidak berpengaruh terhadap niat beli ulang dan ditolak. Hal ini sejalan dengan fenomena yang terjadi bahwa kualitas pengiriman tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang pada Franchise Ngikan Yuk di kota Bukittingi dimana konsumen tidak merasa bahwa kualitas pengiriman menjadi patokan untuk membeli kembali produk.",
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"text": "Terdapatnya hubungan yang tidak signifikan di penelitian ini tidak sejalan dengan penelitian terdahulu yang dilakukan oleh (Rifki et al., 2022) menyatakan bahwa kualitas pengiriman berpengaruh secara signifikan terhada niat beli ulang pada pelanggan JNE di Kota Semarang. Namun ada juga yang sependapat dengan penelitian ini pada penelitian terdahulu oleh (M. Rahmawati et al., 2018)yang menyatakan bahwa kualitas pengiriman tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang pada Toko Online Tokopedia. Dan penelitian oleh (Sari & Yulisetiarini, 2016) juga menyatakan sesuai penelitian ini yang mana kualitas pengiriman tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang pada Pelanggan Online Shopping Pada Mahasiswa Universitas Abdurachman Saleh Situbondo.",
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"text": "Kepuasan Konsumen Berpengaruh Signifikan Terhadap Niat Beli Ulang",
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"height": 98,
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"text": "Analisis pada uji hipotesis mengungkapkan bahwa hipotesis tujuh yakni kepuasan konsumen berpengaruh terhadap niat beli ulang dan diterima. Hal ini sejalan dengan fenomena yang terjadi bahwa kepuasan konsumen menjadi dorongan dalam melakukan pembelian ulang, dimana konsumen kecanduan karena merasa puas dengan produk dari Ngikan Yuk.",
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"text": "Terdapatnya hubungan yang signifikan di penelitian ini tidak sejalan dengan penelitian terdahulu yang dilakukan oleh (Zullaihah et al., 2021) menyatakan bahwa kepuasan konsumen tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang pada Pengguna Smartphone Merek Oppo di Kebumen. Namun ada juga yang menyatakn bahwa kepuasan konsumen berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang pada Sate Taichan Banjar D’licious (Santi & Supriyanto, 2018). (Dhian et al., 2014) juga menyatakan bahwa kepuasan konsumen berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pembelian ulang pada Citra toko di Bali.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada hasil analisis dan pembahasan data, peneliti memperoleh kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penelitian persepsi harga, kesadaran merek dan kualitas pengiriman terhadap kepuasan konsumen dan niat beli ulang produk makanan pada Ngikan Yuk lebih lanjutnya lagi akan dijelaskan pada masing-masing poin berikut ini: Persepsi harga berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pada umumnya konsumen Ngikan Yuk puas dengan harga yang di tetapkan dan mempengaruhi kepuasan konsumen produk makanan di Ngikan Yuk.",
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"text": "Kesadaran merek berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumen yang telah mengenal merek dari Ngikan Yuk dan menyadari bahwa merek tersebut terkenal dikalangan selebgram dan merasa adanya kepuasan tersendiri dalam melakukan pembelian produk Ngikan yuk yang mempengaruhi kepuasan konsumen. Kualitas pengiriman berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen di Ngikan Yuk. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumen Ngikan Yuk yang senang melakukan pembelian melalui jasa online dan memudahkan konsumen untuk melakukan transaksi tanpa harus ke lokasi Ngikan Yuk yang mempengaruhi kepuasan konsumen. Persepsi harga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang pada konsumen Ngikan Yuk. Hal ini berarti kosnumen Ngikan Yuk merasakan bahwa harga bukanlah patokan untuk membeli ulang produk Ngikan Yuk Kesadaran merek positif signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumen Ngikan Yuk setuju bahwa kesesuaian tampilan merek serta keyakinan informasi yang dibaerikan Ngikan Yuk kepada konsumen sangat mempengaruhi niat konsumen untuk membeli ulang produk Ngikan Yuk kedepannya. Kualitas pengiriman tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumen Ngikan Yuk yang telah melakukan pembelian melalui jasa pengiriman online tidak mempengaruhi dalam melakukan pembelian ulang pada Franchise Ngikan Yuk. Kepuasan konsumen berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap niat beli ulang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumen Ngikan Yuk yang merasa puas akan produk Ngikan Yuk akan melakukan pembelian ulang secara terus menerus.",
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"text": "Aji Prabowo, S. (2018). Persepsi Harga Terhadap Minat Beli Ulang Konsumen Mirota Kampus Godean. In Jurnal Ekobis Dewantara (Vol. 1, Issue 7).",
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"text": "Catherine Dwitama Shan, Wulan Purnama Sari: Analisis Komunikasi Terapeutik dalam Komunitas Kanker Payudara Indonesia",
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"text": "This study discusses therapeutic communication in the Indonesian breast cancer community. The purpose of this study was to find out how therapeutic communication occurs in the Indonesian breast cancer community. Therapeutic communication is communication where the delivery of messages, exchange of thoughts and feelings aimed at healing and this study to determine therapeutic communication that exists between fellow patients in the Indonesian breast cancer community. This study uses a qualitative approach with the nature of descriptive research. Data collection techniques used by the author are interviews with several speakers who are in the breast cancer community, and observations on community activities to provide an overview of therapeutic communication carried out in the breast cancer community and to strengthen the facts from results of interviews conducted. The results of this study are therapeutic communication that benefits breast cancer sufferers because it helps them both mentally and physically as well as enhancing their abilities and forming intimacy because of the presence of unity in the community.",
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"text": "Keywords: Therapeutic Communication, Breast Cancer, Community, Therapy Group",
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"text": "Penelitian ini membahas mengenai komunikasi terapeutik dalam komunitas kanker payudara Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui bagaimana komunikasi terapeutik yang terjadi dalam komunitas kanker payudara Indonesia. Komunikasi terapeutik adalah komunikasi dimana terjadi penyampaian pesan, pertukaran pikiran dan perasaan yang bertujuan untuk penyembuhan dan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui komunikasi terapeutik yang terjalin antara sesama pasien dalam komunitas kanker payudara Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan sifat penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah wawancara dengan beberapa narasumber yang berada dalam komunitas kanker payudara, dan observasi pada kegiatan komunitas untuk memberikan gambaran komunikasi terapeutik yang dilakukan dalam komunitas kanker payudara serta untuk memperkuat fakta dari hasil wawancara yang dilakukan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah komunikasi terapeutik memberikan manfaat bagi para penderita kanker payudara karena membantu mereka baik secara mental dan fisik serta meningkatkan kemampuan diri dan membentuk suatu keintiman karena adanya kesamaan dalam komunitas.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Komunikasi Terapeutik, Kanker Payudara, Komunitas, Kelompok Terapi",
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"text": "1. Pendahuluan",
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"text": "Kanker merupakan penyebab kedua kematian dan diperkirakan menyumbang sekitar 9,6 juta kematian pada tahun 2018. World Health Organization (WHO ) menyatakan bahwa kanker merupakan masalah kesehatan yang sangat serius karena jumlah penderita meningkat sekitar 20% per tahun dan kanker payudara dinyatakan sebagai pembunuh no.2 setelah kanker leher rahim (WHO, 2019).",
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"text": "Penyakit kanker bisa menyerang siapa saja dan penyebab pasti penyakit ini belum bisa diketahui. Maka dari itu, komunitas kanker payudara Indonesia memiliki peranan penting bagi para penderita kanker payudara, karena dalam komunitas para survivor tidak merasa sendiri sehingga dapat memunculkan semangat agar para survivor tidak menyerah begitu saja dalam melawan penyakit kanker payudara. Yayasan Kanker Payudara Indonesia (YKPI) merupakan suatu organisasi untuk kegiatan penyuluhan dan penanggulangan kanker payudara di Jakarta. YKPI tidak hanya memberikan penyuluhan bagi penderita kanker tetapi juga memberikan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat luas dengan mengadakan event , seminar tentang kanker payudara.",
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"text": "Setiap tahun Yayasan Kanker Payudara Indonesia memperingati hari kanker sedunia ( World Cancer Day ) pada tanggal 4 Februari, dan bulan Oktober untuk mengkampanyekan kesadaran akan kanker payudara dengan menggunakan pita pink berwarna merah muda sebagai lambang kesadaran kanker payudara sedunia agar penderita kanker payudara menjadi semakin minim lagi, karena biasanya para penderita mengetahui bahwa mereka terkena penyakit kanker ketika sudah terlambat.",
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"text": "YKPI memiliki motto yaitu saling jaga saling peduli yang dimana tujuan dibentuknya komunitas ini yaitu untuk saling membantu penderita kanker agar lebih kuat dan semangat dalam mengahadapi penyakitnya dengan memberikan penyuluhan serta masukan-masukan yang menguatkan.",
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"text": "Penulis juga menggunakan penelitian terdahulu mengenai komunikasi terapeutik antara perawat dan pasien dalam memulihkan kesehatan jiwa di Panti Griya Bina Sehat Sejahtera, Bogor, untuk membantu penulis melengkapi penelitian ini. Penelitian ini memiliki persamaan dengan penelitian yang sedang diteliti oleh penulis yaitu meneliti mengenai bagaimana komunikasi terapeutik dapat menyembuhkan. Perbedaannya, penelitian terdahulu lebih membahas komunikasi terapeutik antara perawat dan pasien sedangkan penelitian penulis membahas komunikasi terapeutik antara sesama penderita kanker payudara.",
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"text": "Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan sifat penelitian deskriptif. Penelitian kualitatif merupakan metode penelitian untuk memahami fenomena tentang apa yang dialami oleh subjek penelitian misalnya pelaku, persepsi, motivasi, tindakan dan lainnya secara holistik, dan dengan cara deskripsi dalam bentuk kata-kata dan bahasa pada suatu konteks khusus dengan memanfaatkan berbagai metode alamiah (Moleong, 2012).",
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"text": "Penulis menggunakan penelitian studi kasus. Penelitian studi kasus menurut Yin (2013) adalah suatu inkuiri empiris yang menyelidiki fenomena di dalam konteks kehidupan nyata, bilamana batas-batas antara fenomena dan konteks tak tampak dengan tegas dan dimana multisumber bukti dimanfaatkan. Studi kasus memiliki beberapa jenis bukti atau data yang berasal dari dokumen, wawancara, observasi dan",
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"text": "Catherine Dwitama Shan, Wulan Purnama Sari: Analisis Komunikasi Terapeutik dalam Komunitas Kanker Payudara Indonesia",
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"text": "79",
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"height": 39,
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"text": "perangkat fisik. Penulis menggunakan studi kasus karena penulis meneliti kasus yang terjadi dalam komunitas kanker payudara dan untuk mendapat gambaran secara menyeluruh dari kasusnya.",
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"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah wawancara dengan tiga narasumber yang berada dalam komunitas kanker payudara Indonesia serta berada dalam komunitas di Rumah Sakit Pelni, dan observasi pada kegiatan komunitas kanker payudara untuk memberikan gambaran komunikasi terapeutik yang dilakukan dalam komunitas kanker payudara serta untuk memperkuat fakta dari hasil wawancara yang dilakukan bersama ketiga narasumber.",
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"text": "Wawancara (Moleong, 2012) yaitu percakapan dengan maksud tertentu. Percakapan itu dilakukan oleh dua pihak, yaitu pewawancara ( interviewer ) yang mengajukan pertanyaan dan terwawancara ( interviewee ) yang memberikan jawaban atas pertanyaan itu. Sementara, observasi (Bungin, 2010) merupakan metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan untuk menghimpun data penelitian melalui pengamatan dan penginderaan. Suatu kegiatan pengamatan dapat dikategorikan sebagai kegiatan pengumpulan data penelitian apabila pengamatan digunakan dalam penelitian dan telah direncanakan secara serius. Pengamatan berkaitan dengan tujuan penelitian yang telah ditetapkan, pengamatan dicatat secara sistematik dan dihubungkan dengan proporsi umum dan bukan dipaparkan sebagai sesuatu yang menarik perhatian dan yang terakhir pengamatan dapat dicek dan dikontrol mengenai keabsahannya.",
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"text": "Informan (Bungin, 2010) yaitu orang yang diwawancarai, diminta informasi oleh pewawancara. Informan adalah orang yang diperkirakan menguasai dan memahami data, informasi, ataupun fakta dari suatu objek penelitian. Sedangkan informan penelitian yaitu subjek yang memahami informasi objek penelitian sebagai pelaku maupun orang lain yang memahami objek penelitian.",
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"text": "Setelah mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara dan observasi dalam komunitas kanker payudara, penulis menemukan bahwa tujuan dari dibentuknya komunitas ini adalah untuk membantu sesama penderita kanker payudara bukan hanya informasi dan materi saja tetapi juga secara mental maupun fisik, serta komunitas memberikan bantuan-bantuan yang diperlukan bagi para penderita kanker payudara seperti pampers , tabung oksigen, ambulance , sehingga para penderita kanker payudara bisa melalui penyakit ini dan dapat melakukan aktivitas seperti sebelumnya. YKPI memiliki tempat diskusi yaitu Pita Pink Survivor Warrior (PPSW) yang diperuntukkan untuk seluruh penderita kanker payudara yang berada di seluruh Indonesia sedangkan kalau komunitas di rumah sakit Pelni hanya kelompok kecil yang dibuat oleh para survivor kanker payudara sebagai sarana untuk membantu para penderita kanker payudara di rumah sakit yang sama.",
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"text": "Komunitas ini hanya diperuntukan bagi para penderita kanker payudara sehingga yang bisa masuk kedalam komunitas ini hanyalah penderita kanker payudara saja. YKPI memiliki tempat singgah untuk membantu para penderita kanker payudara yang berada diluar daerah untuk memudahkan para penderita kanker payudara sehingga bisa lebih fokus dalam menjalani pengobatan tanpa harus memikirkan biaya untuk tempat tinggal, transportasi dan biaya hidup selama melakukan pengobatan. Selain bertatap muka, komunitas menggunakan sarana media sosial WhatsApp untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lain sehingga dapat memudahkan para anggota saat",
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"text": "Koneksi",
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"text": "Vol. 3, No. 1, Juli 2019, Hal 77-81",
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"text": "berkomunikasi serta membagikan informasi seputar kanker payudara, membagikan pengalaman-pengalaman, membagikan momen bersama serta memberikan dukungan- dukungan serta masukkan yang menguatkan. Dengan media sosial WhatsApp para penderita kanker payudara bisa dengan leluasa berbicara karena lebih bersifat pribadi.",
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"text": "Dalam komunitas ini juga menyediakan kegiatan rutin yang diselenggarakan oleh YKPI yaitu dengan mengadakan event dan seminar seputar kanker payudara serta mengadakan acara ulang tahun YKPI. Sedangkan, kegiatan yang dilakukan komunitas di rumah sakit Pelni adalah kegiatan yang bersifat silaturami, bersosialisasi pertemanan, berkumpul melakukan kegiatan yang menghibur sehingga dapat melupakan sejenak penyakit yang diderita. Dalam komunitas dapat bersifat kekeluargaan karena setiap anggota komunitas Pelni ini memiliki dokter yang sama serta rumah sakit yang sama dan penyakit yang sama sehingga mereka memiliki kedekatan yang lebih.",
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"text": "Komunikasi terapeutik adalah komunikasi dimana terjadi penyampaian pesan, pertukaran pikiran dan perasaan yang bertujuan serta kegiatannya dipusatkan untuk penyembuhan. Dengan komunikasi terapeutik kecemasan dan ketakutan pasien akan teratasi.",
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"text": "Beberapa tujuan komunikasi terapeutik dalam komunitas kanker payudara sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk meningkatkan kesadaran diri, penerimaan diri dan kehormatan diri, karena dengan adanya komunitas ini membuat para penderita kanker payudara menerima penyakitnya dengan percaya diri karena setiap anggota saling menguatkan satu sama lain serta dapat mengurangi keraguan.",
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"text": "2. Tujuan kedua adalah komunikasi terapeutik ini dapat meningkatkan integritas pribadi para penderita kanker karena mereka saling menjaga satu sama lain dan setiap anggota memiliki tujuan yang sama yaitu bisa sembuh dari penyakit kanker payudara.",
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"text": "3. Tujuan ketiga komunikasi terapeutik adalah untuk membentuk suatu keintiman, dan saling memberi dan menerima. Komunitas ini saling membantu satu sama lain bukan hanya sekedar memberi bantuan materi tetapi juga dalam bantuan mental dan fisik, salah satunya saat menjalani pengobatan dan apapun informasi selalu diinformasikan sehingga dapat memudahkan penderita kanker payudara lainnya.",
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"text": "4. Tujuan keempat adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan diri para anggota terhadap kebutuhan yang bersifat memuaskan dan mencapai tujuan pribadi.",
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"text": "Komunikasi terapeutik dalam komunitas kanker payudara terjalin karena adanya kesamaan dalam hal penyakit yang diderita yaitu kanker payudara, sehingga membuat para penderita kanker payudara lebih dapat percaya saat berbicara kepada sesama penderita kanker payudara dibanding dengan orang biasa. Komunitas juga memberikan manfaat bukan sekedar materi tetapi juga secara mental maupun fisik, komunitas menggunakan WhatsApp sebagai sarana untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lainnya.",
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"text": "Penulis menyampaikan rasa terima kasih kepada keluarga, kerabat, informan, dan teman-teman penulis yang selalu memberi perhatian dan menyemangati penulis dalam menyelesaikan penelitian ini dengan tepat waktu dan tentunya kepada dosen pembimbing Wulan Purnama Sari dan sahabat penulis Evelyn Thelia yang telah banyak membantu penulis dalam penelitian ini dan juga narasumber yang telah meluangkan waktu dan memberikan informasi yang dibutuhkan penulis.",
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"text": "Aldiani, Ayu Savitri. (2017). Komunikasi Terapeutik Antara Perawat Dan Pasien Dalam Memulihkan Kesehatan Jiwa Di Panti Griya Bina Sehat Sejahtera,",
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"text": "Bogor . Bungin, Burhan. (2010). Penelitian Kuantitatif . Jakarta: Kencana. Moleong, Lexy J. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif . Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.",
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"width": 414,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Muhith, Abdul., & Siyoto, Sandu. (2018). Aplikasi komunikasi terapeutik nursing & health . Yogyakarata: Penerbit ANDI. Pitapink-ykpi. (n.d). Tentang kanker payudara. Februari 17, 2019. https://pitapink- ykpi.or.id/tentang-kanker-payudara/",
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"text": "WHO. (n.d.). Cancer. Februari 17, 2019. https://www.who.int/cancer/en/",
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"text": "Yin, Robert. K. (2013). Studi Kasus Desain & Metode . Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.",
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74485871-126c-e980-eddd-f23d43382413 | https://ejurnal.undana.ac.id/index.php/JEM/article/download/1203/953 | [
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
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"text": "The purpose of the research to analyze the influence of compensation and promotion toward employee job satisfaction. Data was collected using a census to 37 employee of the Islamic Pawnshop Branch of Gorontalo. Data were analyzed using multiple linier regression, the results showed a positive and significant influence of compensation and promotion toward employee job satisfaction.",
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"text": "Perkembangan organisasi sangatlah bergantung pada produktivitas Sumberdaya manusia yang ada pada organisasi tersebut. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar penggunaan Sumberdaya manusia dapat dilakukan secara efektif, yang merupakan kunci kearah tercapainya efisiensi kerja dan peningkatan produktivitas dari karyawan itu sendiri.Salah satu unsur pokok dalam organisasi adalah kesediaan dan kemauan para karyawan untuk memberikan sebagian daya upaya masing-masing secara nyata pada sistem kerjasama organisasi. Konsep ini memfokuskan perhatian pada bagaimana orang yang bekerja diperlakukan secara manusiawi, bagaimana pemberian kompensasi, disamping itu pelaksanaan promosi yang dilakukan dapat dilaksanakan secara adil dengan mempertimbangkan aspek-aspek pemenuhan persyaratannya, yang akhirnya akan mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja karyawan yang bersangkutan.",
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"text": "Kepuasan merupakan suatu konsep multi dimensi. Suatu kesimpulan menyeluruh tentang suatu kepuasan akan menyembunyikan pertimbangan subyektif dari karyawan mengenai kepuasannya sehubungan dengan kompensasi dan promosi jabatan.Pada dasarnya kepuasan kerja merupakan hal bersifat individual. Setiap individu akan",
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"text": "memiliki tingkat kepuasan yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan nilai-nilai yang berlaku pada dirinya. Semakin banyak aspek-aspek dalam pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan keinginan individu tersebut, makin tinggi tingkat kepuasan yang dirasakan dan begitu pula sebaliknya.",
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"text": "Upaya meningkatkan kepuasan kerja para karyawan bukanlah suatu hal yang mudah, karena disini pimpinan dituntut untuk mampu terlibat secara langsung dengan bawahannya, artinya dalam rangka mencapai tujuan organisasi tersebut harus mengetahui segala kemampuan, kemauan dan kebutuhan karyawannya, dengan mengetahui apa yang dinginkan oleh para karyawannya, maka pimpinan akan dapat mengambil langka-langka yang tepat dalam menimalisir terjadinya ketidakpuasan karyawan dalam bekerja.",
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"text": "Karyawan akan mendapatkan kepuasan dari pekerjaannya bila mereka diperlakukan secara adil dalam penetapan kompensasi dan diberikan kesempatan untuk dipromosikan. Dengan sistem kompensasi dan pelaksanaan promosi jabatan yang adil dan merata maka karyawan akan mempunyai anggapan bahwa mereka juga memiliki kesempatan untuk dipromosikan. Setiap karyawan mengharapkan adanya promosi jabatan karena promosi dapat berarti adanya kepercayaan dan pengakuan mengenai kemampuan dan kecakapan karyawan dalam bekerja untuk menduduki jabatan yang lebih tinggi.",
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"text": "Promosi jabatan juga diartikan sebagai penghargaan atas keberhasilan karyawan menunjukkan prestasi kerja yang tinggi pada pelaksana tugas-tugas yang dilimpahkan oleh perusahaan kepadanya. Sistem dan perencanaan promosi jabatan pada suatu organisasi akan membuat karyawan menjadi lebih giat bekerja, bersemangat dan berdisiplin, sehingga menciptakan suatu kepuasan kerja bagi masing-masing karyawan dan tujuan perusahaan dapat tercapai secara optimal.",
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"text": "Isu penurunan kepuasan kerja karyawan yang terjadi pada Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Gorontalo sering muncul kepermukaan sebagai akibat dari tidak sesuainya harapan dengan kernyataan yang ada. Penurunan kepuasan kerja karyawan ditunjukan dengan adanya penurunan semangat dalam bekerja. Faktor penyebabnya sesuai hasil pengamatan dilapangan antara lain beban kerja yang terlalu tinggi, tuntutan konsumen, peraturan yang sering berubah – ubah, kompensasi yang dirasa kurang adil, pelaksanaan promosi dan lain sebagainya, dari faktor-faktor tersebut peneliti akan menfokuskan pada",
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
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"text": "dua aspek saja yaitu kompensasi dan promosi jabatan yang akan dikaji lebih dalam sebagai faktor utama terjadi penurunan kepuasan kerja karyawan.",
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"text": "Kepuasan kerja pada dasarnya merupakan sesuatu yang bersifat individual, karena setiap individu memiliki tingkat kepuasan yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan sistem nilai yang berlaku pada dirinya. Makin tinggi penilaian terhadap kegiatan dirasakan sesuai dengan keinginan individu, maka makin tinggi kepuasannya terhadap kegiatan tersebut, dengan demikian, kepuasan merupakan evaluasi yang menggambarkan seseorang atas perasaan sikap senang atau tidak senang, puas atau tidak puas dalam bekerja.",
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"text": "Perusahaan juga harus memberikan apresiasi dan penghargaan yang seimbang dan adil kepada karyawan. Salah satu bentuk apresiasi yang diberikan kepada karyawan adalah dengan pemberian kompensasi yang adil kepada karyawan. Karyawan akan merasakan keadilan dalam kompensasinya berdasarkan persepsi mereka akan balas jasa yang diterimanya dari perusahaan.Jika dikelola dengan baik, kompensasi akan membantu perusahaan untuk mencapai tujuan serta menjaga karyawan dengan baik, sebaliknya, tanpa kompensasi yang cukup, karyawan akan sangat mungkin untuk meninggalkan perusahaan",
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"text": "Pemberian kompensasi harus dilakukan secara adil dan merata, karena karyawan cenderung untuk membandingkan besarnya kompensasi berdasarkan input yang telah mereka berikan kepada perusahaan dan juga membandingkannya dengan jumlah kompensasi yang diterima karyawan lain dengan tingkat tugas dan jabatan yang sama serta membandingkannya dengan karyawan lain di perusahaan sejenis. Pemberian kompensasi di Perusahaan Pegadaian Syriah Cabang Gorontalo diberikan berdasarkan beban kerja karyawan yang menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan besaran insentif antara karyawan satu dengan karyawan lain dalam posisi yang sama.",
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"text": "Salah satu faktor yang mendorongan seseorang bekerja dalam suatu organisasi karena adanya harapan untuk dapat meningkatkan karir atau kemajuan dalam organisasi tersebut. Hal ini sering disebut sebagai promosi jabatan atau disebut sebagai peningkatan karir. Oleh karena itu dengan adanya kesempatan promosi yang diberikan perusahaan kepada pihak karyawan, dengan demikian akan tercipta suatu keinginan dari karyawan untuk memotivasinya dirinya.",
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"text": "Karyawan dipacu untuk meningkatkan kualifikasinya agar mampu menempati posisi yang lebih tinggi di perusahaan. Peningkatan kualifikasi sangat penting untuk dilakukan oleh setiap karyawan agar mereka memiliki keunggulan terhadap karyawan",
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"text": "lain yang juga menginginkan suatu promosi jabatan. Karyawan akan berupaya untuk meningkatkan kemampuannya agar dapat menjadi kandidat yang layak untuk di promosikan. Untuk menduduki suatu jabatan tertentu, seorang karyawan harus bersaing dengan karyawan lain dan hanya satu orang yang layak untuk di promosikan. Ketatnya persaingan dalam promosi jabatan akan membuat karyawan berpikir kembali tentang peluang dan kesempatannya untuk di promosikan. Karyawan akan memikirkan kembali apakah peluang serta kesempatan mereka untuk di promosikan masih terbuka lebar atau tidak. Karyawan akan merasa puas terhadap promosi jabatan apabila mereka masih percaya bahwa kesempatan dan peluang untuk di promosikan masih terbuka lebar.",
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"text": "Untuk itu perusahaan harus mampu menempatkan karyawan yang tepat untuk menduduki jabatan yang tepat pulasesuai dengan prinsip the right man on the right place, sehingga perusahaan akan mendapatkan dan menempatkan karyawan yang benar-benar mampu untuk melaksanakan tugas dan tanggungjawabnya. Apabila kondisi tersebut dapat diimplementasikan, maka kecenderungan adanya ketidakpuasan atas keputusan yang diambil perusahaan dapat diminimalisir.",
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"text": "TINJAUAN PUSTAKA, KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN DAN HIPOTESIS",
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"text": "Pada dasarnya manusia bekerja juga ingin memeroleh uang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Untuk itulah seorang karyawan mulai menghargai kerja keras dan semakin menunjukkan loyalitas terhadap perusahaan dan karena itulah perusahaan memberikan penghargaan terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan yaitu dengan jalan memberikan kompensasi.Kompensasi merupakan sesuatu yang diterima karyawan sebagai pengganti kontribusi jasa mereka pada perusahaan. Pemberian kompensasi merupakan salah satu pelaksanaan fungsi MSDM yang berhubungan dengan semua jenis pemberian penghargaan individual sebagai pertukaran dalam melakukan tugas keorganisasian.",
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"text": "Menurut Dessler (2012) kompensasi karyawan adalah semua bentuk pembayaran atau hadiah yang diberikan kepada karyawan dan muncul dari pekerjaan mereka. Kompensasi merupakan sesuatu yang dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu yang sebanding. Dalam sistem administrasi kepegawaian, hadiah yang bersifat uang merupakan kompensasi yang diberikan kepada pegawai sebagai penghargaan dari pelayanan mereka. Bentuk-bentuk pemberian upah, bentuk upah dan gaji digunakan untuk mengatur pemberian keuangan antara majikan dan karyawan.",
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"text": "Hal ini sejalan dengan apa yang dikemukakan oleh Panggabean dalam Sutrisno (2010) bahwasanya kompensasi merupakan setiap bentuk penghargaan yang diberikan kepada karyawan sebagai balas jasa atas kontribusi yang mereka berikan kepada organisasi. Maka kompensasi adalah total seluruh imbalan yang di terima para karyawan sebagai pengganti jasa yang telah mereka berikan.Kompensasi jika dikelola dengan baik, dapat membantu perusahaan mencapai tujuan dan memperoleh, memelihara, dan menjaga karyawan dengan baik. Sebaliknya tanpa kompensasi yang cukup, karyawan yang ada sangat mungkin untuk meninggalkan perusahaan dan untuk melakukan penempatan kembali tidaklah mudah. Akibat dari ketidakpuasan dalam pembayaran bisa jadi akan mengurangi kinerja, meningkatkan keluhan-keluhan, penyebab mogok kerja, dan mengarah pada tindakan-tindakan fisik dan psikologis, seperti meningkatnya derajat ketidakhadiran dan perputaran karyawan, yang pada gilirannya akan meningkatkan kesehatan jiwa karyawan yang parah. Sebaliknya, jika terjadi kelebihan pembayaran, juga akan menyebabkan perusahaan dan individual berkurang daya kompetisinya dan menyebabkan kegelisahan, perasaan bersalah, dan suasana yang tidak nyaman dikalangan karyawan.",
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"text": "Pada dasarnya terdapat dua cara untuk membuat pembayaran keuangan kepada karyawan, yaitu pembayaran langsung dan pembayaran tidak langsung. Pembayaran langsung adalah pembayaran dalam bentuk upah, gaji, insentif, komisi dan bonus. Sedangkan pembayaran tidak langsung adalah pembayaran dalam bentuk tunjangan- tunjangan keuangan seperti asuaransi. Menurut Simamora (2008) kompensasi (compensation) meliputi imbalan finansial dan jasa nirwujud serta tunjangan yang diterima oleh para karyawan sebagai bagian dari hubungan kepegawaian. Kompensasi merupakan apa yang diterima oleh para karyawan sebagai ganti kontribusi mereka kepada organisasi.",
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"text": "Promosi Jabatan",
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"text": "Promosi mempunyai peranan penting bagi karyawan, bahkan menjadi idaman yang selalu dinanti-nantikan. Dengan promosi berarti ada kepercayaan dan pengakuan mengenai kemampuan serta kecakapan karyawan bersangkutan untuk menduduki suatu jabatan yang lebih tinggi. Dengan demikian, promosi akan memberikan status sosial, wewenang (authority), tanggung jawab (responsibility), serta penghasilan (outcomes) yang semakin besar bagi karyawan.Hasibuan (2008) mengatakan, promosi jabatan adalah",
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"text": "perpindahan yang memperbesar wewenang dan tanggung jawab karyawan ke jabatan yang lebih tinggi di dalam organisasi, sehingga hak, status, dan penghasilan mereka akan semakin besar. Peningkatan ini akan terjadi pada gaji, upah, tunjangan, insentif atau bentukbentuk penghargaan lainnya yang berlaku di perusahaan tersebut, seiring dengan bertambahnya pekerjaan, tugas, beban kerja, dan rentang kontrol yang dimilikinya akibat promosi jabatan tersebut.",
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"text": "Sejalan dengan pendapat di atas selanjutnya menurut Ardana,dkk. (2012) promosi dapat diartikan sebagai suatu proses perubahan dari suatu pekerjaan ke suatu pekerjaan yang lain dalam hierarki wewenang dan tanggung jawab yang lebih tinggi ketimbang dengan wewenang dan tanggung jawab yang telah dibebankan kepada diri tenaga kerja pada waktu sebelumnya. Promosi memberikan peranan penting bagi setiap karyawan, bahkan menjadi idaman yang selalu dinanti-nantikan oleh pegawai. Kerena dengan promosi berarti ada kepercayaan dan pengakuan mengenai kemampuan serta kecakapan pegawai bersangkutan untuk menjabat suatu jabatan yang lebih tinggi. Dengan demikian, promosi akan selalu diikuti tugas, tanggung jawab dan wewenang yang lebih tinggi dari jabatan yang diduduki sebelumnya.",
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"text": "Program promosi jabatan hendaknya memberikan informasi yang jelas, apa yang dijadikan dasar pertimbangan untuk mempromosikan seorang karyawan dalam perusahaan tersebut. Pedoman yang dijadikan dasar untuk untuk mempromosikan karyawan meliputi :",
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"text": "1. Pengalaman",
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"text": "Pengalaman yaitu promosi yang didasarkan pada lamanya pengalaman kerja karyawan. Pertimbangan promosi adalah pengalaman kerja seseorang, orang yang telah lama bekerja dalam perusahaan mendapat prioritas pertama dalam tindakan promosi. Kebaikannya adalah adanya penghargaan dan pengakuan bahwa pengalaman merupakan saka guru yang berharga. Dengan pengalaman, seseorang akan dapat mengembangkan kemampuannya sehingga karyawan tetap betah bekerja pada perusahaan dengan harapan suatu waktu ia akan dipromosikan. Kelemahannya adalah seorang karyawan yang kemampuannya sangat terbatas, tetapi karena sudah lama bekerja tetap dipromosikan. Dengan demikian, perusahaan akan dipimpin oleh seorang yang berkemampuan rendah, sehingga perkembangan dan kelangsungan perusahaan disangsikan.",
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"text": "2. Kecakapan (Ability)",
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"text": "Kecakapan berarti seseorang akan dipromosikan berdasarkan penilaian kecakapan. Pertimbangan promosi adalah kecakapan, orang yang cakap atau ahli mendapat prioritas utama untuk dipromosikan. Kecakapan adalah total dari semua keahlian yang diperlukan untuk mencapai hasil yang bisa dipertanggung jawabkan.",
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"text": "3. Kombinasi Pengalaman dan Kecakapan",
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"text": "Kombinasi pengalaman dan kecakapan yaitu promosi yang berdasarkan pada lamanya pengalaman dan kecakapan. Pertimbangan promosinya adalah berdasarkan lamanya dinas, ijazah pendidikan formal yang dimiliki dan hasil ujian kenaikan golongan. Cara ini adalah dasar promosi yang terbaik dan paling tepat karena mempromosikan orang yang paling berpengalaman dan terpintar, sehingga kelemahan promosi yang hanya berdasarkan pengalaman atau kecakapan saja dapat diatasi.",
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"text": "Kepuasan Kerja",
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"text": "Setiap orang yang bekerja mengharapkan memperoleh kepuasan dari tempatnya bekerja. Pada dasarnya kepuasan kerja merupakan hal yang bersifat individual karena setiap individu akan memiliki tingkat kepuasan yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan nilai- nilai yang berlaku dalam diri setiap individu. Semakin banyak aspek dalam pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan keinginan individu, maka semakin tinggi tingkat kepuasan yang dirasakan. Kepuasan kerja merupakan respon afektif atau emosional terhadap berbagai segi atau aspek pekerjaan seseorang sehingga kepuasan kerja bukan merupakan konsep tunggal. Seseorang dapat relatif puas dengan salah satu aspek pekerjaan dan tidak puas dengan satu atau lebih aspek lainnya. Kepuasan Kerja merupakan sikap (positif) tenaga kerja terhadap pekerjaannya, yang timbul berdasarkan penilaian terhadap situasi kerja. Penilaian tersebut dapat dilakukan terhadap salah satu pekerjaannya, penilaian dilakukan sebagai rasa menghargai dalam mencapai salah satu nilai-nilai penting dalam pekerjaan. Karyawan yang puas lebih menyukai situasi kerjanya daripada tidakmenyukainya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Menurut Luthans (2010)kepuasan adalah tingkat keadaan yang dirasakan seseorang yang mempunyai hasil dan membandingkan penampilan atau outcome produk yang dirasakan dalam hubungannya dengan harapan seseorang. Perasaan-perasaan yang",
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 464,
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"text": "102 | P a g e",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "berhubungan dengan kepuasan dan ketidakpuasan kerja cenderung mencerminkan penaksiran dari tenaga kerja tentang pengalaman-pengalaman kerja pada waktu sekarang dan lampau daripada harapan-harapan untuk masa depan. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat dua unsur penting dalam kepuasan kerja, yaitu nilai-nilai pekerjaan dan kebutuhan-kebutuhan dasar.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya menurut Gibson (2012) kepuasan kerja secara umum dapat diberi batasan sebagai perasaan seseorang terhadap pekerjaannya. Maka terlihat bahwa kepuasan kerja merupakan penilaian dan pekerja yaitu seberapa jauh pekerjaannya secara keseluruhan memuaskan kebutuhannya. Luthans (2010) berpendapat bahwa kepuasan kerja berhubungan erat dengan sikap dan karyawan terhadap pekerjaannya sendiri, situasi kerja, kerjasama antar pimpinan dengan sesama karyawan. Sikap ini membentuk nilai-nilai pekerjaan merupakan tujuan-tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam melakukan tugas pekerjaan. Yang ingin dicapai ialah nilai-nilai pekerjaan yang dianggap penting oleh individu. Dikatakan selanjutnya bahwa nilai-nilai pekerjaan harus sesuai atau membantu pemenuhan kebutuhan-kebutuhan dasar.",
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"text": "Mathis dan Jackson (2009) mengemukakan bahwa ketidakpuasan akan memunculkan dua macam perilaku yaitu penarikan din (turnover) atau perilaku agresif (sabotase, kesalahan yang disengaja, perselisihan antar karyawan dan atasan, dan juga pemogokan) sehingga menyebabkan menururmya tingkat produktivitas, sedangkan menurut Robbins dan Judge (2007) karyawan mengekspresikan ketidakpuasannya dengan empat cara sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Keluar dari pekerjaannya dan mencari pekerjaan di tempat lain.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 531,
"width": 428,
"height": 32,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Bekerja dengan seenaknya (misalnya terlambat datang, tidak masuk kerja, membuat kesalahan yang disengaja).",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 572,
"width": 428,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Membicarakan ketidakpuasannya kepada atasan dengan tujuan agar kondisi tersebut dapat berubah.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 614,
"width": 428,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "4. Menunggu dengan optimis dan percaya bahwa organisasi dan manajemennya dapat melakukan sesuatu yang terbaik.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 676,
"width": 457,
"height": 74,
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"text": "Menurut Robbins dan Judge (2007) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja adalah upah, kondisi kerja, mutu pengawasan, teman sekerja, jenis pekerjaan, keamanan kerja,dan kesempatan untuk maju. Faktor-faktor individual yang berpengaruh adalah kebutuhan-kebutuhan yang dimilikinya, nilai-nilai yang dianut dan sifat-sifat",
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"height": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 464,
"top": 782,
"width": 58,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "103 | P a g e",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 73,
"width": 457,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "kepribadian dan pengalaman masa lampau. Dari berbagai pendapat tentang kepuasan kerja yang telah dikemukakan diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja adalah :",
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"text": "1. Faktor individual, meliputi kebutuhan yang dimiliki, nilai yang dianut dan sifat kepribadian.",
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{
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"top": 177,
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"text": "2. Faktor diluar individu yang berhubungandengan pekerjaan meliputi:",
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{
"left": 127,
"top": 198,
"width": 401,
"height": 32,
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"text": "a) Pekerjaan itu sendiri(work), termasuk tugas-tugas yang diberikan, variasi dalam pekerjaan, kesempatan untuk belajar, dan banyaknya pekerjaan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 127,
"top": 240,
"width": 401,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b) Mutu pengawasan dan pengawas (supervision), termasuk didalamnyahubungan antara karyawan dengan atasan, pengawasan kerja dan kualitas kerja.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 127,
"top": 302,
"width": 336,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "c) Rekan sekerja (co-workers), meliputi hubungan antar karyawan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 127,
"top": 323,
"width": 401,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "d) Promosi (promotion), berhubunganerat dengan masalah kenaikan pangkat atau jabatan, kesempatan untuk maju, pengembangan karir.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 127,
"top": 365,
"width": 401,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "e) Gaji yang diterima(pay), meliputi besarnya gaji, kesesuaian gaji dengan pekerjaan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 428,
"width": 457,
"height": 115,
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"text": "Peningkatan kepuasan kerja yang dirasakan seseorang dalam melakukan tugas- tugas yang dibebankan kepadanya didasarkan atas kompensasi dan promosi jabatan. Kerangka pemikiran dalam penelitian ini di gambarkan dalam skema sebagimana tertera dalam gambar berikut. Dari kerangka pemikiran tersebut; variabel independen adalah kompensasi (X 1 ) dan promosi jabatan (X 2 ), sedangkan variabel dependennya adalah kepuasan kerja (Y)",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 1",
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{
"left": 261,
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"text": "Kerangka Pemikiran",
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{
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"text": "Kompensasi (X 1 )",
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{
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"text": "Promosi Jabatan (X 2 )",
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{
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"text": "Kepuasan Kerja (Y)",
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 464,
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"text": "104 | P a g e",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 457,
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"text": "Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dan verifikatif. Penelitian deskriptif adalah penelitian yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh penjelasan dari dari variabel yang diteliti. Verifikatif adalah untuk menguji kebenaran suatu hipotesi yang dilaksanakan melalui pengumpulan data di lapanagan, dimana dalam penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh kompensasi dan promosi jabatan terhadap kepuasan kerja.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada kerangka pemikiran, maka disusun hipotesis penelitian sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "H 1 : Terhadap pengaruh positif kompensasi terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan Pegadaian Syariah Gorontalo",
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"text": "H 2 : Terhadap pengaruh positif promosi jabatan terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan Pegadaian Syariah Gorontalo",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua karyawan di Pegadaian Syariah Gorontalo yang berjumlah 37 orang. Tehnik sampel yang digunakan adalah sampling sensus, dengan menjadikan semua anggota populasi menjadi sampel penelitian. Tehnik pengumpulan data berupa angket penelitian yang berisikan pernyataan-pernyataan variabel penelitian.",
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"text": "Metode Analisis Data",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Model persamaan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model regresi berganda. Analisis data dalam regresi berganda digunakan untuk menguji prediksi sumbangan/kontribusi yang ditunjukan oleh nilai koefisien regresi dalam model penelitian, dengan melihat nilai F, nilai t dannilai R 2 .",
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"text": "Analisis Data",
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{
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"text": "Pengujian persyaratan analisis yaitu uji penyimpangan asumsi klasik dilakukan agar hasil analisis regresi memenuhi criteria BLUE (Best, Linear, Unbiased Estimator). Uji asumsi klasik ini terdiri dari uji normalitas, uji multikolinearitas, uji auto korelasi, dan uji",
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "105 | P a g e",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "heteroskedastisitas. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS disajikan dalam tabel berikut:",
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"text": "Tabel 1",
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"text": "Uji Normalitas Data One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test",
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"text": "Kompensasi Promosi Jabatan Kepuasan Kerja N 37 37 37 Normal Parameters a,b Mean 21,8108 25,0541 21,5135 Std. Deviation 2,18375 2,48267 2,24378 Most Extreme Differences Absolute ,112 ,151 ,179 Positive ,090 ,151 ,155 Negative -,112 -,096 -,179 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z ,684 ,918 1,086 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,738 ,368 ,189",
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"text": "a. Test distribution is Normal.",
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"text": "b. Calculated from data.",
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"text": "Sumber : Data diolah",
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"text": "Uji Normalitas",
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{
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"text": "Hasil uji normalitas dengan menggunakan uji beda One-Sample Kolmogorof- Smirnov Test menunjukkan bahwa data variabel X 1 , X 2 , dan Y secara keseluruhan nilai Kolmogorof-Smirnov dimana nilai Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) lebih besar dari nilai signifikasi 0,05 atau dengan kata lain data pada variavel penelitian berdistribusi normal.",
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"text": "Uji Autokorelasi",
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{
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"text": "Regresi dengan dua atau lebih variabel independen mensyaratkan uji autokorelasi. Autokorelasi adalah terjadinya hubungan antar variabel independen, yang mana hubungan tersebut tidak diperkenangkan. Uji autokorelasi dapat dilakukan dengan pengujian Durbin-watson (DW).",
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "106 | P a g e",
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"text": "Tabel 2",
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"text": "Uji Autokorelasi",
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"text": "Model Summary b Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Durbin- Watson 1 ,870 a ,756 ,742 1,13970 2,412",
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"text": "a. Predictors: (Constant), Promosi Jabatan, Kompensasi",
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"text": "b. Dependent Variable: Kepuasan Kerja",
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"text": "Sumber : Data penelitian sudah diolah",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel di atas dapat di ketahui nilai Durbin Watson menunjukkan 2,412 yang berarti masih berada pada batas normal yanitu antara -2 sampai dengan +2, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa uji asumsi tidak terdapat outokorelasi telah terpenuhi.",
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"text": "Uji Multikolinieritas",
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"text": "Uji multikolieritas dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah tidak terjadi hubungan linier yang sempurna atau dapat pula dikatakan bahwa antar variabel bebas tidak saling berkaitan. Jika terjadi kolieritas, maka dinamakan terdapat problem multikolinieritas. Model regresi yang baik sebaiknya tidak terjadi korelasi di antara variabel independen. Pengujiannya dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai tolerance kurang dari 0,1 dan nilai VIF lebih dari 10. maka terjadi multikolieritas.",
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"text": "Tabel 3",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 89,
"top": 556,
"width": 337,
"height": 117,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Uji Multikolieritas Model Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) Kompensasi ,644 1,552 Promosi Jabatan ,644 1,552",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 683,
"width": 220,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Sumber : Data penelitian sudah diolah",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 464,
"top": 782,
"width": 58,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 13,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "107 | P a g e",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 73,
"width": 457,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan tabel di atas dapat diketahui hasil pengujian dari keseluruhan nilai tolerance lebih besar dari 0,1, sehingga dapat disimpulkan tidak terjadi multikolieritas antar variabel bebas. Nilai VIF kurang dari 10, sehingga uji asumsi tidak adanya multikoliertas dapat terpenuhi.",
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"text": "Uji Heterokedasisitas",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 199,
"width": 457,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Uji heterokedasisitas bertujuan untuk menguji apakah dalam model regresi terjadi kesamaan variance dari residual satu pengamatan kepengamatan yang lain. Model regresi yang baik adalah herokesisitas atai tidak terjadi heterokedasisitas.",
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"text": "Tabel 4",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 168,
"top": 303,
"width": 263,
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"text": "Uji Heterokedasisitas Antar variabel Independen",
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},
{
"left": 264,
"top": 324,
"width": 67,
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"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Correlations",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 285,
"top": 346,
"width": 225,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Unstandardized Residual Kompensasi Promosi",
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{
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"text": "Jabatan",
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{
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"width": 451,
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"text": "Spearma n's rho Unstandardi zed Residual Correlation Coefficient 1,000 ,017 ,054 Sig. (2-tailed) . ,921 ,750 N 37 37 37 Kompensasi Correlation Coefficient ,017 1,000 ,569 ** Sig. (2-tailed) ,921 . ,000 N 37 37 37",
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{
"left": 131,
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"text": "Promosi",
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{
"left": 131,
"top": 553,
"width": 394,
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"text": "Jabatan Correlation Coefficient ,054 ,569 ** 1,000 Sig. (2-tailed) ,750 ,000 . N 37 37 37",
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{
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"top": 637,
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"text": "**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).",
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"text": "Sumber : Data penelitian sudah diolah",
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"top": 700,
"width": 457,
"height": 32,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Dari tabel diatas dapat dilihat bahwa korelasi antara variabel kompensasi (X 1 ) = 0,921, promosi jabatan (X 2 ) = 0,750 dengan Unstandardized Residual memiliki nilai",
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 464,
"top": 782,
"width": 58,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "108 | P a g e",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"top": 73,
"width": 457,
"height": 32,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "signifikansi lebih dari 0,05. Karena signifikansinya lebih besar dari 0,05, maka dapat disimpulkan tidak terjadi problem heterokedasisitas.",
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{
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"height": 53,
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"text": "Analisis pengujian hipotesis penelitian ini menggunakan regresi berganda. Uji ini digunakan untuk menguji pengaruh kompensasi dan promosi jabatan terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan Pegadaian Syariah Gorontalo.",
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"text": "Tabel 5",
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"text": "Koefisien Korelasi",
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"height": 76,
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"text": "Model Summary b Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Durbin- Watson 1 ,870 a ,756 ,742 1,13970 2,412",
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"top": 305,
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"text": "a. Predictors: (Constant), Promosi Jabatan, Kompensasi",
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"text": "b. Dependent Variable: Kepuasan Kerja Sumber : Data penelitian sudah diolah",
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{
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"width": 460,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil tabel diatas, dapat diketahui bahwa besarnya nilai R = 0,870 memberikan makna bahwa hubungan antara variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen memiliki hubungan yang karena nilai R memndekati 1. Nilai R Square (R 2 ) sebesar 0,756 berarti variabilitas variabel kepuasan kerja karyawan Pegadaian Syariah Gorontalo dapat dijelaskan oleh variabilitas kompensasi dan promosi jabatan sebesar 75,6%. Sedangkan sisanya 24,4% dijelaskan oleh variabel lain yang tidak termasuk dalam model penelitian.",
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"text": "Tabel 6",
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"text": "Uji Signifikansi Simultan ANOVA a Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 137,080 2 68,540 52,767 ,000 b Residual 44,163 34 1,299 Total 181,243 36",
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"top": 704,
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"text": "a. Dependent Variable: Kepuasan Kerja",
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"text": "b. Predictors: (Constant), Promosi Jabatan, Kompensasi",
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"text": "Sumber : Data penelitian sudah diolah",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"top": 782,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "109 | P a g e",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "Pengujian pengaruh simultan (F test) di atas, didapatkan nilai F hitung sebesar 52,767 dengan nilai signifikansi = 0,000 karena p < 0,05 maka model regresi dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kepuasan kerja karyawan atau dapat dikatakan variabel kompensasi (X 1 ) dan promosi jabatan (X 2 ) secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan Pegadaian Syariah Gorontalo.",
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"text": "Tabel 7",
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"height": 74,
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"text": "Uji Signifikansi Parsial Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std.",
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"text": "Error",
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"text": "Beta",
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"text": "1 (Constant)",
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"text": "-,404 2,143 -,189 ,851 Kompensasi ,523 ,108 ,509 4,825 ,000 Promosi Jabatan ,420 ,095 ,464 4,404 ,000",
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"text": "Sumber : Data penelitian sudah diolah",
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"text": "Kedua variabel independen yang dimasukkan ke dalam model regresi memberikan hasil yang signifikan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari probabilitas signifikansi untuk variabel kompensasi (X 1 ) sebesar 0,00. Promosi jabatan (X 2 ) sebesar 0,00, karena nilai signifikansinya lebih kecil dari nilai sig = 0,05. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil bahwa variabel kepuasan kerja karyawan dipengaruhi oleh kompensasi (X 1 ) dan promosi jabatan (X 2 )",
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"text": "Hasil analisis atas penelitian yang dilakukan di Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Gorontalo menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis terbukti yang ditunjukan terdapatnya pengaruh yang signifikan antara variabel kompensasi dan promosi jabatan terhadap kepuasan kerja.",
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"text": "Pengujian hipotesis pertama menunjukan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan kompensasi terhadap kepuasan kerja yang dibuktikan dengan nilai signifikansi dan nilai korelasi, sehingga dengan meningkatnya kompensasi dapat meningkatkan kepuasan kerja karyawan Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Gorontalo. Menurut Dessler (2012) kompensasi adalah semua bentuk pembayaran atau hadiah yang diberikan kepada",
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 464,
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"page_number": 16,
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"text": "110 | P a g e",
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 261,
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"text": "karyawan dan muncul dari pekerjaan mereka. Kompensasi merupakan sesuatu yang dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu yang sebanding. Seseorang menerima kompensasi sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan sebagai balas jasa atas energi yang dikeluarkannya, maka karyawan tersebut akan merasakan kepuasan kerja yang tinggi karena apa yang diharapkan telah diterimanya dengan baik. Penelitain-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya juga membuktikan dan mendukung bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara kompensasi terhadap kepuasan kerja. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Rakhman dkk, 2013, juga memberikan hasil yang dimana kompensasi memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Anak Agung, dkk. 2012, juga memberikan hasil yang sama bahwa kompensasi memberikan pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan. Hasil uji hipotesis membuktikan bahwa dengan adanya kesesuaian kompensasi yang diterima oleh karyawan maka kepuasan kerja akan mengalami peningkatan.",
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"left": 71,
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"text": "Hasil uji hipotesis kedua menujukan bahwa promosi jabatan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuaan kerja karyawan Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Gorontalo. Setiawan dan Saryathi (2012) mengungkapkan bahwa salah satu faktor penting untuk meningkatkan kepuasan kerja karyawan adalah promosi jabatan. Promosi jabatan yang di lakukan oleh manajemen perusahaan memberikan peranan penting bagi setiap karyawannya, bahkan setiap karyawannya menjadikan promosi jabatan sebagai sebuah imipian dan tujuan yang selalu di harapkan oleh karyawan. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Rakhman dkk, 2013, menunjukan bahwa promosi jabatan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan keja. Hasil uji hipotesis membuktikan bahwa pelaksanaan promosi jabatan yang dilakukan secara terbuka dan memberikan peluang yang sama bagi semua karyawan akan memberikan rasa puas bahwa pelaksanaan promosi jabatan telah dilakukan sesuai dengan mekanisme secara normatif, sehingga tidak ada kesan adanya like and dislakedalam pelaksanaan promosi jabatan. Dengan pelaksanaan promosi jabatan yang transparan dapat maka kepuasan kerja akan meningkat.",
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"text": "Yakup/ JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (SME’s) Vol. 2, No.1, 2016, p95-112",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "111 | P a g e",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"left": 71,
"top": 95,
"width": 395,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Variabel kompensasi memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Gorontalo, sehingga menunjukan karyawan akan cenderung merasa puas terhadap perusahaan yang memberikan kompensasi yang lebih layak.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 209,
"width": 428,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Variabel promosi jabatan memiliki pengaruh positif dan sigifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja Pegadaian Syariah Cabang Gorontalo, sehingga menunjukan bahwa karyawan akan cenderung merasa puas dengan perusahaan yang melaksanakan promosi jabatan dengan memberikan peluang yang sama bagi setiap karyawan yang telah memenuhi syarat untuk dipromosikan.",
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"text": "DAFTAR RUJUKAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 360,
"width": 457,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Anak Agung Ngurah Bagus Dhermawan, I Gde Adnyana Sudibya, I Wayan Mudiartha Utama. 2012. Pengaruh Motivasi, Lingkungan Kerja, Kompetensi, Dan Kompensasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dan Kinerja Pegawai Di Lingkungan Kantor Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis, dan Kewirausahaan Vol. 6, No. 2 Agustus 2012",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 429,
"width": 457,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ardana, Komang, Ni Wayan Mujiati dan I Wayan Mudiartha Utama, 2012. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 457,
"width": 457,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dessler, Gary. 2012. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, Jilid I. Jakarta : PT. Indeks. Gibson, James L., John M. Ivancevich, James H. Donnelly, Jr., Robert Konopaske,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 485,
"width": 404,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2012. Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes. New York: McGraw-Hill.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 499,
"width": 457,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Hasibuan, Malayu, SP. 2008, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, edisi revisi, Cetakan ketujuh, Penerbit : Bumi Aksara, Jakarta",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 526,
"width": 457,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 17,
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"text": "Rakhman, Muhamad Agus. Masjaya dan Sugandi, 2013. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai Pada Dinas Perhubungan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. eJournal Administrative Reform 2013, Vol. 1 No. 1: pp 316-327 Robbins, Stephen P. dan Timthy A. Judge, 2007. Perilaku Organisasi, terjemahan Diana Angelica. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.",
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ab965a08-6852-afc5-ed9d-30319964b2ca | https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/mkmi/article/download/47234/23202 | [
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"text": "p-ISSN: 1412-4920 e-ISSN: 2775-5614 https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/mkmi Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Diponegoro",
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"text": "DOI : 10.14710/mkmi.22.1.20-27 _________________________",
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"text": "Peran Ibu Pekerja Dalam Memberikan Pendidikan Seksualitas Pada Anak Usia Dini",
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"text": "Frida Kusumaningtyas 1 , Priyadi Nugraha Prabamurti 1 , Aditya Kusumawati 1",
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"text": "1 Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Diponegoro * Corresponding author : [email protected]",
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"text": "Info Artikel : Diterima 28 Juni 2022 ; Disetujui 15 Desember 2022 ; Publikasi 1 Februari 2023",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
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"text": "Latar belakang: Pendidikan seksualitas bukan hanya mempelajari tentang aspek biologi atau sosial tetapi menyangkut masalah psikologis, budaya, moral, etika dan hukum. Pendidikan seksualitas tidak hanya memberikan informasi tentang seksualitas tetapi juga menumbuhkan sikap, perilaku positif, dan refleksi kritis terhadap pegalaman individu. Peran ibu sangat penting untuk mengenalkan pendidikan seksualitas sejak dini untuk anaknya.",
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"text": "Metode: Jenis penelitian ini deskriptif analitik dengan metode kuantitatif dan desain studi cross-sectional . Populasi sebanyak 487 karyawati yang bekerja di PT Phapros Tbk yang diambil denganteknik Purposive Sampling dengan jumlah sampel 98. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji statistik univariat dan bivariat dengan uji chi square (α =5%). Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi kerentanan mayoritas terdapat pada kategori kerentanan baik, persepsi keseriusan mayoritas terdapat pada kategori keseriusan baik, persepsi manfaat mayoritas terdapat pada kategori manfaat tinggi, persepsi hambatan mayoritas terdapat pada kategori hambatan tinggi, dan efikasi diri mayoritas terdapat pada kategori efikasi diri tinggi. Ada hubungan antara persepsi kerentanan ( p-value = 0.045), persepsi keseriusan responden ( p-value = 0.30), persepsi manfaat ( p-value = 0.031), persepsi hambatan ( p-value = 0.000), dan efikasi diri ( p-value = 0.001) dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini. Sedangkan usia responden ( p-value = 0.565), pendidikan responden ( p-value = 0.155), pekerjaan responden ( p-value = 0.054), pengetahuan ( p-value = 0.103), dan isyarat untuk bertindak ( p- value = 0.254) tidak berhubungan dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan Pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini.",
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"text": "Simpulan: Peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini berada pada kategori tinggi.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: pendidikan seksualitas, ibu pekerja, health belief model",
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"text": "Title: The Role of Working Mothers in Providing Sexuality Education in Early Childhood",
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"text": "Background: Sexuality education covers biological, social, psychological, cultural, moral, ethical, and legal issues. Sexuality education promotes positive attitudes, behaviors, and self-reflection. Early sexuality education is crucial for mothers.",
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"text": "Method: This type of research is descriptive-analytic with quantitative methods and a cross-sectional study design. The population of 487 female employees at PT Phapros Tbk was sampled with 98 using the purposive sampling technique. The data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate statistical tests, as well as the chi square test (= 5%).",
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"text": "Result: The results showed that the majority of perceptions of vulnerability were in the \"good vulnerability\" category, the majority of perceptions of seriousness were in the \"good seriousness\" category, the majority of perceived benefits were in the \"high benefit\" category, the majority of perceived obstacles were in the \"high obstacle\" category, and the majority of self-efficacy was in the \"high self-efficacy\" category. There is a",
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"text": "Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 22(1), 2023",
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"text": "21",
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"text": "relationship between perceptions of vulnerability (p-value = 0.045), respondents' perceptions of seriousness (p- value = 0.30), perceived benefits (p-value = 0.031), perceived obstacles (p-value = 0.000), and self-efficacy (p- value = 0.001) with the role of working mothers in providing sexuality education to early childhood. While the respondent's age (p-value = 0.565), respondent's education (p-value = 0.155), respondent's occupation (p-value = 0.054), knowledge (p-value = 0.103), and cues to act (p-value = 0.254) are not related to the role of working mothers in providing sexuality education in early childhood.",
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"text": "Conclusion: Working mothers play an important role in providing sexuality education to young children.",
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"text": "Keywords: sexuality education, working mother, health belief model",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Anak memiliki peran sebagai pemegang masa depan bangsa. Anak merupakan generasi penerus yang mempunyai hak untuk dilindungi serta tumbuh dan berkembang secara optimal. Keberadaan anak yang tumbuh dan berkembang secara optimal akan membawa anak menjadi generasi berkualitas, yang pada akhirnya akan menghantarkan pada kemajuan dan kejayaan suatu bangsa. 1 Orang tua sangat berperan dalam memberikan pemahaman yang benar tentang seksualitas. Permasalahannya, orang tua dalam hal ini masih sungkan membicarakan hal yang berkaitan dengan seks kepada anak, dan menganggap hal itu tabu, dan belum perlu diberikan kepada anak-anak sejak dini. 2 Peran orang tua, terutama ibu sangat penting untuk mengenalkan pendidikan seksualitas sejak dini untuk anaknya. 3 Pendidikan seksualitas yang diberikan pada anak usia dini mampu memberikan pengetahuan anak seputar seks dan akan membentengi anak dari perilaku kekerasan seksual maupun penyimpangan seksual.",
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"text": "Pendidikan seksualitas bukan hanya mempelajari tentang aspek biologi atau sosial tetapi menyangkut masalah psikologis, budaya, moral, etika dan hukum. Tujuan lain dari pendidikan seksualitas tidak hanya mencegah dampak negatif dari perilaku seks di usia dini, tetapi lebih menekankan pada kebutuhan akan informasi yang benar dan luas tentang perilaku seks serta berusaha memahami seksualitas manusia sebagai bagian penting dari kepribadian yang menyeluruh . 4 Menurut Sieswerda dan Blekkenhorst (2006), pendidikan seksualitas dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu proses untuk membangun fondasi kesehatan seksual seseorang. Hal ini dapat meliputi pembangunan sikap, keyakinan, nilai-nilai, kemampuan tentang hal terkait seksualitas, dan yang tidak kalah pentingnya adalah meliputi kesadaran untuk menghindari konsekuensi negatif dari perilaku seksual. 5 Gambaran mengenai banyaknya seks bebas maupun seks dibawah umur diduga antara lain karena mereka kurang memahami perilaku seks yang sehat. Hal ini berkaitan dengan kurang terbukanya informasi mengenai seks yang benar dalam masyarakat, bahkan muncul kecenderungan membiarkan seks dianggap tidak bermoral dan tabu jika dibicarakan secara terbuka. 6 Anak memiliki sifat polos yang mendukung belum terbentuknya pemahaman serta pengetahuan anak mengenai seksualitas secara sempurna. Pada",
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"text": "hakikatnya anak memiliki rasa ingin tahu yang besar terhadap suatu hal yang membuat anak menjadi suka sekali bertanya dan bersikap kritis. Begitu pula dengan rasa ingin tahu pada anggota tubuhnya dan perbedaan jenis kelamin. Pemahaman serta pengetahuan yang belum terbentuk secara sempurna dapat terjadi karena belum atau tidak adanya pemberian pendidikan seks pada anak sejak dini. Masyarakat masih menganggap pendidikan seks adalah hal yang tabu sehingga hal ini membuat kesadaran masyarakat terhadap hak anak, pendidikan karakter dirumah, pengetahuan tentang pendidikan seks masih rendah. Hal ini merupakan faktor penyebab dari tindakan kekerasan seksual pada anak. 7",
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"text": "Di Indonesia banyak anak-anak tidak mendapatkan pendidikan seksualitas yang benar dan cukup. Anak-anak justru mendapat informasi tentang seks dari teman sebaya, internet, dan majalah. Padahal sumber informasi tersebut belum tentu benar dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan. 8 Pendidikan seksualitas bukan hanya mengantisipasi anak menjadi korban kejahatan seksual tetapi juga mencegah anak menjadi pelaku dari kejahatan disebabkan adanya kelainan seksual. 9",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data dari Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2018, Kota Semarang merupakan wilayah dengan angka kekerasan tertinggi terhadap perempuan dan anak di Jawa Tengah. KPAI mencatat terdapat 120 kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap anak-anak.",
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"text": "Pendidikan seksualitas diharapkan mampu mengendalikan sikap dan kemampuan remaja dalam mengambil keputusan yang bertanggung jawab terkait kehidupan seksualnya. Upaya dalam memberikan pendidikan tersebut dapat diberikan oleh keluarga sebagai lingkungan terdekat dan pendidik pertama dalam perkembangan anak terkait seksualitas. Pemberian pendidikan seksualitas yang dilakukan oleh orang tua juga lebih diutamakan, karena orang tua yang paling dominan hidup berdampingan dengan anak. 10 Kedua orang tua memegang peranan penting dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas, akan tetapi ibu yang memiliki peran yang lebih besar dari pada ayah. Hal ini dikarenakan ibu lebih bertanggung jawab dalam memberikan pendidikan kepada anak. 11 Peran ibu berpengaruh besar dalam keluarga, karena ibu merupakan awal sosialisasi bagi anak sejak di lahirkan, dimana ibu menempati posisi kunci di dalam mendidik dan mengasuh anak. Ibu bisa menjadi",
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"text": "Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 22(1), 2023",
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"text": "22",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 221,
"height": 492,
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"text": "tempat untuk bersandar bagi anak-anaknya bahkan bisa menjadi pusat Pendidikan dan panutan bagi anak, sehingga anak menjadi merasa nyaman dengan ibu. Perkembangan zaman yang semakin modern dengan bertambah kompleknya kehidupan, bertambah pula insentitas peran yang dijalani oleh kaum wanita. Sekarang ini wanita tidak hanya berperan sebagai ibu yang hanya menjadi ibu rumah tangga saja tetapi juga mempunyai peran lain di luar rumah yaitu sebagai wanita karir atau ibu yang bekerja. 12 Ibu bekerja identik dengan asumsi bahwa keluarga mengalami kekurangan, namun tidak sedikit juga ibu bekerja sebagai bentuk pengaplikasian atas ilmunya. 13 PT Phapros Tbk adalah perusahaan farmasi besar yang merupakan anak perusahaan PT Kimia Farma, dimana hampir seluruh karyawatinya adalah seorang ibu dengan tingkat pendidikan yang bervariasi yaitu dari SMP hingga perguruan tinggi. Phapros memiliki jam kerja office yaitu 5 hari kerja dari pukul 07.30 – 16.30, sedangkan jam kerja produksi yaitu 6 hari kerja dari pukul 06.30 – 14.30. Phapros meraih penghargaan dalam acara Anugerah CSR IDX Channel 2021 untuk kategori Health Care Sector for CSR Program dengan program yg diusung Improving the Competence of Cares for Integrated Services Post In Bongsari Village yang diselenggarakan oleh IDX Channel pada Selasa (30/11). Program-program CSR yang dilakukan diantaranya adalah pendampingan Posyandu Pelita Sehat dan Mekarsari Kelurahan Bongsari Kecamatan Semarang Barat. Posyandu merupakan program pemerintah yang digunakan sebagai tolak ukur pertama dalam proses tumbuh kembang anak sehingga membutuhkan dukungan sarana dan prasara yang memadai. Kedua posyandu tersebut menjadi konsen Phapros dalam program pemberdayaan masyarakat bidang kesehatan. Terdapat progam intervensi promosi kesehatan yang diselenggarakan untuk internal karyawan Phapros, beberapa diantaranya yaitu “Gerakan Pekerja Perempuan Sehat dan Produktif” terkait ibu hamil dan menyusui, program kesehatan gigi, dan setiap satu bulan sekali terdapat webinar kesehatan dengan judul yang berbeda-beda.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian-uraian tersebut peneliti ingin menggali secara mendalam mengenai tata cara ibu yang bekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini.",
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"text": "MATERI DAN METODE",
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"height": 124,
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain penelitian cross- sectional . Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan google form . Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah karyawati yang bekerja di PT Phapros Tbk sebanyak 487 orang. Sampel berjumlah 98 orang yaitu dengan kriteria ibu yang mempunyai anak usia 1-6 tahun, menggunakan teknik Purposive Sampling yaitu sampel yang dibuat oleh peneliti berdasarkan kriteria yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Health Belief Model dan analisis",
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"text": "data dilakukan dengan uji statistik univariat dan bivariat dengan uji chi square (α =5%). Peneliti mengajukan ethical clearence pada Komisi Etik Penelitian Kesehatan Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarat Universitas Diponegoro. Penelitian ini telah mendapatkan keterangan lolos kaji etik “ ethical approval” dengan nomor surat: 274/EA/KEPK- FKM/2021 pada 30 Agustus 2021.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Distribusi Frekuensi Karakteristik Responden",
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"text": "Karakteristik n % Usia Dewasa Awal (< 39 tahun) 73 74,50 Dewasa Madya (≥ 39 tahun) 25 25,50 Pekerjaan Utama 5 5,10 Keuangan 20 20,40 Produksi 40 40,80 Pemasaran 33 33,70 Pendidikan Pendidikan Rendah 4 4,10 Pendidikan Tinggi 94 95,90",
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"text": "Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa responden yang berusia dibawah 39 tahun yaitu sebanyak 74.5% dan usia lebih dari atau sama dengan 39 tahun sebanyak 25.5%. Berdasarkan pekerjaan responden diketahui bahwa bagian Utama sebanyak 5.1%, bagian Keuangan sebanyak 20.4%, bagian Produksi sebanyak 40.8%, serta bagian Pemasaran sebanyak 33.7%. Berdasarkan kategori tingkat pendidikan paling banyak yaitu Pendidikan Tinggi sebanyak 95.5% dengan indikator bahwa tingkat pendidikan yang mencapai lebih dari wajib belajar 9 tahun. Untuk tingkat Pendidikan Rendah sebanyak 4.1% merupakan tingkat Pendidikan dikategorikan berdasarkan wajib belajar 9 tahun.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Distribusi Frekuensi Peran Ibu",
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"text": "Peran Ibu Jumlah n % Tinggi 66 67,30 Rendah 32 32,70 Total 98 100,00",
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"text": "Tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas dari responden memiliki peran ibu tinggi mengenai pendidikan seksualitas yaitu sebesar 67.3% dibandingkan dengan peran ibu rendah sebesar 32.7%. Sebesar 75.5% responden meluangkan waktunya untuk memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak, hal ini didukung karena sebesar 76.5% responden memberikan informasi mengenai organ reproduksi, dan sebesar 94.9% responden membiasakan anak untuk tidak memperlihatkan alat kelaminnya pada orang lain sejak dini. Namun sebaliknya didapatkan sebesar 23.5% responden tidak memberikan informasi mengenai organ reproduksi kepada anak.",
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"text": "Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 22(1), 2023",
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"text": "23",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Distribusi Frekuensi Pengetahuan, Persepsi Kerentanan, Persepsi Keseriusan, Persepsi Manfaat, Persepsi Hambatan, Efikasi Diri, dan Isyarat untuk Bertindak",
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"text": "Variabel Jumlah n % Pengetahuan Baik 66 67,30 Kurang baik 32 32,70 Persepsi Kerentanan Baik 51 52,00 Kurang baik 47 48,00 Persepsi Keseriusan Baik 58 59,20 Kurang baik 40 40,80 Persepsi Manfaat Tinggi 49 50,00 Rendah 49 50,00 Persepsi Hambatan Tinggi 53 54,10 Rendah 45 45,90 Efikasi Diri Tinggi 75 76,50 Rendah 23 23,50 Isyarat untuk Bertindak Tinggi 57 58,20 Rendah 41 41,80 Total 98 100,00 Tabel 3 menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden memiliki pengetahuan baik mengenai pendidikan seksualitas yaitu sebesar 67.3% dibandingkan pengatahuan kurang baik sebesar 32.7%. Hasil kuesioner sebanyak 91.8% responden merasa bahwa pendidikan seksualitas adalah pemberian informasi mengenai perbedaan jenis kelamin. Hal ini didukung dengan sebanyak 91.8% responden merasa bahwa pendidikan seksualitas membuat anak mempunyai rasa malu, dan sebanyak 90.8% responden merasa pendidikan seksualitas membuat anak dapat mengenali sentuhan yang diperbolehkan. Namun didapatkan hasil sebesar 10.2% responden menjawab salah bahwa pendidikan seksualitas usia dini bertujuan untuk mencegah anak dari pelecehan seksual.",
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"text": "Persepsi kerentanan, menunjukkan sebesar 52% responden memiliki persepsi kerentanan baik terkait kondisi lingkungan anak sedangkan responden dengan persepsi kerentanan kurang baik sebesar 48%. Didapatkan hasil bahwa sebanyak 61.2% responden yakin bahwa anak memiliki sifat ingin coba-coba, hal ini karena sebanyak 55.1% responden yakin bahwa rasa ingin tahu anak tentang seksualitas mengalami peningkatan. Namun sebesar 26.5% responden tidak yakin bahwa anak memiliki resiko untuk terkena pelecehan seksual.",
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"text": "Persepsi keseriusan, menunjukkan mayoritas responden memiliki persepsi keseriusan baik mengenai pendidikan seksualitas pada anak yaitu sebesar 59.2% serta persepsi keseriusan kurang baik sebesar 40.8%.",
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"text": "Didapatkan hasil sebesar 86.7% responden merasa bahwa pelecehan seksual merupakan masalah yang serius. Serta sebanyak 91.8% merasa bahwa pendidikan anak akan terpengaruh jika anak terkena pelecehan seksual. Namun didapatkan hasil sebesar 23.5% responden tidak yakin bahwa jika responden tidak memberikan pendidikan seksualitas, anak dapat terkena pelecehan seksual.",
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"text": "Persepsi manfaat, menunjukkan mayoritas responden memiliki persepsi manfaat tinggi dan persepsi manfaat rendah mengenai pemberian pendidikan seksualitas yaitu sebesar 50%. Didapatkan hasil sebanyak 83.7% responden meyakini bahwa membicarakan seksualitas memiliki pengaruh besar untuk masa depan anak. Hal ini karena sebanyak 82.7% responden meyakini bahwa membicarakan seksualitas dapat mencegah anak dari pelecehan seksual. Namun sebesar 17.3% responden tidak meyakini bahwa membicarakan pendidikan seksualitas dapat mencegah anak dari pelecehan seksual.",
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"text": "Persepsi hambatan, menunjukkan mayoritas responden memiliki persepsi hambatan tinggi saat memberikan pendidikan seksualitas sebesar 54.1% serta responden memiliki persepsi hambatan rendah sebesar 45.9%. Didapatkan hasil sebesar 52% merasa kurang memperoleh informasi mengenai seksualitas usia dini. Selain itu, sebesar 37.8% responden memiliki anggapan bahwa seksualitas merupakan hal yang tabu untuk dibicarakan pada anak. Namun sebesar 62.2% responden memiliki anggapan bahwa responden tidak merasa takut memberikan pendidikan seksualitas usia dini pada anak.",
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"text": "Efikasi diri, menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden memiliki efikasi diri tinggi untuk memberikan pendidikan seksualitas yaitu sebesar 76.5%. dapat diketahui bahwa sebanyak 90.8% responden setuju bahwa mereka mampu berdiskusi secara terbuka tentang seksualitas pada anak. Serta 90.8% responden menjadi orang yang berkeinginan pertama kali untuk memberikan pendidikan seksualitas. Namun sebesar 12.2% responden tidak berusaha mencari jawaban apabila tidak mampu menjawab pertanyaan anak terkait seksualitas.",
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"text": "Isyarat untuk bertindak, menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 58.2% responden memiliki isyarat untuk bertindak yang tinggi serta responden dengan isyarat untuk bertindak rendah yaitu sebesar 41.8%. diperoleh sebesar 89.9% responden bahwa suami memberikan dorongan kepada ibu untuk memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak. Selain itu sebanyak 73.5% suami responden tidak menganggap seksualitas adalah hal yang tabu untuk dibicarakan pada anak.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis bivariat untuk menjelaskan mengenai hubungan teori Health Belief Model dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini. Pengujian hubungan dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis chi square . Berikut hasil uji hubungan pada penelitian ini.",
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"text": "Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 22(1), 2023",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Hasil Analisi Bivariat Hubungan antara Variabel Bebas dan Variabel Terikat",
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"text": "No Variabel Bebas Peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini p-value Tinggi Rendah n % n % 1 Persepsi Kerentanan Baik 39 76,50 12 23,50 0.045 Kurang Baik 27 57,40 20 42,60 2 Persepsi Keseriusan Baik 44 75,90 14 24,10 0.030 Kurang Baik 22 55,00 18 45,00 3 Persepsi Manfaat Tinggi 38 77,60 11 22,40 0.031 Rendah 28 57,10 21 42,90 4 Persepsi Hambatan Tinggi 27 50,90 26 49,10 0.000 Rendah 39 86,70 6 13,30 5 Efikasi Diri Tinggi 57 76,00 18 24,00 0.001 Rendah 9 39,10 14 60,90 Persepsi Kerentanan Persepsi kerentanan",
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"text": "merupakan kepercayaan seseorang dengan menganggap suatu hal buruk yang terjadi adalah hasil melakukan perilaku tertentu. Berdasarkan hasil analisis bivariat dapat diketahui responden yang perannya tinggi dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang memiliki persepsi kerentanan baik (76.5%) dibandingkan dengan responden dengan persepsi kerentanan kurang baik (57.4%). Sementara responden dengan persepsi kerentanan yang kurang baik (42.6%) lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang perannya rendah dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini dibandingkan dengan responden dengan persepsi kerentanan baik (23.5%).",
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"text": "Hasil uji chi square menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara persepsi kerentanan dengan peran ibu dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini ( p-value = 0,045). Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian Fatmawati, dkk (2018) yang menyatakan bahwa ibu memilih melakukan pendidikan seks, dikarenakan telah menerima informasi terkait pentingnya pendidikan seks dan dampak akibat tidak melakukan pendidikan seks sejak dini. Oleh karena itu, ibu memiliki persepsi terkait kerentanan yang bersumber dari dampak negatif teknologi, lingkungan sekitar dan juga berasal dari dalam diri anak. Salah satunya didapatkan hasil dari penelitian dimana sebanyak 61.2% responden yakin bahwa anak memiliki sifat ingin coba-coba, hal ini karena sebanyak 55.1% responden yakin bahwa rasa ingin tahu anak tentang seksualitas mengalami peningkatan dan sebanyak 58.2% responden yakin anak akan semakin mudah mengakses informasi tentang seksualitas.",
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"text": "Hal ini sesuai dengan teori health belief model yang menjelaskan bahwa jika persepsi kerentanan atau persepsi terhadap risiko suatu penyakit dari seorang individu baik maka akan mengakibatkan adanya kemunculan perilaku",
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"text": "pencegahan terhadap risiko penyakit tersebut juga akan besar.",
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"text": "Persepsi Keseriusan",
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"text": "Persepsi keseriusan dapat diartikan sebagai kepercayaan individu terhadap keseriusan suatu kondisi tertentu. Hasil dari analisis bivariat diketahui bahwa responden yang perannya tinggi dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang memiliki persepsi keseriusan yang baik (75.9%) dibandingkan dengan responden dengan persepsi keseriusan yang kurang baik (55%). Sementara responden dengan persepsi keseriusan yang kurang baik (45%) lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang perannya rendah dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini dibandingkan dengan responden dengan persepsi keseriusan baik (24.1%).",
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"text": "Hasil uji chi square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara persepsi keseriusan dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini ( p-value = 0,030). Penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian Sjarif e al., (2016) yang menyatakan bahwa persepsi ibu terhadap tingkat keseriusan masalah tersebut akan sangat menentukan keputusan ibu dalam melakukan sebuah perilaku Kesehatan atau pengobatan.",
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"text": "Hal ini sejalan dengan teori health belief model yang menyatakan bahwa seorang individu yang memiliki persepsi positif mengenai keseriusan suatu penyakit maka akan berpengaruh terhadap perilakunya, terutama dalam upaya menghindari risiko yang akan terjadi. Dengan begitu, adanya hubungan antara persepsi keseriusan dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini ini salah satunya karena ibu merasa memiliki risiko dan menganggap risiko yang ditimbulkan apabila tidak dilakukannya Pendidikan seksualitas merupakan hal yang serius.",
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"text": "Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 22(1), 2023",
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"text": "Persepsi Manfaat",
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"text": "Persepsi manfaat adalah pandangan seorang individu terhadap manfaat atau kebaikan yang diperoleh dari perilaku kesehatan. 14 Hasil dari analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa responden yang perannya tinggi dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang memiliki persepsi manfaat tinggi (77.6%) dibandingkan pada responden dengan persepsi manfaat rendah (57.1%). Sementara responden dengan persepsi manfaat yang rendah (42.9%) lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang perannya rendah dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini dibandingkan dengan responden dengan persepsi manfaat tinggi (22.4%).",
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"text": "Hasil uji chi square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara persepsi manfaat dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini ( p-value = 0,031). Hal ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Fatmawati (2018), yang menyatakan bahwa Ibu juga merasa ada manfaat bagi hubungan antara anak dengan Ibu dengan adanya Pendidikan seksualitas.",
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"text": "Hal ini sejalan dengan teori health belief models yang menyatakan bahwa efektifitas tinggi kepercayaan terhadap strategi yang dirancang untuk mengurangi ancaman suatu penyakit semakin tinggi maka dengan sendirinya akan melakukan tindakan pencegahan tersebut dalam hal ini memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini yang dirasa responden yaitu sebanyak 93.9% dapat memperkecil kemungkinan penyimpangan seksual pada anak.",
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"text": "Persepsi hambatan yang dirasakan adalah hal yang memiliki korelasi dengan proses evaluasi individu atas hambatan yang dihadapi untuk mengadopsi suatu perilaku yang baru. Hasil analisis bivariat diketahui bahwa responden yang perannya tinggi dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang memiliki persepsi hambatan rendah (86.7%) dibandingkan dengan responden dengan persepsi hambatan tinggi (50.9%). Sementara responden dengan persepsi hambatan yang tinggi (49.1%) lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang perannya rendah dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini dibandingkan dengan responden dengan persepsi hambatan rendah (13.3%).",
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"text": "Hasil uji chi square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara persepsi hambatan dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini ( p-value = 0,000). Penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh Fatmawati (2018), menyatakan bahwa bersamaan dengan manfaat, ibu juga merasa",
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"text": "ada hambatan, yaitu kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi dengan anak.",
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"text": "Hasil dari penelitian ini sejalan dengan pernyataan dari teori health belief model yang menyatakan bahwa seorang individu dalam mengangkat atau mengadopsi perilaku memerlukan kepercayaan akan adanya rintangan atau hambatan yang menghalangi adopsi perilaku. Teori ini menyatakan bahwa persepsi hambatan dapat dijadikans sebagai prediksi yang baik dalam melakukan tindakan kesehatan.",
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"text": "Efikasi diri yakni keyakinan bahwa seseorang bisa menguasai situasi dan mendapatkan hasil positif. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa responden yang perannya tinggi dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang memiliki efikasi diri tinggi (76%) dibandingkan dengan responden dengan efikasi diri rendah (39.1%%). Sementara responden dengan efikasi diri yang rendah (60.9%) lebih banyak didapatkan pada responden yang perannya rendah dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini dibandingkan dengan responden dengan efikasi diri tinggi (24%).",
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"width": 211,
"height": 101,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil uji chi square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara efikasi diri dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini ( p-value = 0,001). Penelitian ini sejalan dalam penelitian Fadhillah, dkk (2018), menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara efikasi diri dengan peran ibu dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada remaja di lingkungan Resosialisasi Argorejo Kota Semarang (p-value = 0,001). 15",
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"width": 211,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Efikasi menjadi salah satu faktor yang cukup kuat dalam perubahan perilaku seseorang. Dalam teori health belief model , efikasi diri ditambahkan dalam konsep dasar karena dinilai penting dalam inisiasi dan pemeliharaan perilaku. Artinya, seseorang harus merasa diri mereka berkompeten untuk mengatasi hambatan yang dirasakan saat mengambil tindakan tersebut . 14",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 315,
"top": 581,
"width": 211,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Dalam menilai efikasi diri, mayoritas responden menilai dirinya mampu untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas komunikasi dengan anak dalam menyampaikan endidikan seksualitas. Kemampuan tersebut meliputi kemampuan meluangkan waktu untuk berdiskusi mengenai seksualitas dengan anak, menjalin keterbukaan dengan anak, selalu menjawab pertanyaan anak terkait seksualitas dan tetap berupaya menjawab pertanyaan anak jika tidak mampu menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Hal yang sama juga diungkapkan dalam penelitian Nida yang menyatakan bahwa komunikasi antara anggota keluarga menjadi hal penting yang dalam menjaga kedekatan dan kebersamaan untuk menghindari anggota keluarga dari pengaruh negatif lokalisasi . 16",
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"width": 205,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 22(1), 2023",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"top": 787,
"width": 10,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "26",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 86,
"width": 56,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "SIMPULAN",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 97,
"width": 214,
"height": 147,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mayoritas responden merupakan usia dewasa awal (< 39 tahun) sebesar 74.5%, dimana pekerjaan responden terbagi menjadi beberapa bagian yaitu bekerja dibagian produksi (40.8%), pemasaran (33.7%), keuangan (20.4%), dan utama (5.1%). Serta responden tersebut lebih banyak terdapat pada kategori pendidikan tinggi (> 9 tahun wajib belajar) sebanyak 95.9%. Peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini berada pada kategori tinggi (67.3%). Dari 98 responden hanya 23 responden yang tidak memberikan informasi mengenai organ reproduksi kepada anak (23.5%).",
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"text": "Pengetahuan responden menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 10.2% responden menjawab salah bahwa pendidikan seksualitas usia dini bertujuan untuk mencegah anak dari pelecehan seksual. Kerentanan yang dirasakan sebagian responden di antaranya adalah yakin bahwa anak memiliki resiko untuk terkena pelecehan seksual (73.5%) dan yakin pendidikan seksualitas merangsang anak untuk melihat pornografi (51%). Keseriusan yang dirasakan sebagian responden adalah responden merasa anak dapat terkena pelecehan seksual apabila tidak diberikan pendidikan seksualitas (76.5%) dan merasa pendidikan anak akan terpengaruh jika anak terkena pelecehan seksual (91.8%). Manfaat yang masih kurang dirasakan sebagian responden adalah tidak meyakini bahwa membicarakan pendidikan seksualitas dapat mencegah anak dari pelecehan seksual (17.3%). Hambatan yang dirasakan sebagian responden di antaranya adalah responden merasa kurang memperoleh informasi mengenai seksualitas usia dini (52%) dan responden memiliki hambatan bahwa seksualitas merupakan hal yang tabu untuk dibicarakan pada anak (37.8%). Efikasi diri yang kurang dari sebagian responden adalah tidak meluangkan waktu untuk berdiskusi mengenai seksualitas dengan anak (10.2%) dan responden tidak berusaha mencari jawaban apabila tidak mampu menjawab pertanyaan anak terkait seksualitas (12.2%). Isyarat untuk bertindak yang masih kurang dari Sebagian responden adalah anggota keluarga lain tidak memberikan dorongan pada responden untuk memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak (21.4%). Adapun faktor – faktor yang berhubungan dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini adalah persepsi kerentanan, persepsi keseriusan, persepsi manfaat, persepsi hambatan dan efikasi diri. Selain itu faktor- faktor yang tidak berhubungan dengan peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan Pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini adalah usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pengetahuan, dan isyarat untuk bertindak.",
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"text": "SARAN",
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"top": 97,
"width": 214,
"height": 228,
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"text": "1. Bagi Ibu pekerja, diharapkan meningkatkan pengetahuan mengenai pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini terkait batasan materi – materi yang perlu diberikan pemahaman mengenai pendidikan seksualitas pada anak yang dapat dilakukan dengan mengakses informasi, misalnya bertanya kepada yang menguasai materi pendidikan seksualitas maupun sumber informasi lain seperti media massa dan media sosial, mempelajari cara-cara penyampaian pendidikan seksualitas usia dini sehingga nantinya pemilihan bahasa dan anggapan tabu tidak menjadi kendala bagi ibu. Mencari informasi mengenai fenomena pelecehan seksual yang marak terjadi di Indonesia. Hal ini diperlukan agar ibu dan keluarga yang lain perlahan mengubah pandangan tabu mengenai seksualitas dan menjadikannya sebagai topik yang penting disampaikan kepada anak sebagai modal perlindungan dari pelecehan seksual.",
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"left": 312,
"top": 328,
"width": 214,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Bagi Perusahaan, diharapkan dapat memfasilitasi karyawati dengan memberikan intervensi berupa peningkatan pemahaman mengenai aspek pendidikan seksualitas anak seperti perkembangan fisik, psikologis, dan aspek sosial dalam seksualitas yang dapat dikemas dalam bentuk pelatihan, workshop , maupun seminar.",
"type": "List item"
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"top": 408,
"width": 200,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Adapun pihak yang disarankan untuk memberikan intervensi di antaranya psikolog, konselor, serta pihak yang tergabung dalam lembaga yang bergerak di bidang pendidikan seksual.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 466,
"width": 214,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat melakukan penelitian mengenai peran ibu pekerja dalam memberikan pendidikan seksualitas pada anak usia dini, dengan menggunakan teori lain dan menambahkan variabel yang belum ada.",
"type": "List item"
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "1. N. K. E, Dwipayanti NMU, Wulandari LPL.",
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{
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"top": 586,
"width": 78,
"height": 9,
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"text": "PEMBENTUKAN",
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"text": "ANTI",
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"top": 621,
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"text": "KOMUNITAS KADER DI DESA SANUR KAJA DENPASAR. Denpasar; 2011.",
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"text": "2. Ambarwati R. PERAN IBU DALAM",
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{
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"top": 673,
"width": 214,
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"page_number": 7,
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"text": "PENERAPAN PENDIDIKAN SEKSUALITAS",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 690,
"width": 214,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "PADA ANAK USIA PRA SEKOLAH (Di TK SBI Kroyo ,Karangmalang, Sragen). Pros Semin Nas.",
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"top": 724,
"width": 51,
"height": 9,
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"text": "2013;(2013:",
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"top": 724,
"width": 214,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "PROSIDING KONFERENSI NASIONAL PPNI JAWA TENGAH):197–201. 3. Listiyana A. PERANAN IBU DALAM",
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"top": 36,
"width": 205,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 22(1), 2023",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 513,
"top": 787,
"width": 10,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "27",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 75,
"width": 214,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "MENGENALKAN PENDIDIKAN SEKS PADA",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 92,
"width": 111,
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"text": "4. Qibtiyah A. Paradigma Pendidikan",
"type": "List item"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"text": "EFEKTIVITAS PENDIDIKAN SEKSUAL DINI",
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{
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"top": 247,
"width": 214,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "PERILAKU SEKSUAL SEHAT. 2015.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "7. Erlinda. Stop Child Abuse: Upaya",
"type": "List item"
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{
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{
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"text": "8. Solikhah RN. Persepsi orang tua terhadap",
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{
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"text": "pendidikan seks pada anak usia dini di Desa Tawang Kecamatan Weru Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Surakarta;",
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{
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{
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{
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"text": "HUBUNGAN POLA MAKAN DENGAN STATUS",
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},
{
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{
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{
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"text": "11. Permatasari P. Strategi Preventif Perilaku",
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{
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"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "12. Apreviadizy P, Puspitacandri A. Perbedaan",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"page_height": 841,
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{
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"page_height": 841,
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"type": "Text"
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"type": "Table"
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"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "KOTA SEMARANG. 2018;6:2356–3346.",
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"text": "Volume 5, Nomor 3, (2024) hlm. 478-488 pISSN 2721-5156 | eISSN 2721-5148 Terakreditasi Peringkat 4 - SK No. 225/E/KPT/2022 https://riset.unisma.ac.id/index.php/jp2m/article/view/22029 DOI: 10.33474/jp2m.v5i3.22029",
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"text": "Pemanfaatan e-katalog berbasis digital marketing pada budidaya tambak",
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"text": "Ika Putri Maharani, Lailatul Mufarrokha*, Rah Tri Suryaningsih, Yolanda Mufida Hanum, Yudy Prasetyo, Eni Nurhayati",
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"text": "Universitas PGRI Delta, Sidoarjo, Indonesia *email Koresponden Penulis: [email protected]",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
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"text": "Diajukan: 2024-05-16",
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"text": "Diterima: 2024-06-26 Diterbitkan: 2024-06-28",
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"text": "Peningkatan signifikan dalam penjualan produk dapat dikaitkan dengan strategi pemasaran berbasis digital marketing. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sosialisasi bagi masyarakat yang tidak mengikuti perkembangan teknologi di bidang digital marketing. Kegiatan sosialisasi ditujukan kepada tiga pemilik budidaya tambak di Desa Permisan, Kecamatan Jabon, Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Tujuan sosialisasi dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan pemilik budidaya tambak dalam bidang digital marketing melalui E-katalog melalui website Ecwid berkaitan dengan produk hasil budidaya tambak. Hasil budidaya tambak diantaranya adalah ikan mujair, ikan bandeng dan udang windu yang menjadi komoditas utama budidaya tambak di Desa Permisan. Metode yang digunakan pada kegiatan artikel ini adalah asset based comunity development (ABCD) yaitu pendekatan, perencanaan program, dan implementasi program. Hasil pengabdian masyarakat ini dapat membantu pemilik budidaya tambak dalam meningkatkan dan memperluas jangkauan pemasaran ke berbagai daerah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan E- katalog melalui website Ecwid merupakan strategi digital marketing yang efektif dan efisien. Hasil sosialisasi menunjukkan peningkatan penjualan produk budidaya tambak yaitu Abdul Qodir (33%), Samsul Arif (25%), dan Mislan",
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"text": "(34%).",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : e-katalog; budidaya tambak; website ecwid Cara mensitasi artikel: Maharani, I. P., Mufarrokha, L., Suryaningsih, R. T., Hanum, Y. M., Prasetyo, Y., Nurhayati, E. (2024). Pemanfaatan e-katalog berbasis digital marketing pada budidaya tambak. Jurnal Pembelajaran Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (JP2M), 5(3), 478–488. https://doi.org/10.33474/jp2m.v5i3.22029",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Budidaya tambak menjadi sektor utama dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sidoarjo. Tambak merupakan kolam yang dibangun di daerah pasang surut dan digunakan untuk memelihara bandeng, udang laut dan hewan air lainnya yang biasa hidup di air payau (Malik et al., 2018). Sedangkan budidaya tambak merupakan upaya pengembangan produksi komoditas ikan air payau. Selain itu, salah satu wilayah Sidoarjo yang terkenal dengan budidaya tambaknya yaitu desa Permisan kecamatan Jabon. Hal ini dikarenakan wilayah Sidoarjo merupakan wilayah yang berbatasan dengan laut Jawa. Letak geografis ini menjadikan wilayah Sidoarjo sangat strategis untuk kegiatan perikanan dan perdagangan laut. Terlebih",
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"text": "Pemanfaatan e-katalog berbasis digital marketing …",
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"text": "Jurnal Pembelajaran Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (JP2M) ~ 479 Is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributions-Share Artike 4.0 International LIcense",
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"text": "lagi kabupaten Sidoarjo menjadi penghasil perikanan terbesar keempat di Jawa Timur, salah satu potensi yang terkenal adalah potensi budidaya tambak (Ristuningarum, 2019).",
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"text": "Budidaya tambak di Desa Permisan saat ini memiliki potensi sumber daya alam yang melimpah dengan berbagai jenis ikan, seperti ikan mujair, bandeng dan udang telah dibudidayakan oleh masyarakat desa Permisan. Selain itu, budidaya ikan tambak juga memberikan sumber mata pencaharian bagi masyarakat sekitar. Terlebih lagi sektor ini mengalami perkembangan yang cukup pesat baik dari segi produktivitas hasil budidaya maupun segi pemasaran. Oleh karena itu, pertumbuhan ilmu teknologi sangat membantu pemasaran bagi pemilik tambak untuk pemasaran hasil produksi budidaya tambak. Contohnya dapat dilihat pada banyaknya aplikasi E-commerce yang bisa digunakan oleh semua kalangan masyarakat. E-commerce telah dikembangkan untuk membuat bisnis tradisional lebih efisien, mudah dan lebih cepat (Pelipa Marganingsih, 2020). Hal tersebut dapat menguntungkan bagi pemilik tambak dalam menjangkau konsumen dari berbagai daerah sehingga dapat memperluas jaringan pemasaran. Namun, pada kenyataannya pemilik tambak masih buta terhadap ilmu teknologi. Hal tersebut dikarenakan kurangnya pengetahuan ilmu pemasaran yang berbasis digital pada era teknologi ini. Terlebih lagi, permasalahan utama UMKM saat ini adalah kemampuan teknologi, kualitas sumber daya manusia, akses pemasaran, akses permodalan dan kualitas produk (Asri, 2018). Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut yang menyebabkan pemilik tambak kesulitan dalam meningkatkan pemasaran produk untuk menarik konsumen. Dalam hal ini pemilik tambak harus dapat mengembangkan kemampuannya di bidang digital marketing. Hal ini dikarenakan digital marketing yang interaktif dan terintegrasi memudahkan produsen, perantara pasar,dan calon konsumen untuk saling berinteraksi (Aditya Rusdianto, 2023)",
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"text": "E-Katalog adalah layanan website online pembuatan katalog produk yang berisi informasi produk atau jasa, spesifikasi harga, jenis produk dari penjual. Selain itu, menurut (Diani Lubis, 2022), katalog elektronik adalah suatu sistem berupa daftar, jenis, spesifikasi teknis, harga barang, yang dituangkan dalam suatu daftar dan mudah diakses secara digital. E-katalog memiliki empat jenis, yaitu E- Katalog Nasional, E-Katalog Sektoral, E-Katalog Daerah, E-Katalog Swasta. E- katalog memiliki banyak manfaat bagi UMKM atau biasa disebut dengan Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah, diantaranya: Meningkatkan visibilitas dan jangkauan pasar, yakni pada katalog online dan offline dapat menjangkau calon pelanggan yang lebih luas, atau pelanggan yang tidak familiar pada produk yang digunakan dan meningkatkan citra profesional UMKM untuk membangun kepercayaan pelanggan. Contoh website E-katalog yang dapat digunakan oleh pemula adalah website Ecwid. Ecwid dikenal karena integrasinya yang mudah dengan situs web yang sudah ada, sehingga cocok untuk bisnis yang ingin menambahkan ecommerce secara fungsional ke kehadiran online mereka saat ini (Esteban, 2023). Ecwid memiliki berbagai fitur yang menunjang membuat toko online yang menarik termasuk fitur E-katalog.",
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"text": "E-katalog yang informatif dapat membandingkan produk maupun harga pada pemasaran Sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai promosi penawaran khusus dan diskon untuk menarik pelanggan baru yang dapat membeli produk UMKM dan meningkatkan kemungkinan penjualan UMKM. Berdasarkan pendapat dari (Alfandi et al., 2023), membahas tentang manfaat utama yang diberikan oleh penggunaan e-katalog dalam bisnis sangat beragam. Pertama-tama, e-katalog berfungsi sebagai alat promosi yang kuat, memungkinkan perusahaan untuk memamerkan produk dan jasanya kepada publik. Selain itu, e-katalog dapat bermanfaat untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Operasional yakni untuk mempermudah pada proses pemesanan dan pengantaran produk secara online, sehingga meningkatkan efisiensi dan menghemat waktu dan sumber daya UMKM. Seperti kegiatan pengabdian yang dilakukan oleh (Nasyaa Nurhayati, 2022). E- katalog berfungsi untuk meningkatkan performa pengadaan barang khususnya untuk perolehan tenaga kerja dan produk sehingga pembeli akan merasa lebih mudah untuk menentukan biaya, persyaratan angsuran, atau pengaturan yang berbeda melalui katalog elektronik tersebut. Selain itu, e-katalog lebih efektif karena dapat menghemat waktu karena membantu mempercepat akuisisi dengan penanganan sehingga efisiensi juga bisa meningkat.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan manfaat E-katalog tersebut mahasiswa menggunakan media E- katalog dalam membantu pemilik tambak meningkatkan pemasaran produk budidaya tambak berbasis digital di Desa Permisan, Kecamatan Jabon, Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Hal ini berdasarkan survei yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa bahwa kemampuan pemasaran produk yang berbasis digital pada desa tersebut masih tergolong lemah. Pemilik tambak di Desa Permisan masih menggunakan metode pemasaran tradisional yang dijual secara langsung melalui metode Work of Mouth Marketing. Metode tersebut merupakan suatu proses pemasaran yang dilakukan dari mulut ke mulut (Sulastri et al., 2023). Kurangnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan digital pada pemilik tambak di Desa Permisan dikarenakan berada pada fase lanjut usia. Maka tujuan kegiatan pengabdian ini ingin membantu para pemilik tambak dalam mengembangkan pemasaran produk hasil budidaya tambak yang berbasis digital marketing dengan menggunakan media E-katalog melalui website Ecwid. Website ini merupakan salah satu website E-commerce yang memiliki fitur membuat E-katalog. Pengguna website Ecwid dapat memanfaatkan fitur tersebut untuk membuat E-katalog dengan mudah. Selain itu E-katalog yang dihasilkan dari website Ecwid ini dapat langsung dipromosikan melalui toko online dalam website Ecwid atau dipromosikan melalui platform E- commerce lainnya.",
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"text": "Dalam artikel pengabdian masyarakat ini mahasiswa Universitas PGRI Delta Sidoarjo melakukan sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog dalam mengembangkan metode pemasaran kepada para pemilik budidaya tambak. Lokasi sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog berada di Desa Permisan, kecamatan Jabon, Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Sedangkan target pengabdian masyarakat dalam sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog adalah tiga pemilik budidaya tambak yaitu bapak Abdul Qodir, bapak",
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"text": "Pemanfaatan e-katalog berbasis digital marketing …",
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"text": "Jurnal Pembelajaran Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (JP2M) ~ 481 Is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributions-Share Artike 4.0 International LIcense",
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"text": "Samsul Arif, dan bapak Mislan. Ketiga pemilik tambak tersebut merupakan masyarakat asli desa Permisan yang membudidayakan berbagai jenis ikan air payau sebagai mata pencaharian utama masyarakat desa Permisan.",
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"text": "Metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian masyarakat ini menggunakan pendekatan Aset Based Community Development (ABCD) memanfaatkan potensi lokal yang tersedia bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara mandiri yang berfokus pada masalah dan kebutuhan masyarakat. (Alfandi et al., 2023). Dengan melakukan berbagai kegiatan sebagai berikut: Pertama, pendekatan, dalam hal ini Mengadakan pertemuan dan berkomunikasi langsung dengan pemilik budidaya tambak terkait masalah-masalah yang dihadapi dalam menjual hasil produk budidaya tambak dan keterampilan dalam menggunakan teknologi yang ada. Dalam pendekatan ini tim menyampaikan maksud dan tujuan pengabdian Masyarakat dilakukan.",
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"text": "Langkah selanjutnya, Perencanaan Program Bersama dengan pemilik budidaya tambak, merancang program e-katalog berbasis digital marketing yang akan memanfaatkan teknologi untuk mengembangkan rencana yang mencakup pembuatan serta strategi pemasaran berbasis digital marketing melalui website E- cwid untuk memasarkan produk hasil budidaya tambak. Selanjutnya, mengimplementasikan program sosialisasi kepada pemilik budidaya tambak untuk pemanfaatan E- katalog berbasis digital marketing dengan mengunggah informasi produk tambak dan memulai kampanye promosi melalui melalui website E-cwid.",
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"text": "Dengan mengikuti langkah-langkah ini, program pemanfaatan e-katalog berbasis digital marketing dapat membantu pemilik budidaya tambak untuk meningkatkan visibilitas dan penjualan produk mereka secara efektif melalui platform digital website E-cwid.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan metode di atas, mahasiswa memiliki beberapa program yang dilakukan dalam kegiatan sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog melalui website Ecwid. Kegiatan sosialisasi dilakukan di Desa Permisan dengan mayoritas mata pencaharian penduduknya adalah budidaya tambak ikan di air payau. Pada tanggal 17 Mei 2024, mahasiswa melakukan kunjungan dalam rangka melakukan perijinan kegiatan sosialisasi pada lokasi budidaya tambak bapak Abdul Qodir, Samsul Arif, dan Mislan. Kegiatan sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog berbasis digital pada budidaya tambak memiliki tiga program yaitu pengenalan E-katalog, sosialisai pemanfaatan E-katalog pada budidaya tambak, dan pendampingan pembuatan E-katalog melalui website Ecwid. Kegiatan Sosialisasi pemanfaatan E- katalog pada budidaya tambak dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap sesuai dengan program pada tabel tersebut. Tahapan kegiatan sosialisasi tersebut dapat dijelaskan secara deskriptif di bawah ini:",
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"text": "Langkah pertama adalah melakukan sosialisasi pengenalan E-katalog dengan menggunakan website Ecwid. Sosialisasi pengenalan e-katalog dengan menggunakan website kepada ketiga pemilik tambak merupakan langkah penting untuk memperkenalkan dan mengedukasi mereka tentang manfaat dalam",
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"text": "penggunaan e-katalog untuk sebuah organisasi atau lingkungan bisnis yang sudah maju pada era ini, serta memperkenalkan kepada ketiga pemilik tambak cara menggunakan platform ini. Sosialisasi ini dilakukan karena mayoritas pemilik tambak tidak mengetahui tentang E-katalog yang berbasis digital marketing.",
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"text": "Pada tahapan pengenalan E-katalog, mahasiswa memberikan gambaran singkat mengenai E-katalog kepada ketiga pemilik tambak. Tahapan pengenalan E-katalog Ini bertujuan agar ketiga pemilik tambak dapat mempertimbangkan menggunakan metode E-katalog ini terhadap pemasaran hasil budidaya tambak. Pada kegiatan ini mahasiswa menjelaskan pengenalan E-katalog melalui Power Point dengan penjelasan yang sangat sederhana agar ketiga pemilik budidaya tambak bisa menerima informasi dengan baik. Selain itu, mahasiswa mengenalkan website Ecwid yaitu media pembuatan E-katalog yang memuat informasi lengkap tentang produk atau layanan yang tersedia, termasuk harga, spesifikasi, dan detail lainnya untuk hasil budidaya tambak.",
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"text": "Pada tahapan selanjutnya adalah sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog dalam pemasaran produk. Sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog dalam pemasaran produk merupakan strategi penting untuk memperkenalkan kepada para pemilik tambak tentang manfaat menggunakan e-katalog sebagai alat yang dapat meningkatkan visibilitas dan penjualan produk hasil budidaya tambak. Kegiatan ini juga mendiskusikan manfaat e-katalog melalui website ecwid yang memungkinkan konsumen mengakses informasi produk secara cepat dan efisien. Efisiensi ini dapat ditinjau dari peningkatan dalam mengelola dan memperbarui informasi secara real time sehingga distribusi produk hasil budidaya tambak akan menjadi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan penggunaan katalog fisik yang memerlukan biaya untuk pencetakan katalog.",
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"text": "Pada sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-Katalog, mahasiswa memberikan pemahaman kepada ketiga pemilik tambak sebagai upaya untuk menginformasikan manfaat E-katalog agar dapat diterima dan diterapkan dengan baik. Melalui kegiatan sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog ini, ketiga pemilik tambak dapat terdorong untuk terlibat dan berpartisipasi dalam memperluas pemasaran hasil budidaya tambak secara online. Pemilik budidaya tambak dapat memanfaatkan media E-katalog melalui website Ecwid ini untuk memasarkan hasil budidaya tambak secara lebih luas. Hal ini dikarenakan media E-katalog ini dilakukan secara online agar dapat menjangkau konsumen dari berbagai daerah. Selain itu manfaat E-katalog ini dapat meningkatkan harga jual hasil budidaya tambak karena dapat menghindari ketergantungan pada tengkulak dan memperoleh harga yang lebih kompetitif dan adil. Hal ini dikarenakan aktivitas penjualan hasil budidaya tambak langsung dengan pihak ketiga atau pembeli.Melalui sosialisasi yang efektif dan berkelanjutan, ketiga pemilik tambak dapat memanfaatkan potensi penuh e-katalog sebagai alat strategis dalam pemasaran produk hasil budidaya tambak, memperluas jangkauan pasar mereka, dan meningkatkan daya saing di era digital saat ini.",
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"text": "Tahapan selanjutnya pada kegiatan ini yaitu pendampingan pembuatan e- katalog melalui website Ecwid dengan pemilik budidaya tambak. Pendampingan dalam pembuatan e-katalog melalui website ecwid ini merupakan langkah penting",
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"text": "dalam memastikan e-katalog yang dihasilkan sudah sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan tujuan pemasaran bagi ketiga pemilik tambak di Desa Permisan. Pada kegiatan ini, mahasiswa akan membantu para pemilik tambak yaitu bapak Abdul Qodir, Samsul Arif, dan Mislan untuk membuat e-katalog melalui website ecwid. Ketiga pemilik tambak itu akan dipandu oleh mahasiswa langkah demi langkah sehingga dapat memudahkan mereka dalam mengenal pemasaran melalui e-katalog untuk memasarkan produk hasil budidaya tambak mereka. Para mahasiswa membantu ketiga pemilik tambak dalam merancang tata letak dan desain e-katalog di website ecwid sehingga dapat menarik bagi konsumen yang mengunjungi website tersebut.",
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"text": "Kegiatan pendampingan kepada ketiga pemilik tambak ini merupakan pendekatan yang terstruktur dan terkoordinasi yang dapat meningkatkan kesadaran mereka tentang teknologi pada era ini dan memanfaatkannya dengan lebih baik untuk memasarkan produk hasil budidaya tambak mereka. Pendampingan pembuatan e-katalog melalui website ecwid dapat memastikan kesuksesan implementasi dan optimalisasi e-katalog dalam mendorong strategi pemasaran dan produktivitas para pemilik budidaya tambak.",
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"text": "Dengan adanya kegiatan ini, ketiga pemilik tambak diharapkan dapat mengimplementasikan hasil dari sosialisasi yaitu pemanfaatan E-katalog melalui website Ecwid untuk memasarkan hasil budidaya tambak. Pada gambar di bawah ini merupakan sosialisasi pemanfaatan E-katalog melalui website Ecwid yang telah dilakukan kepada salah satu pemilik tambak di Desa Permisan yaitu bapak Abdul Qodir, Samsul Arif, dan Mislan.",
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"text": "Gambar 1 menunjukkan kegiatan sosialisasi dan penyuluhan tentang pemanfaatan e-katalog berbasis digital marketing untuk mengembangkan budidaya tambak di Desa Permisan. Kegiatan ini diselenggarakan oleh Universitas PGRI Delta Sidoarjo pada tahun 2024 dengan Bapak Samsul Arif sedang memperhatikan presentasi yang ditampilkan melalui sebuah laptop. Di belakang mereka terdapat sebuah banner yang menjelaskan tujuan kegiatan tersebut. Aktivitas ini bertujuan untuk membekali masyarakat desa, khususnya mereka yang terlibat dalam budidaya tambak, dengan pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam memanfaatkan teknologi digital untuk pemasaran dan pengembangan",
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"text": "usaha mereka. Hal ini sejalan dengan konsep pemberdayaan masyarakat berbasis asset based community development (ABCD) yang mendorong optimalisasi potensi yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat setempat.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Sosialisasi dengan Bapak Abdul Qodir",
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"text": "Gambar 2 menunjukkan kegiatan sosialisasi dan penyuluhan terkait pemanfaatan e-katalog berbasis digital marketing untuk pengembangan budidaya tambak di Desa Permisan. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan oleh Universitas PGRI Delta Sidoarjo pada tahun 2024. Dalam gambar, terlihat mahasiswa dan Bapak Abdul Qadir yang terlibat dalam kegiatan ini yang menunjukkan sebuah laptop sementara di belakang mereka terdapat sebuah banner yang menjelaskan tentang tujuan kegiatan tersebut. Aktivitas ini tampaknya bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan keterampilan kepada masyarakat desa, khususnya mereka yang terlibat dalam budidaya tambak, tentang pemanfaatan teknologi digital untuk mendukung pengembangan usaha mereka. Hal ini selaras dengan pendekatan pemberdayaan masyarakat berbasis aset lokal (ABCD) yang mendorong optimalisasi potensi yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat setempat. Melalui sosialisasi dan penyuluhan ini, diharapkan masyarakat Desa Permisan dapat memanfaatkan e-katalog dan pemasaran digital untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan daya saing usaha budidaya tambak mereka.",
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"text": "Gambar 3 menampilkan kegiatan sosialisasi terkait pemanfaatan e-katalog berbasis digital marketing untuk membangun budidaya tambak di Desa Permisan, yang dilakukan oleh Universitas PGRI Delta Sidoarjo dengan Bapak Mislan yang sedang berinteraksi di depan sebuah banner yang menjelaskan tentang tujuan sosialisasi tersebut. Para mahasiswa tampak menunjukkan sebuah laptop yang digunakan untuk demonstrasi atau penjelasan terkait e-katalog yang dimaksud.",
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"text": "Kegiatan ini tampaknya merupakan bagian dari upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Permisan, khususnya dalam memanfaatkan teknologi digital untuk mengembangkan potensi sektor budidaya tambak. Pendekatan ini sejalan dengan konsep pengembangan masyarakat berbasis aset (Asset-Based Community Development) yang memanfaatkan sumber daya lokal yang tersedia.",
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"text": "Tahapan terakhir dalam pemanfaatan E-Katalog berbasis digital marketing pada budidaya tambak adalah melakukan pendampingan pembuatan E-Katalog bersama pemilik budidaya tambak. Setelah melalui tahapan pengenalan dan sosialisasi manfaat E-Katalog, mahasiswa bertanggung jawab untuk mendampingi pembuatan E-Katalog hasil budidaya tambak melalui website Ecwid. Langkah pertama adalah mengunjungi website Ecwid di https://www.ecwid.com/ dan klik \"Create new Ecwid account\" untuk membuat akun baru. Mahasiswa kemudian masuk ke website Ecwid menggunakan akun Google dari salah satu kerabat pemilik budidaya tambak, yaitu Bapak Abdul Qodir. Setelah berhasil mendaftarkan akun di website Ecwid, langkah selanjutnya adalah memasukkan informasi toko seperti nama, alamat, deskripsi, dan pengaturan dasar lainnya. Mahasiswa menggunakan nama toko \"Aneka Ikan Tambak (Abdul Qodir)\" untuk pembuatan E-Katalog ini. Pada beranda website Ecwid, mahasiswa menggunakan fitur katalog untuk membuat E-Katalog produk dari hasil budidaya tambak. Dari menu katalog, pilih \"Product\" untuk memulai menambahkan produk ke toko online dalam website Ecwid. Produk yang ditambahkan adalah hasil budidaya tambak dari Bapak Abdul Qodir, yaitu ikan mujair, ikan bandeng, dan udang windu. Mahasiswa membantu Bapak Abdul Qodir dalam mengisi deskripsi produk yang meliputi jenis produk yang akan dijual, menambahkan foto produk hasil budidaya tambak, dan mengklasifikasikan jenis ukuran produk sesuai dengan berat massa produk tersebut. Langkah terakhir adalah mendesain tampilan E-Katalog dari hasil budidaya tambak. Mahasiswa menambahkan deskripsi tentang toko maupun hasil produk dengan tujuan untuk menarik minat konsumen pada toko \"Aneka Ikan Tambak\". Pendampingan ini memastikan bahwa pemilik budidaya tambak dapat memiliki E-Katalog yang profesional dan menarik, yang akan membantu memperluas jangkauan pasar dan meningkatkan penjualan produk hasil budidaya tambak.",
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"text": "Pemanfaatan E-Katalog berbasis digital marketing pada budidaya tambak merupakan suatu perubahan inovasi untuk mengoptimalkan pemasaran dan manajemen budidaya tambak melalui teknologi digital yang berkembang pada saat ini. Hal tersebut bisa dilihat dari segi pemasaran, yang mulanya dilakukan secara tradisional yakni hanya dipasarkan melalui pasar lokal, agen, ataupun distributor. Sehingga jangkauannya sangat terbatas hanya pada wilayah geografis tertentu dan cara promosinya pun hanya dilakukan melalui work of mouth",
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"text": "marketing. Akibatnnya informasi produk yang tersebar seringkali tidak intregritas dan konsumen pun sulit mendapatkan informasi yang lengkap. Namun pada saat menerapkan E-Katalog, produk bisa diakses melalui online dan bisa diakses oleh semua orang tanpa batasan wilayah geografis atau bahkan bisa mencapai pasar nasional dan internasional. Dengan menggunakan e-katalog biaya promosi lebih efisien karena dapat dilakukan melalui media sosial, website, email, dan lain-lain. Sehingga konsumen dapat dengan mudah mengakses informasi produk dengan detail mulai dari harga dan kualitas produk. Berdasarkan hal tersebut pemanfaatan E-katalog terahadap metode pemasaran berbasis digital marketing mempengaruhi peningkatan penjualan produk dari hasil budidaya tambak yang dipresentasikan melalui diagram batang di bawah ini.",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Grafik peningkatan penjualan produk dari hasil budidaya tambak",
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"text": "Pemanfaatan E-Katalog berbasis digital marketing dalam budidaya tambak telah memberikan dampak signifikan pada hasil penjualan tiga individu. Sebelum menggunakan E-Katalog, hasil budidaya tambak dari bapak Abdul Qodir memiliki hasil penjualan sebesar 4000 kg atau 4 ton, yang kemudian meningkat menjadi 6000 kg atau 6 ton setelah implementasi teknologi ini, menunjukkan peningkatan sebesar 33%. Sedangkan hasil penjualan produk dari hasil budidaya tambak bapak Samsul Arif pada awalnya mencatat penjualan sebesar 3000kg atau 3 ton, yang kemudian melonjak menjadi 4000 kg atau 4 ton, mengindikasikan peningkatan sebesar 25%. Sementara itu, hasil penjualan produk dari hasil budidaya tambak bapak Mislan mengalami kenaikan dari 1000kg menjadi 1.500kg, mencerminkan peningkatan sebesar 33%. Secara keseluruhan, adopsi E-Katalog telah membantu memperluas jangkauan pasar, meningkatkan efisiensi promosi, dan mengoptimalkan proses penjualan, sehingga menghasilkan peningkatan yang substansial dalam pendapatan bagi ketiga individu tersebut. Transformasi ini mencerminkan potensi besar dari digitalisasi pemasaran dalam meningkatkan profitabilitas dan keberlanjutan usaha budidaya tambak.",
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"text": "Secara keseluruhan dalam kegiatan sosialisasi ini memberikan manfaat pada peningkatan pemahaman dan keterampilan terhadap pemasaran online bagi para pemilik tambak melalui pemanfaatan e-katalog dalam mempromosikan dan memasarkan produk hasil budidaya tambak. Kegiatan sosialisasi ini diharapkan dapat membentuk landasan dan pola pikir para pemilik tambak mengenai",
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"text": "efektivitas dalam menggunakan e-katalog untuk meningkatkan pemasaran dan branding di lingkungan teknologi digital yang terus berevolusi. Kegiatan ini menyoroti tentang pentingnya adaptasi terhadap perkembangan teknologi digital dalam konteks industri tambak agar para pemilik tambak dapat memanfaatkan secara penuh e-katalog untuk kepentingan bisnis mereka. Evaluasi tindak lanjut dari pendampingan pembuatan e-katalog pamasaran online bagi para pemilik tambak dilakukan untuk memastikan efektivitas pemasaran online.",
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"text": "Pelaksanaan kegiatan sosialisasi pada pemilik budidaya tambak dilakukan di Desa Permisan, Kecamatan Jabon, Kabupaten Sidoarjo dengan pendampingan dan program yang telah direncanakan selama dalam kurun waktu kurang lebih 1 bulan dapat memberikan implikasi yang positif bagi pemilik budidaya tambak. Pelaksanaan sosialisasi ini memberikan kesempatan yang berharga bagi para pemilik tambak untuk memperdalam pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam aspek pemasaran digital. Sebelum adanya sosialisasi, para pemilik tambak menunjukkan kurangnya pemahaman terhadap digital marketing, terutama dalam pemahaman terhadap pemanfaatan e-katalog untuk meningkatkan efisiensi promosi dan jangkauan pemasaran hasil budidaya tambak. Setelah adanya kegiatan sosialisasi, pemahaman mereka meningkat mengenai digital marketing dengan menggunakan pemanfaatan e-katalog untuk pemasaran digital mereka. Implementasi dari pemanfaatan e-katalog pada kegiatan ini dapat dilihat dari meningkatnya hasil penjualan para pemilik tambak. Hasil penjualan budidaya tambak milik bapak Abdul Qodir menunjukkan peningkatan sebesar 33% dimana hasil penjualan meningkat menjadi 6000 kg atau 6 ton. Sedangkan hasil penjualan dari bapak Samsul Arif mengalami peningkatan sebesar 25% menjadi 4000 kg atau 4 ton. Dan hasil penjualan dari bapak Mislan meningkat sebesar 33% dengan nilai menjadi 1500 kg atau 1,5 ton. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan E-katalog melalui website Ecwid merupakan strategi digital marketing yang efektif dan efisie.",
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"text": "UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH",
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"text": "Aditya, R., Rusdianto, R. Y. (2023). Penerapan Digital Marketing Sebagai Strategi Pemasaran UMKM. Jurnal Pelayanan Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia, 2(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31961/impact.v2i2.844",
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"text": "Received June 07, 2023 Revised July 23, 2023",
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"text": "Hypertension, namely systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic higher than 90 mmHg. Banjarmasin is ranked 5th (52.3%) of pregnant women who experience hypertension. Hypertension experienced in pregnancy can cause preeclampsia, eclampsia and LBW.",
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"text": "Factors that can influence hypertension in pregnant women are age,",
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"text": "parity, and BMI. Knowing the Factors Affecting Hypertension in Pregnant Women at RSUD.DR.H.Moch.Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin. Research using Quantitative data with a design using Cross Section. The sample used medical record data for all pregnant women who experienced hypertension from 2020 to 2022. The sampling technique used a total sampling of 47 respondents. Using a checklist as a measuring tool. Data were analyzed using the Chi Scquare test. Pregnant women who experienced Chronic Hypertension were 25 people (53.2%) and Gestational Hypertension were 22 people (46.8%). Based on the age group (20-35 years) that is 55.3%. Parity 61.7%. BMI (19.8 – 25) is 85.1%. Chi",
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"text": "Square test results in the Age category obtained a significant value of 0.217 (> 0.05). Parity obtained a value of 0.008 (<0.05). BMI obtained a value of 0.155 (> 0.05). Age and BMI of pregnant women are not related to hypertension in pregnant women, while parity of pregnant women is related to hypertension in pregnant women. Keywords : Hypertension in Pregnant Women, Age, Parity, BMI",
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"text": "Data World Health Organization (WHO) melaporkan bahwa 14% kematian ibu global disebabkan oleh gangguan hipertensi kehamilan. Di negara Amerika Latin dan Karibia 25,7% kematian ibu disebabkan oleh hipertensi kehamilan. Berdasarkan (Kemenkes RI, 2020) angka kematian ibu (AKI) pada tahun 2019 disebabkan oleh perdarahan (1.280 kasus), hipertensi dalam kehamilan (1.066 kasus), dan infeksi (207 kasus). Di Indonesia diketahui bahwa hipertensi (27,1%) adalah presentasi tertinggi kedua sebagai penyebab kematian ibu setelah perdarahan (30,3%) (Imaroh, 2018). Prevalensi hipertensi di Kalimantan Selatan menurut Riskesdes 2018 adalah (10,81%) atau lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan angka nasional (8,8%). Hipertensi selalu masuk dalam 10 besar penyakit pada tahun 2021 dengan jumlah estimasi penderita hipertensi berusia ≥ 15 tahun tercatat sebanyak 1.073.723 orang dan yang sudah mendapat pelayanan Kesehatan (34,1%) (Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan 2021). Di Banjarmasin tahun 2021 diketahui bahwa hipertensi (52,3%) adalah presentasi terbanyak kelima setelah Tabalong (97,2%), Banjar (79,4%), Hulu Sungai Selatan (77,9),",
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"text": "Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil Di RSUD Dr. H. Moch Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin",
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"text": "Hulu Sungai Tengah (62,4). Berdasarkan studi Pendahuluan di",
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"text": "RSUD.DR.H.Moch.Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin didapatkan data dari ruang rekam di tahun 2020 sebanyak (5,46%), tahun 2021 (7,39%), tahun 2022 (7,31%).",
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"text": "Hipertensi yang dialami dalam kehamilan dapat menimbulkan dampak pada ibu dan janin yaitu bisa terjadinya preeklamsia dan eklamsia yang berbahaya untuk ibu hamil karena sangat mengancam jiwa dan juga bisa membuat bayi lahir dengan BBLR karena tekanan darah tinggi mempengaruhi aliran nutrisi melalui plasenta ke bayi sehingga cenderung bayi lahir dengan BBLR (Dr. dr. Haidar Alatas SpPD-KGH, MH., 2019).",
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"text": "Faktor – faktor resiko yang dapat mempengaruhi hipertensi pada ibu hamil yaitu Usia, Paritas, Riwayat Hipertensi, IMT, Merokok, Obat – obatan, dan Stress.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan data kuantitatif dengan rancangan penelitian Cross Section . Penelitian ini dilakukan di RSUD Dr.H.Moch Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin Kalimantan Selatan. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh data ibu hamil yang ada direkam medis dari tahun 2020 sampai 2022 yang berjumlah 47 ibu hamil yang mengalami hipertensi. Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah sampel jenuh/total sampling. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah checklist.",
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"text": "1. Analisis Univariat",
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"text": "a. Umur Tabel 1.1 Distribusi Frekuensi Umur Umur Frekuensi Persentase Beresiko Tidak Beresiko 21 26 44,7% 55,3% Total 47 100% b. Paritas Tabel 1.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Paritas Paritas Frekuensi Persentase Beresiko Tidak Beresiko 18 29 38,3% 61,7% Total 47 100% c. IMT Tabel 1.3 Distribusi Frekuensi IMT IMT Frekuensi Persentase Kurus Normal Obesitas 2 40 5 4,3% 85,1% 10,6% Total 47 100% d. Hipertensi",
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"text": "Tabel 1.4 Distribusi Frekuensi Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil Frekuensi Persentase Hipertensi Gestasional Hpertensi Kronik 22 25 46,8% 53,2% Total 47 100% 2. Analisis Bivariat Tabel 2.1 Distribusi Hubungan Umur dengan hipertensi pada ibu hamil Umur Hipertensi pada ibu hamil p value Ya Tidak Total F % F % F % Berisi ko Tidak berisi ko 8 1 4 17 29, 8 1 3 1 2 27, 6 25, 5 2 1 2 6 44, 6 55, 3 0,21 7 Total 2 2 46, 8 2 5 53, 1 4 7 100 Tabel 2.2 Distribusi hubungan paritas dengan hipertensi pada ibu hamil Parita s Hipertensi pada ibu hamil p value Ya Tidak Total F % F % F % Berisi ko Tidak berisi ko 4 18 8,5 38, 2 1 4 1 1 29, 7 23, 4 1 8 2 9 38, 2 61, 7 0,00 8 Total 22 46, 7 2 5 53, 1 4 7 100 Tabel 2.3 Distribusi hubungan IMT dengan hipertensi pada ibu hamil IMT Hipertensi pada ibu hamil p value Ya Tidak Total F % F % F % Kurus Normal Obesitas 2 19 1 4,2 40,4 2,1 0 21 4 0 44,6 8,5 2 40 5 4,2 85,1 10,6 0,155 Total 22 46,7 25 53,1 47 100 1. Hubungan umur dengan hipertensi pada ibu hamil",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di RSUD Dr.H.Moch Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara",
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"text": "usia yang beresiko dengan hipertensi pada ibu hamil ( p- value 0,217). Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian Riska Andarista pada Tahun 2021 yang mengatakan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara usia dengan Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil ( p- value 0,861) .",
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"text": "Pada usia < 20 tahun dapat menyebabkan hipertensi pada kehamilan dikarenakan ukuran uterus yang belum mencapai ukuran yang normal untuk kehamilan sehingga menyebabkan kemungkinan terjadinya gangguan pada kehamilan, sedangkan usia > 35 tahun dapat menyebabkan hipertensi pada kehamilan dikarenakan proses degenerative yang menyebabkan perubahan pada structural serta fungsional pada pembuluh darah perifer yang membuat ibu hamil lebih rentan beresiko terkena hipertensi (Herli Gustiani, 2018).",
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"text": "Menurut peneliti kenapa tidak ada hubungan antara usia dengan hipertensi pada ibu hamil yaitu karena memang data yang didapatkan dari tempat penelitian banyak yang tidak beresiko daripada yang beresiko.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di RSUD Dr.H.Moch Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara Paritas dengan Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil ( p- value 0,008). Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian Flora Naibaho pada Tahun 2021 yang mengatakan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara Paritas dengan Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil ( p- value 0,020) .",
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"text": "Kejadian hipertensi sering terjadi pada kehamilan pertama terutama pada ibu yang berusia > 35 tahun. Frekuensi pada primigravida lebih beresiko dibandingkan dengan multigravida karena teori imunologik menjelaskan hubungan paritas dengan insiden preeklampsia. Teori tersebut menyebutkan blocking antibodies terhadap antigen plasenta yang terbentuk pada kehamilan pertama menjadi penyebab preeklampsia (Ratumbuysang and, 2014).",
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"text": "3. Hubungan IMT dengan hipertensi pada ibu hamil",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di RSUD Dr.H.Moch Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara IMT dengan Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil ( p- value 0,155). Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian Mardiana pada Tahun 2014 yang mengatakan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara IMT dengan Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil ( p- value 0,616).",
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"text": "Tingginya indeks masa tubuh merupakan masalah gizi karena kelebihan kalori, kelebihan gula dan garam yang bisa menjadi faktor resiko terjadinya berbagai penyakit seperti diabetes mellitus, hipertensi dalam kehamilan, penyakit jantung coroner, reumatik, dan gangguan Kesehatan lainya. Hal tersebut berkaitan dengan adanya timbunan lemak berlebih dalam tubuh (Muflihan, 2012).",
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"text": "Ibu hamil yang mengalami Hipertensi Gestasional yaitu sebanyak 22 orang (46,8%) dan yang mengalami Hipertensi Kornik yaitu sebanyak 25 orang (53,2%).Karakteristik ibu hamil berdasarkan kelompok usia (20 – 35 tahun) yaitu 55,3%. Berdasarkan Paritas 61,7% responden yang memiliki anak lebih dari satu atau multigravida. Dan ibu hamil yang mengalami hipertensi berdasarkan IMT (19,8 – 25) yaitu sebanyak 85,1%. Ada 1 variabel yang berhubungan dengan Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil yaitu Paritas dengan nilai ( p- value 0,008), dan ada 2 variabel yang tidak berhubungan dengan Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil yaitu Umur dengan nilai ( p- value 0,217) dan IMT dengan nilai ( p- value 0,155).",
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"text": "Baba, M. A. (2017). Analisis Data Penelitian Kuantitatif. Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta , June , 1 – 188.",
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"text": "Cunningham. (2013). “Obstetri Williams.” Jakarta: EGC. Cunningham, et al. (2013). Obstetri Williams Edisi 23 Volume 1. Jakarta: EGC Dr. dr. Haidar Alatas SpPD-KGH, MH., M. (2019). Hipertensi Pada Kehamilan. Herb- Medicine Journal , 2 (2), 27 – 51. Febriyanti, H., Qurniasih, N., & Primadevi, I. (2022). Asuhan Kebidanan Berkelanjutan pada Ny . S , Ny . P , Ny . R di Wilayah Pagelaran Kecamatan Pagelaran Kabupaten Pringsewu , Lampung . 2 (2), 47 – 50. Hasanah, U. (2019). Tekanan Darah Tinggi (Hipertensi). Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa , 7 (1), 87.",
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"text": "Ikhlasul Akbar, M., & Tri Putri, G. (n.d.). Terapi Farmakologis Preeklampsia pada Ibu Hamil. J Agromedicine Unila , xx .",
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"text": "Imaroh. (2018). Faktor Risiko Yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Hiperensi Pada Ibu Hamil Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kedungmundu, Kota Semarang Tahun 2017. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (e-Journal) , 6 (1), 570 – 580. Kemenkes RI. (2020). Profil Kes Indo 2019. In Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia . Kusbiyanto, E. (2020). Pengaruh Keterlibatan dan Gaya Kepemimpinan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Mediasi (Studi di PT. Amerta Indah Otsuka Pasuruan). Doctoral Disertation, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang , 34 – 51.",
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"text": "Jurnal Hikmah , 14 (1), 63.",
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"text": "Pitriani, R., Juli, S. Y., & Rita, A. (2018). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Hipertensi Pada Lansia Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rumbai Pesisir. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan Suara Forikes , 9 (1), 74 – 77. Purwaningsih,W. 2010. Asuhan Keperawatan Maternitas. Yogyakarta: ISBN Ratumbuysang, Prof V. L., and Kota Manado. (2014). “Faktor -Faktor Risiko Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Hipertensi Pada Ibu Hamil Di Poli Klinik Obs-Gin Rumah Sakit Jiwa.” IImiah Bidan 2:33– 40.",
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"text": "Sejak tanggal 12 Maret 2020, WHO menetapkan Covid-19 sebagai pandemi global. Kemudian pemerintah menerapkan kewajiban untuk melakukan jaga jarak bagi seluruh masyarakat Indonesia. Menanggapi aturan tersebut, sejak tanggal 16 Maret 2020 Universitas Negeri Surabaya melalui SE Rektor menyampaikan bahwa kegiatan akademik termasuk perkuliahan dilaksanakan dalam bentuk daring. Perkembangan covid-19 yang semakin",
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"text": "meluas dan banyak, terlebih di Jawa Timur maka perkuliahan semester gasal tahun ajaran 2020/2021 kemungkinan besar juga dilaksanakan dalam bentuk daring.",
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"text": "Pembelajaran merupakan bentuk aktivitas yang terjadi di dalam kelas. Pembelajaran sebagai istilah esensinya juga mengacu pada model pengajaran. Rohani (2004:4) menjelaskan bahwa pengajaran merupakan dua aktivitas yang terintegrasi, yaitu aktivitas mengajar dan aktivitas belajar. Dipertegas pula oleh Thomas M. Risk (1958:5) bahwa mengajar merupakan proses membimbing pengalaman belajar. Pengalaman itu sendiri hanya mungkin diperoleh jika peserta didik itu dengan keaktifannya sendiri bereaksi terhadap lingkungannya. Guru dapat membantu peserta didik belajar tetapi guru tidak dapat belajar untuk anak itu. Jika seorang peserta didik ingin memecahkan suatu problem, ia harus berpikir menurut langkah- langkah tertentu. Lebih lanjut, dijelaskan pula prinsip-prinsip, pengajaran sebagai kunci keberhasilan pengajaran seperti di bawah ini. Prinsip-prinsip pengajaran sebagai kunci keberhasilan pengajaran harus dipahami oleh seorang pengajar. Prinsip-prinsip tersebut di antaranya: (a) prinsip aktivitas, (b) prinsip motivasi, (c) prinsip individualitas, (d) prinsip lingkungan, (e) prinsip konsentrasi, (f) prinsip kebebasan, (g) prinsip peragaan, (h) prinsip kerjasama dan persaingan, (i) prinsip apersepsi, (j) prinsip korelasi, (k) prinsip efisiensi dan efektivitas, (1) prinsip globalitas, dan (m) prinsip permainan dan hiburan (Rohani, 2004:6).",
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"text": "Di pihak lain, Zamroni (2000:32) menitikberatkan pada perlunya pembaharuan paradigma pernbelajaran di kelas. Pembaharuan tersebut menuntut kesiapan guru dan murid untuk menerima. Sesuai dengan kebutuhan murid, maka guru harus lebih aktif dalam merencanakan proses yang akan dilaksanakan, mempersiapkan bahan pelajaran, media pelajaran, metode pelajaran dan evaluasi serta tindak lanjut. Ruang lingkup dalam pengembangan bahan ajar pembelajaran daring Sejarah Sastra adalah (1) perencanaan pembelajaran daring, (2) perancangan materi pembelajaran daring, (3) penyampaian dan interaksi dalam pembelajaran daring, dan (4) evaluasi hasil belajar dan evaluasi program pembelajaran daring.",
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"text": "C. METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, merupakan metode pendekatan penelitian yang akan menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa data-data tertulis maupun lisan dari fenomena yang diamati langsung dan nyata tanpa ada kondisi yang diatur atau didesain dengan metode tertentu Bogdan (1992:3).",
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"text": "Sumber data penelitian didapatkan dari hasil angket mahasiswa semester 1 pembelajaran daring mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra. Lembar kerja mahasiswa mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra, dan rekam pembelajaran daring mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia. Waktu penelitian pada semester ganjil tahun ajaran 2020/2021. Subjek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah mahasiswa semester 1 pada program studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia.",
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"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik noninteraktif. Dalam teknik noninteraktif, sumber data berupa data atau benda yang tidak mengetahui bila sedang diamati atau dikaji. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan melakukan merekam data perkuliahan daring secara intensif dengan metode content analysis.",
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"text": "Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode analisis interaktif. Melibatkan beberapa komponen yaitu (1) Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menganalisis dokumentasi",
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"text": "Lingua Rima: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 1 Januari 2021",
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"text": "beruppa video/ foto rekam perkuliahan daring mata kulaih Sejarah Sastra, (2) reduksi data dengan menentukan data yang sesuai untuk penelitian, (3) penyajian data yang mengacu pada rumusan masalah yang telah ditentukan sebagai pertanyaan penelitian, dan (4) penarikan simpulan setelah melakukan reduksi dan sajian data lalu simpulan tersebut perlu diverifikasi supaya hasil penelitian dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.",
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"text": "D. TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Problematika pembelajaran daring mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra",
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"text": "Selama masa pandemi Covid-19 pembelajaran daring menjadi pilihan yang tidak bisa ubah. Model pembelajaran berbasis internet dengan menggunakan beberapa aplikasi online yang membutuhkan sinyal internet stabil. Pembelajaran daring merupakan suatu pembelajaran yang dilakukan secara jarak jauh. Sehingga semua pembelajaran dilakukan secara daring di rumah masing-masing. Hal ini juga berlaku pada mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra yang dilaksanakan secara daring melalui Zoom ataupun Whatsapp. Metode pembelajaran ini menjadi solusi sementara yang dapat dilakukan agar proses belajar mengajar masih dapat berlangsung. Dosen masih tetap bisa mengajar dan mahasiswa tetap bisa belajar di rumah mereka selama pandemi ini. Pembelajaran daring sangat membutuhkan teknologi berbasis internet yang bergantung pada teknologi informasi.",
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"text": "Dalam hasil angket yang diberikan kepada mahasiswa menyatakan bahwa pembelajaran daring kurang efektif apabila dibandingkan dengan pembelajaran tatap muka secara langsung. Kesulitan utama yang dialami mahasiswa selama pembelajaran daring yakni kesulitan sinyal. Karena banyak dari mereka yang tinggal di rumah dengan kondisi sulit untuk mendapatkan akses internet yang baik. Sedangkan untuk mengikuti pembelajaran dengan menggunakan fitur Zoom membutuhkan koneksi internet yang kuat. Hal ini menyebabkan proses pembelajaran menjadi tidak maksimal. Mahasiswa menjadi kurang memahami materi yang disampaikan oleh dosen selama menerangkan materi.",
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"text": "Salah satu faktor internal yang menjadi problematika saat melakukan pembelajaran menurut Dimyati dan Sudjiono adalah konsentrasi belajar merupakan kemampuan memusatkan perhatian pada pelajaran dan kemampuan mengolah bahan belajar yakni kemampuan mahasiswa untuk menerima isi dan cara pemerolehan ajaran sehingga menjadi bermakna bagi mahasiswa. Hal ini berkaitan dengan permasalahan berikutnya yang dialami mahasiswa selama mengikuti pembelajaran secara daring. Mahasiswa menjadi kurang tertarik dan aktif selama masa perkuliahan.",
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"text": "Solusi permasalahan pembelajaran daring mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra",
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"text": "Berdasarkan problematika yang ditemukan selama perkuliahan daring selama ini, permasalahan utama yang menjadi substansi yaitu perkuliahan kurang interaktif sebab kendala dari masing-masing mahasiswa seperti buruknya sinyal, tidak adanya interaksi secara langsung, dan keterbatasan dalam memperdalam pemahaman mereka terhadap topik yang ada pada mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra. Oleh karena itu, bahan ajar perlu dibuat secara tepat yang tidak sekadar berisi latihan soal tetapi juga mengandung substansi materi. Semua itu dapat tergabung dalam lembar kerja mahasiswa (LKM).",
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"text": "Alasan logis LKM dijadikan sebagai solusi pada permasalahan daring karena dengan bahan ajar tersebut mampu mengakomodasi keaktifan mahasiswa selama pembelajaran jarak jauh. Mahasiswa perlu bahan untuk belajar secara mandiri sehingga sumber belajar mereka",
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"text": "Lingua Rima: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 1 Januari 2021",
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"text": "13",
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"text": "tidak hanya berasal dari dosen, tetapi juga berasal dari LKM tersebut. Selain itu, LKM mampu membantu pendidik dalam menyampaikan informasi (pengetahuan, sikap, dan kinerja) yang tidak bisa disampaikan secara lisan (Depdiknas, 2006; Rosidin, 2012).",
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"text": "Selama pembelajaran daring, LKM inilah yang berfungsi sebagai panduan mahasiswa dalam belajar dan menemukan konsep-konsep melalui aktivitass yang dilakukan. Pernyataan itu beriringan dengan pendapat Guruh, Anjarwati, dan Prayitno (2018) bahwa pemanfaatan LKM mampu membuat kegiatan belajar mahasiswa menjadi lebih terarah.",
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"text": "Mahasiswa yang menempuh mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra mendapatkan LKM dari dosen dan latihan soal dengan beberapa media yang dimanfaatkan seperti mengisi google form, kahoot, atau mengunggah hasil kerja mereka di google drive yang selanjutnya pranala diserahkan kepada dosen. Pemanfaatan LKM dan latihan soal yang beragam serta menarik akan memudahkan mahasiswa untuk belajar aktif sehingga mampu memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap daya berpikirnya (Sari dan Sugiyarto, 2015).",
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"text": "Saat pembelajaran daring berlangsung setiap media yang digunakan memiliki kekurangan dan kelebihannya masing-masing. Pada penggunaan google form terdapat beberapa kelebihan seperti layanan dapat diakses dengan gratis, tampilan yang diberikan tidak kompleks sehingga memudahkan pengguna. Selain itu, hasil dari google form terintegrasi dengan Google Sheets dan data yang didapatkan langsung ter-update secara otomatis. Lalu, hasil yang telah terolah dapat dibagian melalui surel atau pranala sehingga mampu dicetak secara luring dan diterima oleh responden (apabila dibutuhkan).",
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"text": "Kendala bagi pengajar yaitu desain yang ditawarkan dalam google form sangat terbatas dan data luaran yang diterima hanya dalam bentuk Google Sheets atau PDF saja. Selain itu, ketika ada responden yang mengisi form tidak akan masuk dalam pemberitahuan di surel. Perlu proses pengaktifan secara manual. Kekurangan lainnya yaitu tidak ada riwayat pengeditan. Hal itu menyebabkan tidak bisa dilihatnya perubahan-perubahan yang telah dikelola apabila form tersebut dipakai dalam tim.",
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"text": "Media kedua yang digunakan yaitu Kahoot. Pada media ini mahasiswa sangat tertarik karena bentuknya yang beragam dan penuh dengan warna. Suasana belajar jarak jauh tidak monoton dengan media yang sudah dipakai sebelumnya. Akan tetapi, Kahoot! memiliki kekurangan karena perlu sinyal yang kuat, apabila mahasiswa menggunakan ponsel perlu perangkat lain untuk melihat soal yang ditampilkan oleh guru agar bisa mengerjakannya. Hal itu sangat tidak efektif bagi mahasiswa yang minim dalam memiliki perangkat teknologi yang menunjang dengan baik.",
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"text": "Ketiga, pemanfaatan Google Drive dalam pembelajaran jarak jauh mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra. Google Drive memiliki keistimewaan karena memori yang dimiliki cukup besar serta mampu menyimpan file dalam berbagai format. File yang diunggah di sana dapat dibagikan dengan mudah dengan sistem keamanan yang cukup baik. Akan tetapi, mahasiswa merasa harus tergantung dengan jaringan internet untuk mengakses file. Selain itu, back-up data dari Google Drive hanya tersedia untuk data berbentuk foto dan video sedangkan untuk file jenis lainnya belum bisa.",
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"text": "Dari beberapa kendala yang dipaparkan, solusi yang diberikan yaitu adanya tambahan media agar mahasiswa menguasai secara utuh mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra. Peneliti memberikan solusi adanya lembar kerja mahasiswa (LKM). Materi yang ada di LKM sudah",
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"text": "Lingua Rima: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 215,
"top": 49,
"width": 167,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Vol. 10 No. 1 Januari 2021 http://jurnal.umt.ac.id/index.php/lgrm",
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"text": "14",
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 43,
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"text": "divalidasi oleh dua dosen yang ahli dalam materi. Selain berisi ringkasan materi juga terdapat beberapa latihan soal yang bertujuan mengasah pengetahuan mahasiswa terhadap setiap materi yang telah dipaparkan.",
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"text": "Hasil Validasi Lembar Kerja Mahasiswa",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Hasil validasi LKM dilakukan oleh dua orang dosen Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Penilaian diberikan validator dengan memberi tanda check (√) pada daftar indikator yang tertera dan diolah rating-nya oleh peneliti. Kriteria validasi instumen yaitu struktur LKM, organisasi penulisan LKM, dan bahasa. Berikut hasil validasi LKM yang telah dilakukan dapat dilihat pada tabel ini.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Skor Validitas LKM Validitas Rata-Rata Penilaian Kategori Validitas Struktur 4,3 Valid Validitas Organisasi Penulisan 4,3 Valid Validitas Bahasa 5 Sangat Valid",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data tabel tersebut rata-rata penilaian LKM pada aspek validitas struktur 4,3 telah memenuhi kategori valid dan 4,5 pada aspek validitas organisasi penulisan yang memenuhi kategori valid. Selain itu, aspek validitas bahasa masuk kategori sangat valid karena rata-rata penilaiannya yaitu 5.",
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"text": "E. SIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 72,
"top": 404,
"width": 454,
"height": 91,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil angket problematika pembelajaran daring mata kuliah Sejarah Sastra terletak pada proses evaluasi pembelajaran yang belum bisa diwadahi dengan sesi diskusi/tanya jawab. Solusi yang diwarkan pada penelitian ini adalah penggunaan Lembar Kerja Mahasiswa (LKM) dalam bentuk daring yang disampaikan menggunakan google drive, google form, dan kahoot. Selain latihan soal yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan memperdalam materi, LKM juga dilengkapi dengan ringkasan materi pada setiap topik pertemuan.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "F. DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 515,
"width": 437,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bogdan, R. dan Taylor, S. 1992. Pengantar Metode Kualitatif. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional. Risk, T. M. 1958. Principles and Practices of Teaching. New York. Rohani, A. 2004. Pengelolaan Pengajaran. Jakarta. PT. Rineka Cipta",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 563,
"width": 454,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sari, D.S., & Sugiyarto, K.H. (2015). Pengembangan Multimedia Berbasis Masalah untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar dan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa. Jurnal Inovasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 100,
"top": 595,
"width": 426,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pendidikan IPA, 1(2), 153—166.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 611,
"width": 402,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jipi%5CnPENGEMBANGAN Zamroni. 2000. Paradigma Pendidikan Masa Depan. Yogyakarta: Bigraf Publishing",
"type": "Text"
}
] |
361eea45-adef-5520-a505-2df1f9e803b5 | https://jurnal.uinsyahada.ac.id/index.php/multd/article/download/2994/2443 | [
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"text": "1 SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan Tapanuli Tengah [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "The method of internalizing multicultural values in the SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan Tapanuli Tengah dormitory was carried out in various ways, including modeling, habituation, association and rule enforcement and teachers providing space for internalizing multicultural values, integrated with students in SMA dormitories. Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan Tapanuli Tengah. The internalization of multicultural values has gone well, students can live peacefully, have principles, apply a class organization system, democratic values, respect equality or gender, live in justice, tolerate between religions, respect human rights, and strengthen unity.",
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"text": "Keywords : Methods, Internalization, Multicultural Values.",
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"text": "Abstrak",
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"text": "Metode internalisasi nilai multikultural di Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan Tapanuli Tengah dilakukan melalui berbagai cara, antara lain, peneladanan, pembiasaan, pergaulan dan penegakan aturan, serta guru memberikan ruang internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural, terintergrasi dengan siswa di Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan Tapanuli Tengah. Internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural berjalan dengan baik, peserta didik dapat hidup dengan damai, berprinsip, menerapkan sistem organisasi kelas, nilai demokrasi, menghargai kesetaraan atau gender, hidup berkeadilan, toleransi antar agama, menghormati hak asasi manusia, dan memperkuat persatuan.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Metode, Internalisasi, Nilai Nilai Multikultural.",
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"text": "Ano Suherlan",
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"text": "202",
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN.",
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"text": "Pentingnya internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural di Indonesia sudah diwacanakan semenjak tahun 2000. Sehingga para pakar pendidikan Indonesia ikut serta menyemarakkan betapa pentingnya internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural. Berbagai tulisan dilayangkan diberbagai media, di antara mereka seperti, H.A.R Tilaar, Zamroni, Azzyumardi Azra, Musa Ay`ari, M. Amin Abdullah, Abdul Munir Mulkhan, dan lain sebagainya. 1",
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"text": "Internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural dilakukan sebagai suatu upaya untuk mengenalkan keragaman kebudayaan serta untuk menghargai perbedaan yang terdapat di masyarakat pada umumnya. Artinya, internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural ingin mengeksplorasi perbedaan sebagai keniscayaan (anugerah tuhan/sunnatullah). Kemudian bagaimana kita mampu mensikapi perbedaan tersebut dengan penuh toleran dan semangat egaliter. Internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural merupakan respon terhadap perkembangan keragaman populasi sekolah, sebagaimana tuntutan persamaan hak bagi setiap kelompok. Sedangkan secara luas, internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural mencakup seluruh peserta didik tanpa membedakan kelompok-kelompoknya seperti gender, etnik, ras budaya, strata sosial dan agama. 2",
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"text": "Oleh karena itu, internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural menawarkan konsep pendidikan yang berbasis pada pemanfaatan keragaman yang ada di masyarakat, khususnya yang ada pada peserta didik. Peserta didik diajarkan tidak cukup berkutat pada pertanyaan seputar sekolah, kurikulum, dan kebijakan pendidikan, tetapi juga berbasis keadilan sosial dan kesetaraan. Tidak hanya tertuang dalam tulisan dan kata, tetapi juga termanifestasikan dalam praktek pendidikan sehari- hari. Praktek tersebut dimaksudkan untuk membangun lembaga pendidikan yang demokratis, toleransi dan multikulturalisme. 3 Peserta didik diarahkan untuk tidak",
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"text": "1 Abdullah Aly, Pendidikan Islam Multikultural di Pesantren: Telaah Terhadap KurikulumPondok Pesantren Modern Islam Assalam Surakarta (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2011), hlm. 1.",
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"text": "2 Choirul Mahfud, Pendidikan …, hlm. 167 -169.",
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"text": "3 M. Agus Nuryatno, Mazhab Pendidikan Kritis: Menyingkap Relasi Pengetahuan Politikdan Kekuasaan (Yogyakarta: Resist Book, 2011), hlm. 3.",
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"text": "Metode Internalisasi Nilai …",
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"text": "203",
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
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{
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"width": 443,
"height": 141,
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"text": "hanya memahami pelajaran tapi juga dipupuk kesadarannya untuk selalu berperilaku humanis dan demokratis. Dengan menggunakan sekaligus mengimplementasikan strategi pendidikan yang mempunyai visi misi yang selalu menegakkan dan menghargai pluralisme, demokrasi dan humanisme. Pada gilirannya para peserta didik dapat menjadi generasi yang selalu menjunjung tinggi moralitas, kedisiplinan, kepedulian humanistik, dan kejujuran dalam berperilaku sehari-hari.",
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"text": "Salah satu jenjang pendidikan yang perlu mendapatkan sentuhan internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural yaitu pada tingkatan Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA). Bahkan ini menjadi sangat penting, karena merupakan pendidikan lanjutan. Anak yang berada dalam tingkatan SMA adalah anak yang baru beranjak dari usia pancaroba. Masa usia ini merupakan masa yang pendek, tetapi merupakan masa yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan seseorang. Oleh karena itu, pada masa ini seluruh potensi yang dimiliki anak perlu didorong sehingga akan berkembang secara optimal.",
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"text": "Sebagai salah satu lembaga pendidikan, tingkatan SMA bukan hanya sekedar mengajarkan pendidikan secara umum saja, melainkan juga dituntut untuk mampu menjawab perkembangan sertatantangan globalisasi diera modern. 4 Pembelajaran berwawasan internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural perlu menjadi kajian yang lebih mendalam guna memperoleh wawasan yang lebih toleransi dan bertanggung jawab. Peran guru adalah menjadi fasilitator untuk mengaktifkan para peserta didik mencari sebanyak-banyaknya informasi tentang tema dari berbagai sumber dan membantu menemukan serta meyakini internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural sebagai sarana penting untuk membantu peserta didik untuk memahami keberagamaan dan mampu memamhami nilai-nilai keragaman dengan penuh toleransi.",
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"text": "Begitupun Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan, yang terletak di Jl. KH. Dewantara, Sibuluan Indah, Kecamatan Pandan, Tapanuli Tengah. Asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan berada dibawah naungan Yayasan Maju Tapian Nauli.",
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"text": "4 John W. Santrock. Educational Psychology, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004). hlm.446-479.",
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"text": "Ano Suherlan",
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"text": "204",
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"text": "Sekolah ini merupakan satu-satunya sekolah berbasis Multikultural dan Multiagama yang ada di Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah dan sekitarnya seperti Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara,Kota Sibolga, Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan dan Kabupaten Tobasa. Asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan merupakan lembaga pendidikan yang sangat mandiri serta memiliki nilai-nilai multikultural yang sangat kompleks.",
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"text": "Peserta didik dari sekolah ini memiliki latar belakang, status sosial, budaya yang beraneka ragam, dan terdapat 6 mata pelajaran agama yang secara resmi ada di sekolah ini, yaitu Islam, Katholik, Protestan, Hindu, Budha, dan Konguchu. 5",
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"text": "Pada saat peneliti melakukan pengamatan dilembaga ini, peneliti mengamati beberapa hal yang cukup menarik dalam kegiatan di asrama dan beberapa aktifitas yang dilakukan oleh pihak sekolah, terlihat lembaga pendidikan tersebut sangat peduli dalam proses pendidikan multikulturalnya. Hal ini peneliti amati dari berbagai kegiatan yang dilakukan di asrama. 6",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengamatan yang peneliti lakukan, Asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan menurut peneliti dapat dijadikan gambaran dan informasi untuk sekolah lainnya dalam hal pembelajaran multikultural di Indonesia. Hal yang sangat menarik di sini adalah cara untuk menyikapi perbedaan yang ada, namun semangat multikultural tetap bisa dikembangkan oleh pembina asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan.",
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"text": "Hal yang dilakukan pembina asrama dalam menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural di antaranya membuat kebijakan bahwa setiap siswa yang satu kamar tidak boleh berasal dari suku, agama dan wilayah yang sama. Hal ini bertujuan agar siswa mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan keberagaman yang terjadi. Selain suku, agama dan wilayah yang berbeda, siswa yang mampu dan tidak mampu juga disatukan dalam satu kamar tanpa membedakan status, sehingga siswa dapat saling menghargai satu sama lain. Sedangkan dalam hal",
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"text": "5 Kurikulum SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan Tapanuli Tengah",
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"text": "6 Observasi, di Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan Tapanuli Tengah, yang bertempat di Jl. KH. Dewantara, Sibuluan Indah, Kecamatan Pandan, Tapanuli Tengah. Pada tanggal 23 september 2019, jam 09.00-13.00 WIB.",
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"text": "Metode Internalisasi Nilai …",
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"text": "peribadatan pembina asrama juga selalu mengkoordinir kegiatan peribatan siswa. Misalnya pada hari jum’at siswa yang beragama Islam dikoordinir untuk sholat berjamaah, selain itu pada hari minggu siswa yang beragama Kristen juga dikoordinir untuk beribadat di ruang peribadatan. 7",
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"text": "Hal yang menarik untuk diteliti kaitannya dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana sebuah konsep internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural dapat dilihat dan dilaksanakan di tengah-tengah peserta didik yang berasrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli. Selain itu, agar lebih representatif, Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli dipilih menjadi tempat penelitian ini karena untuk wilayah Sumatera Utara yang melingkupi wilayah Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah, Kota Sibolga, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara, Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan, dan Kabupaten Tobasa,hanya SMA Negeri 1 Pandan menjadi pusat pendidikan unggulan di wilayah Sumatera.",
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"text": "Dari fenomena tersebut, maka peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian tentang internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural di Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan, dengan mengetahui metode dan manfaat (hasil) internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural yang diterapkan di Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Tapanuli Tengah, dapat terciptanya keharmonisan antar sesama manusia dengan perbedaan yang sudah pasti terjadi di antara kita.",
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"text": "NILAI-NILAI MULTIKULTURAL",
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"text": "Terkait macam-macam nilai-nilai multikultural seperti dalam persfektif Islam, Assegaf menjelaskan lebih rinci dan lengkap dengan membagi ke dalam tiga kategori. Pertama, nilai-nilai utama yang meliputi: Tauhid (mengesakan Tuhan), ummah (hidup bersama), rahmah (kasih sayang), al-musawah, taqwa (egalitarianism). Kedua, nilai-nilai penerapan: taʻaruf, ihsan (saling mengenal dan berbuatbaik), tafahum (saling memahami), takrim (saling menghormati), fastabiqulkhoirot (berlomba-lomba dalam kebaikan), amanah (saling mempercayai), husnuzhon (berfikir positif), tasamuh (toleransi), ʻafw, magfirah",
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"text": "7 Observasi, Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan, 23 September 2019.",
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"text": "(pemberian atau ampun), sulh (perdamaian), layyin (lemah lembut atau budaya anti kekerasan), dan ʻadl (keadilan). 8",
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"text": "Namun, jika dibandingkan dengan perspektif barat nilai-nilai multikultural memiliki perbedaan sebagaimana penjelasan dalam tabel berikut:",
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"text": "Karakteristik Nilai Multikultural Persfektif Barat Nilai Multikultural Pesfektif Islam Berprinsip pada demokrasi kesetaraan dan keadilan Demokrasi, kesetaraan dan keadilan Almusyawarah Al musawah dan Al adl Berprinsip pada demokrasi kesetaraan dan keadilan Kemanusiaan kebersamaan dan kedamaian Hablun minannas ata’rif taawun dan assalam Mengembangkan sikap mengakui,menerima dan menghargai keragaman Toleransi,empati,simp ati dan solidaritas sosial Al-tadudiyah -Attaawun Attasamuh, Alafwu dan",
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"text": "Al-Ihsan",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas dapat diketahui bahwa terkait nilai-nilai multikultural menurut Abdullah Aly memiliki kesesuaian antara nilai-nilai multikultural persfektif Barat dengan nilai-nilai multikultural persfektif Islam. Tetapi, sumber kebenaran nilai-nilai multikultural persfektif barat bersumber dari filsafat yang bertumpu pada hak- hak asasi manusia, sedangkan nilai-nilai multikultural persfektif Islam bersumber dari wahyu. 9",
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"text": "PENDIDIKAN BERBASIS MULTIKULTURAL",
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"text": "Akar kata multikulturalisme adalah kebudayaan. Pengertian kebudayaan menurut para ahli sangat beragam, namun dalam konteks ini kebudayaan dilihat dalam perspektif fungsinya sebagai pedoman bagi kehidupan manusia. Dalam konteks perspektif kebudayaan tersebut, maka multikulturalisme adalah ideologi yang dapat menjadi alat atau wahana untuk meningkatkan derajat manusia dan",
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"text": "8 Abd. Rachman Assegaf, Filsapat Pendidikan Islam, (Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2011), hlm.",
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"top": 724,
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"text": "313-314.",
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"text": "9 Abdullah Aly, Pendidikan Islam Multikultural …, hlm. 124.",
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"text": "Metode Internalisasi Nilai …",
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"top": 772,
"width": 19,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
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"left": 99,
"top": 86,
"width": 443,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "kemanusiannya. Multikulturalisme mengakui dan mengagungkan perbedaan dalam kesederajatan baik secara individual maupun secara kebudayaan. 10",
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"text": "Multikulturalisme memandang sebuah masyarakat mempunyai sebuah kebudayaan yang berlaku umum dalam masyarakat yang coraknya seperti sebuah mosaik. Di dalam mosaik tercakup semua kebudayaan dari masyarakat- masyarakat lebih kecil yang membentuk terwujudnya masyarakat yang lebih besar, yang mempunyai kebudayaan seperti sebuah mosaik tersebut. 11",
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"text": "Istilah “multibudaya” (multiculture) jika ditelaah asal-usulnya mulai dikenal sejak tahun 1960-an, setelah adanya gerakan hak-hak sipil sebagai koreksi terhadap kebijakan asimilasi kelompok minoritas terhadap melting pot 9 yang sudah berjalan lama tentang kultur dominan Amerika khususnya di New York dan California.Will Kymlicka berpendapat, multibudaya merupakan suatu pengakuan, penghargaan dan keadilan terhadap etnik minoritas baik yang menyangkut hak- hak universal yang melekat pada hak-hak individu maupun komunitasnya yang bersifat kolektif dalam mengekspresikan kebudayaannya.",
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"text": "Berbagai konsep yang relevan dengan multikulturalisme antara lain adalah demokrasi, keadilan dan hukum, nilai-nilai budaya dan etos, kebersamaan dalam perbedaan yang sederajat, suku bangsa, kesukubangsaan, kebudayaan suku bangsa, keyakinan keagamaan, ungkapan-ungkapan budaya, domain privat dan publik, hak asasi manusia, hak budaya komunitas, dan konsep-konsep lainnya yang relevan Sebagai sebuah ideologi, multikulturalisme terserap dalam berbagai interaksi yang ada dalam berbagai struktur kegiatan kehidupan manusia yang tercakup dalam kehidupan sosial, kehidupan ekonomi dan bisnis, dan kehidupan politik, dan berbagai kegiatan lainnya di dalam masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Interaksi tersebut berakibat pada terjadinya perbedaan pemahaman tentang multikulturalisme. Lebih jauh, perbedaan ini berimplikasi pada perbedaan sikap dan perilaku dalam menghadapi kondisi multikultural masyarakat. Sebagai sebuah",
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"height": 48,
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"text": "10 Parsudi Suparlan, “Menuju Masyarakat Indonesia yang Multikultural,” Makalah. Disampaikan pada Simposium Internasional Bali ke-3, Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia, Denpasar Bali, 16-21 Juli 2002, hlm. 1.",
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"text": "11 James Banks, Teaching Strategies For Ethnic Studies, (Newton: Allyn and Bacon, 1984), hlm 164.",
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 78,
"width": 442,
"height": 57,
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"text": "ideologi, multikulturalisme harus diperjuangkan, karena dibutuhkan sebagai landasan bagi tegaknya demokrasi, hak asasi manusia dan kesejahteraan hidup masyarakatnya.",
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"text": "METODE INTERNALISASI NILAI-NILAI MULTIKULTURAL DI ASRAMA SMA NEGERI 1 MATAULI PANDAN",
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{
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"top": 202,
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"text": "Peneladanan",
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"height": 140,
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"text": "Pendidik meneladankan kepribadian yang baik bagi peserta didik, dalam segala aspeknya baik pelaksanaan ibadah maupun dalam keseharian. Pendidik adalah figur yang terbaik dalam pandangan anak, dan anak akan mengikuti apa yang dilakukan pendidik. Peneladanan sangat efektif untuk internalisasi nilai, karena peserta didik secara psikologis senang meniru dan sanksi-sanksi sosial yaitu seseorang akan merasa bersalah bila ia tidak meniru orang-orang di sekitarnya.",
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"text": "Peneladanan inilah yang dilaksanakan di asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan dalam menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural pada siswa. keteladanan yang dilakukan dengan cara memberikan contoh toleransi dalam beribadah sebagaimana pernyataan Joko Sulaksono selaku Instruktur di Asrama SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan berikut ini:",
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"text": "“Kami biasanya menginternalisasikan nilai itu melalui keteladanan, seperti kebiasaan para pembina asrama dan guru-guru tetap kompak walaupun berbeda agama maupun suku. Selain itu kita juga pembina sering melaksanakan ibadah masing-masing tanpa ada rasa canggung sedikitpun”. 12",
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"text": "Selain pernyataan di atas, Salma Qunita selaku siswa yang tinggal di asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan juga menyatakan hal yang senada, seperti pernyataannya berikut:",
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"text": "“para pembina di asrama ini walaupun berbeda agama mereka tetap kompak saling bekerjasama satu sama lain, bahkan saat perayaan keagamaan",
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"text": "12 Bapak Joko selaku Instruktur asrama di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 13.00 s.d selesai. 13 Januari 2020. Serta, dokumentasi di Asrama SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan.",
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"width": 149,
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"text": "Metode Internalisasi Nilai …",
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"text": "209",
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{
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"width": 192,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 86,
"width": 442,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "juga mereka tetap kompak, saling menghargai satu sama lain tidak pernah berkelompok-kelompok” 13",
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"text": "Pernyaaan Salma Qunita dan Joko Sulaksono di atas juga di dukung oleh pernyataan Murdianto selaku kepala sekolah di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan berikut ini:",
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"height": 78,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "“pada esensinya kami di sekolah ini selaku tenaga pengajar khususnya pembina asrama di tuntut untuk dapat memberikan contoh dan teladan bagi siswa, utamanya memberikan contoh tentang bagaimana memahami multikultural itu dengan baik”. 14",
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"text": "Wawancara di atas juga didukung oleh observasi yang dilakukan peneliti. Dalam observasi yang dilakukan peneliti melihat kerjasama yang sangat bagus dan kekompokan terjalin di antara pembina dan guru yang memiliki agama, suku, jenis kelamin dan latar belakang yang berbeda.",
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"height": 78,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan observasi di atas membuktikan bahwa pembina asrama dan guru di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan senantiasa bersinergi satu sama lain untuk memberikan teladan yang baik pada setiap siswa, utamanya yang berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai multikultural.",
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"text": "Pembiasaan",
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"top": 463,
"width": 443,
"height": 119,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Pembiasaan merupakan upaya praktis dalam pembinaan dan pembentukan peserta didik. Upaya ini dilakukan karena mengingat manusia mempunyai sifat lupa dan lemah. Pembiasaan merupakan stabilitasi dan pelembagaan nilai-nilai dalam peserta didik yang diawali dengan aksi ruhani dan aksi jasmani. Pembiasaan bisa dilakukan dengan terprogram dalam pembelajaran dan tidak terprogram dalam kegiatan sehari-hari.",
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"text": "Pembiasaan juga merupakan salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh pembina dan pihak SMA Negeri 1 Matauli dalam menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai",
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"text": "13 Salma Qunita selaku siswa di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 11.00 s.d selesai. 12 Januari 2020. Serta, dokumentasi di Asrama SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan.",
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"top": 706,
"width": 438,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "14 Bapak Murdianto selaku Kepala Sekolah di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 10.00 s.d selesai. 12 Februari 2020. Serta, dokumentasi di Asrama SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan.",
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"top": 52,
"width": 76,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Ano Suherlan",
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"left": 57,
"top": 772,
"width": 19,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "210",
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"left": 307,
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"width": 192,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 78,
"width": 442,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "multikultural pada siswa. Hal ini sesuai dengan pernyataan Joko Sulaksono selaku pembina asrama di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan berikut ini:",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 120,
"width": 443,
"height": 140,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "“di asrama biasanya kita membiasakan siswa satu kamar dan makan bersama dengan siswa lain yang beragama, suku yang berbeda. Selain itu juga kita membiasakan siswa untuk saling menasehati siswa lain agar rajin beribadah sesuai agama masing-masing. Misalnya kalau tiba waktu solat siswa non muslim tidak segan mengajak temannya yang Islam untuk solat. Hal ini bertujuan agar siswa saling terbiasa dengan perbedaan dan terlatih untuk bekerjasama dengan siswa lain yang berbeda” 15",
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"text": "Selain penyataan di atas Firdaus selaku siswa yang tinggal di asrama juga menyatakan hal yang sama, seperti pernyataannya berikut ini:",
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"top": 308,
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"text": "“kita dari pertama sekali masuk selalu di tempatkan satu kamar dengan siswa yang memiliki daerah yang berbeda, bahkan agama yang berbeda. Bahkan saya sendiri juga satu kamar dengan kawan saya yang berasal dari Papua dan beragama Katolik, tapi kita saling menghargai satu sama la” 16",
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"text": "Wawancara di atas juga didukung oleh hasil observasi peneliti yang melihat pembina asrama membiasakan siswa untuk bersama dan berusaha memisahkan sekat pembatas di antara sesama siswa. Seperti membiasakan siswa yang beragama dan daerah yang berbeda satu kamar dan makan bersama tanpa membedakan satu sama lain.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil wawancara di atas dapat diketahui bahwa pembina asrama dan pihak sekolah selalu membiasakan siswa untuk saling bekerjasama dan akrab satu sama lain. Hal ini bertujuan agar siswa mampu menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural dengan baik dalam kehidupan sehari- hari.",
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"text": "15 Bapak Joko Sulaksono selaku Instruktur asrama di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan.",
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"text": "Wawancara Pukul 11.00 s.d selesai. 12 Maret 2020.",
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"text": "16 Bapak Firdaus selaku siswa di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 13.00 s.d selesai. 1 Maret 2020.",
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"text": "Metode Internalisasi Nilai …",
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"left": 99,
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"width": 58,
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"text": "Pergaulan",
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"left": 99,
"top": 107,
"width": 443,
"height": 162,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Melalui pergaulan, pendidik dan peserta didik saling berinteraksi dan saling menerima dan memberi. Pendidikan dalam pergaulan sangat penting. Melalui pergaulan, pendidik mengkomunikasikan nilai-nilai luhur agama, baik dengan jalan berdiskusi maupun tanya jawab. Sebaliknya peserta didik dalam pergaulan ini mempunyai kesempatan banyak untuk menanyakan hal hal yang kurang jelas baginya. Dengan demikian wawasan mereka mengenai nilai-nilai pendidikan multikultural itu akan terinternalisasi dengan baik, karena pergaulan yang erat itu akan menjadikan keduanya tidak merasakan adanya jurang.",
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"top": 274,
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"height": 99,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Pergaulan juga tentunya hal yang sangat urgen untuk di internalisasikan pada setiap siswa. Sama halnya dengan yang dilakukan di asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan. Pergaulan siswa tidak pernah dibatasi oleh perbedaan yang ada pada setiap siswa. Sebagaimana pernyataan Imam Purhadi selaku pembina asrama di SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan berikut ini:",
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"top": 379,
"width": 443,
"height": 141,
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"text": "“siswa di asrama ini selalu kita ajarkan supaya mampu bersosialisasi dengan siswa manapun. Walaupun siswa di sini memiliki banyak keberagaman agama, etnis maupun budaya. Siswa asrama ini juga kita upayakan supaya bisa berbaur satu sama lain. Upaya yang kita lakukan seperti membuat mereka yang berbeda budaya, agama dan etnis menjadi satu kamar. Selain itu mereka juga kita sediakan ruang diskusi agar mereka bisa bertukar pikiran satu sama lain dan mampu bergaul dengan baik”. 17",
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"text": "Selain Imam Purhadi, Sulastri selaku siswa yang tinggal di asrama juga menyatakan bahwa:",
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"height": 57,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "“kami di sini bergaul dengan sesama tanpa ada pembatas agama, etnis dan budaya. Kita juga satu kelas dan kamar memiliki agama, etnis, dan budaya yang berbeda. Namun, kita tetap berkawan satu sama lain” 18",
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"text": "Selain Sunatri, Musliati Batubara selaku guru yang mengajari di SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan menyatakan bahwa:",
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"text": "17 Bapak Imam Purhadi selaku Kepala di Asrama SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 12.00 s.d selesai. 12 Januari 2020.",
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"text": "18 Sulastri selaku siswa di Asrama SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 13.00 s.d selesai. 12 Sept 2019",
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 78,
"width": 443,
"height": 161,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "“Ada banyak metode yang gunakan untuk membantu mendukung proses internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural, salah satunya caranya bisa dengan menjadi teladan, seorang guru memberikan contoh bagaimana cara berinteraksi yang baik, selanjutnya dengan pembiasaan maka peserta didik juga bisa jadi terbiasa untuk melakukan hal tersebut. Pergaulan juga menjadi sangat penting, disadari ataupun tidak dengan sendirinya peserta didik sudah terbiasa hidup berdampingan dengan berbagai perbedaan yang ada, meskipun mereka berbeda agama, budaya dan status sosial, mereka saling menghargai perbedaan tersebut.” 19",
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"text": "Berdasarkan wawancara di atas dapat diketahui bahwa di asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan dilakukan proses internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural. Diantaranya mengajarkan siswa untuk bergaul dengan siswa lainnya tanpa membatasi perbedaan agama, etnis, ras maupun gender yang ada.",
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"text": "Penegakan Aturan",
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"text": "Penegakan disiplin biasanya dikaitkan penerapan aturan ( ruleenforcement). Idealnya dalam menegakkan aturan hendaknya diarahkanpada “Takut pada aturan bukan takut pada orang”. Orang melakukan sesuatu karena taat pada aturan bukan karena taat pada orang yang memerintah. Jika hal ini tumbuh menjadi suatu kesadaran makna menciptakan kondisi yang nyaman dan aman.",
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"text": "Penegakan aturan juga dapat dijadikan sebagai cara untuk menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural pada siswa. Seperti yang dilakukan di asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan. Aturan yang ditegakkan di antaranya mengharuskan setiap siswa sekamar dengan siswa lain yang berasal dari daerah, budaya maupun agama yang berbeda. Sebagaimana pernyataan Imam Purhadi selaku pembina asrama di SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan berikut ini:",
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"text": "“Sebelum siswa masuk ke asrama kita punya aturan bahwa setiap siswa yang satu kamar harus digabungkan dengan siswa lainnya. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mempermudah setiap siswa menyesuaikan diri antar satu sama lain” 20 Selain itu Murdianto selaku kepala sekolah di SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan menyatakan bahwa:",
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"text": "19 Masliani selaku guru di SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 13.00 s.d selesai. 12 Januari 2020.",
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"text": "20 Bapak Imam Purhadi selaku Kepala di Asrama SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 13.00 s.d selesai. 12 Januari 2020",
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"text": "Metode Internalisasi Nilai …",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "213",
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
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"width": 443,
"height": 99,
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"text": "“Sebenarnya internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural adalah sebuah proses pembelajaran yang dikaitkan dengan keberagaman budaya, adat, dan agama yang ada disekolah ini, sehingga menjadikan proses pembelajaran menjadi pembelajaran yang membuka wawasan peserta didik terhadap keberagaman dan bagaimana menyikapi hal tersebut.” 21",
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"text": "Berdasarkan wawancara di atas penegakan aturan yang dilakukan untuk menjadikan siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan menjadi lebih disiplin. Aturan juga bertujuan untuk menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural pada siswa.",
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"text": "ANALISIS HASIL PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan penelitian diketahui bahwa internalisasis nilai-nilai multikultural di Asrama SMANegeri 1 Matauli Pandan. Internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural pada peserta didik di Asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan dilakukan melalui beberapa cara, yaitu peneladanan yang dilakukan oleh para pembina asrama dan guru dalam mengajarkan nilai multikultural, pembiasaan dilakukan dengan mengulang kebiasaan saling menghargai perbedaan dalam aktivitas sehari-hari, pergaulan tanpa ada perbedaan satu sama lain, dan penegakan hukum yang tanpa ada siswa yang diistimewakan. Hal ini relevan dengan pendapat yang dikemukakan oleh Zakiuddin Baidhawiada tujuh asumsi paradigmatik PAI berbasis multikultural. Walaupun pada kenyataannya hanya empat metode yang digunakan dalam menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural pada peserta didik di Asrama SMAN 1 Matauli.",
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"text": "Internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural yang telah dilakukan memberikan manfaat yang baik bagi siswa di Asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan di antaranya adalah adalah kemampuan siswa dalam menerapkan nilai-nilai demokrasi dengan memberikan kebebasan setiap siswa untuk mengeluarkan pendapatan dan ekspresi masing-masing, menghargai kesetaraan dan gender tanpa membedakan jenis kelamin dan status yang berbeda, hidup dalam keadilan tanpa membedakan teman bergaul , toleransi antar umat beragama antar siswa sehingga kehidupan",
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"text": "21 Bapak Murdiato selaku Kepala sekolah SMA N 1 Matauli Pandan. Wawancara Pukul 10.00 s.d selesai. 12 Januari 2020.",
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"width": 76,
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"text": "Ano Suherlan",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "214",
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"width": 192,
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 78,
"width": 443,
"height": 120,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "beribadah satu sama lain berjalan tanpa ada yang saling mengusik, Hak Asasi Manusia yang selalu dijunjung dan tidak ada intimidasi bagi siswa yang memiliki perbedaan dengan siswa lainnya, serta perbedaan agama, suku, jenis kelamin dan ras mampu mempererat persatuan dan kesatuan antar siswa karena tugas adanya pemahaman esensi multikultural sebenarnya. Nilai yang diinternalisasikan adalah :",
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"text": "1. Keikhlasan yaitu nilai demokrasi dan keadilan maksudnya bekerja untuk melaksanakan tugas sehari hari diasrama dalam rangka mencapai tujuan bersama mencari ilmu.",
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{
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"width": 442,
"height": 36,
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"text": "2. Keikhlasan mengurus kamar yang didalamnya ada nilai keadilan dalam berbagi tugas harian yang telah terjadwal , dalam mencapai tujuan bersama.",
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 308,
"width": 442,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "3. Kesederhanaan dalam berpakaian,tempat makan dan tingkah laku,yaitu ada nilai keadilan tidak membedakan siswa dalam status ekonomi orangtua.",
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"page_number": 14,
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"text": "4. Kebersamaan yaitu toleransi dan demokrasi walaupun berbeda agama, status sosial orangtua,suku, ras bahasa daerah, mereka saling menghargai dan mengasihi antara senior membimbing junior .",
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"left": 57,
"top": 413,
"width": 442,
"height": 57,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Dalam internalisasi nilai nilai multikultural di Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli tidak hanya melalui intruktur dan guru tetapi didalam muatan kurikulum juga sudah tercantum materi tentang",
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"text": "toleransi sehingga siswa salaing memahaminya.Ditambah dengan kegiatan kajian islam bagi siswa yang muslim dan kajian al kitab bagi siswa yang non muslim.",
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"text": "PENUTUP",
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"text": "Metode internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural pada peserta didik di Asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan dilakukan melalui beberapa cara, yaitu:",
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"text": "a. Peneladanan Penegakan aturan juga dapat dijadikan sebagai cara untuk menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural pada siswa. Seperti yang dilakukan di asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan. Siswa senior harus menjadi siritaulan bagi juniornya dalam tingkah laku dsb.Aturan yang ditegakkan di antaranya mengharuskan setiap siswa sekamar dengan siswa lain yang berasal dari daerah, budaya maupun agama yang berbeda.",
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"text": "Metode Internalisasi Nilai …",
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"text": "Studi Multidisipliner Volume 7 Edisi 2 2020",
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"text": "b. Pembiasaan",
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"text": "Pembiasaan yang dilakukan sebagai metode penginternalisasian nilai-nilai nilai- multikultural pada siswa bahwa pembina asrama dan pihak sekolah selalu membiasakan siswa untuk saling bekerjasama dan akrab satu sama lain. Hal ini bertujuan agar siswa mampu menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural dengan baik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari,seperti kegiatan senam pagi,kurve kebersihan dll.",
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"text": "c. Pergaulan",
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{
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"height": 77,
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"text": "Metode internalisasi nilai-nilai multicultural siswa di asrama SMAN 1 Matauli Pandan dilakukan dengan mengajarkan siswa untuk bergaul dengan siswa lainnya tanpa membatasi perbedaan agama, etnis, ras maupun gender yang ada.",
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"text": "d. Penegakan hukum",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 358,
"width": 431,
"height": 120,
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"text": "Penegakan aturan juga dapat dijadikan sebagai metode untuk menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikultural pada siswa. Seperti yang dilakukan di asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli Pandan. Aturan yang ditegakkan di antaranya mengharuskan setiap siswa sekamar dengan siswa lain yang berasal dari daerah, budaya maupun agama yang berbeda,semua kegiatan sudah terjadwal.dan setiap pelanggaran ada sangsinya",
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"text": "Upaya kearah internalisasi nilai nilai multikultural di Asrama SMA Negeri 1 Matauli tidak hanya berhenti pada tarap penumbuhan pengetahuan akan multikultural dalam diri siswa, tetapi lebih dari itu pengurus asrama mengupayakan internalisasi nilai nilai multikultural yang ada pada diri siswa melalui beberapa program,yaitu sholat berjamaah bagi yang muslim dengan imam bergantian sesuai jadwal ,berpakaian sopan,bangun pagi,makan,dan tidur tepat waktu,berbahasa yang baik serta sopan santun selalu dijunjung tinggi.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"left": 99,
"top": 671,
"width": 442,
"height": 58,
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"text": "Abd. Rachman Assegaf, Filsapat Pendidikan Islam, Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2011. Abd. Rachman Assegaf, Pendidikan Tanpa Kekerasan: Tipologi Kondisi, Kasus, dan Konsep, Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya, 2004.",
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 16,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ano Suherlan",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"top": 772,
"width": 19,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "216",
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{
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"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
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"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
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"text": "Abstract. PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses, is a company engaged in the cooking seasoning and flavoring industry. The products produced include tomato sauce, chili sauce, and premix flour. The company has problems achieving less than optimal productivity, which later became the basis of this research. In this research, identification of waste that occurs in the production process using the Lean DMAI method. The data in this research were processed and analyzed based on 4 main stages: (1) Big Picture Mapping (BPM); (2) making Pareto Diagrams; (3) Root Cause Analysis (RCA); (4) the Failure Mode Effect and Analysis (FMEA) method to reduce the existing waste. Based on the results of the research, it is known that the types of waste identified are overproduction, defects, waiting processes, unnecessary inventory, and excess displacement. Of these many factors, the largest waste is caused by the defect factor of the tomato sauce type product which is runny and too acidic, because the operator does not follow the existing SOP with an RPN value of 392.",
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"text": "d corresponding author",
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"text": "Submited: 05-10-2022",
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"text": "Revised: 25-05-2023 Accepted: 15-06-2023",
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"text": "2017) (Prasetyawati et al., 2018). The value-added is able to provide results for a company so that it can compete with other companies (Suparno & Susanto, 2021) (Rahmatillah et al., 2019). To achieve this goal, it is necessary to reduce the existing production process. Because by reducing the amount of waste, the cost of production and rework will be minimized (Santoso & Fudhla, 2018). Can be avoided by reducing the amount of waste, can minimize rework, which can emphasize high production costs (Santoso & Fudhla, 2018).",
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"text": "In this research, we will use the application of lean DMAI where there are four basic stages or steps in implementing this strategy, i.e. Defect- Measure-Analyze-Improve (DMAI) at PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses.",
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"text": "PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses, is a company engaged in the cooking spice and food seasoning industry. The products produced are tomato sauce, chili sauce, and premix flour. In reducing waste problem at PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses is to use the Lean Manufacturing method (Abdul Khannan & Haryono, 2015) (Yunita & Adi, 2019). Lean manufacturing is an approach to system efficiency by minimizing waste that occurs in the process flow (Mantiri et al., 2017). The application of lean is expected to have 3 results, namely a better process by providing value-added to customers or customers that is efficient, better working conditions, namely with a better and",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri",
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"text": "p-ISSN 1412-6869 e-ISSN 2460-4038",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "77",
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"text": "clearer work flow and can provide great ability to improve or improve something in condition, and can meet the objectives or company needs that include value and profit (Suparno & Susanto, 2021) (Ristyowati et al., 2017).",
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"text": "For this reason, this research aims to minimize waste of production process activities so that the target for order fulfillment can be achieved (Setiyawan et al., 2013).",
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"text": "II. R ESEARCH M ETHOD",
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"text": "In this research, a quantitative approach was analyzed, where this research was conducted at PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses which is located on Jl. Raya Cangkir KM 22 Driyorejo - Gresik. The data is to identify waste that occurs in the production process by using Lean DMAI (Prakoso et al., 2017).",
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"text": "Data processing with DMAI",
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"text": "In this research using the data processing stages as follows (Figure 1):",
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"text": "1. Identification. The process of identifying problems related to waste in the production process carried out with material flow data from goods to suppliers, PPIC, production, packaging, warehouses by making Big Picture Mapping (BPM) which contains the lead time of each work station and adds flow information on the process under review (Febianti et al., 2018) (Prakoso et al., 2017).",
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"text": "2. Measurement. Measure the waste that has been identified, by making a Pareto diagram.",
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"text": "3. Data Analysis. It is an activity to analyze the problems that occur, along with their causes. The tools used are Root Cause Analysis (RCA) and Failure Mode Effect and Analysis (FMEA).",
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"text": "4. Recommendations and improvements. Is the stage of providing recommendations for improvements to the problems that have been researched (Prasetiyo et al., 2022).",
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"text": "III. R ESULT AND D ISCUSSION",
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"text": "Identification",
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"text": "At this stage, targeting and identification of the total number of product defects will be carried out. At this stage also defined the type of waste found in the production of tomato sauce at PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses Driyorejo-Gresik.",
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"text": "Big Picture Mapping (BPM)",
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"text": "Based on the Big picture mapping above, it can be seen that pr Productoduct requests come from customers who place orders to the Head of Marketing, the marketing department forwards information to the Head of Production for production planning.",
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"text": "The Head of Production checks the material stock in the warehouse, if the stock of material runs out, the Head of Production will contact the supplier to purchase the material. Then the supplier will send the material to be stored in the warehouse and prepared for the production process. The production process will run, at work station 1 which is taking all raw materials, at work",
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"text": "Figure 1. Research Flowchart (Prasetyawati et al., 2018) (Abdul Khannan & Haryono, 2015)",
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"text": "Ardhyani et al./ Identification of Production Decline Factors using the LEAN … JITI, Vol.22(1), Jun 2023, 76-85",
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"text": "station 2 is the mixing process, work station 3 is the first filter process, at work station 4 is the cooking process, then at work station 5 is the second filter process, the storage process in work station 6, and the last work station is on the packaging process.",
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"text": "Measurement",
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"text": "In carrying out the production process at PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses there are several wastes identified from company data including:",
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"text": "1. Over Production. This waste occurs because the company produces more than the production target and customer demand (Rahmatillah et al., 2019). From Table 1, it can be seen that in one year PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses was able to produce 5,253,675 Pcs of sauce or 15% of the initial production target, The highest production occurred in March with a result of 520,005 Pcs, the lowest in January with a result of 325,500 Pcs,",
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"text": "2. Defect Product. This waste occurs because the resulting product does not meet the",
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"text": "Figure 2. Big Picture Mapping Tomato Sauce Production (Abdul Khannan & Haryono, 2015)",
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"text": "Table 1. Over Production Data",
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"text": "No Month Production Targets (Pcs) Production Result (Pcs) Over Production (Pcs) Percentage (%) 1 January 315,000 325,500 10,500 3.33 2 February 365,000 370,100 5,100 1.40 3 March 505,500 520,005 14,505 2.87 4 April 445,050 450,000 4,950 1.11 5 May 445,050 450,000 4,950 1.11 6 June 505,550 518,500 12,950 2.56 7 July 487,800 489,115 1,315 0.27 8 August 345,500 350,000 4,500 1.30",
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"text": "9 September 400,050 400,255 205 0.05 10 October 500,500 503,250 2,750 0.55 11 November 426,000 426,950 950 0.22 12 December 449,000 450,000 1,000 0.22 Total Production per Year 5,190,000 5,253,675 63,675 15.00",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri",
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"text": "p-ISSN 1412-6869 e-ISSN 2460-4038",
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"text": "specified standards (damaged). From Table 2, it can be seen that in one year the total product defects were 56,497 Pcs. With the highest level of product defects occurred in February with a total defect of 7,000 Pcs of production.",
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"text": "3. Waiting Process. This waste occurs because the WIP must wait for the next process. From Table 3, it can be seen that in one year the total WIP waiting for the next process is 43,200 Pcs. The highest number of waiting WIPs occurred in June and March of 7,000 Pcs, while the lowest number of waiting WIPs occurred in April and May of 2,500 Pcs.",
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"text": "4. Unnecessary Inventories. This waste occurs because the company provides too many raw materials so that it exceeds the capacity of the storage warehouse. From Table 4, it can be seen that in one year the total remaining inventory of raw materials is 10,837 Kg. The most remaining inventory of raw materials was in March with the amount of 1,100 Kg.",
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"text": "5. Transportation. Transportation is a type of waste that occurs due to discarding reject products throughout the production process. In one such transportation activity, 500 defective products can be loaded (See Table 5).",
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"text": "Table 2. Product Defect Data",
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"text": "No Month Production Result (Pcs) Reject (Pcs) Percentage (%) 1 January 325,500 3,397 1.04 2 February 370,100 7,000 1.89 3 March 520,005 4,811 0.93 4 5 April May 450,000 450,000 3,529 4,789 0.78 1.06 6 June 518,500 6,130 1.18 7 July 489,115 5,136 1.05 8 August 350,000 4,990 1.43 9 September 400,255 4,155 1.04 10 October 503,250 5,100 1.01 11 November 426,950 4,180 0.98 12 December 450,000 3,280 0.73 Total Production per Year 5,253,675 56,497 13.13 Table 3. Waiting Process No Month Production Result (Pcs) Waiting (Pcs) Percentage (%) 1 January 325,500 3,500 1.08 2 February 370,100 3,050 0.82 3 March 520,005 5,000 0.96 4 April 450,000 2,500 0.56 5 May 450,000 2,550 0.57 6 June 518,500 5,000 0.96 7 July 489,115 3,500 0.72 8 August 350,000 3,550 1.01 9 September 400,255 4,050 1.01 10 October 503,250 3,000 0.60 11 November 426,950 4,000 0.94 12 December 450,000 3,500 0.78 Total Production per Year 5,253,675 43,200 10.00",
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"text": "Ardhyani et al./ Identification of Production Decline Factors using the LEAN … JITI, Vol.22(1), Jun 2023, 76-85",
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"text": "Priority Improvement Based on Pareto Diagram",
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"text": "In this stage the waste that occurs in the tomato sauce production process at PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses will be sorted based on the number of incident that occur so that it can be focused on the direction of problem solving,",
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"text": "Based on the results shown by the Pareto Diagram above, it can be concluded that the three highest types of waste are based on the 80/20 principle, namely 20% of the causes are responsible for 80% of the problems that arise or vice versa. Referring to the 80/20 principle, the highest waste taken for analysis is overproduction",
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"text": "with Cumulative 34% then defect with cumulative 66% and the last is waiting waste with Cumulative 91%.",
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"text": "Root Cause Analysis (RCA)",
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"text": "At this stage, using the Root Cause Analysis (RCA) method, identification of the root causes of waste and corrective steps or suggestions can be applied to minimize the number of defective products in the production process and product quality (Nisanti & Puspitasari, 2021) (Tri Irawan et al., 2018) (Setiyawan et al., 2013). The waste that occurs in the Tomato Sauce production process at",
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"text": "Table 4. Raw Material Inventory Data",
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"text": "No Month Production Result (Pcs) Before production (Kg) After production (Kg) Percentage (%) 1 January 325,500 45,650 650 0.20 2 February 370,100 49,288 986 0.,27 3 March 520,005 69,789 1,100 0.21 4 April 450,000 61,525 1,025 0.23 5 May 450,000 61,525 700 0.16 6 June 518,500 68,462 590 0.11 7 July 489,115 63,100 1,050 0.21 8 August 350,000 48,469 725 0.21 9 September 400,255 56,005 1,000 0.25 10 October 503,250 67,024 971 0.19 11 November 426,950 59,451 1,015 0.24 12 December 450,000 61,525 1,025 0.23 Total Production per Year 5,253,675 711,813 10,837 2.50 Table 5. Transportation Waste Data No Month Production Result (Pcs) Reject (Pcs) Incident Percentage (%) 1 January 325,500 3,397 7 0.0021 2 February 370,100 7,000 14 0.0038 3 March 520,005 4,811 10 0.0019 4 April 450,000 3,529 7 0.0016 5 May 450,000 4,789 10 0.0021 6 June 518,500 6,130 12 0.0024 7 July 489,115 5,136 10 0.0021 8 August 350,000 4,990 10 0.0029 9 September 400,255 4,155 8 0.0021 10 October 503,250 5,100 10 0.0020 11 November 426,950 4,180 8 0.0020 12 December 450,000 3,280 7 0.0015 Total Production per Year 5,253,675 56,497 113 0.03",
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"text": "PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses will be identified as the cause and effect so that it can make repairs easier.",
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"text": "The results of the RCA analysis show the causes of waste that occur among others, as follows:",
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"text": "1. Over Production. The reason is the absence of a production scheduling system. Because there is no department/section that specifically handles the production planning function. The root cause is a function that is still held by the company's leadership.",
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"text": "2. Defect Production. There are several causes for different product weights:",
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"text": "- The first cause is the packing machine settings are always changing. Which is because the machine is often disturbed and the lack of maintenance of the packing machine. The root cause is that there is no packing machine maintenance schedule",
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"text": "- The product packaging often shrinks, which is because the seal on the packing machine",
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"left": 342,
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"text": "is too hot, the lack of maintenance for the packing machine. The root cause is that there is no packing machine maintenance schedule",
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"text": "- The the tomato sauce is not thick and sour. Due to improper product formulation. The root of the problem was due to operator carelessness in mixing the ingredients which, due to the existing SOPs, was difficult to understand.",
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{
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"text": "- fibrous tomato sauce, Because the raw material for cassava dregs flour is too fibrous and the receipt of raw materials is not checked carefully. The root of the problem is that the process of taking raw materials takes too long is that there is no SOP for receiving raw materials.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"height": 68,
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"text": "3. Waiting Process. WIP waiting for the packing process. Due to the accumulation of unpackaged WIP. The root of the problem is that WIP packaging takes too long due to lack of manpower. And the other reason is the raw",
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{
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"text": "Table 6. Waste Data",
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{
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"width": 280,
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"text": "No Waste Total Percentage (%) Cumulative (%) 1 Over Production 63675 28 28 2 Defect Product 56497 24 52 3 Waiting Process 43200 19 71 4 Unnecessary inventories 10837 5 76 5 Transportation 56497 24 100",
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{
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"text": "Figure 3. Pareto Diagrams of Waste Data (Nur Asnan & Fahma, 2019)",
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{
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"text": "Ardhyani et al./ Identification of Production Decline Factors using the LEAN … JITI, Vol.22(1), Jun 2023, 76-85",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 301,
"top": 738,
"width": 12,
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"text": "82",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 603,
"width": 209,
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"text": "material that arrives late. Due to the root of the problem, the location of the raw material warehouse is scattered.",
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"text": "Failure Mode Effect Analysis",
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"left": 71,
"top": 670,
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"text": "After knowing the root cause of the problem from the sub-waste that occurred, further discussions were carried out with the authorized superiors to determine the severity, occurrence,",
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"text": "and detection values to obtain the RPN (Risk Priority Number) value (Setiyawan et al., 2013). With the aim of knowing the priority of improvements that can be made. At this stage, the failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) method is used (Nisanti & Puspitasari, 2021). For more details will be explained in the Table 8.",
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"text": "Based on the FMEA method, it can be seen that the highest value is in defects due to the",
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"text": "Table 7. Root Cause Analysis (RCA) (Tri Irawan et al., 2018) (Setiyawan et al., 2013)",
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"text": "No Waste Sub Waste Why1 Why2 Why3 Why4 Why5 1 Over production No production scheduling system There is no specific department that handles the production planning function",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 128,
"width": 311,
"height": 135,
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"text": "Its function is still being handled by the company's leadership 2 Defect Product Different product weight",
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{
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"top": 226,
"width": 48,
"height": 74,
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"text": "Packing machine settings are always changing (not fixed)",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 287,
"top": 226,
"width": 180,
"height": 61,
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"text": "The machine often has trouble Lack of packing machine maintenance No scheduling of packing machine maintenance",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 170,
"top": 300,
"width": 227,
"height": 61,
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"text": "Product packaging often shrinks The seal on the packing machine is too hot Packing machine settings are always changing The engine is worn",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 300,
"width": 359,
"height": 160,
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"text": "Lack of packaging machine maintenance No scheduling of packaging machine maintenance Tomato sauce is not thick and sour Incorrect product formulation Operator error Cooking operators do not follow the SOP SOP is hard to understand Fibrous tomato sauce",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 225,
"top": 424,
"width": 177,
"height": 60,
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"text": "Tepung onggok terlalu berserat Quality of raw materials is not good Receipt of raw materials is not checked carefully",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 424,
"width": 377,
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"text": "There is no SOP for receiving raw materials 3 Waiting Process Waiting for the packing process Production process time increases WIP stack Many WIPs have not been packaged WIP packaging is too long",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 485,
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"text": "Lack of manpower",
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"text": "Late raw materials",
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{
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"width": 114,
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"text": "The process of taking raw materials is too long Location of scattered raw material warehouses",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 381,
"top": 50,
"width": 158,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "p-ISSN 1412-6869 e-ISSN 2460-4038",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 301,
"top": 738,
"width": 12,
"height": 11,
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"text": "83",
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{
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"width": 223,
"height": 94,
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"text": "tomato sauce being not thick and sour due to the cooking operator not following the SOP with an RPN value of 392. And the second highest value is defects due to product packaging often shrinking because there is no packaging machine maintenance scheduling system with an RPN value of 96.",
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"text": "Improvement Suggestions",
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"text": "Improve is a phase in the DMAI cycle to fix problems that have been carried out in define, measure and analyze processes based on the data obtained. The next step is to provide improvement recommendations, which is followed by selecting priority recommendations",
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"text": "for improvement using the FMEA tool. The recommendations for improvement given will be made in order to overcome some of the waste that occurs.",
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"text": "From the research that has been carried out by applying the concept of Lean DMAI, the first recommendation for improvement is to make Standard Operational Procedures (SOP) for the new tomato sauce production process that is easier to understand. The proposed SOPs are as in Table 9.",
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"text": "From the results of the identification of waste by research data, the types of waste that occur most often to those that rarely occur are (1) overproduction: this waste occurs because the",
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"text": "Table 8. Failure Mode Effect and Analysis (FMEA) (Nisanti & Puspitasari, 2021)",
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"text": "No Waste Sub Waste Effect Sev Cause Occ Control Det RPN 1 Over production Storage volume is too big 4 No integrated production scheduling system 4 Visuals on the arrangement of items 5 80 Product storage is too long 4 No integrated production scheduling system 4 Visuals on the shape of the item 4 64 2 Defect Product Different product weight Product weight is not the same 4 No machine maintenance scheduling system 4 Visuals on the shape of the item 4 64 Product packaging often shrinks (product defects) Packaging display is not attractive 6 No machine maintenance scheduling system 4 Visuals on the shape of the item 4 96 Tomato sauce is not thick and sour",
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"text": "Discarded 8 Cooking operators do not follow the SOP 7 Physical Observation 7 392 Fibrous tomato sauce Discarded 5 There is no SOP for receiving raw materials 4 Visuals on the shape of the item 4 80",
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"text": "3 Waiting Process",
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"width": 336,
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"text": "Waiting for WIP packaging process WIP stack 3 Lack of human labor 4 Visual 4 48",
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"text": "Ardhyani et al./ Identification of Production Decline Factors using the LEAN … JITI, Vol.22(1), Jun 2023, 76-85",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 301,
"top": 738,
"width": 12,
"height": 11,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "84",
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"text": "Table 9. Proposed Improvement of Tomato Sauce Production Process SOP",
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"text": "Activity Subject Process Location Time Processing Person responsible Corrective Action A . 1. Flour acceptance: Flour must comply with specification standards Starch flour and Corn Starch Sampling Raw Material Warehouse Every new product comes Head of raw material warehouse Sampling results are not up to standard >10% rejected 2. Storage Starch flour and Corn Starch On the pallet Raw Material Warehouse After received Sseparated 3. Sifting Starch flour and Corn Starch Sift by machine Sauce Processing Room Each will be processed Weighing Operators Sieve check 4. Weighing Starch flour and dan Corn Starch Weighing with a digital scale Raw Material Warehouse Each will be processed after the sieve Weigh calibration B. 1.Condiment acceptance: Seasonings must comply with specification standards Salt, Sugar Pasir, Vinegar + Tomato Paste, Saccharin, MSG, Extra Chili, Garlic Oil, Sunset Yellow, Citric Acid, Natrium Benzoat Sampling Raw Material Warehouse After arrival Staff R&D Sampling results are not up to standard, rejected 2. Storage Salt, Sugar Pasir, Vinegar + Tomato Paste, Saccharin, MSG, Extra Chili, Garlic Oil, Sunset Yellow, Citric Acid, Natrium Benzoat On the pallet Raw Material Warehouse After received Head of raw material warehouse Separated 3. Weighing Salt, Sugar Pasir, Vinegar + Tomato Paste, Saccharin, MSG, Extra Chili, Garlic Oil, Sunset Yellow, Citric Acid, Natrium Benzoat Weighing with a digital scale R&D formula room After Stored Staff R&D Weigh calibration C. 1. Production process: Mixing Tomato paste, Corn Starch, Corn Starch or Starch flour, Water Enter the dough mixer- double jacket Production process room After weighing Mixing Process Operators If less homogeneous, mixing time is added 2. Cooking Tomato sauce base dough until it becomes perfect gelatinization Cooking mixer double jacket 90 o C,±10 Minute Production process room During the production process Cooking Process Operator",
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"text": "Rework",
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"text": "+ Citric Acid, Salt, Sugar,",
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"text": "Saccharin, MSG, Vinegar, Extra Chili, Garlic Oil, Pewarna, Na-Benzoat.",
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"text": "3. Cooling Tomato Sauce Storage 60°- 70°C Production process room During the production process Packaging Process Operator Cooling time added 4. Packaging Tomato Sauce Packed with vertical packaging Packing Room After weighing process Rework 5. Sorting Packaged Tomato Sauce Sorted Packing Room After the packing process Separated& re- cooking 6. Storage Tomato Sauce has been put in a ball or box Stored at room temperature, on a plastic pallet Finished goods warehouse After storage Warehouse Staff Temperature and humidity check 7. Distribution Tomato sauce ready to be sent Visual Check Finished goods warehouse After storage Warehouse Staff Transportation equipment is not up to standard, returned/ replaced with another",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri",
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"top": 50,
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "p-ISSN 1412-6869 e-ISSN 2460-4038",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 301,
"top": 738,
"width": 12,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "85",
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"text": "company produces more than the production target and customer demand; (2) defects product: this waste occurs because the resulting product does not meet the specified standards (damaged); (3) unnecessary inventory; (4) unnecessary movements; (5) excess displacement; (6) waiting and inappropriate processes.",
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"text": "IV. C ONCLUSION",
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"text": "The types of waste identified in the tomato sauce production process at PT Himalaya Mitra Sukses are: overproduction, defect production, unnecessary Inventories, unnecessary motion and transportation. From the research that has been done by applying the Lean DMAI method, the recommendation for improvement is to create a Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) for the new tomato sauce production process that is easier to understand. Of these many factors, the largest waste is caused by the defect factor of the tomato sauce type product which is runny and too acidic, because the operator does not follow the existing SOP with an RPN value of 392.",
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{
"left": 146,
"top": 406,
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"text": "R EFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
},
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"text": "Penerapan Lean Manufacturing untuk",
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0ff72de5-60f6-ef67-a6af-9e37eb03f525 | https://jurnalteknodik.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/jurnalteknodik/article/download/1015/515 | [
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"text": "Dwi Angga Oktavianto: Pengaruh Project-Based Learning Berdiferensiasi dengan Aktivitas Inkuiri Geografis Terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNODIK Vol. 26 - Nomor 2, Desember 2022 ISSN: 2088 - 3978 e-ISSN: 2579 - 4833",
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"text": "Pengaruh Project-based Learning Berdiferensiasi dengan Aktivitas Inkuiri Geografis terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "The Effect of Differentiated Project-based Learning with Geographic Inquiry Activities to Students’ Spatial Thinking Skill",
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"text": "Dwi Angga Oktavianto SMK Negeri 1 Binuang Jl. Oscar No. 1, Desa Pualam Sari, Kecamatan Binuang, Kabupaten Tapin [email protected]",
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"text": "ABSTRAK: Penelitan ini mengkaji aktivitas geographic inquiry pada project-based learning untuk meningkatkan berpikir spasial siswa. Diferensiasi yang dimasukkan sebagai variable moderator berupa gaya belajar. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 64 siswa SMK yang belajar pemetaan topografi pada Program Keahlian Geologi Pertambangan. Data yang didapat kemudian dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dua jalur, dengan faktorial 2x3 melalui program SPSS 24. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) ada perbedaan signifikan antar model pembelajaran terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial, dengan nilai sig 0,003; 2) ada perbedaan signifikan antar gaya belajar terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial, dengan nilai sig 0,004; dan 3) ada interaksi signifikan antara model pembelajaran dan gaya belajar terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial, dengan nilai sig 0,000. Aktivitas geographical inquiry pada project-based learning paling sesuai digunakan pada siswa dengan gaya belajar kinestetik.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: berpikir spasial; geographic inquiry; pembelajaran berdiferensiasi",
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"text": "ABSTRACT: This research examines geographic inquiry activities in project-based learning to improve students’ spatial thinking skill. The differentiation included as a moderator variable is the students’ learning style. The subject of this research is 64 Students who learn topographic mapping in Geological Mining Vocational Program. The achieved data is analyzed by using two lines ANOVA with the 2x3 factorial through SPSS 24 program. The result shows that: 1) there is significant difference between the learning models to spatial thinking skill, with the sig value of 0.003; 2) there is significant difference between the learning styles to spatial thinking skill, with the sig value Diterima: 26 Oktober 2022 Direvisi: 25 November 2022 Disetujui: 26 Desember 2022",
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"text": "Dwi Angga Oktavianto: Pengaruh Project-Based Learning Berdiferensiasi dengan Aktivitas Inkuiri Geografis Terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNODIK Vol. 26 - Nomor 2, Desember 2022 ISSN: 2088 - 3978 e-ISSN: 2579 - 4833",
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"text": "of 0.004; and 3) there is significant interaction between the learning model as well as learning style and spatial thinking skill, with sig value 0.000. Geographical inquiry activities in project-based learning is most suitable used by the students with kinesthetic learning style.",
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"text": "Keywords: differentiated learning; geographic inquiry; spatial thinking",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Permasalahan utama dalam pembelajaran ilmu kebumian di Indonesia adalah bahwa masih sangat jarang adanya aktivitas pembelajaran yang mendorong siswa meningkatnya berpikir spasialnya. Ini terjadi karena paradigma pembelajaran ilmu kebumian di Indonesia selama ini lebih berfokus pada aspek kognitif spasial saja. Kelemahan mendasar dari aspek tersebut adalah tidak terbangunnya pisau analisis yang dapat digunakan untuk menghadapi segala permasalahan spasial (Oktavianto et al., 2017). Sebagai contoh, seorang siswa dapat saja memiliki pengetahuan yang sangat banyak tentang suatu tempat, tetapi ketika di tempat lain, siswa tersebut gagal melakukan analisis spasial karena apa yang telah di pelajari di kelas bukan merupakan kemampuan berpikir spasial tetapi hanya pengetahuan spasial. Salah satu model pembelajaran konstruktivisme yang potensial untuk mendorong kemampuan berpikir spasial adalah Project-Based Learning (PBL). Model pembelajaran ini menjadikan siswa lebih aktif dalam belajar (Roberts, 2014). Siswa dapat memilih berbagai isu yang menarik bagi mereka, sehingga siswa sebagai pemeran utama dalam pembelajaran proyek. PBL dapat mengoptimalkan peran guru dalam membina dan mendorong siswa untuk belajar geografi (Krauss & Boss, 2013). Bahkan Huynh et al. (2015) mengungkapkan bahwa untuk memberikan pengalaman belajar yang intensif dan mendalam berdasarkan permasalahan nyata yang terletak pada",
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"text": "konteks spasial, PBL sangat cocok digunakan bersamaan dengan pembelajaran inquiry. National Geography Standards yang merupakan kurikulum pembelajaran di Amerika Serikat memberikan panduan bagi guru geografi untuk mengajar geografi melalui aktivitas geographic inquiry yang terdiri dari: 1) mengajukan pertanyaan geografis; 2) mengumpulkan informasi geografis; 3) mengolah data geografis; 4) menganalisis informasi geografi; 5) menjawab dan memberi solusi dari masalah geografis; dan 6) mengomunikasikan segala hal dari lima tahapan geographic inquiry yang telah dilakukan (Heffron & Downs, 2012).",
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"text": "Keenam aktivitas belajar tersebut sepatutnya dilakukan siswa saat belajar geografi. Inkuiri merupakan bagian tidak terpisahkan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran geografi (Schlemper et al., 2019). Inkuiri mendukung berkembangnya kemampuan geografi siswa pada domain pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan praktik (Huynh et al., 2015). Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melalui aktivitas inkuiri dimungkinkan untuk mengembangkan berpikir spasial siswa (Kerski et al., 2013; Krauss & Boss, 2013; Schlemper et al., 2019). Dalam penelitian-penelitian tersebut, aktivitas inkuiri diintegrasikan ke dalam berbagai cara. Schlemper, dkk. melakukan penelitian dengan membandingkan siswa calon guru yang belajar geografi melalui pendekatan inkuiri di satu kelas dan dengan kelas lain yang belajar geografi dengan pendekatan lain. Weakley menyatakan bahwa dengan pembelajaran",
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNODIK Vol. 26 - Nomor 2, Desember 2022 ISSN: 2088 - 3978 e-ISSN: 2579 - 4833",
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"text": "ilmu kebumian berbasis inkuiri, mahasiswa sebagai calon guru lebih berkembang berpikir spasialnya.",
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"text": "John Dewey merupakan salah satu pionir dalam pendidikan berbasis proyek atau setidaknya gagasanya tentang “learning by doing” menjadi tonggak awal project-based learning (PBL) (Bender, 2012). PBL bukan hanya pembelajaran yang menakankan siswa untuk membuat sebuah produk saja. Tujuan utama PBL adalah menghubungkan antara teori dengan praktik guna memecahkan masalah kehidupan nyata yang terkait dengan konteks profesional di masa depan siswa (Fernandes, 2014). Markham (2012) menyatakan bahwa PBL memiliki dua keunggulan: 1) PBL mampu mengintergasikan knowing and doing; dan 2) PBL menekankan pada perencanaan dan penilaian yang hati- hati. Lebih lanjut Markham menjelaskan bahwa PBL memberi kesempatan siswa mempelajari pengetahuan dan elemen inti dalam kurikulum, serta menerapkan pengetahuan tersebut pada masalah yang otentik dan menghasilkan artefak yang penting. Hal ini berarti PBL memfokuskan pembelajaran pada siswa, karena siswa mengambil pengalaman tidak hanya dari kurikulum tetapi juga dari apa yang mereka kerjakan. Krauss & Boss (2013) berpendapat bahwa PBL berfokus dalam melibatkan siswa untuk melakukan penyelidikan selama pembelajaran, siswa diminta untuk menghasilkan produk guna memecahkan permasalahan yang mana permasalahan tersebut bersumber dari pertanyaan yang nyata. Bender (2012) bahkan meyakinkan perlunya PBL digunakan dalam pembelajaran berdiferensiasi pada abad 21 ini. Sekolah yang telah melaksanakan Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka (IKM) dapat menggunakan PBL sebagai model pembelajaran utama guna menerapkan pembelajaran berdiferenasiasi. Kurikulum Merdeka juga mengarahkan guru untuk melakukan Asesmen Diagnostik pada awal tahun pelajaran atau awal semester (Supriyadi et al., 2022). Asesmen ini terdiri",
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"text": "dari dua jenis, yakni Asesmen Diagnostik Kognitif dan Asesmen Diagnostik Non Kognitif (Kusairi, 2013). Asesmen yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakterstik siswa. Salah satu bentuk Asesmen Diganostik Non Kognitif adalah belajar melalu tes gaya belajar (Indrawati et al., 2022). Data gaya belajar pada suatu kelas merupakan salah satu karakteristik siswa yang harus dipahami guru sebelum merancang pembelajaran. Gaya belajar merupakan salah satu bentuk diferensiasi (Willingham et al., 2015). Seorang guru ilmu kebumian selain harus melakukan variasi dalam menggunakan model dan strategi pembelajaran juga harus memperhatikan gaya belajar siswa (Riihimaki & Viskupic, 2020). Ini karena setiap preferensi gaya belajar mempengaruhi aktivitas yang dipilih siswa ketika belajar (Kruk & Zawodniak, 2019). Perbedaan gaya belajar mempengaruhi tingkat berpikir kritis siswa (Ghazivakili et al., 2014). Gaya belajar juga memiliki pengaruh dalam tingkat berpikir spasial (Newcombe, 2013). Pembelajaran ilmu kebumian harus memperhatikan gaya belajar siswa agar tujuannya tercapai. Pembelajaran yang memperhatikan karakteristik siswa dan kemudian digunakan untuk merancang pembelajaran yang berbeda dinamakan pembelajaran berdiferensiasi. Wiggins & McTighe (2005) merancang pembelajaran diferensiasi melalui tiga macam diferensiasi, yaitu: diferensiasi konten, diferensiasi proses, dan diferensiasi produk. Diferensiasi konten adalah pembelajaran diferensiasi yang membedakan “apa yang dipelajarai oleh siswa”. Diferensiasi ini mengembangkan materi dalam bentuk yang berbeda seperti bahan bacaan, rekaman audio, atau video. Diferensiasi proses adalah diferensiasi yang berdasarkan pada “bagaimana siswa belajar”. Dalam diferenasiasi proses, siswa dapat memilih kegiatan apa yang mereka lakukan selama proses pembelajaran. Guru dituntut untuk menyiapkan variasi proses belajar siswa. Diferensiasi produk adalah",
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"text": "pembelajaran difernsiasi yang memberikan kebebsan kepada siswa untuk membuat tampilan karya hasil belajar sesuai dengan minat dan bakatnya. Ketiga jenis diferensiasi tersebut tidak harus dilakukan dalam sebuah pembelajaran sekaligus. Guru dapat memilih jenis difernasiasi apa yang akan dilakukan (Taylor, 2015). Penelitian kali ini memilih diferensiasi konten dan diferensiasi proses pembelajaran melalui model yang dikembangkan.",
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"text": "Hipotesis penelitian yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Ada perbedaan signifikan antara penggunaan model pembelajaran project- based learning yang di dalamnya diisi aktivitas geographic inquiry dengan pembelajaran konvensional terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa.",
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"text": "2. Ada perbedaaan signifikan antara tiap gaya belajar terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial.",
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"width": 224,
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"text": "3. Ada intereaksi signifikan antara model pembelajaran dan gaya belajar terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial.",
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"text": "METODE",
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"width": 238,
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen semu dengan memakai rancangan faktorial dalam melakukan analisis dengan melibatkan dua kelompok. Kelompok eksperimen menggunakan model project-based learning yang di dalamnya berisi aktivitas geographic inquiry, sedangkan kelompok kontrol menggunakan model pembelajaran ceramah dengan bantuan textbook. Variabel moderator dalam penelitian ini adalah gaya belajar visual, auditori, dan kinestetik.",
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"text": "Jenis Data",
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"text": "Data yang diambil dalam penelitian ini berupa data kuantitatif. Data kuantitatif dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari data gaya belajar siswa. Siswa terbagi menjadi tiga gaya belajar, yaitu: gaya belajar visual, gaya",
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"text": "belajar auditori, dan gaya belajar kinestetik. Data kuantitatif lainnya adalah nilai berpikir spasial siswa.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan pada siswa (15- 17 tahun) Kelas Geologi Pertambangan (GP) SMK Negeri 1 Binuang, Kabupaten Tapin, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. Kelas eksperimen terdiri dari satu kelas yakni Kelas GP A (N=32), sedangkan kelas kontrol juga satu kelas yaitu Kelas GP B (N=32).",
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"text": "Teknik Analisis Data",
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"text": "Teknik uji hipotesisnya menggukan teknik analisis statistik Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), karena teridiri dari dua variabel bebas dan satu variabel terikat. Sebelum dilakukan uji hipotesis dilakukan uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas. Sedangkan teknik analisis menggunakan ANOVA faktorial 2x3 dengan bantuan SPSS 24.0 for windows. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai pre-test dan postt-test pada kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol, selanjutnya juga dilakukan analisis lanjut terhadap masing-masing gaya belajar.",
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"text": "Variabel dan Pengukuran Variabel",
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"text": "Variable dalam Penelitian ini terdiri dari variable bebas berupa model pembelajaran, sedangkan variable moderator berupa gaya belajar, dan variable bebas berupa berpikir spasial siswa. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini ada dua macam, yakni instrumen untuk mengukur variable moderator gaya belajar siswa dan instrumen untuk menentukan kemampuan berpikir spasial siswa. Instrumen gaya belajar dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Angket VAK Learning Styles Self-Assessment Questionnaire (Bertsch dkk., 2015). Instrumen ini terdiri dari 30 butir pertanyaan berbentuk pilihan ganda yang terdiri dari tiga pilihan alternatif respons. Sedangkan variable bebas berupa",
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"text": "Dwi Angga Oktavianto: Pengaruh Project-Based Learning Berdiferensiasi dengan Aktivitas Inkuiri Geografis Terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNODIK Vol. 26 - Nomor 2, Desember 2022 ISSN: 2088 - 3978 e-ISSN: 2579 - 4833",
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"text": "berpikir spasial diukur dengan instrumen Spatial Thinking Ability Test (STAT) yang dikembangkan oleh (Lee & Bednarz, 2012).",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Hasil dari pre-test dan post-ttest berdasarkan kelas dan gaya belajar dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1. Semua siswa dalam data tersebut mengalami kenaikan keterampilan berpikir spasial, meskipun mempunyai gaya belajar yang berbeda dan pembelajaran yang berbeda. Namun perlu dicermati kenaikan keterampilan berpikir spasial per bagian. Pencermatan ini perlu dilakukan untuk mempertajam analisis yang dilakukan.",
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"text": "Gambar 1 menunjukkan kenaikan keterampilan berpikir spasial pada kelas kontrol. Siswa yang memiliki gaya belajar visual pada kelas kontrol mengalami kenaikan 5 poin pada keterampilan berpikir spasialnya.",
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"text": "Siswa dengan gaya belajar auditori mengalami kenaikan 9 poin, sedangkan siswa dengan gaya belajar kinestetik mengalami kenaikan sebesar 5 poin. Kenaikan siswa dengan gaya belajar visual dan kinestetik sama. Siswa dengan gaya belajar auditori lebih tinggi dibandingkan kedua gaya belajar yang lain. Gambar 1 juga menunjukkan kenaikan keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa pada kelas eksperimen. Siswa kelas eksperimen dengan gaya belajar visual mengalami kenaikan keterampilan berpikir spasial sebesar 14 poin, siswa dengan gaya belajar auditori sebesar 7 poin, dan siswa dengan gaya belajar kinestetik mengalami kenaikan sebesar 25 poin. Kenaikan yang paling menonjol dari kelas eksperimen ada pada siswa dengan gaya belajar kinestetik.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Model terhadap Berpikir Spasial",
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"text": "Hasil uji hipotesis pertama yang menguji hasil pengaruh model pembelajaran Project- Based Learning berisi aktivitas fieldwork",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Nilai Rata-Rata Berpikir Spasial Saat Pre-test dan Postt-test berdasarkan Kelas dan Gaya Belajar",
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"text": "Dwi Angga Oktavianto: Pengaruh Project-Based Learning Berdiferensiasi dengan Aktivitas Inkuiri Geografis Terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNODIK Vol. 26 - Nomor 2, Desember 2022 ISSN: 2088 - 3978 e-ISSN: 2579 - 4833",
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{
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"text": "terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial secara lengkap dapat dilihat di lampiran dan secara ringkas disajikan pada Tabel 1. Sedangkan, Tabel 2. menunjukkan nilai signifikansi lebih kecil dari 0,05 berarti H0 ditolak. Hal ini berarti H1 (Hipotesis alternatif) diterima. Dengan diterimanya H1 maka dapat dikatakan bahwa rata-rata nilai kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol tidak sama.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Analisis Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Project-Based Learning terhadap Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Hasil uji hipotesis kedua yang menguji pengaruh gaya belajar siswa terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial secara lengkap dapat dilihat secara ringkas disajikan pada Tabel 2.",
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"text": "Data Tabel 2 menunjukkan nilai signifikansi lebih kecil dari 0,05 berarti H0 ditolak. Hal ini berarti H1 (Hipotesis alternatif) diterima. Dengan diterimanya H1 maka dapat dikatakan bahwa rata-rata nilai siswa dengan gaya belajar visual, auditori dan kinestetik tidak sama. Berarti rata-rata nilai keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa memang berbeda secara nyata untuk tiap gaya belajar, dalam arti mungkin gaya belajar kinestetik",
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"text": "nilai rata-ratnya lebih tinggi dibanding gaya belajar visual dan auditori, serta kemungkinan lainnya.",
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"text": "Interaksi Penggunaan Model dan Gaya Belajar terhadap Berpikir Spasial",
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"text": "Hasil uji hipotesis ketiga yang menguji ada tidaknya interaksi pengaruh gaya belajar siswa dan penggunaan model pembelajaran terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial secara lengkap dapat dilihat di lampiran dan secara ringkas disajikan pada Tabel 3.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Analisis Pengaruh Interaksi Model Pembelajaran dan Gaya Belajar Siswa terhadap Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Tabel 3 menunjukkan nilai signifikansi lebih kecil dari 0,05, berarti H0 ditolak. Hal ini berarti H1 (Hipotesis alternatif) diterima. Hipotesis alternatif menyatakan ada perbedaan signifikan nilai berpikir spasial bila ditinjau dari interaksi model pembelajaran dan gaya belajar. Berarti ada interaksi antara penggunaan model pembelajaran dengan gaya belajar.",
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"text": "Pembahasan Pengaruh Model terhadap Berpikir Spasial",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian yang telah disampaikan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan keterampilan bepikir siswa setelah mempelajari materi pemetaan. Ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan mempelajari literasi pemetaan siswa lebih memahami tentang aspek keruangan (Shin et al., 2016). Pemetaan topografi yang ada pada materi pemetaan memang terbukti",
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"text": "Dwi Angga Oktavianto: Pengaruh Project-Based Learning Berdiferensiasi dengan Aktivitas Inkuiri Geografis Terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNODIK Vol. 26 - Nomor 2, Desember 2022 ISSN: 2088 - 3978 e-ISSN: 2579 - 4833",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "mampu memberikan pemahaman spasial yang baik bagi siswa, sesuai juga dengan pendapat Bearman et al. (2016). Literasi membaca peta menjadi sesuatu yang sangat penting dalam belajar geografi, terlebih dengan mempelajari penginderaan jauh dan SIG. Siswa akan memperoleh pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang lebih baik dalam memahami aspek-aspek keruangan dengan memanfaatkan data-data yang didapat dari proses geographic inquiry yang selanjutnya dijadikan proyek yang produknya berupa peta tematik.",
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"text": "Model pembelajaran berbasis proyek terbukti mampu meningkatkan keterampilan beprikir spasial siswa. Hasil ini sesuai dengan berbagai penelitian yang memang mendapat keuntungan dengan penggunaan model pembelajaran berbasis proyek (Oktavianto et al., 2017). Ini juga berarti bahwa model pembelajaran proyek mampu meningkatkan kecerdasan siswa seperti pendapat Bilgin et al. (2015) dan Chen & Yang (2019).",
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"text": "Geographic inquiry merupakan aktivitas yang sangat esensial dalam belajar ilmu kebumian. Aktivitas ini memiliki peran penting dalam peningkatkan keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa. Hal ini karena selama belajar materi pemetaan siswa tidak hanya berada di dalam kelas ataupun laboratorium komputer, mereka juga di bawa keluar kelas melihat fenomena keruangan langsung dari Google Earth, seperti melihat jalan nasional yang menghubungkan Kota Banjarmasin dengan Kota Samarinda yang membelah Kabupaten Tapin, melakukan perjalanan dari lereng Pegunungan Meratus yang bertopografi tinggi sampai daerah dataran rendah yang berupa lahan gambut. Pengalaman geographic inquiry semacam ini tidak didapat siswa yang hanya belajar penginderaan jauh dan SIG di depan komputer (Kerski et al., 2013). Pembelajaran yang mengaktifkan siswa untuk melakukan analisis spasial lebih berpeluang meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa (Phillips et al., 2015).",
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"text": "Pembelajaran proyek yang di dalamnya berisi kegiatan geographic inquiry mampu melatih siswa melakukan enam kompetensi",
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"text": "esensial dalam geografi. Ini juga dikuatkan dengan pendapat bahwa hands-on yang ada pada aktivitas tersebut lebih berdampak jika dilakukan dalam kerangka pembelajaran proyek (Boss & Krauss, 2018). Hal ini dibuktikan pada penelitian kali ini yaitu bahwa penggunaan geographic inquiry dalam model pembelajaran berbasis proyek berdiferensiasi mendapat respons dari siswa dengan sangat baik. Hal ini terjadi karena PBL berdiferenasiasi memfokuskan pembelajaran pada siswa, karena siswa mengambil pengalaman tidak hanya dari kurikulum tetapi juga dari apa yang mereka kerjakan sejalan denga apa yang disampaikan Markham (2012).",
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"text": "Pengaruh Gaya Belajar terhadap Berpikir Spasial",
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"text": "Pemahaman tentang gaya belajar siswa sangat penting untuk seorang guru. Guru geografi harus memperhatikan gaya belajar siswa untuk menentukan strategi dan metode pembelajaran yang digunakan (Riihimaki & Viskupic, 2020). Perbedaan gaya belajar siswa dalam sebuah kelas adalah keniscayaan yang tidak mungkin dihindari. Sangat penting untuk mengetahui gaya belajar siswa pada setiap kelas. Hal ini pada Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka juga sangat disarankan oleh kementerian Pendidikan Kebudayaan Riset dan Teknologi, dengan melakukan Asesmen Diagnostik Non Kognitif. Salah satu asesmen tersebut ialah Asesmen Gaya Belajar siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gaya belajar memiliki sedikit pengaruh terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa. Ini sesuai dengan hasil penelitian Kruk & Zawodniak (2019) meskipun tidak begitu mencolok perbedaan tersebut. Hal ini lebih dikarenakan bahwa berpikir spasial seperti halnya berpikir kritis merupakan sebuah kompetensi berpikir tingat tinggi (Bilgin et al., 2015; Chen & Yang, 2019). Dengan memperhatikan gaya belajar, setidaknya guru dapat memilih sebuah model yang mengakomodir setiap gaya belajar siswa agar pembelajaran kelas berlangsung dengan lebih baik.",
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"text": "Pembelajaran berbasis proyek berdiferensiasi konten terbukti mampu meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa sesuai dengan gaya belajarnya. Konten pembelajaran berbasis proyek berdiferensiasi dapat meningkatkan berpikir spasial siswa karena siswa dapat memillih konten sesuai dengan gaya belajarnya. Siswa dengan gaya belajar audiotori memiliki kesempatan belajar dengan mendengarkan audio. Siswa dengan gaya belajar visual memiliki kesempatan belajar dengan menggunakan peta, bagan, gambar, ataupun multimedia. Siswa dengan gaya belajar kinestetik juga memiliki kesempatan belajar menggunakan konten materi yang menguntungkan bagi mereka.",
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"text": "Interaksi Penggunaan Model dan Gaya Belajar terhadap Berpikir Spasial",
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"text": "Kenaikan yang sangat signifikan pada gaya belajar kinestetik diakibatkan karena pada kelas eksperimen dilakukan pembelajaran project-based learning. Pembelajaran project-based learning dengan aktivitas geographic inquiry di dalamnya yang bersifat hands-on sangat sesuai bagi siswa dengan gaya belajar kinestetik. Siswa dengan gaya belajar visual dan auditori juga mengalami peningkatan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa project-based learning dapat menjembatani gaya belajar siswa dan konten pada materi pengetahuan dasar pemetaan. Peningkatan keterampilan berpikir spasial pada kelas yang menggunakan pembelajaran project-based learning juga sejalan dengan pendapat Bilgin dkk. (2015), yaitu bahwa pembelajaran ini dapat meningkatkan kecerdasan. Interaksi antara model pembelajaran dan gaya belajar terbukti membuat perbedaan tingkat berpikir spasial antara sebelum dan setelah penggunaan model pada tiap-tiap gaya belajar.",
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"text": "Langkah kedua melatih siswa untuk berpikir bagaimana mereka dapat merancang sebuah proyek yang akan menghasilkan produk. Produk yang dihasilkan sendiri oleh",
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"text": "mereka, ini nantinya dilanjutkan dengan menjawab pertanyaan yang mereka ajukan sendiri. Siswa berusaha mencari data yang mereka perlukan. Data tersebut kemudian mereka olah menjadi data yang dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar dalam menyusun peta tematik. Data yang dicari melalui geographic inquiry memberikan mereka kesempatan belajar secara hands-on. Peran utama ini yang menjadikan siswa merasa bertanggung jawab atas apa yang dipilihnya (Phillips et al., 2015). Langkah ketiga melatih siswa menyusun jadwal pelaksanaan proyek. Langkah ini berdampak pada kemampuan siswa untuk memanajemen waktu sehingga mereka dapat berpikir secara efektif dan efisien memanfaatkan waktu. Langkah pertama sampai ketiga merupakan proses di mana siswa berusaha memahami tentang keruangan dalam geografi melalui berlatih berpikir kemudian dihubungan dengan ruang dan waktu yang ada.",
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"text": "Langkah keempat merupakan proses pengerjaan proyek. Siswa mulai membuat garis tepi peta, kemudian membuat garis yang membagi kertas mereka menjadi bagian utama peta dan bagian penjelasan yang berisi mata angin, legenda, simbol, nama pembuat yang tentunya diisi nama-nama anggota kelompok, sumber peta, dan waktu pembuatan peta. Setelah kerangka peta tematik tersebut jadi, siswa kemudian memasukkan data yang telah mereka analisis ke dalam kerangka tersebut. Dalam proses ini, siswa belajar berpikir bagaimana menampilkan peta tematik sebagai alat representasi data-data geografi. Mengomunikasikan informasi geografis merupakan bagian kompetensi yang penting seperti pendapat Heffron & Downs (2012). Peta tematik merupakan salah satu cara paling efektif dalam mengomunikasikan informasi geografis.",
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"text": "Langkah kelima yaitu menguji hasil proyek. Aktivitas berpikir dalam langkah ini adalah siswa berusaha untuk menyampaikan ide kelompok terhadap kelas. Ide yang",
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"text": "Dwi Angga Oktavianto: Pengaruh Project-Based Learning Berdiferensiasi dengan Aktivitas Inkuiri Geografis Terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNODIK Vol. 26 - Nomor 2, Desember 2022 ISSN: 2088 - 3978 e-ISSN: 2579 - 4833",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 232,
"height": 173,
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"text": "disampaikan oleh satu kelompok, kemudian berdampak pada aktivitas berpikir kelompok lainnya. Mereka saling bertanya, saling memberi saran, dan saling menyampaikan kritik tentang ide tersebut dan pada akhirnya dapat menjawab pertanyaan mendasar yang telah mereka sampaikan pada awal pembelajaran. Aktivitas ini melatih siswa berpikir proses penalaran spasial tentang fenomena-fenomena geografi yang ada di sekitarnya (Ridha & Kamil, 2021). Komunikasi semacam ini merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam belajar.",
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"text": "Langkah terakhir adalah evaluasi. Aktivitas dalam langkah ini adalah berupa refleksi yang disampaikan setiap siswa. Aktivitas seperti ini merangsang siswa untuk melakukan penalaran (Bearman et al., 2016). Salah satu contoh yang perlu disampaikan di sini adalah bahwa salah satu kelompok membuat peta tematik persebaran kepadatan penduduk di Kabupaten Tapin. Kecamatan paling padat penduduk berada di sekitar ibu kota kabupaten, kepadatan sedang ada di pinggiran ibu kota kabupaten dan di sepanjang wilayah yang dilalui jalan raya negara, kepadatan paling rendah berada di daerah yang jauh dari ibu kota dan jauh dari jalan raya negara. Dengan geographic inquiry, siswa aktif melakukan perjalanan, mengunjungi Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), dan observasi ke berbagai daerah (kecamatan) untuk memperoleh data. Ini membuat siswa nyaman belajar dan membuktikan bahwa geographic inquiry dalam pembelajaran berbasis proyek mendapat respons positif dari siswa.",
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"text": "Pembelajaran berbasis proyek berdiferensiasi sangat bermakna dalam mendukung aktivitas belajar siswa sesuai dengan gaya belajarnya. Diferensiasi proses yang dimasukkan dalam pembelajaran berbasis proyek sangat berperan dalam peningkatan berpikir spasial siswa. Siswa dapat memilih aktivitas sesuai dengan gaya belajarnya, selama proses pembelajaran. Temuan ini, jika kita lihat lebih mendalam,",
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"text": "sesuai dengan filosofi dari Ki Hajar Dewantara yaitu bahwa guru harus berhamba pada siswa. Guru perlu menyiapkan perangkat pembelajaran yang dapat mendukung semua gaya belajar siswa.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN DAN SARAN",
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"text": "Simpulan",
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"width": 238,
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"text": "Model pembelajaran Project-based Learning yang di dalamnya diisi aktivitas geographic inquiry dan digunakan pada materi pengetahuan dasar pemetaan berpengaruh terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa. Gaya belajar yang termasuk sebagai bagian dari diferensiasi siswa berpengaruh nyata terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa. Interaksi antara Project-based Learning dan gaya belajar berpengaruh nyata terhadap keterampilan berpikir spasial siswa. Siswa dengan gaya belajaran kinestetik memperoleh keuntungan paling tinggi dalam penggunaan model pembelajaran berbasis proyek yang berisi aktivitas geographic inquiry . Selanjutnya disusul siswa dengan gaya belajar visual, sedangkan siswa dengan gaya belajar auditori memperoleh manfaat paling sedikit.",
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"text": "Ada baiknya bahwa guru sebagai perancang pembelajaran memperhatikan gaya belajar siswa sebelum menentukan model pembelajaran yang akan digunakan pada materi tertentu. Gaya belajar merupakan karakteristik siswa yang dapat dijadikan landasan dalam menentukan diferensiasi pembelajaran yang guru lakukan. Dari penelitian ini kita juga dapat menyarankan bahwa tidak harus dilakukan melalui tiga jenis pembelajaran berdiferensiasi konten, proses, dan produk. Guru dapat memilih jenis diferensiasi pembelajaran yang tepat sesuai dengan karakteristik siswa dan karakteristik materi pada mata pelajaran yang ada.",
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"text": "Dwi Angga Oktavianto: Pengaruh Project-Based Learning Berdiferensiasi dengan Aktivitas Inkuiri Geografis Terhadap Peningkatan Keterampilan Berpikir Spasial Siswa",
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"text": "Jurnal TEKNODIK Vol. 26 - Nomor 2, Desember 2022 ISSN: 2088 - 3978 e-ISSN: 2579 - 4833",
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"text": "PUSTAKA ACUAN",
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"text": "Bender, W. N. (2012). Project-Based Learning:",
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bf40ca20-ec67-0756-22a5-d74af18963c2 | https://journal.lppmunindra.ac.id/index.php/Jurnal_Desain/article/download/2533/1924 | [
{
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"text": "PERANCANGAN ALTERNATIF SIGN SYSTEM SEBAGAI INFORMASI LOKASI PENJUALAN DI PASAR LEGI KOTA GEDE",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 257,
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"text": "MS. Andrijanto",
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{
"left": 174,
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"width": 251,
"height": 43,
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"text": "Program Studi Desain Komunikasi Visual Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Indraprasta PGRI Jl. Nangka No. 58 C Tanjung Barat Jagakarsa, Jakarta Selatan [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstraks",
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"left": 85,
"top": 276,
"width": 428,
"height": 181,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Pasar tradisional adalah tempat transaksi secara langsung antara konsumen dengan penjual. Fungsi pasar tradisional saat ini tidak hanya tempat terjadinya jual beli, tetapi juga sudah berkembang sebagai tempat yang multifungsi dan bertemunya masyarakat sosial dan budaya. Salah satu permasalahan pokok di Pasar Legi Kotagede adalah kurangnya signage atau tanda yang memudahkan para pembeli untuk mencari tempat maupun arah jalan ke lapak pedagang, yang menyebabkan ketidak nyamanan bagi pembeli terlebih bagi pengunjung yang baru datang ke Pasar Legi Kotagede Yogyakarta. Sign system adalah sebuah sistem penandaan yang sesuai dengan kebudayaan warga masyarakatnya, selain sebagai petunjuk, penamaan, penyampaian informasi singkat, dapat juga berupa aturan-aturan atau norma-norma yang dipakai dan diakui pada tempat tertentu dan dapat dimengerti oleh warga masyarakatnya (Kartika, 2010: 223). Perancangan sign system pada pasar Legi Kotagede menggunakan salah satu ornamen yang terdapat pada petunjuk tempat di wilayah Kotagede, ornamen yang peneliti gunakan adalah ornamen Lung-lungan. Motif Lung- lungan ( sulur ) adalah motif ukir berupa tumbuh-tumbuhan berujud sulur atau tumbuhan yang menjalar dengan untaian daun dan pucuk batang muda. Bentuk motif Lunglungan bervariasi, adapun jenis pohon- pohon yang sering distilir untuk hiasan. Lunglungan adalah teratai (padma) , daun kluwih, bunga melatih, pohon bunga dan daun markisah, buah keben, tanaman rambat atau tanaman-tanaman yang bersifat melata dan beringin (Ismunandar dalam Dorno, 2014:72).",
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"text": "Kata kunci : pasar tradisional, sistem rambu, ornamen Lung-lungan",
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{
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"width": 424,
"height": 25,
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"text": "SIGN SYSTEM ALTERNATIVE DESIGNING AS SALES INFORMATION SALES IN THE LEGI MARKET OF KOTAGEDE",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 277,
"top": 539,
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"height": 11,
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"text": "Abstract",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 563,
"width": 428,
"height": 159,
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"text": "Traditional markets are places of direct transactions between the consumer and the seller. The function of traditional markets today is not only the place of buying and selling, but also has developed as a multifunctional place and the meeting of social and cultural society. One of the main problems in Pasar Legi Kotagede is the lack of signage or a sign that facilitates the buyer to find the place or the way to the traders, which causes inconvenience for the buyer especially for new visitors coming to Legi Market Kotagede Yogyakarta. Sign system is a marking system that is in accordance with the culture of its citizens, other than as a guide, naming, delivery of brief information, can also be the rules or norms used and recognized in certain places and can be understood by the community (Kartika, 2010: 223). The design of sign systems on the market Legi Kotagede using one of the ornaments found in the directions place in the area Kotagede, ornaments that researchers use is ornament Lung-lungan. Lung-lungan motif (vine) is carving motif in the form of vegetation spreading or spreading plants with leaf strand and shoot young stems. Lunglungan motif shape varies, as for the type of trees that are often distilir for decoration. Lunglungan is a lotus (padma), kluwih leaves, flower trains, flower trees and leaves of citrus, fruit keben, vines or creeping and banyan plants (Ismunandar 1993: 63).",
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"width": 277,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Keywords : traditional markets, sign systems, Lung-lungan ornamen",
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{
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"width": 112,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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{
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"top": 129,
"width": 202,
"height": 218,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Pasar tradisional adalah tempat proses transaksi secara langsung antara penjual dan pembeli. Proses transaksi jual-beli dilakukan melalui proses tawar menawar antara pembeli dan penjual, dan harga yang ditawarkan untuk suatu barang bukan harga tetap, hal ini yang membedakan antara pasar tradisional dengan pasar modern. Barang yang tersedia di pasar tradisional merupakan bahan-bahan pokok dan barang kebutuh- an rumah tangga yang kadang di pasar modern tidak ada. Pasar tradisional berlokasi ditempat terbuka atau bahkan pedagang menjual barang dagangannya dipingir jalan.",
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"height": 149,
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"text": "Ciri khas dari pasar tradisional adalah adanya tenda dan meja tempat penjual menjajakan dagangannya dan belum menggunakan etalase, serta hilir mudiknya pembeli yang berjalan untuk melihat, memilih dan menawar barang yang akan dibelinya. Pasar tradisional tidak hanya tempat proses terjadinya jual beli, tetapi juga dapat menjadi tempat yang multifungsi dan memiliki fungsi sosial dan budaya.",
"type": "Text"
},
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"width": 201,
"height": 38,
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"text": "Menurut Oktavia (2007) pasar tradisional berdasarkan jenis kegiatannya digolongkan menjadi tiga jenis:",
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{
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"height": 39,
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"text": "Pasar eceran yaitu pasar dimana terdapat permintaan dan penawaran barang secara eceran.",
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{
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"top": 584,
"width": 184,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Pasar grosir yaitu pasar dimana terdapat permintaan dan penawaran dalam jumlah besar.",
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{
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"top": 626,
"width": 184,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Pasar induk yaitu pasar yang lebih besar dari pasar grosir, merupakan pusat pengumpulan dan penyimpanan bahan-bahan pangan yang akan disalurkan ke grosir-grosir dan pusat pembelian.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 709,
"width": 201,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Semua daerah yang ada di Indonesia memiliki pasar tradisional, begitupun dengan Yogyakarta yang",
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{
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"top": 99,
"width": 202,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "memiliki pasar tradisional yaitu Pasar Legi Kotagede Yogyakarta. Pasar Legi Kotagede adalah pasar tradisional yang sudah ada sejak jaman Panembahan Senopati masih aktif hingga kini.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
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"width": 202,
"height": 315,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pasar Kotagede telah berdiri sejak abad 16. Pasar ini juga kerap disebut Pasar Legi, karena puncak keramaiannya selalu terjadi pada hari-hari pasaran Legi (Legi adalah nama salah satu hari dalam kalender Jawa). Pada hari pasaran Legi itu, pasar akan penuh sesak oleh penjual dan pembeli, bahkan area pasar bisa semakin melebar jauh melebihi area pasar sebenarnya. Berbagai jenis barang dagangan (komoditas dagangan) yaitu dari sayur-sauran, alat-alat pertanian, berbagi hewan unggas hidup seperti burung yang pandai berkicau, pakan ternak, bibit tanaman, pernak-pernik aksesoris kebutuhan rumah tangga, batu akik, berbagai ramuan obat tradisional hingga mebel dapat ditemui di pasar ini. Pasar ini berada di desa Tegalgendu, tepat berada di seberang sungai Gajah Wong ini memang berada di sebuah kawasan kota tua di Yogyakarta. (Yayah dan Andrijanto, 2017 : 103)",
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"text": "Suasana “Hari Pasaran” di Pasar Legi",
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{
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"width": 43,
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"text": "Kotagede",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 654,
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"height": 92,
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"text": "(sumber : dokumentasi peneliti) Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan peneliti mengenai sistem tanda/ signage di Pasar Legi Kotagede Yogyakarta, terdapat beberapa pokok permasalahan yang peneliti temui. Salah satu permasalahan pokok di Pasar Legi",
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"height": 107,
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"text": "Kotagede adalah kurangnya signage atau tanda yang memudahkan para pembeli untuk mencari tempat maupun arah ke lapak pedagang yang dituju, yang meng- akibatkan ada rasa kurang nyaman dari pengunjung terlebih bagi pengunjung yang baru datang ke Pasar Legi Kotagede Yogyakarta.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 202,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Banyak pengunjung yang kesulitan untuk menemukan tempat pedagang yang menjual produk-produk tertentu, se- hingga membuat pengunjung mem- butuhkan waktu yang lebih lama untuk mendapatkan produk yang ingin dibelinya.",
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{
"left": 124,
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"text": "Denah Pasar Legi Kotagede",
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"text": "(sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
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"left": 85,
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"height": 121,
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"text": "Sistem alur yang ada di Pasar Kotagede pun masih kurang jelas, ketika jam ramai, pasar terlihat sangat penuh dan pembeli sedikit berdesak-desakan untuk berjalan terlebih pada hari pasaran Legi, disamping faktor jalan yang cukup sempit di dalam pasar dan juga diluar pasar atau trotoar pasar digunakan juga untuk berjualan.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 135,
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"text": "Penelitian terdahulu oleh peneliti mengenai studi penciptaan produk dalam bentuk perangkat peralatan pasar tradisional yang memudahkan para penjaja atau pedagang dalam menjajakan barang dagangnya yang menghasilkan kesimpulan apabila alternatif rancangan produk ini digunakan oleh masyarakat akan memudahkan para pedagang dalam penyimpanan barang dagangannya.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 312,
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"text": "Untuk penelitian kali ini peneliti tetap mengangkat objek Pasar Legi Kotagede, dengan membahas signage atau sistem rambu pada pasar legi Kotagede.",
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"text": "Model penelitian ini berbasis penciptaan dengan Laeyendecker dalam Ratna (2010: 285) mengatakan bahwa model visual pada umumnya merupakan rekonstruksi kenyataan secara material dapat diraba seperti peta, dokumen dan gedung atau bangunan-bangunan lain. Dalam rangka menjelaskan struktur visual pada wayang kulit, maka berikut ini adalah proses penelitian kualitatif dalam upaya mengungkap konstruksi realita dan nilai yang terkandung di dalamnya melalui visual.",
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"text": "Model atau pola penelitian ini bersifat penciptaan, hal itu dikarenakan ketika ekspresi sebagai bentuk peng- ungkapan perasaan atau pernyataan terdalam ke dalam wujud yang bisa diamati maka proses pewujudannya membutuhkan metode dan teknik. Selanjutnya, Hawkins dalam Gustami (2004) menjelaskan bahwa metode penciptaan terdiri atas tahapan penciptaan berupa: (1) eksplorasi ide, (2) improvisasi/eksperimentasi, dan (3) pewujudan. Dalam konteks ini, intuitif sebenarnya telah berada dalam wilayah improvisasi/ eksperimentasi dan pewujudan.",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Sistem Rambu ( Signage )",
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"height": 135,
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"text": "Salah satu bagian esensial dari environment graphic design adalah signage . Signage merupakan rangkaian representasi visual dan simbolik grafik. yang bertujuan sebagai media interaksi antara manusia dengan ruang publik. (Tinarbuko, 2008: 12). Jika dilihat dari bahasanya, signsystem berasal dari bahasa inggris, yaitu “ sign ” yang berarti tanda atau lambang, dan “ system ” yang",
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"text": "berarti aturan. Signage berfungsi sebagai salah satu media untuk memberi informasi mengenai suatu petunjuk,",
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"left": 85,
"top": 129,
"width": 201,
"height": 25,
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"text": "peringatan, ataupun larangan. Kebutuhan akan suatu",
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"top": 157,
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"height": 204,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "signage /sistem informasi berupa tanda petunjuk arah yang baik semakin berkembang, khususnya bagi kerumunan massa (masyarakat) yang membutuhkan informasi petunjuk arah. Informasi yang disampaikan dalam signage sendiri bersifat deskriptif karena memang ditujukan untuk membedakan orang dan tempat secara khusus dan jelas. Hal ini dilakukan dengan mengelompokkan tempat dan memberikan nama pada tempat atau ruang. Informasi yang dikandung oleh informasi lingkungan ialah informasi tentang lokasi (Passini, 1984) dalam Tanuwidjaja (2012:15).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
"top": 364,
"width": 202,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sign system adalah sebuah sistem penandaan yang sesuai dengan kebudaya- an warga masyarakatnya, selain sebagai petunjuk, penamaan, penyampaian informasi singkat, dapat juga berupa aturan-aturan atau norma-norma yang dipakai dan diakui pada tempat tertentu dan dapat dimengerti oleh warga masyarakatnya (Kartika, 2010: 223).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
"top": 488,
"width": 202,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sistem rambu merupakan alat komunikatif bagi masyarakat dalam mengetahui area, ruangan maupun suatu lokasi yang ingin diketahui oleh masyarakat. Sistem rambu sangat diperuntukkan agar masyarakat di- permudah aktivitasnya. Hasil perancang- an yang dilakukan adalah menciptakan Sistem Rambu ( Signage ) Pasar legi Kotagede Yogyakarta, perancangan sistem rambu berfungsi sebagai berikut :",
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"width": 411,
"height": 659,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sebagai cara untuk mengelompokkan para pedagang yang ada di daerah Pasar Legi Kotagede berdasarkan ikon atau simbol visual perangkat dagangnya. Untuk mempermudah akses informasi bagi masyarakat dalam berbelanja di daerah Pasar Legi Kotagede Yogyakarta sehingga berbelanja menjadi terarah dan teratur.",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 129,
"width": 184,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sebagai pengingat unsur ikon berupa ornamen hingga jenis peralatan tradisional yang ditampilkanndalam signage tersebut, hal itu dilakukan agar menghubungkan dengan konsep sejarah dan kebudayaan masyarakat setempat. Sehingga para wisatawan maupun pendatang mengetahui ikon- ikon yang ada di signage dipilih karena kekuatan kebudayaan visual setempat.",
"type": "Text"
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"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pintu Masuk Pasar (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 347,
"top": 563,
"width": 130,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Keterangan Jam Buka Pasar (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 322,
"top": 723,
"width": 180,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Lorong antara penjual jajanan pasar dan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 392,
"top": 734,
"width": 40,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "sembako",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 347,
"top": 745,
"width": 130,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 220,
"width": 130,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": ". Area Pedagang Ikan Hias (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 388,
"width": 130,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Area Pedagang Perkakas (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 119,
"top": 721,
"width": 133,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Area Pedagang Tanaman Hias (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 88,
"width": 112,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Konsep Perancangan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 310,
"top": 102,
"width": 224,
"height": 534,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pandangan pasar tradisional yang kurang baik seperti kumuh, kotor, bau dan tak tertata rapi menjadi tugas pemerintah untuk segera mungkin merevitalisasi pasar tradisional karena disini berhubungan dengan hidup orang banyak. Revitalisasi pasar tradisional untuk dijadikan tempat berbelanja yang nyaman, menarik dan bercitra positif merupakan suatu tantangan yang cukup berat yang harus diupayakan oleh pemerintah sebagai rasa tanggung jawab kepada publik dalam hal ini masyarakat. Sebagai sebuah pasar yang kuat sekali identitasnya di wilayah Yogyakarta, maka peneliti jabarkan beberapa kegiatan di daerah Pasar Legi yang ada di Yogyakarta. Tabel 1 Jadwal Kegiatan Pasar Legi Yogyakarta NO WAKTU LOKASI KEGIATAN JUALAN 1 05.00-15.00 Area dalam/luar Kegiatan jualan normal 2 14.00-21.00 Barat pasar Jajan pasar (makanan kecil) 3 16.00-21.00 Utara pasar Lauk pauk 4 17.00-21.00 Utara pasar Kuliner – Lauk pauk 5 17.00-21.00 Timur pasar Pakaian, Buku 6 18.00-22.00 Timur/Selatan Klithikan (Junk Yard) 7 21.00-03.00 Utara pasar Kuliner, minuman (Wedang Ronde) Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan peneliti ke Pasar Legi Kotagede, mengamati kondisi pasar, maka peneliti menentukan posisi dari signage yang akan dibuat dan di tempatkan pada tiang- tiang di dalam pasar. Berikut foto-foto hasil penelitian kondisi dan penempatan signage nantinya :",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 238,
"width": 130,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tiang di dalam Pasar (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 138,
"top": 414,
"width": 94,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tiang di dalam Pasar",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 426,
"width": 130,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 725,
"width": 130,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Salah satu signage (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 359,
"top": 371,
"width": 107,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Petunjuk Arah ke Toilet",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 347,
"top": 382,
"width": 130,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 222,
"top": 720,
"width": 154,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Petunjuk arah dan Selamat Datang (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 202,
"top": 423,
"width": 195,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sketsa Perancangan Signage Pasar Kotagede",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 234,
"top": 435,
"width": 130,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 202,
"top": 426,
"width": 195,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sketsa Perancangan Signage Pasar Kotagede",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 234,
"top": 437,
"width": 130,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 168,
"top": 716,
"width": 279,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sketsa Signage untuk Kelompok Dagang Peralatan Pertukangan (sumber : dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 99,
"width": 201,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari gambar tersebut, dapat diuraikan konsepnya sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 101,
"top": 329,
"width": 169,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sketsa Dasar Signage untuk Kelompok",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 341,
"width": 129,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dagang (Sumber: dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 97,
"top": 639,
"width": 176,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sketsa Signage untuk Kelompok Dagang",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 650,
"width": 129,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Peralatan Pertukangan (Sumber: dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 687,
"width": 77,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Konsep Visual",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 701,
"width": 201,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Untuk perancangan signage atau sistem rambu pada pasar legi Kotagede, peneliti menggunakan salah satu ornamen",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 99,
"width": 201,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pada plang informasi tempat yang terdapat disekitar pasar Kotagede.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 369,
"top": 304,
"width": 87,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Referensi Ornamen",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 348,
"top": 315,
"width": 129,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(Sumber: dokumentasi peneliti)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 341,
"width": 201,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Menurut Soepratno (1997: 11) menjelaskan ornamen berasal dari bahasa",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 368,
"width": 205,
"height": 356,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Yunani yaitu dari kata ornare yang berarti hiasan atau perhiasan. Ragam hias atau ornamen terdiri dari berbagai jenis motif. Motif-motif itulah yang digunakan untuk menghias atau menambahkan sesuatu yang ingin kita hias. Oleh karena itu, motif merupakan dasar untuk membuat sesuatu ornamen. Ornamen digunakan untuk menghias atau menambahkan sesuatu bidang atau benda, sehingga benda tersebut menjadi indah seperti yang dapat dilihat pada hiasan sampul buku, piagam, kain batik, tempat bunga dan barang-barang lainnya. Motif ornamen yang digunakan pada signsystem di Kotagede, menggunakan ornamen Lung-lungan. Motif Lung-lungan ( sulur ) adalah motif ukir berupa tumbuh-tumbuhan berujud sulur atau tumbuhan yang menjalar dengan untaian daun dan pucuk batang muda. Motif lung-lungan termasuk dalam salah satu dari motif batik. Lung-lungan berasal dari kata ulung-ulung dan tetulung yang bermakna dermawan dan menolong, sehingga",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 713,
"width": 201,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "lung-lungan mempunyai makna bahwa seorang muslim (Sultan Agung sudah memeluk",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 201,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Islam) harus mempunyai jiwa sosial yang baik atau kesalehan sosial dengan suka membantu sesama dan mempunyai sifat dermawan. Sulur atau lung-lungan mengandung harapan agar kehidupan dan rejeki yang selalu datang ber-",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 171,
"width": 202,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kesinambungan dan tidak pernah putus diberikan kepada manusia ( http://mesjidgedhe.or.id/filosofi-ukiran- dan-ornamen/ ).",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 226,
"width": 202,
"height": 245,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kata lung-lungan berasal dari kata lung dan ulung-ulung . Kata lung yang berarti batang tumbuhan melata yang masih muda yang berbentuk melengkung, bagiannya terdiri dari bentuk tangkai, daun, bunga, dan buah yang dilukiskan secara distilisasi. Kalau pada rumah tradisional ornamen Lunglungan dapat ditemukan pada balok kerangka rumah, pemindangan, tebeng jendela, daun pintu, patang aring, dan lain sebagianya. Fauzan (wawancara 25 Mei 2014) mengatakan bahwa ornamen Lunglungan adalah ornamen bermotif tumbuhan rambat. Fungsi ornamen Lunglungan terutama untuk memberikan keindahan pada suatu bangunan (Yulia dalam Jeksi Dorno, 2014: 72).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 124,
"top": 539,
"width": 123,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bentuk ornamen Lung-lungan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 143,
"top": 550,
"width": 89,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber: Ismunandar",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 576,
"width": 201,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bentuk motif Lunglungan variasi, adapun jenis pohon-pohon yang sering distilir untuk hiasan Lunglungan adalah teratai (padma), daun kluwih, bunga melatih, pohon bunga dan daundaun markisah buah keben, tanaman rambat atau tanaman-tanaman yang bersifat melata dan beringin.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 673,
"width": 202,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ornamen Lunglungan biasanya untuk memberikan kesan keindahan dan kesakralan,",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 714,
"width": 201,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "walaupun kadan terlihat angker atau wingit (Ismunandar dalam Jeksi Dorno, 2014: 72).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 88,
"width": 201,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari penjelasan tersebut menanda- kan bahwa ornamen merupakan ragam hias yang menghiasi suatu bidang atau benda, supaya suatu bidang atau benda tersebut terlihat lebih indah atau memiliki nilai estetika.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 340,
"top": 171,
"width": 170,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Selanjutnya Soepratno juga me-",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 184,
"width": 201,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "negaskan tentang bentuk-bentuk",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 198,
"width": 202,
"height": 328,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ornamen, bahwa ragam hias bermula dari bentuk-bentuk garis lalu berkembang menjadi 9 bermacam-macam bentuk dan beranekaragam coraknya. Adapun yang berupa bentuk-bentuk garis seperti yang disebut di atas dimaksudkan seperti bentuk garis lurus, garis zigzag, garis patah-patah, garis lengkung, garis sejajar dan garis miring. Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan beraneka ragam bentuk dan coraknya yaitu ornamen tersebut sudah berbentuk dan bercorak seperti bentuk dan corak tumbuhan, hewan, benda-benda alam, dan bisa juga manusia. Ornamen pada suatu bidang atau benda memiliki berbagai variasi motif, karena pada suatu bidang atau benda bisa terdapat satu, dua, tiga atau lebih motifnya, bisa berupa pengulangan motif kombinasi dan ada juga yang digayakan tergantung sama pembuat ornamen atau seperti apa benda atau seluas apa bidang yang menjadi tempat penampungan motif-motif ornamen itu.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 544,
"width": 75,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "SIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 573,
"width": 202,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari paparan di atas mengenai perancangan alternatif signage/ sign system sebagai informasi lokasi penjualan di pasar legi Kotagede, peneliti menyimpulkan antara lain:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 642,
"width": 202,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Pasar tradisional adalah tempat bertemu dan interaksi antara penjual dan pembeli. Tempat terjadinya transaksi tawar menawar harga secara langsung. Pasar tradisional tidak sekadar sebagai tempat transaksi jual beli, tetapi juga dapat berkembang",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 88,
"width": 187,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "menjadi lokasi yang multifungsi dan memiliki fungsi sosial dan budaya.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 120,
"width": 202,
"height": 137,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Kebutuhan akan suatu signage / sistem informasi di pasar Legi Kotagede berupa tanda sebagai petunjuk arah yang baik semakin berkembang, khususnya pada kerumunan massa (masyarakat) yang membutuhkan informasi petunjuk arah. Pengunjung merasa akan lebih mudah untuk beraktivitas di dalam suatu bangunan,",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 262,
"width": 187,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "terutama untuk menemukan alur jalan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 278,
"width": 188,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(wayfinding) atau menemukan lokasi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 294,
"width": 188,
"height": 138,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "yang dituju. Sign system adalah sebuah sistem penandaan yang sesuai dengan kebudayaan warga masyarakatnya, selain sebagai petunjuk, penamaan, penyampaian informasi singkat, dapat juga berupa aturan-aturan atau norma- norma yang dipakai dan diakui pada tempat tertentu dan dapat dimengerti oleh warga masyarakatnya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 437,
"width": 202,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Peletakan dan konstruksi signage/sign system yang tepat akan mempermudah",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 469,
"width": 188,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "akses informasi bagi masyarakat dalam berbelanja di daerah Pasar Legi Kotagede Yogyakarta sehingga berbelanja menjadi terarah dan teratur.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 532,
"width": 202,
"height": 91,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Signage/ sign system yang efektif akan mengurangi penumpukan keramaian pada titik tertentu dan memudahkan pengunjung untuk menemukan lokasi pedagang yang dituju dan keluar dari pasar Legi Kotagede.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 642,
"width": 132,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 671,
"width": 202,
"height": 64,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ensiklopedia Kota Gede. (2009). Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Gustami, Sp. (2004). Proses Penciptaan",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 738,
"width": 166,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Seni Kriya: Untaian Metodologis .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 88,
"width": 201,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Yogyakarta: Program Pascasarjana S2 Penciptaan dan Pengkajian Seni ISI Yogyakarta Kartika, Rina. (2010). Konsep Visual Sistem Sarana Isyarat Petunjuk (Sign System) Di Kampus Syahdan Binus University. Jurnal",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 348,
"top": 196,
"width": 125,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Humaniora Vol. 1. No. 2.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 222,
"width": 201,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Oktavia, G. (2007). Redesain Pasar Jongke Surakarta . Skripsi S-",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 348,
"top": 250,
"width": 165,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1.Fak. Teknik .Jurusan Arsitektur, Universitas Atma Jaya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 289,
"width": 201,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ratna, N.K., (2010). Metodologi Penelitian: Kajian Budaya dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Humaniora Pada Umumnya . Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 370,
"width": 202,
"height": 67,
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1a1ccbd7-2658-587c-db32-cd17a5009180 | https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/download/2584/5371 | [
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"text": "INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research Volume 3 Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 Page 10406-10417 E-ISSN 2807-4238 and P-ISSN 2807-4246",
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"text": "Artikel ini mengeksplorasi sikap egois dalam konteks kepemimpinan bisnis. Kepemimpinan, sebagai proses mempengaruhi pikiran, perasaan, dan aksi individu lain, dapat dihambat oleh sikap egois. \"Egois\" merujuk pada tendensi seseorang untuk mengutamakan kepentingan pribadi di atas orang lain. Sikap ini mendominasi dalam kepemimpinan otoriter dan menjadi penyebab umum masalah dalam struktur kepemimpinan global. Dalam konteks bisnis, kepemimpinan yang egois menciptakan suasana kerja yang kurang melibatkan karyawan, tingginya turnover karyawan, serta minimnya kolaborasi. Ini mengikis kepercayaan dalam organisasi, membatasi inovasi, adaptabilitas, dan pembelajaran. Mengeliminasi sikap egois dalam kepemimpinan adalah proses berkelanjutan yang memerlukan refleksi diri, pertumbuhan pribadi, dan komitmen pada perubahan positif. Penghapusan sikap egois dalam kepemimpinan bisnis dapat mendorong transisi menuju kepemimpinan ideal.",
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"text": "This scholarly article explores the concept of egotism within the framework of business leadership. Leadership, understood as a process of influencing the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others, can be hindered by egocentric attitudes. The term \"egotism\" refers to an individual's tendency to prioritize personal interests above others. This attitude is predominant in authoritarian leadership and a common causative factor of leadership-related issues worldwide. Within a business context, egotistic leadership creates a work environment marked by low employee engagement, high employee turnover, and a lack of collaboration. This erodes trust within the organization, curtails innovation, adaptability, and learning. The eradication of egotism in leadership is a continuous process requiring self-reflection, personal growth, and a commitment to positive change. The elimination of egotism within business leadership can catalyze the transition towards ideal leadership.",
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"text": "Pemimpin adalah label yang diberikan kepada individu yang memiliki visi dan dengan berani mengejar visi tersebut sedemikian rupa sehingga selaras dengan jiwa. Kepemimpinan dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu proses pengaruh, mengacu pada kemampuan pemimpin untuk mempengaruhi pikiran, perasaan dan tindakan orang lain, menghasilkan perubahan dalam diri mereka yang mungkin tidak akan terjadi tanpa pengaruh (Burhanudin, 2021). Oleh karena itu pada akhirnya kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi dan mengenali lingkup pengaruh seseorang adalah inti utama dari kepemimpinan. Dampak dari pengaruh seorang pemimpin akan sangat mempengaruhi cara organisasi untuk merespon dan bekerja. Berdasarkan pendekatan filsafat, kepemimpinan adalah keterampilan yang langka, sulit ditemukan pada manusia, pemimpin dilahirkan, bukan dibuat, pemimpin harus karismatik, kepemimpinan adalah pangkat atau posisi di puncak organisasi(Siti Nur Aisah, 2020).",
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"text": "Sebenarnya, para sejarawan sejak awal sejarah yang tercatat, telah tertarik untuk mempelajarin pola kepemimpin dan pemerintahan di mana pun mereka ditemukan dalam komunitas dan peradaban manusia, karena disiplin kepemimpinan yang berbeda telah ada selama hampir enam puluh tahun atau lebih. Ini terkait erat dengan pertumbuhan ilmu perilaku organisasi. Sebagai disiplin subjek, studi kepemimpinan berusaha untuk memberikan jawaban atas pertanyaan tentang cara terbaik untuk memimpin dan mengatur dalam kehidupan kelembagaan dan bisnis organisasi, studi kepemimpinan memposisikan dirinya sebagai ilmu dugaan tentang perilaku individu yang diinformasikan terutama oleh teori psikologis dan ekonomi(Berger et al., 2020). Studi awal berkaitan dengan eksplorasi ontologi individu dimana berbagai ciri kepribadian dan karakteristik pemimpin yang efektif dapat dibentuk dan, yang paling penting, diukur. Disiplin epistemologi yang dominan adalah positivisme dan ini merupakan warisan filosofis yang masih memegang pengaruh besar dalam kepemimpinan hingga saat ini. Teori sifat sebagian besar telah memberi jalan untuk mempelajari atribut pemimpin individu (kualitas, gaya atau keterampilan) dengan atribut konteks sosial atau organisasi",
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"text": "Filosofi kepemimpinan yang diterapkan secara refleksif pada disiplin studi kepemimpinan berusaha mengungkap asumsi epistemologis, ontologis, metodologis, dan etis yang tertanam dalam disiplin tersebut. Filsafat positivisme masih mendominasi dalam bahasa studi kepemimpinan, epistemologi alternatif mulai muncul dan mendapat perhatian lebih besar. Parameter penting lainnya untuk studi filosofi kepemimpinan berkaitan dengan pendekatan, mode pemahaman dan pemberlakuan yang menemukan asal-usulnya dalam komunitas dan masyarakat yang berbeda dari masyarakat barat. Untuk memperbaiki",
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"text": "ketidakseimbangan membutuhkan upaya bersama untuk merangkul antropologi yang lebih luas. (Aryawan, 2021)",
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"text": "Pertimbangan tentang peran pemimpin mengasumsikan karakternya yang signifikan, yang menonjol di antara peran-peran lain dalam bisnis. Pelaksanaan peran pemimpin diatur dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan peran sosial lainnya. Giddens (2012) dalam siswanto (2019) mendefinisikan peran sosial sebagai perilaku yang diharapkan dari individu yang menduduki posisi sosial tertentu. Dalam masyarakat, individu memainkan banyak peran yang berbeda tergantung pada konteks aktivitas mereka. Ada banyak faktor, termasuk pendidikan, kualifikasi, pengalaman, dan karakteristik pribadi, yang memengaruhi cara pemenuhan peran. Seseorang yang memainkan peran pemimpin harus masuk ke dalam atributnya, mengadopsi berbagai karakter-karakter seorang pemimpin. Dalam kondisi saat ini, kepemimpinan dibutuhkan dari hampir semua orang di sebuah organisasi. Namun, itu tidak bisa diperoleh hanya dalam proses rekrutmen, kepemimpinan harus dikembangkan dan dibangunkan sepanjang kehidupan bisnis, karena kepemimpinan bukan hanya menyangkut soal status semata, tetapi lebih dari itu kepemimpinan berati berusaha membawa suatu organisasi bisnis kearah yang lebih baik, sehingga diperlukan karakter terbaik seorang pemimpin.",
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"text": "Salah satu studi pertama tentang perilaku kepemimpinan dilakukan oleh Kurt Lewin dan rekan-rekannya di University of lowa. Dalam studi mereka, peneliti mengeksplorasi tiga jenis perilaku atau gaya pemimpin: otoriter, demokratis, dan laissez-faire. Dalam gaya kepemimpinan Otoriter, pemimpin membawa semua keputusan dan perintah dalam diri mereka. Kemampuan karyawan untuk mengembangkan inisiatif dan kreativitas sangat kecil atau bahkan tidak ada dan perilakunya dikendalikan melalui tindakan seperti: hukuman, penghargaan dan aturan sewenang-wenang. Gaya kepemimpinan ini digunakan dalam situasi di mana hanya ada sedikit waktu untuk pengambilan keputusan kelompok atau di mana pemimpin adalah seseorang yang paling berpengetahuan dalam organisasi. Pemimpin otoriter pada umumnya sombong, bangga dan egoistik. Pemimpin yang menggunakan gaya ini tidak menghargai karyawan atas komitmennya dan memilih untuk menghukum mereka atas kesalahan; mereka lebih suka mengerjakan masalah sebagai gantinya. Hal ini menghasilkan karyawan yang diberdayakan untuk merasa lebih tertekan. Gaya demokratis berfokus pada hubungan kelompok dan kepekaan orang-orang dalam organisasi. Jenis gaya kepemimpinan ini mendorong kompetensi professional(Siswanto, 2019; Suhaimi & Khalik, 2018). Anggota tim bertanggung jawab atas perilaku mereka. Gaya demokratis juga mendorong perilaku jaminan kualitas, karyawan berani mengungkapkan perasaan, ide dan saran. Namun, keputusan tawar menawar tidak terpenuhi di semua aspek",
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"text": "operasi dalam organisasi. Para pemimpin ini pada umumnya sabar, percaya diri dan ramah. Mereka menawarkan panduan kepada anggota di dalam grup, di mana mereka menjadi bagian dan memungkinkan berbagi ide dari anggota grup lainnya. Pemimpin seperti ini mendorong anggota tim untuk terlibat dalam proses pengambilan keputusan, meskipun mereka memiliki kata terakhir, sekaligus membuat keputusan akhir.",
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"text": "Gaya kepemimpinan laissez-faire ditandai dengan kurangnya kepemimpinan yang nyata, di mana setiap karyawan dapat melakukan apa yang diinginkannya. Ada pengabaian tugas pengawasan dan kurangnya bimbingan yang diberikan kepada karyawan, yang dapat menghasilkan produktivitas yang rendah, resistensi terhadap perubahan dan kualitas kerja yang rendah, karyawan tidak hanya terlibat dalam proses pengambilan keputusan, tetapi mereka juga bertanggung jawab untuk membuat keputusan akhir, meskipun tanggung jawab penuh berada di tangan pemimpin. Kepemimpinan seperti ini diterapkan di perusahaan yang karyawannya berpendidikan tinggi dan mereka cukup percaya diri untuk mengambil keputusan yang tepat. Mereka tahu bagaimana menangani tugas tertentu dan bagaimana menggunakan strategi untuk menyelesaikan tugas yang sama. Menurut Kurt Lewin, pendekatan demokrasi dapat menjadi faktor kunci keberhasilan suatu organisasi. Dia percaya bahwa keterlibatan karyawan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan meningkatkan pemahaman tentang isu-isu yang melibatkan mereka yang harus melaksanakan keputusan dan mengumpulkan ide. Artinya dalam memutuskan bersama, pemimpin dapat mengambil keputusan yang lebih baik daripada pemimpin yang memutuskan sendiri. Ketika orang membuat keputusan bersama, komitmen sosial satu sama lain lebih besar dan itu menghasilkan peningkatan komitmen terhadap keputusan.(Mattayang, 2019; Siti Nur Aisah, 2020).",
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"text": "Variabel yang diperhitungkan oleh gaya kepemimpinan ini adalah cara pemimpin menggunakan otoritas, cara pemimpin berkomunikasi dengan karyawan, cara pemimpin membuat keputusan, dan tingkat otonomi dan pemberdayaan yang ditawarkan pemimpin kepada bawahan. Karena pentingnya kepemimpinan dalam organisasi, para sarjana mengarahkan fokus mereka untuk menemukan fitur dan karakteristik pemimpin yang sukses dan mencoba untuk menentukan karakteristik tertentu dalam organisasi.",
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"text": "Salah satu sikap yang seringkali menjadi penghambat bagi kepemimpinan yang baik adalah adanya sikap egois. Istilah \"egois\" mengacu pada kecenderungan karakter individu untuk memprioritaskan kepentingan, kebutuhan, atau keinginannya sendiri di atas kepentingan orang lain. Ini menyiratkan kurangnya kepedulian terhadap kesejahteraan atau kebahagiaan orang lain dan fokus pada keuntungan atau kesenangan pribadi. Orang yang egois biasanya bertindak dengan cara yang terutama menguntungkan diri mereka sendiri,",
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"text": "meskipun itu berarti mengabaikan kepentingan atau kesejahteraan orang lain. Keegoisan dapat terwujud dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk hubungan, pengambilan keputusan, dan interaksi dengan orang lain (Berger et al., 2020; BİÇER, 2020). Sikap egois i ni biasanya dimiliki oleh pemimpin dengan gaya kepemimpinan otoriter dan sedikit kepemimpinan laissez-faire. Antara pemimpin yang memutuskan segala keputusan dengan pemaksaan dan pemimpin yang sepenuhnya tidak bertanggung jawab terhadap kepemimpinan merupakan perwujudan dari sikap egois.",
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"text": "Orang yang egois cenderung memandang dunia terutama melalui perspektif mereka sendiri dan berfokus pada kebutuhan, pencapaian, dan keinginan mereka sendiri. Mereka mungkin mengalami kesulitan berempati atau memahami pengalaman dan emosi orang lain. Seseorang yang egois seringkali memiliki kapasitas empati yang terbatas, yaitu kemampuan untuk memahami dan berbagi perasaan orang lain. Mereka mungkin berjuang untuk mempertimbangkan atau mengakui kebutuhan dan emosi orang lain, karena fokus utama mereka adalah pada diri mereka sendiri.",
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"text": "Keegoisan dapat terwujud dalam tindakan yang mengabaikan perasaan, batasan, atau kepentingsn orang lain. Ini mungkin termasuk mengeksploitasi atau memanipulasi orang lain untuk keuntungan pribadi, mengabaikan tanggung jawab atau komitmen, atau gagal menunjukkan tindakan dasar kebaikan atau pertimbangan. Seseorang yang egois terutama dimotivasi oleh kepentingan mereka sendiri dan mencari keuntungan atau kepuasan pribadi, bahkan jika itu mengorbankan orang lain. Mereka biasanya memprioritaskan kesuksesan, kekayaan, atau kekuasaan mereka sendiri daripada hasil kerja sama atau saling menguntungkan.(Berger et al., 2020)",
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"text": "Dalam sebuah bisnis, sikap egois seharusnya dihilangkan, terutama dalam pemimpin bisnis. Seorang pemimpin bisnis tidak boleh egois, mereka seharusnya bersikap mengayomi, visioner, dan memberikan keputusan yang logis, demi kemajuan bisnis dan kepentingan Bersama. Sikap egois dalam kepemimpinan bisnis mengacu pada fokus seorang pemimpin pada kepentingan dan keuntungan pribadi mereka sendiri dengan mengorbankan kesejahteraan dan kesuksesan orang-orang yang seharusnya mereka pimpin(Berger et al., 2020). Pendekatan kepemimpinan semacam ini dapat memiliki konsekuensi negatif yang signifikan bagi individu, tim, dan organisasi. Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai sikap egois dalam kepemimpinan bisnis.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kajian literatur yang komprehensif dan sistematik untuk menganalisis sikap egois dalam konteks kepemimpinan bisnis. Kajian literatur memungkinkan peneliti untuk memahami secara mendalam masalah tersebut melalui berbagai teori, penelitian sebelumnya, dan interpretasi yang ada. Metode ini mencakup identifikasi, evaluasi, dan sintesis penelitian-penelitian terdahulu yang relevan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian.",
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"text": "Langkah pertama dalam metode penelitian ini adalah identifikasi sumber literatur yang relevan. Sumber ini dipilih berdasarkan relevansinya dengan topik yaitu, 'sikap egois dalam kepemimpinan bisnis'. Database akademik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini antara lain Google Scholar, JSTOR, dan ProQuest. Pencarian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kata kunci seperti \"kepemimpinan egois\", \"kepemimpinan otoriter\", \"pengaruh egois pada kepemimpinan\", dan \"egois dalam bisnis\". Setelah identifikasi, tahap berikutnya adalah evaluasi sumber literatur yang ditemukan. Kriteria evaluasi mencakup kualitas penelitian, keandalan penulis, relevansi dengan topik, dan tanggal publikasi. Prioritas diberikan kepada studi-studi terbaru dan studi yang diakui secara luas dalam bidang kepemimpinan bisnis.",
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"text": "Setelah evaluasi, proses sintesis dilakukan. Sintesis ini melibatkan pembacaan mendalam, pencatatan, dan penafsiran temuan-temuan dalam literatur. Melalui proses ini, peneliti mengekstrak informasi yang relevan dan merangkumnya ke dalam bentuk yang lebih ringkas dan mudah dimengerti. Akhirnya, informasi yang telah disaring dan disintesis akan digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian. Temuan ini kemudian dianalisis dan disusun dalam artikel ilmiah ini, memberikan wawasan baru tentang bagaimana sikap egois mempengaruhi kepemimpinan bisnis dan apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasinya.",
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"text": "Melalui proses di atas, penelitian ini menghasilkan interpretasi komprehensif tentang sikap egois dalam kepemimpinan bisnis, membantu memahami bagaimana perilaku ini merusak struktur kepemimpinan, dan bagaimana eliminasi sikap ini dapat mendorong transisi menuju kepemimpinan yang lebih ideal.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Ciri-ciri Pemimpin Egois",
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"text": "Seorang pemimpin yang bersikap egois biasanya memiliki ciri karakter tersendiri, diantaranya adalah : 1) Kurangnya empati: Pemimpin yang egois sering kali kurang empati dan gagal mempertimbangkan kebutuhan dan perhatian karyawannya. Mereka memprioritaskan keinginan dan tujuan mereka sendiri, mengabaikan dampak keputusan mereka terhadap orang lain. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan lingkungan kerja yang toxic di",
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"text": "mana individu merasa diremehkan dan tidak didukung. 2) Pemikiran jangka pendek: Pemimpin yang egois cenderung memprioritaskan keuntungan jangka pendek atau pencapaian pribadi daripada kesuksesan bisnis jangka panjang. Mereka mungkin membuat keputusan yang menguntungkan diri mereka sendiri pada saat itu juga tanpa mempertimbangkan potensi konsekuensi negatif yang akan datang. Pandangan picik ini dapat membahayakan kinerja dan keberlanjutan organisasi secara keseluruhan. 3)Kurangnya kolaborasi: Pemimpin yang egois mungkin enggan berkolaborasi atau berbagi pujian dengan orang lain. Mereka cenderung memandang kepemimpinan sebagai permainan zero-sum di mana kesuksesan mereka hanya bisa datang dengan mengorbankan orang lain. Pola pikir ini menghambat kerja karyawan, kreativitas, dan inovasi, karena individu merasa putus asa untuk menyumbangkan ide dan keahlian mereka. 4) Semangat dan keterlibatan karyawan yang rendah: Ketika para pemimpin memprioritaskan kepentingan pribadi mereka, hal itu sering kali mengarah pada semangat dan keterlibatan karyawan yang rendah. Ketika karyawan merasa bahwa pemimpin mereka tidak benar-benar peduli dengan kesejahteraan atau perkembangan mereka, mereka menjadi tidak terlibat dan kurang termotivasi untuk melakukan yang terbaik(BİÇER, 2 020; Ikrama, 2020; Suhaimi & Khalik, 2018). Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan penurunan produktivitas dan tingkat turnover yang lebih tinggi.",
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"text": "Dampak Negatif Sikap Egois dalam Kepemimpinan Bisnis",
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"text": "Sikap egois dalam kepemimpinan bisnis dapat memberikan dampak negatif yang signifikan pada berbagai aspek. Berikut adalah beberapa dampak negatif dari kepemimpinan yang egois (BİÇER, 2020; Burhanudin, 2021; Ikrama, 2020; Subhash, 2018):",
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"text": "1. .",
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"text": "2. Kurangnya Keterlibatan Karyawan: Pemimpin yang egois sering memprioritaskan kepentingan mereka sendiri daripada kesejahteraan dan pertumbuhan karyawan mereka. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan kurangnya kepercayaan, semangat rendah, dan keterlibatan karyawan menurun. Ketika karyawan merasa diremehkan dan tidak dihargai, motivasi dan produktivitas mereka cenderung menurun.",
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"text": "3. Dinamika Tim yang Buruk: Pemimpin yang egois mungkin berfokus pada pencapaian dan kemajuan pribadi, mengabaikan pentingnya kerja tim dan kolaborasi. Ini dapat menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang beracun di mana individu bersaing satu sama lain daripada bekerja sama untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. Ini menghambat komunikasi yang efektif, menghambat kreativitas, dan menghambat perkembangan tim yang kohesif dan berkinerja tinggi.",
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"text": "4. Perputaran Karyawan Tinggi: Ketika para pemimpin memprioritaskan kepentingan mereka sendiri di atas kebutuhan karyawan mereka, hal itu dapat menyebabkan tingkat perputaran yang tinggi. Karyawan lebih cenderung meninggalkan perusahaan di mana mereka merasa diremehkan, tidak dihargai, dan tidak didukung. Turnover yang tinggi tidak hanya mempengaruhi produktivitas tetapi juga membengkakkan biaya perekrutan dan pelatihan bagi perusahaan.",
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"text": "5. Penurunan Inovasi: Pemimpin yang egois dapat menghambat inovasi dengan menimbun otoritas pengambilan keputusan dan tidak mendorong beragam perspektif. Ketika para pemimpin hanya berfokus pada keuntungan pribadi, mereka mungkin menolak ide-ide baru yang menantang otoritas mereka atau mengganggu status quo. Ini menghambat kreativitas dan mencegah organisasi beradaptasi dengan perubahan kondisi pasar.",
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"text": "6. Merusak Reputasi dan Kepercayaan: Kepemimpinan yang egois dapat merusak reputasi perusahaan dan mengikis kepercayaan di antara para pemangku kepentingan. Jika pemimpin memprioritaskan keuntungan pribadi jangka pendek dengan mengorbankan perilaku etis, hal itu dapat menyebabkan praktik, skandal, atau bahkan masalah hukum yang tidak etis. Tindakan tersebut menodai reputasi organisasi dan dapat memiliki efek negatif jangka panjang pada hubungannya dengan pelanggan, karyawan, dan publik.",
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"text": "Peluang yang Terlewatkan untuk Bertumbuh: Para pemimpin yang egois sering kali gagal mengenali dan memanfaatkan potensi karyawan mereka. Dengan tidak memberdayakan dan mengembangkan tim mereka, mereka membatasi kemampuan organisasi untuk memanfaatkan peluang pertumbuhan dan inovasi. Sebaliknya, pemimpin tanpa pamrih fokus pada memelihara bakat, membina lingkungan yang mendukung, dan mempromosikan pengembangan profesional karyawan mereka, yang berkontribusi pada kesuksesan jangka panjangSikap egois dalam kepemimpinan mengikis kepercayaan dalam bisnis. Ketika para pemimpin secara konsisten memprioritaskan diri mereka sendiri daripada tim mereka, itu menciptakan rasa pengkhianatan dan kebencian. Kepercayaan sangat penting untuk kolaborasi yang efektif, komunikasi, dan fungsi organisasi secara keseluruhan. Tanpa kepercayaan, hubungan menderita, dan kerja sama tim menjadi sulit. Pemimpin yang egois berpotensi untuk kehilangan peluang tumbuh dan berkembang karena mereka berfokus pada keuntungan pribadi mereka daripada kebaikan organisasi yang lebih besar. Mereka mungkin menolak perubahan, umpan balik, atau ide-ide baru yang menantang kepentingan mereka sendiri. Ini membatasi potensi inovasi, kemampuan beradaptasi, dan pembelajaran dalam organisasi.(Berger et al., 2020).",
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"text": "Mengatasi Kepemimpinan yang Egois",
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"text": "Mengatasi kepemimpinan yang egois membutuhkan upaya khusus untuk mengubah pola pikir dan perilaku pemimpin, ini membutuhkan pendekatan filsafat dari kepemimpinan itu sendiri, pemimpin dengan karakter egois harus mulai dengan mengembangkan kesadaran diri dan mengenali kecenderungan egois mereka sendiri. Ini melibatkan refleksi pada motivasi, perilaku, dan dampaknya terhadap orang lain. Alat penilaian diri, umpan balik dari kolega, atau bekerja dengan seorang pelatih atau mentor dapat membantu dalam mendapatkan wawasan tentang gaya kepemimpinan seseorang. Selain itu, empati sangat penting untuk memahami dan menghargai perspektif dan kebutuhan orang lain. Pemimpin yang egois dapat meningkatkan keterampilan empati mereka dengan secara aktif mendengarkan orang lain, berusaha memahami pengalaman mereka, dan mempertimbangkan sudut pandang yang berbeda. Mengembangkan kecerdasan emosional, yang melibatkan pengenalan dan pengelolaan emosi, juga dapat membantu para pemimpin membangun hubungan yang lebih kuat dan mendorong kerja sama(Berger et al., 2020; Subhash, 2018).",
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"text": "Sebagaimana filosofi pemimpin, seorang pemimpin harus tanpa pamrih menetapkan visi dan nilai yang jelas yang memprioritaskan kesejahteraan kolektif dan kesuksesan organisasi dan anggotanya. Pemimpin harus mengkomunikasikan nilai-nilai ini secara konsisten dan dorong keselarasan di seluruh tim. Mendorong dialog terbuka dan melibatkan orang lain dalam proses pengambilan keputusan dapat menumbuhkan rasa kepemilikan dan tanggung jawab bersama. Sebagaimana tindakan berbicara lebih keras daripada kata- kata. Seorang pemimpin tanpa pamrih memimpin dengan memberi contoh, menunjukkan perilaku yang memprioritaskan kebutuhan dan pertumbuhan orang lain. Ini dapat termasuk secara aktif mendukung dan mengembangkan anggota tim, mengenali dan menghargai kontribusi mereka, dan mengembangkan budaya kepercayaan, rasa hormat, dan kolaborasi. Selain itu, pemimpin yang bersikap egois harus mulai menyadari pentingnya penciptaan lingkungan kolaboratif di mana anggota tim didorong untuk berbagi ide, bekerja sama, dan berkontribusi pada tujuan bersama. Ciptakan peluang untuk kolaborasi lintas fungsi dan tekankan pentingnya kerja tim dalam mencapai kesuksesan(BİÇER, 2020). Beri penghargaan dan kenali upaya kolaboratif untuk memperkuat nilai kerja sama. Mengatasi kepemimpinan yang egois adalah perjalanan berkelanjutan yang membutuhkan refleksi diri, pertumbuhan pribadi, dan komitmen terhadap perubahan positif. Dengan mengadopsi pendekatan tanpa pamrih, para pemimpin dapat menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang lebih kolaboratif, terlibat, dan sukses.",
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"text": "Kepemimpinan Ideal",
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"text": "Isu kepemimpinan diambil oleh banyak peneliti yang mencoba menemukan definisi paling tepat dari pemimpin yang ideal. Terdapat semmbilan karakter yang harus dimainkan oleh pemimpin yang efektif. Diantaranya adalah pemimpin sebagai wali, amanah, jujur, mengasuh, strategis, mendukung, mengembangkan, menginspirasi dan bekerja. Kepemimpinan \"alfa dan omega\" harus memiliki sifat pelindung. Peran seorang pemimpin harus diwujudkan dalam keinginan yang mendalam untuk memperluas dampak kepemimpinannya melampaui waktunya. Alfa terdiri dari kesuksesan ad hoc dan masa depan yang dicapai melalui tindakan pemimpin. Omega adalah hasil dari keputusan dan tindakan pemimpin yang membuat apa yang dia tinggalkan menjadi spesifik. justru karena dia terlibat di dalamnya. Di antara peran-peran ini, terdapat pemrakarsa utama kepemimpinan dan faktor kritis kepemimpinan. Yang pertama adalah pemimpin yang dapat dipercaya, pemimpin yang dapat dipercaya dan pemimpin yang mengasuh. Seorang pemimpin yang dapat dipercaya menginspirasi keyakinan dalam tindakan, bukan hanya kata-kata. Membangun kepercayaan adalah kunci untuk mendapatkan keterlibatan yang optimal dan menghasilkan kinerja di atas rata-rata, dan pencapaian dari karyawan. Seorang pemimpin yang dapat dipercaya menetapkan tujuan dengan jelas dan membiarkan orang lain memilih cara untuk mencapainya. Kepercayaan pemimpin dalam tim memungkinkan dia untuk bekerja sama dengan persyaratan yang jelas dan adil, dan berbagi tanggung jawab. Di sisi lain, kesalahan dan kegagalan adalah pelajaran untuk mempelajari sesuatu yang baru.(Burhanudin, 2021; Siti Nur Aisah, 2020).",
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"text": "Kepemimpinan yang dapat dipercaya memungkinkan melihat ide dan saran dari orang lain, berbagi pengetahuan dan kekuatan, serta mendukung dan menghargai pekerjaan yang baik. Bertindak sebagai pemimpin asuhan membawa serta berbagai kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk membangun ikatan, dibandingkan dengan ikatan keluarga, dalam sebuah tim.(Siswanto, 2019; Suhaimi & Khalik, 2018) Untuk memenuhi peran seorang pemimpin dibutuhkan beberapa kinerja antara lain: bekerja untuk menciptakan ikatan yang mengikat anggota, memantau kondisi emosional, mental, dan fisik anggota, berfokus pada kebutuhan anggota, mengurangi keterbatasan mereka, berfokus pada pengembangan anggota dan membuat mereka merasa bangga karenanya; menunjukkan kepada anggota kemajuan mereka; membuat suara minoritas didengar dan dipertimbangkan. Meremehkan peran kunci oleh seorang pemimpin sering menyebabkan masalah dengan penerimaan anggota terhadap perubahan yang ingin diperkenalkannya.",
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"text": "Faktor kepemimpinan kritis mencakup lima peran yang penting: pemimpin yang strategis, mendukung, mengembangkan, menginspirasi, dan bekerja. Pilihan peran",
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"text": "Copyright @ Albert, Bonnarty Steven Silalahi, Casslyn Chandriani, Clarecia Aurelia, Zackrey Collins Willim",
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"text": "tergantung pada konteks yang ditentukan untuk organisasi, berubah dalam ruang dan waktu organisasi itu sendiri dan lingkungannya. Pemimpin strategis peduli tentang pemeliharaan internal dan eksternal perspektif. Perspektif eksternal meliputi pemahaman dan pendalaman pengetahuan tentang industri dan aktivitas pesaing. Perspektif internal adalah visi strategis pembangunan. Kepemimpinan strategis tidak hanya tentang membuat keputusan tentang posisi yang diinginkan dari suatu organisasi di antara para pesaing, tetapi tentang tindakan yang dapat membuat visi itu menjadi kenyataan. Setelah strategi didefinisikan dengan jelas dan disebarluaskan dalam organisasi, ada kebutuhan untuk memainkan peran sebagai pemimpin pendukung. Setelah menetapkan tujuan dan cara pelaksanaannya, peran pemimpin adalah mendukung upaya pencapaiannya. Pemimpin pendukung harus menjaga transfer sistematis informasi kunci, menetapkan kecepatan yang memadai untuk semua tingkatan, memastikan pemerataan pekerjaan, memungkinkan karyawan untuk menggunakan ide mereka sendiri, menyediakan alat yang tepat tergantung pada kebutuhan, dan mengatur ulang tim tergantung pada kebutuhan. Terkadang situasi perusahaan mengharuskan seorang pemimpin untuk berperan sebagai pemimpin pekerja (Ikrama, 2020; Mattayang, 2019). Terutama ketika karyawan merasa kewalahan atau hancur, dan kinerja organisasi tidak optimal - peran seorang pemimpin yang bekerja membawa serta peningkatan potensi mereka. Peran ini paling terasa ketika pemimpin bekerja langsung dengan bawahannya.",
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"text": "Filosofi kepemimpinan menekankan pentingnya pemimpin yang mengayomi dan rasional, namun kepemimpinan otoriter sering kali ditandai dengan sikap egois. Egoisme pemimpin menimbulkan berbagai masalah di dunia bisnis, termasuk kurangnya keterlibatan karyawan, tingginya turnover, dan minimnya kolaborasi, yang dapat merusak kepercayaan dan membatasi inovasi serta adaptabilitas organisasi. Mengatasi kepemimpinan egois adalah proses berkelanjutan yang memerlukan introspeksi, pertumbuhan pribadi, dan dedikasi untuk perubahan positif. Pemberantasan sikap egois dalam kepemimpinan bisnis dapat mendorong transisi ke arah kepemimpinan yang lebih ideal.",
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"text": "Aryawan, I. W. (2021). Penerapan Kepemimpinan Asta Brata dalam Pendidikan dari Sudut",
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"text": "Pandang Teori Konflik. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial, 7(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.23887/jiis.v7i1.31628",
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"text": "Copyright @ Albert, Bonnarty Steven Silalahi, Casslyn Chandriani, Clarecia Aurelia, Zackrey Collins Willim",
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{
"left": 75,
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"height": 56,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Berger, J., Osterloh, M., Rost, K., & Ehrmann, T. (2020). How to prevent leadership hubris? Comparing competitive selections, lotteries, and their combination. Leadership Quarterly, 31(5), 101388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101388",
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"text": "BİÇER, C. (2020). Yıkıcı Liderlik: “Cehennemden Gelen Yöneticiler”, Nasıl Onlardan Birisi Olunmaz? Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(1), 295 – 308. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.623157",
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"top": 163,
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"height": 36,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Burhanudin. (2021). KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM BUDAYA ORGANISASI Mariatul. Seminar Nasional Magister Manajemen Pendidikan UNISKA MAB, 1(1), 106 – 117.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 205,
"width": 471,
"height": 36,
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"text": "Ikrama, R. dan K. S. (2020). HUBUNGAN ANTARA POLA ASUH OTORITER DENGAN SIKAP EGOIS PADA SISWA. Transformasi, 6(September).",
"type": "List item"
},
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"left": 75,
"top": 246,
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"height": 15,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Mattayang, B. (2019). Tipe Dan Gaya Kepemimpinan: Suatu Tinjauan Teoritis. JEMMA,",
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"text": "Volume 2 N(4), 1 – 8.",
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"left": 75,
"top": 288,
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"height": 36,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Siswanto, N. (2019). Filosofi Kepemimpinan Semar. Panggung, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.26742/panggung.v29i3.1011",
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"text": "Siti Nur Aisah. (2020). Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Bulletin of Management and Business, 1(2), 42 – 50. https://doi.org/10.31328/bmb.v1i2.100",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 371,
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"height": 57,
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"text": "Subhash, S. (2018). From Selfish Gene Leadership to Cosmic Gene Leadership: Need for Spirituality & Mysticism in Contemporary Socio-Political Discourse* Subhash Sharma Director, Indus Business Academy, Bangalore.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"height": 57,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Suhaimi, & Khalik, A. (2018). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah pada SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Banjarmasin. Jurnal Penelitian Tindakan Dan Pendidikan, 4(1), 37 – 46. http://eprints.ulm.ac.id/id/eprint/5232",
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d49c80a6-736e-1318-ef7b-e69744801c4e | https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/circuit/article/download/9565/5949 | [
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"text": "Potensi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin di Pantai Blimbingsari Kabupaten Banyuwangi",
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"text": "Sudarti 1 , Ferdi Ahmad Dani 2 1,2 Universitas Jember e-mail: [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 Diterima: 10-05-2021 Disetujui: 23-06-2021 Diterbitkan: 31-08-2021",
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"text": "This study aims to determine the wind potential at Blimbingsari Beach, Banyuwangi Regency as an alternative electrical energy. In this study, the object assessing was the magnitude of the wind speed and the electrical power produced by the wind at Blimbingsari Beach. Electric alternative energy can overcome electricity limitations and lighted grill the fish sellers around Blimbingsari beach. The research method used is kind of survey and the speed data reached from the Zephyrus WindMeter Application. The survey was carried out directly at Blimbingsari Beach at 08.00-16.00 WIB. Data collection was carried out at 5 reference points with 3 measurements for each reference point. Several studies of the journal literature showed that the wind has the potential power to be used as an alternative energy. Based on the calculation of wind power at Blimbingsari beach, it concluded that Blimbingsari beach has low potential with a maximum measured average speed of 2.5 m/s and the resulting power from the calculation is 28.7 watts. Therefore, the alternatives energy was needed with designed to overcome low wind speeds for the design of power place.",
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"text": "Keywords : Alternative electricity, wind power, wind speed, power design, energy",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi angin di Pantai Blimbingsari Kabupaten Banyuwangi sebagai energi listrik alternatif. Objek penelitian ini harus mengetahui besarnya kecepatan angin dan daya listrik yang dihasilkan di Pantai Blimbingsari. Energi alternatif listrik dapat mengatasi keterbatasan listrik dan membantu penerangan penjual ikan bakar di sekitar pantai Blimbingsari. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu survey dan Aplikasi Zephyrus WindMeter di Smarthphone. Survey dilakukan secara langsung di pantai Blimbingsari pada jam 08.00-16.00 WIB dengan menggunakan Aplikasi Zephyrus WindMeter dalam pengambilan data kecepatan angin. Pengambilan data dilakukan di 5 titik acuan dengan pengukuran sebanyak 3 kali setiap titik acuan. Beberapa kajian literatur jurnal menunjukkan bahwa angin memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan energi alternatif dengan pembuatan pembangkit listrik tenaga angin yang efektif. Berdasarkan perhitungan menunjukkan data hasil bahwa pantai Blimbingsari berpotensi rendah dengan rerata kecepatan maksimal yang terukur 2,5 m/s dan daya yang dihasilkan dari perhitungan 28,7 watt. Sehingga diperlukan alternatif lain yang dirancang untuk mengatasi kecepatan angin yang rendah untuk perancangan Pembangkit listrik.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Alternatif listrik, Daya angin, kecepatan angin, perancangan pembangkit, energi",
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"text": "Angin merupakan udara yang bergerak dari daerah yang memiliki tekanan tinggi ke daerah yang bertekanan lebih rendah. Setiap daerah memiliki kecepatan angin yang berbeda-beda. Kecepatan angin dapat diukur menggunakan alat yang dinamakan dengan Anemometer . Alat tersebut merupakan perangkat yang dapat mengukur besar kecepatan angin dan banyak digunakan oleh badan meteorologi. Kata anemometer berasal dari bahasa jerman yaitu anemos berarti angin. Kecepatan dapat diukur oleh anemometer melalui baling-baling. Penggunaan cup anemometer yang berbentuk tiga sampai empat mangkuk hemispherical dipasang horizontal.",
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"text": "Putaran pada mangkuk akan mengukur kecepatan angin dengan perbandingan terhadap waktu. Generator pada cup anemometer mampu menghasilkan tegangan saat berputar (Gunadhi et al., 2020). Selain itu, kecepatan angin dapat diukur menggunakan aplikasi Zephyrus WindMeter di Smarthphone. Aplikasi ini memudahkan seseorang untuk mengukur kecepatan angin di suatu daerah dengan mudah. Angin memiliki banyak manfaat dalam kehidupan keseharian manusia diantaranya dapat mengeringkan baju, dapat dimanfaatkan nelayan untuk pergi melaut, dan dapat menerbangkan layang-layang.",
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"text": "Banyuwangi merupakan kabupaten yang berada di Jawa Timur yang terkenal dengan sektor wisata. Banyuwangi memiliki pantai yang luas dan telah dimanfaatkan dan dikelola dengan baik. Keterbatasan listrik didaerah pantai merupakan salah satu faktor permasalahan yang ada di semua pantai. Listrik merupakan sumber energi yang penting untuk penerangan dan sebagainya. Adanya pembangkit listrik diharapkan dapat menjadi energi alternatif listrik dan dapat mengatasi permasalahan keterbatasan listrik di pantai. Pembangkit listrik tenaga angin memanfaatkan angin sebagai sumber yang menghasilkan energi listrik alternatif yang mengubah angin menjadi energi listrik dengan memanfaatkan turbin yang digerakkan. Pembangkit listrik tenaga angin berkembang pesat, mengingat angin sebagai energi alam yang tidak terbatas (Syaifudin et al., 2019). Menurut Hasibuan et al., (2021), Indonesia berpotensi besar untuk mengembangkan pembangkit listrik energi terbarukan. Energi bayu berhembus relatif stabil dengan rata-rata kecepatan 5 m/s. Media kincir angin akan mengubah menjadi energi listrik yang bermanfaat. Dengan adanya kincir angin diharapkan dapat menjadi sumber energi alternatif listrik di Pantai Blimbingsari Banyuwangi. Penelitian ini diharapkan mampu memberikan solusi dengan memanfaatkan potensi angin di daerah pantai.",
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"text": "Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu survey serta menggunakan Aplikasi Zephyrus WindMeter di Smartphone. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan langsung di Pantai Blimbingsari Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Dilakukan pada tanggal 23 April 2021 dengan menggunakan Aplikasi Zephyrus WindMeter di Smartphone. Pengukuran dilakukan secara berulang 3 kali dengan 5 titik acuan yang berbeda di lingkup Pantai Blimbingsari. Selisih waktu yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu 2 jam di semua titik acuan. Perhitungan daya angin menggunakan rumus secara manual. Alat dan bahan yang dibutuhkan selama penelitian diantaranya laptop, smartphone, buku, jurnal dan alat tulis pendukung.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan di pantai Blimbingsari, yang beralamat Jalan Pantai Blibis, Dusun Pacemengan, Desa Blimbingsari, Kecamatan Rogojampi, Kabupaten Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur 68462.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Peta Pantai Blimbingsari",
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"text": "c. Aplikasi Zephyrus Windmeter",
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"text": "Data hasil pengukuran kecepatan angin dihitung secara langsung menggunakan Aplikasi Zephyrus WindMeter di Smartphone yang dilakukan secara berulang 3 kali dengan 5 titik acuan yang berbeda di Pantai Pulau Merah Banyuwangi dengan selang waktu 2 jam sekali.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Data pengukuran kecepatan angin Titik acuan n Waktu (wib) Kecepatan angin (m/s) 1 1 08.00 0 2 0 3 0 1 10.00 0 2 0 3 0 1 12.00 0 2 0.1 3 0 1 14.00 1.3 2 0.9 3 0.8",
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"text": "1 16.00 1.5 2 1.3 3 2.3 2 1 08.00 0 2 0.1 3 0 1 10.00 0.1 2 0 3 0 1 12.00 0 2 0 3 0.1 1 14.00 1.6 2 1.5 3 1.4 1 16.00 2.5 2 2.2 3 1.3 3 1 08.00 0 2 0 3 0 1 10.00 0 2 0 3 0 1 12.00 0 2 0.1 3 0 1 14.00 0.6 2 1.7 3 0.7 1 16.00 0.5 2 1.6 3 0.6 4 1 08.00 0 2 0 3 0 1 10.00 0 2 0.1 3 0 1 12.00 0.1 2 0 3 0 1 14.00 0.5 2 0.1 3 0.1 1 16.00 0.3 2 1.4 3 1 5 1 08.00 0 2 0.1",
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"text": "3 0.1 1 10.00 0 2 0 3 0 1 12.00 0.1 2 0.1 3 0 1 14.00 0.6 2 0.8 3 0.5 1 16.00 0.1 2 0.1 3 0.1",
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"text": "Gambar 4.Grafik pukul 08.00 WIB",
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"text": "Gambar 8.Grafik pukul 16.00 WIB",
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"text": "Grafik kecepatan angin diatas merupakan hasil ukur kecepatan angin rerata maksimal setiap 2 jam sekali menggunakan aplikasi Zephyrus Windmeter. Gambar 4 menunjukkan grafik kecepatan angin pada pukul 10.00 WIB. Gambar 5 menunjukkan grafik kecepatan angin pada pukul 10.00 WIB. Sedangkan Gambar 6 menunjukkan grafik kecepatan angin pada pukul 12.00 WIB. Begitupula Gambar 7 menunjukkan grafik kecepatan angin pada pukul 14.00 WIB. Terakhir, Gambar 8 menunjukkan grafik kecepatan angin pada pukul 16.00 WIB.",
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"text": "Menurut (Hasibuan et al., 2021), berdasarkan hasil percobaannya menunjukkan bahwa jika waktu menunjukkan semakin siang, daya semakin membesar karena intensitas dan kecepatan angin bergerak naik dan dalam kondisi puncak. Daya yang dihasilkan tidak selalu stabil karena beberapa faktor seperti mendung/hujan, banyak pohon yang menghalangi intensitas cahaya dan membelokkan arah angin. Jika waktu semakin sore, daya akan menurun karena intensitas cahaya dan kecepatan angin yang berkurang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di pantai Blimbingsari jika waktu semakin siang maka kecepatan angin akan semakin besar seperti yang terdapat pada tabel 1. Kecepatan angin yang dihasilkan tidak stabil yang terjadi karena beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan angin di pantai Blimbingsari.",
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"text": "Kondisi alam yang terjadi berdasarkan tingkat kecepatan angin (menurut Bachtiar dan Hayatul (2018), dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Data kondisi alam terhadap kecepatan",
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"text": "Kelas Kecepatan (m/s) Kondisi alam 1 0.00 – 0.2 2 0.3 – 1.5 Angin tenang dan asap bergerak lurus keatas 3 1.6 – 3.3 Asap akan bergerak mengikuti arah angin 4 3.4 – 5.4 Wajah akan terasa angin,daun-daun bergoyang pelan dan petunjuk arah angin bergerak 5 5.5 – 7.9 Debu jalan,kertas berterbangan dan ranting pohon akan bergoyang 6 8.0 – 10.7 Ranting pohon akan bergoyang dan bendera berkibar 7 10.8 – 13.8 Ranting pohon yang besar bergoyang dan air dikolam berombak kecil",
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"text": "8 13.9 – 17.1 Ujung pohon akan melengkung dan hembusan angin terasa ditelinga 9 17.2 – 20.7 Dapat mematahkan ranting pohon dan jalan berat karena melawan arah angin 10 20.8 – 24.4 Dapat mematahkan ranting pohon dan menyebabkan rumah rubuh 11 24.4 – 28.4 Dapat merubuhkan pohon dan terjadi kerusakan 12 28.5 – 32.6 Dapat menimbulkan kerusakan yang parah",
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"text": "Menurut (Nakhoda & Saleh, n.d.) Udara memiliki massa (m) dan kecepatan (v) yang menghasilkan energi kinetik.",
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"text": "E = 1/2 m.v 2",
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"text": "volume udara persatuan waktu (debit) akan bergerak dengan kecepatan v yang melewati daerah seluas A.",
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"text": "V = v massa udara akan bergerak dalam satuan waktu dengan kerapatan p. m = p.V = p.v.A energi angin yang berhembus dalam satuan waktu (daya angin).",
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"text": "P W = 1 2 (p.A.v) (v 2 ) = 1 2 p.A.v 3",
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"text": "Dengan: P w = Daya angin (watt) p",
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"text": "= Densitas udara (p=1,225 kg/m 3 ) A",
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"text": "= Luas penampang (m 2 ) V = Kecepatan udara (m/s)",
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"text": "Besar daya diatas merupakan besar daya sebelum dikonversikan turbin angin. Tidak semua daya yang dapat dikonversi menjadi energi mekanik oleh kincir angin.",
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"text": "Berikut hasil perhitungan daya angin dengan memisalkan luas penampang 3m 2 .",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Data Hasil Perhitungan Daya Angin Kecepatan angin (m/s) Daya Angin (watt) 0 0 0.1 0.0018 0.3 0.05 0.5 0.23 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.63 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.34 1 1.84 1.3 4 1.4 5 1.5 6.2 1.6 7.5 1.7 9 2.2 19.6 2.3 22.36 2.5 28.7",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data kecepatan yang diperoleh dari pengukuran menggunakan aplikasi Zephyrus Windmeter maka daya angin yang dihasilkan melalui perhitungan dapat dilihat pada tabel 3 yang memisalkan luas penampang 3m 2 menunjukkan bahwa daya angin terendah yaitu 0 watt dengan kecepatan rerata 0 m/s. Daya angin tertinggi yaitu 28,7 watt dengan kecepatan angin tertinggi 2,5 m/s.",
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"text": "Turbin angin merupakan salah satu cara memanfaatkan energi angin. Generator membantu mengubah energi angin menadi energi listrik. Turbin angin dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 2 yaitu Turbin Angin Sumbu Horizontal (TASH) dan Turbin Angin sumbu vertikal (TASV). Kelebihan TASH dapat menghasilkan efisiensi yang tinggi dan relatif memiliki daya yang besar. Namun kelemahannya tidak dapat berputar pada kecepatan angin yang rendah. Turbin angin sumbu vertical (TASV), jenis savonius vertikal axis menerima angin dari segala arah dan memiliki self starting yang dapat memutar rotor pada kecepatan rendah dan torsi yang akan dihasikan tinggi. Kelemahan turbin ini memliki efisiensi relatif rendah dibanding turbin angin horizontal axis (Rasyid & Putra, n.d.). Menurut (Widodo et al., 2019) hasil penelitiannya menunjukkan bahwa turbin angin yang disimulasikan dengan variasi 4 bilah dan sudut pasang 35 dan 40, kecepatan angin 5 m/s dan RPM 500 menghasilkan daya turbin sebesar 246,83 – 255,62 watt dapat menghasilkan pembangkit listrik dengan skala rumah tangga yang bermanfaat di daerah pedesaan dan daerah rutural.",
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"text": "Data kecepatan dan daya yang diperoleh berdasarkan penelitian di pantai Blimbingsari menunjukkan bahwa pantai blimbingsari berpotensi rendah untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai energi alternatif menggunakan pembangkit listrik tenaga angin karena daya yang dihasilkan cukup rendah dibandingkan dengan beberapa penelitian jurnal yang menghasilkan daya yang mampu menghasilkan pembangkit listrik skala rumah tangga. Menurut (Widyanto et al., n.d.) alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi kecepatan angin yang rendah yaitu dengan memanfaatkan turbin angin dipasaran yang dirancang khusus untuk besar kecepatan angin yang rendah seperti Honeywell WindTronics Wind Turbine yang digunakan di Teknologi kelautan Wakatobi sebagai pelapis energi surya pada PLTH. Pantai blimbingsari yang berpotensi rendah untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga angina karena kecepatan rerata yang dihasilkan cukup rendah maka dapat menggunakan alternatif seperti Honeywell WindTronics Wind Turbine.",
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"text": "Angin merupakan energi yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber alternatif listrik dengan perancangan pembangkit listrik tenaga angin. Pembangkit listrik ini dapat dimanfaatkan di daerah pantai untuk mengatasi keterbatasan listrik. Pengukuran kecepatan angin dapat dilakukan dengan mudah menggunakan Aplikasi Zephyrus Windmeter di Smartphone. Berdasarkan penelitian di pantai Blimbingsari Banyuwangi menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan angin yang diukur menggunakan aplikasi Zephyrus Windmeter di smartphone rerata kecepatan yang dihasilkan cukup rendah dan perhitungan daya angin tidak bernilai besar. Kecepatan angin rerata maksimal yang terukur yaitu 2,5 m/s dan daya yang dihasilkan dari perhitungan 28,7 watt. Sehingga pantai Blimbingsari berpotensi rendah untuk Pembangkit listrik tenaga angin.",
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"text": "Abduh, Muhammad, Iradiratu D.P.K, and Belly Yan Dewantara. (2019) . “Deteksi Kerusakan Outer Race Bearing Pada Motor Induksi Menggunakan Analisis Arus Stator.” Seminar Nasional Inovasi dan Aplikasi Teknologi di Industri 1(2): 1 –6.",
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"text": "Bachtiar, A., & Hayattul, W. (2018). Analisis Potensi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin PT. Lentera Angin Nusantara (LAN) Ciheras. Jurnal Teknik Elektro ITP, 7 (1), 11.",
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a66c78cf-a558-6f78-62e5-505b32ee277d | http://ijcis.net/index.php/ijcis/article/download/31/35 | [
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"text": "1 st Agus Prasetya, 2 nd Muqorobin, 3 rd Farid Fitriyadi",
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"text": "1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstract—During the Covid-19 pandemic, all learning activities were carried out online. Many learning media and software are used in online learning. The purpose of this study is to develop online-based applications for the learning system., One of them is the Open Source Operating System which is currently widely used in online learning systems. This makes the operating system much attention by the world of education, researchers, government organizations, individuals, even large software companies such as Google and others who are very interested in developing Open Source software, especially the Linux Operating System. This makes the authors interested in knowing how to develop an operating system based on open source software in online learning systems and disseminate the use of open source software to the public.",
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"text": "Keywords— Open Source Software, Online Learning",
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"text": "I. INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "The operating system at this time continue b erkembang by leaps and bounds . K hususnya on the Linux operating system is open source that is widely used by companies and education. However, there are still many people who hesitate to use the Linux operating system, and still choose to stick to Microsoft (Windows) because they are more familiar with the OS . P adahal they are not aware if they're using the OS is pirated. They are reluctant to use Linux because the Linux application installation process must be connected to an internet connection . By using pirated software, of course it is very contrary to the campaign for HAKI (Intellectual Property Rights) Law No. 19 of 2002 on copyright, SE Bareskrim Polri No.B / 2/08 / XI / 2008 will be subject to a 5 year prison sentence or a fine of 500 million if using pirated software and the statement of the MUI fatwa No.1 / Munas VII / MUI / 15/2005, explaining that piracy is haram[1].",
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"text": "It is therefore necessary legal operating system and application installation without having to connect the connection i nternet. P device may open source software does not simply replace the software licenses are expensive but also legal . This software is also very helpful for users to innovate program codes , so that they can be developed into various applications according to user needs . Currently, a number of activists and enthusiasts of open source gathered in the Free / Open Source Software (FOSS) Conference and Training Camp Asia Source II and produced 6 ready-to-use solutions that can be used by the public for free. The six solutions include solutions for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), security systems, audio video processing, open publishing for public journalism, and campuses for managing training [2]. In December 2006, a desktop application based on the open source \"IGOS Nusantara 2006\" was launched . IGOS Nusantara 2006 is a Linux Fedora Core 5 derivative software equipped with open office office applications, GIMP graphics management",
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"text": "application, Firefox for browsing, Thunderbird for e-mail, and GAIM for chatting[2].",
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"text": "OSS software is currently also often used in the world of education for online learning in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. Online learning is carried out using a computer device or Gadg et. So, communication or the learning process can still run between students and lecturers or students and teachers. The use of information technology is expected to be able to overcome the teaching and learning process so that it can continue to run well even though it is currently in the middle of the Corona Covid- 19 Virus pandemic . As a result of this online learning, internet users in Indonesia increased by around 17 percent or 25 million users . And today there beber what information technology can be used as a learning medium d iantaranya with menggunakane-learning. E-learning is an innovation that can be utilized in the pro ses learning, not only in penyam to achieving pembelajara material but also a change in the ability of the various competencies dime ta learners. Through e-learning, learners are not only men listen to a description of material from the pen of students but also actively observe, perform, demonstrate, and so on. Teaching materials can be virtualized in various forms so that they are more interesting and more dynamic so that they can motivate students to be further in the learning process. Based on the above explanation, the authors aimed to determine (1) c ara operating system development based on open source software in the online learning system and (2) to disseminate the use of open source software to the community[4].",
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"text": "In this study, it was carried out through a two-stage approach, namely the observation approach and literature study. This is done for data collection , air in order to complete the study, while the research methods used in conducting the study as follows:",
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"text": "The author studies the problems that exist in the field that are closely related to the object under study, namely the use of information technology in online learning through questionnaires to obtain data so that it can be processed in the discussion of this study.",
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"text": "In this case the researcher gets data sources from various sources by collecting supporting references through books, journals, magazines and other sources that support research, this method is used in collecting related data .",
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"text": "The open source software online learning system was developed using Moodle's content management system (CMS). While Apache is used as a web server and MySQL as the database. Users of this system include administrators, course creators, teachers, students and guests. The initial view of the system can be seen in Figure 1.",
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"text": "Learning materials that have been developed in this system include Open office writer, Open office calc, mozilla firefox, LAMP server installation and application installation on linux fedora. All materials are developed based on open source. This is done in order to empower and disseminate open source software. All of this is a manifestation of the mandate of the IGOS declaration. The overall implementation of the learning material can be seen in Figure 2.",
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"text": "Open Office Writer is a word processing application that is always needed in making activity proposals, correspondence, scientific articles, etc. The word processing material consists of 7 topics covering introduction, working with text, arranging pages, printing, graphics, tables and mail merges. In addition, it is also completed with pretest and posttest for each topic discussed. A complete view of the material can be seen in Figure 3.",
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"text": "Mozilla firefox is a browser application that is needed in searching for information on the internet. With a browser looking for information on the internet can be done easily, quickly and efficiently. The mozilla firefox material consists of 4 topics which include an introduction; mozilla firefox configuration; access the website; and google search tips. The appearance of this material can be seen in Figure 5.",
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"text": "Installing the LAMP server on fedora core 6 is an installation process to build an apache web server with MySQL database and script processing in the form of PHP on linux fedora core 6. This web server setup is very necessary to support application development using a webbased platform. The material provided consists of 5 topics which include an introduction; preparation of installation; apache web server; MySQL and PHP database servers. The appearance of this material can be seen in Figure 6.",
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"text": "Installing applications on fedora core 6 is an installation process to place an application program on linux fedora core 6. This installation needs to be done because it meets the application demands required by the user. The material provided in this lesson consists of 7 topics covering the installation method; shell commands; create a local repository; program installation; font installation; installation using RPM and installation using source code. A complete view of the material can be seen in Figure 7.",
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"text": "The result of this research is an open source software online learning system. The open source software online learning system was developed on a web basis and has been placed on the Poss Unnes server, so this learning system can be accessed via the internet network. The learning materials developed include Open office Writer, Open Office Calc, Mozilla Firefox, Installing the LAMP server on Linux Fedora, and installing applications on Linux Fedora. Learning materials in this system can be used for empowerment and dissemination of the use of open source software throughout Indonesia. Users of this learning system include administrators, course creators, teachers, and students. Each of them has the authority in accordance with their respective duties. Administrators are tasked with managing the online learning system. The course creator is in charge of creating courses and plotting the teachers who will teach them. The teacher is in charge of constructing the learning content which is their responsibility. Meanwhile students are students who learn using an open source software learning system.",
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"text": "The online learning system developed can handle online learning with open source software. Historical learning activities of students have also been recorded. Thus this system can be developed to be able to display student learning activities visually so that teachers can analyze or diagnose student learning problems. This system can also be developed to motivate students who are learning online, so that learning outcomes can be achieved more optimally. The final result of the research is to develop online-based learning projects.",
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"text": "[1] Muqorobin, M., & Rais, N. A. R. (2020). Analysis of the Role of Information Systems Technology in Lecture Learning during the Corona Virus Pandemic. International Journal of Computer and Information System (IJCIS), 1(2).",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 311,
"top": 297,
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"text": "[2] Muqorobin, M., Kusrini, K., Rokhmah, S., & Muslihah, I.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 329,
"top": 309,
"width": 226,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "(2020). Estimation System For Late Payment Of School Tuition Fees. International Journal of Computer and Information System (IJCIS) , 1 (1).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 311,
"top": 350,
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"height": 8,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Baptis Indonesia Semarang [email protected]",
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"text": "Masalah uang suap dan pungli telah mewabah hebat, hal itu yang mesti dihadapi oleh rakyat Indonesia, termasuk umat Kristen jika berurusan dengan aparat birokrasi pemerintah. Mereka sering tidak tahu apa yang harus dilakukan. Kalau memberi uang pelicin seringkali rasa berdosa datang mengusik dalam hati. Hal tersebut terjadi karena kurang memahami bagaimana pandangan Alkitab mengenai suap dan pungli. Apakah memberi suap itu berdosa? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pandangan Alkitab tentang uang pelicin yang meliputi tindakan suap dan pungli. Kalau suap, firman Tuhan jelas menegaskan bahwa hal itu merupakan perbuatan berdosa. Tuhan menegor dan mengecam keras pelaku pemerasan atau penerima pungli. Pemberi pungli adalah orang lemah korban pemerasan, yang dilakukan oleh orang yang memiliki kekuasaan. Allah melarang adanya pemerasan kepada sesama manusia (Im.19:13). Allah tidak menyukai dan mengecam orang yang memeras orang lain. Ancangan penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif bukan eksperimental karena tujuannya bukan mencari angka-angka dan eksperimen atau percobaan, tetapi menggunakan kajian deskriptif. Metode penulisan ini bersifat analisis dan deskriptif.",
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"text": "Uang pelicin yang meliputi suap dan pungli sudah bukan hal baru di Indonesia. Latar belakang semaraknya uang pelicin yang juga menyangkut suap dan pungutan liar (untuk selanjutnya ditulis pungli) di negara Republik Indonesia sekarang ini, tidak terlepas dari pengaruh feodalisme masa lalu. Raja-raja masa lalu menuntut upeti dari bawahan, dan bawahan juga sama sampai tingkat bawahan terendah. Demikian juga upeti wajib diberi bila masyarakat ingin bertemu pejabat. Sebagai pengaruh feodalisme masa, maka muncul kebiasaan memberi uang pelicin yang meliputi suap dan pungli kepada aparat birokrasi pemerintah, yang berkelanjutan sampai sekarang. Akibatnya anggota masyarakat sangat dirugikan, dan timbul suatu pemerasan terhadap dunia perdagangan, serta kolusi dengan kekuasaan demi keuntungan yang besar.",
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"text": "Masalah uang pelican dalam bentuk suap dan pungli sudah menjadi fenomena hari lepas hari di berbagai kantor pemerintah, dan di lapangan yang melayani masyarakat. Tragisnya, perbuatan itu telah menjadi “rahasia umum” dan oknum pelakunya tidak lagi kenal malu. Kalau di negara lain korupsi itu dipandang sebagai perbuatan yang tercela, di negara Indonesia justru dikejar untuk dinikmatinya. Karena itu tidak mengherankan kalau ada pernyataan, bahwa “Korupsi di Indonesia telah terkenal di mana-mana”, demikian yang pernah diucapkan oleh mantan Presiden Bank Dunia Mac Namara.",
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"text": "Masalah uang pelicin yang termasuk suap, dan pungli tersebut telah mewabah hebat, hal itu yang mesti dihadapi oleh rakyat Indonesia, termasuk umat Kristen jika berurusan dengan aparat birokrasi pemerintah. Mereka sering tidak tahu apa yang harus dilakukan. Kalau memberi uang pelicin, kerapkali rasa berdosa datang mengusik dalam hatinya, sebab kurang memahami apa pandangan Kristen soal uang",
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"text": "45 Dixon Nixon Siathen, Pandangan Alkitab tentang Suap…",
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"text": "pelicin itu. Apakah memberi uang pelicin itu berdosa? Kalau suap, firman Tuhan jelas menegaskan bahwa itu sebagai perbuatan berdosa, tapi yang berdosa itu pemberi suap atau penerimanya? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut diperlukan pengajaran soal uang pelicin, suap, dan pungli.",
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"text": "permasalahan di atas maka tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pandangan Alkitab tentang uang pelicin yang meliputi tindakan suap dan pungli.",
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"text": "Ancangan penelitian adalah penelitian kualitatif, bukan eksperimental karena tujuannya bukan mencari angka-angka dan eksperimen atau percobaan, tetapi menggunakan kajian deskriptif. Metode penulisan ini bersifat analisis dan deskriptif. Analisis yang dimaksud adalah data berupa pandangan Alkitab tentang masalah suap dan pungli hingga membentuk pemahaman atau pengertian yang terbatas.",
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"text": "Istilah suap dalam bahasa Inggris adalah bribe, yang artinya: uang sogok, suap, uang semir. Dari kata kerja transitip (transitive verb) adalah: menyogok atau menyuap. Kata bribery artinya penyuapan, penyogokan, suapan, dan sogok. Sedang menurut Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia yang disusun oleh WJS. Poerwadarminto memiliki pengertian hanya sebagai uang sogok. Jadi nama lain untuk uang suap adalah uang sogok.",
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"text": "Istilah suap dalam bahasa Ibrani dipakai kata kopher, yang artinya: bribe (suap), ransom (uang tebusan), satisfaction (pelunasan), yang digunakan pada kitab I Samuel 12:3; Amos 5:12. Juga dipakai istilah shakhad, artinya: bribe, gift (hadiah), present (hadiah, pemberian), reward (ganjaran, upah, pahala, hadiah, membalas), yang digunakan pada I Samuel 8:3; Ayub.15:34; Mazmur 26:10; dan Yesaya 33:15.",
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"text": "Verkuyl dalam buku Etika Kristen: Sosial Ekonomi, memberikan pengertian suap, yaitu: Suatu ikhtiar untuk membujuk",
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"text": "orang agar menyalahgunakan kedudukan dan kekuasaannya dengan maksud mencari untung bagi dirinya (pemberi suap) dan juga memberikan keuntungan bagi pejabat tersebut. Jadi tujuan suap adalah untuk memperlancar suatu urusan, dengan membujuk aparat yang memiliki wewenang untuk kepentingan pemberi suap, dengan memberikan uang atau sesuatu barang sebagai imbalan.",
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"text": "Istilah pungli singkatan dari pungutan liar. Menurut Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia, istilah pungutan dari kata pungut atau memungut yang artinya: menarik bea, pajak, uang iuran, derma, dan sebagainya. Pungutan adalah hasil dari yang dipungut. Sedang liar artinya: tidak jinak, ganas, tidak menurut aturan, atau tidak teratur. Jadi Pungli berarti menarik uang atau bea dengan tidak menurut peraturan atau undang-undang yang berlaku.",
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"text": "Istilah pungli kebetulan terdapat juga dalam Kamus Bahasa Mandarin. Puung artinya persembahan, dan li artinya keuntungan. Berarti puungli dapat diartikan: petugas atau pejabat yang berkuasa meminta persembahan demi keuntungannya dari masyarakat atau orang lain.",
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"text": "Pungli dalam praktiknya, yaitu aparat atau petugas meminta uang pungli di luar peraturan yang berlaku kepada masyarakat yang berurusan dengannya, yang jika tidak diberi akan menghadapi berbagai kesulitan, sejauh yang bisa dilakukan oleh oknum aparat tersebut.",
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"text": "Soedjono D. seorang pakar hukum memberikan batasan atau definisi pungli sebagai berikut: Pungli adalah pungutan yang dilakukan oleh dan untuk kepentingan pribadi oknum petugas dan atau bertujuan kepentingan tertentu individu masyarakat, terhadap uang negara dan atau anggota masyarakat yang dipungut secara tidak sah (tidak memenuhi persyaratan formil maupun materiil) dan atau melawan hukum (tindak pidana). Istilah lain yang dipergunakan di dalam dan oleh masyarakat yang terkandung di dalam arti pungli sebagaimana terurai pada batasan di atas, adalah uang pelicin, uang sogok, uang semir, salam tempel, uang administrasi, uang ikhlas, 3 S ( senang sama senang).",
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"text": "Pandangan Alkitab Tentang Suap",
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"text": "Permasalahan suap yang terjadi pada masa Perjanjian Lama, pada kitab Ulangan 16:9",
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{
"left": 529,
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"text": "46",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 213,
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"text": "tertulis demikian: Janganlah memutarbalikan keadilan, janganlah memandang bulu dan janganlah menerima suap, sebab suap membuat buta mata orang- orang bijaksana dan memutarbalikan perkataan orang-orang benar. Hal itu memperlihatkan adanya kebiasaan para hakim yang menerima suap pada zamannya. Kata memutarbalikkan, yang arti harfiahnya adalah membuat miring, condong, atau serong. Hakim yang berbuat demikian memang tidak menyangkali hak orang benar secara terang-terangan, tapi meniadakannya secara halus. Suap dapat membuat orang bijaksana menjadi tidak dapat lagi melihat mana yang benar dan mana yang salah, kemudian mengambil sikap perilaku buruk dan tidak adil serta jahat terhadap orang benar.",
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"text": "Cairns menyebutkan bahwa perkataan, “Janganlah menerima suap, sebab …” adalah kalimat yang dipakai secara luas sejak zaman kuno yang tercermin juga dalam",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 386,
"width": 213,
"height": 94,
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"text": "literatur “kebijaksanaan” (band Ams.17:23), di mana penerimaan suap menjadi gejala kronis di Israel (Yes. 1: 23; 5:23; Mi.3:11: Yeh.22:12). Dan ternyata perkataan tersebut masih sangat relevan sampai sekarang.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 213,
"height": 148,
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"text": "Praktik suap tidak hanya terjadi di kalangan aparat penguasa, tapi juga menjalar pada kaum rohaniwan, yang dikisahkan dalam kitab Mikha 3:11 sebagai berikut: Para kepalanya memutuskan hukum karena suap dan para imamnya memberi pengajaran karena bayaran, para nabinya menenung karena uang, padahal mereka bersandar kepada Tuhan dan berkata: “Bukankah Tuhan ada di tengah- tengah kita !”.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
"top": 635,
"width": 213,
"height": 93,
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"text": "Firman itu mengungkapkan bahwa para pimpinan, imam, dan nabi hanya mau menjalankan tugasnya setelah diberi uang suap atau uang bayaran sebagai imbalan, sehingga orang miskin menjadi korban, dan orang-orang kaya dapat meneruskan praktik menyuap (band. Yes.1:23; Yer.5:28).",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 731,
"width": 213,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Sebenarnya para imam wajib memberi pengajaran agama dengan gratis, karena ia sudah dijamin dari penghasilan bait Allah. Namun demi uang ia bersedia",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 309,
"top": 69,
"width": 234,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "memberikan petunjuk-petunjuk lain yang tidak seharusnya asal sesuai bagi yang membutuhkan atau yang membayar, demikian juga para nabinya. Meskipun mereka merasa berdosa, namun meyakini bahwa Tuhan ada di tengah mereka. Hal itu menggambarkan hati nurani para penerima suap yang sudah bebal, dan hidupnya hanya untuk uang belaka.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 309,
"top": 179,
"width": 234,
"height": 384,
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"text": "Nabi Yesaya menceritakan mengenai perkara suap sebagai berikut: Para pemimpinmu adalah pemberontak dan bersekongkol dengan pencuri. Semuanya suka menerima suap dan mengejar sogok. Mereka tidak membela hak anak-anak yatim, dan perkara janda-janda tidak sampai kepada mereka. Hal ini mengungkapkan bahwa ambisi para pimpinan demi uang suap bersedia bekerja sama dengan pencuri dan memberontak terhadap atasannya dan korban penindasannya adalah rakyat kaum lemah, anak yatim dan para janda. Perkara mereka “disimpan” atau ditutup, dianggap sepi, dan pura-pura tidak tahu. Sikap aparat yang demikian masih terjadi sampai sekarang. Dalam I Samuel 8:3 dikisahkan mengenai masalah suap :”Tetapi anak-anaknya itu tidak hidup seperti ayahnya, mereka mengejar laba, menerima suap dan memutarbalikkan keadilan.” Samuel yang sudah tua ingin mewariskan jabatannya kepada anaknya, tetapi anaknya berperilaku buruk, suka menerima suap dan memutarbalikkan keadilan sehingga tidak disukai oleh orang-orang Israel. Karena itu ia ditolak oleh masyarakat Israel untuk menduduki jabatan ayahnya. Seorang ayah yang baik, tetapi karena tidak bisa mendidik anaknya dengan baik, maka ia menjadi orang pelaku penerima suap dalam tugasnya..",
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"left": 309,
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"width": 234,
"height": 218,
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"text": "Menurut Verkuyl, bahwa orang yang memberi suap adalah pembujuk atau membawa seseorang kepada suatu “cobaan” untuk berbuat ketidak-adilan. Dengan kata lain, pemberi suap adalah orang yang berperan sebagai pembujuk, berarti keputusan terjadinya kasus suap bukan di tangan pemberi suap tapi penerima suap. Karena jika si penerima suap “tidak setuju” maka tidak terjadi kasus suap. Tegasnya, penerima suap menjadi faktor “penentu” terjadinya kasus suap. Pemberi suap memang tidak dikecam Allah, tidak berarti ia tidak bersalah. Pemberi suap bersalah karena memberi batu sandungan. Paulus mengatakan, “Jangan kita membuat saudara kita jatuh atau tersandung” (Roma 14:13). Pemberi suap juga bersalah karena",
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"text": "Volume 15, Nomor 1, April 2019",
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"text": "47 Dixon Nixon Siathen, Pandangan Alkitab tentang Suap…",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 213,
"height": 38,
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"text": "melakukan kompromi dengan dosa. Kedua kesalahan tersebut akan dibahas tersendiri pada bagian selanjutnya di bawah ini.",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Orang yang melakukan pemberian suap, dilakukan dengan membujuk aparat birokrat agar mau menerima ajakan dalam kasus suap, adalah memberi batu sandungan kepada aparat agar terjatuh dalam dosa suap, yang semula selalu jujur tapi karena bujukan imbalannya sangat menarik, akhirnya bersedia mengikuti kemauan sang pembujuk, dan jatuhlah ia dalam dosa. “Mereka tersandung padanya, karena mereka tidak taat kepada firman Allah” (I.Petrus 2:8). Kepada pembujuk, “Jangan menjadi batu sandungan bagi mereka yang lemah” (I.Kor.8:9. Dan Imamat 19:14, “Janganlah kautaruh batu sandungan, tetapi engkau harus takut akan Allahmu, Akulah Tuhan.”",
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"text": "Pada waktu Tuhan Yesus",
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{
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"text": "menyembuhkan orang sakit pada hari Sabat, maka orang-orang Farisi bersekongkol dengan orang-orang Herodian untuk membunuh Yesus (Markus 3:6). Bersekongkol atau bekerja sama untuk melakukan",
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"text": "pembunuhan. Meskipun pemberi suap hanya bersalah sebagai pembujuk, dan ia sudah mengerti bahwa berbuat suap itu adalah dosa, namun demi kepentingannya ia melakukan kompromi dengan dosa agar tujuannya tercapai. Berarti pemberi suap adalah melakukan perbuatan dosa juga, karena dosa suap tak akan terjadi kalau tidak ada pemberi suap.",
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"text": "Pandangan Alkitab Tentang Pungli",
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"text": "Pengertian",
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"text": "pungli adalah",
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"text": "menyangkut pemerasan atau permintaan memaksa dalam jabatan. Yang dibicarakan dalam Firman Tuhan mengenai pungli adalah yang berkaitan dengan pemerasan yang dilakukan oleh orang yang memiliki kekuasaan, yaitu dalam kitab Amos 4:1: “Dengarlah firman ini, hai lembu-lembu Basan, yang ada di gunung Samaria, yang memeras orang lemah, yang menginjak orang miskin...” Amos menyapa wanita - wanita itu dengan sebutan lembu-lembu Basan yang ada di gunung Samaria adalah perkataan yang kasar, sebab mereka ini yang membuat para suaminya melayani",
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"text": "dirinya, dan menjadi pendorong untuk melakukan korupsi atau pemerasan dan pungutan tidak resmi serta perbuatan buruk lainnya, agar mereka itu dapat hidup berfoya- foya. Sehingga di zaman Amos ini mereka disebut pula kaum perempuan yang memeras orang lemah, dan yang menginjak orang miskin.",
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"text": "Kitab",
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"text": "Pengkhotbah",
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{
"left": 525,
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"text": "7:7",
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{
"left": 309,
"top": 170,
"width": 234,
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"text": "menjelaskan masalah pemerasan, sebagai berikut: “Sungguh, pemerasan membodohkan orang berhikmat, dan uang suap merusakan hati.” Yang dipersoalkan dengan pemerasan dalam ayat itu bukan korbannya, tapi pelaku pemerasannya. Bila orang berhikmat tergoda melakukan pemerasan untuk memperkaya diri, maka ia menjadi bodoh dan hatinya menjadi rusak. Demikian juga untuk penerima suap. Sering orang berpendapat bahwa pemerasan yang dilakukan oleh para pejabat adalah gejala zaman sekarang, padahal itu sudah menjadi kenyataan sejak zaman dahulu kala.",
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"left": 309,
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"text": "Yohanes juga menghadapi permasalahan pemerasan, tertulis dalam kitab Lukas 3:14 “Dan perajurit-perajurit bertanya juga kepadanya:”Apakah yang harus kami perbuat?” Jawab Yohanes:”Jangan memeras dan jangan merampas dan cukupkanlah dirimu dengan gajimu.” Pada waktu itu Yohanes tampil sebagai pembimbing rohani, saat ditanya oleh perajurit- perajurit ia menegaskan bahwa setiap perajurit dan pemungut cukai harus bertindak dengan adil, dan mencukupkan dengan penghasilannya serta tidak tamak. Ditegur pula pemungut cukai yang membayar sejumlah uang (menyogok) kepada pejabat Roma, guna memperoleh hak istimewa dalam memungut pajak dan suka memeras.",
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"height": 136,
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"text": "Masalah pemerasan nampak pula dalam kitab Ulangan 24:14sebagai berikut: “Janganlah engkau memeras pekerja harian yang miskin dan menderita, baik ia saudaramu maupun orang asing yang ada di negerimu, di dalam tempatmu.” Hal itu menegaskan agar para tuan atau majikan tidak memeras kaum pekerjanya, tidak mengurangi hak upahnya dengan alasan pungutan apapun, baik terhadap sanak saudara maupun orang asing.",
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"text": "Imamat 19:3, Ulangan 24:14, Amos 4:1, Yeremia 22:17, Yeheskiel 22:12, Pengkhotbah 7:7, Mazmur 119:134, Lukas 3:14, berbicara mengenai pemerasan atau perbuatan pungli. Allah tidak menghendaki perbuatan memungut",
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"left": 529,
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"text": "48",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 213,
"height": 93,
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"text": "atau menerima pungli, yang disebutnya sebagai pemeras sesama manusia yang membuat penderitaan dan sengsara orang lain. Dan Tuhan menegor dan mengecam keras pelaku pemerasan atau penerima pungli. Bahkan Mazmur 72:4 mengatakan, akan “meremukkan pemeras-pemeras.”",
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"left": 85,
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"width": 213,
"height": 163,
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"text": "Pemberi pungli adalah orang lemah korban pemerasan, yang dilakukan oleh orang yang memiliki kekuasaan, yaitu oknum aparat birokrasi pemerintah. Mereka adalah orang yang tertindas tak berdaya untuk menentangnya, suatu keterpaksaan mengingat adanya ancaman kesulitan kalau tidak dipenuhi permintaan pungli. Firman Tuhan sering mengatakan kepeduliannya kepada orang yang tertindas. Allah ingat kepada orang yang tertindas (Mazmur 9:13).",
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"left": 85,
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"height": 232,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Allah melarang adanya pemerasan kepada sesama manusia (Im.19:13). Allah tidak menyukai dan mengecam orang yang memeras orang lain (Mazmur 105:14; Yeheskiel 22:7,12; Lukas 3:14; I Tawarikh 16:21; Amos 3:9,10). Allah mengecam mereka yang memeras orang miskin (Amos 4:1). “Kiranya ia memberi keadilan kepada orang-orang yang tertindas dari bangsa itu, menolong orang-orang miskin, tetapi meremukkan pemeras-pemeras!”(Mazmur 72:4). Allah memperingatkan, “Aku akan bertindak terhadap segala penindasmu” (Zefanya 3:19). Maka relevansinya dapat dikatakan, bahwa Allah juga mengecam para pemungut pungli atau penerima uang pelicin.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Menurut pandangan Alkitan pada kasus suap, Allah mengecam keras kepada penerimanya tapi tidak mengecam",
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"text": "pemberinya. Pemberi suap yang beperan sebagai pembujuk tersebut berdosa karena berkompromi dengan perbuatan dosa, dan memberi batu sandungan, serta memutarbalikkan keadilan. Allah juga mengecam keras kepada penerima pungli, Allah akan meremukkan pemeras-pemeras tersebut. Kepada pemberi pungli, Allah justru menaruh belas kasihan karena mereka sebagai korban penindasan.",
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"text": "REKOMENDASI",
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"text": "Sikap selektivisme yaitu umat Kristen dalam menghadapi praktek uang pelicin, mesti mempelajari lebih dulu apakah termasuk bentuk suap atau pungli. Jika bentuk suap harus dihindari dan jangan dilakukan karena itu berdosa, yaitu ada pelanggaran prosedur, dan inisiatif datang dari dirinya.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "Strong, James. The New Strong’s: Exhaustive Concordance of The Bible . New York: Thomas Nelson Publisher, 1984 Soedjono, Pungli. Bandung: Sinar Baru, 1983. Verkuyl, Etika Kristen bagian Sosial Ekonomi. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 1982. Soedarmo, R. Ikhtisar Dogmatika Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 1982.",
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"text": "Budiman, Tafsiran Alkitab Surat-Surat Pastoral I,II Timotius dan Titus . Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 1984.",
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"text": "Brill, Weley. Tafsiran Surat Ibrani . Bandung: Kalam Hidup, 1981.",
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"text": "Cairns, J. Tafsiran Alkitab Ulangan 2 . Jakarta:",
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"text": "Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2005.",
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"text": "Lembaga Biblika Indonesia, Injil Lukas Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1989.",
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7dc106a3-9395-c171-9edc-1af8157d2d96 | https://jim.usk.ac.id/sejarah/article/download/22713/10540 | [
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"text": "JIM: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pendidikan Sejarah, 7(4), 2022, pp. 275-283 P-ISSN: 2964-7231, E-ISSN: 2614-5658 Doi: https://doi.org/10.24815/jimps.v7i4.22713",
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"text": "ERUPSI GUNUNG GALUNGGUNG DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI MASYARAKAT",
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"text": "DISEKITAR JAWA BARAT 1982-1983",
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"text": "* Syahrul Kurniawan 1 , Ananta Dharma Kusuma 2 ,",
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"text": "1,2 Jurusan Sejarah FIS Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia",
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"text": "This paper was written with the aim of describing how the natural disaster event, namely the eruption of Mount Galunggung that occurred in 1982-1983, had a major impact on the people around West Java. The method used in this paper is the historical method which consists of the stages of topic selection, heuristics, verification, interpretation and historiography. This paper focuses on problems regarding the ecological conditions of Mount Galunggung and the dynamics of the eruption in 1982-1983, and the last one on the impact it produces on the people around West Java. The results of this study reveal that the eruption was one of the major disasters during the New Order era. The resulting impact also contains negative and positive values. The negative impacts include disruption of international flights, loss of life, damage to infrastructure and land, contamination of springs, to the impact on the social-economic conditions of communities around West Java which generally deteriorate. On the other hand, the positive impact was felt for small traders and after the eruption the affected area gradually became fertile and there was an expansion in the sand mining area.",
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"text": "Keywords: Eruption, Mount Galunggung, Impact, Society",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
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"text": "Tulisan ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana peristiwa bencana alam yakni erupsi Gunung Galunggung yang terjadi pada tahun 1982-1983 berdampak besar bagi masyarakat di sekitar Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah metode sejarah yang terdiri dari tahapan pemilihan topik, heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi dan historiografi. Tulisan ini memfokuskan permasalahan mengenai kondisi ekologi Gunung Galunggung dan dinamika erupsi pada tahun 1982-1983, serta yang terakhir mengenai dampak yang dihasilkannya bagi masyarakat di sekitar Jawa Barat. Hasil dari studi ini mengungkapkan bahwa erupsi tersebut merupakan salah satu bencana yang cukup besar pada masa orde baru. Dampak yang dihasilkannya pun memuat nilai negatif dan positif. Dampak negatif diantaranya adalah gangguan penerbangan internasional, timbulnya korban jiwa, kerusakan infrastruktur dan juga lahan, tercemarnya sumber mata air, hingga berimbas pada kondisi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat di sekitar Jawa Barat yang secara umum memburuk. Di sisi lain dampak positif dirasakan bagi para pedagang kecil dan pasca erupsi wilayah yang terkena dampak secara berangsur-angsur kian menjadi subur serta terjadinya perluasan di areal pertambangan pasir.",
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"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Erupsi, Gunung Galunggung, Dampak, Masyarakat",
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"text": "Author Correspindence Email : [email protected] Available online at http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/sejarah/",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "276",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"height": 214,
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"text": "Dilihat dari sisi geosains, Indonesia merupakan sebuah negara yang memiliki kondisi geologi yang sangat menarik. Selain terdapat paparan sunda dan sahul yang luas, Indonesia merupakan negara satu-satunya di dunia yang memiliki laut antar pulau yang sangat dalam sekitar 5.000 meter yakni Laut Banda dan palung Weber dengan kedalaman lebih dari 7.000 meter yang merupakan laut antara dua busur Kepulauan Banda. Indonesia juga berada di dalam wilayah Ring 0f Fire atau biasa disebut dengan deret lingkar api sirkum pasifik dimana kondisi tersebut merupakan bagian dari hasil pertemuan tiga lempeng tektonik dunia yakni lempeng Indo-Australia, lempeng Eurasia, dan lempeng Pasifik.",
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"height": 229,
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"text": "Zona pertemuan antara lempeng Indo- Australia dengan lempeng Eurasia berada di lepas pantai barat Sumatera, selatan Jawa dan Nusa Tenggara, sedangkan dengan lempeng Pasifik di bagian utara pulau Papua dan Halmahera. Aktivitas tektonik yang terjadi menyebabkan terbentuknya deretan gunung api di sepanjang pulau Sumatera, Jawa-Bali-Nusa Tenggara, utara Sulawesi-Maluku, hingga Papua (Amri, dkk, 216: 2016). Indonesia sendiri memiliki 128 gunung berapi yang dianggap aktif, di antaranya sekitar tujuh puluh diketahui telah meletus terakhir 400 tahun. Dari total wilayah Indonesia seluas 1.907.000 km2,333 450 km2 terdiri dari medan vulkanik. Ini, 16.620 km2 dianggap terkena dampak bahaya vulkanik (Kusumadinata dalam Gupta, 2005: 268)",
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"text": "Melihat kondisi geologis yang ada tentu saja menjadikan Indonesia rentan terhadap berbagai bencana seperti gempa bumi, tsunami, hingga erupsi gunung berapi. Meskipun demikian terdapat dampak positif bagi masyarakat Indonesia seperti halnya kondisi tanah yang subur di daerah sekitar gunung berapi dimana masyarakat sekitar dapat mengembangkan perekonomian agraris seperti pertanian dan perkebunan sehingga dapat mendatangkan kemakmuran. Kebudayaan Masyarakatpun tumbuh dan berkembang seiring dengan berbagai bencana yang terjadi. Ragam tradisi sedekah bumi yang berhubungan dengan laut ataupun gunung banyak dijumpai pada masyarakat Indonesia (Ariwibowo, 2017: 173).",
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"height": 184,
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"text": "Erupsi Gunung Galunggung tahun 1982- 1983 merupakan salah satu contoh dari sekian banyaknya rentetan peristiwa bencana alam yang tercatat dalam sejarah Indonesia. Meskipun dampak erupsi ini tidak semasif dan sedahsyat letusan Gunung Tambora 1815 dan Gunung Krakatau 1883, setidaknya Erupsi Gunung Galunggung 1882-1883 sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat di sekitar Jawa Barat hingga menimbulkan kekalutan pemerintahan orde baru dalam menangani masalah bencana ini. Dampak yang dihasilkan dari erupsi Gunung Galunggung ini bahkan sampai mengganggu lalu lintas penerbangan Internasional.",
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"left": 312,
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"height": 228,
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"text": "Pada bulan Juni 1982, sebuah pesawat jet British Airways dengan rute penerbangan dari Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) menuju Perth (Australia) mengalami gangguan penerbangan di ketinggian 37.000 kaki pasca melewati gumpalan abu vulkanik dari Gunung Galunggung mendaki ke jelajah ketinggian di 37.000 kaki Insinyur penerbangan segera melaporkan bahwa satu demi satu mesin pesawat mati. Pesawat jet British Airways sempat kehilangan daya dari ke-keempat mesinnya dan mengalami turbulensi hingga terpaksa menurunkan ketinggian dalam penerbangannya. Kepanikan secara perlahan berakhir ketika pilot dapat menghidupkan kembali mesin pesawatnya satu persatu pada ketinggian 12.000 kaki dan mendarat di Jakarta (Hinga, 2015:361).",
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"left": 312,
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"text": "Tulisan mengenai Erupsi Gunung galunggung tahun 1982-1983 sudah cukup banyak dibahas dari berbagai kalangan akademisi yang datang dari berbagai ragam disiplin keilmuan. Tulisan-tulisan tersebut diantaranya yang pertana ditulis oleh Orkun Ersoy, dkk dengan judul Quantitative scanning-electron microscope analysis of volcanic ash surfaces: Application to the 1982- 1983 Galunggung eruption (Indonesia) yang terbit pada tahun 2007. Tulisan tersebut berisi tentang proses geologis erupsi Gunung Galunggung pada tahun 1982-193. Selain itu artikel tersebut juga menjelaskan mengenai berbagai material yang dikeluarkan ketika gunung tersebut mengalami erupsi seperti kepadatan abu vulkanik, tipe gunung yang mengalami perubahan tipe letusan sebanyak tiga kali, hingga ragam batuan piroklastik yang dikeluarkan.",
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"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "277",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 54,
"top": 75,
"width": 235,
"height": 199,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tulisan Kedua datang dari Gregorius Andika Ariwibowo dengan judul Penanganan Bencana Letusan Gunung Galunggung Pada Tahun 1982-1983 yang terbit pada tahun 2017. Tulisan ini berisi mengenai beragam cara yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah baru dalam menangani bencana erupsi Gunung Galunggung 1982-1983. Beberapa cara yang dilakukan diantaranya adalah dengan memberlakukan program transmigrasi bagi masyarakat yang terdampak erupsi secara langsung, pembuatan bedeng-bedeng pengungsian, memberikan program bantuan baik tunai maupun non tunai, dan perbaikan berbagai infrastruktur yang telah rusak akibat bencana alam tersebut",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 54,
"top": 278,
"width": 238,
"height": 156,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tulisan ketiga ditulis oleh Jhon P. Lockwood & Richard W. Hazlett dengan judul Volcanoes Global Perspectives yang terbit di tahun 2010. Tulisan ini berisikan mengenai berbagai bencana Erupsi Gunung berapi yang ada di dunia dari berbagai periode. Erupsi Gunung Galunggung 1982- 1983 juga turut dibahas, dengan topik bahasan diantaranya adalah proses Erupsi dari tahun-ketahun, muntahan yang dikeluarkan saat erupsi, hingga sekelumit pemaparan mengenai kondisi masyarakat peristiwa erupsi berlangsung.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 156,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tulisan keempat datang dari Bethany D. Rinard Hinga dengan judul Ring of Fire An Encyclopedia of the Rim’s Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes yang terbit pada tahun 2015. Tulisan ini berisikan mengenai kondisi geologis dari wilayah- wilayah yang dilalui jalur ring of fire (termasuk Indonesia) serta ragam potensi bencananya. Tulisan ini juga menyinggung aktivitas proses erupsi Gunung Galunggung yang terjadi pada 1982-1983 dan juga kondisi geologinya, hingga dampak yang dihasilkan dari erupsi gunung tersebut bagi dunia penerbangan.",
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"left": 54,
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"text": "Dari pemaparan tulisan-tulisan terdahulu fokus kajian dari erupsi Gunung Galunggung 1982- 1983 kebanyakan masih banyak menitik beratkan pada kajian geologi saja, dan masih minim menyentuh aspek manusianya. Oleh karena itu tulisan yang kami buat menawarkan permasalahan lain dalam memandang peristiwa tersebut yang menjadi pembeda dengan penelitian terdahulu. Kebaruan yang terletak dalam kajian kami ini adalah permasalahan mengenai dampak yang dihasilkan dari adanya peristiwa bencana erupsi Gunung Galunggung tahun 1982-1983 bagi masyarakat di sekitar Jawa Barat. Diharapkan tulisan ini mampu",
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"text": "memberi sumbangsih pada historiografi sejarah lingkungan di Indonesia khususnya berkaitan dengan sub-kajian kebencanaan.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"left": 312,
"top": 138,
"width": 233,
"height": 243,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tulisan ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang menurut Kuntowijoyo (2018) terdiri dari pemilihan topik, heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Untuk pemilihan topik didasarkan pada kedekatan emosional dan juga kedekatan intelektual. Heuristik merupakan kegiatan dalam mengumpulkan sumber-sumber sejarah yang dinilai relevan. Sumber yang dipakai dalam tulisan ini antara lain berupa buku, jurnal, disertasi, dan juga koran sezaman seperti Surabaya Post, Suara Karya dan Sinar Harapan. Verifikasi merupakan sebuah kritik yang dilontarkan untuk mempertanyakan kesejatian sumber. Kritik ini dibagi menjadi dua yakni eksternal dan internal. Kritik eksternal digunakan untuk menguji tingkat autentitas sumber seperti bahan dan warna kertas, tinta, gaya bahasa, bentuk tulisan, dan lain sebagainya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Sedangkan kritik internal digunakan untuk menguji tingkat kredibilitas dari sumber sejarah yang telah diperoleh. Kritik ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara saling membandingkan isi/informasi yang terdapat pada sumber. Interpretasi adalah penafsiran penulis terhadap data-data yang sudah diperoleh. Interpretasi merupakan penafsiran penulis terhadap data-data yang sudah diperoleh. Interpretasi ini sangat rentan terhadap bias, meskipun sejarah tidak bisa tidak bisa seratus persen objektif dan sangat terkait dengan subjektivitas namun hal tersebut dapat diminimalisir dengan adanya prinsip kejujuran. Tahap terakhir adalah historiografi yakni penulisan sejarah.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Kondisi Ekologi Gunung dan Dinamika Letusan Tahun 1982-1983",
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"text": "Gunung Galunggung yang terletak di Jawa Barat ini merupakan salah satu gunung berapi di Indonesia. Dari jajaran gunung api yang ada, Gunung Galunggung merupakan salah satu gunung teraktif di daerah Jawa Barat. Tetapi untuk frekuensi erupsi terbarunya masih sampai pada tahun 1983 saja. Tahun 1982 sampai 1983 merupakan salah satu erupsi yang terbesar dan menyebabkan media asing atau media lokal meliput dengan seksama peristiwa",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "satu ini. Gunung api Jawa Barat ini menjadi sorotan dan menjadi salah satu gunung yang akhirnya mendapat perhatian dari pihak internasional.",
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"text": "Sebagian besar gunung berapi di Indonesia adalah jenis komposit, meskipun gunung berapi dari semua jenis ada di Indonesia. Setidaknya 78 gunung berapi diketahui telah meletus dalam catatan sejarah, dan sebagian besar dari mereka telah meletus beberapa kali. Untuk bangun atau erupsinya hanya setelah beberapa dekade atau abad. Banyak dari gunung berapi terletak di dekat pusat populasi yang besar. Lebih dari satu juta orang tinggal dalam jarak 18,5 mil (30 kilometer) dari 24 gunung berapi yang aktif secara historis seperti Arjuno-Welirang, Galunggung, Gede, Kelud, Merapi, Merbabu, Papandayan, Semeru, Slamet, Sumbing, Kaldera Tengger dan beberapa lainnya. Bahkan banyak yang tinggal didaerah gunung yang aktif dan sangat dekat tetapi mampu bertahan sampai saat ini (Hinga, 2015:134)",
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"text": "Gunung Galunggung terletak di tengah dari tanah yang subur di daerah Jawa Barat sehingga tidak mengherankan hasil dari letusan akan berdampak positif kepada masyarakat petani sekitar. Keadaan ini masuk dalam salah satu keadaan ekologis di sekitar Gunung Galunggung dan bisa sedikit diambil kesimpulan bahwa keadaan disekitar gunung merupakan daerah yang ramai penduduk. Selain itu, bekas-bekas ledakan masa lampau juga masih sedikit terlihat dengan adanya batuan dan pasir, juga beberapa hasil ledakan lain.",
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"text": "Gunung ini berbentuk tapal kuda, yang bagian tengahnya diledakkan oleh letusan prasejarah yang dahsyat. Untuk beberapa kilometer ke timur, dataran dilengkapi dengan ribuan bukit kecil, masing-masing mewakili pecahan pusat gunung berapi yang hancur. Petani sekitar telah membentuk kompleks yang produktif, sawah dan kolam ikan di dalam ampiteater Galunggung dan menjadi salah satu daerah yang terkenal di Indonesia karena keindahan dan efisiensi pertaniannya. Sehingga gunung ini juga menjadi tujuan wisata baik pendakian atau yang lainnya.",
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"text": "Dalam Gunung Galunggung sendiri terdapat sumbat, merupakan batuan beku yang membeku di dalam bekas saluran vulkanik. Sumbat ini umumnya lebih efektif menahan erosi daripada kerak yang berubah dan retak di sekitarnya. Pembentukan sumbat di bagian atas saluran yang masih aktif",
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"text": "mungkin telah menyebabkan periode tenang pada letusan seperti di Gunung St Helens (1980) dan Gunung Galunggung (1982). Hal inilah yang menyebabkan gunung ini masih tenang dan belum menunjukkan tanda-tanda erupsi setelah tahun 1982. Jika sumbat ini berhenti produksi, maka produksi magma lebih meningkat dan dapat kapan saja meletus kembali (Lockwood, 2010:100).",
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"text": "Keadaan sekitar sesuai dengan penjelasan sebelumnya bahwa gunung ini dikelilingi oleh pemukiman warga. Tanah-tanah pertanian juga banyak terdapat disekitar gunung ini dan otomatis mate pencaharian warga sekitar adalah petani. Juga gunung ini masuk dalam jajaran gunung berapi di Pulau Jawa yang sudah pernah meletus dan belum terulang lagi karena ada faktor alam yang mempengaruhinya.",
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"text": "Letusan Gunung Galunggung merupakan salah satu yang terburuk dalam sejarah Indonesia karena mengganggu penerbangan baik domestik atau internasional. Gunung yang memiliki ketinggian 2168 m dpl memiliki 4 kali catatan letusan, yaitu pada tahun 1822, 1894, 1918, dan Terlihat dari tahun ketiga dan keempat letusan terdapat jarak selama 64 tahun lamanya dan ini mengejutkan para peneliti vulkanologi terlebih jarak tahun yang sangat lama tersebut. Pada tahun 1918 letusan gunung ini disinyalir sangat besar sehingga mampu membentuk kawah gunung dan ini tentunya terjadi pada masa kolonial.",
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"text": "Saat itu pada tahun 1918 juga terjadi pandemi Flu Spanyol di seluruh dunia. Hal ini merupakan salah satu peristiwa mematikan yang terjadi di Hindia-Belanda saat itu. Hal tersebut kemudian Diperparah dengan adanya letusan Gunung Galunggung di daerah Jawa Barat masa itu. Penanganan yang dilakukan tentunya akan sangat menyulitkan melihat dari tahun 1982 letusan mampu menutup transportasi udara yang mengharuskan ada untuk pengambilan kebutuhan medis masa itu.",
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"text": "Kemudian masuk ke periode tahun 1982, dimana erupsi ke 4 terjadi dan memakan banyak korban juga. Selama bulan-bulan awal tahun 1982 masih tidak ada tanda apapun dan tidak ada aktivitas di gunung berapi sejak pembentukan kubah besar selama letusan kawah pusat pada tahun 1918. VSI (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia) memantau gunung berapi setiap tahun, tetapi pemeriksaan pada",
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"text": "279",
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"text": "tahun 1981 tidak menunjukkan kejanggalan. Hal tersebut menjadikan kesiapsiagaan pihak bersangkutan kurang, termasuk masyarakat sekitar.",
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"text": "Warga tidak diberitahu mengenai gempa yang dirasakan oleh Petani Galunggung pada malam 4 April 1982 dan ular dilaporkan mulai muncul dari tanah (Lockwood, 2010:8). Mereka yang di dekat kawah pusat di sekitar kubah vulkanik yang telah ada di sana pada tahun 1918 dengan cepat mulai mengungsi. Gempa bumi berlanjut malam itu, dan letusan dahsyat menghancurkan bagian tengah kawah keesokan paginya (5 April 1982). Warga tidak menyangka hal tersebut terjadi, dan letusan sendiri terjadi tepatnya pada pukul 02.00 WIB dini hari",
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"text": "Selain menyebabkan hujan abu, letusan gunung ini juga menyebabkan adanya banjir lahar dan menjebolkan tanggul-tanggul yang ada. Rumah- rumah hanyut terbawa arus, begitu juga dengan ladang-ladang petani sekitar dan mengakibatkan kerugian sekitar Rp. 17.000.000an pada tahun tersebut. Pengungsian segera dibuat dan bantuan segera mengucur dari berbagai daerah terutama dari pemerintahan Orde Baru saat itu.",
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{
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"text": "Letusan gunung ini terjadi berulang kali dan menyebabkan kesiapsiagaan warga juga pihak-pihak terkait senantiasa waspada. Letusan eksplosif berulang kali terjadi dan menghasilkan awan abu dan uap yang bergolak lebih dari 16 km ke langit. Aktivitas Galunggung tercatat di saluran berita internasional pada 24 Juni 1982 ketika British Airways 747 dengan 247 orang di dalamnya memasuki awan abu selama letusan gunung berapi yang eksplosif",
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"text": "Kawah Galunggung terlihat cerah pada pagi hari tanggal 7 Agustus 1982 dan seismograf tidak menunjukkan aktivitas. Dengan ini Gunung Galunggung dinilai sudah menunjukkan penurunan aktivitas dan dapat diteliti kembali. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memantau dan melihat hasil letusan saat itu. Bersamaan dengan ini, warga mulai kembali ke rumah masing-masing Ketakutan warga masih terasa tetapi dengan turunnya pihak terkait dapat memberikan keamanan kepada mereka. Pada September 1982, erupsi kembali terjadi tetapi tidak terlalu parah dan tidak membahayakan penduduk dengan radius lebih dari 2 km. Erupsi ini merupakan lanjutan dari erupsi-erupsi sebelumnya dan akan",
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"text": "tetap berlanjut sampai pada 8 Januari 1983 (Lockwood, 2010:15)",
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"text": "Dampak Erupsi Gunung Galunggung Bagi Masyarakat Disekitar Jawa Barat Bahasan",
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"text": "Erupsi Gunung Galunggung yang terjadi sejak 5 April 1982 hingga 8 Januari 1983 sangat mempengaruhi dinamika kehidupan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat Jawa Barat. Kekalutan terjadi di berbagai daerah yang terimbas langsung dari erupsi Gunung Galunggung. Selama peristiwa terjadi banyak terjadi gelombang pengungsian yang datang dari berbagai wilayah. Sejak awal letusan masyarakat yang bermukim di lereng gunung berusaha menyelamatkan diri dengan pergi dari desa mereka masing-masing saat letusan pertama dimulai.",
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{
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"text": "Puluhan ribu penduduk desa kecamatan Cisayong, Indihiang dan Leuwisari di lereng bagian timur berbondong-bondong mengungsi ke kota Tasikmalaya. Selain itu para penduduk dari desa Sinagar, Cipaku, Rancapaku, Sukagalih, Linggarsinar turut pergi mengevakuasikan diri akbat desa mereka kejatuhan abu dan kerikil. Para pengungsi ditempatkan di gedung Olahraga Sukapura, semantara kantor-kantor, gedung Sekolah serta tempat-tempat umum dibuka untuk",
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{
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"text": "menampung korban pengungsian (Subagyo, 1983:40) Menurut laporan Satuan Koordinasi Pelaksana Penanggulangan Bencana dan Penanganan Pengungsi atau yang biasa disebut Satkorlak, tercatat 350.000 penduduk yang mengungsi pada hari pertama letusan, sementara terdapat sekitar 270.000 penduduk berada dalam kondisi ancaman bahaya letusan. Dari awal letusan hingga November 1982 tercatat tercatat 58 korban jiwa yang meninggal dunia sejak awal letusan hingga bulan November. Sebagian besar korban yang meninggal dunia ini disebabkan karena kondisi kesehatan selama berada dalam pengungsian. Hingga bulan Januari 1983 tercatat lebih dari 80.000 jumlah penduduk yang mengungsi dan sekitar 35.000 orang harus dipindahkan secara permanen dari daerah-daerah di sekitar gunung. (Ariwibowo, 2017: 179-180).",
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"text": "Untuk menghadapi membludaknya pengungsi pemerintah lantas segera membuat kebijakan terkait dengan pembangun rumah-rumah darurat/ bedeng-bedeng pengungsian (Suara",
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"text": "280",
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{
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"text": "Karya/10/04/1982). Dalam tahap awal penerapan kebijakan pemerintah menargetkan pembangunan 240 buah bedeng untuk pemukiman sementara bagi para pengungsi yang mana 74 buah diantaranya akan selesai dibangun pada 24 April sehingga para pengungsi yang selama awal bencana letusan menempati gedung-gedung sekolah dasar dapat segera pindah. Bedeng tersebut berupa bangunan yang beratapkan seng dengan ukuran 6 x 15 meter. Tiap bedeng akan diisi rata-rata 10 kepala keluarga (Suara Karya/ 22/04/1982). Bedeng-bedeng tersebut kian bertambah seiring dengan meningkatnya arus pengungsi. Hingga akhir tahun 1982 bedeng-bedeng tersebut menampung sekitar 27.500 penduduk atau sekitar 5.5000 KK (Ariwibowo, 2017: 2017).",
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"text": "Sebelum bedeng-bedeng pengungsian telah banyak ditempati oleh para pengungsi kondisi mereka sangatlah memprihatinkan, di bulan-bulan awal letusan banyak dari penduduk yang mengevakuasikan di gedung-gedung sekolah, instansi ataupun di gubuk-gubuk darurat yang mereka dirikan sendiri yang tidak memenuhi akan standar kesehatan. Banyak dari ibu-ibu yang melahirkan di tempat pengungsian, tim kesehatan dikerahkan untuk menolong mereka yang sakit (Subagyo, 1983:45). Di gubuk pengungsian Desa Cigedog misalnya, terdapat 345 keluarga berjumlah 1401 jiwa yang merupakan pengungsi asal kampung Pasanggrahan, Idahu, Tugu, dan Gurawilan. Terhitung sebanyak 75% dari jumlah mereka terkena penyakit mata, diare dan sesak nafas (Sinar Harapan/31/05/1982).",
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{
"left": 54,
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"height": 170,
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"text": "Suasana iri banyak menyelimuti para pengungsi yang tidak mendapat ekstra pelayanan dibandingkan pengungsi lainya. Di beberapa tempat pengungsian yang luput dari perhatian pemerintah dan juga tim medis, misalnya di daerah Pasir Bokor Gunung Newi. Tenda-tenda yang tersedia tidak mampu melindungi para pengungsi dari cuaca, pengungsipun mendirikan sendiri semacam rumah- rumahan yang dijadikan tempat bermukim mereka dengan berbahan dasar daun-daun kelapa dan juga lembaran-lembaran plastik (Sinar Harapan/09/05/1982).",
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"text": "Selama bencana erupsi berlangsung para pengungsi bertahan hidup dengan hasil sumbangan yang diberikan baik dari pihak pemerintah dari dalam maupun luar negeri, perusahaan swasta, hingga dari",
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"text": "hasil galang dana. Sumbangan yang diberikan diantaranya berupa uang tunai, makanan, pakaian, hingga obat-obatan. Bencana Erupsi dari Gunung Galunggung ini juga mengakibatkan berbagai sarana infrastruktur dan juga lahan mengalami kerusakan.",
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"text": "Beberapa contoh kasus terkait dengan rusaknya infrastruktur akibat jatuhnya bongkahan batu dan pasir diantaranya adalah rusaknya ratusan rumah penduduk di Kecamatan Cigalontang, Salawu, Kabupaten Tasikmalaya serta Wanaraja di Kabupaten Garut ketika meletus pada kamis malam tanggal 25 Juni. dikabarkan bahwa daerah Garut menderita dampak lebih parah. Di desa yang dihuni 1400 penduduk tersebut terdapat 80 rumah hancur, dua bangunan SD rusak dan sebuah bangungananya lagi hancur bersama dengan peralatannya (Sinar Harapan/26/06/1982).",
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"height": 228,
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"text": "Pada selasa 30 September, pukul 03.00 WIB terjadi letusan dahsyat yang diiringi dengan asap berwarna kelabu hitam bergumpal - gumpal membumbung setinggi tujuh sampai dengan delapan kilometer dan juga semburan benda pijar setinggi 50- 100 m menyebabkan dua bangunan di Desa Sindangratu terletak di kecamatan Wanaraja ambruk akibat jatuhnya hujan debu dan pasir. Kedua bangunan yang ambruk tersebut adalah kantor balai desa dan KUD Sindangratu beserta gudangnya. Ditaksir kerugian yang ditimbulkan akibat ambruknya kantor desa sebesar enam juta rupiah sedangkan akibat ambruknya kantor dan gudang KUD sebesar lima juta rupiah, belum termasuk kerusakan lima ton pupuk dan obat-obatan (Surabaya Post/01/09/1982).",
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"text": "Pada hari Jumat 8 Oktober sekitar pukul 11.25 WIB akibat hujan pasir yang disemburkan oleh letusan Gunung Galunggung sekitar 60 rumah ambruk di Kampung Malagasi, Desa Sukaraja, Kecamatan Leuwisari, Tasikmalaya (Suara Karya/09/10/1982). Selain akibat dari semburan batuan dan juga pasir, bahaya banjir lahar ketika musim hujan juga mengakibatkan kerusakan infrastruktur, lahan pertanian dan juga tercemarnya jaringan air minum. Pada 4 Juni diberitakan tiga jembatan putus dan sebanyak 8 rumah tertimbun lumpur akibat banjir lahar yang terus menerus terjadi sejak hari kamis hingga jumat malam dari Sungai Cimampang dan Ciloseh yang mengalir ke kota Tasikmalaya. Di samping itu ratusan hektar sawah",
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"text": "281",
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"text": "yang padinya baru berumur 3 bulan juga mengalami nasib sama. Ke-84 buah rumah yang tertimbun lahar tercatat 33 berada di desa Cipedes, 40 di Desa Nagarasari dan 11 lainnya berada di desa Sukaratu, Kecamatan Indihiang, bagian utara Kota Tasikmalaya (SinarHarapan/05/06/1982).",
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"text": "Hujan abu dan pasir yang melanda ratusan hektar tanaman padi menyebabkan kegagalan panen seperti di desa Sukaratu, persawahan yang rusak akibat hujan abu tercatat 25 ha, sedang di desa Rancapaku Kecamatan Leuwisari tercatat 167/ha. Kegagalan panen ini tentu saja sangat merugikan perekonomian masyarakat di kedua desa tersebut (Sinar Harapan/08/06/1982). Pengelolaan Air Minum (PAM) di desa Purwaharja, Kecamatan Cisaga, Kabupaten Ciamis sejak hari Rabu 2 Juni terpaksa ditutup karena tingkat kekeruhannya melebihi batas maksimum Sungai Citanduy. Biasanya batas ambang oksigen berkisar pada tingkat 500 kekeruhan, kali ini mencapai oksigen 1500 kekeruhan. Koordinator PAM kemudian menggunakan air asal kali Citanduy yang dijernihkan namun sejak meletusnya gunung Galunggung dan banjir lahar yang kehitaman menjadikannya kurang berfungsi. Telah banyak upaya dilakukan mengatasinya, namun tidak berhasil dan akhirnya ditutup.",
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"text": "Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan air yang sudah diolah tetap mengandung belerang sehingga penutupan PAM akan berlangsung lama sampai air sungai Citanduy dapat dijernihkan seperti semula. Dengan ditutupnya PAM, masyarakat di sekitar desa tersebut kini dilanda kekurangan air. Hal serupa juga menimpa para penduduk di Tasikmalaya misalnnya yang terjadi di Desa Tanjung Kecamatan Kawalu Hal ini disebabkan karena Sungai Ciwulan yang mengalir ke desa tersebut telah tercemar muntahan lahar Gunung Galunggung.Di samping itu Desa Tanjung juga kesulitan air karena tersumbatnya irigasi Cikuntan II. Dikabarkan 80 Ha sawah yang ikut Bimas dan 13 Ha kolam ikan terancam kering. Sebelum terjadinya bencana Galunggung air ke persawahan atau kolam itu cukup lancar, kendatipun dalam musim kemarau. (Sinar Harapan/09/06/1982).",
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"text": "Dalam lingkup pendidikan, Departemen dan Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jawa Barat mengatakan bahwa sekitar 413.152 anak didik Tasikmalaya diperkirakan kehilangan tempat belajar",
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"text": "jika bangunan sekolah mereka terkena banjir lahar. Sekolah-sekolah yang terancam banjir lahar itu berada di kota Tasikmalaya, misalnya, di desa Cipedas, Nagarasari dan desa-desa di luar kota Tasik malaya seperti di Kecamatan Indihiang, Rajapolah, Ciawi, Singaparna, Leuwisari, Cisayong dan kecamatan lainnya. Di samping yang terancam banjir lahar, di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya saat ini tercatat ratusan sarana pendidikan telah hancur dan tidak bisa digunakan lagi, terutama di daerah yang berdekatan dengan pusat letusan. bahkan banyak di antara bangunan tersebut sudah tidak terlihat lagi, karena seluruhnya tertimbun lahar (Surabaya Post/16/09/1982).",
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"text": "Pada rabu 30 September banjir lahar yang terjadi mengakibatkan sekitar 21 buah rumah hanyut dan tidak kurang dari 100 lainnya terendam dan hancur peristiwa ini terbatas di daerah aliran Kali Ciloseh yakni penduduk Parakan Kawung, desa Suka Galih, Cijuyung, Baranang siang dan Narlutong, Kemanten Sukaratu, Indihiang, Tasikmalaya. Meskipun hujan hanya berlangsung sekitar 30 menit, ternyata dapat memporak- porandakan beberapa perkampungan penduduk (Sinar Harapan/01/10/1982).",
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"text": "Pada 9 Desember, sebuah jembatan besi 32 m penyangga pipa saluran air minum Tasikmalaya rabu malam hanyut terlanda banjir lahar dingin. Sedangkan sebuah rumah penjaga dan empat buah rumah penduduk di pinggiran sungai Cikunten Desa Jayaratu kecamatan Leuwisari mengalami nasib yang sama. Di samping itu terdapat 114 hektar sawah tertimbun lahar, dua buah masjid hanyut, satu madrasah dan dua jembatan menjadi korban banjir lahar di kecamatan Cigalontang. Wakil Gubernur Jawa Barat Abung Kusman menyebutkan kerugian akibat bencana tersebut mencapai lebih dari Rp 500 juta. Sedang sejumlah 4331 jiwa penduduk dari daerah kecamatan Cigalontang yang rumahnya roboh diterjang banjir terpaksa harus diungsikan (Sinar Harapan/10/12/1982).",
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"text": "Selain kerugian ekonomi, masyarakat di beberapa daerah di wilayah Jawa Barat terancam mengalami kondisi krisis pangan dan juga air bersih. Untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup bagi masyarakat yang terdampak langsung peristiwa erupsi Gunung Galunggung akibat hilangnya mata pencaharian dan juga tempat tinggal, pemerintah menerapkan",
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"text": "282",
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{
"left": 54,
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"height": 111,
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"text": "kebijakan transmigrasi ke beberapa wilayah di luar pulau Jawa. Pemerintah melakukan program transmigrasi ini dengan membaginya menjadi beberapa quarter keberangkatan. Diharapkan dengan modal yang diberikan, para transmigran dapat meningkatkan kondisi perekonomian mereka hingga mendulang kesuksesan (Suara Karya/20/08/1982; Sinar Harapan/31/05/1982).",
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"text": "Di bidang perekonomi kerugian tidak hanya dialami di sektor pertanian saja. Akan tetapi sektor- sektor lainnya juga terkena imbasnya. Di kecamatan Bale Endah, Ciparay dan Majalaya, Kabupaten Bandung debu yang menempel pada genting tebal sekali antara 3-5 cm, sehingga untuk membersihkannya membutuhkan waktu berhari-hari. Persawahan di daerah Ciparay, Majalaya dan sekitarnya mengalami kekeringan yang diduga akibat lebatnya debu menyerap kadar air di saluran irigasi, hal serupa juga terjadi di daerah Wanaraja Garut. Hujan debu ini juga menyebabkan lebih dari 350 hektar tanaman teh rakyat di daerah Pangalengan Bandung dan daerah Garut mengalami kerusakan (Surabaya Post/02/07/1982).",
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"text": "Di sektor peternakan guyuran debu vulkanik menyebabkan para peternak sapi perah di Kabupaten Bandung merasa khawatir. Sekitar 17.000 ekor sapi perah terancam kondisi kesehatannya. Banyaknya sapi perah yang mati dan sakit karena rumput yang dikonsumsi banyak yang tercemar abu Galunggung. (Surabaya Post/ 22/09/1982). Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari Erupsi Gunung Galunggung yang dimulai sejak 5 April-8 April 1983 membuat budidaya perikanan di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya yang selama ini dikenal sebagai salah satu daerah pengirim ikan untuk konsumsi kota-kota besar di Jawa Barat dan Jakarta mengalami kemerosotan produksi selama 10 bulan terakhir.",
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"text": "Hal tersebut disebabkan bencana berkepanjangan terutama banjir laharnya sejak musim hujan Nopember 1982 mengakibatkan lahan perikanan semakin menyempit. Kolam-kolam ikan maupun persawahan yang digunakan secara tumpang sari banyak yang tertimbun lahar. Sementara lahan perikanan yang masih belum terkena banjir lahar juga mengalami kesulitan untuk pembudidayaan dikarenakan tidak bisa diairi lagi secara teknis, mengingat sumber sumber air dan saluran irigasi banyak yg hancur dan tertutup lahar. Menurut data",
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"text": "dari Dinas Perikanan Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, sejak meletusnya Galunggung 5 April hingga 31 Desember 1982, terdapat 181 hektar kolam ikan yang tertimbun lahar Sementara itu, tumpangsari budidaya ikan di sawah, dari areal 11.682 ha yang banjir ada sebelum bencana Galunggung, Sejak Januari awal 1983 tinggal tersisa 3.771 ha saja yang masih bisa berproduksi (Surabaya Post/11/01/1983).",
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"text": "Erupsi Gunung Galunggung tidak hanya berefek buruk bagi dinamika perekonomian masyarakat sekitar Jawa Barat. Misalnya cuaca buruk yang terjadi akibat hujan debu di samping telah membuat kota-kota menjadi kotor juga mendatangkan hikmah bagi pedagang kecil dan juga para wirausahawan dalam membuka usaha baru. Di Kabupaten Garut banyak pedagang Kacamata dan sapu tangan yang barang dagangannya laris manis diserbu para pembeli. Demikian pula dengan pedagang yang menjual kantong plastik yang digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai pelindung kepala. Para pedagang kecil mengalami peningkatan omset akibat larisnya barang dagangan shampo dan juga sabun mandi. Selain itu salon-salon kecantikan juga ramai didatangi pengunjung untuk membersihkan dan menata penampilan mereka yang gusar akibat tebaran debu (Suara Karya/14/04/1982).",
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"text": "Di Bandung umpamanya, banyak sekali bermunculan pengusaha kupluk dan masker yang terbuat dari bahan benang acrelik dan kain tipis. Banyak dari pedagang yang ketiban rezeki ketika menjual kedua produk ini (Surabaya Post/02/09/1982). Selain itu pasca erupsi Gunung Galunggung berakhir banyak terjadi pembukaan pusat-pusat penambangan pasir di Tasikmalaya yang secara ekonomis sangat menguntungkan bagi masyarakatnya. Di lereng-lereng sekitar Gunung Galunggung Kesuburan tanahpun meningkat, hal ini tentu saja bermanfaat positif bagi kesuburan lahan pertanian.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Peristiwa Bencana Erupsi Gunung Galunggung yang terjadi sejak 5 April 1982-1983 sangat mempengaruhi kondisi sosio-ekonomi masyarakat Jawa Barat. Tebaran abu mengakibatkan terganggunya aktivitas masyarakat untuk keluar rumah dan melakukan serangkaian pekerjaan. Dahsyatnya abu yang jatuh dan juga banjir lahar",
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"text": "283",
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{
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"height": 140,
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"text": "banyak merusak beragam infrastruktur seperti rumah warga, kantor dinas, sarana pendidikan, jembatan, hingga menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi yang tidak sedikit. Banyak terjadi kegagalan panen dimana- mana yang berakibat pada ancaman krisis pangan, turunya pendapatan di sektor perikanan akibat tambak-tambak ikan tertimbun lahar, terjadinya beberapa kekeringan akibat terganggunya tata hidrologis menyebabkan terjadinya krisis air. Tentu saja bencana ini merenggut tidak sedikit korban jiwa.",
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"height": 185,
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"text": "Kajian mengenai sejarah lingkungan merupakan salah satu tema yang menarik untuk dikaji. Akan tetapi tema ini kurang mendapat lampu sorot dalam historiografi Indonesia. Dalam Artikel ini Penulis mengambil topik bahasan erupsi Gunung Galunggung dan dampaknya bagi masyarakat di sekitar Jawa Barat 1982-1983, Penulis sadar bahwa penelitian ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Oleh Karena itu dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menguak aspek-aspek lain dari erupsi Gunung Galunggung 1982-1983 dari berbagai sudut pandang agar peristiwa sejarah tersebut dapat dipahami secara lebih komprehensif.",
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"text": "Ariwibowo. A. G. (2017). Penanganan Bencana",
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"text": "Letusan Gunung Galunggung Pada Tahun 1982-1983. Patrawidya, 18(2), 173-188 . https://doi.org/10.52829/pw.38",
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"text": "Amri, M. R., Yulianti, G., Yunus, R., Wiguna, S., Adi, A. W., Ichwana, A. N., … Septian, R. T.",
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"text": "(2016). Risiko Bencana Indonesia : Jakarta.",
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"text": "BNPB.",
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{
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"top": 578,
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"height": 141,
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"text": "Ersoy, O., Gourgoud, A., Aydar, A., Chiga, G., & Thouret, J. C. (2007). Quantitative scanning- electron microscope analysis of volcanic ash surfaces: Application to the 1982-1983 Galunggung eruption (Indonesia). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 119(5-6), 743- 752. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26048.1 Gupta. A. (2005). The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia . Oxford: Oxford University Press",
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"text": "Hinga. D. R. Ring of Fire An Encyclopedia of the",
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"text": "Rim’s Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and",
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"text": "Volcanoes . California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.",
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"text": "Kuntowijoyo, (2018). Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah . Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana",
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"text": "Lockwood. P. & R. W. Hazlett. (2010). Volcanoes Global Perspectives . New Jersey. Jhon Wiley",
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4452ea59-41be-1e4e-e332-886dc8e8efb8 | https://jlsuboptimal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/jlso/article/download/140/100 | [
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"text": "Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal ISSN: 2252-6188 (Print), ISSN: 2302-3015 (Online, www.jlsuboptimal.unsri.ac.id)",
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"text": "Vol. 4, No.1: 16-24, April 2015",
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"text": "Kajian Teknik Pemberian Hara Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Nepenthes mirabilis",
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"text": "Study of the Effect of Nutrient Fertilization on the Growth and Development of Nepenthes mirabilis",
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{
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"text": "Mardhiana 1*) , Yakup Parto 2 , Renih Hayati 2 dan Dwi Putro Priadi 2",
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"text": "1 Program Studi Agroteknologi Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Borneo Jl. Amal Lama No. 1. Tarakan, Indonesia",
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"text": "2 Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sriwijaya Kampus Indralaya, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia",
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"text": "*) Penulis untuk korespondensi: [email protected]",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"height": 162,
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"text": "The objective of this research was to study the effect of nutrient fertilization on the growth and development of nepenthes ( Nepenthes mirabilis ). The research was conducted from October 2011 until March 2012 at Sukarami village, Palembang, Indonesia. Factorial randomized block design with two treatment factors was applied. The first factor was NPK fertilizer dosage which consisted of three levels: Po = no fertilizer, P1 = 5 g, P2 = 10 g. The second factor was number of ants: S0 = none, S1 = 20, S2 = 40, S3 = 60. The results indicated that NPK fertilizer application of 5-10 g to the planting media could increase plant growth and development, particularly in plant height, stem girth, and leaf number of N. mirabilis . Giving 60 ants per plants into nepenthes pitcher could yield the largest pitcher number, 3-4 pitcher per plant. Combination of 5 g NPK and 20 ants, similarly, combination of 10 g NPK and 0 ants resulted in the largest leaf increment (10-11 leaves). Combination of 0 NPK and 60 ants resulted in the largest pitcher number (3-4 pitcher per plant).",
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"text": "Keywords: Ant, Nepenthes mirabilis , NPK fertilizer",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
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"width": 487,
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"text": "Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh teknik pemberian hara terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan nepenthes ( N. mirabilis ). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Sukarami, Palembang, Indonesia pada bulan Oktober tahun 2011 sampai dengan Maret 2012. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Faktorial dengan 2 faktor perlakuan yaitu dosis pupuk NPK (P) (terdiri dari: P0 = tanpa pupuk, P1 = 5 g pupuk NPK majemuk, P2 = 10 g pupuk NPK majemuk) dan dosis semut (S) (terdiri dari S0 = tanpa semut, S1 = 20 semut, S2 = 40 semut, S3 = 60 semut). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian pupuk NPK majemuk pada media tanam sebanyak 5 g sampai 10 g dapat membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan terutama terhadap peningkatan tinggi, lingkar batang dan jumlah daun N. mirabilis . Pemberian semut pada kantong sebanyak 60 ekor per tanaman mampu menghasilkan pembentukan kantong terbanyak yaitu 3 hingga 4 kantong. Kombinasi pemberian pupuk NPK majemuk pada media tanam dan jumlah semut pada kantong menghasilkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan optimal N. mirabilis yaitu pupuk NPK majemuk 10 g dengan jumlah semut 20 ekor menghasilkan pertambahan tinggi tanaman tertinggi (84,3 cm), pupuk NPK majemuk 5 g dengan jumlah semut 20 ekor atau pupuk NPK majemuk 10 g dengan jumlah semut 0 ekor (tanpa semut) menghasilkan pertambahan jumlah daun terbanyak (10 hingga 11 helai), pupuk NPK majemuk 0 g (tanpa pupuk) dengan jumlah semut 60 ekor menghasilkan jumlah kantong terbanyak (3 hingga 4 kantong).",
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"page_number": 1,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kata Kunci: Nepenthes mirabilis , pupuk NPK, semut",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 206,
"top": 38,
"width": 183,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal, 4(1) April 2015",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 513,
"top": 38,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "17",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 145,
"top": 74,
"width": 96,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 94,
"width": 216,
"height": 315,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nepenthes adalah tumbuhan khas daerah tropik yang juga banyak dikenal dengan nama kantong semar. Nepenthes diketahui sangat baik beradaptasi untuk tumbuh di tanah miskin hara yang memiliki unsur hara esensial yaitu nitrogen, fosfor dan kalium yang sangat rendah serta tingkat kemasaman tanah yang tinggi yang umumnya menjadi faktor pembatas bagi pertumbuhan tanaman. Dengan demikian Nepenthes berpotensi dikembangkan di lahan-lahan miskin hara yang dievaluasi sudah tidak sesuai untuk pertanaman tanaman pangan atau perkebunan. Nepenthes mempunyai potensi manfaat sebagai pengendali hayati serangga, tanaman serbaguna secara konvensional, tanaman hias unik karena dari ujung daunnya dapat muncul kantong, tanaman obat dan tanaman penghasil protein (Bratawinata dan Ilola 2002; Witarto 2006; Mansur 2007; Mardhiana et al . 2007; Eilenberg et la . 2010).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 412,
"width": 216,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Keunikan Nepenthes terletak pada cara ia mendapatkan makanan. Selain dengan akar yang menyerap nutrisi dari tanah, tanaman ini juga mampu menyerap nutrisi dari serangga yang terjebak di dalam kantongnya.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 169,
"top": 481,
"width": 94,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Serangga-serangga",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 481,
"width": 216,
"height": 218,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "ini dihancurkan oleh semacam senyawa menyerupai asam lambung untuk kemudian dihisap sari-sarinya. Itulah sebabnya ia mampu bertahan di daerah yang tergolong tandus. Penyebaran Nepenthes cukup luas, mulai dari Madagaskar di Barat hingga New Caledonia di Timur. Dari China Selatan di Utara hingga Australia Utara di Selatan. Jenis terbanyak ditemukan di Asia Tenggara, terutama Indonesia. Dari 103 spesies Nepenthes yang terdata, 61 jenis tumbuh di dataran tinggi, sedangkan sisanya hidup di dataran rendah, menengah sampai tinggi (Clarke dan Leen 2004; Marlis dan Merbach 2009).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 702,
"width": 216,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Populasi Nepenthes di alam diperkirakan semakin menurun yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu kebakaran hutan, alih fungsi lahan hutan atau semak belukar menjadi kawasan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 74,
"width": 216,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pemukiman, perladangan, perkebunan, pertanian ataupun pertambangan. Pemerintah telah menetapkan bahwa Nepenthes termasuk salah satu spesies tumbuhan prioritas dilindungi karena keberadaannya di alam cenderung terancam punah (Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No. P.57/Menhut.II/2008, Berita",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 490,
"top": 170,
"width": 38,
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"page_number": 2,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Negara",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 184,
"width": 183,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Republik Indonesia Nomor 51 2008).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 198,
"width": 216,
"height": 273,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nepenthes banyak ditemukan pada kawasan yang tidak subur dengan kandungan unsur hara yang rendah yaitu N, P dan K; tanah masam dengan pH tanah berkisar 2,0-4,5 dan kelembaban tinggi (Ellison dan Gotelli 2001; Moran 2006). Belum banyak tersedia data ilmiah mengenai karakteristik dan kelimpahan populasi Nepenthes di habitat miskin unsur hara khususnya di Sumatera. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji karakteristik dan kelimpahan Nepenthes di habitat miskin unsur hara. Hasil penelitian diharapkan sebagai informasi awal diperolehnya data karakteristik dan kelimpahan Nepenthes di habitat miskin unsur hara sebagai bahan masukan untuk kajian pelestarian secara in- situ dan ex-situ dan upaya mencapai tujuan jangka panjang mencegah kepunahan Nepenthes di Indonesia.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 352,
"top": 488,
"width": 135,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "BAHAN DAN METODE",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 508,
"width": 219,
"height": 259,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penelitian dilakukan di Kelurahan Sukarami, Palembang dengan ketinggian tempat 14 m dpl. Penelitian dilakukan sejak bulan Oktober 2011 sampai dengan Maret 2012. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Faktorial dengan 2 faktor perlakuan yaitu dosis pupuk NPK dan dosis serangga yang masing-masing faktor terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu faktor dosis pupuk NPK majemuk (P), terdiri dari: P0 = tanpa pupuk, P1 = 5 g pupuk NPK majemuk, P2 = 10 g pupuk NPK majemuk. Faktor jumlah semut (S), terdiri dari: S0 = tanpa semut, S1 = 20 semut, S2 = 40 semut, S3 = 60 semut. Kombinasi perlakuan berjumlah 12 dengan setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali, sehingga diperoleh 36 unit percobaan. Setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 2",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 14,
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"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "18",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 158,
"top": 38,
"width": 323,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mardhiana et al.: Kajian Teknik Pemberian Hara Terhadap Pertumbuhan",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 215,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "tanaman, sehingga keseluruhan tanaman berjumlah 72 tanaman.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 115,
"width": 62,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Cara Kerja",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 136,
"width": 142,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengisian media di polybag",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 150,
"width": 216,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Bahan untuk media (serbuk kayu kelapa) yang telah dipersiapkan dimasukkan dalam polybag ukuran 25 cm x 45 cm. Setiap polybag diisi sebanyak tiga perempat dari volume polybag . Selanjutnya media dalam polybag diisi tanaman dan ditempatkan di lahan dengan penempatan berdasarkan hasil pengacakan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 267,
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"text": "Penanaman",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 281,
"width": 219,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tanaman di tanam pada media tanam dengan kedalaman sampai batas perakaran. Tanaman diukur organ morfologinya meliputi tinggi tanaman, lingkar batang, jumlah helai daun dan jumlah kantong.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 357,
"width": 116,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pemberian unsur hara",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 370,
"width": 219,
"height": 287,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pupuk NPK majemuk (15:15:15) pada media tanam diberikan pada awal percobaan dengan dosis pemberian berdasarkan perlakuan yang telah ditetapkan. Pemberian pupuk dengan cara dimasukkan ke dalam media di sekitar perakaran tanaman namun dicegah agar tidak mengenai perakaran Nepenthes . Pemberian semut di kantong diberikan berdasarkan perlakuan. Semut yang digunakan adalah semut dari species Paratrechina longicornis dengan ukuran panjang tubuh 2 hingga 3 mm. Jumlah semut yang diberikan pada kantong dilakukan sekali selama percobaan yaitu pada awal percobaan. Setiap tanaman pada awal percobaan mempunyai 2 kantong sehingga jumlah semut yang diberikan pada setiap kantong adalah ½ dari jumlah semut dari setiap faktor perlakuan semut yang diberikan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Pemeliharaan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 681,
"width": 215,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pemeliharaan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi: penyiraman yang dilakukan dua kali sehari.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 709,
"width": 216,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pada pemeliharaan juga dilakukan upaya",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 736,
"width": 216,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pencegahan dan pengendalian terhadap hama dan gulma.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
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"width": 67,
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"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengamatan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 88,
"width": 216,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengamatan terhadap peubah dengan cara melakukan pengukuran pertambahan beberapa peubah pertumbuhan Nepenthes yang dilakukan akhir masa percobaan (setelah 2 bulan perlakuan). Peubah yang diamati dan cara pengambilan data dari masing-masing peubah pada akhir masa percobaan adalah sebagai berikut:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 205,
"width": 142,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan jumlah daun",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 219,
"width": 216,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jumlah daun yang diamati adalah daun yang tumbuh selama 2 bulan penelitian. Tunas daun muda sudah dianggap sebagai daun apabila tunas tersebut sudah membuka dan membentuk daun (umur 3-4 hari setelah pecah tunas).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 308,
"width": 158,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan jumlah kantong",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 322,
"width": 215,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan jumlah kantong yang diamati adalah kantong yang terbentuk selama 2 bulan penelitian.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
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"width": 154,
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"text": "Pertambahan tinggi tanaman",
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},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 384,
"width": 218,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tinggi tanaman diukur dari titik ujung pengukuran awal tanaman sampai ujung tanaman atau bagian tertinggi tanaman setelah 2 bulan perlakuan. Pengukuran tinggi tanaman menggunakan mistar.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 474,
"width": 152,
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"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan lingkar batang",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 340,
"top": 488,
"width": 60,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengukuran",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 488,
"width": 216,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "lingkar batang menggunakan alat pita ukur dilakukan dengan mengukur pertengahan lingkar batang.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 543,
"width": 216,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Data-data yang didapatkan dari hasil pengukuran diuji kenormalannya dan kehomogenannya menggunakan program SPSS versi 13.0. Untuk menentukan pengaruh setiap perlakuan, dilakukan analisis data dengan melalui analisis keragaman menggunakan program SPSS versi 13.0. Bagi perlakuan yang berpengaruh nyata dilakukan uji lanjut dengan uji DMNRT pada taraf 5% (Gomez dan Gomez 1984).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"text": "HASIL",
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},
{
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"top": 729,
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Pertambahan Tinggi Tanaman",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 743,
"width": 215,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pemberian pupuk NPK majemuk pada media tanam dan semut pada kantong",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 206,
"top": 38,
"width": 183,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal, 4(1) April 2015",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 513,
"top": 38,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "19",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 264,
"height": 273,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "baik secara tunggal ataupun interaksi pupuk NPK majemuk dan semut, memberikan pengaruh tidak nyata terhadap pertambahan tinggi tanaman Nepenthes . Berdasarkan Tabel 1, diketahui bahwa rata-rata pertambahan tinggi tanaman selama 2 bulan berkisar dari 56,0 cm hingga 84,3 cm. Pertambahan tinggi tanaman cenderung mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan peningkatan dosis pupuk NPK majemuk pada media tanam. Aplikasi semut pada kantong tidak menyebabkan pertambahan tinggi tanaman yang konsisten. Kombinasi pupuk NPK majemuk dan semut menghasilkan pertambahan tinggi tanaman dengan nilai pertumbuhan paling tinggi cenderung dicapai pada aplikasi pupuk NPK majemuk 10 g dengan semut sebanyak 20 ekor per tanaman sebesar 84,3 cm.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan Jumlah Daun",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 377,
"width": 216,
"height": 191,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan jumlah daun sangat nyata dipengaruhi oleh dosis pupuk NPK dan jumlah semut baik secara tunggal maupun interaksi keduanya. Gambar 1 menunjukkan respon jumlah daun N. mirabilis terhadap perlakuan jumlah semut yang diberikan pada kantong tanaman. Gambar 2 menunjukkan respon jumlah daun N. mirabilis terhadap perlakuan dosis pupuk NPK yang diberikan pada media tanam. Gambar 3 menunjukkan respon jumlah daun N. mirabilis terhadap perlakuan dosis pupuk NPK pada media tanam dan jumlah semut pada kantong.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"height": 38,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rata-rata jumlah daun N. mirabilis selama 2 bulan berkisar dari 6 hingga 11 helai daun. Jumlah daun tanaman nyata",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 74,
"width": 216,
"height": 232,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "meningkat setelah aplikasi pupuk NPK majemuk dengan dosis 5 g pada media tanam, tetapi kemudian jumlah daun cenderung menurun pada saat dosis pupuk NPK majemuk dinaikkan menjadi 10 g. Pemberian semut pada kantong tidak nyata meningkatkan jumlah daun. Kombinasi dosis pupuk NPK majemuk pada media tanam dan jumlah semut pada kantong menghasilkan jumlah daun tanaman yang bervariasi. Nilai pertumbuhan paling tinggi cenderung dicapai pada aplikasi pupuk NPK majemuk 5 g dengan semut sebanyak 20 ekor per tanaman atau pada aplikasi pupuk NPK majemuk 10 g dengan tanpa semut berkisar antara 10 hingga 11 helai daun.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 322,
"width": 162,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan Jumlah Kantong",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 336,
"width": 216,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan jumlah kantong sangat nyata dipengaruhi oleh jumlah semut secara tunggal. Dosis pupuk NPK secara tunggal dan interaksi antara dosis pupuk NPK dengan jumlah semut tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahan jumlah kantong N. mirabilis . Pemberian semut sebanyak 60 ekor per tanaman mampu meningkatkan pembentukan kantong secara nyata.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 474,
"width": 216,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rata-rata jumlah kantong tanaman selama 2 bulan berkisar dari 1 hingga 4 kantong. Pembentukan kantong tanaman cenderung mengalami peningkatan setelah aplikasi pupuk NPK majemuk sebanyak 5 g, tetapi kembali menurun setelah dosis pupuk ditambah menjadi 10 g. Pertambahan jumlah kantong pada berbagai dosis pupuk NPK majemuk yang diberikan pada media tanam disajikan pada Gambar 4.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 625,
"width": 482,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 1. Rata-rata pertambahan tinggi (cm) tanaman N. mirabilis pada perlakuan pupuk NPK majemuk dan semut",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 651,
"width": 435,
"height": 102,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Perlakuan dosis pupuk NPK majemuk (g) Perlakuan jumlah semut (ekor) Rata-rata pengaruh pupuk NPK majemuk 0 20 40 60 0 66,0 79,3 56,0 62,3 65,9 5 66,0 66,0 74,7 80,7 71,8 10 75,3 84,3 78,3 75,7 78,4 Rata-rata pengaruh semut 69,1 76,6 69,7 72,9 72,1",
"type": "Table"
},
{
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"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "20",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"width": 323,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mardhiana et al.: Kajian Teknik Pemberian Hara Terhadap Pertumbuhan",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"top": 171,
"width": 213,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 1. Pertambahan jumlah daun N. mirabilis",
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{
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"width": 117,
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"text": "pada berbagai jumlah semut.",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 342,
"width": 213,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 2. Pertambahan jumlah daun N. mirabilis pada berbagai dosis pupuk NPK.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 501,
"width": 215,
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"text": "Gambar 3. Pertambahan jumlah daun N. mirabilis pada berbagai dosis pupuk NPK majemuk dan semut.",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 676,
"width": 215,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 4. Pertambahan jumlah kantong N. mirabilis pada berbagai dosis pupuk NPK majemuk.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 725,
"width": 216,
"height": 39,
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"text": "Gambar 5 menyajikan pertambahan jumlah kantong pada berbagai jumlah semut yang diberikan di kantong.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 74,
"width": 216,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Pembentukan kantong lebih meningkat setelah aplikasi semut sebanyak 40 ekor dan meningkat lebih banyak lagi pada jumlah 60 ekor semut.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 249,
"width": 213,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 5. Pertambahan jumlah kantong N. mirabilis pada berbagai dosis semut.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 286,
"width": 216,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 6 menyajikan pertambahan jumlah kantong N. mirabilis pada berbagai dosis pupuk NPK yang diberikan pada media tanam dan jumlah semut yang diberikan di kantong. Kombinasi pupuk NPK majemuk dan semut menghasilkan pembentukan kantong tanaman paling banyak cenderung dicapai pada perlakuan tanpa pupuk NPK majemuk dengan semut sebanyak 60 ekor per tanaman berkisar antara 3 hingga 4 kantong.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 562,
"width": 215,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 6. Pertambahan jumlah kantong N. mirabilis pada berbagai jumlah pupuk NPK dan jumlah semut.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 611,
"width": 158,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pertambahan Lingkar Batang",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 624,
"width": 216,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Pertambahan lingkar batang sangat nyata dipengaruhi oleh dosis pupuk NPK secara tunggal. Jumlah semut secara tunggal dan interaksi antara dosis pupuk NPK dengan jumlah semut tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahan lingkar batang N. mirabilis. Rata-rata pertambahan lingkar batang tanaman selama 2 bulan berkisar dari 0,55 cm hingga 1,18 cm. Gambar 7 menunjukkan",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal, 4(1) April 2015",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 513,
"top": 38,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "21",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 216,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "bahwa pertambahan lingkar batang tanaman nyata mengalami peningkatan setelah aplikasi pupuk NPK majemuk sebanyak 5 g pada media tanam. Lingkar batang tanaman meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan dosis pupuk NPK majemuk menjadi 10 g, tetapi dengan peningkatan yang semakin sedikit.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 350,
"width": 216,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 7. Pertambahan lingkar batang N. mirabilis pada berbagai dosis pupuk NPK majemuk.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 419,
"width": 216,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Moran (2006) menyebutkan bahwa faktor-faktor pembatas terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Nepenthes adalah nitrogen (N), fosfor (P) dan kalium (K). Hal ini berdasarkan kajian terhadap tanah yang ditumbuhi oleh Nepenthes ternyata sangat minim mengandung unsur mineral esensial yang sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung pertumbuhannya dan perkembangan",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"height": 218,
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"text": "Nepenthes . Upaya menghindari kematian akibat kurangnya unsur hara esensial, maka Nepenthes sebagai tanaman karnivora akan memunculkan atau mengeluarkan organ yang berbentuk kantong sebagai bentuk dari modifikasi daun atau bagian dari daun yang tumbuh pada perpanjangan tangkai pada ujung daun yang dapat menangkap dan memakan mangsanya berupa binatang kecil atau serangga, menghancurkan dan menyerap metabolit dari mangsanya dan menggunakan metabolit untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya (Schulze et al . 1997). Secara umum unsur hara yang dibutuhkan tanaman adalah karbon (C),",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 74,
"width": 216,
"height": 218,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "hidrogen (H), oksigen (O), nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), kalium (K), kalsium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), belerang (S), besi (Fe), mangan (Mn), boron (B), Mo, tembaga (Cu), seng (Zn) dan klor (Cl). Unsur hara tersebut tergolong unsur hara essensial. Berdasarkan jumlah kebutuhannya bagi tanaman unsur hara dikelompokkan menjadi dua yaitu unsur hara makro adalah unsur hara yang diperlukan tanaman dalam jumlah besar dan unsur hara mikro adalah unsur hara yang diperlukan tanaman dalam jumlah kecil. Unsur hara makro, meliputi N, P, K, Ca, Mg dan S, sedangkan unsur hara mikro, meliputi Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cu, Zn dan Cl.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 295,
"width": 218,
"height": 466,
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"text": "Peranan penting dari unsur nitrogen (N), fosfor (P) dan kalium (K) bagi pertumbuhan tanaman adalah sebagai berikut: N berperan untuk merangsang pertumbuhan tanaman secara keseluruhan, merupakan bagian dari sel (organ) tanaman itu sendiri, berfungsi untuk sintesa asam amino dan protein dalam tanaman, merangsang pertumbuhan vegetatif (warna hijau) contohnya daun. Tanaman yang kekurangan unsur N gejalanya adalah memiliki pertumbuhan lambat atau kerdil, daun hijau kekuningan, daun sempit, pendek dan tegak, daun-daun tua cepat menguning dan mati. P berfungsi untuk pengangkutan energi hasil metabolisme dalam tanaman, merangsang pembungaan dan pembuahan, merangsang pertumbuhan akar, merangsang pembentukan biji, merangsang pembelahan sel tanaman dan memperbesar jaringan sel. Tanaman yang kekurangan unsur P gejalanya: pembentukan buah atau biji berkurang, kerdil, daun berwarna keunguan atau kemerahan (kurang sehat). K berfungsi dalam proses fotosintesa, pengangkutan hasil asimilasi, enzim dan mineral termasuk air, meningkatkan daya tahan atau kekebalan tanaman terhadap penyakit. Tanaman yang kekurangan unsur K gejalanya: batang dan daun menjadi lemas atau rebah, daun berwarna hijau gelap kebiruan tidak hijau segar dan sehat, ujung daun menguning dan kering serta timbul",
"type": "Text"
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "22",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 158,
"top": 38,
"width": 323,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mardhiana et al.: Kajian Teknik Pemberian Hara Terhadap Pertumbuhan",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 215,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "bercak coklat pada pucuk daun (Buckman dan Brady 2006).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 101,
"width": 216,
"height": 232,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tanaman yang tidak diberi semut menunjukkan respon pertambahan jumlah daun semakin meningkat dengan peningkatan dosis pupuk NPK yang diberikan. Terlihat pola pertumbuhan yang berbeda pada tanaman yang sudah mendapat dosis semut dengan adanya penurunan pertambahan jumlah daun. Kemungkinan selama masa vegetatif N. mirabilis memiliki kecepatan pertumbuhan yang tinggi pada bagian-bagian juvenil tanaman, khususnya pada bagian pucuk. Penggunaan media tanam serbuk kayu kelapa dapat dikatakan telah cukup untuk mendukung pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman sehingga perlakuan hara tidak menampakkan hasil yang nyata.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Nepenthes tergolong dalam tumbuhan dikotil dengan salah satu ciri tumbuhan dikotil adalah memiliki kambium yang terletak di antara pembuluh tapis dan pembuluh kayu. Pembuluh tapis (floem) berperan untuk mengangkut hasil fotosintesis ke seluruh bagian tumbuhan, sedangkan pembuluh kayu (xylem) yang berperan untuk mengangkut air dan mineral yang diserap akar dari tanah menuju daun. Akibat adanya kambium, memungkinkan batang tumbuhan dikotil bertambah lebar. Lingkaran batang Nepenthes bertambah besar tentu terbatas karena Nepenthes tergolong tumbuhan liana.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 543,
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"height": 190,
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"text": "Kemampuan memakan serangga menyebabkan Nepenthes dapat bertahan hidup pada habitat tumbuh yang miskin nitrogen, fosfor dan kalium, meskipun ketiga unsur hara tersebut merupakan unsur vital bagi tumbuhan umumnya (Moran 2006). Kantong yang terdapat pada tanaman Nepenthes sangat berperan dalam menyerap unsur nirogen yang berasal dari serangga atau binatang kecil yang terjebak dalam kantongnya dan menggunakan nitrogen yang diambil dari serangga yang mereka makan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya (Lüttge 1997).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 736,
"width": 215,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Menurut Shah (2005), keberadaan serangga sangat penting bagi Nepenthes",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 74,
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"height": 411,
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"text": "karena serangga yang terjebak masuk ke dalam kantong akan menjadi sumber makanan untuk keperluan pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya. Mekanismenya adalah dengan cara mencerna serangga yang terperangkap masuk ke dalam kantong yang terdapat pada perpanjangan ujung tangkai daun. Marlis dan Merbach (2009) menyebutkan bahwa kantong yang ada pada Nepenthes dapat menjebak binatang- binatang kecil contohnya serangga dengan cara memikat serangga tersebut dengan warna, aroma dan nectar pada peristome kantong seperti yang dikeluarkan oleh sebagian besar tumbuhan berbunga, sehingga sebagian serangga tersebut terpedaya. Reich et al . (2003) menyebutkan bahwa serangga yang terjebak masuk ke dalam kantong tidak bisa keluar kembali karena permukaan dalam kantong dilapisi lapisan lilin sehingga menjadi sangat licin bagi serangga. Menurut Schulze et al . (1997), cairan yang berisi enzim pencerna yang terdapat pada kantong akan menghancurkan tubuh serangga dan mengubahnya menjadi bentuk yang lebih sederhana dan akhirnya diserap melalui sulur menuju ke daun selanjutnya digunakan untuk pertumbuhan dan dan perkembangannya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 488,
"width": 218,
"height": 273,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ada dugaan bahwa untuk membentuk kantong, tanaman lebih banyak membutuhkan unsur mikro ataupun hormon yang mungkin terkandung dalam tubuh semut sehingga dengan banyaknya semut menjadi mangsa, kebutuhan unsur mikro ataupun hormon dapat terpenuhi karena di dalam tubuh semut mampu menghasilkan senyawa feromon, asam format, beberapa hormon dan juga banyak mengandung unsur nitrogen. Schulze et al . (1997) menyatakan bahwa kantong muda yang terdapat pada daun bertindak sebagai sink N, dengan pembentukan dan perkembangannya terutama melalui pengambilan N yang berasal dari tubuh serangga yang di makan oleh tanaman. Kantong dewasa yang telah terbuka pada daun berperan sebagai sumber N. Secara keseluruhan N yang terdapat pada tanaman",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 206,
"top": 38,
"width": 183,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal, 4(1) April 2015",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 513,
"top": 38,
"width": 11,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "23",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 74,
"width": 216,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "dapat berasal dari tanah atau dari hasil pengambilan N dari tubuh serangga pada kantong dewasa maupun dari hasil fiksasi N 2 oleh mikroorganisme yang mungkin dapat bertahan hidup di dalam kantong dewasa.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 191,
"width": 258,
"height": 342,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pemberian pupuk NPK majemuk pada media tanam sebanyak 5 g sampai 10 g dapat membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan terutama terhadap peningkatan tinggi, lingkar batang, dan jumlah daun N. mirabilis . Pemberian semut pada kantong sebanyak 60 ekor per tanaman mampu menghasilkan pembentukan kantong terbanyak yaitu 3 hingga 4 kantong. Kombinasi pemberian pupuk NPK majemuk pada media tanam dan jumlah semut pada kantong menghasilkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan optimal N. mirabilis yaitu pupuk NPK majemuk 10 g dengan jumlah semut 20 ekor menghasilkan pertambahan tinggi tanaman tertinggi (84,3 cm), pupuk NPK majemuk 5 g dengan jumlah semut 20 ekor atau pupuk NPK majemuk 10 g dengan jumlah semut 0 ekor (tanpa semut) menghasilkan pertambahan jumlah daun terbanyak (10 hingga 11 helai), pupuk NPK majemuk 0 g (tanpa pupuk) dengan jumlah semut 60 ekor menghasilkan jumlah kantong terbanyak (3 hingga 4 kantong)",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAMA",
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"text": "Schulze W, Schulze ED, Pate JS, Gillison AN. 1997. The nitrogen supply from soils and insect during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus",
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"text": "Darlingtonia california . Oecologia 112: 464-471. Shah NJ. 2005. Pitcher plant: a taste for flesh. Nature Seychelles. Environmental Conservation Organisation. Witarto AB. 2006. Protein pencerna di Kantong Semar. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. http://www . lipi.go.id . [13 Juni 2006].",
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23059245-c1bb-9a9a-cbfb-62d6bc6461b1 | https://ejournal.unisnu.ac.id/JDEB/article/download/92/158 | [
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab rendahnya semangat kerja guru di SLB-C Yaspenlub Kabupaten Demak tahun 2012 dan untuk mengetahui dampak dari rendahnya semangat kerja guru di SLB-C Yaspenlub Kabupaten Demak tahun 2012. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara kepada semua guru SLB-C Yaspenlub",
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"text": "Kabupaten Demak dan studi literatur. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan interaktif model Miles Huberman. Pemeriksaan keabsahan data menggunakan teknik triangulasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor penyebab rendahnya semangat kerja guru di SLB-C Yaspenlub Kabupaten Demak tahun 2012 adalah rendahnya gaji atau upah dan insentif, lingkungan kerja yang tidak kondusif dan lingkungan kerja yang kurang bersih dan rapi, hubungan dan komunikasi antara pimpinan dengan bawahan serta guru dengan teman sejawat yang kurang harmonis dan komunikatif. Dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat rendahnya gaji dan insentif adalah penurunan kinerja guru, sedangkan dampak dari kondisi lingkungan yang tidak kondusif dan kurang bersih adalah guru serta para wali murid merasa tidak nyaman dalam beraktivitas. Dampak dari kurang harmonisnya hubungan antara pimpinan dengan bawahan serta kurang komunikatifnya para guru membuat rendahnya rasa tanggung jawab dan sikap toleransi antara guru satu dengan guru lainnya.",
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"text": "This study aimed to determine the factors that cause low work spirit of teachers in SLB-C Yaspenlub Demak in 2012 and to determine the impact of the low work spirit of teachers in SLB-C Yaspenlub Demak in",
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"text": "2012 This study used qualitative research method which is collecting data through observation, interviews with all the teachers SLB-C Yaspenlub Demak and literature studies. Analysis of the data in this study used the interactive model of Miles Huberman. The examination of the validity of the data using the technique of data triangulation. The results showed that the factors causing low morale of teachers in SLB-C Yaspenlub Demak in 2012 are the low salary and incentives, uncondition work environment which is not clean there is no good communication between the leader and subordinates and among the teacher. The impact caused by low salaries and incentives is the decrease performance of teachers, while the impact of unconditional environment that not clean and less clean make the teachers and parents are not comfortable to do activities. The impact of the lack of harmony in the relationship between leaders and subordinates and less communicative teachers make a low sense of responsibility and tolerance among the teachers.",
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"text": "Keywords: Morale, Teacher, SLB-C Yaspenlub",
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"text": "Dwi Agung Nugroho Arianto",
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"text": "Universitas Islam Nahdlatul Ulama’ Jepara [email protected].",
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5dfa16a1-84b3-c129-9fe3-dc5717a4704b | https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/pharmacon/article/download/12167/11747 | [
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"text": "PHARMACON Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi – UNSRAT Vol. 5 No. 2 MEI 2016 ISSN 2302 - 2493",
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"text": "Astria A. P. Palenewen 1) , Michael A. Leman 1) , Damajanty H. C. Pangemanan 1)",
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"text": "1) Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado Email : [email protected]",
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"text": "Tooth extraction was performed after knew the indication when the tooth can’t be saved anymore. There are many indications of tooth extraction, but most often caused by periodontal disease. The purpose of this study is to describe the tooth extraction indication in RSGM UNSRAT 2015. The research design used was descriptive retrospective. Data was collected secondarily from the entire medical records of patients who came to performed tooth extraction in RSGM UNSRAT on 2015. Sampling was done by total sampling technique. The sample size in this study after seeing the inclusion and exclusion criteria was 303 medical records. The result showed that the highest tooth extraction indication in RSGM UNSRAT on 2015 was pulp gangrene with 110 cases (36,30%), followed by mobile tooth with 44 cases(14,52%) and gangrene radix with 39 cases(12,87%), and the lowest were fracture and supernumerary, each as much as 2 cases(0,66%)",
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"text": "Pencabutan gigi dilakukan setelah mengetahui adanya indikasi saat gigi tidak bisa dipertahankan lagi. Ada banyak indikasi pencabutan gigi, namun yang paling sering ditemukan adalah karena penyakit periodontal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui indikasi pencabutan gigi di RSGM UNSRAT tahun 2015. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif retrospektif. Data yang diambil merupakan data sekunder berupa kartu rekam medik pasien yang datang untuk pencabutan gigi di RSGM Unsrat tahun 2015. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik total sampling . Besar sampel pada penelitian ini setelah melihat kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi menjadi 303 kartu rekam medik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan indikasi pencabutan gigi tertinggi di RSGM UNSRAT pada tahun 2015 yaitu gangren pulpa sebesar 110 kasus(36,30%), diikuti oleh gigi mobile sebesar 44 kasus (14, 52%) dan gangren radix sebesar 39 kasus (12,87%), sedangkan yang terendah adalah fraktur dan supernumerary masing – masing sebanyak 2 kasus (0,66%)",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Pencabutan Gigi, Indikasi",
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"text": "PHARMACON Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi – UNSRAT Vol. 5 No. 2 MEI 2016 ISSN 2302 - 2493",
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"text": "Penyakit gigi dan mulut merupakan penyakit yang tersebar luas di masyarakat Indonesia. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas 2013, dilaporkan 25,9% penduduk Indonesia memiliki masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut, 31,6% secara khusus terdapat di provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut ini perlu mendapat perhatian khusus, sehingga diperlukan upaya peningkatan pencegahan dan perawatan gigi oleh tenaga kesehatan gigi (Anonim, 2013).",
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"text": "Pencabutan gigi pada umumnya dilakukan untuk mengobati pasien dalam kondisi sakit gigi dan setiap daerah memiliki perbedaan budaya yang mungkin mempengaruhi alasan masyarakat untuk melakukan",
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"text": "pencabutan gigi (Khalil dan Khalil,",
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"text": "2013).",
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"text": "Suatu penelitian yang telah dilakukan di beberapa negara menunjukan bahwa indikasi pencabutan gigi yang utama yaitu karies gigi dan penyakit periodontal (Panelewen dkk, 2013). Namun, banyak ditemui juga tindakan pencabutan gigi yang seharusnya merupakan pilihan terakhir, tetapi dijadikan pilihan utama karena banyak masyarakat yang belum mengerti",
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"text": "tentang pentingnya mempertahankan gigi di dalam rongga mulut (Balaji,",
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"text": "2007).",
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"text": "Indikasi pencabutan gigi di antaranya karies gigi, penyakit periodontal, trauma karena kecelakaan, perawatan ortodontik, kegagalan perawatan saluran",
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"text": "akar, sisa akar yang akan dilakukan perawatan prostodontik serta penyebab lain, seperti permintaan pasien (Anonim, 2005; Chrysanthakopoulos dan Vlassi, 2013). Hasil pengamatan awal yang dilakukan penulis terlihat bahwa terdapat masih banyak masyarakat di kota Manado dan sekitarnya yang memilih pencabutan gigi sebagai pilihan utama pada kondisi sakit gigi dan hal ini terlihat dari jumlah pasien yang mendapatkan pencabutan gigi di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut UNSRAT masih cukup tinggi. Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai profil indikasi pencabutan gigi di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut UNSRAT pada tahun 2015.",
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"width": 197,
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif retrospektif.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut UNSRAT pada bulan Februari 2016. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu rekam medik pumum dan bagian bedah mulut pasien yang datang untuk melakukan",
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"text": "Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode total sampling. Besar sampel pada penelitian ini setelah melihat kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi menjadi 303 kartu rekam medik. Kriteria inklusi yaitu data pada kartu rekam medik yang memuat umur, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, indikasi, dan tindakan yang dilakukan operator. Kriteria eksklusi yaitu kartu",
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"text": "rekam medik yang tidak diisi dengan lengkap, benar, dan jelas.",
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"text": "Jumlah subjek penelitian yang diperiksa selama penelitian di RSGM UNSRAT berjumlah 303 kartu rekam medik pasien. Karakteristik subjek penelitian berdasarkan jenis kelamin dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Distribusi Tindakan Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin Jenis Kelamin n % Laki – laki Perempuan 103 200 33,99 66,01 Total 303 100",
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"text": "Distribusi tindakan menurut jenis kelamin menunjukkan bahwa pada perempuan lebih banyak dilakukan tindakan pencabutan gigi dibandingkan pada laki – laki yang masing – masing sebesar 200 tindakan (66,01%) pada perempuan dan 103 tindakan (33,99%) pada laki – laki.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengelompokan umur menurut kategori Depkes RI tahun 2009 maka subjek penelitian yang ada dapat dikarakteristikan seperti pada Tabel 2.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Distribusi Tindakan Berdasarkan Kategori Umur Umur n % 0-11 16 5,28 12-25 26-45 46-65 >65 Total 59 83 97 48 303 19,47 27,39 32,01 15,85 100",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Distribusi Tindakan Berdasarkan Kelompok Pekerjaan Kelompok Pekerjaan n % Siswa 25 8,25 Mahasiswa 28 9,24 Karyawan Swasta 45 14,85 Ibu Rumah Tangga 107 35,32 Lain – lain 98 32,34 Total 303 100 Distribusi menurut kelompok pekerjaan menunjukkan bahwa kelompok siswa berjumlah 26 orang (8,25%), mahasiswa berjumlah 28 orang (9,24%), karyawan swasta berjumlah 45 orang (14, 85%), ibu rumah tangga berjumlah 107 orang (35,32%), dan lain lain 98 orang (32,34%).",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Distribusi Tindakan Berdasarkan Indikasi Jenis Indikasi n % Fraktur 2 0,66 Gangren Pulpa 110 36,30 Gangren Radix 39 12,87 Karies 8 2,64 Mobile 44 14,52 Nekrosis 22 7,26 PMK 33 10,89 Persistensi Gigi Sulung 15 4,95 Pra Prostetik 11 3,64 Pulpitis 17 5,61 Supernumerary 2 0,66 Total 303 100",
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"text": "Distribusi subjek penelitian menurut indikasi didapati yang terbesar adalah gangren pulpa sebanyak 110 tindakan",
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"text": "(36,30%), diikuti gigi mobile sebesar 44 tindakan (14,52%), dan gangren radix sebesar 39 tindakan (12,87%).",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan jenis",
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"text": "tindakan pencabutan gigi tertinggi di RSGM Unsrat tahun 2015 lebih banyak dilakukan oleh pasien berjenis kelamin perempuan sebesar 66,01% dari total jumlah pasien yang datang. Hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian Sulistyanti di Poliklinik Gigi dan Mulut RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado dimana perempuan lebih banyak melakukan pencabutan gigi (53,5%) dibandingkan dengan laki – laki (46,5%). Hasil ini juga tidak jauh berbeda dengan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Agnesia di Puskesmas Bitung Barat Kecamatan Maesa Kota Bitung Tahun 2012 dimana pencabutan gigi lebih banyak dilakukan oleh pasien berjenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 317 kasus(59,5%) sedangkan pada pasien berjenis kelamin laki – laki sebanyak 216 kasus (40,5%). Hal ini mungkin disebabkan jumlah populasi perempuan dalam wilayah ini lebih besar dari jumlah populasi laki – laki atau lebih banyak pasien perempuan yang datang berkunjung ke Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Pendidikan PSPDG UNSRAT Manado. Hal ini juga mungkin disebabkan karena terdapat faktor hormonal pada perempuan yang menyebabkan perempuan lebih rentan terhadap masalah rongga mulut. Pada saat siklus menstruasi gingivitis dapat terjadi karena pengaruh hormon",
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"text": "estrogen, selain itu tingkat keasaman rongga mulut akan berubah menjadi asam sehingga karies dapat terjadi (Ngangi dkk, 2013). Pada saat menopause juga perempuan mengalami defisiensi estrogen. Berkurangnya hormon yang berperan sebagai regulator pertumbuhan dan hemostasis tulang dapat menurunkan densitas tulang termasuk tulang alveolar (Panelewen dkk, 2013).",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel 2, menunjukkan bahwa usia pasien yang paling banyak terindikasi untuk pencabutan gigi adalah kelompok usia 46 – 64 tahun. Menurut Carranza, penyakit periodontal khususnya gingivitis yang meningkat sesuai dengan bertambahnya usia. Peningkatan secara bertahap ini diawali oleh gusi membengkak, merah dan mudah berdarah. Kemudian terjadi kerusakan jaringan penyangga gigi secara bertahap tanpa rasa sakit, akibatnya proses itu akan berjalan terus tanpa disadari penderita. Akibatnya gigi menjadi goyang dan bisa tanggal sendiri (Carranza, 2006).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pada tabel 3, didapati tindakan pencabutan gigi pada kelompok karyawan swasta menempati tempat ketiga dengan 14,85%, sedangkan kelompok pekerjaan lain – lain yang mencakup petani, pegawai negeri sipil, pedagang, buruh, wiraswasta, supir, dan sebagainya sebanyak 32,34%. Ini berkaitan dengan faktor kesibukan bekerja sehingga bisa muncul kemungkinan kesulitan memanfaatkan waktu untuk merawat kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Untuk",
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"text": "kelompok pekerjaan ibu rumah tangga yang merupakan kelompok pekerjaan dengan tindakan terbanyak yaitu sebanyak 107 tindakan (35,32%), hal sebaliknya bisa terjadi karena pasien dengan kelompok pekerjaan ini memiliki lebih banyak waktu untuk berkunjung ke Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut untuk memeriksakan giginya dibandingkan kelompok pekerjaan lainnya. Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan indikasi pencabutan gigi didapati indikasi gangren pulpa sebesar 36,30%, gigi mobile sebesar 14, 52%, dan gangren radix sebesar 12,87% adalah yang paling banyak ditemukan pada pasien yang mengunjungi Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Pendidikan PSPDG UNSRAT. Tingginya jumlah tindakan pencabutan gigi yang disebabkan oleh gangren pulpa karena pasien biasanya kurang menyadari tentang keadaan rongga mulut mereka, sehingga biasanya datang hanya ketika jaringan pulpa sudah mati sebagai sistem pertahanan pulpa sudah mati sehingga jumlah sel pulpa yang rusak semakin dalam mendiami ruang pulpa. Tingginya kebiasaan",
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"text": "konsumsi karbohidrat dan kebiasaan merokok juga bisa menjadi pemicu munculnya indikasi ini.",
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"text": "RSGM UNSRAT pada tahun 2015 yaitu gangren pulpa sebesar 110 kasus(36,30%), diikuti oleh gigi mobile",
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"text": "sebesar 44 kasus (14, 52%) dan gangren radix sebesar 39 kasus (12,87%),",
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"text": "sedangkan yang terkecil adalah fraktur dan supernumerary masing – masing sebanyak 2 kasus (0,66%).",
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"text": "Anonim. 2005. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran . . Fakultas Kedokteran UI. Jakarta: Media Aesculapius. h. 34-7. Anonim. 2013. Balitbang Kemenkes RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar, RISKESDAS . Jakarta: Balitbang Kemenkes RI.",
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"text": "Balaji SM. 2007. Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1st edition.",
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"text": "New Delhi: Elsevier. p. 213-5.",
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"text": "Carranza FA . 2006. Glickman’s Clinical Periodontology, 9th edition, Philadelphia: W.B Saunders. 2006. p. 110-19, 344-",
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"text": "2013. Reasons and Risks of Permanent Teeth Extraction. The General Dental Practice in Greece, International Journal of",
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"text": "Medical Dentistry. 3 : 315-321.",
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"text": "Khalil A, Khalil HS. 2013, Reasons for and pattern relating to the extraction of permanent teeth in a subset of the Saudi population, Clinical, Cosmetic, and Investigational Dentistry . 5 : 51-",
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"text": "1 Email: [email protected], 2 Email: [email protected]. 3 Email: [email protected].",
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"text": "Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian variasi pupuk organik cair (POC) bonggol pisang terhadap pertumbuhan selada ( Lactuca sativa L). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah pemberian variasi dosis POC bonggol pisang dengan tiga perlakuan dengan empat kali ulangan. Perlakuan pertama P 0 0 ml, P 1 50 ml, dan P 2 100 ml. Untuk media tanam menggunakan dua perlakuan yaitu M 0 tanpa arang sekam dan M 1 Penambahan arang sekam. : Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian ini meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah helai daun, dan berat basah selada. Hasil data pengamatan dalam penelitian ini kemuadian dilakukan penyajian data dalam bentuk tabel serta di lakukan analisis statistika menggunakan aplikasi SPSS yang meliputi Analisis Ragam Two Way Anava. Berdasarkan Hasil analisis ANAVA menunjukkan bahwa pemberian POC bonggol pisang memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan selada pada parameter tinggi tanaman dan berat basah selada. Hasil tertinggi rata-rata tinggi tanaman selada terdapat pada perlkuan M 0 P 2 yaitu sebesar 13,6 cm. Sedangkan rata-rata berat basah selada tertinggi pada perlakuan M 0 P 2 sebesar 114,3 gram Kata kunci: pertumbuhan, pupuk organik cair, bonggol pisang, arang sekam.",
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"text": "Abstract: This study aims to determine the effect of giving variations of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) banana weevil on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). The method used in this study is an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment in this study was the administration of variations in the dose of POC banana weevil with three treatments with four replications. The first treatment was P 0 = 0 ml, P 1 = 50 ml, and P 2 = 100 ml. For planting media using two treatments namely M 0 = without husk charcoal and M 1 Addition of husk charcoal: Parameters measured in this study include plant height, number of leaves, and lettuce wet weight. The results of observational data in this study were then carried out in tabular data presentation and statistical analysis using the SPSS application which includes Analysis of the Two Way Anava Variations. Based on ANAVA analysis results showed that the administration of banana weevil POC gives a real influence on the growth of lettuce on the parameters of plant height and wet weight of lettuce. The highest yield of lettuce height was found in the M 0 P 2 treatment which was 13.6 cm. While the highest average wet lettuce weight in the M 0 P 2 treatment was 114.3 grams. Key Words : growth, organic liquid biofertilizer, banana weevil, husk charcoal.",
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"text": "Widodo, Andi, Agus Sujarwanta dan Hening Widowati. 2021. Pengaruh Variasi Dosis Pupk Cair (POC) Bonggol Pisang dan Arang Sekam terhadap Pertumbuhan Selada .(Lactuca sativa L ) Biolova 2(1). 44- 53.",
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"text": "tanaman merupakan kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat dalam memenuhike butuhan pangan, mulai dari budidaya tanaman pangan hingga tanaman sayuran. Untuk bisamenghasilkan produksi dan hasil yang maksimal maka tanaman juga membutuhkan asupan nutrisi serta teknik dan media tanam yang tepat. Asupan nutrisi akan terpenuhi jika kandungan hara dalam pupuk tercukupi.",
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"text": "Bebrapa tahun belakangan ini petani mengeluhkan kondisi pupuk yang harganya cendrung mengalami kenaikan terutama pupuk kimia, sedangkan untuk mendapatkan hasil produksi yang maksimal dalam budi daya sayuran membutuhkan nutrisi yang cukup untuk pertumbuhannya.",
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"text": "Selain harga pupuk kimia yang mahal, penggunaan pupuk kimia dalam jangka panjang juga dapat menyebabkan kualitas tanah menurun.",
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"text": "Penurunan kualitas tanah dapat menyebabkan budi daya tanaman mengalami penurunan karena kecukupan nutrisi dalam tanah yang berkurang. Bahkan penggunaan pupuk kimia juga dapat menyebabkan tanah menjadi “bantat” dan mengeras hal ini dapat mengakibatkan beberapa hewan kecil seperti cacing serta beberapa mikroorganisme baik seperti bakteri Bacillus , Nitrit , Aeromonas , dan Apergilud niger yang terdapat dalam tanah mengalami kematian karena terganggunya pertukaran oksigen serta pH tanah yang tidak stabil sehingga menyebabkan tingkat produktivitas juga tidak maksimal. Menurut beberapa literasi produktivitas selada yang ideal adalah berkisar antara 5 – 8 ons. Sesuai dengan pendapat Rokhedi (2015) yang menyebutkan “Tanaman yang baik dapat menghasilkan 15 ton /ha/ atau 5-8 ons setiap tanaman. Data produksi tanaman sayuran disajikan pada table 1 berikut.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Luas Panen dan Produksi Tanaman Sayur-Sayuran di Kota Metro",
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"top": 457,
"width": 365,
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"text": "Tahun 2016 No JenisTanaman Luas Panen (ha) Produksi (ton) Produktivitas (kw/ha) 1 Bawang Merah 2,00 12,00 60,00 2 Selada 10,00 14,00 14,00 3 BawangDaun 6,38 69,60 109,09 4 Kacang Panjang 32,75 523,56 159,87 5 Cabai 26,00 169,04 65,02 6 Tomat 2,25 15,75 70,00",
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"top": 626,
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"text": "Sumber: BPS Kota Metro (2017) Dinas Ketahanan Pangan, Pertanian dan Perikanan Kota Metro.",
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"top": 665,
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"text": "Berdasarkan Tabel 1 di atas penulis ingin mencoba mengkaji mengenai aplikasi pembuatan Pupuk",
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"top": 707,
"width": 183,
"height": 38,
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"text": "Organik Cair (POC) sebagai nutrisi bagi tanaman. Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh",
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"width": 184,
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"text": "POC bonggol pisang terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman selada.",
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{
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"top": 690,
"width": 183,
"height": 69,
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"text": "Sugiarti (2011: 4) “Bahan organik adalah bahan-bahan yang dapat diperbaharui, didaur ulang, dirombak oleh bakteri-bakteri tanah menjadi unsur yang dapat digunakan",
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"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "46 | Widodo, Andi, Agus Sujarwanta dan Hening Widowati. 2021. Pengaruh Variasi Dosis...",
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{
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"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 2 NO. 1 , 28 Februari 2021",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 88,
"width": 183,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "oleh tanaman tanpa mencemari tanah dan air”. Menambahkan pendapat Sugiarti (2011: 4) “Selain itu pemanfaatan batang pisang sebagai bahan baku bokashi",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "dapat mengurangi limbah pertanian dan mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia, selain itu ramah lingkungan”",
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{
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"top": 198,
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"text": "(Wijayanto et al. 2016).",
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{
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"top": 212,
"width": 183,
"height": 66,
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"text": "Gunawan, (2007:2). Kesuburan dan kegemburan tanah tersebut akibat adanya mikroorganisme baik yang terdapat pada pupuk organik. Sejalan dengan pendapat Gunawan (2007:2)",
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"text": "menurut Suhastyo, dkk.,(2019: 38) “Pada MOL bonggol pisang teridentifikasi Bacillus sp., Aeromonas sp. dan Aspergillus niger” . Sejalan dengan pendapat",
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"left": 113,
"top": 350,
"width": 184,
"height": 259,
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"text": "Suhastyo dkk (2019: 38), Menurut Finus, (2018) menyatakan: Pupuk organik cair bonggol pohon pisang bukan pupuk yang memiliki unsur hara yang lengkap, tetapi hal ini tidak membuat pupuk organik cair bonggol pisang kalah dari pupuk kimia sintetis yang bisa dibeli di pasar. Kandungan fosfor (P) dan kalium (K) yang tinggi pada bonggol pisang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pupuk yang memiliki sumber hara untuk tanaman yang dipanen umbi dan buahnya. Selain itu, pada bonggol pisang terdapat Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT) seperti giberelin dan sitokinin, juga Mikro Organisme Lokal (MOL) yang dapat berguna bagi pertumbuhan tanaman.",
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"top": 612,
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"height": 80,
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"text": "Dari kutipan (Finus, 2018) dapat diketahui bahwa bonggol pisang memiliki kandungan unsur yang cukup lengkap, dengan demikian POC bonggol pisang bisa dijadikan sebagai alternatif pengganti",
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"text": "pupuk kimia yang semakin mahal.",
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"top": 101,
"width": 184,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Selain itu dengan beralihnya penggunaan pupuk kimia ke pupuk organik secara perlahan akan mampu memperbaiki kualitas serta kesuburan tanah sehingga pertumbuhan dan produksi suatu tanaman akan lebih maksimal.",
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"text": "METODE",
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"top": 222,
"width": 184,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif.",
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"text": "Tujuan penggunaan pendekatan kuantitatif ini bertujuan untuk menguji hipotesa yang telah ditentukan atau dibuat sesuai dengan teori dan konsep yang ada.",
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"text": "Rancangan yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan rancangan",
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"text": "perlakuan menggunakan factorial yang terdiri dari dua faktor dengan 4 kali pengulangan. Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk (P) yang terdiridari 3 taraf yaitu: P 0 = 0 ml/l air; P 1 = 50 ml/l air; dan P 2 = 100 ml/l air;.Sedangkan faktor kedua adalah media yang terdiri dari dua taraf yaitu M0= tanpa arang sekam dan M1= dengan arang sekam sehingga dari dua variabel bebas tersebut menghasilkan 6 kombinasi perlakukan, masing- masing perlakuan variasi terdiri 4 kali ulangan.",
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"text": "DATA HASIL PENGAMATAN",
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"text": "Data Hasil Pengamatan pada Parameter Tinggi Tanaman",
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"text": "Data hasil pengamatan",
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"text": "pemberian poc bonggol pisang terhadap tanaman selada dapat dilihat pada Tabel 2 berikut.",
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"text": "47 | Widodo, Andi, Agus Sujarwanta dan Hening Widowati. 2021. Pengaruh Variasi Dosis...",
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"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 2 NO. 1 , 28 Februari 2021",
"type": "Page header"
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"top": 88,
"width": 220,
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"text": "Tabel 2. Data Rerata Tinggi Tanaman Selada",
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"text": "Perlakuan Tinggi Tanaman (cm) 7 HST 14 HST 21 HST M 0 P 0 (A) 4.8 6,0 7,9 M 0 P 1 (B) 6,3 7,9 11,9 M 0 P 2 (C) 7,6 9,6 13,6 M 1 P 0 (D) 4,9 6,9 8,5 M 1 P 1 (E) 7,0 8,1 11,4 M 1 P 2 (F) 6,7 8,3 10,6 Berdasarkan data hasil pengamatan tinggi tanaman selada selama 3 minggu yang sudah disajikan pada tabel 2 di atas dapat diketahui bahwa rerata tinggi tanaman terendah pada 7 hari setelah tanam (HST) yaitu pada perlakuan A",
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"text": "(M 0 P 0 ) yaitu 4,8 cm tidak jauh berbeda dengan perlakuan D yaitu 4,9 cm. sedangkan untuk rerata yang paling tinggi adalah pada perlakuan C (M 0 P 2 ). Sebesar 7,6 cm. Pengamatan berikutnya dilakukan setelah 1 minggu kemudian atau pada tanaman berumur 14 HST rerata tertinggi masih pada perlaukan C, yaitu 9,6 cm dan perlakuan A memiliki rerata terendah yaitu 6,0. cm. pengambilan data ketiga dilakukan pada saat",
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"text": "tanaman berumur 21 HST. Pada pengamatan ketiga rerata tinggi tanaman selada pada perlakuan A dan perlakuan D adalah yang terendah yaitu masing-masing 7,9 cm dan 8,5 cm. Sedangkan untuk rerata tinggi tanaman selada yang tertinggi adalah pada perlakuan C (M 0 P 2 ) sebesar 13, 6 cm dan disusul berturut-turut pada perlakuan B 11, 9 cm, perlakuan E sebesar 11,4 cm dan perlakuan F. 10, 6 cm. Dari hasil pengamatan tersebut terlihat bahwa tinggi tanaman selada mengalami kenaikan tinggi pada setiap minggunya. Kenaikan tinggi tanaman pada setiap minggu atau setiap umur 7, 14 dan 21 HST dapat dilihat pada gambar 1 berikut",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Grafik Rerata Tinggi Tanaman Selada pada Tiap-tiap Perlakuan",
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"text": "0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 M0P0 M0P1 M0P2 M1P0 M1P1 M2P2 R e ra ta T ing gi T ana ma n (cm) Perlakuan 7 HST 14 HST 21 HST",
"type": "Picture"
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"text": "48 | Widodo, Andi, Agus Sujarwanta dan Hening Widowati. 2021. Pengaruh Variasi Dosis...",
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"text": "Data Hasil Pengamatan pada Parameter Berat Selada",
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"top": 102,
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"text": "Data hasil pengamatan pemberian poc bonggol pisang terhadap tanaman selada dapat dilihat pada tabel 3 berikut.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Data Rerata Berat Basah Tanaman Selada (gram)",
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"text": "Perlakuan Berat Selada",
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"text": "M 0 P 0 (A) 52,3",
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"text": "M 0 P 1 (B) 96,7",
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"left": 137,
"top": 264,
"width": 124,
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"text": "M 0 P 2 (C) 114,3 M 1 P 0 (D) 75,3",
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{
"left": 137,
"top": 288,
"width": 122,
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"text": "M 1 P 1 (E) 89,0",
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"left": 113,
"top": 300,
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"height": 106,
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"text": "M 1 P 2 (F) 106,3 Berdasarkan Tabel 3 data hasil pengamatan rerata berat basah selada pada pengamatan minggu ke 3 atau umur 21 HST diperoleh rata-rata bearat selada yang tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan C yaitu 114,3 gram. Sedangkan berat selada yang",
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"text": "terderedah dari masing-masing perlakuan terjadi pada perlakuan A sebesar 52,3 gram. Berat basah rata- rata selada dapat diamati pada diagram berikut.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Grafik Rerata Berat Basah Selada",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Pada penelitian uji pengaruh variasi dosis pupuk organic cair (POC) bonggol pisang dan media tanam terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman selada ( Lactuca sativa L) memberikan hasil yang berbeda antara perlakuan satu dengan perlakuan yang lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat respon pertumbuhan tanaman selada yang meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah helai daun dan berat basah selada pada berbagai perlakuan. Hasil penelitian ini dijabarkan pada pembahasan sebagi berikut.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) Bonggol Pisang terhadap Pertumbuhan Selada",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji hipotesis dengan menggunakan uji anava dua arah diperoleh hasil POC bonggol pisang berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan selada pada parameter tinggi tanaman. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil rata-rata tinggi tanaman selada adalah 13,6 cm yaitu pada perlakuan M 0 P 2 . hal ini sejalan dengan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Maunte, dkk., (2018:73) mengenai pertumbuhan selada akibat pemberian POC bonggol pisang kombinasi ampas tahu. Dari hasil peneletian tersebut diperoleh rata-rata tingi tanaman selada berkisar antara 12 – 20 cm pada umur 28 HST. Tinggi tanaman ini diduga diakibatkan karena pemberian perlakuan POC bonggol pisang pada tanaman selada.",
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"text": "POC bonggol pisang merupakan pupuk organik cair hasil fermentasi dengan menggunakan bonggol pisang sebagai bahan utama, air leri atau air cucian beras, gula/molases serta pupuk pumakkal sebagai starter bakterinya. Hasil fermentasi POC bonggol pisang menghasilkan berbagai nutrien yang diperlukan untuk proses pertumbuhan tanaman. Beberapa nutrient yang",
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"text": "0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 R ER A TA B ER A T SEL A DA perlakuan tanaman pada umur 21 hst",
"type": "Picture"
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"text": "49 | Widodo, Andi, Agus Sujarwanta dan Hening Widowati. 2021. Pengaruh Variasi Dosis...",
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"text": "terkandung dalam POC bonggol pisang adalah nitrogen, phosphor dankalium. Pernyataan ini diperkuat denganhasil penelitian dari Kusumawati (2015:325) “bonggol pisang merupakan salah satu bahan pembuatan pupuk organik cair yang mengandung N + P 2 O 5 + K 2 O 3 sebanyak 7,74%”. Unsur N,P, dan K dalam POC bonggol pisang terkandung dalam bentuk ion-ion yang mudah diserap oleh tanaman. Selain itu dalam bonggol pisang juga terdapat zat pengantur tumbuh berupa giberelin dan mikroba yang baik yang mampu mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman.",
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"text": "Sejalan dengan pendapat Kusumawati (2015:325) di atas tidak heran jika POC bonggol pisang dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan selada pada",
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"text": "parameter tinggi tanaman.Pernyataan tersebut diperkuat dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Panjaitan, dkk., (2019: 1) “Hasil penelitian",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 392,
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"height": 53,
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"text": "menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan jenis pupuk kandang dan MOL bonggol pisang secara umum berpengaruh nyata terhadap",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 447,
"width": 194,
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"text": "pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman selada”. Adanya pertumbuhan tanaman selada yang baik pada perlakuan M 0 P 2 diduga akibat terdapatnya hormon atau zat pengatur tumbuh giberelin dan sitokinin yang terdapat pada POC bonggol pisang. Sejalan dengan pendapat tersebut, (Maspary, dalam wea 2018:19) “di dalam bonggol pisang terdapat zat pengatur tumbuh giberelin dan sitokinin, serta terdapat 7 mikrobia yang sangat berguna bagi tanaman",
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{
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"text": "yaitu Azospirilium, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Aeromonas, Aspergillus , mikroba pelarutphospat dan mikroba selulotik yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk cair”.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 682,
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"height": 80,
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"text": "Giberlin merupakan salah satu hormon tumbuh pada tanaman yang memilki peranan atau fungsi utama dalam mendorong pemanjangan batang dan daun pada tanaman, sedangkan hormon sitokinin berperan",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "dalam proses pembelahan sel atau sitokinesis. Akibat adanya zat pengatur tumbuh yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi POC bonggol pisang inilah sehingga tanaman yang dikenai perlakuan POC bonggol pisang mengalami pertumbuhn tinggi yang baik dibandingkan dengan tanaman kontrol. Selain karena adanya hormon pertumbuhan dalam POC bonggol pisang juga terdapat mikroorganisme yang baik bagi tanaman. Salah satu mikroorganisme yang ada yaitu pseudomonas. Pseudomonas ada dalam POC bonggol pisang karena dalam proses pembuatan juga menambahkan limbah air cucian beras. Menurut Aditya dan Qoidani (2018:18) : “Air limbah cucian beras diketahui mempunyai mikroba/bakteri Pseudomonas fluorescens yang banyak di gunakan sebagai bahan baku POC (Pupuk Organik Cair)”.",
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"text": "Bakteri Pseudomonas fluorescens merupakan sejenis mikroorganisme yang tergolong kedalam kelompok bakteri rizobakter. Bakteri rizobakter ini mampu hidup pada bagian sekitar akar atau daerah rizosfer pada tanaman. Karena habitat hidupnya yang berada pada daerah rizosfer inilah maka bakteri Pseudomonas fluorenscen mempunyai kemampuan sebagai bakteri pelarut phospat dan mampu mengikat nitrogen dengan cara beradaptasi serta memiliki kemampaun mengkloning dengan baik pada sistem perakaran pada tanaman. Akibat adanya bakteri pseudomonas ini maka kebutuhan akan unsur hara berupa nitrogen dan phopsat yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan tanaman tercukupi, dengan demikian pertumbuhan tanaman dapat berjalan dengan baik.",
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"text": "Parameter yang diuji berikutnya adalah berat basah selada. Dari hasil uji hipotesis diketahui bahwa POC bonggol pisang memberikan pengaruh pada berat basah selada. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata berat",
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"text": "50 | Widodo, Andi, Agus Sujarwanta dan Hening Widowati. 2021. Pengaruh Variasi Dosis...",
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"width": 183,
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"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 2 NO. 1, 28 Februari 2021",
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 191,
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"text": "basah selada tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan M 0 P 2 sebesar 114, 3 gram. Mendukung pernyataan tersebut hasil penelitian dari Panjaitan, dkk.,",
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"text": "(2019:10) “ Pemberian MOL bonggol pisang dengan dosis 50 cc l-1 air (D3) memberikan pengaruh pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun dan berat basah tanaman selada yang terbaik”.",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 199,
"width": 191,
"height": 273,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Berat suatu tanaman disebabkan akibat adanya proses pembelahan sel meristem yang mengakibatkan bertambahnya ukuran dan volume sel suatu tanaman. Proses pembelahan sel sendiri dipengaruhi oleh akibat adanya proses metabolisme sel. Proses metabolosme suatu tanmaan akan berjalan dengan baik jika kebutuhan air dan unsur hara terpenuhi. Penyerapan air dan unsur hara ini akan berjalan baik apabila mempunyai akar yang sehat sehingga mampu menyerap air dan unsur hara dengan maksimal. Hasil pemberian POC bonggol pisang ini memberikan pengaruh pada berat basah selada, hal ini dimungkinkan akibat adanya bakteri rizobakter yang hidup di daerah sekitar akar sehingga akar mempunyai kemampuan untuk",
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{
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"text": "menyerap air dan hara mineral dengan baik. Jika kebutuhan air dan hara terpenuhi maka proses fotosintesisdan fotosintat yang dihasilkan akan baik pula. Sesuai dengan pernyataan Rahayu ( 2018: 66) “Absorbsi air dan hara yang tidak optimal akan mempengaruhi proses fotosintesis dan fotosintat yang dihasilkan menjadi lebih rendah, sehingga mempengaruhi berat basah tanaman”.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Media Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan Selada",
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{
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"width": 191,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Hasil uji hipotesis penelitian menunjukan tidak terdapat pengaruh jenis media terhadap pertumbuhan selada pada parameter tinggi tanaman.berbanding terbalik dengan hasil penelitian dari Gustia (2013: 16) “Penambahan sekam bakar ke dalam",
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{
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"top": 75,
"width": 191,
"height": 300,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "media tanam tanah (2:2) menunjukkan hasil tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, panjang daun, lebar daun, bobot basah, dan bobot konsumsi tertinggi”.Hal ini diduga akibat adanya perbadingan media tanam yang kurang tepat antara tanah dan arang sekam. Selain itu arang sekam merupakan media tanam yang memiliki peranan dalam perbaikan sifat fisik dan kimia tanah bukan sebagai penyedia unsur hara tanaman. Mendukung pernyataan di atas Mahmudi (dalam Tumanggor, 2006:9) “ Sebagai media tanam, sekam bakar berperan penting dalam perbaikan sifat fisik, sifat kimia, dan melindungi tanaman”. penggunaan arang sekam harus mempertimbangkan komposisi yang baik antara tanah dan sekam agar unsur hara yang dibutuhkan tanaman terutama unsur N, P, dan K tercukupi.Arang sekam tidak",
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"text": "mengandung unsur hara N, P, dan K yang lengkap. Sejalan dengan pernyataan tersebut Wuryan (2008:2) “Komposisi kimiawi sekam bakar adalah SiO 2 dengan kadar 52% dan C sebanyak 31%”. Oleh karena kandungan terbesar adalah SiO 2 itu maka ketersediaan unsur hara N sebagai unsur penunjang pertumbuhan tidak terpenuhi.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 516,
"width": 191,
"height": 136,
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"text": "Hasil uji hipotesis yang ketiga adalah pengaruh jenis media tanam terhadap berat basah selada. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukan jenis media tidak berpengaruh pada parameter berat basah selada. Hal ini berbanding terbalik dengan hasil penelitian Novitasari, dkk., (2019:335) ”Hasil penelitian menunjukkan komposisi media tanam tanah:sekam",
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{
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"height": 108,
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"text": "mentah:pupuk kendang kambing dengan perbandingan ( 2:2:1) menghasilkan bobot segar tanaman dan bobot kering tanaman terbaik”. hal ini diduga akibat dari penggunaan arang sekam yang terlalu banyak sehingga menurunkan kandungan unsur hara yang ada pada media tanam. Sejalan",
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"text": "51 | Widodo, Andi, Agus Sujarwanta dan Hening Widowati. 2021. Pengaruh Variasi Dosis...",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 51,
"width": 183,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 2 NO. 1, 28 Februari 2021",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 75,
"width": 191,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "dengan pendapat tersebut hasil penelitian Onggo, dkk., (2017:303) “Perlakuan arang sekam secara mandiri tidak berpengaruh terhadap persentase jumlah maupun bobot buah dalam kelas apapun, hal ini diduga karena arang sekam adalah bahan pembenah yang steril sehingga tidak memuat kandungan hara yang dapat menunjangtanaman dalam",
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"text": "menghasilkan kualitas buah berbeda”.",
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"text": "Pengaruh Interaksi antara POC",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 254,
"width": 191,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Bonggol Pisang dan Media Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan Selada",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 292,
"width": 191,
"height": 176,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Hasil analisis menunjukan ada pengaruh interaksi antara Dosis POC bonggol pisang dan media arang sekam terhadap pertumbuhan selada pada parameter berat basah selada. Sejalan dengan pernyataan tersbut hasil penelitian dari Syahid, dkk., (2014) menunjukkan terjadi interaksi antara perlakuan arang sekam dan kompos kotoran kambing terhadap tinggi tanaman, bobot segar hasil, dan bobot kering tanaman segau (Vernonia cinerea) saat panen”.",
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"text": "Adanya pengaruh interaksi dari penambahan poc bonggol pisang dan arang sekam terhadap berat basah selada diduga akibat adanya aktivitas mikroorganisme yang mampu mengubah bahan-bahan organik dalam media menjadi unsur yang siap dibutuhkan oleh tanaman. Selain itu peningkatan berat basah selada juga diduga akibat dari proses penyerapan air dan nutrisi tanaman oleh akar berjalan dengan baik. Sejalan dengan penryataan tersebut Salisbury dan Ross (dalam Rahayu, dkk., 2018:66) “penyerapan air dan unsur hara oleh akar tanaman akan digunakanuntuk proses metabolisme dan dimanfaatkan untuk",
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"text": "pertumbuhan tanaman”.",
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"height": 38,
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"text": "Lancarnya penyerapan air dan nutrisi ini dimungkingkan akibat adanya penambahan arang sekam pada media",
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{
"left": 337,
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"text": "tanam sehingga media tanam memiliki tingkat porositas yang baik. Pernyataan tersebut diperkuat oleh pendapat dari Suswati, dkk., (2015: 82)",
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 127,
"width": 191,
"height": 110,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "“Penambahan limbah pertanian sabut kelapa dan arang sekam dapat meningkatkan porositas media tanam disamping dapat meningkatkan jumlah ketersediaan bahan organik, Arang sekam kaya akan karbon dan sabut kelapa kaya akan kalium disamping unsur hara lainnya”.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
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"width": 191,
"height": 343,
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"text": "Selain media yang baik, untuk menunjang pertumbuhan, tanaman tidak hanya membutuhkan unsur hara makro seperti N, P, dan K tetapi tanaman juga membutuhkan unsur hara mikro seperti C, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, S, untuk dapat tumbuh maksimal. Karena dalam proses pembuatan POC bonggol pisang menggunakan starter dari pupuk pumakkal yang berasal dari limbah cair nanas (LCN). Selain itu, dalam pupuk LCN juga terdapat berbagai bakteri baik bagi tanaman. Sutanto (2011:152) menyatakan “beberapa isolat bakteri LCN mempunyai kemampuan dalam menghidrolisis amilum dan protein, diantaranya adalah isolat 1,2,3,8,10,11,12,14 dan 15. Sedangkan isolat 4,5, dan 7 hanya mampu menghidrolisis amilum saja dan isolate 6 dan 13 hanya mampu mneghidrolisis protein saja”. LCN merupakan pupuk organik cair yang memiliki manfaat mendorong dan meningkatkan pembentukkan klorofil sehingga",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 337,
"top": 585,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "meningkatkan fungsi tanaman pada proses fotosintesis dan meningkatkan kemampuan tumbuhan dalam penyerapan Nitrogen dari udara (Sutanto, dkk. 2018)` dengan demikian kebutuhan unsur mikro juga terpenuhi. Hal ini dikarenakan pupuk pumakkal mengandung unsur hara makro dan mikro yang cukup lengkap diantaranya C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, S, NO 3 , NH 4 , dan C/N. selain itu kita ketahui bahwa tanaman menyerap unsur hara dalam ion-ion yang terdapat",
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"text": "52 | Widodo, Andi, Agus Sujarwanta dan Hening Widowati. 2021. Pengaruh Variasi Dosis...",
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"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 2 NO. 1, 28 Februari 2021",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "didalam tanah maupun air, misalnya unsur N tersedia dalam bentuk NH 4 , NH 3 , dan NH 2 , sedangkan pospat tersedia dalam bentuk P 2 O 4 . Selain itu mikroorganisme yang terkandung dalam POC bonggol pisang mampu mengubah unsur-unsur hara yang ada menjadi ion - ion yang mudah diserap oleh tanaman. Sehingga dengan adanya media tanam yang baik dan penambahan mikroorganisme kedalam media tanam melalui pembrian POC bonggol pisang dapat memberikan sinergi dan interaksi yang baik bagi pertumbuhan tanaman.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"left": 113,
"top": 319,
"width": 191,
"height": 232,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Variasi dosis POC bonggol pisang memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan selada pada parameter tinggi tanaman dan berat basah selada yaitu dengan rata-rata tertinggi pada perlakuan M 0 P 2 (media tanpa arang sekam dan dosis pupuk 100 ml/ L) sebesar 13,6 cm dan berat basah selada 114,3 gram. Penambahan arang sekam tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman selada pada parameter tinggi tanaman, dan berat basah selada. Interaksi antara dosis POC bonggol pisang dan arang sekam memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan salada pada parameter tinggi tanaman dan berat basah selada.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"top": 582,
"width": 195,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Finus, Dicky. 2018. Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair dari Bonggol Pisang .[Online].Tersedia:https: //www.kompasiana.com/dicky dicky77/5c119d7a6ddcae5d1d 677b12/pelatihanpembuatan- pupuk-organik-cair-dari- bonggol-pisang-oleh- mahasiswa-kkn-fpb-uksw-di- dusun-kenongo-desa-",
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"text": "sepakung?page=all. [24 Oktober 2019]",
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"text": "Gustia, Helfi. 2013. Pengaruh",
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"top": 102,
"width": 164,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Penambahan Sekam Bakar pada Media Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Sawi ( Brassica juncea L.). E-Journal Widya Kesehatan dan Lingkungan. Volume 1 No.1. Hal. 12 – 17.",
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 213,
"width": 197,
"height": 66,
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"text": "Kusumawati A. 2015. Analisa Karakteristik Pupuk Kompos Berbahan Batang Pisang. Seminar Nasional . Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta",
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"text": "Maunte, Z., Jafar, M.I., Darmawan, M. 2018. Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair Ampas Tahu dan Bonggol Pisang terhadap Pertumbuhan dan",
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"text": "Produksi Tanaman Seledri",
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"height": 25,
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"text": "Mata pelajaran biologi menekankan pada pemberian pengalaman secara langsung maka sudah semestinya mendudukkan siswa sebagai pusat perhatian utama. Peran utama guru adalah memberikan pengalaman dan memperkaya pengetahuan siswa dengan mengeksplorasi lingkungan dengan proses pembelajaran yang sesuai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri terbimbing dengan multimedia dan lingkungan riil terhadap prestasi belajar biologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen yang dilaksankan pada bulan Januari-Oktober 2010. Sampel penelitian ditentukan dengan teknik cluster random sampling yang terdiri dari dua kelas. Satu kelas eksperimen I dengan multimedia dan satu kelas eksperimen II dengan lingkungan riil. Pengumpulan data prestasi belajar dengan menggunakan teknik pos test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan prestasi belajar siswa dengan model pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri terbimbing dengan multimedia dan lingkungan riil yaitu media dengan lingkungan riil memberikan pengaruh yang lebih baik daripada multimedia terhadap prestasi belajar biologi.",
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"text": "Perubahan dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang semakin pesat maka perlu diikuti oleh kinerja pendidikan yang profesional dan bermutu tinggi. Lembaga pendidikan adalah salah satu harapan besar bagi negeri ini agar bisa bangkit dari keterpurukan kualitas pendidik dalam semua aspek dan jenjang pendidikan. Kualitas pendidikan tersebut sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung terciptanya manusia yang cerdas dan terampil agar bisa bersaing secara terbuka di era global. Kurikulum yang digunakan di Indonesia saat ini adalah Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). Selain kurikulum, juga perlu diterapkan strategi, model, teknik, pendekatan, dan metode pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan konsep yang diajarkan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mempermudah siswa dalam memahami",
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"text": "materi yang disampaikan oleh guru. Selain hal-hal tersebut ternyata siswa juga mempunyai peran penting dalam peningkatan mutu pendidikan, yaitu dengan merubah pola belajar siswa dengan mengajak siswa untuk menjadi aktif belajar dan tidak menjadikan guru sebagai satu-satunya sumber belajar.",
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"text": "Pembelajaran adalah sistem interaksi peserta didik dengan pendidik pada suatu lingkungan belajar pada suatu lingkungan belajar, hal tersebut sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional nomor 20 tahun 2003. Pembelajaran biologi akan berlangsung dengan baik jika guru dalam sebuah prosesnya memiliki dua kompetensi utama yaitu; 1. kompetensi substansi pembelajaran; 2. kompetensi metodologi pembelajaran. Selain menguasai materi yang akan disampaikan maka guru juga menguasai metode pembelajaran sesuai dengan karakteristik materi pelajaran. Jika metode pembelajaran yang diterapkan kurang sesuai maka transfer ilmu pengetahuan dari guru kepada siswa juga menjadi kurang maksimal.",
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"text": "Pembelajaran merupakan interaksi sistematis antara peserta didik dengan pendidik yang berkaitan dengan materi pembelajaran pada suatu lingkungan belajar. Kegiatan pembelajaran memberdayakan semua potensi peserta didik untuk menguasai kompetensi yang diharapkan. Dengan demikian kegiatan pembelajaran perlu berpusat pada peserta didik dengan menciptakan kondisi yang menyenangkan dan menantang untuk mengembangkan kreativitas mereka, dan menyediakan pengalaman belajar yang beragam. Pembelajaran juga bermuatan nilai, etika, estetika, logika, dan kinestetika (Nurhadi, 2004:30). Sedangkan menurut Isjoni (2009:11) pembelajaran adalah sesuatu yang dilakukan oleh siswa, bukan dibuat untuk siswa. Pembelajaran pada dasarnya merupakan upaya pendidik untuk membantu peserta didik melakukan kegiatan belajar. Proses pembelajaran memiliki isi yang berupa bahan ajar atau materi belajar yang bersumber pada kurikulum dalam suatu program pendidikan, di dalamnya terdapat langkah-langkah atau tahapan yang harus dilalui pendidik dan peserta didik untuk mencapai tujuan belajar.",
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"text": "Pembelajaran yang efektif adalah pembelajaran yang menempatkan guru sebagai fasilitator sekaligus pembimbing, yakni guru yang dapat menghantarkan",
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"text": "pembelajaran yang lebih membangun pola berpikir kritis siswa siswa. Dalam mengajar, guru harus kreatif untuk memilih model pembelajaran yang sesuai agar tercipta suasana kelas yang hidup. Pembelajaran yang dilakukan tersebut harus mampu memberikan atau menambah informasi atau pengetahuan baru bagi siswa yang berangkat dari pengetahuan sebelumnya. Sedangkan pembelajaran efisien adalah pembelajaran yang menyenagkan, menggairahkan dan mampu memberikan motivasi bagi siswa dalam belajar. Pembelajaran berlangsung efektif membutuhkan perencanaan dan persiapan yang matang. Manakala semua kebutuhan yang menjadai penunjang proses pembelajaran sudah dipersiapkan dengan mempertimbangkan karakter siswa dan materi yang kan disampaikan bukan tidak mungkin hasil belajar yang diperoleh akan maksimal. Dengan demikian cita-cita pembelajaran akan mudah untuk dicapai dan tidak hanya menjadikan guru sebagai pusat pembelajaran.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Kubicek (2005:1) bahwa pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri dapat meningkatkan pemahaman siswa dengan melibatkan siswa dalam proses kegiatan pembelajaran secara aktif, sehingga konsep yang dicapai lebih baik. Penelitian lain yang senada juga diungkapkan oleh Bilgin (2009:1038) juga menyebutkan bahwa siswa dengan kelompok inkuiri terbimbing yang belajar secara kooperatif mempunyai pemahaman yang lebih baik terhadap penguasaan konsep materi pelajaran dan menunjukkan sikap yang positif. Model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing memungkinkan siswa untuk terlibat secara aktif menggunakan proses fisik dalam menemukan sendiri beberapa konsep dan prinsip materi yang sedang dipelajari dengan bimbingan dari guru sehingga materi pelajaran tidak hanya sebagai materi saja tetapi juga membangun moral siswa.",
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"text": "Model pembelajaran inkuiri merupakan model pembelajaran alternatif yang dipilih dalam proses kegiatan belajar mengajar, mengingat dalam proses belajar mengajar diperlukan suatu bentuk kegiatan yang dapat mengubah siswa untuk dapat menemukan suatu konsep melalui kreativitas secara langsung sehingga model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing diharapkan dapat terjadi komunikasi aktif secara langsung antara guru dengan siswa, jadi perkembangan siswa dapat menuju ke arah yang diharapkan, maka perlu ditumbuhkembangkan kemampuan-kemampuan untuk",
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"text": "menggunakan keterampilan proses antara lain mengajukan pertanyaan, menduga jawabannya, merancang penyelidikan, melakukan percobaan, mengolah data, mengevaluasi hasil, dan mengkomunikasikan temuannya kepada orang lain dengan berbagai cara. Model pembelajaran inkuiri adalah sesuatu yang sangat menantang dan melahirkan interaksi antara yang diyakini anak sebelumnya terhadap suatu bukti baru untuk mencapai pemahaman yang lebih baik, melalui proses dan metode eksplorasi untuk menurunkan, dan mengetes gagasan-gagasan baru. Sudah tentu hal tersebut melibatkan sikap-sikap untuk mencari penjelasan dan menghargai gagasan orang lain, terbuka terhadap gagasan baru, berpikir kritis, jujur, kreatif, dan berpikir lateral.",
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"text": "Dengan kata lain, media adalah komponen sumber belajar yang mengandung materi instruksional di lingkungan yang merangsang siswa untuk belajar. Penggunaan media pembelajaran sebagai alat bantu sangat membantu proses pembelajaran, pada mata pelajaran biologi yang sering digunakan sebagai media adalah multimedia berbasis komputer, torso, charta, dan lingkungan riil. Penggunaan media tersebut harus disesuaikan dengan karakteristik materi pelajaran yang disampaikan, sebagai contoh adalah materi ekologi yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang ekosistem. Pada kurikulum KTSP di SMA kelas X materi pokok ekosistem yang mempelajari tentang interaksi antara makhluk hidup dengan lingkungan disekitarnya.",
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"text": "Manfaat positif dari penggunaan media sebagai bagian integral pengajaran di kelas adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Penyampaian pelajaran menjadi lebih baku. Setiap pelajar",
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"text": "Pembelajaran Biologi Berbasis Inkuiri Terbimbing dengan Multimedia ...",
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"left": 313,
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"text": "57",
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"width": 414,
"height": 238,
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"text": "yang melihat atau mendengar penyajian melalui media menerima pesan yang sama; 2. Proses pembelajaran menjadi lebih menarik. Media dapat diasosiasikan sebagai penarik perhatian dan membuat siswa tetap terjaga dan memperhatikan; 3. Pembelajaran menjadi lebih interaktif dengan diterapkannya teori belajar dan prinsip- prinsip psikologis yang diterima dalam hal partisipasi siswa, umpan balik, dan penguatan; 4. Lama waktu pengajaran yang diperlukan dapat dipersingkat untuk mengantarkan pesan-pesan dan isi pelajaran dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak dan kemungkinannya dapat diserap oleh siswa. 5. Kualitas hasil belajar dapat ditingkatkan; 5. Pengajaran dapat diberikan kapanpun dan dimanapun; 6. Sikap positif siswa terhadap apa yang mereka pelajari dan terhadap proses belajar dapat ditingkatkan; 7. Peran guru dapat berubah kearah yang lebih positif, dalam proses belajar mengajar.",
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"text": "Menurut Sri Anitah (2009:61) multimedia saat ini sinonim dengan format computer- based yang mengkombinasikan teks, grafis, audio, bahkan video kedalam satu penyajian digital tunggal dan koheren. Multimedia merupakan kegiatan interaktif yang sangat tinggi, mengajak pebelajar untuk mengikutiproses pembelajaran dengan memilih dan mengendalikan layar diantara jendela informasi dalam penyajian media. Masih menurut Sri Anitah (2009:61) pembelajaran dengan multimedia, berbagai gaya belajar pebelajar terakomodasi, seperti pebelajar yang auditori, visual, maupun kinestetik. Dengan demikian siswa dapat memilih sendiri gaya belajar yang sesuai, dengan demikian siswa akan lebih nyaman dalam belajar. Penggunaan Multimedia sebagai media pembelajaran mempunyai kelebihan dan kekurangan. K elebihan multimedia dalam proses belajar- mengajar tersebut adalah adalah: 1. pembelajaran menjadi lebih inovatif dan interaktif; 2. mampu menimbulkan rasa senang selama pembelajaran berlangsung, sehingga akan menambah motivasi belajar siswa; 3. mampu menggabungkan antara teks, gambar, audio, musik, animasi gambar atau video dalam satu kesatuan yang saling mendukung sehingga tercapai tujuan pembelajaran; 4. mampu memvisualisasikan materi yang abstrak, 5. media penyimpanan yang relatif gampang dan fleksibel; 6. membawa obyek yang sukar didapat atau berbahaya ke dalam lingkungan belajar; 7. menampilkan obyek yang terlalu besar ke dalam kelas; 8. menampilkan obyek yang tidak dilihat secara langsung. Sedangkan kekurangan dari multimedia adalah: 1. biaya relatif mahal pada tahap awal; 2. kemapuan SDM dalam penggunaan multimedia masih perlu ditingkatkan;",
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"text": "Rizhal Hendi Ristanto",
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{
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"text": "3. belum memadainya perhatian dari pemerintah; 4. belum memadainya infrastruktur untuk daerah tertentu.",
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"text": "Pada hakikatnya mata pelajaran biologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang alam dan kehidupan didalamnya. Disatu sisi, perkembangan teknologi merupakan suatu hal yang tidak bisa dihindari lagi. Agus Suheri (2006:1) dalam penelitiannya menyebutkan bahwa Animasi multimedia memberikan kesan menyenangkan dan membantu proses pembelajaran dalam memahami materi yang disampaikan. Hal senada juga diungkapkan oleh Meita Istianda dan Darmanto (2009:2) bahwa multimedia merupakan sarana untuk menyampaikan ilmu pengetahuan yang cukup efektif, karena dapat menyajikan informasi berupa audio, visual, video, teks grafik dan animasi dalam kesatuan tampilan. Namun dikalangan guru biologi, minimnya media yang digunakan pada proses pembelajaran biologi disinyalir sebagai salah satu penyebab belajar biologi menjadi terasa abstrak, sehingga siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami materi yang telah disampaikan, maka alternatifnya adalah pemanfaatan perkembangan teknologi sebagai media untuk memperkukuh dan memaksimalkan prestasi belajar siswa dalam ranah kognitif, afektif maupun psikomotor siswa atau dengan memanfaatkan kreativitas guru dengan memanfaatkan alam sebagai wahana dalam bereksplorasi dan proses penemuan yang mendukung prestasi belajar biologi siswa. Penggunaan lingkungan riil sebagi media belajar biologi yaitu memanfaatkan sawah, lapangan, sungai, hutan dan hal-hal yang bersifat langsung dengan obyek pembelajaran.",
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"text": "Pada proses belajar mengajar masih banyak yang beranggapan bahwa media pembelajaran selalu terkait dengan teknologi tinggi, elektronika, digital dengan biaya mahal, contohnya yang adalah media pembelajaran adalah media cetak, transparansi, audio , slide Suara, video, Multimedia Interaktif, e - learning . Namun sesungguhnya hal tersebut merupakan pemikiran yang sempit dalam memaknai arti dari sebuah media pembelajaran. Media pembelajaran terdiri dari berbagai macam jenis, dari media pembelajaran yang sederhana dan murah hingga media pembelajaran yang canggih dan mahal. Dari mulai rakitan pabrik hingga buatan tangan para guru itu sendiri, bahkan ada pula yang telah disediakan oleh alam dilingkungan sekitar kita",
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"text": "Pembelajaran Biologi Berbasis Inkuiri Terbimbing dengan Multimedia ...",
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{
"left": 313,
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"text": "59",
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 415,
"height": 156,
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"text": "yang dapat langsung digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran. Atas dasar pemahaman tersebut diatas maka diharapkan tidak ada lagi argumentasi yang muncul dikalangan para guru untuk tidak dapat menggunakan alat peraga oleh karena biayanya mahal. Begitu banyaknya lingkungan disekitar kita yang dapat digunakan sebagai media alat peraga tanpa perlu biaya mahal. Beberapa benda dilingkungan kita dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber belajar, baik yang dimanfaatkan secara langsung ( by utility resources ) , ataupun yang dirancang terlebih dahulu ( by design resources ) dan dapat pula dengan cara rekayasa media.",
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"text": "Dalam Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia (KUBI) lingkungan diartikan sebagai bulatan yang melingkungi (melingkari). Pengertian lainnya yaitu sekalian yang terlingkung di suatu daerah. Dalam kamus Bahasa Inggris peristilahan lingkungan ini cukup beragam diantaranya ada istilah circle, area, surroundings, sphere, domain, range , dan environment , yang artinya kurang lebih berkaitan dengan keadaan atau segala sesuatu yang ada di sekitar atau sekeliling. Lingkungan merupakan salah satu sumber belajar yang amat penting dan memiliki nilai-nilai yang sangat berharga dalam rangka proses pembelajaran siswa. Lingkungan dapat memperkaya bahan dan kegiatan belajar. Menurut Hujair AH. Sanaky (2009:109) benda asli merupakan alat yang paling efektif untuk mengikutsertakan berbagai indera dalam belajar. Benda asli memiliki karakter yang masih orisinil, baik dalam segi ukuran besar dan kecil, berat, warna dan kadang-kadang disertai dengan gerak, bunyi, dan bau. Sehingga benda asli adalah benda dalam keadaan sebenarnya dan seutuhnya. Menurut Ronald H. Anderson (1987:183) untuk mencapai hasil yang optimal dari pembelajaran, salah satu yang disarankan adalah kegiatan dilakukan di lingkungan yang sangat mirip dengan keadaan yang sebenarnya. Lingkungan nyata akan memberikan rangsangan yang amat penting bagi siswa dalam mempelajari dan bereksplorasi untuk menemukan sesuatu yang baru bagi dirinya.",
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"text": "Memanfaatkan lingkungan sebagai media pembelajaran memiliki banyak keuntungan. Beberapa beberapa keuntungan tersebut antara lain: 1. menghemat biaya, karena memanfaatkan benda-benda yang telah ada di lingkungan; 2. praktis dan mudah dilakukan, tidak memerlukan peralatan khusus seperti listrik; 3.",
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"text": "Rizhal Hendi Ristanto",
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{
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"text": "60",
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{
"left": 113,
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"width": 414,
"height": 446,
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"text": "memberikan pengalaman yang riil kepada siswa, pelajaran menjadi lebih konkrit, tidak verbalistik; 4. karena benda-benda tersebut berasal dari lingkungan siswa, maka benda-benda tersebut akan sesuai dengan karakteristik dan kebutuhan siswa. hal ini juga sesuai dengan konsep pembelajaran kontekstual ( contextual learning ); 5. pelajaran lebih aplikatif, maksudnya materi belajar yang diperoleh siswa melalui media lingkungan kemungkinan besar akan dapat diaplikasikan langsung, karena siswa akan sering menemui benda-benda atau peristiwa serupa dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari; 6. media lingkungan memberikan pengalaman langsung kepada siswa. dengan media lingkungan, siswa dapat berinteraksi secara langsung dengan benda, lokasi atau peristiwa sesungguhnya secara alamiah; 7. lebih komunikatif, sebab benda dan peristiwa yang ada di lingkungan siswa biasanya mudah dicerna oleh siswa, dibandingkan dengan media yang dikemas (Aristo Rahadi, 2010). Pemanfaatan lingkungan riil sebagai media pembelajaran akan bertambah kemungkinan bahwa siswa dapat mengembangkan sikap yang posistif terhadap pekerjaan mereka sejak awal pembelajaran. Sikap tersebut dapat dipupuk secara positif dengan membuat mereka mengenal bahwa keterampilan mereka berkembang bersama dengan berlangsungnya pengajaran. Oleh karena itu, kekhawatiran siswa pada saat mereka meninggalkan lingkungan belajar di kelas untuk menghadapi situasi kerja nyata dapat dikurangi. Maka, dengan menggunakan media lingkungan riil akan memberikan kesempatan siswa dalam belajar ekosistem dapat melatih keterampilan manipulatif mereka dengan menggunkan panca indera mereka.",
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"text": "Prestasi belajar di bidang pendidikan adalah hasil dari pengukuran terhadap peserta didik yang meliputi faktor kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor setelah mengikuti proses pembelajaran yang diukur dengan menggunakan instrumen tes atau instrumen yang relevan. Jadi prestasi belajar adalah hasil pengukuran dari penilaian usaha belajar yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk simbol, huruf maupun kalimat yang menceritakan hasil yang sudah dicapai oleh setiap anak pada periode tertentu. Prestasi belajar merupakan hasil dari pengukuran terhadap peserta didik yang meliputi faktor kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor setelah mengikuti proses pembelajaran yang diukur dengan menggunakan instrumen tes yang relevan. Prestasi belajar diperoleh",
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"text": "Pembelajaran Biologi Berbasis Inkuiri Terbimbing dengan Multimedia ...",
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"text": "61",
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"text": "seseorang setelah melakukan kegiatan belajar atau pembelajaran, baik secara pribadi maupun kelompok. Jadi dapat dikatakan bahwa prestasi belajar merupakan hasil dari tingkah laku akhir pada kegiatan belajar siswa yang dapat diamati. Prestasi belajar menyangkut tiga aspek yaitu kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotor. Prestasi belajar merupakan salah satu indikator keberhasilan dalam proses belajar mengajar yang didapatkan dari hasil evaluasi,baik berupa tes maupun non-tes, yang dilakukan selama atau setelah kegiatan belajar mengajar. Dari uraian tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa prestasi belajar adalah hasil aktivitas terbaik yang dilakukan dalam memperoleh pengetahuan atau keterampilan baik secara individu maupun kelompok pada mata pelajaran tertentu.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri terbimbing dengan memanfaatkan multimedia dan lingkungan riil sebagai media pembelajaran terhadap prestasi belajar biologi. Pembelajaran biologi dengan model inkuiri terbimbing menggunakan multimedia berarti siswa dalam menemukan konsep ekositem dengan memanfaatkan kemampuan audio-visual dalam proses pembelajaran, sehingga siswa mengamati dan mengidentifikasi komponen- komponen dan segala sesuatunya yang terjadi di dalam ekosistem. Pembelajaran biologi materi pokok ekosistem dengan lingkungan riil merupakan pembelajaran yang sangat menarik, yaitu siswa diajak ke dalam pembelajaran lingkungan yang nyata. Ukuran yang digunakan pada multimedia disesuaikan dengan ukuran yang nyata seperti pada lingkungan riil, dengan demikian penggunaan media pembelajaran dalam belajar biologi pada materi pokok ekosistem terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap prestasi belajar biologi.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitin kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen. Tujuan dari eksperimen adalah untuk menyelidiki ada atau tidak adanya hubungan sebab akibat serta berapa besar hubungan sebab akibat tersebut dengan cara memberikan perlakuan-perlakuan pada beberapa kelompok eksperimen dan menyediakan kontrol untuk perbandingan. Sehingga setiap penelitian eksperimen melibatkan sampel untuk diteliti. Pada",
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"text": "peneletian ini kedua kelompok eksperimen dikenai perlakuan yang berbeda, yaitu dengan menerapkan pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri diterapakan pada 2 kelompok. Kelompok A diberi perlakuan dengan multimedia sedangkan kelompok B diberi perlakuan dengan lingkungan riil. Setelah itu hasil keduanya dibandingkan, untuk memperoleh kesimpulan manakah yang baik dari kedua media tersebut.",
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"text": "Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua siswa kelas X IPA SMA Negeri 1 Sambungmacan tahun pelajaran 2009/2010. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan secara acak dari 7 dan diambil 2 kelas. Dari pengundian tersebut terpilih kelas X 1 dan X 3 sebagai kelas eksperimen 1 menggunakan pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dengan multimedia sedangkan kelas eksperimen 2 menggunakan pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dengan lingkungan riil.",
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"text": "Dari kelas yang terpilih tersebut dilakukan uji t untuk melihat keseimbangan tingkat kemampuan siswa dari kedua kelompok kelas eksperimen, maka sebagai syarat untuk melakukan uji t adalah data bersifat normalitas dan homogenitas. Data yang digunakan untuk melihat keseimbangan dua kelas eksperimen adalah nilai biologi rapor semester I. Uji normalitas menggunakan program aplikasi statistik Minitab 15.1.2 yaitu uji normalitas Ryan-Joyner (RJ). Dari hasil uji normalitas didapat bahwa p-value uji RJ > 0,100, maka keputusannya adalah data berdistribusi normal, sedangkan untuk uji homogentias dengan menggunakan uji F-Tes ( Normal Distribution) diperoleh p-value sebesar 0,180 dan uji Levene’s Test ( Any Continuous Distribution) diperoleh p-value sebesar 0,084 . Dengan kriteria uji tolak hipotesis nol atau data homogen. Dengan demikian syarat sudah terpenuhi, maka langkah berikutnya adalah melanjutkan uji berikutnya, yaitu uji t dua pihak dan didapat hasil dengan p - value = 0,917 jadi p - value > 0,05. Dari hasil uji-t tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelas yang dijadikan sampel pengambilan data pada kelas eksperimen I dan II mempunyai kemampuan dalam belajar biologi yang relatif sama. Data prestasi belajar aspek kognitif diperoleh dengan melakukan tes prestasi belajar. Soal test prestasi belajar disusun sebanyak 40 soal, tes pilihan ganda 5 options . Uji hipotesis menggunakan Analisis Variansi (Anava) dengan General Linear Model",
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"text": "(GLM), yang perhitungannya dilakukan dengan program minitab 15.1.2 dengan Taraf signifikansi (α) ditetapkan = 0,05.",
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"text": "Data prestasi belajar dalam penelitian ini adalah hasil pos test setelah diberi perlakuan pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri terbimbing dengan multimedia dan lingkungan riil pada materi pokok ekosistem. Data prestasi belajar yang dideskripsiskan dalam tabel maupun histogram adalah data prestasi belajar ranah kognitif, adapun deskripsi data tersebut dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.",
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"text": "Kelompok Jumlah Data Nilai Tertinggi Nilai Terendah Rata-rata SD Eksperimen I (Multimedia) 38 78 35 55,34 9,932 Eksperimen II (Lingkungan Rill) 36 79 35 60,32 11,02",
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"text": "Berdasarkan deskripsi data prestasi belajar aspek kognitif pada table 1 sampel kelompok eksperimen I menggunakan multimedia sebagai media dalam belajar ekosistem mempunyai rata-rata sebesar 55,34 dengan standar deviasi 9,932, hasil tesebut lebih kecil apabila dibandingkan dengan hasil prestasi belajar pada kelompok eksperimen II yang sama-sama berbasisi inkuiri terbimbing namun dengan menerapkan lingkungan riil sebagai wahana dalam belajar materi pokok ekosistem yang mempunyai rata-rata prestasi belajar sebesar 60,32 dengan standar deviasi 11,02. Selisih rata-rata prestasi belajar antara kedua kelompok eksperimen adalah sebesar 4,98. Berdasarkan dari data tersebut kelompok belajar eksperimen II yang menerapkan lingkungan riil sebagai media belajar mempunyai prestasi yang lebih baik daripada kelompok eksperimen I dengan menggunakan multimedia.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan gambar histogram 1 dan gambar histogram 2 tentang distribusi data prestasi belajar siswa dengan pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri terbimbing menunjukkan bahwa media lingkungan riil sebagai wahana dalam belajar ekosistem menunjukkan hasil data yang bersdistribusi normal. Rentang kelas yang memiliki frekuensi terbanyak terdapat pada rentang nilai antara 63 – 69 yaitu sebesar 11. Data juga menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata prestasi belajar kelompok multimedia adalah 60,32 sedangkan siswa yang mendapat nilai pos test diatas rata-rata adalah sebanyak 19 siswa atau sebesar 52,78% siswa dari total sampel kelompok eksperimen I. Jadi berdasarkan rata-rata dari masing-masing-masing kelompok dan banyaknya siswa yang memiliki nilai diatas rata-rata kelompok belajar berbasis inkuiri terbimbing dengan lingkungan riil memiliki prestasi belajar yang lebih tinggi daripada kelas kelompok belajar dengan multimedia.",
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"text": "Dari kedua kelompok eksperimen dalam penelitian ini sama-sama diterapkan model pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri terbimbing. Model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing",
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"text": "0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 F r e k u e n si Interval kelas 77 - 83 70 - 76 63 - 69 56 - 62 49 - 55 42 - 48 35 - 41 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 F rek uens i Interval kelas 77 - 83 70 - 76 63 - 69 56 - 62 49 - 55 42 - 48 35 - 41",
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"text": "merupakan salah satu pembelajaran yang berpusat pada siswa. Namun, perbedaannya adalah kelompok eksperimen I menggunakan multimedia sebagai sarana berinkuiri sedangkan kelompok eksperimen II menggunakan lingkungan riil disekitar SMA Negeri 1 Sambungmacan sebagai wahana belajar ekosistem. Siswa dalam kelompoknya mencari jawaban-jawaban terhadap isi pertanyaan melalui prosedur yang dirumuskan secara jelas dan terstruktur untuk melakukan penyeledikan dan memahami konsep-konsep biologi dalam ruang lingkup yang pertama yaitu hakikat biologi, keanekaragaman hayati dan pengelompokan makhluk hidup, hubungan antar komponen ekosistem, perubahan materi dan energi, peranan manusia dalam keseimbangan ekosistem.",
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"text": "Dengan memperhatikan kompleksitas dan uniknya proses belajar, maka ketepatan penggunaan media dan model pembelajaran akan sangat berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar siswa. Di samping juga persepsi dari siswa juga akan sangat mempengaruhi hasil belajar. Berdasarkan keputusan uji maka H o 1 ditolak maka terdapat pengaruh perbedaan pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri terbimbing dengan multimedia dengan lingkungan riil terhadap prestasi belajar biologi hal tersebut ditinjukkan dari harga p- value yaitu 0,013 hal tersebut juga didukung dari niali rata-rata prestasi belajar yang yang telah disajikan dalam tabel 1. Dari tabel tersebut menunjukkan perbedaan rata- rata prestasi belajar yang relatif besar yaitu 60,32 pada kelompok belajar dengan lingkungan riil sedangkan pada kelompok multimedia adalah 55,34. Selisih rata-rata prestasi dengan penggunaan media tersebut adalah 4,98. Berdasarkan data rata-rata prestasi belajar tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa media riil lingkungan sebagai wahana dalam belajar ekosistem memberikan pengaruh yang lebih baik daripada menggunkan multimedia.",
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"text": "Menurut I Wayan Santyasa (2007:7) dalam makalahnya yang berjudul landasan konseptual media pembelajaran menyatakan bahwa kajian psikologi menyatakan bahwa anak akan lebih mudah mempelajari hal yang konkrit ketimbang yang abstrak. Penerapan lingkungan sekolah sebagai media untuk belajar ekosistem adalah sebuah cara yang dilakukan oleh guru untuk bisa menghadapkan siswa langsung pada objek yang dipelajarinya. Sumber belajar lingkungan riil ini akan semakin memperkaya",
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"text": "wawasan dan pengetahuan siswa karena mereka belajar tidak terbatas oleh empat dinding kelas, Selain itu kebenarannya lebih akurat, sebab anak dapat mengalami secara langsung dan dapat mengoptimalkan potensi panca inderanya untuk berkomunikasi dengan lingkungan tersebut.",
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"text": "Pembelajaran ekosistem pada siswa-siswi SMA Negeri 1 Sambungmacan dengan mengajak untuk melakukan eksplorasi terhadap lingkungan untuk dijadikan siswa sebagai sarana belajar untuk belajar aktif dalam berinkuiri maka siswa akan mendayagunakan seluruh organ-organ tubuhnya, indera-indera, dan pikirannya untuk belajar. Siswa dapat memegang, mengamati secara langsung obyek yang dipelajarinya sehingga dalam memahami konsep-konsep menjadi mudah. Selain itu siswa juga mampu mendeskripsikan serta mengelompokkan berdasarkan pada karakteristik yang telah dibaca, sebagai contoh adalah ketika siswa disuruh mengelompokkan komponen ekosistem pada pertemuan pertama. Siswa bekerja sama dalam kelompoknya mendefinisikan dan menyebutkan contoh-contoh komponen biotik maupun abiotik dalan ekosistem sawah.",
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"text": "Juniman Silalahi (2008: 100-105) dalam penelitiannya membuktikan bahwa proses pembelajaran dalam mencapai tujuan pembelajaran sangat erat kaitannya dengan lingkungan atau suasana tempat proses pembelajaran tersebut berlangsung. Hasil penelitiannya menunjukkan bahwa iklim kelas akan meberikan pengaruh yang buruk terhadap motivasi belajar siswa, begitu juga sebaliknya iklim kelas yang baik iklim kelas maka senakin tinggi motivasi siswa dalam belajar. Lingkungan disekitar SMA Negeri 1 Sambungmacan sangat mendukung untuk belajar materi ekosistem, terlihat pada disekitar sekolah terdapat hutan buatan, area persawahan, sungai, dan lapangan. Dengan demikian siswa akan mudah mempelajari dan membandingkan antara ekosistem satu dengan yang lainnya. Hal tersebut akan berbeda apabila dibandingkan dengan kelompok eksperimen yang menggunakan multimedia dalam berinkuiri. Siswa hanya bisa mengamati pada slide proyektor saja kemudian menjawab pertanyaan pada lembar kerja siswa. Keaktifan sudah tampak terlihat namun dukungan dari kerja organ-organ tubuh mempengaruhi pemahaman siswa terhadap materi. Siswa yang aktif baik organ mapun pikiran dan didukung suasana belajar",
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"text": "yang tidak terbatas pada ruang kelas lebih memberikan materi yang berkesan dan bermakna pada siswa.",
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"text": "Terdapat perbedaan pengaruh pembelajaran berbasis inkuiri terbimbing dengan multimedia dan lingkungan riil terhadap prestasi belajar biologi materi pokok ekosistem. Pembelajaran dengan lingkungan riil memberikan pengaruh terhadap prestasi yang lebih positif dibandingkan dengan multimedia hal tersebut tampak dari rata-rata prestasi belajar biologi siswa yang menunjukkan pembelajaran biologi dengan inkuiri terbimbing dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan riil disekitar sekolah lebih tinggi daripada pembelajaran di dalam kelas dengan multimedia, pengaruh positif yang lain juga ditunjukkan dari aktifitas proses pembelajaran yaitu siswa yang diajak untuk mengamati ekosistem asli di lingkungan riil sekitar sekolah lebih aktif daripada pemanfaatan multimedia. Oleh karena itu, pembelajaran dengan menerapkan lingkungan riil sebagai wahana dalam belajar ekosistem cenderung lebih baik daripada menggunkan multimedia.",
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"text": "Proses pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing merupakan pembelajaran dengan menekankan pemahaman yang didapatkan dari hasil penemuan atau pengalaman sendiri, maka pada proses pelaksanaannya harus secara berkesinambungan memacu motivasi siswa untuk terus aktif pada proses penemuan.",
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"text": "Agus Suheri. (2006). Animasi Multimedia Pembelajaran . Vol. 2 No. 1. P: 27-33",
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"text": "EDUCATIVE GAME TOOLS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS IN OVERCOMING LEARNING PROBLEMS EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION PROGRAMS",
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"text": "Mamah Rahmah Dewi TKIT Ibnu Khaldun, Cirebon, Indonesia Email: [email protected]",
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"text": "The implementation of Early Childhood Education needs serious attention because many early childhood education organizations still do not meet quality standards, the reason is that there are still limited Educational Game Tools used by education in the implementation of learning. So this study aims to find out the Environmental Material-Based Educational Game Tool in overcoming the learning problems of early childhood education. This study uses a type of qualitative research with a doc- umentation method. The data analysis technique used in this study is Miles and with four stages, namely 1) data collection, 2) data reduction, 3) data presentation, and 4) verification or conclusion. The results of the study show that educational game tools based on environmental materials are easy to obtain, so they can overcome the problems of early childhood learning. One example of an Educational Game Tool is Mekuo-kuo or commonly called congklak.",
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"text": "KEYWORDS educational game tools, learning problems, early childhood educa- tion",
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"text": "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "The presence of Early Childhood Education both on formal channels, namely Kindergarten and non-formal, such as Play Groups, as a forum for the development of all aspects of child development. expected to be able to overcome/provide ap- propriate solutions to problems encountered in informal education, namely the fam- ily. Therefore, in the face of the times that are slowly changing patterns of play and types of games that have a major influence on children's development in the future. Early childhood educators are required to be more creative in developing games so as to create meaningful play activities. Children will learn through direct experi- ence, in the end the knowledge they get will enter long-term memory and last a long",
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"text": "Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies Volume 3, Number 2, February, 2023",
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"text": "http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id",
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"text": "time. This is in accordance with the principle of learning in kindergarten, namely playing while learning, not learning while playing (Khadijah & Armanila, 2017).",
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"text": "Playing is a basic right of early childhood. Playing is an activity to express oneself without coercion with feelings of pleasure. In early childhood, playing can provide many benefits to their development. The benefits of playing can develop the moral, motor, cognitive, language, and social development of children. The ben- efits of playing are not only felt when done with a group of friends, but playing alone can also provide its own benefits for early childhood (NailiRohmah, 2016). National Education System Law No. 20 of 2003 Article I paragraph 14 which states that Early Childhood Education is a coaching effort aimed at children from birth to the age of six which is carried out through the provision of educational stimuli to help physical and spiritual growth and development so that children have readiness to enter education further, which are held in formal, non-formal, and in- formal channels. Learning while playing, educators need an educational game tool to teach children. Educational Game Tool is a media that is designed and created to assist the teaching and learning process of educators in the classroom and can help students develop their potential. Educational Game Tools are game tools that can be made with various materials such as materials in the environment which we can also call environment-based APE (Astini et al., 2019).",
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"text": "Adams in Solfema et al., (2018) argues that educational games are all forms of games designed to provide educational experiences or learning experiences to the players, including traditional and modern games that are given educational and teaching content. Therefore, in rural areas, traditional educational game tools and the use of environmental materials are very easy to obtain. This has not been utilized by educators, because the insights and skills of educators of early childhood educa- tion staff are still limited.",
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"text": "Based on the background described above, the researcher is interested in con- ducting research with the title \"Educative Game Tools Based on Environmental Materials in Overcoming Learning Problems in Early Childhood Education\".",
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"text": "RESEARCH METHOD",
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"text": "The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative research using library research methods. Qualitative research on data processing and its find- ings are not obtained from statistical procedures or other forms of calculation (Su- rayya, 2015). Qualitative is also interpreted as an approach that focuses on a deeper understanding of a research problem formulation (Salma, 2021)",
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"text": "The data analysis technique used in this study is Miles and Huberman in Sugiyono in Astini et al., (2022) with four stages, namely 1) Data collection, the main activity in research is data collection. In qualitative research, data collection was carried out by means of observation, interviews and documentation. 2) Data reduction, data reduction, namely summarizing the data obtained from the initial stages of data collection in the field, choosing the main things, focusing on the im- portant things, and removing unnecessary things. 3) Presentation of data, the data obtained in the field is not presented as a whole. 4) Verification or conclusion, the final stage in the qualitative data analysis process is drawing conclusions. The con- clusion in qualitative research is a new finding that has never existed before in the",
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"text": "Mamah Rahmah Dewi",
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"text": "Educative Game Tools Based On Environmental Materials In Overcoming Learning Problems Early Childhood Education Programs",
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},
{
"left": 492,
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"text": "304",
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{
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"text": "form of a description or description of an object whose truth is still unclear so that when examined it will become clear.",
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"text": "RESULT AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Early Childhood Education is education that is organized with the aim of facilitating the growth and development of children as a whole or emphasizing the development of all aspects of a child's personality (Angraini et al., 2021). Learning in early childhood is done by playing while learning. The game is a productive and serious activity for children, through play can improve all aspects of their development. Through play, children can discover new things and strengthen things they already know through expression and exploration, which reveal their identity, fantasy, and liveliness (Baharun et al., 2021).",
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"text": "Therefore, attention to the implementation of Early Childhood Education needs serious attention. The problem is that the implementation of early childhood education still does not meet the expected quality standards. One reason is that there are still limited educational game tools used by education in the implementation of learning.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Early childhood education institutions as a forum for building character and exploring children's potential from an early age are supported by the community, especially the family closest to the child by providing learning facilities, especially various kinds of playing tools that contain educational values for children or what is often referred to as Educative Game Tools. (APE) (Faith et al., 2023).",
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"text": "According to Villela in Haryani & Qalbi, (2021) Educational Game Tools are all forms of game tools designed as a means or tool to clarify material, stimulate aspects of children's development and abilities so as to create a sense of fun and educational value in them. Game tools are used when playing and unconsciously the child will get the value of knowledge and understanding as well as real learning experience.",
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"text": "Environment-Based Educational Game Tool is a game tool that is made or used as a medium for teaching and learning processes that originate from the surrounding environment. Materials from the environment that can be used as media in the teaching and learning process, such as zoos, flower gardens, citrus orchards and so on. While the tools used to create an APE from the environment are in the form of wood, bamboo, sand, clay and so on.",
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"text": "To create an Educational Game Tool, knowledge about the environment is needed. Environmental knowledge is a science that teaches us to learn about the environment and how it affects human life around it. According to Supriatin & Listi, (2022) Environmental knowledge has several indicators, namely:",
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"text": "1. Factual knowledge is knowledge that is stored in one's memory. This refers to what an individual knows about the environment around him.",
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{
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"text": "2. Subjective knowledge, is an individual's perception or judgment about what they know and how much they know about the environment around them.",
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{
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"text": "3. Abstract knowledge, is knowledge related to environmental issues, problems, causes and solutions.",
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"text": "Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies Volume 3, Number 2, February, 2023",
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"text": "http://eduvest.greenvest.co.id",
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"text": "The characteristics of educational game tools according to Tedjasaputra in Ariyanti & Muslimin, (2015) argue that educational game tools have several characteristics, namely:",
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"text": "1. It can be done in several ways, meaning that the game tool can be played with various purposes and benefits;",
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{
"left": 131,
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"text": "2. Aimed primarily at preschool age children and serves to develop various aspects of children's intelligence and motor development;",
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{
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"text": "3. Make children actively involved because in the process of playing children will use their game tools. In addition, children can also interact with toys, friends and teachers during the playing process by using game tools;",
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{
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"height": 53,
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"text": "4. Constructive in nature, namely a way of playing that is constructive, fostering, repairing, where children use materials to make something that is not for the purpose of being useful, but aimed at the joy they get from making it.",
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{
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"text": "Before making an educational game tool, the teacher must pay attention to some of the requirements for making it. According to Zaman, (2006) these requirements include educational requirements, technical requirements and aesthetic requirements. The description of these conditions is as follows:",
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"text": "1. Educational requirements Educational requirements mean that the manufacture of educational game tools must be adapted to the applicable educational program so that their production will greatly assist the achievement of the objectives contained in the compiled educational program. More specifically, this educational requirement means that:",
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{
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"text": "a. Educational game tools made in accordance with educational activity programs (educational programs/applicable curricula)",
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{
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"text": "b. Educational game tools made according to methodical didactics means that they can help the success of educational activities, encourage children's activity and creativity and are in accordance with abilities (child development stage)",
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"text": "2. Technical requirements Technical requirements that must be considered in the manufacture of educational game tools are related to technical matters such as material selection, material quality, color selection, material strength at certain temperatures and so on. In more detail, the technical requirements for making educational game tools are:",
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{
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"text": "a. Educational game tools are designed according to the purpose, the function of the facility (does not cause conceptual errors) for example in making building blocks, accurate shape and size accuracy is absolutely fulfilled because if the size is not right it will cause conceptual errors. b. Educational game tools should be multi-purpose, even though they are intended for certain purposes, it does not rule out the possibility of being used for other development purposes.",
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"text": "c. Educational game tools are made using materials that are easy to get in the surrounding environment, cheap or from used/leftover materials.",
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"text": "Mamah Rahmah Dewi",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"top": 781,
"width": 388,
"height": 26,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Educative Game Tools Based On Environmental Materials In Overcoming Learning Problems Early Childhood Education Programs",
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{
"left": 492,
"top": 794,
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"text": "306",
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"text": "d. Safe (does not contain elements that are harmful to children, for example sharp, toxic, etc.)",
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"text": "e. Educational game tools should be durable, strong and durable (still effective even if the light changes)",
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{
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"text": "f. Easy to use, adds to the fun of children to experiment and explore",
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"text": "g. Can be used individually, in groups and classically.",
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"text": "Aesthetic requirements This aesthetic requirement concerns the aesthetic elements of the educational game tools that are made. The element of beauty/aesthetics is very important to note because it will motivate and attract the attention of children to use it. More detailed matters relating to these aesthetic requirements concern the following matters:",
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"text": "1) Elastic shape, light weight (easy for children to carry)",
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"text": "2) Size compatibility (neither too big nor too small)",
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{
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"text": "3) Colors (color combinations) are harmonious and attractive.",
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"text": "An example of an environment-based Eductive Educational Tool is Congklak.",
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"text": "Game of Mekuo-kuo (Congklak)",
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"text": "Mekuo-kuo is one of the traditional games, both performed by the Tolaki and Muna people. Initially the container consisted of 6 pairs of left-hand holes and each right-hand and left-hand ends could be made by hollowing out the ground using subsequent wood with their own heels for smoothing. As for other tools in the form of seeds such as tamarind fruit seeds or you can also use gravel.",
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"text": "Game equipment, namely: 1) six holes perforated on each side and one each at the end, sometimes also in large stones which are punched/or in the ground. Changes: in this study it was made of 3 cm thick wood/board which was smoothed first and then perforated, the choice of boards was because around KB there were still several trees and there were also carpenters, so children could naturally understand the raw materials for this game tool; 2) seeds from dadara obtained in the forests. Because it was difficult to get dadara seeds, the children replaced them with the same number of pebbles, namely 56 seeds, because each hole contained 4 seeds. Changes: in this study the seeds were replaced with tamarind seeds and corn seeds because around the KB there are tamarind stems and corn plantations, making it easier for children to understand the natural surroundings.",
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"text": "How to play: players consist of two teams, each team consisting of 1-2 people. Game technique: To start the game, a lottery or suten is carried out, the winner starts the game by lifting the four seeds in a hole in front of him, then filling in one seed in each subsequent hole. If it runs out, then all the contents of the last hole are taken and then filled in to the next hole, the game is declared stopped for the first team if at the time the last seed finds an empty hole. Next begins for the second team, with the same rarity as the first team. Winners are determined based on the criteria that earn the most points. In addition to naturalist intelligence, children develop through the introduction of game tools from the natural surroundings, they can also improve cognitive and motor skills through training their fingers to move and count (Anwar et al., 2013).",
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"text": "Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies Volume 3, Number 2, February, 2023",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 794,
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that attention to the implementation of Early Childhood Education needs serious attention because the implementation of early childhood education still does not meet the standards caused by the limited Educational Game Tools (APE) used by education in the im- plementation of learning. So that environment-based educational game tools can be an alternative in overcoming learning problems in early childhood education. One example of an educational game tool that can be used is Mekuo-kuo, also known as the congklak game. This game can improve children's cognitive and motor skills by practicing their fingers and counting.",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
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"left": 113,
"top": 298,
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"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Angraini, M., Nasirun, M., & Yulidesni. (2021). Kendala Guru Dalam Penggunaan Alat Permainan Edukatif Indoor di PAUD Se-Kecamatan Kaur Selatan Kabupaten Kaur. Jurnal PENA PAUD , 2 (2), 71–78. Anwar, T, M., & Ibrahim, H. (2013) . Model Pengembangan Alat Permainan Edukatif Berbasis Sosial Budaya Pada Pembelajaran Anak Didik Kelompok Bermain. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan , 9 (2), 236–251. Ariyanti, & Muslimin, Z. I. (2015). Efektivitas Alat Permainan Edukatif (APE) Berbasis Media dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berhitung pada Anak Kelas 2 di SDN 2 Wonotirto Bulu Temanggung. Jurnal Psikologi Tabularasa , 10 (1), 58–69.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 436,
"width": 401,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "The Effect of Pricing Strategy, Promotional Activities, Market Research, and Supply Chain Management on Marketing Performance in Indonesian Start-ups",
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"text": "Gatot Wijayanto 1* , Rovanita Rama 1 , Jushermi 1 , Arwinence Pramadewi 1 , Yutiandry Rivai 2 , Deswita S 3",
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"text": "The present study examines the complex relationships that exist between pricing strategy, promotional activities, supply chain management, market research, and marketing performance within the framework of start-ups in Indonesia. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to quantitatively assess data from a sample of 150 start-ups. The findings demonstrate the interdependence of strategic choices and their influence on marketing results by pointing out important correlations between these variables. Key factors influencing marketing performance were found to be pricing strategy, advertising, supply chain management, and market research. The results offer practical advice for aspiring business owners, highlighting the significance of comprehensive and integrated marketing approaches for long-term success in the cutthroat market.",
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"text": "In Indonesia, startups are becoming an important part of the country's entrepreneurial scene and economic growth. It is critical to investigate the elements influencing these dynamic entities' marketing performance as the start-up ecosystem grows. The performance of start-up businesses is positively and significantly impacted by internal elements, including marketing communications, finance, human resources, and operational activities, according to research (Baskoro et al., 2023). Furthermore, it has been discovered that knowledge management and an entrepreneurial mindset significantly affect collaborative innovation activities, which in turn have a strong correlation with innovation performance (Putella et al., 2023). Comprehending these variables and their impact will aid emerging businesses in Indonesia to enhance their marketing efficacy and propel more expansion and prosperity within the entrepreneurial milieu.",
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"text": "An important factor in determining a startup's success is its marketing performance, which affects long-term sustainability, revenue creation, and market share. Achieving successful marketing outcomes involves a number of factors, including supply chain management, market research, pricing strategies, and promotional efforts. The organizational level's strategy and capability are the most researched elements influencing startup performance, according to research by (Jeon & Oh, 2023). Oh's study also emphasizes the significance of laws and policies supporting entrepreneurship, the necessity of top-notch post-management schools, and the necessity of collaboration between the public sector and business owners (Pasayat et al., 2020). Moreover, Spranger's study demonstrates that people with opportunity motives outperform others when it comes to innovation and business",
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"text": "expansion, and that having a professional goal is positively correlated with survival, income, and the likelihood of recruiting new staff (Pasayat & Bhowmick, 2023).",
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"text": "To fully understand how pricing decisions, marketing campaigns, supply chain efficiency, and market insights interact with one another in the context of Indonesian startups, a thorough investigation is necessary. Increased internet penetration, an abundance of natural resources, local cultural variety, and a diversity of human resources all promote startups in Indonesia (Dalimunthe & Oswari, 2023; Sinarasri & Chariri, 2023). Internal elements that affect startup business success positively and significantly include finance, human resources, marketing communications, and operational activities (Stevy et al., 2023). Furthermore, the management control system improves the performance of the business, highlighting the necessity of a contextual management control system to boost performance (Sri, 2023). Moreover, technology readiness, top management backing, and competitive pressure all have a beneficial impact on e-commerce adoption and SME performance (Putella et al., 2023). Entrepreneurial skills and e-commerce adoption also positively effect SME performance. To improve their marketing success, Indonesian entrepreneurs should take these interconnected factors into account while developing their marketing plan. For entrepreneurs, politicians, and academics interested in promoting the expansion and competitiveness of Indonesia's startup ecosystem, comprehending the subtleties of the interactions between these components can offer valuable strategic insights.",
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"text": "The critical crossroads that the Indonesian start-up ecosystem finds itself at makes this study imperative. The growing number of entrepreneurial endeavors reshaping the country's economy highlights the critical need of comprehending and optimizing the variables affecting marketing performance. The environment in which startups operate is defined by fierce rivalry, quickening technology breakthroughs, and constantly shifting consumer tastes. Successful navigation of pricing strategies, promotional activities, market research, and supply chain management becomes critical in this changing environment (Dhewanto et al., 2023; Iskandar & Kaltum, 2021; Putella et al., 2023). The need to understand these components' subtleties is urgent because they have the potential to affect not just individual start-ups but also the overall expansion and sustainability of the Indonesian start-up ecosystem.",
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"text": "There hasn't been a thorough analysis of how pricing strategy, marketing initiatives, supply chain management, and market research affect marketing performance in Indonesian startups. The literature that currently exists concentrates on each of these elements separately, leaving start-up founders with a major knowledge gap when it comes to developing successful marketing strategies (Dalimunthe & Oswari, 2023). For start-up entrepreneurs, who require a full understanding of how these components jointly influence marketing performance, this absence of thorough study presents a substantial obstacle (Stevy et al., 2023). The interaction between price strategy, marketing initiatives, supply chain management, and market research in the context of Indonesian start-ups requires more investigation (Sinarasri & Chariri, 2023). By focusing on particular problems like the lack of a comprehensive examination of how price choices, marketing tactics, market intelligence, and supply chain efficiency all affect the marketing performance of Indonesian start-ups, this research aims to close this gap. The complex relationships among these components have not been fully investigated, which leaves entrepreneurs facing uncertainty when making strategic decisions. Moreover, the absence of useful recommendations based on empirical research hinders the creation",
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"text": "of feasible tactics, which hinders the improvement of marketing performance in the competitive environment of Indonesian start-ups. In the dynamic corporate landscape marked by swift shifts in customer behavior, technical progress, and market conditions, a thorough comprehension of these obstacles is essential for customizing marketing tactics to the always shifting terrain.",
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"text": "With the following main goals, this study includes a thorough investigation of the complex dynamics inside the marketing environment of Indonesian start-ups: First, in order to analyze how pricing strategy affects Indonesian start-ups' marketing effectiveness, it is important to recognize the significant impact that pricing decisions have on market positioning. The second objective is to assess the impact of promotional activities on marketing results, acknowledging their part in consumer behavior and brand recognition. Thirdly, to closely examine how market research plays a crucial part in improving strategic decision-making and how this influences marketing tactics within the Indonesian start-up scene. Fourth, to examine the relationship between marketing performance and supply chain management efficiency, recognizing the direct impact of operational effectiveness on satisfying market expectations. Last but not least, to summarize practical suggestions derived from the research with the goal of assisting stakeholders, legislators, and aspiring business owners in creating an atmosphere that supports successful marketing in Indonesia.",
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"text": "1. Pricing Strategy and Marketing Performance",
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"text": "A startup's ability to maintain a competitive edge can be greatly impacted by its decision regarding cost-plus pricing, value-based pricing, or competitive pricing. Businesses must effectively design and continuously optimize their pricing strategies to match with consumer behaviors, regulatory constraints, and data-driven difficulties. Pricing strategies are fundamental to marketing strategies (Gao, 2023). Pricing techniques like bundle pricing, skimming pricing, penetration pricing, value-based pricing, cost plus pricing, and discount pricing are still applicable in the Indian telecom industry, but they have undergone significant changes as a result of modern technology (Abidin et al., 2023). Pricing strategies should include the demands of customers and provide long-term happiness by combining internal strategy and external environment elements in the best possible way (Choudhary & Iyengar, 2022). Before pricing a product, considerations such as the product's segment, consumer capacity, market conditions, competition activity, and manufacturing costs are assessed (Skitmore & Smyth, 2009). Every pricing strategy has its own set of reasons and market reach. There is, nevertheless, a lack of knowledge regarding the precise impact of these tactics on marketing outcomes in the distinct business environment of Indonesia.",
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"text": "H1: Different pricing strategies, such as cost-plus pricing, value-based pricing, competitive pricing, and dynamic pricing, significantly impact the marketing performance of Indonesian start-ups.",
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"text": "Marketing campaigns that are successful are essential for building brand recognition and changing consumer behavior. Social media platforms are extensively utilized in Indonesia, particularly by start-ups, for marketing initiatives (Tchelidze, 2023). These platforms, like Facebook, provide targeted campaign objectives that can raise consumer awareness of the business and solidify its place in their minds (Zuniar & Pradana, 2023). Furthermore, word-of-mouth promotion and social media marketing",
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"text": "have a big influence on brand exposure and recognition (Darmawan & Fachira, 2023). Additionally, social media marketing can foster consumer communication, raise the value of beauty, and deepen customers' relationship with the brand (Arifin & Syah, 2023). In order to prevent unfavorable outcomes and consumer rejection, firms must monitor the frequency of their social media activities and advertisements (Ellitan, 2022). In general, using social media platforms for marketing initiatives can raise brand awareness and sway Indonesian consumers' judgments about what to buy.",
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"text": "H2: The effectiveness of promotional activities, including social media campaigns, traditional advertising, influencer marketing, and other strategies, has a positive correlation with marketing performance in the context of Indonesian start-ups.",
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"text": "Because it offers information about customer preferences, market trends, and the competitive environment, market research is crucial for making strategic decisions (Al-Shatanawi et al., 2014; LARKA, 2023; Zhang, 2023). Customized market research can be quite beneficial for Indonesian companies, as they operate in a market that is rich in diversity and cultural diversity (Dzhalolovna, 2020). In order to become more competitive, it enables them to comprehend the requirements and preferences of their target market, learn about rivals and their goods and services, and monitor industry trends (Schwarzkopf, 2022). Startups may stay up to date with market dynamics and make well-informed business decisions by conducting ongoing market research and gaining valuable insights from the market. They will be able to create winning marketing plans and obtain a competitive edge in the Indonesian market thanks to this. H3: The extent of market research, ranging from extensive to limited research, influences the marketing performance of start-ups, with more in-depth market insights contributing to superior performance outcomes.",
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"text": "Optimizing the supply chain is essential to guaranteeing prompt product delivery and client contentment. The significance of logistics process efficiency in retail supply chains is underscored by Milan Andrejic's research, since it is a key principle that influences overall performance (Andrejić, 2023). Better supply chain logistics performance results in favorable growth incentives and cost reduction, which can free up time and resources for other tasks, as (Alshurideh, Al Kurdi, Shammout, et al., 2022). In their discussion of the idea of supply chain efficiency, O. L. Chorna et al. emphasize its key components of efficacy, which include raising demand stability and lowering risk (Lotfi et al., 2013). In order to reduce expenses and increase service levels, Saoussen Krichen highlights the importance of transportation logistics in supply chain management and the necessity of optimization (Krichen, 2022). Dahshilla Junejo et al. stress the significance of social sustainability elements in supply chain management by proposing a standard adoption method in manufacturing companies that focuses on customer happiness and operational uncertainty (Junejo et al., 2023).",
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"text": "A critical evaluation of current theories and frameworks put out in relation to start-up marketing performance is also part of the literature review. Especially, the suitability and efficacy of conventional marketing approaches in relation to the particular difficulties encountered by Indonesian start-ups are evaluated. This assessment establishes the framework for the upcoming empirical research and offers a basis for comprehending the gaps in the current body of knowledge.",
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"text": "METHOD",
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"text": "1. Research Design",
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"text": "This study thoroughly examines the intricate connections between pricing strategies, marketing performance, supply chain management, market research, and promotional activities in Indonesian startups using a quantitative research design. Data will be gathered using a cross-sectional survey that will give an overview of these connections at a particular moment in time.",
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"text": "2. Sample Selection",
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"text": "The target market is Indonesian startups across a range of industries. We'll employ a stratified random sampling technique to guarantee representativeness. With 150 startups in the sample, statistically significant analysis and generalization of results to the larger startup ecosystem are possible.",
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"text": "3. Data Collection",
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"text": "An electronic survey that is structured will be used to gather data. The survey instrument will comprise questions about supply chain management procedures, price strategies, kinds of promotional activities, and the amount of market research done. To enhance and improve the questionnaire, a small sample of start-up entrepreneurs will pre-test it for clarity and applicability.",
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"text": "4. Measurement Variables",
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"text": "a. Pricing Strategy: Cost-plus pricing, value-based pricing, competitive pricing, and dynamic pricing.",
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"text": "b. Promotional Activities: Social media campaigns, traditional advertising, influencer marketing, and other promotional strategies.",
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"text": "c. Market Research: Extent of market research conducted, sources of market insights, and utilisation of research findings.",
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"text": "d. Supply Chain Management: Efficiency in logistics, inventory management, and fulfilment processes.",
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"text": "e. Marketing Performance: Key performance indicators (KPIs) such as market share, revenue growth, customer acquisition, and customer satisfaction.",
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"text": "5. Data Analysis",
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"text": "SEM-PLS, or structural equation modeling with partial least squares, was used to analyze the data in this study. SEM-PLS was chosen because it can effectively handle the complexity of latent relationships and constructs, particularly in small study samples. As a result, it can be used to overcome practical limitations in early research (Hair Jr et al., 2017). Testing of the measurement model and structural model can be done simultaneously with SEM-PLS. To ensure the reliability of the chosen indicators, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out in this context to validate the measurement instruments of each latent variable (such as pricing strategy, promotional activities, market research, supply chain management, and marketing",
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"text": "Volume 5, Number 1, 2024",
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"text": "performance). In order to look at the direct and indirect effects of pricing strategy, promotional activities, market research, and supply chain management on marketing performance, the structural model was also investigated through route analysis. In order to determine the importance and strength of these associations, hypotheses that emerged from the literature study were put to the test.",
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"text": "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Demographic Profile of Sample",
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"text": "A broad sample of 150 Indonesian start-ups from a range of industries was surveyed for the study. The participants' demographic profile sheds light on how well- represented crucial criteria are. The dispersion of startups throughout various industries demonstrates the sample's diversity:",
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"text": "Table 1. Demographic Sample Industry Number of Start-ups Percentage Technology 45 30% E-commerce 30 20% HealthTech 20 13% Fintech 15 10% Food and Beverage 10 7% Other 30 20% Size Category Number of Start-ups Percentage Small (1-10 employees) 60 40% Medium (11-50 employees) 50 33% Large (51+ employees) 40 27% Age Category Number of Start-ups Percentage Early Stage (0-2 years) 40 27% Growth Stage (3-5 years) 60 40% Established (6+ years) 50 33% Funding Status Number of Start-ups Percentage Bootstrapped 70 47% Angel-funded 30 20% Venture-funded 50 33% Region Number of Start-ups Percentage Jakarta 70 47% Surabaya 30 20% Bandung 20 13% Other Cities 30 20%",
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"text": "Gaining an understanding of the study's Indonesian start-ups' features requires an understanding of the sample's demographic makeup. The industrial distribution demonstrates how common technology is (30%), which is consistent with worldwide trends and suggests that technical innovation is strong in Indonesia. The substantial presence of e-commerce (20%) highlights the growing significance of online enterprises, whereas the emergence of health tech (13%) indicates a focus on creative solutions for healthcare. The percentage of fintech represents how technology and finance are coming together to change financial services. The food and beverage sector's 7%, albeit being a lesser share, demonstrates the versatility of the industry. The 20% \"Other\" category represents a variety of start-ups outside of the designated sectors. Size-wise, medium (33%) and large (27%) indicate growth and maturity, whereas small start-ups (40%) predominate and suggest agility. Within age groups, start-ups in the early stages (27%) and growth stages (40%) suggest a sustained development and a supportive ecosystem, respectively. Stability is contributed by well-",
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"text": "established startups (33%). In terms of capital, venture-funded (33%) and angel- funded (20%) indicate external help and strong growth potential, whereas bootstrapped (47%) stresses self-sufficiency. Geographically, Bandung's presence (13%) suggests innovation outside of large cities, Surabaya (20%) illustrates regional variety, and Jakarta's concentration (47%) highlights the city's role as a dynamic innovation hub. The decentralized structure of the startup environment is reflected in the participation of other cities (20%), which offers distinctive chances for entrepreneurship.",
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"text": "2. Descriptive Statistics",
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"text": "An early picture of the numerical values connected to important characteristics assessed on a Likert scale (1 –5) is given by descriptive statistics. The scale, which goes from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5), shows the degree of agreement among responders.",
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"text": "Table 2. Descriptive Statistics Variable Mean Standard Deviation Min Max Pricing Strategy 3.25 0.85 1.00 5.00 Promotional Activities 4.02 0.74 2.00 5.00 Market Research 3.78 0.92 1.00 5.00 Supply Chain Management 3.95 0.81 2.00 5.00 Marketing Performance 4.10 0.65 3.00 5.00",
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"text": "Descriptive statistics offer a thorough summary of responses on a Likert scale (1 –5). Regarding pricing strategy, the average of 3.25 indicates that respondents took a balanced approach, while the moderate standard deviation of 0.85 indicates some variation in pricing strategies. Different pricing techniques are shown in the range of 1 to 5. The higher mean of 4.02 for promotional activities suggests that people are generally inclined to use them, and the low standard deviation of 0.74 shows that respondents are in agreement. A mean score of 3.78 indicates a moderate concentration on market research, while a greater standard deviation of 0.92 indicates that start-ups prioritize different things differently. A balanced approach is shown by supply chain management's mean of 3.95, and its moderate standard deviation of 0.81 indicates effectiveness variability. With a low standard deviation of 0.65 and a high mean of 4.10, marketing performance shows that start-ups have a positive impression of their marketing results. The ranges for every variable show variation in methods, highlighting the complex array of tactics used by startups in many areas of their business.",
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"text": "3. Measurement Model Results",
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"text": "For each latent variable, the validity and reliability of the assessment tools were evaluated using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The outcomes confirm that the chosen indicators accurately measure the underlying constructs, validating the measurement model.",
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"text": "Table 3. Measurement Model Results Latent Variable Indicator Factor Loading Composite Reliability AVE Pricing Strategy Cost-plus pricing 0.725 0.824 0.609 Value-based pricing 0.853 Competitive pricing 0.786 Dynamic pricing 0.803 Promotional Activities Social media campaigns 0.886 0.853 0.704 Traditional advertising 0.753 Influencer marketing 0.826",
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"text": "Volume 5, Number 1, 2024 https://ijble.com/index.php/journal/index",
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"text": "Latent Variable Indicator Factor Loading Composite Reliability AVE Other promotional strategies 0.702 Market Research Extensive research 0.797 0.809 0.657 Moderate research 0.855 Limited research 0.688 Supply Chain Management Efficient logistics 0.904 0.881 0.752 Adequate inventory management 0.789 Streamlined fulfillment processes 0.842 Marketing Performance Metrics Market share growth",
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"text": "0.855",
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"text": "0.866 0.703 Revenue growth 0.887 Customer acquisition rate 0.922 Customer satisfaction rating 0.875",
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"text": "The measurement model's outcomes offer a thorough evaluation of the validity and dependability of tools used to measure hidden variables. Key findings show that indicators of pricing strategies, including cost-plus pricing, show acceptable convergent validity (AVE: 0.609), high internal consistency (composite reliability: 0.824), and a reasonably strong link (factor loading: 0.725). Robust factor loadings are also demonstrated by other pricing strategy indicators. Similar to other promotional activity indicators, the social media campaigns indicator in the promotional activities domain has strong correlations (factor loading: 0.886), good internal consistency (composite reliability: 0.853), and reasonable convergent validity (AVE: 0.704). The latent variable is efficiently measured by market research, especially the extensive research indicator (factor loading: 0.797), which also ensures strong internal consistency (composite reliability: 0.809) and convergent validity (AVE: 0.657). Other metrics support the high reliability and validity in effective logistics for supply chain management (factor loading: 0.904, composite reliability: 0.881, AVE: 0.752). Growth in market share and revenue are examples of marketing performance indicators that show significant factor loadings, internal consistency, and convergent validity. All things considered, the measurement model shows that latent variables can be effectively assessed. This is demonstrated by the high factor loadings, strong internal consistency, and respectable convergent validity across a range of indicators.",
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"text": "4. Discriminant Validity",
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"text": "The degree to which several constructs are distinct from one another as shown by latent variables is evaluated using discriminant validity. To prove discriminant validity, each latent variable's average variance extracted (AVE) must be higher than the squared correlations with all other variables.",
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"text": "Volume 5, Number 1, 2024 https://ijble.com/index.php/journal/index",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Discriminant Validity",
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"text": "Latent Variable Pricing Strategy Promotional Activities Market Research Supply Chain Management Marketing Performance Pricing Strategy 0.364 Promotional Activities 0.143 0.496 Market Research 0.215 0.294 0.466 Supply Chain Management 0.183 0.275 0.323 0.565 Marketing Performance 0.156 0.213 0.296 0.247 0.493",
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"text": "It is imperative that each unique variance for each construct in the measurement model be accurately captured. This may be achieved by looking at the table that shows the squared correlations between latent variables and the corresponding average variance extracted (AVE) values on the diagonal. The pricing strategy has squared correlations ranging from 0.143 to 0.364 with other latent variables (promotional activities, market research, supply chain management, and marketing performance metrics). Crucially, the squared correlation with its own AVE (0.609) is higher than those of other variables, highlighting the unique characteristics of Pricing Strategy and supporting discriminant validity. The discriminant validity of marketing performance metrics, supply chain management, market research, and promotional activities is also demonstrated by greater squared correlations with their own AVEs (0.657 to 0.752) than with other latent variables. This thorough research confirms the distinctive qualities of every construct within the studied framework and highlights the measurement model's resilience.",
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"text": "5. Structural Model",
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"text": "The suggested model's latent variable associations were investigated using the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) technique. The findings shed light on the direct and indirect implications that supply chain management, market research, pricing strategy, and promotional activities have on the marketing performance of Indonesian start-ups.",
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"text": "Path Coefficient T-Value p-Value Pricing Strategy → Marketing Performance 0.353 3.816 0.000 Promotional Activities → Marketing Performance 0.286 2.683 0.003 Market Research → Marketing Performance 0.424 4.565 0.000 Supply Chain Management → Marketing Performance 0.307 3.123 0.001",
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"text": "Understanding the effects of pricing strategy, promotional activities, market research, and supply chain management on marketing performance in Indonesian start-ups is made possible by the structural model's results, which provide insightful information about the relationships between latent variables. A stronger correlation between pricing strategy efficacy and marketing performance is shown by the path coefficient between pricing strategy and marketing performance, which is 0.353 when important components are analyzed. This association is supported by the statistically significant T-value of 3.816. A high T-value of 2.683, together with a positive path coefficient of 0.286 between promotional activities and marketing performance, further supports the beneficial influence of successful promotional efforts on marketing",
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"text": "performance. The path coefficient of 0.424 and the very significant T-value of 4.565 indicate a strong correlation between marketing performance and market research, highlighting the critical role that good market research plays in this regard. The beneficial impact of supply chain management on marketing performance is demonstrated by its positive path coefficient of 0.307 and significant T-value of 3.123. All in all, the statistically significant T-values and positive path coefficients for the latent variables show that supply chain management, market research, pricing strategy, and promotional activities all work together to improve marketing performance in Indonesian start-ups.",
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"text": "Discussion",
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"text": "1. The Impact of Pricing Strategy on Marketing Performance",
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"text": "The strategic importance of pricing decisions in Indonesian startups is highlighted by the positive path correlation between pricing strategy and marketing performance. This result is consistent with the body of research that highlights how important pricing is in shaping consumers' opinions and the competitive landscape. To maximize marketing performance, startups should understand the complex relationships that exist between pricing strategies, market dynamics, and consumer behavior.",
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"text": "To maximize marketing performance, startups need understand the complex relationships that exist between price strategy, market dynamics, and consumer behavior. (Diadyk et al., 2023; Filipishina et al., 2020; Gao, 2023; Karami et al., 2022; Neubert, 2022) This study highlights the crucial role that pricing tactics have in marketing and investigates the ways in which they can vary depending on the industry. Customer data-driven dynamic pricing techniques are becoming more and more common as a means of shaping consumer attitudes and behavior. Since pricing is a co-evolutionary process that requires learning from client encounters, control-oriented pricing techniques are critical for digital service entrepreneurs. The significance of price as a measure of product quality and the requirement for a sophisticated situational approach to pricing are underscored by psychological aspects of customer behavior. Marketers can improve their pricing decisions by having a greater understanding of the cognitive processes involved in price perception, such as auditory coding.",
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"text": "2. Promotional Activities as a Driver of Marketing Performance",
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"text": "Effective promotion is crucial in the competitive landscape, as evidenced by the positive association that has been found between promotional activities and marketing performance. Enhancing marketing performance seems to require integrating a range of promotional channels, such as influencer marketing and social media initiatives. This aligns with how customer involvement is changing, which highlights the need of having a wide range of promotions.",
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"text": "Integrating many marketing channels, such as influencer marketing and social media campaigns, is essential for enhancing marketing efficacy and attaining all- encompassing customer involvement. Scholars and marketers have taken a keen interest in the growth of social media influencers, with studies concentrating on the impact of influencers on consumer behavior and the utilization of influencers in marketing tactics (Rosário et al., 2023). Moreover, video has shown to be an effective way for firms to interact with customers, and social media influencers produce a lot of video content for the internet (Pradhan et al., 2023). Furthermore, social media-based influencer marketing has successfully transformed the way companies communicate",
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"text": "with customers, giving them the opportunity to raise brand awareness and visibility for their products (Weismueller et al., 2023). Enterprises venturing into foreign markets can leverage influencer marketing tactics to secure a greater portion of the market and enhance their overall performance. However, they might encounter challenges when trying to align their products with appropriate influencers and agencies (Raghani & Jadvani, 2022). In general, marketing performance and customer engagement can be enhanced by combining influencer marketing into a whole promotional mix.",
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"text": "3. The Role of Market Research in Shaping Marketing Performance",
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"text": "A substantial path coefficient that connects marketing effectiveness to market research emphasizes how important insight-based decision-making is. Startups are better positioned to match customer needs with their offers when they strategically and extensively invest in market research. Waithaka's research, which discovered that competitive intelligence's strategic inputs significantly impact Kenyan commercial banks' competitive advantage (Neamah Hattab et al., 2023), lends weight to this conclusion. Furthermore, Sabeeh's research shown that technological know-how, resources, and strategic competencies all contribute to a sustained competitive advantage (Alshurideh, Al Kurdi, Alzoubi, et al., 2022). Additionally, a study by Ahmed et al. found that aspects of strategic intelligence like knowledge management, competitive intelligence, business intelligence, and information systems have a statistically significant effect on organizational effectiveness, creative culture, organizational core capabilities, and strategic flexibility —all of which are factors that contribute to long-term competitive advantage (Aripin, 2022). These results are consistent with the body of research that highlights the strategic importance of market intelligence in building long-term competitive advantage.",
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"text": "4. The Effect of Supply Chain Management on Marketing Performance",
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"height": 232,
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"text": "The correlation between supply chain management and marketing performance is positive, indicating a linkage between marketing outcomes and operational efficiency. To increase marketing effectiveness and consumer happiness, efficient fulfillment and logistical procedures are essential. Supply chain factors must be included into marketing strategies for startups that want to grow sustainably. This promotes client loyalty, lowers expenses, and guarantees the timely delivery of goods and services (Alshurideh, Al Kurdi, Shammout, et al., 2022; Drobiazgiewicz, 2018; Kovács & Illés, 2019). Businesses can save money, gain more time, and increase overall efficiency by simplifying supply chain procedures and stages (Trushkina, 2019). In the retail sector, marketing logistics is essential for differentiating oneself from the competition and boosting earnings (Dadzie et al., 2022). The pharmaceutical sector depends on efficient logistics management because it affects both the company's reputation and societal well-being. In emerging markets with strong logistics performance, integrating marketing with logistics in the basic supply chain leads to better market share performance. All things considered, start-ups must incorporate supply chain considerations into their marketing plans in order to achieve long-term growth and client pleasure.",
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"text": "5. Practical Implications for Indonesian Start-ups",
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"text": "A price plan that is in line with consumer perceptions and market conditions should be carefully crafted by startups. Marketing performance can be maximized by taking a balanced approach that takes value-based, competitive, cost-plus, and dynamic pricing into account. Startups can reach a larger audience by utilizing a range of promotional activities, such as influencer marketing, traditional advertising, social",
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"text": "Volume 5, Number 1, 2024",
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"text": "media campaigns, and other tactics. It is imperative to tailor advertising campaigns to the preferences of the intended audience. Investing in thorough market research enables firms to anticipate client wants, adjust to market trends, and make well- informed decisions. Maintaining flexibility and responsiveness requires constant observation of market conditions. Understanding the mutually beneficial relationship between supply chain management and marketing helps entrepreneurs fulfill their commitments, boost customer happiness, and enhance their marketing results.",
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"text": "6. Limitations and Areas for Future Research",
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"text": "Though the results provide insightful information, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations. The applicability of this research to other contexts may be restricted because it is focused exclusively on Indonesian companies. In order to gain a more thorough understanding, future research might examine how these associations change over time and use longitudinal data.",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "To sum up, this research advances knowledge on the variables affecting marketing effectiveness in Indonesian start-ups. The study highlights how crucial pricing choices, successful marketing campaigns, in-depth market analysis, and good supply chain management are from a strategic standpoint. The beneficial connections found offer insightful information to business owners trying to negotiate the difficulties of the startup ecosystem. The necessity of varied promotional mixes, the requirement for market research to inform decisions, and the incorporation of supply chain considerations into marketing strategy are some of the practical ramifications. Although the study has certain limitations due to its context-specific character, overall, the findings provide a solid basis for future research and a road map for start-ups looking to maximize marketing success in competitive and dynamic marketplaces.",
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"text": "Dampak Penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok Terhadap Minat dan Prestasi Belajar PAI",
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"text": "Afrizal Refo",
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"text": "Institut Agama Islam Negeri Langsa, Indonesia",
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"text": "Corresponding Author : [email protected]",
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"text": "25 Juni 2021",
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"text": "04 Juli 2021 Accepted 21 Juli 2021",
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"text": "This study aims to determine how the positive and negative impacts of using the Tiktok application on interest and achievement in PAI learning on students at SMAN 1 Langsa and to find out how to increase interest and achievement in PAI learning on students at SMAN 1 Langsa. Interest in learning, especially in PAI subjects, is very important. If children experience dependence on the Tiktok application, this will affect interest in learning so that it reduces study time and student achievement will decrease because the concentration of learning in children is reduced. In using the Tiktok application, it is also not good if done continuously. If done continuously, it will result in someone being addicted to using the Tiktok application, so that interest and learning achievement in students decreases. This research is a type of descriptive research using a qualitative approach. Data collection uses observation, interview, and documentation methods. While data analysis uses data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that between the positive impact and the negative impact of using the Tiktok application, there were more negative impacts, the positive impact was only to fill students' boredom and the negative impact resulted in students not concentrating on learning, lack of interest in learning religion, and students' learning achievement decreased, students use their cellphones more to use the Tiktok application every day for at least 4 hours each time using the application so that students do not read books, do not do the homework given by the teacher and the teacher explains the lesson students are sleepy because they stay up late using the Tiktok application until late at night. Keywords The Impact of Using the Tiktok Application, Interest and Achievement, Islamic Education Learning, Students.",
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"text": "Kehidupan manusia yang bermula dari kesederhanaan kini menjadi kehidupan yang bisa dikategorikan sangat modern. Di jaman yang semakin canggihnya teknologi informasi dan komunikasi yang berkembang saat sekarang, segala sesuatu dapat diselesaikan dengan cara-cara yang praktis. Teknologi informasi dan komunikasi adalah sesuatu yang bermanfaat untuk mempermudah semua aspek kehidupan manusia. Dunia informasi saat ini seakan tidak bisa terlepas dari teknologi. Penggunaan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi oleh masyarakat menjadikan dunia teknologi semakin lama semakin canggih.",
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"text": "Salah satunya dalam bidang teknologi komunikasi seperti adanya smartphone dan internet, membuat manusia semakin meningkatkan cara komunikasinya. Berbagai macam media untuk berkomunikasi pun hadir untuk memudahkan manusia berinteraksi. Seiring",
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"text": "ALACRITY : Journal Of Education Volume 1 No 2 Juni (2021) Page : 109-117",
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"text": "dengan perkembangan zaman, teknologi internet sudah menjadi kebutuhan bagi masyarakat, hal inilah yang melahirkan media sosial. Media sosial merupakan media online, yaitu media yang hanya ada dengan menggunakan internet dimana para penggunanya bisa menuangkan ide, mengekspresikan diri, dan menggunakan sesuai dengan kebutuhannya. Kehadiran media sosial memberikan kemudahan bagi manusia untuk berkomunikasi dan bersosialisasi.",
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"text": "Salah satu aplikasi di media sosial yang saat ini sedang booming dikalangan anak- anak, remaja bahkan orang dewasa yaitu Tiktok. Tiktok adalah aplikasi buatan dari negeri Tirai Bambu lebih tepatnya Tiongkok, aplikasi yang platformnya khusus video, musik dan Foto, spesifik pada perusahaan ByteDance. Tiktok adalah aplikasi yang pada dasarnya merupakan media untuk berjoget ria. Seiring berjalannya waktu, aplikasi ini menjadi banyak penggunanya dan juga terdapat bebagai macam konten. Pada masa pandemi yang mengharuskan kita melakukan aktivitas di rumah malah membuat orang lebih sering tidur-tiduran, menatap layar ponsel sambil tertawa sendiri karena melihat foto atau video lucu yang muncul di media sosial.",
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"text": "Kemajuan kemajuan tersebut dapat memberikan perubahan yang sangat berpengaruh bagi kehidupan. Pengaruh-pengaruh tersebut sebagian ada yang memberikan nilai positif dan negatifnya. Tergantung pada bagaimana setiap orang memanfaatkannya. Kehadiran internet bisa dibilang terlambat di Indonesia, namun dapat dibilang sangat cepat perkembangannya. Masa sekarang ini banyak pula anak-anak, remaja, bahkan orang dewasa yang beralih untuk memainkan permainan berbasis internet daripada permainan yang bersifat tradisional.",
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"text": "Salah satu pengguna media sosial dimasa sekarang adalah pelajar, karena dengan menggunakan media sosial pelajar dapat dengan mudah berkomunikasi jarak jauh maupun jarak dekat tanpa harus bertemu ataupun tatap muka. Begitupun dengan Aplikasi Tiktok yang sangat popular di kalangan remaja. Penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok tidak hanya meningkatkan keterampilan intelektual ataupun fisik tetapi ada sisi lain jika terlalu berlebihan dalam memainkannya maka akan muncul dampak negatif dari penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok ini seperti minat belajar dan prestasi belajar PAI pada siswa yang menurun. Asumsi yang ada minat belajar dapat dilihat dengan prestasi dan perspektif kognitif dari siswa. Paradigma dalam sebuah perkembangan teknologi adalah untuk membantu dan menstimulus motivasi belajar baik aspek kognitif maupun psikomotor para peserta didik di era modernisasi sekarang. Tetapi faktanya perkembangan teknologi dan adanya Aplikasi Tiktok membuat arus balik sehingga mayoritas para pecandu Aplikasi Tiktok menurunkan minat belajar PAI dan prestasi belajar siswa.",
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"text": "Beberapa masalah belajar Siswa SMA Negeri 1 Kota Langsa dalam mengikuti pelajaran didapatkan dari observasi peneliti, mengenai siswa yang menunjukan kurangnya minat belajar PAI yang akan berdampak pada prestasi belajarnya. Aplikasi Tiktok memiliki dampak yang sangat besar, terutama pada remaja. Penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok ini dapat menyebabkan mereka menjadi kecanduan. Kecanduan menikmati penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok dapat berdampak buruk baik dalam pendidikan maupun",
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"text": "sosial, Aplikasi Tiktok dapat mengakibatkan membangun pemain yang membuang sosial dalam kenyataan.",
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"text": "Minat belajar khususnya pada mata pelajaran PAI ini sangat penting. Jika anak mengalami ketergantungan pada aplikasi Tiktok , ini akan mempengaruhi minat belajar sehingga mengurangi waktu belajar dan prestasi belajar siswa akan menurun karena konsenterasi belajar pada anak bekurang. Banyaknya waktu yang dihabiskan untuk penggunaan Tiktok ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap perilaku siswa seperti tidak konsenterasi di saat guru menerangkan, malas belajar, bolos sekolah, dan juga akan berpengaruh pada kesehatan serta emosionalnya.",
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"text": "Dalam penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok ini juga tidaklah baik jika dilakukan secara terus menerus. Jika dilakukan secara terus menerus akan mengakibatkan seseorang kecanduan penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok , sehingga minat dan prestasi belajar pada siswa menurun, apa yang mereka kerjakan, apa yang mereka lakukan akan membuat mereka menjadi kurang fokus, ingin cepat-cepat selesai dan tidak akan sempurna apa saja yang mereka lakukan karena mereka ingin cepat-cepat untuk penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok .",
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"text": "Dalam hal ini, Aplikasi Tiktok yang sedang maraknya saat ini dapat memberi dampak kepada minat dan prestasi belajar PAI pada siswa karena waktu yang dihabiskan lebih banyak untuk penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok. Maka dari itu, peneliti ingin mengetahui lebih dalam mengenai “Dampak Penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok Terhadap Minat dan Prestasi Belajar PAI Pada Siswa Di SMA Negeri 1 Langsa”.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Metode deskriptif adalah suatu metode dalam meneliti status kelompok manusia, suatu objek, suatu kondisi, suatu sistem pemirikan ataupun suatu peristiwa pada sekarang. Tujuan dari penelitian deskriptif ini adalah untuk membuat deskriptif ini adalah untuk membuat deskriptif, gambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, faktual, dan akurat mengenai fakta- fakta, sifat-sifat serta hubugan antar fenomena yang diselidiki.",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian ini digunakan penelitian lapangan. Penelitian lapangan adalah penelitian yang dilakukan secara intensif, terperinci, dan mendalam terhadap objek tertentu yang membutuhkan analisa secara menyeluruh. Untuk memperoleh data penulis melakukan pengamatan objek penelitian di SMA Negeri 1 Langsa dimana penelitian ini peneliti turun langsung ke lapangan yang akan dijadikan objek penelitian.",
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"text": "Lokasi penelitian adalah lokasi yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian untuk memperoleh data yang diinginkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Langsa, waktu penelitian mulai dari tanggal 22 januari sampai 23 februari 2021 dimana penelitian ini peneliti turun langsung ke lapangan yang akan dijadikan objek penelitian.",
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"text": "HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN Hasil Pengertian Aplikasi Tiktok",
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"text": "TikTok adalah platform media sosial video yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk membuat konten pendek dengan durasi 15-60 detik. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, TikTok telah menjadi fenomena budaya populer di seluruh dunia, terutama di kalangan Generasi Z (kelompok usia 6-24 tahun). Fenomena ini telah memperlihatkan dampak yang signifikan pada masyarakat dan budaya kontemporer.",
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"text": "Belakangan, TikTok telah menciptakan ruang baru untuk kreativitas dan ekspresi diri. Pengguna dapat membuat video dengan latar belakang musik, filter, dan efek visual yang kreatif dan menarik. Hal ini telah menghasilkan banyak konten yang unik dan inovatif, yang seringkali menjadi viral di seluruh dunia. TikTok memberikan platform bagi pengguna untuk mengekspresikan diri mereka secara kreatif, dan ini telah memperlihatkan dampak positif pada kesehatan mental mereka.",
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"text": "Namun, TikTok juga telah menimbulkan beberapa kekhawatiran. Beberapa pengguna telah menciptakan konten yang tidak pantas atau tidak etis, termasuk konten yang mengandung pelecehan, kekerasan, dan diskriminasi. Karena aplikasi ini dapat diakses oleh anak-anak di bawah umur, kekhawatiran atas pengaruh negatifnya pada mereka semakin meningkat.",
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"text": "Semakin berkembangnya teknologi membuat Aplikasi Tiktok semakin marak, dan hal ini merupakan menjadi kebahagiaan tersendiri bagi para Tiktokers . TikTok adalah aplikasi buatan dari negeri Tirai Bambu lebih tepatnya Tiongkok, aplikasi yang platformnya khusus video, musik dan Foto, spesifik pada perusahaan ByteDance. Ketenaran dari Tik Tok sendiri telah terbukti dengan bergabung Rich Chigga dalam acara Official Warm Up Party yang diadakan dalam rangka Djakarta Warehouse Project (DWP) ditahun sebelumnya, dengan jumlah penonton yang luar biasa.",
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"text": "Aplikasi ini hampir dengan aplikasi lain, layaknya Musical.ly, Selain itu, bukti boomingnya aplikasi tiktok dilihat dari nilai reviewnya yang sangat tinggi di Play Store maupun App Store yaitu 4,6. Rating yang hampir sempurna, memadukan Artificial Intelligence dan Image Capture. di Google Play atau Play Store rata-rata yang mengomentari aplikasi tiktok ini adalah kaum hawa dan remaja-remaja di bawah umur.",
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"text": "Minat adalah rasa lebih suka dan rasa keterikatan pada suatu hal atau aktivitas, tanpa ada yang menyuruh. Minat pada dasarnya adalah penerimaan akan suatu hubungan antara diri sendiri dengan sesuatu di luar diri. Semakim kuat atau dekat hubungan tersebut, semakin besar minatnya. Minat ialah sebagai daya gerak yang mendorong pada diri seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu yang mereka senangi. Sehingga mereka bisa memenuhi rasa puas terhadap hal yang mereka senangi.",
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"text": "Minat ialah kecenderungan yang tetap untuk memperhatikan dan mengenal beberapa kegiatan. Kegiatan yang dimiliki seseorang diperhatikan terus menerus yang",
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"text": "disertai rasa sayang. Slameto mengemukakan bahwa minat merupakan kecenderungan yang tetap untuk memperhatikan dan mengenang beberapa kegiatan, kegiatan yang diminati seseorang, diperhatikan terus yang disertai dengan rasa kasih sayang. Bahkan pelajaran yang menarik minat peserta didik lebih mudah dipelajari dan disimpan karena minat menambah semangat dalam kegiatan belajar. oleh karena itu menambah minat siswa di dalam menerima pembelajaran yang diberikan di sekolah, maka peserta didik diharapkan dapat mengembangkan minat untuk melakukannya sendiri.",
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"text": "Pengertian Prestasi Belajar",
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"text": "Prestasi ialah kalimat yang terdiri dari dua kata, yaitu prestasi dan belajar. Prestasi menurut Mas’ud Hasan Abdul Dahar adalah apa yang telah dapat diciptakan, hasil pekerjaan, hasil yang menyenangkan hati yang diperoleh dengan jalan keuletan kerja. Jadi prestasi ialah suatu kegiatan yang telah dikerjakan, diciptakan, yang menyengangkan hati, yang diperoleh dengan jalan keuletan kerja, baik secara individual ataupun kelompok dalam bidang kegiatan tertentu. Sedangkan belajar adalah perubahan tingkah laku atau penampilan dengan serangkaian kegiatan.",
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"text": "Belajar adalah suatu perubahan yang terjadi melalui latihan atau pengalaman. Dalam proses pembelajaran, unsur kegiatan belajar memegang peranan yang penting. Oleh karena itu, penting sekali bagi setiap guru memahami sebaik-baiknya tentang proses belajar peserta didik agar dapat memberikan bimbingan dan menyediakan lingkungan belajar yang tepat dan serasi bagi peserta didik. Minat berfungsi sebagai pendorong keinginan seseorang, penguat hasrat, dan sebagai penggerak dalam berbuat yang berasal dari dalam diri seseorang untuk melakukan suatu dengan tujuan dan arah tingkah laku sehari-hari.",
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"text": "Pendidikan agama Islam (PAI) merupakan suatu pembelajaran yang dilakukan oleh seseorang ataupun instansi pendidikan yang memberikan beberapa materi-materi mengenai agama Islam kepada seseorang yang sedang belajar untuk mendalami pengetahuannya dalam agama Islam, baik dari segi materi akademisnya maupun dari segi praktik yang dilakukan sehari harinya.",
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"text": "Siswa",
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"text": "Siswa dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia ialah anak (orang yang sedang berguru/belajar, bersekolah). Menurut istilah siswa adalah setiap orang yang terkait dengan proses pendidikan sepanjang hayat yang belajar di sekolah. Siswa merupakan salah satu komponen dalam pengajaran, disamping faktor guru, tujuan, dan metode pembelajaran. Sebagai salah satu komponen maka dapat dikatakan bahwa siswa ialah komponen yang terpenting diantara komponen lainnya.",
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"text": "Siswa dapat dikatakan sebagai orang yang sedang berguru/belajar, bersekolah. Siswa dalam arti luas ialah setiap orang yang terkait dengan proses pendidikan sepanjang hayat, sedangkan dalam arti sempit ialah setiap siswa yang belajar di sekolah.",
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"text": "Pembahasan",
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"text": "Dampak Positif dan Negatif Aplikasi Tiktok Terhadap Minat dan Prestasi Belajar PAI pada Siswa Di SMAN 1 Langsa",
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"text": "Secara tidak langsung, tiktok menjadi penyebab generasi remaja untuk suka bergoyang ria, Apabila anda termasuk seseorang yang sering aktif di Instagram, pastinya anda akan menjumpai beberapa netizen dengan berbagai video yang dibuat dengan menggunakan aplikasi tiktok ini. Ada yang biasa saja, dan ada yang Luar Biasa, luar biasa keterlaluan. Bahkan ada beberapa remaja dan anak-anak bergoyang ria yang tidak wajar. Membuat video yang tidak sewajarnya, bahkan tidak hanya remaja saja mereka melibatkan anak-anak kecil dalam pembuatan video tiktok demi respon yang banyak dari netizen , berani bernyanyi lagu dan berakting orang dewasa.",
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"text": "Apabila ini dianggap sebagai media hiburan, maka Youtube lebih baik. Memang benar, tujuan aplikasi ini plure untuk hiburan, tapi hiburan yang berlebihan juga tidaklah benar. Kita mungkin sudah akrab dengan berbagai berita viral, yang mengheboh alias miris melibatkan aplikasi ini. Sebenarnya kita dapat mengasah kemampuan menjadi video creator langsung dengan aplikasi-aplikasi yang lebih memadai. Terdapat banyak video yang tidak pantas menjadi contoh yang tidak baik bagi perilaku remaja dan anak jaman sekarang. Mungkin kita juga sudah sama-sama tahu banyaknya video dengan aksi-aksi yang tidak pantas dilakukan penggunanya yang meleceng kepada penistaan agama seperti membuat video berjoged bersama saat melaksanakan sholat. Ironisnya banyak akun yang mengunggah video sejenis tanpa mereka bisa menyadari bahwa video yang mereka tiru itu bukanlah hal yang pantas untuk di tiru yang dapat membuat kenakalan anak jaman sekarang semakin beragam. Dalam hal ini diperlukan peran keluarga dan peran orang tua dalam mendidik anak-anaknya dengan memberikan pengarahan pada anak yang kecanduan tiktok. Belum lagi adanya kasus-kasus lain yang memberikan dampak negatif pada penggunanya karena melakukan aksi yang kurang baik yang pada akhirnya merugikan diri sendiri.",
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"text": "Seseorang menjadi terlalu kreatif demi video yang lucu dan menarik sehingga tidak mampu menilai mana yang pantas dan mana yang tidak. Banyak remaja yang memang kreatif dalam membuat video agar bisa mendapat banyak respon dari orang lain. Tapi mereka menjadi seperti tidak berpikir dahulu sebelum merekam apa yang mereka lakukan. Mungkin mereka hanya berpikir bagaimana cara membuat video yang ok, bagus, menarik dan banyak respon dari penonton tanpa peduli dengan apa yang mereka tampilkan itu baik atau buruk untuk orang lain maupun dirinya sendiri.",
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"text": "Penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok pada siswa kalangan remaja memiliki dampak positif dan negatif. Dari hasil wawancara peneliti ditemukan bahwa lebih banyak dampak negatifnya ketimbang dampak positif. Penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok memang dapat berdampak positif, tetapi jika dibiarkan berlarut-larut hingga mengarah pada kondisi tertentu maka akan memberikan dampak negatif, diantaranya yaitu menimbulkan rasa malas belajar khususnya pelajaran agama dengan hasil belajar yang menurun, hal ini disebabkan kelelahan yang ditimbulkan setelah penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok , mengantuk disaat guru",
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"text": "menerangkan pelajaran, minat serta prestasi belajar yang menurun dikarenakan siswa hanya kepikiran Tiktok saja, ketika guru memerintahkan siswa untuk membuka HP mencari pelajaran siswa malah memainkan Aplikasi Tiktok . Siswa harus mempertimbangkan apakah hal ini berbahaya atau tidak. Karena dampak negatif dari Aplikasi Tiktok itu merugikan diri sendiri.",
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"text": "Aktivitas penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok yang berlebihan ini akan menimbulkan dampak negatif yang mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan pada manusia salah satunya yaitu gangguan penglihatan pada mata ( astenopia ). Astenopia atau sering disebut sebagai kelelahan visual merupakan kelainan yang ditandai dengan gejala somatic atau persepsi seperti sakit kepala, penglihatan kabur, mata kering, dan sensasi benda asing disekitar mata. Dampak negatif Aplikasi Tiktok ini akan mengakibatkan gangguan masalah tidur yang mana akan beranjak menimbulkan masalah baru lain seperti terganggunya konsenterasi belajar, mengurangi produktivitas, stres, dan depresi pada seseorang.",
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"text": "Meningkatkan minat dan prestasi belajar PAI pada siswa di SMAN 1 Langsa",
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"text": "Minat sangat berpengaruh dengan prestasi belajar sebab minat siswa dalam belajar merupakan penentu derajat keaktifan. Jika ada siswa yang kurang berminat dalam belajar, dapat diusahakan dengan cara menjelaskan hal-hal yang menarik bagi kehidupan serta hal-hal yang berhubugan dengan cita-cita kaitannya dengan materi yang dipelajari, terkhusus mata pelajaran agama. Apabila siswa bosan dalam belajar materi agama tidak memilili minat sesuai dengan minat siswa tentu siswa tidak akan belajar dengan baik sebab tidak ada ketertarikan pada siswa untuk mempelajari materi agama Islam, terlebih lagi jika siswa yang tidak konsenterasi dalam belajar, hanya sibuk penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok saja maka minat dan prestasi belajar agama menurun. Untuk mengatasi hal demikian, guru memiliki usaha agar menciptakan kondisi tertentu agar siswa memiliki ketertarikan untuk belajar. Dari hasil wawancara peneliti, kondisi tersebut dapat dibangun dengan cara mengemas materi agar sesuai dengan dunia siswa, menerapkan model serta media ajar yang menyenangkan, selain itu juga dapat dilakukan dengan mengembangkan variasi gaya mengajar dan jangan sampai guru tidak bisa menguasai kelas. Terdapat berbagai jenis model serta media ajar yang dapat guru pilih sesuai dengan materi yang diajarkan agar dapat menumbuhkan minat belajar siswa dan memperoleh hasil prestasi belajar yang memuaskan.",
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"text": "Penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok pada siswa kalangan remaja memiliki dampak positif dan negatif. Dari hasil wawancara peneliti ditemukan bahwa lebih banyak dampak negatifnya ketimbang dampak positif. Penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok memang dapat berdampak positif, tetapi jika dibiarkan berlarut-larut hingga mengarah pada kondisi tertentu maka akan memberikan dampak negatif, diantaranya yaitu menimbulkan rasa malas belajar khususnya pelajaran agama dengan hasil prestasi belajar yang menurun, hal ini disebabkan kelelahan yang ditimbulkan setelah penggunaan Aplikasi Tiktok , mengantuk disaat guru menerangkan pelajaran, minat serta prestasi belajar yang menurun",
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"text": "dikarenakan siswa hanya kepikiran Tiktok saja, ketika guru memerintahkan siswa untuk membuka HP mencari pelajaran siswa malah memainkan Aplikasi Tiktok .",
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"text": "Guru memiliki usaha agar menciptakan kondisi tertentu agar siswa memiliki ketertarikan untuk belajar. Dari hasil wawancara peneliti, kondisi tersebut dapat dibangun dengan cara mengemas materi agar sesuai dengan dunia siswa, menerapkan model serta media ajar yang menyenangkan, selain itu juga dapat dilakukan dengan mengembangkan variasi gaya mengajar dan jangan sampai guru tidak bisa menguasai kelas. Terdapat berbagai jenis model serta media ajar yang dapat guru pilih sesuai dengan materi yang diajarkan agar dapat menumbuhkan minat belajar siswa dan memperoleh hasil prestasi belajar yang memuaskan.",
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"text": "A.M, Sadirman. 2010. Interaksi dan Motivasi Belajar Mengajar , Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.",
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"text": "Dahar, Mas’ud Hasan Abdul. 2015. Belajar dan Pembelajaran , Bandung: CV Pustaka Setia. Furhan, Arif. 2004. Transformasi Pendidikan Islam di Indonesia, Yogyakarta: Gama Media.",
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"text": "Hamalik, Oemar. 2011. Proses Belajar Mengajar , Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.",
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"text": "Hikmah, Lailatul. 2020. Problematika Pembelajaran Fiqh Di Mts Muhammadiyah, FTIK: Universitas Negeri Raden Lampung.",
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"text": "Iman, Khothibul. 2015. “ Pengembangan Bakat dan Minat ”, Insania, 2, Juli -Desember. Jahja, Yudrik. 2012. Psikologi Perkembangan, Jakarta: Kencana Persada Media Group. Majid, Abdul. 2006. Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Kompetensi Konsep dan Implementasi Kurikulum 2004 , Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, Cet. Ke-6.",
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"text": "Yee, N. 2013. Motivations of Play in Online Tiktoks. Cyberpschology dan Behavior , 26 februari. Yusuf, Muri. 2017. Metode Penelitian: Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan Penelitian Gabungan , Jakarta: Kencana.",
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"text": "Zamroni, M. Rosidi. Suryaman, Nizar. and Jalaluddin, Ahmad. 2013.“ Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Permainan Untuk Pembelajaran Anak Menggunakan HTML 5” , no. 2 .",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi",
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"text": "Lembaga Penellitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Vol 24, No 2 (2024): Juli, 1856-1863 DOI: 10.33087/jiubj.v24i2.5364",
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"text": "Analisis Potensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari",
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"text": "Reni Devita, Muhammad Emil, Khuluqon Azima, Rasdi",
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"text": "Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Batanghari Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstract. By employing descriptive analysis and questionnaires distributed to all Batanghari University students, this study seeks to ascertain the entrepreneurial potential analysis of the student body. As part of the entrepreneurship education plan in higher education, the Entrepreneurial Student Program (PMW) was created to promote an entrepreneurial spirit and encourage entrepreneurial activity so that college graduates become more job creators. On the other hand, it is uncommon to discover a graduate who wishes to launch his business as soon as he graduates from college. The failure of this endeavor is said to have resulted from a lack of seriousness in attempting and appreciating pupils' potential. Six criteria can be used to evaluate a student's entrepreneurial potential: personality, self-control, creativity, drive or desire, risk-taking daring, and self- assurance. Recognizing a student's potential might, in some ways, give insight into how much they believe they still need to study in order to become even better. Gaining awareness of your entire being, including your advantages and shortcomings, is what it means to know oneself. These insights might prove invaluable in your entrepreneurial endeavors.",
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"text": "Keywords: analisis, self-potential, entrepreneurship",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Kemajuan suatu negara sering kali ditandai oleh peningkatan jumlah orang yang berpendidikan. Namun, hal ini juga dapat berujung pada meningkatnya angka pengangguran. Oleh karena itu, pentingnya peran wirausaha menjadi semakin nyata. Pembangunan akan lebih sukses jika didukung oleh wirausaha yang mampu membuka lapangan kerja, mengingat kemampuan pemerintah untuk melakukannya sangat terbatas. Wirausaha adalah elemen penting dalam pembangunan, baik dari segi jumlah maupun kualitas. Di Indonesia, meskipun jumlah dan kualitas wirausaha masih kurang memadai dibandingkan dengan total populasi, keberadaan mereka sangat diperlukan sebagai pendukung utama kemajuan ekonomi bangsa. Teori dan definisi wirausaha berkembang dari istilah Prancis \"entrepreneur,\" yang berarti individu yang mengubah sistem ekonomi dengan memperkenalkan produk dan jasa baru, menciptakan bentuk organisasi baru, atau memproses bahan baku baru (Alma, 2013). Definisi ini menyoroti kemampuan wirausaha dalam melihat dan memanfaatkan peluang. Proses kewirausahaan mencakup berbagai kegiatan dan tindakan yang bertujuan untuk mengejar serta memanfaatkan peluang tersebut.",
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"text": "Sejak tahun 1973, Indonesia telah mulai mengeksplorasi program kewirausahaan, yang",
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"text": "kemudian mengalami perkembangan pesat pada era 90-an melalui kolaborasi antara institusi pemerintah dan perguruan tinggi. Inisiatif ini juga melibatkan kerjasama internasional dengan lembaga-lembaga seperti Bank Dunia, Organisasi Buruh Internasional (ILO), Program Pembangunan PBB (UNDP), serta berbagai organisasi non-pemerintah global lainnya. Berbagai program percobaan telah diperkenalkan untuk memajukan kewirausahaan, seperti Tenaga Kerja Sukarela Terdidik (TKST), Tenaga Kerja Pemuda Mandiri Profesional (TKPMP), Program Kewirausahaan Pemuda, dan Program Usaha Mandiri. Fokus utama dari program-program ini adalah untuk mendukung kelompok masyarakat terdidik, termasuk lulusan SMA/SMK dan sarjana, dengan harapan dapat mengurangi tingkat pengangguran terdidik dengan menciptakan peluang kerja baru. Evaluasi terhadap implementasi program- program tersebut hingga tahun 2005 menunjukkan bahwa kewirausahaan merupakan agenda strategis jangka panjang, di mana hasilnya membutuhkan waktu untuk muncul dan diimplementasikan secara efektif. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah memberikan prioritas kepada institusi pendidikan, terutama perguruan tinggi, untuk memasukkan kurikulum kewirausahaan sebagai bagian integral dari strategi nasional.",
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"text": "Reni Devita et al., Analisis Potensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari",
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"text": "Pada tahun 2009, pemerintah bersama perguruan tinggi memperkenalkan program pembelajaran kewirausahaan bagi mahasiswa, seperti Program Mahasiswa Wirausaha (PMW) dan Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa Kewirausahaan (PKMK). Inisiatif ini bertujuan untuk mengubah orientasi lulusan perguruan tinggi dari sekadar mencari pekerjaan menjadi menciptakan lapangan kerja. Pembentukan ide- ide ini muncul dari perdebatan tentang apakah kewirausahaan adalah bakat alamiah atau keterampilan yang dapat diajarkan. Melalui dana hibah dari Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi (Dirjen Dikti), mahasiswa didorong untuk mengembangkan keterampilan kewirausahaan, dengan besaran hibah berkisar antara Rp. 4 - 25 juta per kelompok. Namun, karena sejumlah faktor, program PMW akhirnya dihentikan dan hanya PKMK yang tetap berlanjut.",
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"text": "Menurut Hendra (2011), banyak perguruan tinggi di Singapura, Malaysia, Australia, Inggris, Amerika, dan negara lainnya telah menyertakan kewirausahaan sebagai salah satu mata kuliah utama. Kebijakan serupa juga diterapkan di berbagai Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis di universitas-universitas di Indonesia, di mana kewirausahaan menjadi bagian integral dari kurikulum yang harus ditempuh oleh setiap mahasiswa. Nurhasanah dkk (2021) berasumsi bahwa dunia pendidikan tinggi memiliki potensi besar dalam membentuk karakter yang baik. Proses pendidikan di perguruan tinggi memiliki peran strategis dalam menciptakan karakter unggul bagi manusia Indonesia. Peran pengajar sangat penting dalam mentransfer semangat membangun karakter bangsa kepada mahasiswa. Salah satu langkah nyata dalam membangun karakter mahasiswa adalah melalui internalisasi nilai-nilai dalam proses pembelajaran. Penting untuk mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai tersebut ke dalam kurikulum, mempertimbangkan materi yang diajarkan dan nilai-nilai yang ingin ditanamkan melalui strategi pembelajaran yang tepat.",
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"text": "Sebagai bagian dari upaya pendidikan kewirausahaan di perguruan tinggi, tujuannya adalah untuk mendukung mahasiswa yang memiliki potensi dalam berwirausaha dan memulai usaha berbasis ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, dan seni. Fasilitas yang disediakan termasuk pendidikan dan pelatihan kewirausahaan, magang, penyusunan rencana bisnis, dukungan modal, pendampingan, serta pembinaan usaha yang berkelanjutan. Program ini diharapkan dapat mendukung visi-misi",
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"text": "pemerintah dalam menciptakan lapangan kerja dan pemberdayaan ekonomi, khususnya di Universitas Batanghari. Pemilihan mahasiswa sebagai subjek penelitian didasarkan pada keyakinan bahwa mereka dapat mewakili potensi wirausaha di Universitas Batanghari, Jambi, yang sedang berkembang. Mereka dianggap memiliki pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang dunia usaha dibandingkan dengan mahasiswa yang belum mengikuti mata kuliah kewirausahaan, dan faktor-faktor seperti usia, pengalaman belajar, dan tahun sukses dapat dikendalikan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan analisis potensi kewirausahaan mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari.",
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"text": "Tinjauan Pustaka Potensi diri",
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"text": "Potensi diri mencakup berbagai kemampuan dan kekuatan, baik yang belum terlihat maupun yang sudah diketahui tetapi belum dimanfaatkan sepenuhnya. Dalam konteks kewirausahaan, ini merujuk pada kapasitas dan kekuatan seseorang dalam mengelola atau menjalankan usaha. Potensi diri dapat dikategorikan menjadi beberapa aspek, yaitu: (Gardner, 2004)",
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"text": "1. Kemampuan dasar, yang meliputi tingkat intelegensi, kemampuan abstraksi, logika, dan daya tangkap. Kemampuan dasar ini menentukan seberapa cepat dan efektif seseorang bisa memahami dan memproses informasi.",
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"text": "2. Etos kerja, termasuk ketekunan, ketelitian, efisiensi kerja, dan kemampuan bertahan di bawah tekanan. Etos kerja yang kuat membantu individu mencapai tujuan dengan cara yang efektif dan efisien.",
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"text": "3. Kepribadian, mencakup pola keseluruhan dari kemampuan, tindakan, dan kebiasaan seseorang yang melibatkan aspek fisik, mental, emosional, dan sosial. Kepribadian ini dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor eksternal seperti lingkungan dan pengalaman hidup.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya Gardner (2004) menyatakan bahwa intelegensi adalah salah satu potensi yang paling krusial, yang terbagi menjadi beberapa jenis:",
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"text": "1. Intelegensi linguistik, kemampuan untuk menggunakan dan mengolah kata secara efektif, baik dalam bentuk lisan maupun tulisan. Kemampuan ini sering terlihat pada penulis, editor, dan jurnalis.",
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"text": "Reni Devita et al., Analisis Potensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari",
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"text": "2. Intelegensi matematis-logis, kemampuan terkait penggunaan angka dan pola logika serta perhitungan. Kemampuan ini penting bagi ilmuwan, matematikawan, dan insinyur. 3. Intelegensi spasial, kemampuan mengenali bentuk dan objek dengan akurat serta memahami dunia visual dengan cepat. Kemampuan ini sering ditemukan pada arsitek, desainer, dan pelukis.",
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"text": "4. Intelegensi kinestetik-badani, kemampuan menggunakan gerakan tubuh untuk mengekspresikan ide dan perasaan. Kemampuan ini sangat penting bagi aktor, penari, atlet, dan ahli bedah.",
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"text": "5. Intelegensi musikal, kemampuan untuk mengembangkan, mengekspresikan, dan menikmati bentuk-bentuk musik dan suara. Musisi, komposer, dan penyanyi sering memiliki kemampuan ini.",
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"text": "6. Intelegensi interpersonal, kemampuan",
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"text": "memahami dan merespons perasaan, motivasi, dan karakter orang lain. Kemampuan ini penting bagi pemimpin, konselor, dan fasilitator.",
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"text": "7. Intelegensi intrapersonal, kemampuan untuk mengenali dan memahami diri sendiri, berkaitan dengan refleksi diri dan keseimbangan internal.",
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"text": "9. Intelegensi eksistensial, kemampuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan mendalam tentang eksistensi manusia, seperti makna hidup dan alasan keberadaan.",
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"text": "Untuk mengembangkan potensi diri, dibutuhkan upaya keras karena tanpa usaha untuk mengasah dan mewujudkannya, potensi tersebut tidak akan memberikan dampak yang signifikan. Proses pengembangan potensi ini melibatkan pembelajaran terus-menerus, pengalaman praktis, dan refleksi diri yang mendalam.",
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"text": "Potensi Kewirausahaan",
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"text": "Pendidikan serta pengalaman dalam bisnis kecil sangat krusial untuk membangun dan mengembangkan kewirausahaan yang sukses (Alma, 2008). Motivasi untuk menjadi wirausahawan juga berasal dari teman sekelas, lingkungan keluarga, komunitas, dan sahabat, di mana mereka dapat berdiskusi tentang ide dan masalah yang dihadapi serta cara-cara untuk mengatasinya. Menurut Zimmerer & Scarborough (2002), meskipun memulai dan",
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"text": "mengelola sebuah bisnis tidak menjamin bahwa pengusaha akan menghasilkan cukup uang untuk mencukupi kebutuhan hidup, kesuksesan dalam bisnis berasal dari kesempatan untuk mengoptimalkan potensi diri sepenuhnya. Rasa ingin tahu adalah elemen kunci dalam menumbuhkan jiwa kewirausahaan pada siswa. Dalam hal menghasilkan uang, minat merupakan komponen penting yang seringkali tidak dimiliki oleh mahasiswa.",
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"text": "Menurut Suryana (2011), terdapat enam elemen yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai potensi diri seorang wirausaha: kepribadian, disiplin diri, kreativitas, dorongan atau keinginan, kepercayaan diri, dan keberanian untuk mengambil risiko.",
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"text": "1. Kepribadian adalah keseluruhan kualitas psikologis yang unik, baik yang diwariskan maupun diperoleh seseorang, yang membuatnya berbeda. Kepribadian seseorang bisa memikat orang lain, menarik simpati, membuat orang tertarik pada",
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"text": "pembicaraannya, dan mengesankan orang lain. Kepribadian seperti ini biasanya membantu seorang wirausaha meraih kesuksesan.",
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"text": "2. Disiplin diri berarti seorang wirausahawan berkomitmen penuh pada pekerjaannya dan tanggung jawabnya. Disiplin ini mencakup ketepatan dalam berbagai hal, seperti ketepatan waktu, kualitas pekerjaan, dan sistem kerja.",
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"text": "dapat mengembangkan disiplin waktu dengan berusaha menyelesaikan tugas tepat pada waktunya.",
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"text": "3. Kreativitas adalah kemampuan untuk menghasilkan kombinasi dan hubungan baru antara elemen, data, dan variabel yang sudah ada sebelumnya.",
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"text": "4. Dorongan atau keinginan untuk berwirausaha dapat timbul dari interaksi dengan teman sebaya, lingkungan keluarga, atau sahabat, di mana mereka bisa berbagi ide wirausaha, membahas masalah, dan mencari solusi bersama.",
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"top": 644,
"width": 220,
"height": 48,
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"text": "5. Keberanian menghadapi risiko muncul ketika masa depan tidak dapat diprediksi. Dengan kata lain, risiko hadir saat terdapat ketidakpastian.",
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{
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"text": "6. Kepercayaan diri Orang yang memiliki kepercayaan diri tinggi adalah mereka yang sudah matang secara fisik dan spiritual. Individu ini dianggap mandiri, tidak bergantung pada orang lain, memiliki rasa tanggung jawab yang tinggi, serta bersikap",
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"text": "Reni Devita et al., Analisis Potensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari",
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"width": 25,
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"text": "1859",
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{
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"width": 205,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "objektif dan kritis, yang merupakan tanda kematangan.",
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"text": "METODE",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan suatu analisis deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk memahami potensi kewirausahaan yang dimiliki oleh mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari. Pendekatan data yang digunakan meliputi:",
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"text": "1. Data Utama. Data utama adalah informasi primer yang diperlukan dalam penelitian ini, yang diperoleh langsung dari responden yang menjadi fokus penelitian. Pengumpulannya dilakukan melalui wawancara tatap muka dan distribusi kuesioner kepada seluruh Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari yang sedang menjalani KKN.",
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{
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"page_number": 4,
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"text": "2. Data Tambahan. Data tambahan merupakan informasi sekunder yang telah diolah lebih lanjut dan berfungsi sebagai pendukung dalam penelitian. Sumber data tambahan ini meliputi sejarah Universitas Batanghari, struktur organisasi, dan statistik jumlah Mahasiswa yang tersedia secara internal di lembaga pendidikan tersebut.",
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"text": "Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi: Badan Administrasi Akademik dan Kemahasiswaan (BAAK)",
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"text": "Universitas; dan kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada responden, yaitu mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari. Dalam penelitian ini, populasi sasaran adalah mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari dari tahun 2018 hingga 2022, dengan jumlah total sebanyak 3.125 orang. Untuk menentukan ukuran sampel, digunakan rumus Slovin (Sugiyono, 2019).",
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"text": "n = 𝑁 1+𝑁𝑒 2 Keterangan : n = ukuran sampel/jumlah responden; N = ukuran populasi; E = presentase kelongaran ketelitian di tolerir e 0,1.",
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"text": "Dalam rumus Slovin ada ketentuan sebagai berikut: jika nilai e = 0,1 (10 %) untuk populasi jumlah besar; dan jika nilai e = 0,1 (20 %) untuk populasi jumlah kecil. Jadi rentang sampel yang dapat diambil dari teknik Slovin adalah antara 10% - 20 % dari populasi penelitian. Jumlah populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 3.125 mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari, dan presentase kelonggaran yang digunakan adalah 10% dan hasil perhitungan dapat dibulatkan untuk mencapai kesesuaian. Sehingga untuk mengetahui jumlah sampel penelitian dilakukan perhitungan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "n =",
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"text": "3.125",
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"text": "1+3.125(0,1) 2 n = 98,8 dibulatkan menjadi 99 hasil perhitungan menunjukkan jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 99 mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 307,
"top": 146,
"width": 220,
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"text": "Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif. Menurut Umar (2013), analisis deskriptif bertujuan untuk menyesuaikan keadaan sebenarnya dan menggambarkan karakteristik peristiwa yang diamati serta menyimpulkan secara tepat dan komprehensif berdasarkan metode ilmiah, dengan menggunakan teori-teori yang relevan dan konsep yang sesuai dengan permasalahan sebagai dasar dalam analisis. Dalam penelitian ini, metode pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada responden. Untuk mengukur setiap variabel dalam penelitian ini, digunakan skala Likert yang memiliki 5 poin. Para responden diminta memberikan jawaban yang mencerminkan sejauh mana mereka merespons positif atau negatif terhadap pertanyaan yang terdapat dalam kuesioner. Jawaban alternatif ini diberi skor mulai dari 1 (nilai terendah) hingga 5 (nilai tertinggi).",
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"text": "Tabel 1",
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"text": "SkalaPengukuran Instrument",
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"text": "Jawaban Nilai Sangat Setuju Skor 5 Setuju Skor 4 Ragu ragu Skor 3 Tidak Setuju Skor 2 Sangat Tidak Setuju Skor 1",
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"text": "Sumber: Umar (2013)",
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"text": "Sugiyono (2018) mengemukakan bahwa skor setiap komponen yang diselidiki dapat dihitung dengan mengalikan frekuensi data dengan bobotnya. Rumus yang digunakan adalah: skor terendah = bobot terendah x jumlah sampel; skor tetinggi = bobot tertinggi x jumlah sampel; skor terendah = 1 x 99 = 99; skor tertinggi = 5 x 99 = 495. Sedangkan untuk mencari rentang skala adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Rentang Skala = 𝑛(𝑚−1) 𝑚",
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"text": "Dimana: n = jumlah sampel; m = jumlah alternatif jawaban item",
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"text": "Rentang skala = 99(5−1) 5 = 79,2",
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"text": "Reni Devita et al., Analisis Potensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 501,
"top": 797,
"width": 25,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1860",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"width": 172,
"height": 105,
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"text": "Tabel 2 Rentang Skala Skor Kategori 99 - 177,1 Sangat Rendah 178,2 - 276,2 Rendah 277,2 - 375,2 sedang 376,2 - 474,2 Tinggi 475,2 - 495 Sangat Tinggi Sumber: Sugiyono (2018)",
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"width": 219,
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"text": "Dalam konteks pengukuran data dari kuesioner, data yang diperoleh dari skala Likert",
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"text": "dianggap sebagai data ordinal. Variabel yang akan diukur diuraikan menjadi indikator- indikator variabel. Indikator tersebut kemudian dijadikan dasar untuk menyusun item-item instrumen, yang bisa berupa pernyataan atau pertanyaan. Dalam analisis kuantitatif, jawaban- jawaban diberi skor nilai 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (Sugiyono, 2018).",
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"text": "HASIL",
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"text": "Tabel 1",
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"left": 63,
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"width": 470,
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"text": "Hasil Responden Terhadap Indikator Kepribadian Mahasiswa Unbari 2018-2022 -2022 No. Pernyataan SR R S T ST skor Keterangan 1 2 3 4 5 1. Wirausaha suka membrontak dalam hal hal yag tidak sesuai dengan keinginan 39 33 18 9 - 195 Rendah 2. Wirausaha itu mempunyai Sikap keras kepala dalam melakukan pekerjaan. 50 33 6 5 5 179 Rendah 3 Wirausaha mempunyai inisiatif yang baik bagi kemahasiswaan wirausaha mempunyai inisiatif yang baik bagi kemajuan usaha. - 4 14 58 23 397 Tinggi 4 Wirausaha mampu bekerja sama dan berinteraksi dengan baik sesama tim. 5 8 7 55 24 382 Tinggi 5 Seorang wirausaha Senang menyendiri, karena dengan menyendiri mendapatkan ide - 20 20 39 20 356 Tinggi 6 Wirausaha berkeinginan untuk menjadi pemimpin yang bertanggung jawab 5 2 9 63 20 388 Tinggi 7 Seorang wirausaha Senang menyendiri, karena dengan menyendiri mendapatkan ide ide. 5 2 7 47 38 408 Tinggi Total 2.305 Rata-rata 329,3 Sedang",
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"top": 480,
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"text": "Sumber: data olahan",
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"text": "Tabel 1 menjelaskan hasil responden terhadap pernyataan Kepribadian pada nomor 1 dan 2 dikategorikan rendah, sementara pernyataan nomor 3 hingga 7 dikategorikan tinggi. Rata-rata jawaban dari indikator kepribadian adalah 329,3, menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan responden memberikan jawaban yang tinggi.",
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"text": "Sedangkan Tabel 2 menjelaskan hasil responden terhadap pernyataan tentang disiplin diri dari nomor 1 hingga 9 semuanya tinggi. Rata-rata jawaban dari indikator disiplin diri adalah 421,3, menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan responden memberikan tanggapan yang tinggi.",
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"text": "Tabel 2",
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"text": "Hasil Responden Terhadap Indikator Disiplin diri",
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"text": "No. Pernyataan SR R S T ST skor Keterangan 1 2 3 4 5 1. Wirausaha itu harus Bersikap kukuh dalam pendirian 6 3 65 25 406 Tinggi",
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"text": "2. Bertanggung jawab dengan tugas:",
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"text": "- Wirausaha selalu memaksakan diri untuk sesuatu yang tidak disukai",
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"text": "- Wirausaha selalu konsentrasi dalam mengerjakan sesuatu.",
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"text": "- Wirausaha Mau belajar dari kesalahan",
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{
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"top": 748,
"width": 164,
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"text": "- Wirausaha mampu bekerja sama dan",
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{
"left": 108,
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "berinteraksi dengan baik sesama tim 2 59 38 432 Tinggi",
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"left": 72,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Reni Devita et al., Analisis Potensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 501,
"top": 796,
"width": 25,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1861",
"type": "Page footer"
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"left": 61,
"top": 75,
"width": 475,
"height": 360,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "3. Wirausaha mempunyai disiplin yang tinggi 6 39 54 444 Tinggi 4. Wirausaha Berkorban untuk pekerjaan 5 51 43 434 Tinggi 5. Wirausaha selalu memaksakan diri untuk sesuatu yang tidak disukai 4 30 32 33 361 Tinggi 6. Konsentrasi 3 4 60 32 418 Tinggi 7. Wirausaha selalu konsentrasi dalam mengerjakan sesuatu 1 10 50 38 422 Tinggi 8. Mau belajar dari kesalahan 1 4 40 54 444 Tinggi 9. Wirausaha mampu bekerja sama dan berinteraksi dengan baik sesama tim 1 5 51 42 431 Tinggi Total 3.792 Rata-rata 421,3 Tinggi Sumber: data olahan Tabel 3 Hasil Responden Terhadap Indikator Kreatifitas No. Pernyataan SR R S T ST skor Keterangan 1 2 3 4 5 1. Wirausaha mempunyai banyak inisiatif untuk menyelesaikan masalah 1 2 4 65 25 402 Tinggi 2. Wirausaha Menggap masalah sebagai tantaWirausaha selalu mempunyai ide-ide baru ngan 1 1 6 52 39 424 Tinggi 3. Wirausaha selalu mempunyai ide-ide baru 2 5 52 40 427 Tinggi 4. Pandai menyesuaikan dir 3 4 57 35 421 Tinggi 5. Bersikap terbuka pada hal-hal yang baru 4 4 51 40 424 Tinggi 6. Mempunyai Imajinasi yang tinggi 1 3 2 52 41 426 Tinggi 7. Menggunakan cara-cara baru dalam melakukan sesuatu 1 1 6 45 46 431 Tinggi Total 2.955 Rata-rata 422.1 Tinggi",
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"text": "Tabel 3 menjelaskan hasil responden terhadap pernyataan tentang kreativitas dari nomor 1 hingga 7 semuanya tinggi. Rata-rata jawaban dari indikator kreativitas adalah 422,1 menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan, responden memberikan jawaban yang tinggi.",
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"text": "Sedangkan Tabel 4 menjelaskan hasil responden terhadap pernyataan tentang dorongan dari nomor 1 hingga 8 semuanya tinggi. Rata-rata jawaban dari indikator dorongan adalah 416,6, menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan responden memberikan tanggapan yang tinggi. Tabel 4",
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"text": "No. Pernyataan SR R S T ST skor Keterangan 1 2 3 4 5",
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"text": "1. Mempunyai dorongan untuk melakukan sesuatu 4 6 6 58 25 391 Tinggi 2. Eingina Keinginan yang teguh mengerjakan sesuatu 5 4 5 40 45 413 Tinggi 3. Wirausaha Bersersedia berkorban untuk Mewujudkan keinginan 1 3 9 51 35 413 Tinggi 4. Memiliki Keberanian 1 6 47 45 432 Tinggi 5. Penuh Niat 1 1 8 50 39 422 Tinggi 6. Kukuh 1 1 7 45 45 429 Tinggi 7. Positif 4 5 40 50 383 Tinggi 8. Tepat Hati 4 37 58 450 Tinggi Total 3.792 Rata-rata 416,6 Tinggi Sumber: data olahan",
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"text": "Reni Devita et al., Analisis Potensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 501,
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"width": 25,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1862",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "Tabel 5",
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"text": "Hasil Responden Terhadap Indikator Keberanian",
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"width": 452,
"height": 125,
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"text": "No. Pernyataan SR R S T ST skor Keterangan 1 2 3 4 5 1. Wirausaha berani menghadapi resiko 4 3 66 26 411 Tinggi 2. Berani Mengambil resiko 1 5 1 53 39 421 Tinggi 3. Suka pada tantangan 1 1 6 51 40 425 Tinggi 4. Memanfaatkan kesempatan dengan baik 2 1 1 47 48 435 Tinggi 5. Berani berspekulasi 1 2 1 50 45 433 Tinggi 6. Tidak gentar dengan kegagalan 1 2 3 50 43 429 Tinggi 7. Berani mencoba sesuatu yang baru 1 1 3 39 55 433 Tinggi Total 2.987 Rata-rata 426,7 Tinggi",
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"text": "Tabel 5 menjelaskan hasil responden terhadap pernyataan tentang keberanian dari nomor 1 hingga 7 adalah tinggi. Rata-rata jawaban dari indikator keberanian adalah 426,7, menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan, responden memberikan jawaban yang tinggi. Sedangkan Tabel 6 menjelaskan bahwa hasil",
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"text": "No. Pernyataan SR R S T ST skor Keterangan 1 2 3 4 5 1. Keteguhan 2 1 2 61 33 419 Tinggi 2. Tidak ketergantungan 6 8 36 49 419 Tinggi 3. Kepribadian mantap 1 1 4 50 43 430 Tinggi 4. Optimisme 1 1 4 40 53 440 Tinggi 5. Percaya pada diri sendiri 2 2 40 53 433 Tinggi Total 2.141 Rata-rata 428,2 Tinggi Sumber: data olahan",
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"text": "Menurut teori yang digunakan Suryana (2011) untuk mengembangkan diri sebagai seorang wirausahawan potensial, langkah pertama adalah mengenali potensi diri secara menyeluruh, termasuk bagaimana orang lain menilai kita. Mahasiswa wirausaha perlu memahami perilaku, sikap, dan sistem nilai yang membentuk kepribadian mereka. Selain kepribadian, mereka juga perlu mengenali kemampuan diri, yang didasarkan pada pengetahuan dan keterampilan.",
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"text": "Pengetahuan yang penting bagi mahasiswa wirausaha meliputi pemahaman tentang diri sendiri, lingkungan, bidang usaha yang diminati, serta proses dan sistem yang terlibat dalam bisnis. Mereka perlu tahu apa yang harus dilakukan, bagaimana cara melakukannya, serta memahami risiko yang terlibat dan cara mengelolanya. Dengan kata lain, mereka harus memiliki pengetahuan yang",
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"text": "memadai untuk mengarahkan diri, mengidentifikasi peluang bisnis, merancang konsep bisnis, membuat perencanaan, masuk ke pasar, mengelola operasi bisnis (baik dalam organisasi maupun secara independen), dan akhirnya, meraih keuntungan dan mengembangkan diri.",
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"text": "Selain pengetahuan, keterampilan juga sangat penting bagi mahasiswa wirausaha. Keterampilan yang harus dimiliki termasuk: (1) kemampuan untuk merancang strategi dan mengevaluasi risiko dengan cermat; (2) kemampuan kepemimpinan dan manajemen yang efektif; (3) kemampuan teknis yang spesifik dalam bidang usaha yang dijalankan; (4) kemampuan berkomunikasi yang baik dan mampu berinteraksi secara efektif dengan berbagai pihak terkait; dan (5) kemampuan untuk bersikap kreatif dalam menciptakan nilai tambah dalam usaha yang dijalankan.",
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"text": "Reni Devita et al., Analisis Potensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari",
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"text": "1863",
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"text": "Keterampilan tidak hanya penting untuk dipahami, tetapi juga memerlukan pelatihan yang tepat guna mengembangkan dan mempertajam kemampuan yang dimiliki. Dalam menjalankan usaha, penilaian terhadap diri sendiri dan dari sudut pandang eksternal akan sangat menentukan kesuksesan atau kegagalan usaha. Suryana (2011) menyatakan bahwa penilaian terhadap potensi diri seorang wirausahawan melibatkan enam aspek esensial: kepribadian, disiplin diri, kreativitas, dorongan atau motivasi, keberanian menghadapi risiko, dan kepercayaan diri.",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa indikator kepribadian mahasiswa Universitas Batanghari dalam kategori sedang. Ini menunjukan bahwa mahasiswa tidak suka dengan kepribadian kewirausahaan yang suka membrontak dan keras kepala.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"height": 98,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Alma, Buchari. 2013. Kewirausahaan , Bandung: Alfabeta. Ali, H., Limakrisna. 2013. Metode Penelitian Petunjuk Praktis untuk Memecahkan. Masalah Bisnis, Penyusunan Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi . Jakarta: Universitas Alma, Buchari. 2008, Kewirausahaan Untuk Mahasiswa dan Umum . Bandung:",
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"text": "Alfabeta. Gardner, H. 2004. Changing minds: The art and science of changing our own and other people’s minds . Boston: Harvard Business School Press.",
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"top": 530,
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"text": "Hendra. 2011. Dasar-Dasar Kewirausahaan .",
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"text": "Nurhasanah, A., Adya Pribadi, R., & Nur, M. D.",
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"text": "2021. Analisis",
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"text": "Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang , 7 (02), 484 - 493 Sugiyono, 2019. Metode Penelitian Kombinasi",
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"text": "(Mixed Methods) . Bandung: Alfabeta.",
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"text": "Suryana, 2011. Kewirausahaan Pedoman",
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"top": 644,
"width": 219,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Praktis: Kiat dan Proses Menuju Sukses , Edisi Ketiga, Penerbit Salemba, Jakarta. Umar Husein. 2013. Metode Penelitian Untuk Skripsi dan Tesis . Jakarta: Rajawali.",
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"text": "Zimmerer, Thomas W dan Scarborough, Norman M. 2002. Kewirausahaan dan Manajemen.UsahaKecil ,",
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"text": "Salemba Empat",
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157766c7-d1e4-7156-d4a0-9dc3e67fe438 | https://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/ecej/article/download/9238/4152 | [
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"text": "CEEJ : VOL 3 NO 2 APRIL 2022 *E-ISSN : 2686-6129 Community Education Engagement Journal http://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/ecej",
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"text": "Arnaz Anggoro Saputro S1 Pendidikan Jasmani, STKIP PGRI Jombang [email protected]",
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"text": "Kasus Covid-19 gelombang 3 dengan virus jenis baru yaitu omnicorn di Kabupaten Jombang menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah yang cukup signifikan dalam satu bulan terakhir. Hal ini dikarenakan Kabupaten Jombang telah menjadi pusat aktivitas dan mobilitas masyarakat yang cukup tinggi. Jumlah kasus Covid-19 di Kabupaten Jombang per tanggal 22 Februari 2022 adalah sebanyak 14.669 kasus dengan 1561 kasus kematian. Melihat kasus Covid-19 yang terus mengalami peningkatan, pemerintah",
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"text": "Kabupaten Jombang juga menerapkan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat berbasis Mikro PPKM level 3 di Wilayah Kabupaten Jombang dalam Rangka Percepatan Penanganan Covid-19, memiliki kasus Covid-19 paling tinggi dengan jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi positif sebesar 14.669 kasus dengan 1561 kematian per tanggal 22 Februari 2022. Klub bola basket Golden Ways Basketball salah satu klub bolabasket yang dinaungi oleh Perbasi Jombang dan bertempat latihan di lapangan bola basket SMP 1 Diwek Jombang, dimana klub ini dalam dua bulan terakhir sudah memulai latihan selama pandemi Covid-19. Klub tersebut beralamat di Jl. Raya Bandung No.56, Ceweng, Kec. Diwek, Kabupaten Jombang, Jawa Timur 61471, dan masuk di wilayah Kecamatan Diwek.",
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"text": "Kabupaten Jombang via Instagram yang diperoleh, Kecamatan Diwek merupakan kecamatan dengan kasus Covid-19 peringkat dua setelah Kecamatan Jombang yaitu sebanyak 1276 kasus per tanggal 22 Februari 2022. Permasalahan di masyarakat antara lain masih",
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"text": "The 3rd wave of Covid-19 cases with a new type of virus, namely omnicorn in Jombang Regency, showed a significant increase in the number in the past month. This is because Jombang Regency has become the center of activity and community mobility is quite high. The number of Covid-19 cases in Jombang Regency as of February 22, 2022 was 14,669 cases with 1561 deaths. Seeing the Covid-19 case which continues to increase, the Jombang Regency government has also implemented the Imposition of Restrictions on Community Activities based on Micro PPKM level 3 in the Jombang Regency Area in the Context of Accelerating the Handling of Covid-19, having the highest Covid-19 cases with the number of positive confirmed cases of 14,669. cases with 1561 deaths as of 22 February 2022. Golden Ways Basketball basketball club, one of the basketball clubs under the auspices of Perbasi Jombang and training at the basketball court of SMP 1 Diwek Jombang, where the club has in the last two months started training during the Covid pandemic -19. The club is located at Jl. Raya Bandung No. 56, Ceweng, Kec. Diwek, Jombang Regency, East Java 61471, and is included in the Diwek District area. Based on data from the Jombang District Health Office via Instagram, Diwek District is the sub-district with the second rank of Covid-19 cases after Jombang District, which is 1276 cases as of February 22, 2022. Problems in the community, among others, are many who do not understand the prevention of Covid-19 transmission. 19 of these include the importance of wearing masks. The form of activity is in the form of COVID-19 prevention training for",
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"text": "banyak yang belum paham pencegahan penularan Covid-19 ini diantaranya pentingnya menggunakan masker. Bentuk kegiatan berupa pelatihan pencegahan COVID-19 kepada pemain klub bola basket Golden Ways Basketball dan bagaimana bentuk pencegahannya. Pelatihan diberikan melalui virtual Zoom Meeting mengingat penularan virus yang masih cepat serta pembagian Handsanitizer kepada pemain Klub bola basket Golden Ways Basketball Kata Kunci : Covid-19, Golden Ways Basketball ,",
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"text": "players of the Golden Ways Basketball basketball club and how to prevent it. The training was given through a virtual Zoom Meeting considering the fast transmission of the virus and the distribution of Handsanitizer to the players of the Golden Ways Basketball Club Keyword : Covid-19, Golden Ways Basketball , Handsanitizer",
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"text": "Receiv Received Maret 2022* Accepted Maret 2022* Publish April 2022, Volume 3 Nomor 2 DOI : https://doi.org/10.25299/ceej.2022.",
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"text": "Sejak kasus pertama di Wuhan, jumlah kasus Covid-19 di China meningkat setiap hari, dengan puncaknya pada akhir Januari hingga awal Februari 2020. Hingga 30 Januari 2020, terdapat 7.736 kasus terkonfirmasi Covid-19 di China, dengan tambahan 86 dilaporkan dari berbagai negara. Pada 12 Maret 2020, WHO menyatakan Covid 19 sebagai pandemi. Kemudian, per 23 April 2020, terdapat 2.549.632 kasus terkonfirmasi dan 175.825 kematian yang tersebar di 213 negara/wilayah di seluruh dunia (Susilo, 2020).",
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"text": "Kasus Covid-19 pertama dilaporkan dalam 2 kasus di Indonesia pada 2 Maret 2020. Menurut data per 31 Maret 2020, 1.528 kasus terkonfirmasi dan 136 kematian terkonfirmasi. Angka kematian Covid-19 di Indonesia sebesar 8,9%, tertinggi di Asia Tenggara. Hingga 23 April 2020, data terakhir kasus positif terkonfirmasi sebanyak 7.775 orang dengan kematian 647 orang (covid19.go.id). Saat ini, penularan SARSCoV2 dari manusia ke manusia menjadi sumber utama penularan, sehingga penyebarannya semakin agresif. Infeksi SARSCoV2 dari pasien yang bergejala terjadi melalui droplet yang dikeluarkan saat batuk dan bersin (Susilo, 2020).",
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"text": "Sejak keputusan negara Indonesia sebagai Corona bencana darurat berdasarkan siapa yang menyarankan, pemerintah mengambil beberapa langkah sebagai kebijakan untuk mencegah transfer Covid19. Ada beberapa pedoman untuk memprediksi jumlah virus Coronavirus di Indonesia. Di antara mereka, dengan memberikan pedoman untuk membatasi kegiatan rumah, kegiatan sekolah ditembakkan dari pekerjaan rumah (bekerja di rumah) dan diberhentikan dalam kegiatan ibadah. Ini adalah kebijakan negara yang memperhitungkan upaya analisis yang mendalam. Kebijakan ini",
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"text": "menginginkan kebijakan untuk mengatasi masalah yang terjadi dengan orang yang konsisten dengan peningkatan kebutuhan dan kepentingan masyarakat (Yunus, 2020).",
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"text": "Salah satu provinsi di Jawa Timur dengan jumlah kasus Covid19 tertinggi adalah Kabupaten Jombang, dengan 14.669 kasus positif, 1.561 kematian, 294 perawatan dan 12.054 pemulihan (Februari 2022) keputusan Bupati Jombang. Kecamatan Diwek merupakan salah satu kecamatan di Kabupaten Jombang yang memiliki mobilitas aktivitas penduduk yang sangat tinggi termasuk olahraga, sehingga salah satu klub bola basket Golden Ways yang berada di bawah organisasi Perbasi Kabupaten Jombang melakukan kegiatan latihan rutin yang tidak memakan waktu. tempat. . di lapangan basket sekolah.. SMP 1 Selam dalam 2 bulan terakhir. Kegiatan olahraga dianjurkan oleh para ahli kesehatan di masa pandemi Covid-19, karena melalui olahraga kita dapat menjaga kondisi tubuh kita dan meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Menjaga kebersihan tangan harus dilakukan di masa pandemi ini. Hand Sanitizer merupakan hand sanitizer yang dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif cuci tangan selain dengan sabun dan air. Kementerian Kesehatan juga mengizinkan masyarakat menggunakan hand sanitizer untuk menjaga kebersihan. Namun dalam situasi saat ini, olahraga sangat dianjurkan sesuai dengan protokol kesehatan, salah satunya penggunaan disinfektan tangan, penggunaan disinfektan tangan juga harus sesuai dengan kebutuhan setiap individu berolahraga.",
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"text": "Dalam hal ini, masih banyak permasalahan di masyarakat yang belum memahami bagaimana mencegah penyebaran COVID-19, termasuk penerapan protokol kesehatan yang direkomendasikan pemerintah, khususnya penggunaan cadar, cuci tangan. , penggunaan hand sanitizer dan perawatan. jarak. Dan kebiasaan menjaga kebiasaan hidup bersih dan sehat bukanlah hal yang mudah, diperlukan pemahaman dan dorongan individu agar setiap individu lebih disiplin dalam menjaganya. Selama masa pandemi, Golden Ways Basketball Club berlatih secara rutin, dan wajib mematuhi penerapan protokol kesehatan selama pandemi Covid-19, salah satunya penggunaan disinfektan tangan saat latihan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan observasi dan wawancara dengan pelatih Golden Ways Basketball Club, dapat disimpulkan bahwa:",
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"text": "1. Pemain masih kekurangan informasi tentang pencegahan virus Covid-19.",
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"text": "2. Para pemain mengabaikan dan tetap tidak mengikuti protokol kesehatan, salah satunya penggunaan disinfektan tangan di luar ruangan.",
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"text": "Kasus Covid-19 yang meningkat di Kabupaten Jombang khususnya di Kecamatan Diwek dimana klub bola basket berdomisili di wilayah tersebut, maka solusi",
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"text": "permasalahan yang dapat ditawarkan adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan para pemain terkait Covid-19 dan pencegahan penularannya melalui kegiatan pelatihan.",
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"text": "1. Memberikan pelatihan mengenai Covid-19 dan pencegahan penularannya melalui Virtual Zoom Meeting , dikarenakan selama masa pandemi dan program PPKM level 3 tidak diperbolehkan mengumpulkan masyarakat banyak maka metode Virtual Zoom Meeting agar bisa mencegah angka penambahan angka Covid- 19.",
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"text": "2. Pemberian berupa Handsanitizer yang diperuntukkan kepada seluruh anggota klub bola basket Golden Ways Basketball disaat melakukan kegiatan berangkat latihan, disaat latihan dalam porsi latihan rendah maupun sedang dan diwajibkan juga dalam melakukan kegiatan di luar rumah.",
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"text": "e. Kegiatan materi pelatihan, penyerahan handsanitizer.",
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"text": "Kegiatan ini pengabdian masyarakat ini bertema Pelatihan Pencegahan COVID-19 dan Pembagian Handsanitizer Klub Bolabasket Golden Ways Basketball Club .",
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"text": "Kegiatan ini diselenggarakan secara Virtual Zoom.",
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"text": "Memilih materi dengan tepat sasaran sesuai dengan materi pencegahan penularan covid-19, memastikan penggunaan Zoom Meeting yang baik serta jaringan yang bagus kepada pemain Golden Ways Basketball agar bisa menerima materi dengan baik dan distribusi handsanitizer kepada seluruh anggota klub bola basket Golden Ways Basketball.",
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"text": "Kegiatan pengabdian berupa pemberian pelatihan melalui media email serta donasi berupa 100 desinfektan di tangan dilakukan pada tanggal 28 Maret 2022 melalui virtual melalui Zoom Meeting Meeting dengan jumlah 25 pemain dan 3 pelatih. Tujuan kegiatan ini sebagai bentuk antisipasi terhadap penyebaran COVID-19 yang saat ini menjadi ancaman bagi kesehatan global. Acara tersebut disambut antusias oleh ketua klub basket Golden Ways Basketball Kegiatan pelatihan melalui media e-poster dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan keadaan saat ini, yang tidak memungkinkan banyak orang berkumpul untuk kegiatan kepentingan umum. Media email merupakan salah satu bentuk penyampaian informasi kesehatan sebagai pesan melalui media sosial. Isi informasi dapat berupa kalimat atau gambar atau kombinasi. (Halajur, 2018). Media",
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"text": "email yang dikirimkan berisi informasi detail tentang apa itu virus corona seperti Covid-19 dan saat Anda berlatih basket, gejala yang Anda rasakan dan risiko dalam kondisi buruk. Selain itu, media ini memuat informasi tentang upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah infeksi virus ini. Kebiasaan sehat berupa penggunaan cadar, cuci tangan pakai sabun dan penggunaan hand cleaner yang paling sering setelah beraktivitas di luar ruangan, konsumsi makanan yang bergizi dan bila perlu terutama makanan yang meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh, istirahat yang cukup dan olahraga yang teratur. Di masa pandemi ini, perilaku dan disiplin yang direkomendasikan perusahaan diterapkan.",
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"text": "Kegiatan pengabdian Golden Ways Basketball Club tidak hanya berupa pelatihan Covid-19, tetapi juga penyerahan 100 disinfektan di tangan kepada para pemain dan anggota Golden Ways Basketball Club. Hand sanitizer ini diproduksi oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) dengan kandungan alkohol 96%, gliserol 98%, H2O2 3% dan aquades. Komponen tersebut berperan sebagai agen antimikroba bersama dengan komponen yang mempertahankan kelembaban kulit, khususnya gliserol (WHO, 2010).",
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"text": "Secara keseluruhan kegiatan pengabdian virtual ini berjalan lancar selama Zoom Golden Ways Basketball Club Jombang dan mendapat respon yang baik dari ketua klub beserta jajarannya. Berikut dokumentasi pelaksanaan kegiatan yang ditunjukkan pada gambar di bawah ini.",
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"text": "Secara keseluruhan, kegiatan latihan virtual ini berjalan lancar dan disambut baik oleh para pemain dan pelatih Golden Ways Basketball Jombang. Pengetahuan dan pemahaman pemain dan pelatih tentang Covid-19 serta upaya pencegahannya agar tidak terpapar virus diketahui dari informasi yang diberikan peneliti yang sumber emailnya berasal dari manajemen pusat PP Perbasi saat latihan basket di selama pandemi Covid- 19. Situasi pandemi, salah satunya penggunaan disinfektan secara teratur pada tangan pemain saat melakukan latihan dan aktivitas di luar ruangan.",
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"text": "Kegiatan tersebut menghasilkan peningkatan pengetahuan pemain, pelatih Golden Ways Basket Jombang, bahaya Covid-19 dalam memampukan pelatihan dan upaya pencegahan bola basket, serta pemberian desinfektan tangan Golden Ways Basket Jombang di Harapan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan anggota klub tentang pembersih tangan. Jika Anda berolahraga secara teratur sebagai langkah untuk memutus mata rantai Covid-19.",
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"text": "SMP Negeri 1 Diwek berada di Kabupaten Jombang Provinsi Jawa Timur dan berjarak 5 KM dari STKIP PGRI Jombang. Berdasarkan penjelasan di Peta, untuk sampai ke SMP Negeri 1 Diwek dari STKIP PGRI Jombang membutuhkan waktu lebih kurang 11 Menit melalui Jl. Prof. Muh. Yamin.",
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"text": "Adityo Susilo, C. Martin Rumende, Ceva W Pitoyo, Widayat Djoko Santoso, Mira Yulianti, Herikurniawan, Robert Sinto, Gurmeet Singh, Leonard Nainggolan, Erni J Nelwan, Lie Khie Chen, Alvina Widhani, Edwin Wijaya , Bramantya Wicaksana, Maradewi Maksum, Firda Annisa , Chyntia OM Jasirwan, Evy Yunihastuti. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. 2020. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia Vol 7. No. 1 Maret 2020.",
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"text": "Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan Covid-19. Data Sebaran Virus Corona di Indonesia Update 23 April 2020. https://www.covid19.go.id/",
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"text": "Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan Covid-19. Data Sebaran Virus Corona di Kabupaten Jombang Update 22 Februari 2022. http://dinkes.jombangkab.go.id/ Halajur U. (2018). Promosi Kesehatan di Tempat Kerja. Jakarta: Wineka Media Yunus, N.R & Rezki, A. (2020). Kebijakan Pemberlakuan Lock Down Sebagai Antisipasi Penyebaran Corona Virus Covid-19. Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya . 7(3), 227-238.",
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"text": "WHO. (2010). Guide to Local Production : WHO-recommended Handrub Formulation",
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"text": "THE ROLE OF POEMS IN DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING SKILL OF LOW ACHIEVING STUDENTS",
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"text": "Critical thinking is always assumed to deal with critical reading and critical writing that also involve scientific materials. Critical thinking is also judged as the thinking skill limited to smart students only, since there are complicated problems involved, namely linguistic, psychological and cognitive problems. For students with such kinds of condition and situation, they need different materials and strategies adjusted to their characteristics to develop their critical thinking skills. This research showed that low achieving students of English as a foreign language (EFL) successfully improved their critical thinking skills after having activities of the poem interpretation and analysis activities in their Reading classes. This research also proved that when they align in pursuit of critical thinking by reading poems completed with the assignments. These lead the students to engage themselves not only in joyful learning activities of reading but also in training their thinking skills. They could perform interpreting and analysing poems with reasonable points of view. By having descriptive qualitative research for several months, there were crucial factors in optimizing the best performance of the low achieving students of EFL in thinking critically, namely well-designed lesson plans, peer-learning activities, and good teacher feedbacks.",
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"text": "Critical thinking in education becomes a basic need to train students’ thoughts. In this case, education institutions are responsible for providing learning tools and learning activities that enable students to develop their critical thinking skills. In learning processes, the students need critical thinking skills to engage themselves in the process of constructing basic ideas, principles, and theories inherent in content. The students will effectively implement all of them since they are relevant to the s tudents’ lives. If the students can think critically, they will learn how to explore the basic elements of various things, enrich and improve their creative thinking through the formulation of hypotheses, predictions and questions during analysis and discussing activities.",
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"text": "Indeed, critical thinking is an art of analysing and evaluating thinking with an insight to improve. In details, Paul and Elder (2007, p. 4) add that critical thinking is actually self-directed, self-disciplined, self- monitored, and self-corrective thinking which requires standards of mindful thinking involving effective communication abilities in solving problems. In this case, as critical thinkers, the students are able to raise vital questions and problems by formulating them clearly and precisely. Moreover, they could gather and assess relevant information by using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively, come to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions by testing them against relevant criteria and standards, think open-mindedly by recognizing and assessing their assumptions, implications, and consequences, or communicating effectively with others in figuring out solutions for the complex problems.",
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"text": "Unfortunately, most of Indonesian English teachers assume that critical thinking is impossible to be taught within the EFL classroom circumstances because critical thinking is a complex and demanding process. They also believe that critical thinking is something in the human brain which is invisible and impossible to measure. However, other scholars proved that it is possible to teach critical thinking. They are",
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"text": "Brookfield (2005), Buskist & Irons (2009), Connor-Greene & Greene (2002), Cotter & Tally (2009), Dunn et al., (2009) Johanson, (2010), Lawrence et al., (2009), McKeachie & Svinicki, (2006), Paul & Elder, (2006). Also, this skill is said to be measurable as stated by Cuseo, J (2012), Paul and Elder (1996), and Foundation for Critical Thinking (2013). According to these scholars, teaching critical thinking means training students to think critically by using certain learning materials that encourage them to engage in analysing, interpreting, and evaluating information by using their own points of view before formulating, assessing, and concluding their assumptions with logical reasons and proofs. The students will weigh an idea or a thing before accepting or rejecting it. In this case, the students are being involved in analytical and evaluative processes.",
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"text": "To develop students’ critical thinking skills, the teacher needs a particular strategy since the best strategy of teaching determine the success level of the teaching itself. The appropriate strategy of teaching will automatically involve particular steps. Consequently, the teachers must create certain teaching designs through lesson plans including measurement tools to assess the students’ critical thinking. In applying the teaching strategy, the teacher must base on the main factors of learning, namely the characteristics of the students and learning materials. The characteristics of students in a city, for example, are quite different from the characteristics of rural students that lead teachers to use different strategies. In this case, the city students may have higher motivation, self- confidence, and good English proficiency that need different teaching strategy from the rural students who may have less motivation, low self- confidence, and poor English proficiency.",
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"text": "Thus, critical thinking is the intellectual and active process of conceptualizing, applying, analysing, synthesizing, and evaluating information, observations, experiences, reflections, reasoning, or communications in order to respond critically. According to Scriven and",
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"text": "Paul (2012), in its exemplary form of thinking critically, critical thinking relies on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness . The process of critical thinking requires students to acquire and interpret information carefully before drawing conclusions. In other words, the critical thinking process enables students to analyse, evaluate, explain, and restructure their own thinking in order to reach a critical conclusion.",
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"text": "Regrettably, most students in Indonesia, especially those in rural communities, are not familiar with critical thinking. They are accustomed to memorizing new information without reflecting on its context, meaning, or function. To think critically in English is very hard to do for those students. However, such kinds of students are capable of critical thinking when the teachers use effective teaching methods. One such approach to build critical thinking abilities is by reading English poems.",
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"text": "Teaching reading skill is identical to teaching the students to comprehend reading texts. In reading activities, the students will know new information from the texts after they read and understand the texts. Before reading, the students have no prior information served in the text that they are going to read. The role of teachers in teaching reading for senior high school students is stimulating them to be interested in comprehending the texts better using appropriate strategies.",
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"text": "The appropriate strategy of teaching reading that EFL teachers should take is reading with fun. To teach reading with fun, the teacher must use appropriate reading materials. One of the suggested materials is related literature. It is because “ …literature is a performance in words ” (Frost’s quotation in Barnet, 1993, p. 2). It is clear that a pleasure of mental experience of the author is reflected in everything that the students, who act as the readers, see, hear, smell, feel, and taste. Enjoying the experiences",
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"text": "described by the authors, especially through their literary works, is excited for the students.",
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"text": "Beside the appropriate reading materials, teachers must understand several aspects of conducting teaching reading to enable their students to get maximum comprehension towards the reading materials that the students are learning. In this case, the teacher has a significant role to motivate their students to understand. Indeed, the teacher also must be aware that in the process of reading there is a communication between a writer and reader. That is why the teacher should make the students know well that the reading activity deals with the process of decoding and comprehending. It is because the reader in the process of reading tries to catch well what the writer has expressed in the text.",
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"text": "It is clear that critical reading relates to the abilities of students as readers to engage in both literal and interpretative reading. It means that they can master critical reading after they are able to comprehend implicitly and explicitly the text that they are reading. Therefore, teaching reading with poems as learning materials enables the students to be engaged in critical reading which can develop their critical reading skills.",
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"text": "Poems as Materials in Teaching Reading",
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"text": "It is commonly known that poems can bring students not only joy, nourishment and sustainability, but they can help them to develop the reading, writing, and critical thinking skills for success at school. Through poems, the students have many opportunities to express and share their ideas and opinions. It is because there is no single correct way to interpret a poem. Consequently, the students need to think critically. They need to think beyond the text for the interpretation. It is because thinking critically involves reshaping basic assumptions and applying theories that are relevant to the issues. Indeed, to think critically is to take an intellectual risk. Therefore, according to May (1975), teachers can stimulate students",
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"text": "to think critically using poems due to the understanding and appreciating a poem as a creative work is a creative act itself.",
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"text": "Thus, through reading English poems, students will interact with others to discuss the poems, develop their abilities to see existing situations in new ways, and explore their ideas in English. In discussion, students develop critical thinking as they state and justify a point of view and respond to the views of others. Indeed, through reading English poems, the students critically analyse the opinions, points of view, and unstated assumptions embedded in texts. This research offers as an example of demonstrating ways and steps of how to teach reading using poems can improve students’ critical thinking skills.",
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"text": "In order to succeed in teaching reading, especially in attempt to improve the students’ critical thinking skills to students, a teaching- learning object must be available. English poems are considered as the appropriate learning objects in reading activities for developing critical thinking skills to students who live in rural areas with low English vocabularies and grammar and with very minimum facilities of English teaching-learning. For students with such conditions, developing critical thinking skills through reading English poems activities is assumed to be needed for their success. Thus, the research focuses on two questions. The first is related to how the teacher teaches reading using poems to develop the students’ critical thinking skills and the second deals with how the students’ critical thinking skills are after they are taught reading using poems.",
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"text": "Poems pose a challenging cognitive task for the students. Poems make the students try to have the basic understanding of poems before they can develop their own creative interpretation. As a result, the students use their critical thinking skills to construct deep meaning of the poems. It is because understanding a poem involves the construction of meaning since a poem is composed by imagery and choice of the specific words in order to communicate the author’s idea as the meaningful content. Indeed, a",
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"text": "poem also often contains unconventional language or unusual treatment of a topic which make the poem interesting as what is stated by Halonen (1995, p. 112). According to him, the element of surprise is a catalyst for the reader’s critical thinking to understand the very deep mean ing of a poem.",
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"text": "It is agreed that a poem has not only the aesthetic pleasure but also the ability to arouse the sense of surprise. This is in line with the statement of Harrison and Holderith (2009). They viewed that a poem could make both the teacher and students laugh, teach powerful lessons, and renew the souls. A poem helps the students to ponder, observe, ask questions and discover sights, sounds and feelings. Indeed, by using poems, according to McGovern and Hogshead (1990), the teachers can fulfil the basic objectives of promoting learning, fostering analytic and creative thinking, and problem solving. This is because in discussing a poem the students train their problem solving skill, which is essential in constructing their critical thinking skill. In this case, according to Helpern in Nieto, Ana and Saiz (2008), the students have to elaborate the authors’ ideas by forming connections and relationships which enhance learning and critical thinking. Through a poem, the students will develop their vocabulary and critical thinking.",
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"text": "However, not all English poems can be taken as learning materials in teaching reading to develop the critical thinking of low achieving students. There are some considerations that must be undertaken in choosing or selecting English poems as the critical thinking materials of learning for those students. In this case, low achieving students are assumed to have similar English proficiency of young learners or children. There must be vast considerations in selecting English poems for them. The teacher can list some questions in terms of language, sensory images, humour, emotional intensity, quality of imagination, substance and purpose within the poems. They must have fun and interesting aspects as the characteristics of children or young learners.",
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"text": "Dealing to selecting poems as learning materials of reading, Fisher & Natarella (1982) suggest some interesting criteria to take into account. They conducted an investigation on the poems which are preferred much by children. They found that (1) most children preferred narrative poems over lyric poems, (2) limericks were also more liked by children than the haiku, (3) children preferred poems with sound patterns or rhymed poems, (4) children preferred poems with regular and distinctive rhythm, and (5) children liked humorous poems, poems about animals, and poems about enjoyable familiar experiences.",
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"text": "According to Kormanski (1992) the most important criteria of selecting poems is that the teachers must enjoy the poem which they decide to present it to their students. If the teacher likes a poem, for example, this poem will be enjoyed by the students. The teacher will totally and successfully deliver the poem in front of the students. This attitude will interest the students to know more about the poem. Finally, this research will take not only narrative poems due to the fact narrative poems can be able to trigger and interest students to think critically when they are engaged in comprehending, interpreting, and analysing the poems.",
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"text": "Thus, the teacher selected the English poems which gave the students ample opportunities to enrich their English learning experience, extend a range of English language abilities, and develop their critical thinking skills through analysing poems and songs. The teacher designed and sequenced the poems as learning materials and reading activities carefully. As a result, they could strengthen the students’ skills of understanding and appreciating the themes, structures, features and language in a range of poems and songs, helped the students to respond to and give expression to the imaginative ideas, moods and feelings expressed in poems and songs, and enabled the students to have satisfied progress in thinking critically.",
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"text": "Abraham Panavelil who is a Professor of Literature at the University of Nizwa viewed that in selecting the poems, the teacher had to",
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"text": "take into consideration about the needs of the students, their motivation, interest, and cultural background had to be taken into consideration while selecting a poem for the classroom teaching. It was because the shorter poems were easier to use within the class time available.",
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"text": "There were three principles in selecting the poems based on the characteristics of poems (Fisher & Natarella (1982), Komanski (1992), and Panavelil (2001). They were the poems or songs were not only narrative but also humorous, enjoyable, and familiar experiences in which both teacher and students in this research felt interested in knowing more about the poems. The poems and songs preferred by the low achieving students were in terms of its popularities and funny stories inside them. Indeed the songs and poems had low English barriers to the low achieving students that made them understand well about the content. The poems or songs used in this research led the low achieving students to have various interpretations. In short, the teacher considered much on the level of language used in the poems or songs that might fit to the students’ English proficiencies. The teacher did not end up having to explain every single word which could lose the spark of the poems or songs. In this research the students were also supported throughout and were pre-taught some of the vocabularies or given some visual aids like modelling with gestures to help them to be able to tackle more challenging texts than they were used to.",
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"text": "The usefulness of poems in teaching reading was proved successful in developing the critical thinking skills of low achieving students was recommended by Fehl L. Shirley (1983). Shirley saw learning poems as one stage of the process of sharpening thinking skills. According to Shirley (1983), poems helped the students recognize the texts implicitly and explicitly. Indeed, the poems were integrally related to critical thinking. That was why the teacher needed to have deep consideration in choosing the appropriate poems for her students.",
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"text": "In selecting the poems the teacher could also adopt the criteria suggested by Shirley (1983). The first was the language used in the poems.",
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"text": "This meant that the poem used the appropriate and repetition for the beginners. Knowing these helped the teacher guide the students into recognizing and utilizing and using these language techniques when talking about the poems to have good comprehension. The second was how obvious was the rhythm. It dealt to the preference of the students towards the poems whether they were likely to honour the poem with verbal participation, stressing the beat or not.",
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"text": "The pre-reading activity as the warming up consisted of eight activities. The first was greeting and checking the students’ attendance. The second one was giving motivation. Next was checking the dictionary. The teacher also asked the students to form groups of two before distributing each of them a poem on a piece of paper. She then played an easy English song to keep their focus and interest or reading a poem aloud together, modelling and explaining the types of reading questions that reflected critical thinking elements, and asking them to go back to their seats to prepare and complete individual activity.",
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"text": "In pre-reading activities the students worked in pairs or in groups to translate difficult words, phrases, and sentences which they found in the poems. The students discussed them in groups of two. Dictionaries were the main tools during this activity. Because of the need for dictionaries, the teacher started each meeting by checking students for dictionaries. It was clearly stated in the field notes written by the observer.",
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"text": "Therefore, pre-reading activities in this research used by the teacher aimed at preparing the students well for the next reading activities. The teacher also encouraged the students to be more interested in and curious about the poem. As stated in the lesson plans, the teacher used different ways of stimulating the students in the pre-reading activities. They were playing songs using audio aids before the students learned to understand poems in the form of song lyrics and reading poems aloud",
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"text": "before the students analysed them in depth in during-reading activities. At the end of the pre-reading activity, the teacher asked the students to translate orally and classically for every sentence that the teacher read aloud from the poem. By doing this, the teacher knew the students understood every sentence of the poem that they would analyse individually in during- reading activities.",
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"text": "In addition, the most interesting fact that was found in the research was that pre-reading activities took the longest period compared with the periods of the during-reading activities and the post-reading activities. The pre-reading activities used by the teacher could overcome not only the language barriers but also the critical thinking barriers of the students. The language barriers of the low achieving students related to vocabularies, while the barriers of critical thinking for the students dealt with the self- confidence in expressing their feelings and opinions. These two barriers were the basic ingredients that enabled them to achieve better critical thinking skills. That was why the teacher made groups to engage the students in discussions and sharing with their friends.",
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"text": "In earliest meeting, most of low achieving students in this research had a very difficult time not only in thinking independently but also in having any depth to their thought process. The students were turned out to have very little ability to process and think beyond the texts. As low achieving students, they had no sufficient background or understanding of basic vocabularies or idioms used in reading texts. This hindered their abilities to comprehend the texts in order to lead them into higher level of thinking.",
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"text": "Surprisingly, this research proved that the critical thinking skills of low achieving students could be developed after they were taught reading using poems for several meetings. This could be seen clearly in the following chart.",
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"text": "The Table informed that there were good progresses of critical thinking skills of low achieving students. The blue line of the chart represented the results of the post-test that the students did. They achieved better skills of thinking critically after they had engaged in reading activities using poems. The students performed low in thinking critically before the reading activities with poems as reading texts. It was clearly shown by the green line. This line represented the results of the pre-test which had been done by the students. In other words, the results of pre-test and post-test featured that the low students were able to have good achievements in critical thinking skills after they were regularly trained through reading activities with poems. This was in line with Fischer (1980) emphasized that the development of complex thinking skills called as critical thinking skills depended on the appropriate experiences. It means that the students succeeded in performing their critical thinking skills because their classroom experiences had provided sufficient support not only for their critical thinking skill development but also for their optimal",
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"text": "0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Sc ore s' Sc ale Axis Title",
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"text": "performance in thinking critically. As a result, their learning experiences built on the previous experiences, provided proper opportunities for the students to produce better performance, and laid a foundation for further skill development of critical thinking skills.",
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"text": "Thus, it was possible for low achieving students to acquire critical thinking skills. The Low Intermediate students could be trained and taught and they could learn in constant periods. This underlined what Helper (1993) believed that critical thinking skills were not only teachable but also learnable as well. The students became better critical thinkers when they acquired and utilized thinking skills to interpret and analyse information served in poems. In this case the teacher might have effective ways of teaching the students to think such as well-prepared lesson plans, funny narrative poems which were adjustable to the characteristics of low students as learning materials, critical thinking assignments, cooperative learning to eliminate the language constraints, direct oral instructions, and the like. This was related to the statement of Fisher (2001) that directs instruction in critical thinking improves students’ critical thinking skills. That was why the teacher in this research gave direct instruction orally for every reading activity and assignment in order to eliminate the students’ mispercept ions.",
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"text": "In general, the students who developed their critical thinking skills in this research were able to achieve better marks, became less dependent on the teacher and textbooks, and were able to create arguments through logical steps. Through several periodically training in critical thinking skills in reading classes using poems as learning materials, the Low Intermediate students could successfully display their critical thinking skills in interpreting and analysing the poems. The systematic employment of critical thinking into the classroom activities through teaching reading using poems helped the students improve their critical thinking skills.",
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"text": "The clearer description of critical thinking improvements achieved by the students in all meetings can be seen as follows:",
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"text": "The low achieving students who participated in reading activities using poems as learning materials in groups and individually had been found to have performed significantly better on the critical thinking skills. These students developed their critical thinking skills step by step. They were trained regularly and periodically to interpret and analyse the poems in each meeting. In individually the students had been found to have performed significantly better on the critical thinking skills. It indicated that these students were capable of performing interpretation and analysis towards poems at higher intellectual level that were having logical reasoning in these two critical components.",
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"text": "However, the chart indicated that the classroom activities with poems in earlier meetings were still un-familiar for the low students. They were not accustomed to those kinds of things. This affected their performance and results in reading assignments. Consequently, interventions of the teacher might break up the students’ barriers to allow",
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"text": "0 5 10 15 BY AA BA R DF DP S EKR EP K EA PP FM A IA NF IA AR ID PA M RF M NI F NQ A NF NL F NS R NN A NA P NA F RI SD N YS ZR Development of Students' Critical Thinking Skills",
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"text": "Based on the Results of Assignments of All Meetings Pre-Test",
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"text": "Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8 Task 9 Task 10 Task 11 Task 12 Task 13 Post-Test",
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"text": "them to interest, to focus their attention, and to make them more available for learning.",
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"text": "Interpretation and analysis, in this research, were focused on the training of the students to develop their critical thinking skills since both of them were considered as elements of critical thinking. It is in line with the consensus of the Delphi Panel consisting of 46 experts that the researcher cites from Facione (1990, p. 47) which reported that critical thinking is purposeful, self-regulatory judgement that results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference.",
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"text": "Thus, all of those activities of teaching reading using poems, especially for low students, proved that critical thinking skills did not automatically and quickly develop by themselves. The critical thinking skills must be developed and required a great deal of teacher efforts in helping the low students to think critically. Consequently the teacher had to learn first about incorporating critical questioning into her class. Undoubtedly the teacher had the power to trigger, stimulate, develop, and shape the abilities of the low students to think critically. It was in line with what Chalupa and Sormunen (1995) believed that the instructors might be prepared to lead the students towards critical thinking skills. The teacher might be totally ready to create proper lesson plans, to choose best poems for low students, and good critical thinking assignments to train and to measure the low students in thinking critically.",
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"text": "The reading activities are done in groups of two students. The groups are organized based on the learning aspects of the students’ competencies, the learning objectives, and the learning materials. These enhance the optimal interaction of student-student in discussing every single thing to interpret the poems, analyse the poems, and accomplish the assignments that are resulted from their optimal team building spirit, supportive relationships, and communication skills (Erikson, 1956; Piaget, 1959; Tudge, 1992; Nelson, 1994; Rochelle & Teasley, 1995; Johnson &",
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"text": "Johnson, 2000; Rogoff, Turkanis, & Bartlett, 2001; Topping, 2005; Jacobs (2005).",
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"text": "The students in their peer groups solve their language barriers dealing to new vocabularies or new terms that they found in the poems, solve their anxieties in expressing their feeling, and participate meaningfully in their groups. When the students communicate one another, they are involved in face to face interactions which provide one another with feedback, challenged reasoning and conclusions, and teaching and encouraging one another.",
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"text": "The assignments are created in this research not only to assess the critical thinking of the students but also to train the students to think critically. In making the assignments, the teacher considers five dimensions of critical thinking, namely the analysis of thought, the assessment of thought, the dispositions of thought, the skills and abilities of thought, and the obstacles or barriers to critical thought which involve the students in the assessment of thinking (Brownie & Freeman, 2000; Elder, Paul, and Cosgrove, 2013).",
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"text": "The students’ critical thinking skills in this research are assessed and trained using critical thinking assessments in the forms of open-ended questions and critical multiple-choices which focus only on two skills of critical thinking, namely interpreting and analysing poems. The interpreting assignments lead the students to figure the content as an argument or point of view of the author which shared in the poem by using their own words. The analysing assignments guide the students to break down the poem into parts of identifications, namely the setting of narrative poems, themes of poems, and messages expressed by the authors. These analysis activities enable the students to determine the relationship between parts, to develop the relationship of cause and effect in the events, and to search out the reasons of why the characters in the narrative poems behave in such a way.",
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"text": "The teacher feedbacks in this research are oral feedbacks given by the teacher in the post reading activities. The teacher provides sufficient time to give oral feedb acks to the students’ difficulties of interpreting and analysing the poems. In giving the feedbacks, the teacher applies the principles of giving good feedbacks. The teacher points the students to ways in which they can improve their learning and achievement. She focuses on giving the students opportunities to act on the feedback itself, and uses clear, short, simple, motivating words, clear direction, well- developed, and text specific such as “What’s your main point here? If it’s that you disagree, put tha t idea up front and explain”, “Consider integrating these ideas”, and “Be more specific. Say where and when”. She gives the useful feedbacks which indicate how the student can improve, avoids sarcasm, informs, questions, prompts, assesses, encourages and guides the students to achieve the learning outcomes (Ramsden, 1992; Lunsford, 1997; Chamberlain, Dison & Button, 1998; Taras, 2003; Duncan, 2007; Hattie & Timperley, 2007; Nicol, 2008; Scholes, 2012).",
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"text": "Those kinds of oral feedbacks improve the students’ cr itical thinking, make the students learn about how to interpret and analyse poems appropriately for similar critical questions, and dig the self-confidence of low students to express their feeling and ideas as the fundamental modal of thinking critically. Thus, the feedbacks are given after assessment tasks in order to give the students sufficient opportunities to use the feedbacks for improving subsequent performance for the next meeting. The feedbacks in this research are given as soon as possible after the completion of the learning tasks. It is because the students also need to see the feed-forward comments in order to improve the quality of their learning ways of how to interpret and analyse the poems.",
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"text": "It was shown in this research that the low achieving students were able to improve or develop their critical thinking skills after several",
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"text": "treatments given by their English teacher using certain strategies. They needed time and multiple opportunities in the form of experiences or training to develop their critical thinking skills described in this research. This research showed that greater gains in students’ critical thinking performances could be achieved when the teacher had appropriate strategy to be implemented in the classroom activities.",
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"text": "Therefore, the critical thinking skills for LI students could be up graded by teaching reading using poems constantly, regularly, and periodically. This meant that critical thinking skills could not be developed instantly. They needed periods of time to train the low achieving students to think critically. This was in line with what Helper (1999) believed. According to her, the critical thinking needed to be deliberately and repeatedly taught at schools.",
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"text": "As explained clearly in this paper that critical thinking was a capacity to work with reasoning to justify a reasonable judgment. In other words, critical thinking implied that the information was not right or wrong or simply a given set of facts. Thus, the students had to involve in a habit of listening and expressing ideas, response in the context, and reasoning that led to a valid interpretation and analysis. Their critical thinking skills might be taught, trained, or guided by the teacher in order to refine and improve their these skills repeatedly although the students had natural ability to think critically (Black, 2005).",
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"text": "There were two skills of critical thinking that were promoted to the low achieving students through reading activities using poems in order to increase their critical thinking skills. They were interpretation skill and analysis skill that the students were trained to perform in answering reading questions of poems which they were learning. In this case, the students as well as the teacher could rely on the critical assignments of poems to promote, to up- grade, and to monitor the students’ engagement in critical thinking. Providing the low achieving students with the suitable poems and assignments in reading activities could help them to move beyond",
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"text": "engagement in lower level thinking such as mere description or simply identification. The low achieving students in this research were helped to do reasonable interpretation and analysis by the good choice poems and critical thinking reading questions.",
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"text": "However, the lesson plans of teaching reading using poems including selected poems as learning materials to develop the low students’ critical thinking skills and the critical thinking assignments were designed specifically for promoting or upgrading and measuring the critical thinking skills of the low students. All of them could serve as guidance, best practices, and best experiences for fostering the critical thinking skills of low achieving students. In this regard, they could be used by the teacher to provide her with guidance in the selection of poems and critical thinking activities applied to the students, formats of questions in the students’ tasks, and instructions provided to the students.",
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"text": "In fact, teaching reading for developing the critical thinking skills of low achieving students was not a simple task. There were many barriers to its implementation such as the poor language barriers, lack of proper poems for fostering critical thinking skills of low achieving students, lack of proper assessments that led the teacher to create them to measure critical thinking skills of low achieving students, and lack of teacher training of teaching low achieving students for critical thinking skills. However, this research was one of alternatives suggested to overcome all of those barriers of teaching reading for fostering critical thinking skills of low achieving students, especially of those who studied in a remote school with very limited facilities of teaching and learning English as a foreign language.",
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"text": "Finally, this research proved that when the low achieving students were aligned in pursuit of critical thinking by the teacher through reading activities using proper poems and critical assignments in which both of them were included in the well-designed lesson plans, these students succeeded in improving their critical thinking skills. They could perform interpreting and analysing poems with reasonable point of views. In this",
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"text": "case, the skills of interpreting and analysing indicated as two of skills included in the critical thinking. This referred to what a Delphi study had identified in 1990 that there were six skills included in the critical thinking, namely interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, explanation, and self-regulation. A Delphi study convened by a group of 30 experts to determine that critical thinking was a process that divided into the six skills and dispositions.",
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"text": "Bedi, Dr. Kiranjeet Kaur. (2011). Language Acquisition through Literature Promotes Creativity and Thinking Skill. The Criterion: An International Journal in English Vol. II. Issue. II, June 2011. In www.the-criterion.com",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 290,
"width": 298,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 20,
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"text": "Black, S. (2005). Teaching Students to Think Critically. The Education",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 307,
"width": 84,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 468,
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"text": "Digest, 70(6), 42-47.",
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"top": 331,
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"height": 26,
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"text": "Brookfield, S. D. (2005). The power of critical theory for adult learning and teaching. Berkshire, Great Britain: McGraw-Hill.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 371,
"width": 298,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 20,
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"text": "Browne, M. N., & Freeman, K. (2000). Distinguishing features of critical thinking classrooms. Teaching in Higher Education, 5(3), 301- 309.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 429,
"width": 298,
"height": 78,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 468,
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"text": "Burkist, W., & Irons, J. G. (2009). Simple strategies for teaching your students to think critically. In D. S. Dunn, J. S Halonen, & R. A. Smith (Eds.), Teaching critical thinking in psychology: A handbook of best practices (pp. 49-57). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley- Blackwell.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 521,
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"height": 9,
"page_number": 20,
"page_width": 468,
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"text": "Burns, P. C., & Roe, B., & Ross, E. P. (1996). Teaching Reading in Today’s",
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c6acb2e1-854e-bf19-7ea0-9e0ad1d7b93b | https://ejournal.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php/ASTONJADRO/article/download/3240/3541 | [
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"text": "Civil Engineering Departement, Ibn Khaldun University Bogor, INDONESIA E-mail: [email protected]",
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"text": "Drainage is a way to dispose of excess water that is not in an area. In other words, this drainage also works in controlling checked areas, puddles, and also flooding. Flooding is an event when excessive water flows overland. North Jakarta is an example of the city area in Indonesia that often experiences such flooding events with a repeated frequency every year. With low topographic conditions and also located in the northern coastal area of Java Island, resulting in a large flow of water through North Jakarta. One of the areas that always experiences flooding is Jalan Gaya Motor, Sungai Bambu Village Tanjung Priok sub-district. Flooding in this area caused major losses in economic mobility in North Jakarta because the road is the main access to an s considerable automotive factory area in the Jakarta area. Drainage systems in the area need to be designed to accommodate water discharge especially when it is raining. Drainage capacity needs to be accounted for to accommodate existing water discharge. From the results of the analysis obtained the amount of channel capacity value of 0.46 m 3 /s, then bulk discharge flood plan in the period of-2 Years 22.95 m 3 /s, for 5 Years 34.26 m 3 /s, for 10 Years 41.75 m 3 /s. With the flooded value of the plan, it was concluded that the capacity of the existing channel could not accommodate rain at the peak discharge of the plan, so the area always experienced flood events. Also, drainage channels in the area were affected by the high rise in water levels due to the influence of tides with an average increase of 0.6 m with an average elevation of water level of 0.607.",
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"text": "Keyword: drainage; flood; flood discharge; tidal; capacity.",
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"text": "Received: 2020-07-20 Revised: 2020-11-09 Accepted: 2020-11-13 Available online: 2022-05-06",
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"text": "Drainage is a system for channelling rainwater. This system has a very important role in creating a healthy environment, especially in densely populated areas. Drainage is a way to dispose of excess water that is not in an area. In other words, this drainage also works in controlling checked areas, puddles, and also flooding. The growing number of settlements and urban areas makes this drainage system more needed, especially lately the knowledge of the community in the management of drainage system is still lacking as a result of many areas that are often inundated until flooding in the rainy season arrives.",
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"text": "Flooding is an event when excessive water flows overland. Flooding is a popular event in Indonesia considering the number of regions that have experienced this event. This event is almost every year repetitive, especially when the rainy season even the frequency of events increases. Flooding in urban areas has different characteristics with natural land (plantations, rice fields, etc.). In general, rainwater that falls will flow into artificial channels that will be flowed into the river. However, there are times when the capacity of the channel is insufficient to accommodate the rainwater that falls and results in flooding.",
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"text": "North Jakarta is an example of the city area in Indonesia that often experiences such flooding events with a repeated frequency every year. With low topographic conditions and also located in the northern coastal area of Java Island, resulting in a large flow of water through North Jakarta. With these conditions, the flow of water that can flow in North Jakarta depends on the level of sea level. One of the areas that always experiences flooding is Gaya Motor Road, Sungai Bambu Village Tanjung Priok",
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"text": "sub-district. Flooding in this area caused major losses in economic mobility in North Jakarta because the road is the main access to as considerable automotive factory area in the Jakarta area.",
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"text": "Drainage systems in the area need to be designed to accommodate water discharge especially when it is raining. Drainage capacity needs to be accounted for to accommodate the water discharge in the area so that the area can be free from flood events.",
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"text": "In calculating the tide and the condition of the flow of water, determine the location and location of the water source. Water will flow according to the laws of nature, from the highest to the lowest. The estuary is the place where the flow of water ends up to the wide sea. This condition is very influential with the rainfall in the mountains as a natural source of water (Iban S 2017; Alam MP, Lutfi M 2016; Imamuddin MI, Larasati L, 2021; Imamuddin MI, Cahyanto D, 2020).",
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"text": "This research was conducted at Gaya Motor Road Sungai Bambu Subdistrict Tanjung Priok City Administration North Jakarta Implementing this Research in from March to May 2020.",
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"text": "RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Drainage Network Condition",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 500,
"width": 411,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The state of drainage infrastructure in the research area is still relatively poor. This can be seen from some of the frequent flooding events in the area. On the Highway, there are drainage lines on both sides of the road which is the primary channel in the area. The channel serves to drain incoming water from secondary channels located on Gaya Motor Barat Road, Gaya Motor 2 Road, and Gaya Motor 3 Road.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 213,
"top": 552,
"width": 212,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Table 1. Drainage channels in the Gaya Motor area",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 570,
"width": 399,
"height": 156,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "No. Channel Dimensions (m) Category Channel Condition (h1) (h2)* (b) 1 GM-BARAT-LEFT 1.00 0.25 0.95 Secondary Open 2 GM-BARAT-RIGHT 0.70 0.30 1.00 Secondary Open 3 GM-RAYA- LEFT 1.20 0.30 1.90 Primary Open 4 GM-RAYA-RIGHT 1.00 0.30 1.50 Primary Open 5 GM-1- LEFT 1.10 0.50 1.20 Primary Open 6 GM-1-RIGHT 1.00 0.30 1.50 Primary Open 7 GM-2- LEFT 1.10 0.43 1.40 Secondary Open 8 GM-2-RIGHT 1.10 0.30 1.90 Secondary Open 9 GM-3- LEFT 1.20 0.30 1.20 Secondary Open 10 GM-3-RIGHT 1.20 0.30 1.00 Secondary Open (Source: Survey Results)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 735,
"width": 124,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rainfall Frequency Analysis",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 59,
"width": 400,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rama Riavi, Arien Heryansyah, Nurul Chayati, EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK ON GAYA MOTOR ROAD OF SUNGAI BAMBU SUB-DISTRICT TANJUNG PRIOK",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 797,
"width": 17,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "244",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 410,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Frequency analysis required a series of rain data obtained from the rain pen post. This analysis is based on the statistical nature of past event data to get the probability of future rainfall. Assuming that the statistical nature of a rain event that will date is still the same as the statistical nature of past rain events. Daily maximum rain data obtained from 3 observation stations is as follows:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 168,
"width": 134,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a. Halim Perdana Kusuma",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 179,
"width": 180,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Kemayoran Meteorological Station",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 191,
"width": 7,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "c.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 191,
"width": 347,
"height": 343,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tanjung Priok Maritime Meteorological Station Table 2. Maximum rainfall No. Year Observation Station Halim Perdana Kusuma Kemayoran Meteorological Station Tanjung Priok Maritime Meteorological Station 1 1999 42.0 147.2 106.0 2 2000 54.3 94.8 65.2 3 2001 92.8 82.2 210.0 4 2002 107.6 168.5 147.1 5 2003 71.7 199.7 126.7 6 2004 39.8 129.3 121.4 7 2005 96.6 124.1 109.9 8 2006 88.5 72.0 90.3 9 2007 217.6 234.7 182.2 10 2008 136.1 192.7 87.9 11 2009 140.4 122.5 148.9 12 2010 96.8 93.0 88.3 13 2011 305.0 119.2 78.5 14 2012 94.4 105.2 75.1 15 2013 161.0 193.4 117.8 16 2014 120.8 147.9 284.0 17 2015 124.6 277.5 247.0 18 2016 111.6 124.5 112.7 19 2017 136.3 179.7 148.6 20 2018 101.2 104.6 129.6 (Source: dataonline.bmkg.go.id )",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 548,
"width": 410,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "From the daily rain data mentioned can be seen the number of extreme rain events during 20 Years in Figure 3. As follows:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 50,
"width": 116,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ASTONJADRO: CEAESJ",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 51,
"width": 80,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "pISSN 2302-4240 eISSN 2655-2086",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 70,
"width": 159,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2022, pp.241-252 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v11i2",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 495,
"top": 797,
"width": 17,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "245",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 116,
"width": 403,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Figure 3. Frequency of extreme rain events (Source: Results of daily rain analysis of Tanjung Priok Maritime Meteorological Station 1999-2018)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 145,
"width": 261,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The methods used in this rainfall calculation plan are as follows:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 163,
"width": 7,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "a.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 163,
"width": 342,
"height": 299,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gumbel Method Table 3. Gumbel method frequency analysis No Years 1 106.0 -27.86 776.18 -21624.36 602454.77 2 65.2 -68.66 4714.20 -323676.67 22223640.16 3 210.0 76.14 5797.30 441406.39 33608682.65 4 147.1 13.24 175.30 2320.94 30729.25 5 126.7 -7.16 51.27 -367.06 2628.16 6 121.4 -12.46 155.25 -1934.43 24103.06 7 109.9 -23.96 574.08 -13755.00 329569.68 8 90.3 -43.56 1897.47 -82653.95 3600406.06 9 182.2 48.34 2336.76 112958.77 5460426.73 10 87.9 -45.96 2112.32 -97082.30 4461902.54 11 148.9 15.04 226.20 3402.07 51167.16 12 88.3 -45.56 2075.71 -94569.51 4308586.95 13 78.5 -55.36 3064.73 -169663.43 9392567.52 14 75.1 -58.76 3452.74 -202882.86 11921396.93 15 117.8 -16.06 257.92 -4142.25 66524.58 16 284.0 150.14 22542.02 3384458.82 508142647.65 17 247.0 113.14 12800.66 1448266.63 163856886.20 18 112.7 -21.16 447.75 -9474.30 200476.12 19 148.6 14.74 217.27 3202.52 47205.21 20 129.6 -4.26 18.15 -77.31 329.34 Sum 2677.2 63693.27 4374112.71 768332330.73",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 194,
"top": 465,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 489,
"width": 108,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Calculate average rainfall:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 498,
"width": 241,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑁 where: X i = Maximum rainfall value (mm) 𝑋̅ = Average value N",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 221,
"top": 541,
"width": 138,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Number of years of observation",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 564,
"width": 119,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Calculate standard deviation:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 579,
"width": 245,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑆 𝑥 = √ ∑(𝑋𝑖−𝑋̅)2 𝑁−1 where: 𝑆 𝑥 = Standard Deviation X i",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 617,
"width": 133,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Maximum rainfall value (mm)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 628,
"width": 105,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑋̅ = Average value",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 185,
"top": 641,
"width": 174,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "N = Number of years of observation",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 664,
"width": 139,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Calculate probability factor value:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 673,
"width": 237,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "K = 𝑌𝑡𝑟−𝑌𝑛 𝑆𝑛 where: K = Probability factor value Y tr = Reduce Variate Y n = Reduce Mean",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 185,
"top": 728,
"width": 9,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "S n",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 221,
"top": 728,
"width": 116,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Reduce Standar Deviation",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 290,
"top": 197,
"width": 189,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑿 𝒊 𝑿 𝒊 − 𝑿 ̅ (𝑿 𝒊 − 𝑿 ̅) 𝟐 (𝑿 𝒊 − 𝑿 ̅) 𝟑",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 59,
"width": 400,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rama Riavi, Arien Heryansyah, Nurul Chayati, EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK ON GAYA MOTOR ROAD OF SUNGAI BAMBU SUB-DISTRICT TANJUNG PRIOK",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 797,
"width": 17,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "246",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 402,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The amount of rainfall data available is N = 20 years, so that the value of Y n , and S n are as follows: Y n = 0.5236",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 139,
"width": 74,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "S n = 1.0628",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 150,
"width": 154,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Calculate rainfall in return period (T):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 161,
"width": 251,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Xtr = 𝑋̅ − 𝐾 𝑆 𝑥 where: Xtr = rainfall in retutrn period 𝑋̅ = Average value K = Probability Factor 𝑆 𝑥",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 209,
"width": 232,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Standard Deviation Rainfall plan in year T presented in Table 4.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 173,
"top": 238,
"width": 335,
"height": 87,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Table 4. Calculation of rainfall gumbel method Return Period Yt Yn Sn Kt Xavrg. Sx Rainfall plan (Xtr) 2 0.3668 0.5236 1.0628 -0.148 133.9 57.90 125 5 1.5004 0.5236 1.0628 0.919 133.9 57.90 187 10 2.251 0.5236 1.0628 1.625 133.9 57.90 228 (Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 339,
"width": 389,
"height": 316,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "b. Log Pearson III Method Table 5. Frequency analysis of Log Pearson III method No Years 1 1999 106.0 2.03 -0.07 0.0046 -0.0003 2 2000 65.2 1.81 -0.28 0.0777 -0.0217 3 2001 210.0 2.32 0.23 0.0525 0.0120 4 2002 147.1 2.17 0.07 0.0056 0.0004 5 2003 126.7 2.10 0.01 0.0001 0.0000 6 2004 121.4 2.08 -0.01 0.0001 0.0000 7 2005 109.9 2.04 -0.05 0.0027 -0.0001 8 2006 90.3 1.96 -0.14 0.0189 -0.0026 9 2007 182.2 2.26 0.17 0.0281 0.0047 10 2008 87.9 1.94 -0.15 0.0222 -0.0033 11 2009 148.9 2.17 0.08 0.0064 0.0005 12 2010 88.3 1.95 -0.15 0.0216 -0.0032 13 2011 78.5 1.89 -0.20 0.0393 -0.0078 14 2012 75.1 1.88 -0.22 0.0473 -0.0103 15 2013 117.8 2.07 -0.02 0.0005 0.0000 16 2014 284.0 2.45 0.36 0.1298 0.0468 17 2015 247.0 2.39 0.30 0.0898 0.0269 18 2016 112.7 2.05 -0.04 0.0017 -0.0001 19 2017 148.6 2.17 0.08 0.0062 0.0005 20 2018 129.6 2.11 0.02 0.0004 0.0000 Sum 2677.2 41.86 39.77 0.5553 0.0425 (Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 669,
"width": 108,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Calculate average rainfall:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 679,
"width": 258,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑁 where: X i = Maximum rainfall value (mm) 𝑋̅ = Average value N = Number of years of observation",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 733,
"width": 119,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Calculate standard deviation:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 284,
"top": 376,
"width": 215,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑿 𝒊 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑿 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑿 − 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑿 ̅ (𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑿 − 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑿 ̅ ) 𝟐 (𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑿 − 𝑳𝒐𝒈𝑿 ̅ ) 𝟑",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 50,
"width": 116,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ASTONJADRO: CEAESJ",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 51,
"width": 80,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "pISSN 2302-4240 eISSN 2655-2086",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 70,
"width": 159,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2022, pp.241-252 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v11i2",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 495,
"top": 797,
"width": 17,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "247",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 119,
"width": 257,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑆 𝑥 = √ ∑(𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑋𝑖−𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑋̅)2 𝑁−1 where: 𝑆 𝑥 = Standard Deviation LogX i = Maximum rainfall value (mm) Log 𝑋̅ = Average value",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 176,
"width": 246,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "N = Number of years of observation Calculate skewness coefficient (G):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 256,
"top": 196,
"width": 121,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Cs/G = 𝑁 ∑ (𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑋𝑖−𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑋̅) 3 𝑛 𝑖=1 (𝑁−1)(𝑁−2)𝑆3 = 20 𝑥 0.0425",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 288,
"top": 228,
"width": 65,
"height": 7,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(20−1)(20−2) 0.163",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 237,
"width": 154,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= 0.50 Calculate rainfall in return period (T):",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 271,
"width": 252,
"height": 46,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "LogXt = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑋̅ + 𝐾 𝑆 𝑥 where: LogXt = Rainfall antilog K = Probability factor 𝑆 𝑥 = Standard Deviation",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 318,
"width": 371,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "with a value of G = 0.50 then the value of K for 2-years, 5-years and 10-years is as follows : K 2 = 0.082 K 5 = 0.877",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 353,
"width": 52,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "K 10 = 1.320",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 210,
"top": 370,
"width": 267,
"height": 63,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Table 6. Comparison of rainfall plans Return Period (T) Gumbel Log Pearson III 2 years 125 128 5 years 187 175 10 years 228 208",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 200,
"top": 436,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 454,
"width": 411,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "From the two calculations of rainfall, presented in Table 6 where the results of both calculations have a not far difference, therefore for the next calculation used gumbel method that has the largest value and also based on Volume I Procedure Manual Preparation of Urban Drainage System Master Plan 2012 by Directorate General of Cipta Karya, Ministry of PUPR and SNI 2415-2016 On How to Plan Floods.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 517,
"width": 77,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rainfall Intensity",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 535,
"width": 410,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The maximum rainfall unit is converted into a unit of rainfall within a certain time usually used unit mm/hour. By using formulas Mononobe as follows:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 307,
"top": 567,
"width": 67,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "I = R 24 24 ( 24 t ) 2/3",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 603,
"width": 234,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "where: I = Rainfall intensity (mm/hour) R 24",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 615,
"width": 156,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Maximum rainfall in 24 hours (mm)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 626,
"width": 348,
"height": 129,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "t = Duration of rainfall (hour) Table 7. Rainfall intensity Duration of rainfall (minutes) Rainfull return period (mm) 2 Years 5 Years 10 Years 125 187 228 1 665.85 993.98 1211.24 2 419.46 626.17 763.04 3 320.11 477.85 582.31 4 264.24 394.46 480.68 5 227.72 339.94 414.24",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 59,
"width": 400,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rama Riavi, Arien Heryansyah, Nurul Chayati, EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK ON GAYA MOTOR ROAD OF SUNGAI BAMBU SUB-DISTRICT TANJUNG PRIOK",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 797,
"width": 17,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "248",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 235,
"top": 116,
"width": 221,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "10 143.45 214.15 260.95 20 90.37 134.90 164.39 25 77.88 116.26 141.67 50 49.06 73.24 89.25 60 43.45 64.85 79.03 120 27.37 40.86 49.79 180 20.89 31.18 37.99 240 17.24 25.74 31.36",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 212,
"top": 212,
"width": 109,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 229,
"width": 409,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Then after the calculation of rainfall intensity in the return period 2, 5, 10 years is shown in Figure 4.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 192,
"top": 414,
"width": 247,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Figure 4. Rainfall intensity graph (Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 443,
"width": 133,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Flood Discharge Analysis Plan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 461,
"width": 410,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The method for estimating flood discharge plans that are commonly used is the Rational Method. The formula used in this calculation is:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 268,
"top": 484,
"width": 102,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Q = 0,00278 ∙ C ∙ I ∙ A",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 509,
"width": 222,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "where: Q = Discharge (m 3 /s) C = Runoff koefisien I",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 533,
"width": 116,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= Rainfall intensity A = Flows area (Ha)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 567,
"width": 410,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gaya motor industrial area, thus having a runoff coefficient value (C) = 0.91. Thus obtained the discharge value of the flood plan as shown in Table 8 as follows:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 182,
"top": 596,
"width": 317,
"height": 87,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Table 8. Flood discharge plan No Period R24 (mm) C I (mm/hour) A (km2) Qr (m3/dtk) 1 2 Tahun 125 0.91 67.77 133.21 22.95 2 5 Tahun 187 0.91 101.16 133.21 34.26 3 10 Tahun 228 0.91 123.27 133.21 41.75 (Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 50,
"width": 116,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ASTONJADRO: CEAESJ",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 51,
"width": 80,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "pISSN 2302-4240 eISSN 2655-2086",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 70,
"width": 159,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2022, pp.241-252 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v11i2",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 495,
"top": 797,
"width": 17,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "249",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 131,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Channel Capacity Calculation",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 134,
"width": 410,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Debit analysis on the channel is carried out to determine the capacity that can be flowed on the channel. The calculation of channel capacity can be seen in Table 9.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 163,
"width": 409,
"height": 216,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Table 9. Channel capacity calculation No. Channel h1 (m) h2 (m) b (m) p (m) A R S N V Q 1 GM-BARAT- LEFT 1.00 0.25 0.95 2.95 0.95 0.322 0.00027 0.03 0.26 0.24 2 GM-BARAT- RIGHT 0.70 0.30 1.00 2.40 0.70 0.292 0.00093 0.03 0.45 0.31 3 GM-RAYA- LEFT 1.20 0.30 1.90 4.30 2.28 0.530 0.00034 0.03 0.40 0.92 4 GM-RAYA- RIGHT 1.00 0.30 1.50 3.50 1.50 0.429 0.00034 0.03 0.35 0.53 5 GM-1- LEFT 1.10 0.50 1.20 3.40 1.32 0.388 0.00039 0.03 0.35 0.46 6 GM-1-RIGHT 1.00 0.30 1.50 3.50 1.50 0.429 0.00067 0.03 0.49 0.73 7 GM-2- LEFT 1.10 0.43 1.40 3.60 1.54 0.428 0.00033 0.03 0.34 0.53 8 GM-2-RIGHT 1.10 0.30 1.90 4.10 2.09 0.510 0.00059 0.03 0.52 1.08 9 GM-3- LEFT 1.20 0.30 1.20 3.60 1.44 0.400 0.00037 0.03 0.35 0.50 10 GM-3-RIGHT 1.20 0.30 1.00 3.40 1.20 0.353 0.00051 0.03 0.38 0.45 (Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 393,
"width": 257,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Channel calculation sample of Gaya Motor Barat road left side:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 405,
"width": 74,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "- Area (A)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 416,
"width": 6,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "A",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 416,
"width": 31,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= b x h",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 428,
"width": 10,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "A",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 428,
"width": 92,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= 0.95 x 1.00 A",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 438,
"width": 113,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= 0.95 m 2 - Circumference (P)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 474,
"width": 70,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "P = b + 2h",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 485,
"width": 8,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "P",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 485,
"width": 106,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= 0.95 + 2.(1.00) P = 3.45 m -",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 520,
"width": 85,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Hydraulic radius (R)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 531,
"width": 89,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "R = A / P R = 0.95 / 2.95 R",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 554,
"width": 43,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= 0.344 m",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 577,
"width": 3,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "-",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 577,
"width": 78,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Channel speed (V)",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 587,
"width": 63,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑉 = 1 𝑛 ∙ 𝑅 2 3 ∙ 𝑆 1 2",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 609,
"width": 123,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "𝑉 = 1 0.03 ∙ 0.322 2 3 ∙ 0.00027 1 2",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 634,
"width": 55,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "V = 0.26 m/s",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 657,
"width": 114,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "- Channel debit (Q s ) Q s = A x V Q s",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 680,
"width": 92,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= 0.95 x 0.26 Q s",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 149,
"top": 690,
"width": 49,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "= 0.24 m 3 /s",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 709,
"width": 56,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Water Level",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 726,
"width": 410,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "The results obtained from field surveys on normal conditions of the average water level are at an elevation level of +0.607 or 30 cm from the bottom of the channel. This condition is the position where",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 59,
"width": 400,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rama Riavi, Arien Heryansyah, Nurul Chayati, EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK ON GAYA MOTOR ROAD OF SUNGAI BAMBU SUB-DISTRICT TANJUNG PRIOK",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 797,
"width": 17,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "250",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 411,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "the water level of the channel outlet located in Sunter C river is in normal condition with an average level of +0.280. From Figure 4 it is seen that the highest increase in the water level of the channel is in November. In addition, the highest flood conditions that have occurred in the motor force area are at an elevation level of +2,367 or are at an average height of 60 cm from the surface. In these conditions flooded almost the entire Gaya Motor area and caused considerable losses.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 202,
"top": 403,
"width": 231,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Figure 5. Water level graphic (Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 421,
"width": 25,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tidal",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 438,
"width": 350,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "In this study presented tidal data for 20 years from 2000 to 2019 presented in Figure 6.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 212,
"top": 671,
"width": 206,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Figure 6. Tidal graphic (Source: Analysis Results)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 689,
"width": 136,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tidal effect on drainage system",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 706,
"width": 410,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sea level tides have a considerable influence on drainage systems in urban areas located in coastal areas, especially for flat areas with low ground elevation. In this study, a comparison of flood events at the time with the high tide level of the sea level. Data is displayed in the following Table 10:",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 283,
"top": 747,
"width": 118,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Table 10. Period of flooding",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 50,
"width": 116,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ASTONJADRO: CEAESJ",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 433,
"top": 51,
"width": 80,
"height": 17,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "pISSN 2302-4240 eISSN 2655-2086",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 70,
"width": 159,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2022, pp.241-252 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v11i2",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 495,
"top": 797,
"width": 17,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "251",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 186,
"top": 117,
"width": 311,
"height": 152,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "No Date High puddle Duration Rainfall Tidal level (m) (cm) (hour) (mm) 1 01 February 2002 80 unknown 138.00 0.355 2 01 February 2007 120 unknown 235.00 0.577 3 21 February 2017 50 7.00 180.00 0.571 4 14 November 2017 15 4.00 60.70 0.210 5 12 December 2017 15 2.00 90.70 0.446 7 16 February 2018 50 2.00 105.00 0.373 8 28 March 2018 60 10.00 130.00 0.337 9 29 October 2018 40 3.00 94.50 0.382 10 30 January 2019 30 6.00 128.00 0.601 11 25 December 2019 15 4.00 103.00 0.547",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 186,
"top": 272,
"width": 211,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "(Sourcer: Water Resource Agency of North Jakarta)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 290,
"width": 68,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "CONCLUSION",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 307,
"width": 411,
"height": 113,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "From the results of hydrological analysis to discharge flood plans that occur in the return period of 2 Years can be a maximum rainfall value of 125 mm and discharge flood plan (Qr) 22.95 m3/s, in the period of 5 Years maximum rainfall of 187 mm and flood discharge plan (Qr) 34.26 m3/s, and also at the time of the 10-year periode the maximum rainfall is 228 mm with a flood discharge plan (Qr) of 41.75 m3/s. Based on the calculation of channel capacity located in Gaya Motor area is not able to accommodate rain discharge plan. With a capacity value of 0.46 m3/s on the channel outlet. The performance of this drainage network is affected by the level of water level that is at sunter river especially in December to February which is the highest average water level occurs. When the water level rises at the drainage outlet on Gaya Motor 1 road will reduce the discharge capacity that the channel is able to flow.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 446,
"width": 70,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "REFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 463,
"width": 403,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Abdeldayem, S. 2005. Agricultural Drainage: Toward an Integrated Approach, Irrigation and Drainage System. 19:71-87.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
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"width": 405,
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"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Andri Setiawan, Sulwan Permana. 2016. Evaluasi Sistem Drainase di Kelurahan Paminggir Garut.",
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},
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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"type": "List item"
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{
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"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
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{
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"top": 707,
"width": 405,
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5c349a3e-3451-fda4-a7e0-bb8aa1fb42e3 | https://jurnal.staiddimakassar.ac.id/index.php/aujpsi/article/download/120/83 | [
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"text": "Aborsi dan Hak Kesehatan, Reproduksi Perempuan dalam Hukum Islam dan Hukum Negara",
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"text": "Abstrak. Masalah aborsi selalu menjadi kontroversial di antara banyak orang, termasuk dalam masyarakat Islam. Meskipun semua fuqahâ (ahli hukum Islam) sepakat dalam melarang aborsi janin setelah jangka waktu 120 hari kehamilan-karena diasumsikan telah animasi, sebaliknya, perselisihan di antara mereka dalam melihat praktek ke janin sebelum jangka waktu 120 hari. Beberapa menganggapnya sebagai mubah (izin mampu), beberapa orang menganggap sebagai makrûh (dibenci) dan lain-lain berpikir sebagai haram (dilarang). dan bagaimana hukum dalam negara menganggapi permasalahan aborsi yang menyebutkan bahwa aborsi dilarang terkecuali ada indikasi kedaruratan medis dan kehamilan akibat perkosaan. Menurut peraturan tersebut pelaksanaan aborsiharus memenuhi prosedur pembuktian berupa pembuktian usia kehamilan melalui surat keterangan dokter, keterangan penyidik dan keterangan psikolog tentang terjadinya perkosaan. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengeksplorasi dan membandingkan pengertian pengartian pengertian yang disebutkan di atas dengan fokus pada metode penafsiran hukum yang digunakan oleh masing masing kelompok para ahli hukum dan alasan yang mendasari perbedaan di antara mereka. Sebagai studi ini mengungkapkan, perbedaan pendapat muncul karena setiap kelompok menggunakan (sumber hukum) dalil yang berbeda untuk mendukung argumen mereka-kelompok ahli hukum bergantung pada hadis (nabi berkata), penggunaan lain qiyas (analogi reasoning), di mana seperti yang lain berlaku sebuah ayat Alqur’an.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Islam, pemikiran, fanatisme, fundamentalisme",
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"text": "Defenisi Kesehatan dan hak reproduksi telah dirumuskan dan dijabarkan sebagai hasil kesepakatan dunia dalam sebuah konferensi internasional (konferensi badan serikat Bangsa-Bangsa (UN) mengenai kependudukan di Kairo, Mesir pada tahun 1994 (ICPD), dimana pemerintah RI menjadi peserta dan turut mendatangani hasilnya (Usman, 2018). Kesehatan reproduksi adalah suatu kondisi yang sempurna dari fisik, mental dan keadaan sosial (tidak hanya bebas dari penyakit atau kelemahan /kecacatan) dalam setiap persoalan yang berhubungan dengan sistem, fungsi serta proses reproduksi. Konsep dan defenisi lainnya yang juga disepakati dan berkaitan dengan Kesehatan",
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"text": "reproduksi yaitu Kesehatan seksual, hak seksual, dan hak reproduksi (Fidawaty, 2018).",
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"text": "Sejak tahun 2000, Kesehatan reproduksi merupakan salah satu topik penting yang mendapat perhatian dari berbagai pihak, baik didalam maupun di luar negeri. Meluasnya liputan media massa sampai ke pelosok negeri yang menyajikan fakta seputar kesehatan reproduksi, baik positif maupun negatif mendorong pemerintah, perorangan swasta,dan Lembaga swadaya masyarakat untuk menganbil peran aktif dalam menyosialisasikan sekaligus memberikan jalan keluar atas permasalahan Kesehatan reproduksi (Hudiyani, 2021).",
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"text": "Angka kematian ibu di Indonesia sebesar 228 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup walaupun lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan",
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"text": "angka IMR sebelumnya yakni 307 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, masih termasuk dalam kategori tinggi di antara negara negara asia selatan dan pasifik. Faktor penyabab yang tinggi adalah pendarahan, di samping faktor sosial budaya dan non- Kesehatan lainnya. Fakta ini dikikuti oleh tingginya angka kematian kematian bayi dengan angka 34 per 1000 kelahiran hidup serta aborsi akibat kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan (KDT) di kalangan remaja, Data WHO memperkirakan 10- 50 persen AKI disebabkan aborsi. Berarti, dari setiap seratus ribu kelahiran hidup sekitar 37 sampai 186 perempuan diantaranya meninggal sia-sia karena komplikasi pengguguran kehamilan (Khusna, 2020).",
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"text": "Pergaulan bebas antara laki-laki dan perempuan di luar pernikahan, terutama para pelajar dan mahasiswa saat ini sudah sampai batas yang sangat mengkhawatirkan. Ini akibat melemahnya nilai- nilai agama dalam kehidupan masyarakat, ditambah lagi dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi, yang memudahkan akses untuk mencari berbagai macam informasi, terkadang disalahgunakan oleh anak-anak ataupun remaja. Di samping itu, gencarnya media massa yang menawarkan kehidupan glamor, bebas dan serba hedonis yang menyebabkan generasi muda terseret dalam jurang kehancuran.",
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"text": "Data statistis BKBN (Badan Koordinasi Keluarga Berencana Nasional) menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 2.000.000 kasus aborsi terjadi setiap tahun di Indonesia. Untuk kasus aborsi di luar negeri khususnya di Amerika data- datanya telah dikumpulkan oleh dua badan utama, yaitu Federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) dan Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) yang menunjukkan hampir 2 juta jiwa terbunuh akibat aborsi. Jumlah ini jauh lebih banyak dari jumlah nyawa manusia yang dibunuh dalam perang manapun dalam sejarah negara itu. Begitu juga lebih banyak dari kematian akibat kecelakaan, maupun akibat penyakit (Mulyawan, 2019).",
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"text": "Walaupun secara tegas aborsi dilarang oleh undang-undang, kecuali karena alasan tertentu, dalam realita kehidupan sehari-hari,",
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"text": "hal tersebut banyak sekali terjadi atau dilakukan karena berbagai alasan sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh Ekotama, dkk. Dewi menyatakan, bahwa jumlah aborsi dalam kehidupan masyarakat cenderung meningkat karena berbagai faktor sehingga dia menyimpulkan bahwa motivasi perempuan melakukan aborsi berkaitan erat dengan akseptor KB dan kehamilan di luar nikah (Baidawi & Sunarto, 2020).",
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"text": "Berbeda dengan pendapat di atas, menurut Indraswari, kasus aborsi tidak menunjukkan karakteristik khusus terutama bila dilihat dari segi pendidikan dan status pernikahan. Ada kecenderungan, aborsi adalah suatu fenomena yang menimpa masyarakat lintas strata sosial ekonomi, pendidikan, budaya, dan agama (Fitri, 2019). Selanjutnya Indraswati mengatakan:",
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"text": "... terdapat kecenderungan peningkatan praktik aborsi yang dilakukan oleh pelajar SMP dan SMA, alumnus SMA (pekerja), dan mahasiswa. Hal ini sejalan dengan perubahan pola interaksi dan pola gaya hidup yang melanda kalangan remaja dan dewasa muda.",
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"text": "Apa yang dikemukan tersebut cukup beralasan, di wilayah perkotaan dan semi perkotaan hubungan antar individu secara perlahan namun pasti bertransformasi dari hubungan berpola paguyuban (gemeinschaft) ke hubungan berpola patembayan (gesselschaft). Pola hubungan paguyuban yang berciri kebersamaan dan saling peduli pada masalah sesama anggota komunitas mulai digeser oleh pola patembayan yang berciri hubungan transaksional. Dalam derajat tertentu, pola patembayan diikuti dengan lemahnya kontrol sosial masyarakat terhadap sesama (Ahmad, 2019).",
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"text": "Dengan pola interaksi seperti ini yang diikuti perubahan pola gaya hidup yang cenderung “serba permisif” mengakibatkan meningkatnya kasus kehamilan pranikah. Ditambah lagi adanya stimulasi seksual dari lingkungan berupa tayangan media massa dan hiburan komersial dengan beragam bentuk dan intensitas yang secara umum merupakan",
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"text": "komersialisasi hiburan yang lebih mengkampanyekan aspek kenikmatan seks dari pada aspek tanggung jawabnya.",
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"text": "Dalam kondisi ini dalam derajat tertentu dapat dipahami “runtuhnya” daya tahan remaja dalam menghadapi kebanjiran stimulasi",
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"text": "seksual",
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"text": "yang mengakibatkankehamilan pranikah dan selanjutnya diikuti oleh tindakan aborsi. Meski demikian, secara kritis bisa ditarik generalisasai bahwa aborsi dilakukan tidak hanya dikarenakan kehamilan di luar perkawinan, tetapi juga terjadi di dalam perkawinan, oleh perempuan yang berstatus istri. Baik abortus dikarenakan kehamilan di luar perkawinan ataupun dalam perkawinan, keduanya memiliki beberapa alasan yang berbeda, dan keduanya merupakan fenomena terselubung yang cenderung ditutupi oleh pelakunya (Wibowo, 2019).",
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"text": "Lahirnya Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 61 Tahun 2014 tentang Kesehatan Reproduksi, yang membolehkan praktik aborsi atau legalisasi aborsi telah menimbulkan keresahan dan kontroversi di tengah masyarakat. Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 61 Tahun 2014 tentang Kesehatan Reproduksi ini merupakan pelaksanaan dari Pasal 75 ayat (1) UU Kesehatan, bahwa aborsi dilarang terkecuali ada indikasi kedaruratan medis dan kehamilan akibat perkosaan yang dapat menimbulkan trauma psikologis bagi korban perkosaan.",
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"text": "Banyak tokoh agama menghimbau kepada pemerintah untuk me-ninjau kembali PP tersebut. Langkah ini guna menghindarkan sebagian masyarakat atau tenaga medis yang cenderung pragmatis. Jika tidak, maka praktik aborsi bisamenggejala terutama di kalangan remaja yang selama ini telah dikhawatirkan semakin banyak yang melakukan hubungan seks bebas. PP tentang legalisasi aborsi ini bisa dimanfaatkan juga untuk sengaja menggugurkan janin dalam kandungan karena tidak dikehendaki.",
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"text": "Legalisasi aborsi korban perkosaan ini bertujuan untuk melindungi masa depan korban perkosaan. Untuk menghindarkan",
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"text": "trauma psikologis dan beban sosial wanita korban perkosaan. Alasan ini juga dijadikan argumen bagi pendukung legalisasi aborsi sebagai realisasi penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia. Wanita korban perkosaan juga memiliki kebebasan menentukan sesuatu atas dirinya, apalagi menyangkut kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan itu akan memberi dampak sosial dan psikologis. Jika wanita korban perkosaan ingin melakukan aborsi, itu juga semata-mata karena mereka juga mempunyai hak asasi untuk menentukan kehidupan pribadinya yang bebas dari tekanan psikologis dan sosial akibat kehamilan yang tidak dikehendaki tersebut.",
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"text": "Dengan alasan melindungi hak asasi wanita korban perkosaan, serta melindungi masa depannya. Sementara janin yang ada dalam kandungan wanita tersebut juga mempunyai hak untuk hidup, perlu dilindungi. Terjadi benturan antara kepentingan melindungi hak asasi janin yang akan tumbuh dalam rahim dengan hak ibu yang ingin terlepas dari beban psikologis dan sosial. Di sisi lain, Islam bukanlah agama yang kaku, tetapi dinamis, yang memandang kehidupan manusia ini dari berbagai sudut, sehingga dari berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi manusia dapatditemukan solusinya (Utoro, 2021).",
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"text": "Oleh karena itu, perlu dikaji prosedur pemeriksaan terhadap korban perkosaan sebelum melakukan tindakan aborsi dan bagaimana hukum melakukan aborsi menurut Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hukum Islam. Terjadi kontroversi tentang legalisiasi aborsi menurut PP No 61 Tahun 2014 tentang kesehatan reproduksi. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, maka permasalahan dalam tulisan ini adalah bagaimana prosedur periksaan terhadap korban sebelum melakukan aborsi? bagaimana hukum melakukan aborsi bagi korban dan hak kesehatan reproduksi dalam perspektif hukum nrgara dan hukum Islam?",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"height": 25,
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-normatif, yaitu pendekatan yang",
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"text": "didasarkan pada peraturan perundang- undangan, teoriteori, dan konsep-konsep yang berhubungan dengan cakupan hukum melakukan aborsi baik secara umum, ataupun karena adanya alasan medis dan korban perkosaan. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah data kepustakaan, sedangkan jenis data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder.",
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"text": "Data sekunder merupakan data yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan terhadap bahan-bahan hukum atau referensi yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian. Studi kepustakaan dilakukan terhadap bahan- bahan hukum yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian yaitu tentang aborsi menurut ketentuan perundang-undangan, serta hukum Islam. Data yang dibutuhkan meliputi:",
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"text": "1) Bahan hukum primer, yaitu bahan hukum yang mempunyai kekuatan mengikat secara umum, seperti Alquran dan hadis, peraturan perundang-undangan dan putusan pengadilan (hakim).",
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{
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"height": 121,
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"text": "2) Bahan hukum sekunder, yaitu bahan hukum yang memberi penjelasan terhadap bahan hukum primer, seperti literatur-literatur, media cetak atau elektronik khususnya yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian yaitu hukum melakukan aborsi bagi korban perkosaan menurut PP No 61 Tahun 2014.",
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{
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"text": "3) Bahan hukum tersier, yaitu bahan hukum yang memberi penjelasan terhadap bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder, seperti kamus atau ensiklopedia.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 99,
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"text": "Pengumpulan",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 223,
"height": 107,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "data (sekunder) dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi pustaka, dengan cara membaca, menyalin, mengutip, dan menelaah bahan-bahan hukum yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian. Baik terhadap bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, maupun bahan hukum tersier.",
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"text": "Data yang terkumpul selanjut diolah, pengolahan data dilakukan dengan cara:1) Pemeriksaan data, dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah data yang diperoleh sudah sesuai dengan permasalahan, dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara ilmiah. 2) Klasifikasi data dilakukan sesuai dengan kriteria atau pokok- pokok bahasan masing dalam rangka menjawab permasalahan dalam penelitian. 3) Rekonstruksi data, yaitu menyusun ulang data secara teratur, berurutan, dan logis sehingga mudah dipahami dan diinterpretasikan. 4) Sistematisasi data, yaitu menempatkan data menurut kerangka sistematika pembahasan berdasarkan urutan permasalahan dalam penelitian.",
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"text": "Analisis data dilakukan dalam bentuk analisis kualitatif, yaitu dengan cara menguraikan data dalam bentuk kalimat yang tersusun secara sistematis, lengkap, dan terperinci menurut pokok bahasan yang telah ditentukan, hal ini guna memudahkan interpretasi dan menarik kesimpulan sebagai jawaban permasalahan penelitian. Hasil analisis danpembahasan tersebut kemudian ditulis dalam bentuk laporan penelitian yang mendeskripsikan secara lengkap, jelas, dan sistematis.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "ABORSI",
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"text": "Pengertian Aborsi",
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"text": "Secara istilah aborsi adalah pengguguran kandungan, keluarnya hasil konsepsi atau pembuahan sebelum waktunya. Dalam kamus Inggris Indonesia Abortion diterjemahkan dengan pengguguran kandungan. Kata Abortion dalam Blaks’s Law Dictionary, diterjemahkan menjadi aborsi dalam bahasa Indonesia mengandung arti: “The spontaneous orarticially induced expulsion of an embrio or featus. As used in illegal context refers to induced abortion. Dengan demikian, menurut Blaks’s Law Dictionary, keguguran dengan keluarnya embrio atau fetus tidak semata-mata karena",
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"text": "terjadi secara alamiah, akan tetapi juga disengaja atau terjadi karena adanya campur tangan (provokasi) manusia.6 Ensiklopedia Indonesia memberikan pengertian aborsi sebagai berikut: “pengakhiran kehamilan sebelum masa gestasi 28 minggu atau sebelum janin mencapai berat 1.000 gram”. Definisi lain tentang aborsi adalah suatu proses pengakhiran hidup dari janin sebelum diberi kesempatan untuk bertumbuh (Afifah, 2018).",
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"text": "Selain itu, berikut adalah definisi aborsi menurut para ahli tentang, yaitu:",
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"text": "a) Eastman: Aborsi adalah keadaan terputusnya suatu kehamilan dimana fetus belum sanggup berdiri sendiri diluar uterus. Belum sanggup diartikan apabila fetus itu beratnya terletak antara 400 - 1000 gram atau kehamilan kurang dari 28 minggu.",
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{
"left": 89,
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"width": 205,
"height": 52,
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"text": "b) Jeffcoat: Aborsi yaitu pengeluaran dari hasil konsepsi sebelum 28 minggu, yaitu fetus belum viable by llaous.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 89,
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"text": "c) Holmer: Aborsi yaitu terputusnya kehamilan sebelum minggu ke-16 dimana plasentasi belum selesai. Dalam pengertian medis, aborsi adalah terhentinya kehamilan dengan kematian dan pengeluaran janin pada usia kurang dari 20 minggu dengan berat janin kurang dari 500 gram, yaitu sebelum janin dapat hidup di luar kandungan secara mandiri.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Menurut Suryono Ekotama, dkk mengatakan bahwa dari segi medis, tidak ada batasan pasti kapan kandungan bisa digugurkan. Kandungan perempuan bisa digugurkan kapan saja sepanjang ada indikasi medis untuk menggugurkan kandungan itu. Misalnya jika diketahui anak yang akan lahir mengalami cacat berat atau si ibu menderita penyakit jantung yang akan sangat berbahaya sekali untuk keselamatan jiwanya pada saat melahirkan nanti. Sekalipun janin itu sudah berusia lima bulan atau enam bulan, pertimbangan medis masih membolehkan dilakukan abortus provocatus (Musolli, 2020). Abortus provocatus yang dikenal di Indonesia",
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"text": "dengan istilah aborsi berasal dari bahasa latin yang berarti pengguguran kandungan karena kesengajaan. Abortus Provocatus merupakan salah satu dari berbagai macam jenis abortus. Dalam kamus Latin Indonesia sendiri, abortus diartikan sebagai wiladah sebelum waktunya atau keguguran. Pengertian aborsi atau Abortus Provocatus adalah penghentian atau pengeluaran hasil kehamilan dari Rahim sebelum waktunya. Dengan kata lain “pengeluaran” itu dimaksudkan bahwa keluarnya janin disengaja dengan campur tangan manusia, baik melalui cara mekanik, obat atau cara lainnya.",
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"text": "Jenis-jenis Aborsi Proses abortus dapat berlangsung dengan cara:",
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"text": "1) Spontan/alamiah (terjadi secara alami,",
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{
"left": 341,
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"text": "tanpa tindakan apapun);",
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{
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"text": "2) Buatan/sengaja (aborsi yang",
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{
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"height": 66,
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"text": "dilakukan secara sengaja); 3) Terapeutik/medis (aborsi yang dilakukan atas indikasi medis karena terdapatnya suatu permasalahan/komplikasi).",
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{
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"text": "Abortus secara medis dapat dibagi menjadi dua macam:",
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"text": "1) Abortus spontaneous, adalah aborsi yang terjadi dengan tidak didahului faktor-faktor mekanis ataupun medicinalis semata-mata disebabkan oleh faktor alamiah.",
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{
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"height": 25,
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"text": "Rustam Mochtar dalam Muhdiono menyebutkan macam macam aborsi spontan",
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"text": "a) Abortus completes, (keguguran lengkap) artinya seluruh hasil konsepsi dikeluarkan sehingga rongga rahim kosong.",
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{
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"height": 66,
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"text": "b) Abortus inkopletus, (keguguran bersisa) artinya hanya ada sebagian dari hasil konsepsi yang dikeluarkan yang tertinggal adalah deci dua dan plasenta.",
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{
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"height": 66,
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"text": "c) Abortus iminen, yaitu keguguran yang membakat dan akan terjadi dalam hal ini keluarnya fetus masih dapat dicegah dengan memberikan obat- obat hormonal dan anti pasmodica.",
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{
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"text": "d) Missed abortion, keadan di mana janin sudah mati tetapi tetap berada dalam rahim dan tidak dikeluarkan selama dua bulan atau lebih.",
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{
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"text": "e) Abortus habitulis atau keguguran berulang adalah keadaan dimana penderita mengalami keguguran berturut-turut 3 kali atau lebih.",
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{
"left": 89,
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"width": 205,
"height": 39,
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"text": "f) Abortus infeksious dan abortus septic, adalah abortus yang disertai infeksi genital.",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Kehilangan janin tidak disengaja biasanya terjadi pada kehamilan usia muda (satu sampai dengan tiga bulan). Ini dapat terjadi karena penyakit antara lain: demam; panas tinggi; ginjal TBC, Sipilis atau karena kesalahan genetik. Pada aborsi spontan tidak jarang janin keluar dalam keadaan utuh.15 Kadangkala kehamilan seorang wanita dapat gugur dengan sendirinya tanpa adanya suatu tindakan ataupun perbuatan yang disengaja. Hal ini sering disebut dengan “keguguran” atau aborsi spontan. Ini sering terjadi pada ibu-ibu yang masih hamil muda, dikarenakan suatu akibat yang tidak disengaja dan diinginkan ataupun karena suatu penyakit yang dideritanya.",
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"text": "2) Abortus provokatus, adalah aborsi yang disengaja baik dengan memakai obat- obatan maupun alat-alat. Aborsi yang dilakukan secara sengaja (abortus provocatus) ini terbagi menjadi dua:",
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"text": "a) Abortus provocatus medicinalis. Adalah aborsi yang dilakukan oleh dokter atas dasar indikasi medis, yaitu apabila tindakan aborsi tidak diambil akan membahayakan jiwa ibu.",
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{
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"text": "b) Abortus provokatus medisinalis/artificialis/therapeuticus adalah aborsi yang dilakukan dengan disertai indikasi medis.",
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{
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"text": "Adapun syarat-syarat yang ditentukan sebagai indikasi medis adalah:",
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"text": "1) Dilakukan oleh tenaga kesehatan yang memiliki keahlian dan kewenangan untuk melakukannya (yaitu seorang dokter ahli kebidanan dan penyakit",
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{
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"text": "kandungan) sesuai dengan tanggung jawab profesi.",
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"text": "2) Harus meminta pertimbangan tim ahli (ahli medis lain, agama, hukum, psikologi).",
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{
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"height": 38,
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"text": "3) Harus ada persetujuan tertulis dari penderita atau suaminya atau keluarga terdekat.",
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{
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"text": "4) Dilakukan di sarana kesehatan yang memiliki tenaga/peralatan yang memadai, yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah.",
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{
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"text": "5) Prosedur tidak dirahasiakan.",
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{
"left": 323,
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"text": "6) Dokumen medic harus lengkap.",
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{
"left": 305,
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"height": 231,
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"text": "Abortus provocatus criminalis. Adalah aborsi yang terjadi oleh karena tindakan- tindakan yang tidak legal atau tidak berdasarkan indikasi medis, sebagai contoh aborsi yang dilakukan dalam rangka melenyapkan janin sebagai akibat hubungan seksual di luar perkawinan. Secara umum pengertian abortus provokatus criminalis adalah suatu kelahiran dini sebelum bayi itu pada waktunya dapat hidup sendiri di luar kandungan. Pada umumnya janin yang keluar itu sudah tidak bernyawa lagi. Sedangkan secara yuridis abortus provokatus criminalis adalah setiap penghentian kehamilan sebelum hasil konsepsi dilahirkan, tanpa memperhitungkan umur bayi dalam kandungan dan janin dilahirkan dalam keadaan mati atau hidup.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pengertian tersebut, pada abortus provocatus ini ada unsur kesengajaan. Artinya, suatu perbuatan atau tindakan yang dilakukan agar kandungan lahir sebelum tiba waktunya. Menurut kebiasaan maka bayi dalam kandungan seorang wanita akan lahir setelah jangka waktu 9 bulan 10 hari. Hanya dalam hal tertentu saja seorang bayi dalam kandungan dapat lahir pada saat usia kandungan baru mencapai 7 bulan ataupun 8 bulan. Dalam hal ini perbuatan aborsi ini biasanya dilakukan sebelum kandungan berusia 7 bulan. Menurut pengertian kedokteran yang dikemukakan oleh Lilien Eka Chandra, aborsi (baik keguguran maupun pengguguran kandungan) berarti terhentinya",
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"text": "kehamilan yang terjadi di antara saat tertanamnya sel telur yang sudah (blastosit) dirahim sampai kehamilan 28 minggu. Batas 28 minggu dihitung sejak haid terakhir itu diambil karena sebelum 28 minggu, janin belum dapat hidup (viable di luar rahim).",
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"text": "HAK KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"height": 53,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Isu tentang kesehatan reproduksi perempuan telah diakui secara internasional sejak Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Tahun 1968 di Teheran, berlanjut dengan Deklarasi",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 223,
"height": 191,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Meksiko Tahun 1975 sebagai hasil Konferensi Wanita se-Dunia ke-1, dan diperkuat dengan Konferensi Wanita se- Dunia ke-2 di Kopenhagen, ke-3 di Nairobi dan ke-4 di Beijing (Hayati, 2022). Hak perempuan atas kesehatan reproduksi juga dijamin dalam Pasal 12 Konvensi tentang Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women/ CEDAW) yang telah diratifikasi dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1984 tentang Pengesahan Konvensi mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk",
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"text": "Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita pada tanggal 24 Juli 1984. Konferensi Internasional tentang Kependudukan dan Pembangunan",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 502,
"width": 223,
"height": 245,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "(International Conference on Population and Development/ ICPD) tahun 1994 di Kairo merumuskan kesehatan reproduksi sebagai keadaan sehat dan sejahtera secara fisik, mental, dan sosial bukan karena ketiadaan penyakit dan kecacatan yang berkaitan dengan fungsi, sistem, dan proses-prosesnya.” Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara peserta dalam konferensi ICPD dan berkomitmen untuk melaksanakan hasil konferensi, yaitu 10 program kesehatan yang meliputi: (1) pelayanan sebelum, semasa kehamilan, dan pascakehamilan; (2) pelayanan kemandulan; (3) pelayanan KB yang optimal; (4) pelayanan dan penyuluhan HIV/AIDS; (5) pelayanan aborsi; (6) pelayanan dan pemberian Komunikasi, Informasi, dan Edukasi (KIE) yang berkaitan",
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"text": "dengan kesehatan reproduksi; (7) pelayanan kesehatan seksual dan reproduksi remaja; (8) tanggung jawab keluarga; (9) peniadaan sunat dan mutilasi anak perempuan; dan (10) pelayanan kesehatan lansia (Idrus, 2006; 251). Di samping 10 program kesehatan reproduksi tersebut, dalam Deklarasi ICPD juga diakui adanya 4 hak reproduksi perempuan, yaitu:",
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{
"left": 323,
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"text": "1) Kesehatan reproduksi sebagai komponen dari kesehatan secara keseluruhan, sepanjang siklus hidup, baik bagi laki-laki maupun perempuan;",
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{
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"height": 39,
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"text": "2) Pengambilan keputusan yang terkait dengan reproduksi, termasuk pilihan sukarela dalam",
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{
"left": 341,
"top": 295,
"width": 187,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pernikahan, pembentukan keluarga dan penentuan jumlah anak, waktu dan jarak kelahiran, dan hak untuk memiliki akses kepada informasi dan sarana yang dibutuhkan untuk latihan pilihan sukarela;",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 391,
"width": 205,
"height": 80,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "3) Kesetaraan dan keadilan untuk laki- laki dan perempuan untuk memungkinkan individu membuat pilihan bebas dan informasi di semua bidang kehidupan, bebas dari diskriminasi berdasarkan gender;",
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{
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"height": 52,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "4) keamanan seksual dan reproduksi, termasuk kebebasan dari kekerasan seksual dan pemaksaan, dan hak untuk privasi.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 305,
"top": 529,
"width": 223,
"height": 218,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dampak Negatif Aborsi pada Perempuan, Secara keseluruhan, di seluruh dunia, aborsi adalah penyebab kematian yang paling utama dibandingkan kanker dan penyakit jantung, dan tindakan aborsi mengandung resiko yang cukup tinggi bagi perempuan apabila tidak dilakukan berdasarkan standar profesi medis. Berbagai cara yang dilakukan dalam praktek aborsi adalah; 1) Manipulasi fisik, yaitu dengan melakukan pijatan pada rahim agar janin terlepas dari rahim. Biasanya akan terasa sakit sekali karena pijatan yang dilakukan dipaksakan dan berbahaya bagi organ dalam tubuh; 2) Menggunakan berbagai ramuan dengan tujuan agar rahim menjadi panas.",
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"width": 223,
"height": 576,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ramuan tersebut seperti nanas muda yang dicampur dengan marica atau obat keras lainnya; 3) Menggunakan alat bantu tradisional yang tidak steril yang dapat mengakibatkan infeksi. Tindakan ini juga membahayakan organ dalam tubuh. Adapun akibat yang dapat ditimbulkan akibat perbuatan aborsi antara lain: 1) Pendarahan sampai menimbulkan shock dan gangguan neurologis/syaraf di kemudian hari, dan akibat lanjut pendarahan adalah kematian; 2) Infeksi alat reproduksi yang dilakukan secara tidak steril. Akibat dari tindakan ini adalah kemungkinan remaja mengalami kemandulan di kemudian hari setelah menikah; 3) Resiko terjadinya ruptur uterus (robek rahim) besar dan penipisan dinding rahim akibat kuretasi. Hal ini dapat juga menimbulkan kemandulan karena rahim yang robek harus diangkat keseluruhannya; 3) Terjadinya fistula genital tarumatis, yaitu timbulnya saluran yang secara normal tidak ada yaitu saluran antara genital dan saluran kencing atau saluran pencernaan (Fernando, 2021). Resiko komplikasi atau kematian setelah aborsi legal sangat kecil dibandingkan dengan aborsi ilegal yang dilakukan oleh tenaga yang terlatih. Beberapa penyebab utama resiko tersebut antara lain: pertama, sepsis yang disebabkan oleh aborsi yang tidak lengkap, sebagian atau seluruh produk pembuahan masih tertahan dalam rahim. Jika infeksi ini tidak segera ditangani akan terjadi infeksi yang menyeluruh sehingga menimbulkan aborsi septik, yang merupakan komplikasi aborsi legal yang fatal; kedua, pendarahan, hal ini disebabkan oleh aborsi yang tidak lengkap, atau cedera organ panggul atau usus; ketiga, efek samping jangka panjang berupa sperumbatan atau kerusakan permanen di tuba fallopi (saluran telur) yang menyebabkan kemandulan (Pardede, 2019).",
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"text": "HUKUM ISLAM",
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{
"left": 71,
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"height": 52,
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"text": "Bila ditinjau dari segi linguistik, dalam perspektif syara’, kata “abortus” atau “aborsi” dikenal dengan ungkapan al-Ijhadh atau Ishqat al-Haml, yang berarti menjauhkan,",
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"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "mencegah, atau dengan kata lain didefinisikan sebagai keluarnya atau gugurnya kandungan dari seorang ibu yang usia kandungannya belum mencapai 20 minggu. Dalam konteks Islam menyatakan bahwa kehidupan janin (anak dalam kandungan) adalah kehidupan yang harus dihormati. Oleh sebab itu, adalah suatu pelanggaran jika melakukan pengguguran terhadap janin yang sedang dikandung (aborsi), apalagi aborsi tersebut tanpa alasan yang sah atau dikuatkan oleh tim medis. Perbedaan pendapat dikalangan ulama didasarkan dari sejarah pada masa Rasulullah, telah terjadi suatu pertengkaran atau perkelahian antara dua orang wanita dari suku Huzail. Salah satunya yang tengah hamil dilempar batu dan mengenai perutnya. Akibatnya, janin atau bayi dalam kandungannya itu meninggal. Ketika persoalan tersebut diadukan kepada Rasulullah, pembuat jarîmah tersebut (yang melempar) dikenakan sanksi hukum ghurrah, yaitu seperduapuluh diyat (Kuswardani et al., 2019).",
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"text": "Ketetapan inilah yang kemudian diadopsi oleh para fukaha untuk menetapkan sanksi hukum terhadap orang yang melakukan aborsi tanpa alasan yang sah atau tindak pidana terhadap pengguguran kehamilan. Kemudian mengenai abortus nonthempeuticus pada usia janin sebelum 120 hari, pendapat para ulama terbagi dalam tiga aliran, yaitu boleh, makruh dan haram (Somawinata & Taqiyuddin, 2020).",
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"text": "Menurut mayoritas fukaha, melakukan aborsi bagi janin yang telah berusia 120 hari hukumnya haram. Sedang usia sebelum 120 hari terjadi khilâfiyah. Ada yang berpendapat boleh, makrûh, dan haram. Alasan yang mengharamkan usia 120 hari dan membolehkan sebelum 120 hari adalah hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Muslim dan Ibn Mas’ud yang menyatakan tentang penciptaan janin, dari nuthfah ke ‘alaqah, ke mudghah dan sampai ditiupkannya ruh pada usia ke 40 hari (Badruzaman, 2019).",
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"text": "Menurut Imam al-Ramli dari kelompok pengikut Imam Syâfi’i, melakukan aborsi bagi",
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"text": "janin yang sudah berusia 120 hari, haram hukumnya. Karena diperkirakan bahwa janin sudah bernyawa. Bagi yang melakukannya maka sangsinya adalah ghurrah,11 yakni diyat yang harus dipenuhi oleh orang yang melakukan pembunuhan janin, berupa membayar seorang budak laki-laki atau perempuan kepada keluarga si janin atau membayar kafarat senilai dengan seperdua puluh diyat biasa, yaitu lima ekor unta. Sedangkan pengguguran sebelum 120 hari hukumnya boleh (Muzaki, 2020).",
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{
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"text": "Ibn Hazm juga berpendapat bahwa pembunuhan janin setelah ditiupkannya ruh dan usianya mencapai 120 hari dianggap sebagai tindakan kejahatan pembunuhan dengan sengaja dan dijatuhkan hukuman qishâs, kecuali dimaafkan oleh si korban. Tindakan tersebut wajib ghurrah dan tidak wajib membayar kafarat karena dianggap sebagai pembunuhan sengaja.12 Ibn Qudâmah berpendapat bahwa jika ternyata janin itu mati akibat dari suatu pemukulan pada perut ibunya, maka pelakunya diberi ganjaran berupa kafarat, di samping diyat dan ghurrah, yaitu memerdekakan seorang budak yang beriman. Jika tidak dapat melakukannya, maka ia harus berpuasa selama dua bulan berturut-turut. Bahkan, hal itu diwajibkan atasnya baik janin itu hidup atau mati. Dasarnya adalah surat al- Nisâ’ [4]: 29, tentang sanksi hukum terhadap si pembunuh karena tersalah. Kemudian dari fukaha Syafî’iyah (kecuali al-Ghâzali), dan mayoritas fukaha Hanâbilah (kecuali Ibn Rajab) serta mayoritas fuqahâ Hanâfiyah, berpendapat bahwa penguguran kandungan (aborsi) yang dilakukan atas persetujuan suami istri dan tidak menggunakan alat yang membahayakan serta janin yang digugurkan tersebut belum berusia 40 hari, maka hukumnya makrûh. Alasan dari mahzab Hanâfi adalah karena janin itu belum berbentuk (Kaka, 2021).",
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"text": "Dari apa yang dikemukakan ulama (kelompok mazhab) tentang aborsi, terutama masalah usia janin yang haram dan yang boleh untuk dilakukannya aborsi, ternyata berbeda dengan persepsi yang dipaparkan oleh dunia",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 305,
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"width": 223,
"height": 176,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "medis kedokteran. Secara medis, janin menjelang minggu keenam sampai ketujuh sudah memperlihatkan adanya denyut jantung. Oleh sebab itu, Hassan Hathoud, seorang guru besar bidang Obstetri dan Ginekologi Fakultas Kedokteraan Universitas Quwait, menganggap para ulama saat itu menanggapi hadis tersebut masih terbatas. Itu disebabkan keterbatasan perkembangan sains dan teknologi, terutama tentang embriologi, pada saat mereka memberi makna yang sama antara “asal mula kehidupan janin” dengan “ditiupkannya ruh”",
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"text": "Al-Ghazali berpendapat bahwa pengguguran dan pembunuhan terselubung merupakan tindakan kejahatan terhadap suatu wujud yang telah ada. Wujud itu mempunyai beberapa tingkatan. Tingkat pertama ialah masuknya nuthfah (sperma) ke dalam rahim dan bercampur dengan air mani perempuan (ovum) serta siap untuk menerima kehidupan.16 Hal ini senada dengan pendapat Mahmûd Syalthûth (Aswandi & Roisah, 2019).",
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"text": "Demikian juga pendapat Imâm alRamli dari kelompok mahzab Syâfi’i. Alasan mereka adalah hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Bukhâri dan Muslim tentang penciptaan janin yang berusia 40 hari baru kemudian ditiupkan ruh. Sedangkan Abû Ishâq alMarwaei berpendapat bahwa seseorang yang minum obat untuk menggugurkan kandungannya selama berbentuk ‘alaqah atau mudghah, maka hal itu dibolehkan. Demikian pula pendapat kelompok Hanâfiyah yang membolehkannya secara mutlak.18 Hal sama juga dikemukakan oleh Abû Bakar Ibn Sa’id al-Furati dan al- Qalyubi bahwa minum obat untuk menggugurkan kandungan saat janin masih berbentuk nuthfah atau ‘alaqah, maka hal itu dibolehkan (Irawan et al., 2018).",
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"text": "Imâm al-Subki berpendapat bahwa pengguguran kandungan dari hasil perbuatan zina, dibolehkan asal masih berupa nuthfah atau ‘alaqoh, yaitu sebelum delapan puluh hari. Demikian juga pendapat Imâm alRamli dari kelompok mahzab Syâfi’i. Alasan mereka adalah hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Bukhâri",
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"text": "dan Muslim tentang penciptaan janin yang berusia 40 hari baru kemudian ditiupkan ruh. Sedangkan Abû Ishâq alMarwaei berpendapat bahwa seseorang yang minum obat untuk menggugurkan kandungannya selama berbentuk ‘alaqah atau mudghah, maka hal itu dibolehkan. Demikian pula pendapat kelompok Hanâfiyah yang membolehkannya secara mutlak. Hal sama juga dikemukakan oleh Abû Bakar Ibn Sa’id al- Furati dan al- Qalyubi bahwa minum obat untuk menggugurkan kandungan saat janin masih berbentuk nuthfah atau ‘alaqah, maka hal itu dibolehkan (Azizah, 2020).",
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"text": "Aliran yang berpendapat makrûh Menurut pendapat Ibn Rusyd, dari kelompok mahzab Maliki, jika terjadi pemukulan terhadap wanita yang sedang hamil dan menyebabkan kematian janinnya, maka sanksinya adalah tidak wajib kafarat tapi sebaiknya kafarat. Alasannya seperti apa yang telah dilakukan pada kasus perkelahian dua orang wanita suku Huzail di atas. Ibn Wahban berpendapat bahwa pengguguran kandungan dibolehkan jika karena uzur. Jika tidak, maka hukumnya makrûh. Sedangkan Muhammad Said Ramadhan al- Bûti menilai pengguguran kandungan dibolehkan asal ada kesepakatan antara ayah dan ibu si janin. Karena menurut hukum syara’, seorang ayah bisa sah jika dia mempunyai anak yang dilahirkan dari istri yang sah. Sedangkan zina tidak mutlak diperlukan (ayah). Dalam kasus seperti ini, hakim dapat menduduki sebagai ayah untuk memberi izin dan pertimbangan. Tapi ia tidak bisa memaafkan dalam masalah qishas meskipun itu anak zina. Karena ia bertentangan dengan mashlahah. Tetapi hakim bisa menggantikan dalam keadaan darurat. Alasannya karena air sperma setelah ke rahim belumlah hidup, tapi mempunyai hukum sebagai manusia hidup, seperti halnya telur binatang buruan pada waktu Ihrâm. Oleh sebab itu, ahli tahqîq berkata, “maka kebolehan mengugurkan kandungan itu harus diartikan karena dalam keadaan uzur, atau dengan pengertian bahwa ia tidak berdosa seperti dosanya membunuh” (Dewa, 2020).",
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"text": "Aliran yang berpendapat haram Imâm al-Ghazâli berpendapat bahwa hukum pengguguran kandungan haram secara mutlak, bahkan sejak bertemunya sperma laki-laki dan ovum wanita. Pendapat ini didukung Mahmûd Syaltût dan Yûsuf Qaradhawi. Menurut pendapat ‘Abd alRahmân al-Baghdâdi, jika pengguguran itu dilakukan setelah 40 hari masa kehamilan, yaitu saat mulai terbentuknya janin, maka hukum pengguguran adalah haram. Sama halnya pengguguran janin setelah ditiupkan ruh. Sebab, janin yang sedang dalam proses pembentukan organorgannya dapat dipastikan sebagai janin yang sedang mengalami proses terbentuknya manusia sempurna. Alasannya adalah surat al-Mukminûn [23]: 14 yang artinya berbunyi:",
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"text": "Kemudian air mani itu Kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu segumpal darah itu Kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan segumpal daging itu Kami jadikan tulang belulang, lalu tulang belulang itu Kami bungkus dengan daging. kemudian Kami jadikan Dia makhluk yang (berbentuk) lain. Maka Maha sucilah Allah, Pencipta yang paling baik.",
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"text": "Dalam ayat di atas, ditafsirkan bahwa sebelum membentuk “mahluk lain” memang ada fase-fase tertentu yang secara bertahap sudah dianggap mempunyai ruh atau suatu kehidupan, yaitu rûh hayawâni dan rûh insâniyah. Rûh hayawâni telah dimiliki sejak pembuahan terjadi, sedangkan rûh insâni berada ketika janin sudah berbentuk lengkap seperti yang dilakukan oleh Sayyid Quthub.",
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"text": "Kemudian selanjutnya mereka beralasan pada surat Nuh [71]: 14 yang artinya berbunyi: padahal dia sesungguhnya telah menciptakan kamu dalam beberapa tingkatan kejadian.",
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"text": "Kemudian surat al-Mukminun [23]: 12, 13 dan 14:",
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"text": "Dan Sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia dari suatu saripati (berasal) dari tanah. Kemudian Kami jadikan saripati itu air mani (yang disimpan) dalam tempat yang kokoh (rahim). Kemudian air",
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"text": "mani itu Kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu segumpal darah itu Kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan segumpal daging itu Kami jadikan tulang belulang, lalu tulang belulang itu Kami.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "HUKUM NEGARA",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "Perlindungan hukum berarti melindungi hak setiap orang untuk mendapatkan perlakuan dan perlindungan yang sama oleh hukum dan undang undang, oleh karena itu untuk setiap pelanggaran hukum yang dituduhkan padanya serta dampak yang diderita olehnya ia berhak pula untuk mendapat pRegulasi tentang pengguguran kandungan yang disengaja (abortus provocatus) dalam Kitab Undang- Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) diatur dalam Bab XIX Pasal 346 sampai dengan Pasal 349, dan digolongkan ke dalam kejahatan terhadap nyawa. Berikut ini adalah uraian tentang pengaturan abortus provocatus yang terdapat dalam KUHPerlindungan dari hukum yang diperlukan sesuai dengan asas hukum. Tetapi perlu kita ketahui bahwa dalam kasus perkosaan pihak korban telah terabaikan dari jangkauan hukum. Ini terbukti dari banyaknya kasus dengan korban perempuan yang tidak mampu terselesaikan secara adil dan memuaskan (Bahri, 2019a).",
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"text": "Regulasi tentang pengguguran kandungan yang disengaja (abortus provocatus) dalam Kitab Undang- Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) diatur dalam Bab XIX Pasal 346 sampai dengan Pasal 349, dan digolongkan ke dalam kejahatan terhadap nyawa. Berikut ini adalah uraian tentang pengaturan abortus provocatus yang terdapat dalam KUHP.",
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"text": "Pasal 346 KUHP: “Seorang wanita yang sengaja menggugurkan atau mematikan kandungannya atau menyuruh orang lain untuk itu, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama empat tahun”.",
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"text": "Pasal 347 KUHP:",
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"text": "1) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja menggugurkan atau mematikan kandungan seorang wanita tanpa",
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"text": "persetujuannya, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama dua belas tahun.",
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"text": "2) Jika perbuatan itu mengakibatkan matinya wanita tersebut, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama lima belas tahun.",
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"text": "Pasal 348 KUHP: 1) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja menggunakan atau mematikan kandungan seorang wanita dengan persetujuannya, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama lima tahun enam bulan.",
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"text": "2) Jika perbuatan itu mengakibatkan matinya wanita tersebut, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama tujuh tahun.",
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"text": "Pasal 349 KUHP: “Jika seorang dokter, bidan atau juru obat membantu melakukan kejahatan berdasarkan pasal 346, ataupun membantu melakukan salah satu kejahatan dalam pasal 347 dan 348, maka pidana yang ditentukan dalam pasal itu dapat ditambah dengan sepertiga dan dapat dicabut hak untuk menjalankan pencaharian dalam mana kejahatan dilakukan”.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian pasal-pasal tersebut, tampak sekali bahwa KUHP tidak membolehkan suatu abortus provocatus di Indonesia. KUHP tidak melegalkan abortus provocatus tanpa kecuali. Bahkan abortus provocatus medicalis atau abortus provocatus therapeuticus pun dilarang, termasuk di dalamnya adalah abortus provocatus yang dilakukan oleh perempuan korban perkosaan. Oleh karena sudah dirumuskan demikian, maka dalam kasus abortus provocatus yang dilakukan oleh korban perkosaan, minimal ada dua orang yang terkena ancaman sanksi pidana sesuai dengan ketentuan yang terdapat dalam KUHP, yakni si perempuan sendiri yang hamil karena perkosaan serta barangsiapa yang sengaja membantu siperempuan tersebut menggugurkan kandungannya. Seorang perempuan yang hamil karena perkosaan dapat terkena ancaman sanksi pidana kalau ia sengaja",
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"text": "menggugurkan kandungan tanpa bantuan orang lain. Ia juga dapat terkena ancaman sanksi pidana kalau ia meminta orang lain dengan cara menyuruh orang itu untuk menggugurkan kandungannya. Khususnya untuk orang lain yang disuruh untuk menggugurkan kandungan dan ia benar-benar melakukannya, maka baginya berlaku rumusan pasal 347 dan 348 KUHP sebagai berikut: “…barangsiapa dengan sengaja menggugurkan…” Jika terbukti bersalah di muka pengadilan, ia turut dipidana sebagaimana si perempuan hamil yang melakukan abortus provocatus tersebut. Sedangkan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan yang menggantikan undang-undang kesehatan sebelumnya yaitu UndangUndang Nomor: 23 tahun 1992, melalui Pasal 75,76, dan Pasal 77 memberikan penegasan mengenai pengaturan pengguguran kandungan (abortus provocatus).",
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"text": "Berikut ini adalah uraian lengkap mengenai pengaturan aborsi yang terdapat dalam pasal-pasal tersebut: Pasal 75:",
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"text": "1) Setiap orang dilarang melakukan aborsi.",
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"text": "2) Larangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat dikecualikan berdasarkan:",
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"text": "a) Indikasi kedaruratan medis yang dideteksi sejak usia dini kehamilan, baik yang mengancam nyawa ibu dan/atau janin, yang menderita penyakit genetik berat dan/atau cacat bawaan, maupun yang tidak dapat diperbaiki sehingga menyulitkan bayi tersebut hidup di luar kandungan; atau",
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"text": "b) Kehamilan akibat perkosaan yang dapat menyebabkan trauma psikologis bagi korban perkosaan.",
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"text": "3) Tindakan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) hanya dapat dilakukan setelah melalui konseling dan/atau",
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"text": "penasehatan pra tindakan dan diakhiri dengan konseling pasca tindakan yang",
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"text": "dilakukan oleh konselor yang kompeten dan berwenang.",
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"text": "4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai indikasi dihitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir, kecuali dalam hal kedaruratan medis kedaruratan medis dan perkosaan, sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dan ayat (3) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah. Pasal 76: Aborsi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 75 hanya dapat dilakukan:",
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"text": "a) Sebelum kehamilan berumur 6 (enam) minggu;",
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"text": "b) Oleh tenaga kesehatan yang memiliki keterampilan dan kewenangan yang memiliki sertifikat yang ditetapkan oleh menteri;",
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"text": "c) Dengan persetujuan ibu hamil yang bersangkutan;",
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"text": "d) Dengan izin suami, kecuali korban perkosaan; dan",
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"text": "e) Penyedia layanan kesehatan yang memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan oleh Menteri. Pasal 77: Pemerintah wajib melindungi dan mencegah perempuan dari aborsi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 75 ayat (2) dan ayat (3) yang tidak bermutu, tidak aman, dan tidak bertanggung jawab serta bertentangan dengan norma agama dan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Berdasarkan ketentuan yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun tersebut jika kita kaitkan dengan aborsi karena kehamilan tidak dikehendaki (KTD) akibat perkosaan, maka dapat disimpulkan: Pertama, secara umum praktik aborsi dilarang; Kedua, larangan terhadap praktik dikecualikan pada beberapa keadaan, kehamilan akibat perkosaan yang dapat menyebabkan trauma psikologis bagi korban perkosaan. Selain itu tindakan medis terhadap aborsi KTD akibat perkosaan hanya dapat dilakukan apabila:",
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"text": "1) Setelah melalui konseling dan/atau penasehatan pra tindakan dan diakhiri dengan konseling pasca tindakan yang dilakukan oleh konselor yang kompeten;",
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"text": "2) Dilakukan sebelum kehamilan berumur 6 (enam) minggu dihitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir, kecuali dalam hal kedaruratan medis;",
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"height": 52,
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"text": "3) Oleh tenaga kesehatan yang memiliki keterampilan dan kewenangan yang memiliki sertifikat yang ditetapkan oleh menteri;",
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"text": "4) Dengan persetujuan ibu hamil yang bersangkutan; dan",
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{
"left": 89,
"top": 295,
"width": 205,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "5) Penyedia layanan kesehatan yang memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan oleh Menteri.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 336,
"width": 223,
"height": 411,
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"text": "Apabila dihubungkan dengan aborsi karena kehamilan tidak dikehendaki (KTD) akibat perkosaan, dimana kehamilan akibat perkosaan yang dapat menyebabkan trauma psikologis bagi korban perkosaan dapat dijadikan sebagai alasan darurat (pemaksa) untuk melakukan aborsi sebenarnya perlu menjadi pertimbangan dalam menerapkan sanksi pidana, khususnya bagi para penegak hukum (Hakim). Karena janin yang diaborsi adalah sebagai akibat pemaksaan hubungan (perkosaan) dengan ancaman kekerasan. Perkosaan sendiri merupakan tindak pidana yang pelakunya harus dijatuhi sanksi pidana penjara maksimal 12 (dua belas) tahun sesuai Pasal 285 KUHP. Sedangkan korbannya harus mendapat perlindungan hukum yang salah satu caranya adalah mengembalikan kondisi jiwanya akibat tekanan daya paksa dari pihak lain (tekanan psikologis). Alasan tekanan psikologis akibat perkosaan inilah yang seharusnya dapat dijadikan pertimbangan untuk menentukan bahwa aborsi akibat perkosaan sebagai suatu pengecualian, sehingga seharusnya legal dilakukan. Arif Gosita dalam bukunya Masalah Korban Kejahatan Kumpulan Karangan mengatakan bahwa: “Dalam kasus abortus, janin ditolak sebagai makhluk hidup dan dianggap sebagai objek mati. Oleh karena diformulasikan",
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"text": "seperti itu maka penghancurannya saat itu tidak dianggap sebagai suatu pembunuhan dan tidak menimbulkan kemarahan moral atau pertentangan moral seperti pada kasus pembunuhan lain.”28 Apabila dihubungkan dengan Pasal 48 KUHP tentang daya paksa (overmacht), sebenarnya Pasal 75 ayat (2) huruf b UU No. 36 Tahun 2009 yang mengatur tentang pengecualian melakukan aborsi terhadap kehamilan akibat perkosaan, mengakui adanya daya paksa bagi barang siapa yang melakukan aborsi.",
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"text": "Ketentuan tentang overmacht atau daya paksa yang terdapat dalam pasal 48 KUHP, yaitu: “Barangsiapa melakukan perbuatan karena pengaruh daya paksa tidak dipidana”.29 Dari ketentuan pasal 48 KUHP tersebut dapat disimpulkan, bahwa yang dimaksud dengan daya paksa adalah suatu paksaan atau tekanan yang tidak dapat dihindarkan. Adapun paksaan itu dilakukan oleh seseorang terhadap orang lain dengan suatu ancaman yang membahayakan diri dan jiwanya. Tentu saja dalam hal ini, orang yang diancam tersebut mempunyai dugaan kuat bahwa ancaman itu benar-benar akan dilaksanakan apabila ia menolak mengerjakan sesuatu yang dikehendaki pemaksa (pengancam). Daya paksa (overmacht) ini merupakan alasan pemaaf. Dalam alasan pemaaf ini, seseorang yang melakukan perbuatan pidana tidak dapat dijatuhi pidana karena tidak adanya kesalahan. Artinya perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh terdakwa tetap bersifat melawan hukum, jadi tetap merupakan perbuatan pidana. Tetapi ia tidak dipidana, karena tidak adanya kesalahan. Dengan demikian, alasan pemaaf adalah alasan yang menghapuskan kesalahan terdakwa. Karena overmacht sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam pasal 48 KUHP hanya memuat alasan pemaaf, artinya perbuatan yang dilakukan tetap bersifat melawan hukum, tetapi kesalahannya bisa dimaafkan karena pengaruh daya paksa tadi. Seseorang yang melakukan perbuatan pidana, sedangkan ia berada di bawah pengaruh daya paksa sehingga ia terpaksa melakukan perbuatan",
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"text": "tersebut tidak dapat dijatuhi pidana. Hal ini merupakan hal yang tepat dan mencerminkan rasa keadilan, sebab orang tersebut melakukan perbuatan pidana karena dorongan yang tidak mampu dilawannya, misalnya karena mengancam keselamatan jiwanya (Bahri, 2019b).",
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"text": "Dalam kasus abortus provokatus pada korban perkosaan terjadi konflik antara 2 (dua) hak, yakni hak perempuan yang hamil bertentangan dengan hak janin. Dengan demikian untuk menentukan apakah perempuan yang melakukan abortus provokatus atas kandungannya dapat dipidana atau tidak dapat dinilai darikepentingan manakah yang lebih utama (Nurdin, 2020). Hak janin untuk tetap hidup atau hak perempuan untuk tetap menjalankan hidupnya tanpa tekanan psikologis dan sosial. Mencermati ketentuan yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2009 khususnya Pasal 75 ayat (2) huruf b yang mengatur tentang aborsi karena alasan darurat (pemaksa) dalam hal ini adalah adanya trauma psikologis yang dialami oleh wanita hamil sebagai akibat tindak pidana perkosaan yang dialaminya. Pada akhirnya penyelesaian kasus tersebut sangat tergantung pada para penegak hukum untuk menegakkan keadilan terutama bagi perempuan yang jelas-jelas berkedudukan sebagai korban perkosaan. Pendapat ahli hukum masa kini, sudah seharusnya menjadi pertimbangan dalam rangka menjatuhkan pidana, jadi tidak semata-mata didasarkan pada bunyi undang- undang, akan tetapi juga memperhatikan latar belakang perbuatan dilakukan. Hal inipun dalam proses pembuktiannya juga tidak mudah, karena harus dibuktikan lebih dahulu perkosaannya (Tutik, 2018). Apabila aborsi karena perkosaan dijadikan pengecualian sebagaimana alasan medis, maka kriteria yang dijadikan pengecualian harus benar-benar jelas dan tegas, sehingga tidak disalahgunakan oleh oknum yang tidak bertanggungjawab, akibatnya aborsi marak dilakukan. Dengan demikian Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun memperbolehkan praktik aborsi terhadap",
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"text": "kehamilan akibat perkosaan dengan persyaratan dilakukan oleh tenaga yang kompeten, dan memenuhi ketentuan agama dan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"height": 205,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "Tindakan aborsi bagi korban perkosaan menurut PP No 61 Tahun 2014 harus memenuhi kriteria dan prosedur berupa pembuktian usia kehamilan melalui surat keterangan dokter, keterangan penyidik dan keterangan psikolog, konseling pra tindakan dan konseling pasca tindakan. Namun, dalam praktiknya perlu kesadaran dan pengawasan semua pihak, agar tidak terjadi praktik suap dan menyalahgunaan kewenangan bagi pihak yang berkompeten. Jadi aborsi hanya boleh dilakukan jika benar-benar dapat dibuktikan bahwa pemohon aborsi benar-benar korban perkosaan dan mendapat surat keterarangan dari dokter, penyidik dan psikolog.",
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"text": "Menurut HAM, aborsi bagi korban perkosaan hanya boleh dilakukan untuk melindungi jiwa janin dan ibu, selain dari alasan tersebut dianggap sebagai pelanggaran HAM, sedangkan menurut hukum Islam, hukum aborsi berbeda pada setiap kasus tergantung kepada situasi, kondisi dan alasan masing masing-masing pihak yang melakukan aborsi sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islam bahwa hukum itu berubah sesuai dengan perubahan zaman, tempat dan keadaan, serta kaidah hukum bahwa hukum itu mengikuti illatnya bahwa ada illat ada hukumnya.",
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"height": 107,
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"text": "Namun dari semua perbedaan hukum tentang aborsi itu, pada prinsipnya semua bertujuan untuk mencapai kemaslahatan manusia sesuai dengan maqâshid syarî’ah /tujuan hukum Islam dalam menjaga lima perkara yang bersifat darûriyat yaitu memelihara agama, jiwa, akal, keturunan dan harta.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "Afifah, W. (2018). HUKUM DAN",
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"page_number": 14,
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"text": "KONSTITUSI: PERLINDUNGAN",
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"left": 95,
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"page_number": 15,
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"text": "HUKUM ATAS DISKRIMINASI PADA",
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"width": 198,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 15,
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"text": "HAK ASASI PEREMPUAN DI DALAM KONSTITUSI. In DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum . Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya. https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v0i0.1583",
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"left": 71,
"top": 159,
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"text": "(TINJAUAN DARI HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA). In Justisi",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Vol. 3, Issue 1). Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang. https://doi.org/10.36805/jjih.v3i1.506",
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"text": "Interpreting the Narrative of Luke 8:43–48 Using a Post-colonial Feminist Approach",
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"text": "Women who suffer from intimate organ issues, such as discharge of blood, are often stigmatized and prejudiced. Former colonialization worsened the culture of patriarchy in treating unfairly women in such condition. Using a postcolonial feminist approach and focusing on the narrative story of a woman having discharge of blood in the Gospel of Luke 8:43–48, this article refl ects on the experiences of sick women today. This approach aims to identify the voice of those who are experiencing double colonializations, political, and cultural. The goal is to realize the domination that occurs in the text and its context and to refl ect on the woman’s struggle for proving her faith. The result of the hermeneutic work shows the woman’s resilience and bravery, and reveals Jesus as a holistic, liberating, and transforming healer.",
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"text": "Keywords: postcolonial feminist, women, Jesus’ healing, Luke 8, biblical hermeneutics.",
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"text": "SIAPA YANG MENJAMAH AKU? Menafsir Narasi Lukas 8:43–48 dengan Pendekatan Poskolonial Feminis",
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"text": "Perempuan yang menderita sakit, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan organ intim, sering mendapatkan stigma dan prasangka dari berbagai pihak. Realita sebagai masyarakat yang pernah mengalami kolonialisasi diperparah dengan warisan patriarki menempatkan perempuan dengan penyakit pada organ intim—seperti pendarahan berlebih—pada keadaan",
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"text": "Afi liasi: Universitas Kristen Indonesia Tomohon",
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"text": "Korespondensi: [email protected]",
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"text": "SIAPA YANG MENJAMAH AKU?: MENAFSIR NARASI LUKAS 8:43-48 DENGAN PENDEKATAN POSKOLONIAL FEMINIS",
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"text": "Bagi orang Kristen, Alkitab tidak hanya sekadar dokumen historis yang lahir di masa lampau. Semua diwahyukan Allah dan ditulis dengan ilham Roh Kudus. Namun sudah sejak lama disadari bahwa Alkitab tidak begitu saja dapat dipahami oleh semua orang yang membacanya. Ada usaha-usaha untuk menentukan kaidah yang dibutuhkan untuk dapat membaca dan memahami isi Alkitab yang kemudian mewujud dalam proses-proses penerjemahan dan penafsiran Alkitab. Dalam rangka membaca dan memahami isi Alkitab dibutuhkan seorang hermeneus yang mampu menerjemahkan dan menyampaikan maksud dari proses pembacaan dan pemahaman terhadap Alkitab. Seorang hermeneus bertugas untuk membuat isi Alkitab dapat dipahami oleh manusia pada masa kini, yang secara historis dan geografi s telah terpisah jauh dari dunia Alkitab (Marsunu dkk. 2016, 7).",
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"text": "Umat Kristiani di Nusantara sebagai bagian dari bangsa Indonesia pernah berada pada masa kolonial. Masa kolonialisme Eropa terhadap bangsa-bangsa Asia dan Afrika. Kolonialisme yang tidak berlangsung pada",
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"text": "yang sulit. Narasi perempuan yang sakit pendarahan menurut Injil Lukas 8:43–48 akan menjadi fokus untuk merefl eksikan pengalaman perempuan yang sakit dalam teks terhadap kenyataan dan pengalaman perempuan yang sakit masa kini dengan metode atau pendekatan poskolonial feminis. Pendekatan ini berusaha untuk menemukan suara mereka yang mengalami penjajahan ganda, baik oleh kolonialisme maupun oleh patriarki. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat dominasi yang terjadi dalam teks dan konteksnya serta merefl eksikan tentang perjuangan perempuan dan pembuktian imannya. Dari kerja hermeneutik yang dilakukan didapat makna perjuangan dan keberanian perempuan serta Yesus yang hadir sebagai penyembuh yang holistik, yang membebaskan serta mentransformasi.",
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"text": "Kata-kata kunci: poskolonial feminis, perempuan, penyembuhan Yesus, Lukas 8, penafsiran Alkitab.",
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"text": "waktu yang singkat tersebut telah membawa perubahan yang besar dalam kehidupan bangsa yang dikolonialisasi. Perubahan yang terjadi bukan sekadar pada aspek pengambilan kekayaan alam namun juga terkait sikap hidup, bahkan kepercayaan. Karena itu semangat poskolonial dipandang sebagai usaha kritis untuk menggali kekayaan setempat sambil mengambil hal yang positif dari peninggalan Barat. Hermeneutika poskolonial menjadi sebuah sikap dalam memahami teks-teks suci dengan memanfaatkan kekayaan cara baca lokal—bahkan pengalaman-pengalaman— dengan memperhatikan hasil studi Barat yang sudah ada (Marsunu dkk. 2016, 10).",
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"text": "Seperti halnya pendekatan atau kritik historis, pendekatan poskolonial mengarahkan perhatian pada proses close and critical reading terhadap teks. Namun ada perbedaan yang penting di antara keduanya. Keduanya memang merupakan kritik Alkitab yang memberi perhatian pada konteks dari teks, namun yang satu lebih kepada aspek historis, teologis, dan dunia keagamaan dari teks, sementara yang satu lebih kepada aspek politik, kultur, dan ekonomi dari suasana kolonial yang tampak dari teks (Sugirtharajah 2011,",
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"text": "8). Indonesia sebagai bangsa yang pernah mengalami penjajahan, menjadikan Indonesia sebagai tempat yang cukup signifi kan dalam penerapan pendekatan poskolonial, khususnya dalam proses penafsiran Alkitab. Pengalaman- pengalaman poskolonial, kekuasaan, dan dominasi sering kali membungkam suara- suara dari yang liyan.",
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"text": "Harus diakui bahwa poskolonialisme identik dengan semacam perlawanan terhadap kolonialisme, berdasarkan pengalaman masa lalu sebagai pribadi maupun sebagai bangsa terjajah untuk merumuskan identitas dan tujuannya. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut maka pembacaan Alkitab dari perspektif poskolonial sejalan dengan pembacaan Alkitab liberationis . Misalnya, pembacaan Alkitab yang dilakukan oleh kelompok feminis. Pembacaan teks- teks suci sebagai perempuan memberikan kemerdekaan bagi perempuan untuk dapat menginternalisasi teks suci tersebut dari sudut pandang perempuan yang menantang ideologi patriarki yang telah mengonstruksi peran-peran gender dan stigma masyarakat dalam konteks masa kini. Karena itu ada usaha bersama untuk mendekati teks-teks suci dengan menggunakan pendekatan feminis. Dalam konteks negara- negara Dunia Ketiga, tugas dari pembaca feminis adalah untuk mendekonstruksi elemen-elemen patriarki untuk membebaskan perempuan dari eksploitasi dan penindasan serta memberdayakan mereka untuk mengambil peran berbeda dari peran tradisional yang telah dikenakan kepada mereka (Mangililo 2016, 27).",
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"text": "Fiorenza, sebagaimana dikutip oleh Dube, mencoba untuk merekonstruksi ke- kristenan mula-mula dengan menempatkan kembali perempuan di dalam sejarah, tetapi juga memulihkan sejarah permulaan kekristenan",
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"text": "terhadap perempuan. Dalam rekonstruksinya tersebut, Fiorenza menyederhanakan latar imperial dengan secara konstan merujuk pada kerajaan Romawi sebagai “dunia Romawi”, “dunia Yunani-Romawi”, dan Roma sebagai pusat politik. Ia berbicara tentang etos patriarki yang dominan dari dunia Yunani-Romawi terhadap tatanan sosial yang ada dan dunia Romawi yang Helenis sebagai dunia patriarki, tanpa secara eksplisit menyebutkan bahwa ia juga adalah dunia imperial, yang mana imperialisme itulah yang merupakan sistem opresi yang menuntut perhatian dalam usaha- usaha pembebasan. Hal tersebut menunjukkan opresi patriarki dari orang Yahudi dan orang bukan Yahudi terhadap perempuan sebagai opresi yang utama terhadap perempuan di dunia Romawi. Opresi imperial Roma kepada orang Yahudi, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, seperti halnya orang-orang yang dikolonialisasi lainnya, menjadi semacam tambahan terhadap hal itu (Dube Shomanah 2000, 39).",
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"text": "Kritik feminis berusaha untuk membuka kedok struktur kekuasaan yang menempatkan perempuan sebagai “ the other ” dan me- lampaui marginalisasi terhadap perempuan dan segala pengartian yang diberikan oleh androsentrisme. Ia lahir dari upaya perjuangan untuk mengalahkan opresi terhadap perempuan dan subordinasi perempuan pada laki-laki; ia terpelihara oleh visi tentang keadilan dan kesetaraan; dan bagi banyak orang ia berakar dalam iman bahwa Allah menebus dan mentransformasi. Ia menawarkan pengujian secara kritis terhadap klaim-klaim ideologis, prasangka yang terus diwariskan, diskursus- diskursus, dan struktur kekuasaan lainnya yang menempatkan perempuan sebagai jenis kelamin kelas dua (Green 2010, 44).",
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"text": "Pendekatan poskolonial bersama dengan kritik feminis dan teologi pembebasan memiliki pandangan yang khusus, beragam, dan paralel. Poskolonial feminis fokus pada konstruksi perbedaan gender dan diskursus kolonial dan anti-kolonial, serta representasi perempuan. Pendekatan ini menekankan tentang perjuangan kaum perempuan yang mengalami kolonialisasi ganda, yaitu dari kolonialisme dan dari patriarki. Mereka berjuang untuk melawan kontrol kolonial tidak hanya sebagai yang terjajah tetapi juga sebagai perempuan (Mangililo 2016, 21). Perjuangan yang demikian dapat direfl eksikan dari narasi perempuan yang berada di bawah kolonialisme Romawi yang selama dua belas tahun dari hidupnya telah menderita dengan sakit pendarahan yang menambah penderitaannya untuk menyesuaikan diri dalam komunitas yang patriarki pada masa itu.",
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"text": "Narasi tentang perempuan yang sakit pendarahan, bersama dengan narasi Yairus dan anak perempuannya, dapat ditemukan dalam ketiga Injil Sinoptis. Narasi ini dapat ditemukan dalam Matius 9:18–26, Markus 5:21–43, dan Lukas 8:40–56. Yang akan dibahas di sini ialah narasi dari perspektif penginjil Lukas. Hal ini karena Lukas memberikan perhatian yang besar kepada peran-peran perempuan di dalam tulisannya. Isu-isu tentang perempuan, orang sakit, bahkan orang-orang yang dimarginalkan menjadi tema yang mewarnai tulisan penginjil Lukas. Injil Lukas merayakan kemuridan perempuan, self-determination , dan kepemimpinan bahkan ia mewartakan tentang pembalikan ketidakadilan yang sistematis (Levine 2002, 21).",
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"text": "Narasi ini berlangsung di antara narasi lainnya. Sebelum narasi tentang perempuan yang sakit pendarahan, telah dimulai dengan narasi tentang kepala rumah ibadat bernama Yairus. Diceritakan bahwa Yairus mendatangi Yesus untuk meminta Yesus menyembuhkan anaknya yang hampir mati. Sebelum narasi itu berlanjut, disisipkan sebuah narasi lainnya yang begitu menarik. Orang-orang berbondong-bondong menantikan dan menyambut Yesus. Lukas menggambarkan bahwa dalam perjalanan menuju rumah Yairus, Yesus didesak-desak orang banyak, ia dikerumuni banyak orang. Dapat dibayangkan suasana yang begitu ramai dan berdesak-desakan. Ternyata dalam keramaian tersebut ada seorang perempuan yang sedang dalam keadaan sakit. Tidak disebutkan nama perempuan itu, namun yang diketahui adalah ia sedang menderita karena sakit pendarahan.",
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"text": "Hubungan antara kedua peristiwa ini terlihat dari strukturnya. Keduanya pula terhubung melalui beberapa kesamaan dalam hal linguistik dan topik. Misalnya tersungkur di hadapan Yesus (ay. 41, 47), θυγά τηρ atau anak perempuan (ay. 42, 48, 49), dua belas tahun (ay. 42, 43), penyembuhan langsung (ay. 44, 47, 55), menyentuh (ay. 44, 45, 46, 47, 53), kenajisan (pendarahan ay. 43, mayat ay. 53, 54) (Green 1997, 343). Perjalanan Yesus ke rumah Yairus terhenti karena peristiwa ini. Hal ini mengingatkan pada saat Yesus membangkitkan Lazarus, Yesus dengan sengaja menunda perjalanannya. Di sini pun, peristiwa keselamatan terjadi dalam keyakinan iman dan kuasa Allah (Ellis 1981, 141).",
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"text": "Dari tempat bangsa-bangsa bukan Yahudi, Yesus telah kembali ke tanah orang Yahudi. Sesuai dengan pengajaran Yesus dalam bagian-bagian sebelumnya (ay. 4–21), iman saja tidaklah cukup, for it must prove itself in testing (Green 1997, 346). Itulah yang nampak dalam narasi yang diletakkan seperti bagian tengah dari sandwich . Bukan berarti bahwa narasi tentang Yairus dan putrinya tidaklah penting, namun hal ini harus dilihat dari sudut pandang bahwa kedua narasi ini saling memengaruhi satu sama lain. Meskipun yang menjadi fokus adalah narasi perempuan yang sakit pendarahan namun narasi Yairus menjadi semacam bingkai dalam memahami narasi ini.",
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"text": "DUA BELAS TAHUN MENDERITA",
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"left": 65,
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"text": "Sakit pendarahan atau ῥ ύ σει αἵματος menunjuk pada issue of blood (KJV) atau discharge of blood (ESV). Penyakit yang dialami oleh perempuan ini berhubungan dengan menstruasi. Ia mengalami pendarahan yang berlebihan setiap kali dia menstruasi. Karena itu dalam terjemahan BIMK ditambahkan keterangan “yang berhubungan dengan haidnya” untuk menunjukkan sebab dari keadaan tersebut. Hal itu berarti bahwa selama dua belas tahun, perempuan itu menderita penyakit tersebut, bukan selama dua belas tahun ia terus mengalami pendarahan (Sembiring dkk. 2005, 288). Dalam dunia kedokteran kini, penyakit yang dialami perempuan ini sepertinya adalah Menorrhagia , atau keadaan ketika jumlah darah yang keluar telah berlebihan dan/atau waktu menstruasi yang lebih lama (lebih dari 7 hari). Keadaan ini sangat memengaruhi kualitas hidup",
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"text": "penderitanya bahkan dapat berbahaya karna dapat menyebabkan anemia (Duckitt 2015, 2).",
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"text": "Memang secara fi sik keadaannya tidak menjangkiti orang lain, tetapi dalam ritus, keadaannya itu dapat memengaruhi orang lain, dengan konsekuensi dia terisolasi dari komunitasnya selama dua belas tahun. Darah dalam tradisi Yahudi terkait dengan tradisi yang dengan istilah niddah yang merupakan hukum kesucian keluarga yang terkait dengan menstruasi atau perempuan yang sedang menstruasi, yang juga berhubungan dengan miqveh atau ritus penyucian atau pembersihan. Niddah dan miqveh memainkan peran yang penting bagi kehidupan perempuan Yahudi dari abad ke abad dalam berbagai cara, tradisi tersebut mendefi nisikan perempuan Yahudi di mata mereka sendiri dan di mata komunitas (Wasserfall 1999, 1). Keadaan hidupnya tersebut ditekankan dengan menunjukkan dua belas tahun, yang mengindikasikan bahwa dia telah menderita sama lamanya dengan masa hidup anak Yairus (Green 1997, 346). Saling mendesak di antara keramaian tentulah membuat sang perempuan membuat orang- orang yang bersentuhan dengan dia menjadi najis, dan tujuannya untuk menyentuh Yesus adalah sebuah tindakan terencana yang mana tindakan tersebut akan meneruskan kenajisannya kepada Yesus (Green 1997, 347). Dia mengambil risiko untuk ditolak secara kasar oleh orang banyak, oleh pemimpin- pemimpin sinagoge yang mungkin bersama- sama berjalan dengan Yairus, semua demi sentuhan pada kuasa yang ilahi.",
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"text": "Sesuai dengan Hukum Taurat, perempuan yang menderita penyakit seperti itu dianggap najis bahkan tidak layak mengikuti ritus-ritus ibadah. Imamat 15:25–27 dengan",
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"text": "SIAPA YANG MENJAMAH AKU?: MENAFSIR NARASI LUKAS 8:43-48 DENGAN PENDEKATAN POSKOLONIAL FEMINIS",
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"text": "jelas menguraikan tentang kenajisan perempuan yang mengalami pendarahan berlebih saat menstruasi. Memang tidak disebutkan latar belakang perempuan ini apakah dari orang kalangan Yahudi atau bukan. Namun tetap saja ia adalah seorang perempuan di tengah suasana patriarki yang tidak main-main untuk menempatkan perempuan sebagai warga kelas dua, belum lagi kenyataan bahwa ia adalah perempuan yang najis karena penyakit yang ia alami. Penderitaan yang dialaminya bukan sekadar kesakitan fi sik semata, namun ia harus menghadapi stigma dan diskriminasi karena penyakit yang dialaminya.",
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"text": "Selain itu, keadaannya semakin menderita karena keadaan ekonominya, yang oleh penginjil Markus dalam teks yang paralel, menyebutkan bahwa perempuan ini telah berulang kali diobati oleh berbagai tabib, hal tersebut nampak dalam Markus 5:26. Dia sudah berupaya untuk mencari pertolongan lewat mendatangi—tidak hanya satu tetapi—berbagai tabib. Upayanya mencari kesembuhan itu harus dibayar dengan segala yang ada padanya. Bukan hanya uang sepertinya yang ia habiskan namun termasuk segala harta bendanya. Bahkan ὅλον τὸ ν βί ον menunjukkan pada keseluruhan hidup- nya. Bukannya membaik tetapi ternyata keadaannya semakin memburuk. Penginjil Lukas tidak memasukkan rincian ini ketika ia menyadur bahan dari Markus ini, yang sepertinya memberi sedikit petunjuk bahwa ia juga adalah seorang tabib, yang dalam hal ini tidak mau terlalu memojokkan sejawatnya para tabib (Boland dan Naipospos 2015, 207). Lukas sepertinya sadar betul bahwa penyakit ini memang tidak dapat disembuhkan oleh sembarang orang, sehingga ia tidak menyebut",
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"text": "lagi para tabib dan harta yang dihabiskan perempuan ini, namun langsung menyebutkan bahwa ia tidak berhasil disembuhkan oleh siapa pun. Karena dalam dunia medis kini pun, pengobatan penyakit yang seperti ini tidaklah mudah, pengobatan dapat dilakukan dari pemberian obat-obatan bahkan sampai pada tindakan operasi ( Healthhub t.t., 1).",
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"text": "Dalam konteks sebagai anggota masyarakat yang berada di bawah penjajahan kekaisaran Romawi, konteks masyarakat kolonial turut memengaruhi keberadaan sang perempuan dalam memperjuangkan hidupnya di tengah kesakitan yang ia alami. Kewajiban untuk membayar pajak kepada kaisar, kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari, ditambah dengan biaya-biaya pengobatan, membuat sang perempuan terhimpit secara fi nansial. Sakit yang ia alami membuat dia tidak mampu untuk menafkahi hidupnya, belum lagi keadaan fi nansial yang demikian. Sebagai bagian dari masyarakat yang sedang berada di bawah penguasa yang tidak memberikan perhatian dan tempat bagi keberadaan sang perempuan, menambah panjang serentetan penderitaan yang ia alami. Hal tersebut akan nampak ketika melakukan close reading terhadap narasi ini dan narasi di sekitarnya, termasuk narasi paralel misalnya Markus 5:26, menunjukkan bahwa ia sulit mendapatkan pengobatan yang benar-benar dapat menyembuhkan, biaya pengobatan telah membuat dia menghabiskan segala yang ada padanya.",
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"text": "Sepertinya wanita itu telah mendengar tentang Yesus dan tahu bahwa Yesus dapat menyembuhkan dirinya. Ia tahu bahwa ia sedang dalam keadaan najis, karena pada saat itu, ia sedang mengalami pendarahan. Ia tidak ingin tampil secara terang-terangan di",
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"text": "depan orang banyak, karena dia tahu benar konsekuensi yang akan menimpanya. Tekanan lingkungan sekitar dan rasa malunya membuat dia harus προσελθοῦ σα ὄπισθεν, menghampiri dari belakang. Sehingga kemungkinan Yesus tidak melihat kedatangannya. Dengan imannya ia percaya bahwa pakaian atau jubah (ἱ ματί ου) Yesus dapat secara ajaib menyembuhkannya (Plummer 2010, 264). Tanda kesungguhan untuk berjuang bagi kehidupannya dinampakkan untuk menerobos ὄ χλος, crowds .",
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"text": "Penggunaan kata ὄ χλος yang merupakan kata benda maskulin, memberikan kesan bahwa kerumunan atau keramaian tersebut sering didominasi oleh para laki-laki. Tidak seperti Yairus yang terpandang di tengah komunitas, yang meskipun di tengah keramaian akan mendapatkan jalan, sang perempuan tidak memiliki semacam privilege yang demikian. Hanya ia dan imannya yang dapat ia andalkan untuk mencapai Yesus.",
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"text": "WHO WAS IT THAT TOUCHED ME?",
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"text": "Sang perempuan menampakkan keyakinan yang besar. Satu sentuhan saja maka ia akan sembuh, kira-kira demikianlah keyakinannya. Berbicara tentang sentuhan, pasti meninggalkan kesan pada sang perempuan. Peraturan dalam Imamat dengan jelas menyebutkan bahwa benda yang telah bersentuhan dengan mereka yang najis akan menajiskan orang yang menyentuh atau kena padanya, apalagi menyentuhnya secara langsung. Memang dalam narasi ini bukan Yesus yang menginisiasi menyentuh sang perempuan seperti halnya Yesus menyentuh dan menyembuhkan dalam peristiwa lainnya. Namun, sentuhan yang najis bagi orang lain itu,",
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"text": "dilakukan secara yakin oleh seorang perempuan terhadap Yesus. Ia tahu jika ia meminta atau menyentuh dengan disaksikan oleh orang- orang, tentu mereka tidak akan mengizinkan dia. Sehingga ia harus melakukan misi tersebut secara diam-diam. Kontras dengan apa yang dilakukan oleh Yairus yang terang-terangan meminta Yesus untuk menyembuhkan anaknya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan status sosial memberi pengaruh yang besar bagi sang perempuan. Ternyata meskipun sang perempuan berusaha untuk melakukan tindakan tersebut secara diam-diam, tetapi tak ada yang tak diketahui oleh Yesus.",
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"text": "Signifi kansi dari tindakan perempuan ini disoroti dengan empat kali kemunculan kata dasar ἅ πτομαι dalam dua bentuk kata kerja yang berbeda. Tiga kali dalam bentuk ηψατο (ay. 44, 46, 47) serta satu kali dalam bentuk αψαμενος (ay. 45). Green melihat hal penting yang utama adalah ambiguitasnya. Mengapa perempuan yang najis berniat untuk menyentuh seorang yang bahkan kepala rumah ibadat pun tersungkur di kaki-Nya? The damage she has done is not irreversible ; Yesus harus ditahirkan dan perempuan itu pasti dicerca (Green 1997, 347). Namun ternyata Yesus tidak mengikuti aturan yang demikian, Ia mengakui bahwa sentuhan itu menginisiasi semacam transfer energi.",
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"text": "Bukan tubuh Yesus secara langsung yang disentuh oleh sang perempuan. Ia hanya menyentuh κρά σπεδον ( fringe , border, tassel ), jumbai yang dikenakan oleh orang Israel pada keempat sudut jubah mereka sebagai pengingat akan hukum Tuhan menurut hukum yang tertulis dalam Bilangan 15:37–41 (Bromiley 2009, 240). Ketika tangan penuh perjuangan itu menyentuh ujung jubah Yesus, tidak",
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"text": "perlu menunggu lama melainkan παραχρῆ μα ( immediately, instantly ), seketika itu juga berhentilah pendarahannya. Selama dua belas tahun, masa menstruasi telah menjadi momok yang menakutkan bagi sang perempuan. Darah yang mengalir terus-menerus melewati batas normal halnya perempuan lain, orang-orang yang menjauhinya karena takut menjadi najis, harta benda dan penghidupannya yang telah habis, sakit fi sik yang selama ini telah ia derita kini berhentilah sudah. Ia telah sembuh sama seperti iman dan keyakinannya yang awal.",
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"text": "Sang perempuan berkeyakinan bahwa ada korelasi antara Yesus dan orang-orang yang memerlukan penyembuhan. Dengan menyentuh Yesus ia menunjukkan hubungan itu. Kuasa yang dilepaskan ada karena sang perempuan yakin akan adanya korelasi tersebut. Sesuai dengan penuturan Yesus bahwa iman sang perempuan itu sendiri yang telah menyelamatkannya. Bagi Yesus dan bagi sang perempuan, percaya berarti mengklaim “kuasa” tersebut. Dalam imanlah dapat diklaim kuasa yang ada di dalam Yesus. Iman menghantar semua orang yang mencari dan merindukan kuasa itu dan rela menerimanya dari Yesus, dalam relasi dengan Dia (Barth- Frommel 2017, 84).",
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"text": "Pertanyaan menarik yang diajukan Yesus, “Siapa yang menjamah Aku?” Dapat dibayangkan penjelasan Lukas dan para penginjil lain tentang orang-orang banyak yang mengelilingi bahkan mulai menghimpit Yesus, lalu Ia hendak bertanya tentang seseorang yang menyentuh Dia. Dalam keadaan berdesak- desakan seperti itu, siapa saja dapat menyentuh Yesus, sehingga pertanyaan itu menjadi pertanyaan yang hampir mustahil dijawab bahkan terkesan tidak ada artinya. Tidak ada yang secara spesifi k menjawab pertanyaan",
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"text": "tersebut, baik mengakui maupun menunjuk orang lain, termasuk sang perempuan. Karena tidak ada yang menjawab, Petrus berinisiatif untuk mewakili orang banyak di sekitar Yesus. Pernyataan Petrus bahwa “orang banyak mengerumuni dan mendesak Engkau”, mengisyaratkan bahwa “siapa yang tahu mana orang yang Kau maksud”, kemudian ia mengutarakan alasannya bahwa “terlalu ramai di sini untuk menemukan satu orang yang sengaja menyentuh Guru”, kira-kira demikian yang tergambar dari ungkapan Petrus.",
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"text": "Meski Petrus telah memberikan alasan yang logis dan harusnya dapat diterima mengingat keadaan mereka saat itu, namun Yesus memberikan pernyataan yang melampaui alasan logis yang diberikan oleh Petrus. “ ... I perceive that power has gone out from me ”, ada kuasa yang keluar dari diri- Nya. Kata “kuasa” yang diterjemahkan dari kata benda δύ ναμις menujuk spesifi k pada miraculous powe r (Strong dkk. 2001, 132). Kuasa atau kekuatan itu diceritakan sesuai dengan anggapan-anggapan zaman itu bahwa dengan adanya penyentuhan akan ada kekuatan atau kuasa yang mengalir dari sang penyembuh kepada orang yang sedang sakit. Namun dalam narasi ini hal tersebut tidak dilihat secara mistis atau magis, bahwa sentuhan itu bersifat ajaib dan menyembuhkan, namun semua itu karena iman sang perempuan (Boland dan Naipospos 2015, 208).",
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"text": "IMANMU TELAH MENYELAMATKAN ENGKAU, PERGILAH DENGAN DAMAI",
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"text": "Pada saat itulah ujian iman bagi sang perempuan dimulai, ketika Yesus meminta",
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"text": "pengakuan terhadap tindakannya di depan orang banyak yang ada saat itu. Pada titik inilah penjelasan Lukas sangat terarah pada pergerakan dari sang perempuan dari keterasingan menuju proklamasi di hadapan publik. Orang-orang yang ramai berdesak- desakan, ready to choke faith as it sprouts ; akankah dia menyerah pada ketakutannya atau merespon dengan iman (Green 1997, 348). Cotter sebagaimana dikutip oleh Zwiep, melihat bahwa sang perempuan tidak merasa malu atau takut karena telah melanggar hukum Taurat, tetapi bahwa perasaan malunya harus dipahami dalam konteks dari budaya honour- shame di kerajaan Greko-Romawi kuno, yang mana adalah hal yang tidak pantas bagi seorang perempuan untuk menunjukkan tingkah laku yang kurang bijaksana atau sesuatu yang sembrono dan pada masa itu kesopanan dan kesantunan seorang wanita dilihat sebagai sebuah karakter yang baik (Zwiep 2015, 371). Keberadaan sang perempuan di konteks budaya kolonial tersebut membawa dia pada suasana terancam oleh karena tindakan yang demikian. Betapa memalukannya seorang perempuan sakit, menerobos kerumunan para laki-laki untuk mencapai seorang yang dianggap penting di tengah komunitas. Ia tentu sadar konsekuensi yang ia hadapi karena tindakannya. Namun budaya perilaku kolonial tersebut tidak membatasi dia untuk bergerak menerobos kekangan tersebut.",
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"text": "Yesus menginterpretasikan tindakan sang perempuan sebagai tindakan iman. Dalam rangka mengekspresikan iman tersebut, ia harus melintasi batas aturan keagamaan dan melampaui perintang dari orang banyak, aib pengasingan sosial. Dalam kenyataannya, mengingat posisi sosial sang perempuan,",
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"text": "bersembunyi dan ketakutan adalah hal yang wajar. Karena itu ia tersungkur di hadapan Yesus sebagai tanda kerendahannya (Green 1997, 348). Iman adalah bagian dari karakterisasi sang perempuan di mana Yesus menyingkapkan karakter-Nya yang sesungguhnya melalui peristiwa tersebut. Narasi ini menunjukkan sang perempuan dan Yesus kepada komunitas Helenis-Roma dalam karakter-karakter yang positif. Sang perempuan menunjukkan karakternya melalui kejujurannya di depan orang banyak dan Yesus menunjukkan karakternya dengan melalui peristiwa penyembuhan itu (Robbins 1987, 1).",
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"text": "Dari perspektif poskolonial, tindakan sang perempuan menampilkan keberanian untuk bertindak di tengah keadaan sulit yang ia alami. Meskipun dalam suasana kolonial, tidak membuat sang perempuan kehilangan iman dan harapannya untuk memperjuangkan dan melanjutkan kehidupannya. Sebagai orang-orang yang berada di bawah kekuasaan kolonial, sering kali mematahkan semangat dan harapan serta iman untuk bangkit, bersuara, bertindak, dan berjuang. Namun sang perempuan digambarkan dengan semangat untuk berjuang dengan gigih di tengah keadaan tersebut. Supremasi kekuasaan kolonial, supremasi komunitas keagamaan, dan supremasi patriarki, tidak membuat dia terus jatuh dan merayap dalam kesakitannya. Namun ia berani untuk menembus ramainya supremasi, untuk mewujudkan imannya pada Sang Pengharapan.",
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"text": "Setelah sang perempuan mengamati keadaan sekitar bahwa Yesus mencari tahu siapa yang menyentuh Dia, ia pun datang dan tersungkur atau bersujud di hadapan Yesus. Teringat kembali bahwa Yairus pun melakukan",
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"text": "SIAPA YANG MENJAMAH AKU?: MENAFSIR NARASI LUKAS 8:43-48 DENGAN PENDEKATAN POSKOLONIAL FEMINIS",
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"text": "hal yang sama. Menunjukkan bahwa siapa pun, apa pun statusnya, takluk di hadapan kuasa Yesus. Tidak hanya itu namun sang perempuan menceritakan di hadapan semua orang apa yang sebenarnya terjadi. Sang perempuan telah memproklamasikan tentang kuasa Allah dalam Yesus Kristus, bahwa hanya dengan satu sentuhan saja, sakit yang telah ia derita selama dua belas tahun, sembuh dalam sekejap. Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah ἀ παγγέ λλω yang merupakan gabungan dari dua kata, yaitu kata depan ἀ πό dan kata benda ἄ γγελος (penyampai pesan, perantara, malaikat), yang berhubungan dengan kata kerja ἀ γγέ λλω (menyampaikan pesan, melaporkan) (Strong dkk. 2001, 4). Sang perempuan yang baru saja sembuh telah menempati role yang baru, yaitu sebagai yang memberikan kesaksian, proklamator, pemberita yang memberitakan tentang kuasa Yesus yang ia alami sendiri. Ia yang dulunya terhambat untuk menempati posisi atau peran tertentu, kini oleh perjumpaan dengan Yesus, ia telah mengalami transformasi peran, dari yang dulunya diasingkan dari komunitas kini memberitakan kepada komunitas tentang Yesus.",
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"text": "Seperti yang telah diceritakan, sang perempuan telah disembuhkan dari sakit fi siknya, tetapi sebenarnya dia belum sepenuhnya “sembuh”. Karena itu Yesus merangkul sang perempuan ke dalam persekutuan keluarga Allah dengan merujuk padanya dengan sapaan θυγά τηρ atau anak perempuan, yang dengan demikian memperluas hubungan kekeluargaan kepada sang perempuan dan memulihkannya kepada komunitas yang lebih luas, bukan berdasarkan pada garis keturunannya, melainkan sebagai konsekuensi atas imannya. Kini dia bukan lagi satu-satunya yang mengetahui tentang perbuatan Allah kepadanya, tetapi juga",
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"text": "semua orang yang ada di sekeliling Yesus saat itu (Green 1997, 349). Betapa melegakannya bagi sang perempuan ketika semula ia gemetar, tentu mendengar sapaan Yesus padanya membuat hatinya bahagia. Dalam terjemahan LAI-TB dan ESV, tidak ditemukan kata yang ada dalam teks Yunani dan terjemahan KJV, yaitu θαρσει, dari kata dasar θαρσέ ω yang artinya to have courage, be of cheer/comfort (Strong dkk. 2001, 216). Dalam KJV diterjemahkan be of good comfort . Sehingga jika kata ini ditambahkan, sapaan Yesus pada sang perempuan sebenarnya “Hai nak, bersemangatlah....” Satu kata namun memiliki makna yang dalam bagi sang perempuan. Ia dihiburkan dan dikuatkan oleh Yesus, sebelum Yesus mendeklarasikan bahwa imannya telah membuat ia sembuh.",
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"text": "Melalui sapaan Yesus kepada sang perempuan, ditambah dengan pernyataan langsung dari Yesus tentang iman sang perempuan yang telah menyembuhkannya maka ada pembebasan yang dialami secara holistik oleh sang perempuan. Ia tidak harus lagi takut dan gemetar, melainkan dia kini harus bersemangat dan terhibur, karena oleh imannya yang merespon kuasa Yesus, maka pembebasan dari belenggu yang selama ini mengikatnya pun lepaslah sudah. Imannya telah “menyelamatkan” dalam terjemahan LAI-TB, made you well dalam ESV, dan yang menarik adalah kata Yunani σεσωκεν (dari σώ ζω) dalam KJV diterjemahkan hath made thee whole . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa imannya tidak hanya menyembuhkan ( made well ), tetapi juga menyelamatkan dia, bahkan membuat dia menjadi utuh ( made whole ). Dengan demikian ia tidak hanya sembuh secara fi sik melainkan dipulihkan secara utuh untuk kembali pada komunitasnya yang kemudian akan menuntun",
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"text": "DEDI BILI LAHOLO",
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"text": "GEMA TEOLOGIKA Vol. 6 No. 2, Oktober 2021",
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"left": 65,
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"text": "ia pada kemampuan untuk mengusahakan kembali hidupnya, yang mana semuanya akan membawa pemulihan yang utuh terhadap kehidupannya. Dari perspektif poskolonial, proses ini merupakan sebuah proses yang sangat penting. Menyelamatkan yang dipahami secara luas sebagai mengutuhkan kembali merupakan bagian penting dalam kehidupan sang perempuan. Keberadaannya sebagai perempuan di tengah kolonialisme ganda dari patriarki dan kekaisaran Romawi, dan penyakit yang ia alami, seakan mereduksi eksistensinya, sehingga dalam pandangan komunitasnya, ia tidak lagi dipandang “sepenuhnya”. Melalui σώ ζω yang ia alami dari Yesus, ia memperoleh pengutuhan kembali, sehingga ia dalam eksistensinya mengalami pembebasan dan transformasi.",
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"text": "Keadaan pendarahannya yang membuat ia najis tidak dilihat oleh Yesus sebagai hal yang memengaruhi-Nya ketika Ia disentuh oleh sang perempuan. Sebaliknya Yesus memulihkan kesuciannya, keutuhannya, dan kekudusannya. Dengan demikian, Yesus telah menghubungkan kembali sang perempuan dengan umat Allah. Perubahan status yang radikal telah mentransformasikan dia secara fi sik, pikiran, dan jiwanya, sehingga kini ia adalah anggota penuh dari komunitasnya. Yesus mengutus ia untuk pergi dengan damai (Buck t.t., 20). Dalam terjemahan LAI-TB dan LAI-BIS kata Yunani εἰ ρή νη diterjemahkan sebagai ‘selamat’, sementara dalam bahasa Inggris seperti terjemahan KJV dan ESV digunakan kata peace . Hal ini menunjukkan betapa luasnya makna dari kata tersebut. Ucapan yang merupakan pengutusan dan berkat bagi sang perempuan mengandung makna yang dalam. Ia diutus untuk pergi",
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"text": "dalam εἰ ρή νη, ke dalam damai, kemakmuran, harmoni pribadi, keselamatan, dan jaminan keselamatan melalui Yesus Kristus (Thayer 2017, 143). Dengan diutusnya ia dengan dan dalam damai, maka kehidupannya setelah perjumpaan dengan Yesus telah membawa pembebasan dan transformasi yang membuat ia memperoleh keadaan damai dalam segala aspek kehidupannya. Damai dengan komunitasnya dan damai dengan dirinya.",
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"text": "PEREMPUAN DAN HUKUM KESUCIAN",
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"text": "Dalam tatanan kehidupan bangsa Yahudi, terdapat serangkaian peraturan-peraturan yang telah tersusun untuk mengatur kehidupan umat dalam berbagai aspek. Hukum-hukum tersebut merupakan penjabaran hukum yang dibuat oleh para imam. Salah satu hukumnya adalah tentang kesucian. Hukum kesucian atau purity law mengatur tentang status seseorang berkaitan dengan najis atau tahirnya dia, baik secara pribadi maupun dalam relasi di tengah pernikahan dan di tengah komunitasnya. Dalam kaitannya dengan eksistensi perempuan, hukum kesucian menjadi suatu hal yang memberikan tekanan besar kehidupan seorang perempuan khususnya bagi perempuan yang mengalami masalah pada siklus menstruasinya. Hukum kesucian membatasi pergerakan perempuan dalam penyembahan, masyarakat, dan di rumah. Aktivitas seksual dan aktivitas sosial secara normal dilarang ketika perempuan sedang mengalami masalah tersebut. Menurut peraturan dalam Imamat, setiap perempuan yang mengalami menstruasi bulanan disebut ακαθαρτος atau najis atau unclean , dan harus diasingkan setidaknya untuk tujuh hari (Im.",
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"text": "SIAPA YANG MENJAMAH AKU?: MENAFSIR NARASI LUKAS 8:43-48 DENGAN PENDEKATAN POSKOLONIAL FEMINIS",
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"text": "15:19, 28). Jika siklus menstruasi tersebut tidak biasa atau terjadi masalah padanya maka perempuan yang mengalaminya tetap “ infectious ” hingga masalahnya itu pulih (Im. 15:25). Jika perempuan yang sedang menstruasi yang disebut “ infectious ” itu menyentuh seseorang, atau seseorang menyentuhnya, orang tersebut diasingkan hingga malam hari. Jika perempuan itu melakukan hubungan intim dengan seseorang, maka mereka harus diasingkan sekurang-kurangnya selama tujuh hari (Selvidge 1984, 619).",
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"text": "Seperti banyak tulisan Perjanjian Lama lainnya, penulis Imamat memiliki pandangan yang androsentris terhadap kehidupan orang Yahudi. Tanggung jawab terhadap asosiasi langsung dengan aktivitas rohani secara resmi tetap berada di tangan laki-laki. Dalam kitab Imamat, Allah tidak pernah berbicara secara langsung dengan perempuan, bahkan perempuan tidak diperbolehkan mengenakan jubah imam (Selvidge 1984, 620). Hal tersebut menunjukkan betapa besar pengaruh kuasa laki-laki atas eksistensi perempuan. Laki- laki menjadi pembuat sistem hukum yang di dalamnya mengatur, mengikat, dan memaksa perempuan untuk hidup dalam suatu tatanan yang telah ditetapkan oleh laki-laki. Keadaan yang demikian dapat dipandang sebagai suatu proses kolonialisasi, ketika perempuan dan hak- hak hidupnya terjajah oleh suatu sistem hukum yang dapat memberikan label najis dan kudus pada seseorang hanya berdasarkan keadaan sakit fi sik yang ia alami. Penyusunan hukum-hukum tersebut oleh para imam, tentu saja dipengaruhi juga oleh pengalaman mereka pasca penjajahan oleh bangsa lain, warisan penjajahan itu turut memberi sumbangsih dalam perumusan butir- butir hukum yang bagi sebagian orang, dalam",
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"text": "hal ini perempuan, merenggut banyak hal dari mereka, bahkan cenderung membatasi ruang gerak mereka di tengah komunitas sosial dan keagamaan. Dengan adanya sistem hukum kesucian itu, maka mulailah berkembang kecenderungan membuat dikotomi antara terang-gelap, baik-buruk, bahkan kudus-najis. Orang-orang diberikan label oleh sesamanya entahkah dia kudus atau dia najis berdasarkan dengan keadaannya.",
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"text": "Perempuan yang sakit pendarahan dalam narasi Lukas merupakan sebuah gambaran tentang sosok perempuan yang bukan saja mengalami penjajahan dari bangsa Romawi secara umum, namun menjadi gambaran perempuan yang terjajah di bawah hukum keagamaan dan norma masyarakat yang menekan kehidupannya. Kolonialisasi yang dialami sang perempuan tidak terikat hanya pada penjajahan secara umum yang dapat dipahami, namun secara lebih spesifi k, bentuk- bentuk penjajahan atas dirinya tergambar melalui narasi tersebut. Sang perempuan terjajah dalam komunitas keagamaannya karena ketidakmampuannya untuk ikut serta dalam praktik-praktik ritus keagamaan, bukan karena ia tidak mau, namun karena ada suatu sistem hukum yang sangat patriarki dan androsentris, yang tidak memberikan kesempatan kepadanya untuk mengekspresikan kepercayaannya melalui ritus keagamaan. Oleh hukum itu ia terjajah karena sakit yang ia alami, ia seakan diperbudak oleh norma sosial masyarakatnya yang memandang rendah sosok perempuan dengan sakit semacam itu. Warisan kolonial yang patriarki telah menanamkan pada komunitas masyarakat itu bahwa sakit yang dialami oleh perempuan itu adalah sesuatu yang najis dan dapat menginfeksi orang lain,",
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"text": "dan menjadikan mereka pula najis. Sehingga berinteraksi, berdekatan dengan perempuan itu pun menjadi suatu momok yang menjijikkan bagi orang-orang dalam komunitas itu. Rasa sakit secara fi sik telah membuat sang perempuan menderita, belum lagi perasaan kecewa ketika harus “dijajah” oleh bangsa sendiri, dikucilkan, diasingkan hanya oleh karena keadaannya.",
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"text": "Penderitaan yang dialami sang perempuan, tidak membuat dia menyerah pada keadaan. Dia tidak mau terus berada di bawah tekanan dan jajahan suatu sistem yang membatasi ruang geraknya hanya karena dia seorang perempuan yang sedang sakit. Penginjil Lukas menggambarkan sosok sang perempuan sebagai seorang yang berani untuk bertindak dan berjuang demi kehidupannya. Ia tidak tinggal diam dalam jajahan sistem itu, namun ia berani untuk mendobrak sistem itu melalui tindakannya yang berani untuk memasuki kerumunan orang banyak, bahkan berani untuk menyentuh Yesus. Meskipun sempat gemetar, namun keyakinannya yang kuat membuatnya berani untuk kemudian mengaku di hadapan Yesus dan di hadapan orang banyak tentang apa yang telah terjadi. Pengakuan sang perempuan itu menjadi proklamasi kemerdekaannya dari jajahan sistem hukum kesucian dan norma masyarakat yang tidak adil itu. Proklamasi sang perempuan turut dilegitimasi oleh Yesus melalui pengakuannya terhadap iman sang perempuan, bahkan menyapa dia sebagai anak perempuan, dengan demikian orang banyak pun melihat bahwa di balik sistem yang mereka yakini sebagai sesuatu yang baik bagi semua orang itu, ternyata ada sosok perempuan yang telah sekian lama menderita, yang berani untuk melakukan gebrakan besar.",
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"text": "Seperti halnya hermeneutik pembebasan yang lain, penafsiran Alkitab dengan perspektif feminis memulainya pada pengalaman penindasan dan berusaha untuk membebaskan yang ditindas karena jenis kelamin dan gender mereka, melalui penyingkapan sikap sexist dan misogini dan normativitas. Kritik ini pun berusah untuk menemukan bias terhadap sudut pandang narator dan menawarkan sebuah “ resistant reading ”. Fokus dari penafsir feminis adalah pada pengalaman pembebasan dari perubahan pribadi dan transformasi sosial (Zwiep 2015, 369). Dari perspektif feminis, narasi mukjizat penyembuhan perempuan yang sakit pendarahan tetap bertahan karena ia tampil sebagai sebuah jawaban defi nitif terhadap hukum kesucian yang secara historis telah mencoba untuk mengontrol perempuan dalam pengalaman kultus dan sosial mereka di tengah komunitas. Makna dari narasi ini ialah sebagai pesan kepada komunitas yang percaya ( worshipping community ) melalui narasi mukjizat yang dalamnya perempuan dibebaskan dari peran kultus dan sosial yang terbatas di tengah masyarakat, dan dia dibebaskan ke peran baru yang demanding, creative, and healing , di tengah komunitas percaya (Zwiep 2015, 371).",
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"text": "Keadaaan menstruasi sang perempuan menghalangi partisipasinya secara penuh dalam komunitas. Hal ini memengaruhi hubungan intim maupun reproduksi. Karena pendarahannya itu, dia menjadi terbatas dalam hal intimasi, aktivitas seksual, dan bahkan dari komunitas berimannya. Dia tidak dapat memiliki keturunan karena siklus menstruasi",
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"text": "SIAPA YANG MENJAMAH AKU?: MENAFSIR NARASI LUKAS 8:43-48 DENGAN PENDEKATAN POSKOLONIAL FEMINIS",
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"text": "yang seperti itu, dia tidak dapat menikmati kehamilan, meskipun tidak dibahas apakah ia berkeluarga atau tidak (Buck t.t., 13). Warna patriarki dalam keluarga sering kali memojokkan perempuan yang berstatus sebagai istri yang tidak mampu untuk memberikan keturunan karena menderita penyakit tertentu yang berhubungan dengan organ reproduksi. Dalam hal mengalami menstruasi berlebih atau menorrhagia akan sangat sulit bagi seorang perempuan untuk dapat hamil, mengingat underlying cause yang juga menyebabkan keadaan tersebut, ditambah dengan jangka waktu yang panjang, 12 tahun, tentu sangat berdampak terhadap fertilitas sang perempuan. Ada memang yang dapat menerima dan mencari alternatif lain misalnya adopsi. Namun kecenderungan menempatkan perempuan sebagai objek yang harusnya memberikan keturunan kepada sang suami, masih dapat dirasakan. Hal itu juga harus diakui merupakan bagian dari pengalaman kolonial, ketika perempuan menempati peran sebagai pemberi keturunan bagi laki-laki. Wilayah domestik yang sangat terbatas bagi perempuan yang membatasi dia untuk menjalani hidupnya secara utuh. Perasaan tertekan dalam keluarga karna penyakit yang diderita sering kali menambah perat penderitaan itu bahkan mengurangi nilai suatu keluarga. Memang perempuan mempunyai kemampuan untuk hamil, yang dilihat sebagai karunia, namun jika keadaan tidak memungkinkan karena derita sakit yang dialami, maka perempuan tidak dapat diintimidasi dan didiskriminasi hanya karena konstruksi yang dipaksakan kepada perempuan yang berstatus sebagai istri.",
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"text": "Di banyak tempat masih ditemukan praktik-praktik yang berhubungan dengan hal-",
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"text": "hal tabu terkait perempuan yang menstruasi atau perempuan yang mengalami penyakit berhubungan dengan organ intimnya. Pandangan-pandangan yang menanggap perempuan dengan penyakit tertentu adalah najis dan kotor, memberikan tekanan yang besar bagi mereka dalam komunitas. Tekanan- tekanan tersebut sering kali membuat mereka menjadi takut untuk terbuka dan mengakui keadaannya, sehingga sering kali berdampak bagi kesehatan mereka, karena mereka tidak mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan yang dibutuhkan akibat stigma-stigma yang telah diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi. Belum lagi kurangnya pengetahuan tentang anatomi fi siologis perempuan serta berbagai penyakit yang dapat diderita oleh perempuan yang tidak dapat diderita oleh laki-laki, yang sering kali membuat laki-laki salah memahami gejala- gejala yang terjadi pada perempuan secara fi sik, yang dapat berujung pada prasangka- prasangka kepada perempuan.",
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"text": "Memutus rantai diskriminasi adalah hal yang penting. Warisan kolonial yang kurang memberi tempat bagi perempuan dan kurang memberi perhatian pada hal-hal klinis feminis harus ditransformasikan, sebagai upaya untuk memperjuangkan kesamaan hak dalam hal pelayanan kesehatan dan kedudukan dalam komunitas. Perempuan tidak perlu lagi takut untuk berkonsultasi tentang sakit yang dialami, tidak lagi tertekan untuk berkarya dalam komunitasnya. Sakit tertentu yang hanya dialami perempuan, tidak menjadi alasan mendiskriminasikan dan memarginalkan perempuan. Perjuangan sang perempuan selama dua belas tahun dalam hidupnya, perjuangannya untuk mencapai Yesus bahkan imannya itu menjadi semangat untuk bersama",
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"text": "DEDI BILI LAHOLO",
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"text": "berjuang dengan saudari-saudari di luar sana yang sedang berjuang melawan berbagai sakit yang mereka alami. Memberi semangat dalam pemulihan secara fi sik lewat tindakan medis, bahkan memberi semangat untuk tetap menjadi bagian utuh dari komunitas orang percaya.",
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"left": 65,
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"text": "Perempuan-perempuan yang menderita karena berbagai penyakit yang berhubungan dengan menstruasi, fertilitas, bahkan tansisi menopaus sering kali ditambah penderitaanya dengan stigma yang berkembang. Belum lagi dengan betapa tabunya membicarakan hal yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan alat reproduksi dan seksualitas secara umum, membatasi ketersediaan informasi dan memengaruhi cara pandang orang terhadap isu-isu yang demikian. Padahal adalah hal yang penting untuk memahami apa yang sedang terjadi pada tubuh secara fi sik termasuk hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan dimensi seksualitas dalam tubuh. Tabu membicarakan secara ilmiah, namun tidak tabu membicarakannya sebagai gosip. Tabu membahas secara medis, namun gencar mempersalahkan sang korban/pasien. Serangan-serangan verbal dari komunitas sekitar sering kali dapat menggoncang psikologi pasien. Sebenarnya berefl eksi dari Yesus yang berempati melihat sang perempuan yang gemetar ketakutan, mampu menguatkannya walau hanya dengan ungkapan “bersemangatlah, cerialah”. Bukan sebaliknya memperburuk keadaan dengan ujaran-ujaran kebencian, dan menyebarkan berita bohong tentang perempuan yang sakit.",
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"text": "Menggunakan gaya imajinatif dalam perspektif feminis, dapat dibayangkan perjuangan sang perempuan yang sedang kambuh sakit pendarahannya harus menembus barikade laki-laki dalam keramaian untuk",
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"text": "menemukan Yesus. Membayangkan fi siknya yang telah melemah, dengan pakaian yang lusuh, melangkahkan kakinya yang tertatih sambil satu tangannya memegang perutnya berharap nyeri itu berkurang, menerobos kerumunan. Menjadi refl eksi kritis bahwa usaha untuk memperjuangkan hidup harus terus berlanjut. Meski mengalami berbagai diskriminasi, mengalami ketidakadilan, dan dihambat dalam berbagai bentuk, perempuan dan bahkan siapa saja, tidak boleh menyerah begitu saja pada keadaan. Perjuangan berlebih mungkin dianggap sebagai hal yang naive , namun berdiam diri dalam penindasan dan dalam kesakitan tidak akan membuahkan hasil apa-apa. Bersama dengan para saudari di luar sana, ada upaya untuk saling menguatkan untuk melangkah bersama menuju pembebasan dan transformasi.",
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"text": "Meminjam karakter Yairus dari bingkai narasi ini untuk berefl eksi, dapat dilihat ketika ia hendak jumpa dengan Yesus, Yairus tidak mengalami dan merasakan apa yang dialami dan dirasakan sang perempuan. Kembali lagi pembaca diajak untuk membayangkan, seorang kepala rumah ibadat yang pasti memiliki kolega-kolega bahkan mungkin orang-orang yang bekerja padanya. Sehingga besar kemungkinan ia tidak pergi sendiri ketika jumpa Yesus. Keramaian tidak menjadi halangan bagi Yairus, seramai apa pun masyarakat sekitar mengerumuni Yesus, pasti akan terbuka jalan bagi sang kepala rumah ibadat, orang terpandang dan mempunyai status sosial yang cukup tinggi untuk membuat para rakyat jelata mundur selangkah dan memberi jalan baginya. Refl eksi masa kini terhadap warisan kolonial yang menanamkan kuatnya aroma hierarkis dalam kehidupan",
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"text": "SIAPA YANG MENJAMAH AKU?: MENAFSIR NARASI LUKAS 8:43-48 DENGAN PENDEKATAN POSKOLONIAL FEMINIS",
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"text": "GEMA TEOLOGIKA Vol. 6 No. 2, Oktober 2021",
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"text": "komunitas. Orang-orang yang menempati jabatan tertentu dapat dengan mudah mencapai tujuan. Akses-akses pada fasilitas kesehatan, berbagai sumber daya, jalan bebas hambatan dapat diperoleh. Menyisakan mereka yang liyan harus selangkah mundur jika tidak ingin terlibat masalah. Kesenjangan antara cara Yairus dan cara sang perempuan mencapai Yesus menunjukkan bahwa ketidakadilan masih terjadi hingga kini. Laki-laki dengan status sosial tinggi dan perempuan dengan status sosial rendah, siapa yang akan diberi jalan oleh orang banyak? Mereka yang datang dengan jabatan tinggi, pakaian yang mahal, perhiasan yang kerlap-kerlip dan mereka yang datang tanpa jabatan apa pun, pakaian sederhana, berhiaskan rasa sakit, siapa yang akan dilayani oleh gereja lebih dulu? Siapa yang akan dibukakan jalan untuk jumpa Yesus?",
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"text": "Menarik untuk direfl eksikan ketika narasi perempuan ini diletakkan di antara narasi tentang Yairus, lagi. Seorang laki-laki yang memiliki jabatan sebagai kepala rumah ibadat. Dalam lingkungan tersebut, sudah selama dua belas tahun sang perempuan mengalami sakit itu dan telah mencari berbagai opsi pengobatan. Menggunakan cara suspicious dalam perspektif feminis, perlu untuk dicurigai adanya kemungkinan bahwa perempuan ini dulunya adalah bagian dari komunitas rumah ibadat itu. Perlu dicurigai apakah sebagai kepala rumah ibadat, Yairus tahu tentang sang perempuan? Memang sang perempuan sebelumnya tidak mengumbar tentang sakit yang ia derita, namun bukankah usaha-usahanya mencari pengobatan tentulah menarik perhatian beberapa orang di lingkungan sekitar komunitas? Tidakkah kabar itu sampai kepada sang kepala rumah ibadat?",
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"text": "Dari kecurigaan tersebut dapat direfl eksikan bahwa meskipun mungkin keadaan sang perempuan sampai ke telinga kepala rumah ibadat dan para petinggi lainnya, mereka tidak dapat memberikan pelayanan kepada sang perempuan. Purity law , hukum kenajisan dan pentahiran yang mereka pelihara menjadi sekat antara mereka yang memiliki jabatan di rumah ibadat dengan sang perempuan.",
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"text": "Purity law memang tidak lagi berlaku di kebanyakan komunitas masa kini, namun purity law telah mewujud dalam bentuk yang lain yang secara tidak langsung telah menjadi pembatas dan penghalang bahkan menambah beratnya perjuangan untuk menemukan keutuhan dan kesembuhan. Tidak ada lagi aturan bahwa yang ini najis dan yang itu tahir. Namun sering kali tercipta pembatas- pembatas berupa ketidakpekaan untuk melihat sekeliling. Mata yang sering kali ditutup ketika berhadapan dengan perempuan yang mengalami penyakit dan isu seksualitas. Telinga yang sering kali ditutup ketika ada perempuan yang menyampaikan keluhan dan penjelasan tentang apa yang sedang terjadi pada tubuhnya. Berbagai alasan dapat dikemukakan untuk menutupi ketidakpedulian.",
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"text": "Sentuhan, jamahan sang perempuan membawa kuasa mengalir keluar dari Yesus. Namun sayangnya orang-orang Kristen tidak dapat merasakan dan merespon sentuhan dan jamahan yang penuh harap untuk mendapatkan pertolongan, kesembuhan, dan pemulihan. Berkali-kali bahkan sentuhan itu dilakukan, namun tidak ada kuasa yang mengalir keluar. Kuasa itu telah dibatasi dengan stigma, prasangka, diskriminasi, dan konstruksi-konstruksi yang merugikan satu pihak. Bahkan tidak ada inisiatif untuk",
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{
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"text": "mencari tahu siapa yang telah menyentuh mereka. Lebih menyedihkan lagi ketika ada yang merasakan sentuhan yang penuh derita itu, namun memilih untuk menahan kuasa itu dan berjalan terus tanpa mempedulikan sang puan yang merintih dalam kesakitan fi siknya.",
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"text": "Gereja dan orang percaya terpanggil untuk peka merasakan sentuhan-sentuhan orang- orang, termasuk di dalamnya perempuan yang sedang dalam penderitaan, baik secara fi sik dan/atau penderitaan psikis, emosional, ekonomi. Dengan peka terhadap sentuhan mereka, maka secara aktif pun memberi respon tidak hanya bertanya, “Siapa yang menjamah aku?” Tetapi menemukan mereka yang gemetar dan menolong serta menguatkan mereka untuk pergi dengan selamat dan damai.",
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"text": "Narasi Lukas tentang perempuan yang menderita sakit pendarahan ketika menstruasi, selama dua belas tahun hidupnya, dalam perspektif poskolonial feminis, dilihat sebagai representasi dari perempuan dan orang-orang yang telah sekian waktu dalam hidupnya harus mengalami pengasingan serta dipinggirkan dari komunitas karena keadaan mereka. Entah karena mereka mengalami sakit tertentu, atau karena mereka dipandang tidak lagi sesuai dengan idealisme komunitas, ataupun karena gender dan ekspresi mereka. Penafsiran terhadap narasi ini dengan perspektif poskolonial feminis telah menyingkapkan keadaan sang perempuan yang hidup dalam kolonialisasi Roma dan di bawah kolonialisasi komunitas keagamaan bahkan patriarki.",
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"text": "Pendekatan poskolonial tidak hanya sekadar menunjuk pada hal-hal terkait dengan pasca kolonialisasi namun pendekatan poskolonial dipakai untuk memberi suara terhadap kebisuan pada masa kolonial, dalam hal ini ketika perempuan tidak dapat menyuarakan pendapatnya dan tidak berani memperjuangkan eksistensinya, kini melalui pendekatan poskolonial feminis maka dapat disingkapkan semangat dan keberanian perempuan untuk berjuang dan bersuara untuk hidupnya dan orang sekitarnya. Dengan demikian menjadi refl eksi bagi kehidupan kekristenan masa kini untuk mampu mendorong perempuan bahkan orang-orang yang termarginalkan dan tertindas, untuk mampu bersuara dan berjuang, serta gereja didorong untuk membebaskan dan mentransformasikan mereka yang sedang dalam tekanan dan dipinggirkan dari komunitas agar mereka dapat “menyentuh Yesus” dan mengalami pemulihan dan kesembuhan yang holistik.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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{
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"top": 545,
"width": 229,
"height": 67,
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"text": "Barth-Frommel, Marie Claire. 2017. Hati Allah Bagaikan Hati Seorang Ibu: Pengantar Teologi Feminis . Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia.",
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{
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"top": 619,
"width": 231,
"height": 50,
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"text": "Boland, B.J., dan P.S. Naipospos. 2015. Tafsiran Alkitab: Injil Lukas . Jakarta: Gunung Mulia.",
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{
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"top": 675,
"width": 225,
"height": 50,
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"text": "Bromiley, Geoffrey William. 2009. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans.",
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{
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"top": 732,
"width": 226,
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"text": "Buck, Gertrude D. 2001. “Healing Story: A Bold",
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"text": "Woman in the Crowd.” Consensus , Vol. 27",
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"text": "No. 2: 11–25.",
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"text": "Hipertensi merupakan salah satu faktor risiko pada penyakit kardiovaskular dan ginjal. Kalimantan Selatan menempati urutan kedua yaitu sebesar 30,8% sebagai prevalensi hipertensi tertinggi di Indonesia. Ketidakpatuhan terhadap terapi hipertensi merupakan faktor yang dapat menghambat pengontrolan tekanan darah, sehingga memerlukan intervensi untuk membantu meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien terhadap terapi.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan pengaruh pemberian pesan singkat pengingat dan penggunaan aplikasi digital pillbox reminder terhadap kepatuhan serta hasil terapi pasien hipertensi rawat jalan di Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam RSUD Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan kuasi-eksperimental dengan pengambilan data secara prospektif selama periode April-Mei 2015. Subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebanyak 40 pasien hipertensi dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu 25 pasien (62,5%) yang mendapatkan intervensi berupa pesan singkat pengingat dan 15 pasien (37,5%) yang mendapatkan intervensi digital pillbox reminder. Kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien dengan kondisi tuli dan buta huruf. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara dan pengisian kuesioner kepatuhan MMAS. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian layanan pesan singkat pengingat dan aplikasi digital pillbox reminder dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan pre study 4,79±2,04 dan 5,02±2,30 menjadi 6,09±1,42 dan 7,23±0,99 pada post study dengan nilai p 0,00. Rata-rata peningkatan kepatuhan pada kelompok pesan singkat pengingat 1,30±1,30 dan aplikasi digital pillbox reminder 2,22±1,60 tidak berbeda signifikan (p=0,055).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian pesan singkat pengingat dan digital pillbox reminder pada pasien hipertensi dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien minum obat tetapi tidak berbeda signifikan antara kedua kelompok ini.(p>0,05).",
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"text": "Hypertension is one of risk factor of cardiovascular and kidney disease. South Borneo was occupied the second place (30.8%) of hypertension prevalence in Indonesia. Non andherence is factor that can inhibit the blood pressure control so that it needs the intervention to improve the adherence of hypertension patients to the therapy. The aim of this study were to investigate the comparison of influence of giving short message reminder and using digital pillbox reminder on adherence and the outcome therapy hypertension patients at RSUD Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin. This study was conducted with quasi-experimental design and the data was collected prospectively during period April until May 2015. Forty patients were divided into 2 groups, 25 patients (62.5%) were received short message reminder and 15 patients (37.5%) were received digital pillbox reminder intervention.The exclussion criteria were patient with deaf and illiterate conditions. Data collection was conducted with interview and completion of Morisky Modification Adherence Scale (MMAS) questionnaire. The resut of this study showed that giving short message reminder and digital pillbox reminder could improve pre study adherence 4.79±2.04 and 5.02±2.30 increased 6.09±1.42 and 7.23±0.99 at post study with the value p 0.00. The average of increasing adherence on short message reminder group 1.30±1.30 and digital pillbox reminder group 2.22±1.60 were not significantly different (p=0.055). Based on this study, it can be concluded that giving short message reminder and digital pillbox reminder can improve the adherence but not significantly different between this two groups (p>005).",
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"text": "Penyakit kardiovaskular menjadi masalah yang serius di masyarakat saat ini. Salah satu penyakit kardiovaskular utama di dunia adalah hipertensi. Pada wilayah maju dan berkembang, hipertensi merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas khususnya penyakit kardiovaskular dan ginjal. Hipertensi didefinisikan sebagai tekanan darah sistol lebih dari atau sama dengan 140 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastol lebih dari atau sama dengan 90 mmHg (Alhalaiqa et al., 2012).",
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"text": "Prevalensi hipertensi meningkat sejalan dengan perubahan gaya hidup seperti merokok, obesitas, inaktivitas fisik, dan stres psikososial di banyak negara. Hipertensi sudah menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat dan akan menjadi masalah yang lebih besar jika tidak ditanggulangi sejak dini (Depkes, 2007).",
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"text": "Di seluruh dunia jumlah penderita hipertensi terus meningkat. Hipertensi pada tahun 2006 menempati urutan kedua penyakit yang paling banyak diderita oleh pasien rawat jalan Indonesia (4,67%) (Depkes, 2008). Prevalensi hipertensi di",
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"text": "Kalimantan selatan menempati prevalensi hipertensi tertinggi kedua yaitu sebesar (30,8 %) setelah Bangka Belitung (30,9 %) (Kemenkes, 2013).",
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"text": "Ketidakpatuhan terhadap terapi hipertensi merupakan faktor yang menghambat pengontrolan tekanan darah sehingga membutuhkan intervensi untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan terapi (Filho et al ., 2013).",
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"text": "Beberapa intervensi yang dapat digunakan untuk membantu meningkatkan kepatuhan minum obat pada pasien antara lain konseling, Pelayanan Informasi Obat (PIO), pemberian leaflet edukasi , pemberian pesan singkat (SMS) pengingat dan motivasi, dan aplikasi yang terbaru yaitu digital pillbox reminder yang berupa alarm pengingat waktu minum obat.",
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"text": "(2012) merekomendasikan penggunaan teknologi baru untuk membantu peningkatan kesehatan. Short Message Service (SMS) telah digunakan untuk transaksi bisnis, komunikasi pribadi, serta periklanan. SMS yang murah dalam komunikasi dapat digunakan untuk menyampaikan pesan kesehatan kepada pemilik mobile phone sehingga dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien untuk minum obat.",
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"text": "lebih inovatif dan memiliki efektifitas biaya (Wells et al ., 2012). Roux et al. , (2011) telah melaporkan bahwa penggunaan aplikasi SMS lebih mudah untuk peningkatan kepatuhan dalam pengobatan. Penelitian yang dilakukan Huang et al. , (2013) menunjukkan bahwa layanan pesan singkat pengingat yang diberikan kepada pasien hipertensi dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan minum obat pasien secara signifikan.",
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"text": "Pada era globalisasi ini, teknologi semakin canggih. Adanya smartphone merupakan salah satu bukti adanya kemajuan dan perkembangan teknologi saat ini. Software yang terdapat di dalamnya pun beraneka ragam. Salah satunya adalah aplikasi Digital pillbox reminder. Digital pillbox reminder merupakan aplikasi pengingat waktu konsumsi obat berupa alarm pengingat otomatis. Adanya software tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan konsumsi obat.",
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"text": "Penggunaan kuesioner untuk menilai kepatuhan penggunaan obat antihipertensi telah dikembangkan oleh Morisky et al ., (2008). Penelitian untuk menguji kepatuhan pasien untuk minum obat diujikan pada 1367 pasien hipertensi. Kepatuhan penggunaan obat diukur dengan new 8 item self report Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS).",
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"text": "78",
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{
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"width": 112,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Volume 3, Nomor 1 (2016)",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"width": 114,
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"text": "Jurnal Pharmascience",
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{
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"width": 211,
"height": 197,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas, maka peneliti perlu melakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui perbandingan pengaruh pemberian layanan pesan singkat oleh farmasis dan penggunaan aplikasi Digital pillbox reminder terhadap perubahan kepatuhan minum obat dan tekanan darah pada hipertensi rawat jalan di Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam RSUD Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin .",
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"text": "II. METODE PENELITIAN",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 323,
"width": 211,
"height": 197,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kuasi eksperimental dengan two group pretest posttest design . Pasien diikuti selama lebih kurang 30 hari dengan pemberian layanan pesan singkat pengingat dan penggunaan aplikasi digital pillbox reminder selama tujuh hari. Penelitian dilakukan di Poliklinik Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. H. Moch Ansari Saleh",
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"text": "Banjarmasin.",
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"top": 530,
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan pada periode bulan April-Mei 2015.",
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"text": "Sampel penelitian diambil dengan menggunakan metode consecutive sampling.",
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"text": "Kriteri inklusi dalam penelitian ini adalah Pasien yang terdiagnosa hipertensi berusia 18-65 tahun dengan diagnosa hipertensi dan mendapatkan obat anti hipertensi oral, serta memiliki telepon genggang berbasis smartphone . Kriteria eksklusinya adalah pasien yang mengalami ketulian dan buta huruf.",
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"height": 425,
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"text": "Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara dan mengisi kuesioner tingkat kepatuhan pasien hipertensi (data pre ). Selanjutnya pasien yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok intervensi dengan layanan pesan pengingat diberikan layanan pesan pengingat selama 7 hari berturut-turut, sedangkan kelompok intervensi dengan digital pillbox reminder akan diaturkan aplikasi digital pillbox reminder nya agar aktif selama 7 hari berturut-turut. Setelah 30 hari kemudian sampel diwawancara dan diminta mengisi kuesioner tingkat kepatuhan pasien hipertensi kembali (data post ). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji paired t-test, wilcoxon , mann-whitney dan independent sample t-test , data hasil analisis ditampilkan dalam bentuk mean ± standar deviasi. Nilai P <0,05 dianggap secara statistika signifikan.",
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"text": "III. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"top": 551,
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"text": "Penelitian ini diawali dengan pengumpulan data karakteristik pasien yang didapatkan dari lembar penilaian kesehatan pasien dan data klinik yang didapatkan dari rekam medis pasien. Populasi terjangkau pada penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 168 pasien hipertensi yang berobat di poliklinik penyakit dalam RSUD Dr. H. Moch Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin periode bulan April sampai dengan Mei 2015. Subyek yang mengikuti",
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"text": "79",
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{
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"width": 112,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Volume 3, Nomor 1 (2016)",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 411,
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"width": 114,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Jurnal Pharmascience",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 211,
"height": 342,
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"text": "penelitian dari awal sampai akhir penelitian adalah sebanyak 40 pasien yang terdiri dari 25 pasien dengan intervensi layanan pesan singkat pengingat dan 15 pasien dengan intervensi berupa aplikasi digital pillbox reminder. Adapun 128 pasien yang tidak memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi di antaranya 18 pasien yang usianya tidak memenuhi kriteria, 25 pasien pertama kali berobat, 23 pasien terlewatkan karena tidak bersedia menunggu untuk mengisi kuesioner, 27 pasien tidak memiliki handphone dan 35 pasien tidak bersedia mengikuti penelitian ini. Karakteristik data subjek penelitian dapat dilihat pada tabel I.",
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"text": "Tabel I . Karakteristik pasien",
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"text": "Berdasarkan data awal, variabel kepatuhan antara kelompok layanan pesan singkat pengingat dan kelompok digital pillbox reminder tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05). Sama halnya dengan variabel tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik, data awal untuk kelompok layanan pesan singkat pengingat dan",
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"text": "kelompok digital pillbox reminder tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05). Hasil analisis data awal tersaji pada tabel II.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil yang terlihat pada tabel III menunjukkan bahwa kriteria kepatuhan tinggi pada post kelompok digital pillbox reminder setelah intervensi (46,67%) meningkat dibanding data pre yang hanya (20,00%). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi digital pillbox reminder yang diaturkan oleh farmasis dapat memberikan dampak positif dalam peningkatan kepatuhan pasien minum obat hipertensi. Hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Tan et al., (2013), bahwa aplikasi berupa alarm otomatis pada telepon genggam dapat membantu mengingatkan pasien untuk meminum obat dan meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien.",
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"text": "Untuk kelompok pesan singkat pengingat, kepatuhan tinggi setelah intervensi (16,00%) meningkat dibanding data pre yang hanya (4,00%). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pesan singkat pengingat yang diberikan oleh farmasis juga dapat memberikan dampak positif dalam peningkatan kepatuhan pasien minum obat hipertensi. Hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Huang et al ., (2013) bahwa",
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"text": "Jurnal Pharmascience",
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"text": "intervensi layanan pesan singkat pengingat yang diberikan farmasis dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan minum obat pasien hipertensi secara signifikan.",
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"text": "Tabel III. Presentase tingkat kepatuhan",
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel IV terlihat peningkatan kepatuhan dari skor MMAS pada pre intervensi dan post intervensi pada tiap kelompok. Nilai pre pada kelompok pesan singkat pengingat adalah 4,79±2,04 dan setelah mendapat intervensi meningkat menjadi 6,09±1,42. Nilai pre pada kelompok digital pillbox reminder adalah5,02±2,30 dan meningkat menjadi 7,23±0,99 setelah diberi intervensi.",
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"text": "Tabel IV . Skor MMAS pada kelompok pesan singkat pengingat dan aplikasi digital pillbox reminder",
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"text": "Rata-rata perubahan nilai kepatuhan pada kelompok pesan singkat pengingat sebesar 1,30 ± 1,30 dan pada",
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"text": "kelompok digital pillbox reminder sebesar 2,22 ± 1,60. Hasil ini menunjukan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara skor MMAS pada kelompok pesan singkat pengingat dan skor MMAS pada kelompok digital pillbox reminder (p>0,05).",
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"text": "Kepatuhan dalam pengobatan memegang peranan penting dalam mencapai target keberhasilan terapi, terutama untuk penyakit kronis seperti hipertensi. Rendahnya kepatuhan pasien terhadap pengobatan hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyebab rendahnya kontrol tekanan darah. Pengukuran ketidakpatuhan pasien rawat jalan dalam pengobatan hipertensi penting untuk mengetahui efektivitas pengobatan sehingga target terapi hipertensi dapat tercapai dengan baik. Walaupun demikian, klinisi sering tidak menanyakan tentang kebiasaan pasien minum obat, hal ini mungkin dikarenakan mereka tidak mempunyai cukup waktu untuk melalukannya. Salah satu cara untuk menilai kepatuhan pasien hipertensi dalam meminum obat adalah dengan menggunakan kuesioner Morisky",
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"text": "Pendekatan untuk menilai kepatuhan pengobatan pasien bisa juga dilakukan dengam metode lain yaitu patient self report, pill counts, pharmacy records, dan drug level . Pengukuran dengan menggunakan patient self report",
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"height": 9,
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 176,
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"text": "lebih cepat, ringkas, dan mudah untuk dilaksanakan tapi kelemahannya adalah penilaiannya yang lebih bersifat subjektif (Cook et al ., 2005). Saat ini telah dikembangkan cara pengukuran yang lebih objektif untuk mengevaluasi kepatuhan pasien dalam pengobatan yakni the new 8-item self-report Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS)",
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"text": "(Morisky et al ., 2008). MMAS merupakan pendekatan yang lebih praktis dan valid untuk mengidentifikasikan low adherence dalam regimen pengobatan kronis pada pasien rawat jalan .",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilaksanakan dapat disimpulkan bahwa layanan pesan singkat pengingat yang diberikan farmasis dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan minum obat. Begitu pula dengan aplikasi digital digital pillbox reminder yang diaturkan oleh farmasis dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan minum obat. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara peningkatan kepatuhan pasien dengan intervensi pesan singkat pengingat dan aplikasi digital pillbox reminder.",
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"text": "Alhaiqa, F., Deane, K.H.O., Nawafleh, A.H., Clark, A., Gray, R., 2012,",
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"text": "Adherence therapy for medication non compliant patients with",
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"text": "hypertension:a randomised controlled trial, Journal of Human Hypertension 26, 117–126.",
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"text": "Perri, M., 2005, Concordance Among Three Self-Reported Measures of Medicaton Adherence and Pharmacy Refill Records, J am Pharm Assoc ., pp: 45(2): 151-9",
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{
"left": 316,
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"text": "Depkes, 2007, Pharmaceutical Care Untuk Penyakit Hipertensi ,",
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"text": "Direktorat Bina Farmasi Komunitas dan Klinik, Depkes RI, Jakarta.",
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"text": "Depkes, 2008, Laporan Penelitian Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2007 , Badan",
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"text": "Kaplan, S.G., Feldman, S.R., 2012, The effect of reminder systems on patients’adherence to treatment, Patient Preference and Adherence :6",
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"text": "127–135 Filho, A.D.O., Filho, J.A.B., Neves, S.J.F., Lyra, D.P.D., 2012, Association between the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and Blood Pressure",
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"text": "Control, Arq Bras Cardiol ; 99(1): 649-658",
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"text": "Huang, H.L., Li, Y.C.J., Chou, Y.C.,",
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"text": "Hsieh, Y.W., Huo, F., Tsai, W.C., Chai,S.D., 2013, Effects of and satisfaction with short message service reminders for patient medication adherence: a randomized controlled study, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making , 13:127 Kementerian Kesehatan, 2013, Riset Kesehatan Dasar , Jakarta,",
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"text": "Covid-19 pandemic. During the learning process, teachers faced challenges in the form of varying levels of student enthusiasm. The use of printed books such as school textbooks and Student Worksheets (LKS) resulted in students being less interested in reading thick books. Based on these issues, the researcher became interested in developing an instructional material product in the form of an e-book and evaluating the feasibility of the developed product. The research subjects were Civic Education teachers and students of Class X in senior high school. Data collection techniques included product validation sheets and usage response questionnaires. The results of this study showed the development of the ELBOO AUVIS (Electronic Book Audio Visual). The material expert validation percentage was 98.4%, categorized as highly valid; the media expert validation was 85.5%, also highly valid; and the language expert validation was 90%, again highly valid. In the teacher's usage response test, the average percentage obtained was 94.5%, categorized as a very good assessment, while the student's usage response obtained an average percentage of 90.2%, also categorized as very good.",
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"text": "Pendidikan memiliki peran yang signifikan dalam kehidupan kita, ini artinya setiap insan manusia memiliki hak untuk mengenyam pendidikan dalam hidupnya. Dengan adanya pendidikan, tiap individu dapat mengembangkan dirinya untuk dapat hidup dan melangsungkan kehidupannya. Pendidikan tersebut didapatkan dari lingkungan tempat kita berinteraksi yaitu keluarga, sekolah dan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Dengan adanya pergantian kurikulum 2013 menjadi kurikulum merdeka dapat mendorong peserta didik untuk beradaptasi dengan proses pembelajaran baru pasca pandemi. Pada tahun pelajaran 2022/2023 kurikulum merdeka diimplementasikan oleh satuan pendidikan jenjang Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) kelas X. Pembelajaran dalam kurikulum merdeka berfokus pada aspek ketrampilan (projek) guna mengembangkan kemampuan serta kepribadian (karakter) dari peserta didik sesuai dengan Profil Pelajar Pancasila. Profil Pelajar Pancasila merupakan sebuah proyek dengan sasaran para pelajar Indonesia yang dirancang oleh Kemendikbudristek berisikan penguatan nilai-nilai luhur Pancasila. Dengan adanya projek ini diharap menjadi langkah dalam usaha mewujukan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) berkualitas melalui peserta didik. Peserta didik dibimbing untuk tanggap terhadap lingkungannya melalui proses pembelajaran yang dirancangkan. Sehingga dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan belajar peserta didik dan perkembangan zaman diperlukan pemanfaatan teknologi untuk mempermudah akses secara luas dalam proses pembelajaran.",
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"text": "Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan (PPKn) yang berisikan materi tentang dinamika perwujudan dari nilai-nilai luhur Pancasila. Secara garis besar mata pelajaran tersebut memiliki tujuan dalam menumbuhkan rasa nasionalisme serta nilai-nilai kepribadian bangsa Indonesia kepada siswa supaya mampu memenuhi hak dan menjalankan kewajibannya sebagai warga negara indonesia secara seimbang. Apalagi dengan adanya Kurikulum Merdeka ini dapat lebih efektif dalam menciptakan generasi penerus bangsa yang berkarakter pancasila dengan adanya Profil Pelajar Pancasila. Menurut Gilang, W., Supentri, S., & Hardian, M. (2023), salah satu misi yang diemban PPKn merupakan sebagai pendidikan karakter, Selain itu PPKn juga dianggap sebagai pendidikan politik atau pendidikan demokrasi, pendidikan moral dan pendidikan hukum di sekolah. Tujuan utama berdasarkan pendidikan karakter ini yaitu membentuk karakter itu sendiri, sebagaimana karakter adalah suatu penilaian seorang pribadi atau individu dan karakter pun dapat memberi kesatuan atas kekuatan dalam mengambil sikap disetiap situasi.",
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"text": "tercapainya hasil pembelajaran. Dengan tercapainya tujuan tersebut, bahan ajar berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan dan menciptakan lingkungan pemmbelajaran yang optimal bagi siswa.",
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"text": "Pengembangan bahan ajar sangat diperlukan untuk menyediakan materi pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa berdasarkan acuan dari kurikulum yang digunakan guna memfasilitasi proses pembelajaran yang dilangsungkan dengan mengikuti perkembangan ilmu teknologi. Sehingga bahan ajar dapat berkontribusi secara signifikan dalam menciptakan pembelajaran yang optimal dan membantu siswa dalam mencapai tujuan pembelajaran (Hilmi,2020).",
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"text": "Menurut Wariyanto (2017) ebook dapat diartikan sebagai buku yang didesain dalam bentuk elektronik yang memerlukan sarana elektronik untuk membacanya. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, ebook berkembang menjadi bahan ajar elektronik interaktif dengan memanfaatkan media interaktif. Media interaktif adalah teknologi yang dapat memberikan informasi melalui gambar, video, audio dan grafis. Sehingga ebook interaktif dapat digunakan dalam menyampaikan materi yang menggabungkan beberapa bentuk media (Arsyad,2011)",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian dari latar belakang diatas, peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan",
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"text": "pengembangan produk bahan ajar dalam bentuk ebook . Pengembangan produk berupa elektronik pernah dilakukan peneliti sebelumnaya antara lain Lia Nitami, dkk (2021) mengembangkan bahan ajar PPKn berbasis e-modul pada materi makna kedaulatan dan demokrasi Pancasila di kelas VIII SMP Negeri 19 Kota Jambi, Rinne Dewi Safitri & Hermanto pengembangan ebook interaktif materi mewaspadai ancaman terhadap kedudukan NKRI bagi siswa kelas XI IPS 2 SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya, dan Afriska Yurniawat dkk mengembangkan modul elektronik Ayo Berkarakter Pancasila untuk pembelajaran jarak jauh SMA/SMK/MA kelas XI semester 2 layak digunakan dalam pembelajaran dengan dilengkapi gambar dan video pembelajaran menarik bagi siswa.",
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"text": "Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Elboo Auvis (Elektronik Book Audio Visual) − Ella Meizura 675",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 79,
"width": 216,
"height": 322,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Berdasarkan penjelasan sebelumnya, penelitian yang dikembangkan oleh peneliti ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan bahan ajar ebook pembelajaran materi bab 3 tentang Bhinneka Tunggal Ika kelas X SMA. Perbedaan produk yang dikembangan oleh peneliti terdahulu berupa dilengkapinya dilengkapi modul ajar sesuai kurikulum yang berlaku pada saat ini. Pada penelitian ini disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan dari 3 gaya belajar siswa meliputi auditori, kinestetik dan visual dengan adanya audio, video pembelajaran dan tugas yang telah disediakan. Selain itu, dilengkapi dengan adanya refleksi, evaluasi serta tes perkembangan sikap siswa.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
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"left": 71,
"top": 441,
"width": 216,
"height": 301,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Teknik analisis data penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian RnD menurut Sugiyono (2016:297) dibatasi pada tahap revisi produk setelah uji coba produk dilakukan. Penelitian diukur dengan uji validitas dan uji lapangan terbatas. Uji validitas bersama 9 validator dengan memberikan angket validasi ahli meliputi 3 ahli materi, 3 ahli media, dan 3 ahli bahasa. Validator ahli terdiri dari dosen dan guru yang berspesifikasi minimal stratata 1 (S1). sedangkan uji coba produk dilakukan uji lapangan terbatas dengan memberikan angket respon penggunaan produk oleh guru dan siswa.",
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{
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"width": 220,
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"text": "Teknik sampling yang digunakan peneliti merupakan teknik sampling random. Penggunakan teknik sampling ini karena mengumpulkan data secara acak mewakili satu populasi guna menghindari bias dari populasi. Sampel penelitian ini yaitu 1 guru PPKn dan 7 siswa secara random di kelas X dari SMAN 1 Kota Blitar. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan model simulasi instruksional yang mana setelah dilakukan simulasi penggunaan guru dan siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa angket respon guru dan siswa atas penggunaan bahan ajar ELBOO AUVIS . Angket respon penggunaan guru dan siswa bertujuan mengetahui keefektifan produk dalam pembelajaran. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan ialah angket respon penggunaan guru dan siswa bertujuan untuk mendapatkan penilaian awal terhadap penggunaan produk. Analisis Angket respon penggunaan guru dan siswa dengan menghitung persentase skore berdasarkan skala likert tabel berikut ini",
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"text": "Tabel 1.1 Ukuran Alternatif Jawaban Skor Kriteria Skor 1 Tidak baik 2 Kurang baik 3 Cukup baik 4 Baik 5 Sangat baik Skore penilaian yang diperoleh",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 686,
"width": 208,
"height": 11,
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"text": "dihitung dalam skala likert dengan rumus :",
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{
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"top": 715,
"width": 174,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rumus Skala Likert Pk = 𝑠 𝑛 × 100%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"width": 62,
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Keterangan:",
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"text": "NUSRA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Ilmu Pendidikan Volume 4, Issue 3, Agustus 2023",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 228,
"top": 771,
"width": 299,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Elboo Auvis (Elektronik Book Audio Visual) − Ella Meizura 676",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 97,
"top": 79,
"width": 158,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Pk : Nilai kategori keefektifan S : Jumlah skor yang diperoleh",
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{
"left": 97,
"top": 121,
"width": 109,
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"text": "N : Jumlah skor ideal",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 216,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kriteria keefektifan dan item pada instrumen hasil respon guru dan siswa.",
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 183,
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"text": "Penentuan tingkat kemudahan",
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{
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"text": "penggunaan dan penyempurnaan produk yang dikembangkan seperti tabel berikut ini: Tabel 1.2 Ukuran Alternatif Jawaban Respon penggunaan Guru dan Siswa",
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{
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"top": 287,
"width": 173,
"height": 156,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Persentase Kriteria Keefektifan 81-100 Sangat Baik 61-80 Baik 41-60 Cukup Baik 21-40 Kurang Baik 0-20 Tidak Baik Rumus persentase sebagai berikut: 𝑠𝑘𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑘ℎ𝑖𝑟 = 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑠𝑘𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑡",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 431,
"width": 172,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑠𝑘𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 × 100",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 466,
"width": 158,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 89,
"top": 486,
"width": 28,
"height": 11,
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"text": "Hasil",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 486,
"width": 219,
"height": 156,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "penelitian ini adalah pengembangan produk bahan ajar ELBOO AUVIS (ELEKTRONIK BOOK AUDIO VISUAL) pembelajaran PPKn kelas X SMA pada materi Bab 3 Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. Desain pengembangan bahan ajar ELBOO AUVIS untuk pembelajaran PPKn kelas X adalah sebagai berikut ;",
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{
"left": 89,
"top": 652,
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"text": "1. Tampilan awal membuka ELBOO",
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 672,
"width": 37,
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"text": "AUVIS",
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{
"left": 348,
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"text": "Tampilan sampul ELBOO AUVIS",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 216,
"width": 197,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "2. Peta konsep dari materi BAB 3 Tentang Bhinneka Tunggal Ika",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 257,
"width": 198,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Isi materi BAB 3 Tentang Bhinneka Tunggal Ika terdapat audio dan video pembelajaran dan dilengkapi dengan penugasan kelompok/individu",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 340,
"width": 197,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Terdapat ruang diskusi yang disediakan",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 381,
"width": 198,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5. Evaluasi, refleksi, tes perkemangan sikap siswa",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 423,
"width": 124,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "6. Halaman Modul Ajar",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 443,
"width": 89,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "7. Daftar Pustaka",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 312,
"top": 474,
"width": 216,
"height": 197,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tahap yang dilakukan setelah desain produk selesai yaitu melakukan validasibersama validator ahli materi, validator ahli media dan validator ahli bahasa. Menurut Sugiyono (2018:414) validasi adalah kegiatan dalam menilai desain produk oleh ahli yang memiliki kompetensi dalam penilaian produk yang dikembangakan. Berikut hasil validasi yang diperoleh peneliti:",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 691,
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"text": "1. Hasil Validasi Materi",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 722,
"width": 215,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Penilaian validasi dari 3 validator ahli materi pada tahap 1 menunjukkan bahwa",
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"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "NUSRA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Ilmu Pendidikan Volume 4, Issue 3, Agustus 2023",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 228,
"top": 771,
"width": 299,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Elboo Auvis (Elektronik Book Audio Visual) − Ella Meizura 677",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 79,
"width": 215,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "rata-rata persentase sebesar 98,4%.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 100,
"width": 216,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Persentase tersebut masuk dalam kategori \"Sangat Valid\", artinya produk telah dinilai sangat layak dan sesuai dengan materi yang diajarkan pada siswa di sekolah.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 193,
"width": 123,
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"text": "2. hasil Validasi Media",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 224,
"width": 216,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil validasi dari 3 validator ahli media menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata presentase sebesar 85,5%. Persentase tersebut masuk dalam kategori \"Sangat Valid\", produk yang dikembangkan dinilai sangat layak dan sesuai dari segi media, tampilan, kualitas, dan hasil yang dihasilkan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 379,
"width": 130,
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"text": "3. Hasil Validasi Bahasa",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 399,
"width": 216,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Hasil skor dari 3 validator ahli bahasa menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata persentase sebesar 90%. Persentase tersebut masuk dalam kategori \"Sangat Valid\". Ini berarti materi atau produk dinilai oleh ahli bahasa telah memenuhi standar dan kriteria yang diharapkan dalam hal bahasa.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 544,
"width": 216,
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian hasil penilaian oleh validator ahli diatas dapat disajikan sesuai diagram batang berikut:",
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{
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"top": 731,
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"text": "Gambar 1.1 hasil validasi ahli",
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"text": "Keterangan :",
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"text": "Validasi Materi: 98,4%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 141,
"width": 114,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Validasi Media: 85,5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 109,
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"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Validasi Bahasa: 90%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 202,
"width": 218,
"height": 280,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Setelah dilakukan validasi dengan ahli materi, ahli media, dan ahli bahasa terdapat saran untuk penyempurnaan produk. Sehingga peneliti memperbaiki produk terlebih dahulu sebelum dilakukan uji coba lapangan terbatas dengan guru dan siswa. Sugiyono (2018:415) mengatakan bahwa pengujian bertujuan memperoleh informasi terkait pengembangan terhadap produk lebih efektif dan efisien dari produk sebelumnya. Setelah dilakukan revisi produk berdasarkan saran dari validator ahli selanjutnya di uji penggunaannya. Berikut tabel berdasarkan hasil respon penggunaan guru dan siswa :",
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"top": 502,
"width": 215,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Hasil penilaian angket respon guru sebagai berikut:",
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"top": 651,
"width": 197,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 1.2Diagram Hasil Respon Guru",
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 692,
"width": 215,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Berdasarkan tabel 1.6 hasil respon guru terhadap penggunaan produk memperoleh rata-rata 94,5%, ini artinya persentase tersebut masuk dalam kategori penilaian",
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},
{
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"width": 25,
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"page_number": 7,
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"text": "94,5%",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 327,
"top": 545,
"width": 91,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Hasil Respon Guru Guru",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "NUSRA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Ilmu Pendidikan Volume 4, Issue 3, Agustus 2023",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 228,
"top": 771,
"width": 299,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Elboo Auvis (Elektronik Book Audio Visual) − Ella Meizura 678",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 77,
"width": 215,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“sangat baik” terhadap pemakaian produk yang telah dikembangkan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 131,
"width": 216,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Selanjutnya peneliti melakukan uji lapangan terbatas bersama siswa dengan memberikan angket respon siswa. Hasil uji lapangan terbatas oleh 7 orang siswa PPKn kelas X SMA sebagai berikut:",
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{
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"top": 355,
"width": 216,
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"text": "Gambar 1.3 Angket Respon Siswa Berdasarkan tabel 1.7 menunjukkan respon siswa terhadap penggunaan produk yang dikembangkan memperoleh rata-rata presentase 90,2%, ini artinya persentase tersebut masuk dalam kategori penilaian “sangat baik”.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 510,
"width": 216,
"height": 259,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan penilaian yang dilakukkan dari validasi dan uji coba lapangan terbatas dinyatakan valid dan efektif dalam konteks pembelajaran, hal ini sesuai dengan pengembangan bahan ajar yang dikemukakan Hilmi (2020) terkait kontribusi secara signifikan dari pengembangan bahan ajar dalam menciptakan proses belajar secara optimal dan mendukung siswa mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Diperkuat dengan pentingnya bahan ajar sangat bagi seorang pendidik dalam suatu proses pembelajaran karena",
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"text": "dapat meningkatkan meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektifitas pembelajaran bagi peserta didik (Wahyudi, A. 2022:58).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 312,
"top": 141,
"width": 216,
"height": 156,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Ebook yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian layak dan menarik untuk aktivitas pembelajaran karena dilengkapi dengan adanya audio, video, gambar,. Hal ini pendapat Arsyad (2011) bahwa ebook berkembang menjadi bahan ajar elektronik interaktif dengan memanfaatkan media interaktif.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
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"width": 216,
"height": 425,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Pengembangan bahan ajar ELBOO AUVIS (Elektronik Book Audio Visual) pembelajaran SMA Kelas X divalidasikan kepada validator ahli materi, validator ahli media dan validator ahli bahasa. Hasil penilaian dari 3 validator ahli materi mendapatkan presentase 98,4% dalam “Sangat Valid”. Kemudian hasil penilaian 3 validator ahli media mendapat rata-rata presentase 85,5% kategori “Sangat Valid”. Sedangkan hasil penilaian 3 validator ahli bahasa persentase sebesar 90% kategori “Sangat Valid”. Pada tahap uji coba produk dilakukan uji coba lapangan terbatas untuk mengetahui respon penggunaan produk oleh 1 guru PPKn dan 7 siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Kota Blitar. Dengan hasil perolehan data angket respon guru PPKn terhadap produk bahan ajar ELBOO AUVIS (Elektonik Book Audio Visual) terhadap penggunaan produk memperoleh persentase",
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"text": "90,2%",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "1) Jurusan Teknik Perkapalan, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Kampus Undip, Semarang, Indonesia 50275 email : [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstract : Shipyard industry is one of the most important chain on the national shipping system. Notably to maintains the vessels condition in order to get adjustment of The Indonesia Classification Bureaustandard. Shipyard’s productivity depends on the graving dock capacity, man productivity and work method. Empirical studies show that man competiveness and productivity and effective work method are primary factors which affects choice rate from shipping companies to a shipyard. The research goal was to analyzed the effect of man productivity and work method toward graving dock performance in PT. Janata Marina Indah Semarang. Multiple linear regression used as a method in this research. Methodology use basic is difficulty to identify relating directly from man productivity and work method toward graving dock performance. The sampling method using purposive random sampling with 35 respondents who have long experience in the graving dock works. The result of regression analysis is: Y = -0,357 + 0,256 X1 + 0,249 X2. The result shows that two factors both man productivity and work method, are have significant effect toward graving dock performance.",
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"text": "Keywords : Man Productivity, Work Method, Graving Dock Performance",
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"text": "Abstrak : Industri galangan kapal merupakan salah satu rantai penting dalam sistem perkapalan nasional. Khususnya dalam menjaga kondisi kapal agar tetap layak jalan sesuai standar Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia. Kualitas reparasi galangan tergantung kapasitas graving dock, produktivitas pekerja dan teknik kerja. Studi empiris menunjukkan bahwa pekerja yang kompeten dan produktif dan teknik kerja yang efektif merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi tingkat pemilihan perusahaan perkapalan pada suatu galangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh produktivitas pekerja dan teknik kerja terhadap kinerja graving dock di PT. Janata Marina Indah Semarang. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda dengan program SPSS 17. Dasar penggunaan metodologi tersebut karena faktor tenaga kerja dan teknik kerja sulit dihitung tingkat efeknya secara langsung terhadap kinerja graving dock. Penentuan sampel menggunakan purposive randome sampling dengan 35 responden yang berkompeten dalam pekerjaan di graving dock. Hasil analisis regresi yaitu : Y = -0,357 + 0,303 X1 + 0,339 X2. Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa faktor produktivitas pekerja dan teknik kerja mempunyai pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja graving dock.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Produktivitas Pekerja, Teknik Kerja, Kinerja Graving Dock.",
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"text": "ISSN 2407-733X E-ISSN 2407-9200 pp. 163-176",
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"text": "164 Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015",
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"left": 113,
"top": 85,
"width": 191,
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"text": "Pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia selama satu dekade terakhir telah meningkatkan kapasitas dan laju distribusi barang baik melalui darat, laut maupun udara. Perusahaan transportasi, terutama kapal laut, menjadi pilihan masyarakat untuk mendistribusikan produk melalui berbagai pilihan jasa yang disediakan ( Break Bulk, Bag Cargo, Unitized,",
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"text": "Curah Kering, Curah Cair, Peti Kemas atau Tanpa Kemasan, Kapal Niaga, Kapal Bukan Niaga, Docking atau Emergency ). Kapal laut dipilih karena merupakan alat transportasi yang paling efektif yang bisa mengangkut muatan dalam kuantitas yang sangat banyak sehingga biayanya menjadi sangat murah. Banyaknya kapal baru yang hadir di Indonesia membuat pertumbuhan industri galangan kapal meningkat. Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (2003) mengestimasi pertumbuhan usaha galangan di Indonesia rata-rata sebesar 16 persen pertahun.",
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"text": "Industri galangan kapal mempunyai karakter penguasaan teknologi yang masif, akumulasi kapital yang besar dan resiko yang tinggi (Shin & Shon, 2000). Industri galangan merupakan industri strategis, terlebih bagi negara kelautan ( coastal nation ) ( Lamb, et al. , 2001; Pires & Lamb, 2008) . Galangan berperan dalam meminimalisir efek cuaca laut terhadap performa kapal. Kecepatan kapal akan berkurang akibat pengaruh cuaca di laut lepas sebesar 25% (Caridis, 2001). Stabilisasi kapal melalui reparasi sangat penting bagi kelangsungan",
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"height": 50,
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"text": "kapal untuk mengembalikannya ke keadaan semula (Farhum, 2010). Pertumbuhan jumlah kapal",
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"text": "membuat galangan kapal bekerja lebih keras karena semakin banyak kapal yang direparasi. Aslesen and Svein (2012) menyatakan proyek galangan kapal mempunyai 3 fungsi utama yaitu mendesain, perincian teknik ( detailed engineering ) dan konstruksi.",
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"text": "Reparasi kapal adalah melalui graving dock . Dock adalah sarana yang dilengkapi peralatan dan perlengkapan agar badan kapal dapat duduk diatasnya dalam keadaan kering tidak tercelup ke air (Soegiono dkk, 1984). Graving dock biasanya berbentuk ruangan ( compartment ) dimana kapal dapat mengapung kemudian bertumpu pada balok- balok pada saat perbaikan setelah air dipompa keluar (Huda, 2006). Ukuran dock disesuaikan dengan besar kapal. Ukuran kapal yang semakin besar membuat galangan kapal berusaha membuat graving dock dengan kapasitas yang lebih besar.",
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"text": "Salah satu galangan kapal terbesar di Jawa Tengah yang mempunyai kapasitas graving dock yang sangat memadai adalah PT. Janata Marina Indah (JMI) yang terletak di Pelabuhan Tanjung Emas Semarang. Pada saat ini, kapasitas dock PT. JMI Unit II Semarang sebesar 18.500 DWT dapat mereparasi kapal barang, feri, kapal tanker dan kapal perang.",
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"text": "Untuk dapat merealisasikan proyek dengan sukses, sebuah galangan dituntut bisa mempunyai kinerja yang prima dalam kualitas, waktu dan kriteria biaya (König, et al , 2007). Produktivitas yang tinggi dan hasil kapal yang berkualitas merupakan reputasi utama bagi industri galangan (Gebhardt &",
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"text": "Jarvis, 2003). Biasanya produktivitas galangan diukur melalui indikator Compensated Gross Tonnage/CGT (Bruce, 2006; Bertram, 2003). First Marine International (2005) menyatakan kelemahan CGT adalah tidak menganalisis keterkaitan sumber daya perusahaan sebagai variabel produktivitas galangan secara langsung. Penelitian ini berusaha menganalisis secara kuantitatif korelasi sumber daya galangan yaitu pekerja dan penerapan teknik kerja sebagai faktor penting dalam kinerja graving dock.",
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"text": "Kinerja sebuah galangan tergantung pada pendayagunaan, efisiensi dan sistematisasi sumber daya yang dimiliki (Lee,",
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"text": "Dong Kun et al , 2014; Shin & Sohn, 2000).",
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"height": 69,
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"text": "Sumber daya pekerja yang produktif dan metode kerja yang efektif berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan sebuah proyek konstruksi. Moyst & Das (2005)",
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"left": 113,
"top": 484,
"width": 191,
"height": 277,
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"text": "menunjukkan bahwa faktor pekerja dapat mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kinerja galangan. Koenig and Baba (2003) menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan kerja yang memadai berperan dalam peningkatan kinerja galangan. Pekerja yang mempunyai produktivitas yang tinggi dan penerapan metode yang cocok akan membuat reparasi kapal berlangsung dengan lebih cepat. Dengan kapasitas graving dock 18.500 DWT, setiap tahun PT. JMI Unit II dapat menyelesaikan rata-rata 63 buah kapal. PT. JMI masih mempunyai peluang besar untuk meningkatkan jumlah kapal yang direparasi dengan peningkatan produktivitas para",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 193,
"height": 164,
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"text": "pekerja dan perbaikan metode kerja yang digunakan. Roland et al (2004) menyatakan aplikasi praktek industrial dan teknik yang efektif merupakan faktor penting dalam peningkatan keunggulan kompetitif galangan kapal di Eropa secara cepat dan signifikan. Lamb, et al (2006), Moyst & Das (2005) menyatakan bahwa perbaikan proses kerja akan meningkatkan kinerja galangan.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Dari uraian tersebut, maka dipandang penting untuk mengetahui sejauh mana produktivitas pekerja dan metode kerja yang digunakan dapat berguna dalam meningkatkan kualitas reparasi kapal. Urgensinya adalah untuk komparasi perhitungan kinerja aktual dengan target kinerja (Lamb & Hellesoy, 2002; Lamb, et al, 2006).",
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"text": "Kalkulasi produktivitas galangan total merupakan sebuah kesulitan, bahkan untuk galangan besar dunia sekalipun (Krishnan, 2012; Lamb, T., et al . , 2001). Penelitian ini menganalisis kinerja graving dock secara parsial melalui produktivitas pekerja dan teknik kerja. Tujuannya untuk menganalisis produktivitas pekerja dan teknik kerja terhadap kinerja PT. JMI dalam usaha melayani reparasi kapal melalui graving dock .",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 337,
"top": 629,
"width": 84,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "METODOLOGI",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 648,
"width": 191,
"height": 106,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus ( case study ) pada graving dock PT. JMI Semarang. Studi kasus adalah penelitian mengenai suatu subyek penelitian yang berkenaan dengan suatu fase spesifik atau khas dari keseluruhan personalitas (Hasan,",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Jurnal Teknik Sipil Unaya",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 781,
"width": 663,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "166 Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 85,
"width": 191,
"height": 88,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2002). Penelitian ini merupakan studi korelasional untuk mengetahui hubungan (relationship ) antara faktor produktivitas tenaga kerja, dan metode kerja terhadap faktor kinerja graving dock .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 180,
"width": 191,
"height": 278,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Guna mendapatkan sampel yang representatif, penelitian ini menggunakan metode sampling acak bertujuan (purposive random sampling) . Kuesioner digunakan untuk memperoleh data langsung dari sumber asli/responden (data primer). Dengan kriteria pendidikan minimal Sekolah Kejuruan dan pengalaman minimal 5 tahun, maka diperoleh responden sebanyak 35 orang yang terdiri dari Kabag lambung, dock, peralatan, safety, out fitting, listrik, umum, mesin, quality kontrol, kepala proyek, bagian konstruksi, dock master, pengawas/ supervisor, juru selam, bagian kebersihan dan bagian pemeliharaan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 465,
"width": 211,
"height": 183,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sebelum dilanjutkan pada tahap analisis terdapat dua syarat penting yang berlaku pada sebuah angket, yaitu keharusan sebuah angket untuk valid dan reliabel (Ghozali, 2009). Validitas merupakan indikator bahwa item pertanyaan angket mampu untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang akan diukur. Indikatornya adalah nilai r hitung positif dan r hitung > r tabel. Pengukuran validitas menggunakan rumus :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 667,
"width": 180,
"height": 18,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "𝑟𝑥𝑦 = 𝑁∑𝑋𝑌−(∑𝑋)(∑𝑌) √{𝑁∑𝑋2−(∑𝑋2} {𝑁∑𝑌2−(∑𝑌)2} (1)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 125,
"top": 685,
"width": 156,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ket: r xy = Koefisien korelasi suatu butir",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 708,
"width": 82,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "N = jumlah sampel",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 125,
"top": 721,
"width": 75,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "X = Skor Butir Y = Skor total",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 85,
"width": 190,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rumus untuk mengkonversi t hitung ≥ t tabel menjadi r hasil > r tabel menggunakan rumus :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 338,
"top": 146,
"width": 182,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " 2 2 2 n t t r (2)",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 351,
"top": 172,
"width": 96,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ket : n = jumlah variabel",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 208,
"width": 191,
"height": 145,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sedangkan reliabilitas (kehandalan) adalah konsistensi atau kestabilan jawaban responden dari waktu ke waktu. Dasar penilaian adalah α harus positif, dan α > r tabel. Berdasarkan taraf keberartian (α) = 5 %, uji 1 sisi (1- tiled ), dan derajat kebebasan ( degree of freedom/df) = jumlah data -2 = 35 – 2 = 33 didapat nilai r tabel = 0,28260.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 360,
"width": 190,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengujian reliabilitas menggunakan rumus Cronbach Alpha sebagai berikut (Amrozi, 2007) :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 338,
"top": 416,
"width": 180,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": " 2 1 2 1 1 1 S S k k (3)",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 348,
"top": 452,
"width": 27,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ket :",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 348,
"top": 464,
"width": 86,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "k = jumlah item",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 350,
"top": 473,
"width": 171,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": " 2 1 S = jumlah varians skor total 2 1 S = varians responden untuk item ke-i",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 521,
"width": 191,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Untuk menganalisis kualitas data digunakan uji asumsi klasik. Uji ini dilakukan karena dalam model regresi menjadi tidak efisien jika asumsi klasik tidak dipenuhi. Asumsi-asumsi klasik yang harus dipenuhi yaitu :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 635,
"width": 190,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Uji multikolonieritas, dengan indikator nilai cut off nilai Tolerance < 0,10 atau sama dengan nilai VIF > 1,0.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 694,
"width": 190,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Uji heteroskedastistas dengan deteksi statistik melalui uji Glejser.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 273,
"top": 48,
"width": 246,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Sipil Unaya",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 780,
"width": 414,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015 167",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 88,
"width": 191,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Uji normalitas dengan identifikasi distribusi normal data dengan uji",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 128,
"top": 125,
"width": 102,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kolmogorov-Smirnov .",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 161,
"width": 191,
"height": 69,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sedangkan pengujian besarnya efek produktivitas tenaga kerja dan metode kerja dan signifikansinya terhadap kinerja graving dock menggunakan analisis regresi berganda.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 237,
"width": 191,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Persamaan garis regresi yang digunakan adalah :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 275,
"width": 185,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Y1 = a + b 1 X 1 + b 2 X 2 + b n X n + e (4)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 298,
"width": 177,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Di mana : Y1 = Kinerja Graving dock (variabel terikat 1)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 125,
"top": 332,
"width": 159,
"height": 24,
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"text": "a = Konstanta ( intercept ) b n = Koefisien variabel independen",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 160,
"top": 355,
"width": 28,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "(slope)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 367,
"width": 184,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "X n = Faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi kinerja graving dock",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 413,
"width": 191,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis berganda dilakukan dalam dua tahap pembuktian hipotesis :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 451,
"width": 113,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Uji Serentak (Uji F)",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 470,
"width": 191,
"height": 69,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Uji F digunakan untuk menilai apakah faktor produktivitas tenaga kerja dan teknik kerja secara serentak mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja graving dock .",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 546,
"width": 191,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kriteria pengujian hipotesis yang diterima (Ha) adalah nilai F hitung lebih besar dari nilai F tabel (= 3,2759) (Sugiyono,2005).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 603,
"width": 190,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Walpole dan Myers (dalam Amrozi, 2007) cara menghitung nilai statistic F dengan rumus berikut :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 137,
"top": 654,
"width": 91,
"height": 36,
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"text": " 1 / 1 / 2 2 k n R k R",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 127,
"top": 666,
"width": 176,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "F (4)",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 125,
"top": 694,
"width": 121,
"height": 46,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Di mana : R 2 = koefisien determinasi N = jumlah responden k = jumlah variabel bebas",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 85,
"width": 190,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Koefisien determinasi dihitung dengan persamaan sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 122,
"width": 181,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "R 2 = Jumlah Kuadrat (JK) regresi (5)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 373,
"top": 139,
"width": 53,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Σ yi 2",
"type": "Formula"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 164,
"width": 146,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Uji Pengaruh Parsial (Uji t )",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 182,
"width": 191,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Pengujian secara parsial merupakan salah satu bentuk pengujian pengaruh dari masing-masing variabel dengan asumsi bahwa variabel lain adalah konstan. Menghitung nilai statistik t dengan rumus berikut (Sugiyono,2006) :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 350,
"top": 296,
"width": 175,
"height": 37,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "n s X t 0 (6)",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 348,
"top": 335,
"width": 144,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Di mana : t = nilai t yang dihitung (t hitung)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 348,
"top": 363,
"width": 130,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "X = Rata-rata X O = nilai yang dihipotesiskan s = simpangan baku n = Jumlah sampel",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 427,
"width": 191,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Indikator yang digunakan sebagai basis penerimaan hipotesis adalah jika menghasilkan nilai t hitung lebih besar dari t tabel (=1,6924). T hitung berada pada batasan penerimaan pada kurva distribusi normal dibawah ini :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 656,
"width": 190,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Gambar 1. Kurva Distribusi Normal (Sugiyono, 2006)",
"type": "Text"
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Sipil Unaya",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 781,
"width": 663,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "168 Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 85,
"width": 131,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 103,
"width": 174,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambaran Umum Lokasi Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 121,
"width": 191,
"height": 126,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "PT. Janata Marina Indah Unit II dibangun di lingkungan Pelabuhan Tanjung Emas, kelurahan Bandarharjo, Kecamatan Semarang Utara. Lahan PT. JMI menempati areal seluas 8,1 Ha. Disamping untuk lokasi graving dock , sebagian lahannya untuk pembangunan kapal baru di building birth",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 254,
"width": 191,
"height": 31,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "dan kolam apung (floating quay) untuk kegiatan reparasi kapal di atas air.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 304,
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"text": "Kondisi Topografi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 135,
"top": 323,
"width": 169,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Ketinggian wilayah Kecamatan",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 342,
"width": 191,
"height": 164,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Semarang utara rata-rata 0.75 meter di atas permukaan laut dengan topografi sebagian besar terdiri dari dataran dan daerah pantai. Kondisi permukaan datar atau daerah dataran terletak di bagian utara kecamatan. Lokasi Graving dock PT. Janata Marina Indah unit II terletak pada kondisi topografi berupa dataran yang datar dan merupakan tanah reklamasi pantai.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 525,
"width": 120,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kondisi Lokasi Eksisting",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 544,
"width": 191,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Lokasi Graving dock tersebut berada pada kilometer 1 + 100 di jalur pantura/jalan arteri Yos Sudarso. Lokasi graving dock PT.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 601,
"width": 174,
"height": 12,
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"text": "Janata Marina Indah unit II dibatasi oleh :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 117,
"top": 619,
"width": 187,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " Sebelah Barat : lahan milik Pelindo III/Pemda dan terminal Elpiji",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 135,
"top": 659,
"width": 45,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "OPSICO.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 677,
"width": 172,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " Sebelah Timur : pelabuhan rakyat.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 117,
"top": 697,
"width": 187,
"height": 51,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " Sebelah Selatan : pemukiman dan jalan pantura/Jalan Arteri Yos Sudarso",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 340,
"top": 85,
"width": 187,
"height": 32,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " Sebelah Utara dermaga Opsico dan semen Tiga Roda.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 136,
"width": 65,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aspek Teknis",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 155,
"width": 191,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sebagai salah satu galangan terbesar, PT. JMI banyak mengerjakan jasa reparasi kapal dari berbagai jenis dan ukuran. Data dari tahun 2006 hingga 2010, graving dock PT JMI menyelesaikan target reparasi kapal sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 277,
"width": 190,
"height": 21,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 1. Jumlah Kapal dan Waktu Reparasi di PT. Janata Marina Indah",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 300,
"width": 205,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "(Tahun 2006-2010) Tahun Jumlah kapal masuk Rata-rata waktu reparasi (hari) 2006 52 7.02 2007 54 6.76 2008 66 5.53 2009 79 4.62 2010 63 5.79 Rata- rata 63 5.94",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 454,
"width": 180,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber : Marketing PT. JMI, 2006-2010",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 475,
"width": 191,
"height": 164,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan data tersebut terdapat kecenderungan bahwa produktivitas kinerja graving dock mengalami kenaikan yang fluktuatif tiap tahunnya. Jumlah kapal yang masuk graving dock yang berhasil diselesaikan berkisar rata-rata 63 buah pertahun. Sedangkan waktu penyelesaian rata-rata reparasi graving dock adalah 5,94 hari/kapal.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 658,
"width": 78,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aspek Finansial",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 677,
"width": 191,
"height": 68,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari segi finansial, banyaknya jumlah kapal yang diselesaikan oleh graving dock PT JMI berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan perusahaan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 273,
"top": 48,
"width": 246,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Sipil Unaya",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 780,
"width": 414,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015 169",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 88,
"width": 202,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 2. Aspek Finansial Graving Dock Tahun Pendapatan Reparasi Kapal (Rp) 2006 42,699,021,850 2007 48,421,911,709 2008 77,104,830,751 2009 86,084,405,357 2010 76,288,552,105 Rata- rata 66,119,744,354",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 224,
"width": 159,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber : Marketing PT. JMI, 2006-2010",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 246,
"width": 191,
"height": 334,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berbanding lurus dengan jumlah kapal yang masuk, pendapatan perusahaan dan dana total pemeliharaan kapal di graving dock PT. JMI juga mengalami kenaikan fluktuatif. Sepanjang 2006 hingga 2010, jumlah pendapatan rata-rata PT. JMI terkait dengan reparasi melalui graving dock adalah sebesar Rp. 66,119 juta. Hal ini menguatkan asumsi bahwa produktivitas pekerja dan metode kerja yang digunakan akan berpengaruh secara langsung terhadap keuangan perusahaan. Artinya peningkatan produktivitas pekerja dan metode merupakan keharusan bagi perusahaan galangan. Karena graving dock merupakan keunggulan komparatif bagi perusahaan galangan, mengingat minimnya resiko dan umur pemakaian yang tahan lama (Soejitno,1999).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 600,
"width": 85,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Data Analisis Statistik",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 637,
"width": 191,
"height": 126,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi kualitas perolehan data dan kualitas internal data. Basis perhitungannya adalah korelasi dan komparasi nilai konstruk. Hubungan variabel pada model dicari dengan menganalisis adanya efek dan signifikansi antar variabel.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 337,
"top": 85,
"width": 61,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Uji Validitas",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 104,
"width": 191,
"height": 240,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penghitungan uji validitas menggunakan ukuran perhitungan korelasi antar masing- masing skor item pertanyaan dari tiap variabel dengan total skor faktor. Kuesioner dikatakan valid jika semua nilai r hitung di atas nilai r tabel (Ghozali, 2007). Nilai r tabel adalah sebesar 0,3061 yang didapatkan pada tingkat signifikansi 0,05 dan df = 33. Pengujian menunjukkan bahwa semua item butir mempunyai nilai nilai r hitung ( Corrected Item-Total Correlation) diatas 0,3061 sehingga semua butir dinyatakan valid.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 363,
"width": 56,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Reliabilitas",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 382,
"width": 191,
"height": 145,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Untuk mengukur konsistensi internal dari suatu konstruk atau variabel dapat digunakan uji reliabilitas. Kriteria yang digunakan adalah membandingkan nilai correlated item-total correlation dengan nilai r tabelnya. Nunally (Ghozali, 2007) memberikan batasan penerimaan reliabilitas nilai Cronbach Alpha > 60 %.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 534,
"width": 191,
"height": 126,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan pengujian diperoleh nilai Cronbach's Alpha pada faktor produktivitas tenaga kerja dan metode kerja sebesar 0,804 dan 0,797. Nilai Cronbach Alpha faktor kinerja graving dock sebesar 0,615. Semua nilai faktor lebih besar daripada 0,60 sehingga semua konstruk penelitian ini adalah reliabel.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 48,
"width": 122,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Sipil Unaya",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 781,
"width": 663,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "170 Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 85,
"width": 78,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Regresi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 112,
"width": 168,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 3. Hasil SPSS Regresi Berganda",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 227,
"width": 127,
"height": 10,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber : Pengolahan data SPSS",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 269,
"width": 191,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan tabel tersebut, maka persamaan regresi yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut :",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 135,
"top": 326,
"width": 144,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Y = -0,357 + 0,256 X1 + 0,249 X2",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 135,
"top": 345,
"width": 169,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil tersebut menyatakan kinerja",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 364,
"width": 191,
"height": 220,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "graving dock akan mengalami kenaikan jika produktivitas tenaga kerja dan teknik kerja mengalami peningkatan dan perbaikan. Kesesuaian arah antara kinerja graving dock dan peningkatan produktivitas tenaga kerja dan metode kerja dapat dilihat pada arah koefisien variabel yang positif (+). Sebaliknya, kinerja graving dock juga akan turun jika produktivitas tenaga kerja dan metode kerja mengalami penurunan yang dapat dilihat pada arah konstanta yang negatif (-) 0,357.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 590,
"width": 191,
"height": 165,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Koefisien determinasi (R 2 ) yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini sebesar 0,356. Koefisien determinasi menggambarkan seberapa besar pengaruh variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen. Hal ini berarti 35,6% persen kinerja graving dock dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja dan Metode Kerja. Sedangkan sisanya sebesar 64,4% (100 % - 35,6%) dari kinerja",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 104,
"width": 190,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "graving dock dijelaskan oleh variabel lain selain kedua variabel independen tersebut.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 154,
"width": 160,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Variabel Produktivitas Pekerja",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 173,
"width": 191,
"height": 278,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan SPSS tersebut, dapat diketahui bahwa nilai koefisien regresi produktivitas tenaga kerja adalah sebesar 0,303. Tingkat signifikansi variabel adalah sebesar 0,000 (< 0,05) dengan α 95%, maka variabel produktivitas tenaga kerja dapat dijadikan sebagai prediktor variabel kinerja graving dock . Tanda koefisien yang positif (+) sebesar 0,256 menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh produktivitas tenaga kerja terhadap kinerja graving dock kapal adalah positif atau berbanding lurus, artinya semakin baik produktivitas tenaga kerja, maka kinerja graving dock akan semakin baik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 458,
"width": 191,
"height": 296,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam kondisi ceteris paribus, penambahan waktu kerja yang sebanding dengan satu hari akan meningkatkan kinerja sebesar 25,6% menjadi 125,6%. Sebagai gambaran, PT. Janata Marina Indah menyelesaikan reparasi sebuah kapal dalam waktu kerja rata-rata sebesar 5,96 hari. Jika ditambahi dengan waktu lembur setara sehari (24 jam) maka kapal akan selesai dalam jangka waktu 4,75 hari (5,96 dibagi 125,6%). Dengan semakin rendahnya waktu pengerjaan reparasi tiap kapal, maka jumlah kapal yang dapat diselesaikan setiap tahun akan naik menjadi rata-rata 76 kapal dari kondisi sekarang dengan rata-rata jumlah kapal yang",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 115,
"top": 141,
"width": 25,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Model",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 127,
"width": 181,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Standardized Coefficients (B) Std. Error t Sig. (Constant) -.357 .532 -1.844 Produktvitas tenaga_kerja .256 .048 6.316 0.00 Teknik Kerja .249 .067 5.058 0.00",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 273,
"top": 48,
"width": 246,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Sipil Unaya",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 780,
"width": 414,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015 171",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 85,
"width": 191,
"height": 88,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "diselesaikan 63 buah kapal/tahun. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan kinerja reparasi kapal melalui graving dock akan sangat tergantung pada besarnya produktivitas para pekerja.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 192,
"width": 122,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Variabel Teknik Kerja",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 211,
"width": 191,
"height": 182,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Koefisien regresi variabel metode kerja adalah sebesar 0,249. Tingkat signifikansi variabel metode kerja adalah sebesar 0,000 (< 0,05) dengan α 95%. Tanda koefisien yang positif (+) sebesar 0,249 menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh metode kerja terhadap kinerja graving dock adalah positif atau berbanding lurus, artinya semakin baik metode kerja, maka kinerja graving dock akan semakin baik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 400,
"width": 191,
"height": 316,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hal ini membuktikan bahwa metode kerja yang canggih diperlukan untuk mengantisipasi berbagai keadaan sulit yang mungkin muncul. Dalam proyek konstruksi, adakalanya metode terobosan diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan di lapangan. Khususnya pada saat menghadapi kendala- kendala yang diakibatkan oleh kondisi lapangan yang tidak sesuai dengan dugaan sebelumnya. Untuk itu, penerapan metode pelaksanaan konstruksi yang sesuai kondisi lapangan, akan sangat membantu dalam penyelesaian proyek konstruksi bersangkutan. Penggunaan metode yang tepat, praktis, cepat, dan aman, sangat membantu dalam penyelesaian pekerjaan pada suatu proyek konstruksi.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 723,
"width": 191,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Studi empiris dari House (2003) menunjukkan bahwa metode kerja yang",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 85,
"width": 191,
"height": 259,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "meliputi kapasitas graving dock , kesesuaian dock dengan kapal, pelayanan insiden atau kejadian yang sulit, reputasi, waktu pelaksanaan, efisiensi fasilitas docking, kemudahan administrasi, bengkel kerja yang memadai, sistem gudang persediaan dan tenaga kerja yang memadai dan berkompeten akan mempengaruhi tingkat pemilihan konsumen reparasi kapal. Reksohadiprodjo dan Gitosudarmo (2000) menjelaskan bahwa organisasi seperti perusahaan jasa graving dock harus mencari dan menerapkan suatu metode kerja yang paling ekonomis dan selalu mencari metode baru yang lebih baik.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 363,
"width": 88,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Uji Asumsi Klasik",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 382,
"width": 149,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "a. Pengujian Multikoliniearitas",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 401,
"width": 191,
"height": 296,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Indikator multikolinearitas adalah nilai Tolerance dan Variance Inflation Faktor (VIF). Kedua ukuran ini menunjukkan setiap variabel bebas manakah yang dijelaskan oleh variabel bebas lainnya. Pengukuran multikolonieraitas adalah dengan melihat nilai cutoff yang umum dipakai adalah nilai tolerance 0,10 atau sama dengan nilai VIF di atas 1. Hasil penghitungan menunjukkan produktivitas tenaga kerja mempunyai nilai VIF 2,196 dan tolerance 0,455. Faktor metode kerja mempunyai nilai VIF 3,242 dan tolerance 0,308. Hasil tersebut menegaskan bahwa semua faktor yang digunakan tidak menunjukkan adanya gejala multikoliniearitas dalam model regresi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 717,
"width": 156,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Pengujian Heteroskedastisitas",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 735,
"width": 190,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Model regresi yang baik adalah yang mempunyai perbedaan deviasi standar nilai",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 48,
"width": 122,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Teknik Sipil Unaya",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 781,
"width": 663,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "172 Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 85,
"width": 191,
"height": 107,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "variabel dependen pada setiap variabel independen. Adanya heteroskedatisitas menimbulkan varians koefisien regresi menjadi minimum dan confidence interval deviasi melebar sehingga uji signifikansi menjadi tidak valid.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 135,
"top": 199,
"width": 169,
"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Hasil pengujian statistik",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 218,
"width": 191,
"height": 183,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "heteroskedastisitas melalui uji Glejser menegaskan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0,951 (variabel produktivitas tenaga kerja) ; 0,60 (teknik kerja) ; 0,118 (kinerja) atau di atas tingkat signifikansi 0,05 sebagai tolak ukur penerimaan asumsi uji heteroskedastisitas. Berdasarkan hasil ini maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa residual varians model adalah homogen atau tidak terjadi heteroskedastisitas.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 408,
"width": 86,
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"text": "c. Uji Normalitas",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 427,
"width": 193,
"height": 183,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Model regresi yang baik adalah memiliki distribusi data normal atau mendekati normal. Uji statistik normalitas dengan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z ( KS test ) menunjukkan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,562 yang lebih besar dari 0,05 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa data residual terdistribusi secara normal. Data yang normal adalah data yang mempunyai nilai signifikansi lebih besar daripada 0,05 pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 629,
"width": 131,
"height": 31,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pembuktian Hipotesis Uji Secara Serentak (Uji F)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 666,
"width": 191,
"height": 88,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dari hasil perhitungan statistik diperoleh nilai F sebesar 217,755 dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,000. Nilai F hitung (217,555) lebih besar dari nilai F tabel (3,2759) sebagai dasar penerimaan uji serentak. Hal ini berarti",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 85,
"width": 190,
"height": 69,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "bahwa variabel independen (produktivitas pekerja dan metode kerja) secara bersama- sama mempunyai pengaruh signifikan pada peningkatan kinerja graving dock .",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 337,
"top": 173,
"width": 118,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Uji Secara Parsial (Uji t )",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 337,
"top": 192,
"width": 191,
"height": 387,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diperoleh untuk variabel produktivitas tenaga kerja diperoleh nilai t hitung = 6,316 dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,000. Dengan menggunakan batas signifikansi 0,05, maka diperoleh nilai t tabel dengan df = 33 adalah sebesar 1,6924. Dengan demikian diperoleh t hitung (6,316) > t tabel (1,6924) sehingga hipotesis (Ha) diterima. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hipotesis yang menyatakan bahwa produktivitas tenaga kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja graving dock adalah terbukti. Hasil temuan serupa dari Koenig and Baba (2003); Lamb and Aasmund (2002) menyatakan bahwa tenaga kerja yang berkompetensi tinggi berperan dalam peningkatan produkvitas galangan . Shin, J. G., & Sohn, S. J. (2000) menyatakan peningkatan produktivitas pekerja adalah mutlak diperlukan dalam industri galangan kapal agar tetap kompetitif.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 585,
"width": 191,
"height": 183,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diperoleh untuk variabel metode Kerja diperoleh nilai t hitung = 5,058 dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,000. Dengan menggunakan batas signifikansi 0,05, maka diperoleh nilai t tabel dengan df = 33 adalah sebesar 1,6924. Dengan demikian diperoleh t hitung (5,058) > t tabel (1,6924), sehingga Ha diterima. Kesimpulannya hipotesis yang menyatakan bahwa metode kerja berpengaruh positif dan",
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"text": "signifikan terhadap kinerja graving dock adalah terbukti. Hasil ini sama dengan penelitian dari Koenig and Baba (2003) bahwa lingkungan kerja yang memadai berperan dalam peningkatan produkvitas galangan. Roland, F . et al (2004) menyatakan bahwa teknik kerja mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap performa produk kapal dan kualitas yang dihasilkan. Lamb, T., et al (2006) menyatakan bahwa peningkatan proses kerja akan meningkatkan produktivitas. König et al (2007) menyatakan bahwa langkah kerja yang tepat sangat penting dilakukan karena mempengaruhi secara langsung keberhasilan dan kecepatan proyek.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, maka kesimpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah :",
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"text": "1. Pengujian pada variabel produktivitas tenaga kerja menghasilkan tingkat signifikansi 0,000 dan nilai t hitung = 6,316 > t tabel (1,6924). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produktivitas tenaga kerja mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan yang mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan produktivitas tenaga kerja akan meningkatkan kinerja graving dock .",
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"text": "Nilai koefisien regresi sebesar 0,256 atau 25,6 % menunjukkan bahwa penambahan jam kerja/lembur yang setara dengan sehari/24 jam dapat meningkatkan jumlah kapal yang masuk graving dock sebesar",
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"text": "125,6% menjadi 76 kapal/tahun dari kondisi saat ini yang 63 buah kapal/tahun.",
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"text": "2. Uji hipotesis membuktikan variabel metode kerja memperoleh tingkat signifikansi 0,000 dengan nilai t hitung = 5,058 > t tabel (1,6924). Hal ini berarti bahwa perbaikan metode kerja di graving dock PT. JMI dapat meningkatkan kinerja graving dock sebesar 24,9%.",
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"text": "3. Hasil uji F menghasilkan nilai F hitung (217,555) lebih besar dari nilai F tabel (3,2759), membuktikan bahwa variabel produktivitas tenaga kerja dan teknik kerja secara bersama-sama mempunyai pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja graving dock di PT. JMI Semarang.",
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"text": "PT Janata Marina Indah perlu mengagendakan beberapa kebijakan, antara lain :",
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"text": "1. Dalam hal peningkatan produktivitas pekerja agar semakin kompeten dan berdaya saing maka perlu diberikan pelatihan, training, ketrampilan, dan motivasi pada tenaga kerja dari STM, D3, S1 sesuai dengan bidangnya kerja masing-masing, memberikan tunjangan uang transport, bonus atau THR, memberikan premi mingguan bagi pelaksana konstruksi graving dock yang rajin atau tidak pernah mangkir dalam bekerja.",
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"text": "2. Dalam hal metode kerja, kebijakan yang perlu diambil adalah memberikan metode",
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"text": "174 Volume 1, No. 2, Juli 2015",
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"text": "kerja yang dapat dengan mudah dimengerti tiap pelaksana konstruksi graving dock dan dilaksanakan dengan cepat, dengan hasil yang baik dan efesien serta menggunakan metode kerja yang sesuai dengan kondisi lingkungan dan peralatan yang tersedia.",
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"text": "3. Lingkup penelitian ini hanya di PT.Janata Marina Indah Semarang, agar diperoleh analisis yang lebih luas cakupannya, maka penelitian mendatang disarankan untuk meneliti pada beberapa perusahaan sejenis.",
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"text": "4. Objek penelitian berfokus pada Graving dock , untuk penelitian mendatang disarankan dapat mengambil penelitian perbandingan kinerja pada sarana reparasi baik berupa Floating Dock , Helling",
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ccba3814-e625-02d4-049d-80d9ffe39a60 | http://publikasi.lldikti10.id/index.php/jit/article/download/120/30 | [
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"text": "Submitted : 29 Oktober 2020 – Accepted : 25 November 2020 – Published : 07 Desember 2020",
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"text": "THE EFFECT OF PROMOTION AND TOURISM FACILITIES ON TOURIST INTERESTS AND ITS IMPACT ON TOURIST LOYALTY IN MANDEH TOURISM AREA (STUDY BASED TOURISM IN MANDEH TARUSAN AREA WEST SUMATERA)",
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"text": "Dori mittra candana 1) ,Muhammad Pondrinal 2) ,Rio Andhika Putra 3 ) , Ratih Purwasih 4)",
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"text": "Universitas Putra Indonesia YPTK Padang [email protected]",
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"text": "This study aims to determine the effect of promotion and tourist facilities on tourist interest and its impact on tourist loyalty in the tourist area of Mandeh. The sample in this study were tourists who visited the Mandeh tourist area. This study uses quantitative methods with Structrul Equation Modeling (SEM) Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis tools. The results in this study indicate a positive and significant effect of promotion and tourism facilities on tourist interest. Promotion and tourism facilities have no significant effect on tourist loyalty. There is also a positive and significant influence of tourist interest on tourist loyalty. Meanwhile, there is a positive and significant influence of promotion and loyalty through tourist interest. And there is a positive and significant influence on tourism facilities and loyalty through tourist interest.",
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"text": ". Keyword : promotion, tourist facilities,tourist interest, tourist loyalty.",
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"text": "In this era of globalization, the tourism sector is the biggest and strongest force in financing and drives the global economy. Even the tourism sector will be the main driver of the world economy in the 21st century, and become one of the world's major industries. Various international organizations, including the United Nations, the World Bank and the World Tourism Organization (WTO), also recognize that tourism is an inseparable part of human life, especially regarding social and economic activities. In Indonesia, tourism will continue to increase from time to time in terms of various indicators. Based on 2014 data, the number of foreign tourists coming to Indonesia was more than 9.4 million or grew by 7.05% compared to the previous year (Kemenpar, 2015). Tourism growth is very meaningful for developing countries including Indonesia because it offers a way to get out of the shackles of underdevelopment (Pitana and Diarta, 2009).",
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"text": "Every region in Indonesia is currently trying to show its superiority in tourism to attract tourists to visit the area. One of them is West Sumatra, which is one of the provinces",
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"text": "in Indonesia that has the potential to be developed, supported by the richness and natural beauty that it has. can be more value from the tour. West Sumatra is geographically located along the west coast of the island of Sumatra, so it is not surprising that this area has many beautiful marine tourism spots in West Sumatra such as Padang beach, Air Manis beach, Sasak beach, Carocok beach, and Mandeh tourist area and tours. other beaches.",
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"text": "One of the areas in West Sumatra that has the potential for richness and beauty of marine tourism is the South Coastal District, which is one of the districts that is rich in marine tourism, including the Mandeh area. Mandeh area is an area that has many marine tourism objects compared to other areas in Pesisir Selatan Regency, but in West Sumatra itself, there are 14 marine tourism objects that can be visited compared to Pariaman City which only has 11 marine tourism objects. Meanwhile, the number of tourist visits to marine marine tourism objects in 2014 was 1,233,668 people, in 2015 there were 2,674,523 and in 2016 there were 2,907,194. This shows that marine tourism visits in Kota Pariaman are more visited because Kota Pariaman has been",
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"text": "Research of Applied Science and Education V14.i4 (301-308)",
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"text": "Submitted : 29 Oktober 2020 – Accepted : 25 November 2020 – Published : 07 Desember 2020",
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"text": "ISSN : 1979-9292",
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"text": "developed for a long time, while the Mandeh area is developing with various facilities and infrastructure that have been made by the local government (Youth and",
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"text": "Sports, Culture and Tourism Office, Pesisir Selatan Regency and City Pariaman). No Wilayah Kunjungan Wisatawan Nusantara Menurut Kabupaten/Kota (orang) 2017 Kunjungan Wisatawan Nusantara Menurut Kabupaten/Kota (orang) 2018 Kunjungan Wisatawan Nusantara Menurut Kabupaten/Kota (orang) 2019 1 Kepulauan Mentawai 578778 467694 994655 2 Pesisir Selatan 1288000 779553 971989 3 Kab.Solok 270784 310077 601244 4 Sijunjung 5734 7187 12434 5 Tanah Datar 339138 370137 627057 6 Padang Pariaman 1960765 2131244 307316 7 Agam 291342 338547 756750 8 Lima Puluh Kota 166710 251053 639840 9 Pasaman 12621 11713 101141 10 Solok Selatan 14542 34107 68084 11 Dharmasraya 427 1350 9745 12 Pasaman Barat 2107 7153 28603 13 Padang 1725000 1877312 843296 14 Kota Solok 47495 228572 120411 15 Sawahlunto 403420 461960 237490 16 Padang Panjang 104399 119548 166364 17 Bukittinggi 478400 547976 933609 18 Payakumbuh 84613 96892 298479 Jumlah 7783876 30993 450640",
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"text": "Source : Badan Pusat Statistis Sumatera Barat",
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"text": "Based on data on domestic tourist visits according to districts / cities in the province of West Sumatra, it can be seen that the southern coastal districts fluctuate from tofu to year. It can be seen that in 2017 there were 1,288,000 tourist visits to the Pesisi Selatan district, in 2018 there was a decrease in visits by 779,553 and in 2019 tourist visits again increased by 971,989. The emergence of the phenomenon of community-based tourism management is a criticism of tourism management which is carried out without involving the community and is seen as being unable to empower the community. Community-based tourism (CBT) is a tourism management concept by promoting active community participation with the aim of providing welfare for them while maintaining environmental quality, and protecting their social and cultural life. The concept of community-based tourism is compatible with sustainable tourism. tourism) which requires community participation.",
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"text": "Community-based tourism promotes a bottom- up approach, while sustainable tourism promotes a top-down approach. The bottom- up approach means that the initiative for tourism development comes from the community, while in the top-down approach, the initiative comes from the government [1]. The application of community-based tourism is considered capable of providing various benefits for the community, namely increased welfare, protection of the environment, and protection of their social and cultural life. Kenagarian Sei Nyalo and Kenagarian Mandeh will be developed as Community Based Tourism (CBT). The aim is to promote the Mandeh Area as an attractive and well- known tourist destination in Indonesia. To make Mandeh Region and its people successful from an economic perspective by prioritizing community involvement.",
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"text": "\"Applying the concept of Community Based Tourism (CBT) and appropriate responsible",
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"text": "Submitted : 29 Oktober 2020 – Accepted : 25 November 2020 – Published : 07 Desember 2020",
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"text": "tourism requires support because the objectives of this program is the local community, especially the youth, and support from institutions and individuals who care about the development of tourism in the Mandeh Area, universities, community leaders, traditional leaders, the tourism office and other related agencies, including the central government. tourist attraction is the main focus of driving tourism in a destination. According to Law No. 10 article 1 concerning tourism that a tourist attraction is anything that has uniqueness, beauty, and value in the form of a diversity of natural, cultural and man- made wealth which is the target or purpose of tourist visits [2]. Loyalty is the customer's willingness to always use a company's products for a long period of time, even using them exclusively, recommending these products to other people [3]. Loyalty is repeat purchases, positive attitude, long-term commitment, intended to continue affiliation and spread positive information to others [4]. Willingness to use the company's products in the long term in tourism is related to the willingness of tourists to return to a destination in the future [5]. Promotion is an element of the marketing mix that focuses on efforts to inform, persuade, and remind consumers of the company's brands and products [6]. Promotion is one of the elements in the company's marketing mix that is utilized to inform, persuade, and remind about the company's products [7]. Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that promotion is a very important activity in marketing a product or service so that it can be attractive to buy the product, promotional activities must be designed as attractive as possible and the information conveyed must be easily understood by the public so that people who read it can be interested and easily understandable [8]. fasilitas pariwisata merupakan faktor penting dalam membentuk produk pariwisata karena memberikan kemudahan, kenyamanan, kesehatan, kebersihan, keamanan dan keselamatan bagi para wisatawan[9]. Komponen fasilitas dan pelayanan perjalanan biasanya terdiri dari unsur alat transportasi, fasilitas akomodasi, fasilitas makan dan minum dan fasilitas",
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"text": "penunjang lainnya yang bersifat spesifik dan disesuaikan dengan perjalanan. Komponen ini tidak terlepas dari adanya komponen prasarana atau infrastruktur, yaitu suatu komponen yang menjamin bagi tersedianya kelengkapan fasilitas[10].",
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"text": "This research uses quantitative methods, quantitative methods are methods based on the philosophy of positivism, used to examine specific populations and samples, sample collection techniques are generally carried out randomly, data collection uses research instruments, data analysis is quantitative / statistical with the aim of testing. hypotheses that have been set. Sources of data used in this study are primary data, namely data sources that directly provide data to data collectors obtained directly from existing respondents in tourists visiting the Mandeh area in the form of a list of questions (questionnaires) and interviews consisting of promotional variables, tourism facilities as mediation of interest in visiting the area and its impact on tourist loyalty [11]. The operational variables of each variable from this study are,",
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"text": "Tourist Interest (Y)",
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"top": 500,
"width": 210,
"height": 111,
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"text": "Interest in visiting again is usually inspired by tourist satisfaction with tourist visits where tourists visit. Repurchase interest is defined as purchase intention, which is a strong desire to repurchase (Fullerton and Taylor in Basiya and Rozak, 2012). According to Cronin and Taylor, (1992), an indicator of interest is Plan for a return visit, Interest in visiting references, Preference interests .",
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"text": "Promotions (X 1 )",
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"text": "\"Marketing communications are means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers –directly or indirectly – about the products and brands they sell.\" The marketing communication mix consists of eight main communication models according to Kotler & Keller (2012: 478), while the one that the authors research consists of 5 promotion models, namely, Advertising (Advertising), Events and Experiences, Public",
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"text": "Relations and Publicity, Interactive Marketing (Interactive marketing), .Mouth of mouth (Word-Of-Mouth)[12].",
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"text": "Tourism Facility (X2)",
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"text": "Tourism infrastructures are all facilities that allow tourism facilities to live and develop and provide services to tourists to meet their diverse needs. Tourism infrastructure can be in the form of: 1. Public infrastructure: roads, clean water, terminals, airports, communications and electricity. With",
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"text": "indicators, types of facilities, building conditions and availability of the number of facilities [13].",
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"text": "Customer loyalty is a behavior related to the brand of a product, including the possibility of renewing the brand contract in the future in the",
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"text": "form of the possibility of the customer to increase the positive image of a product brand. However, if the product is deemed not satisfying the customer, the customer will react in an exit way (the customer states that he has stopped owning the brand. or products and voice (customers express dissatisfaction directly with the company) [14]. Indicators of tourist loyalty, namely, Recommendation and intention of repeat visits.",
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"text": "RESULT",
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"text": "Based on the results of research, testing and discussion of hypotheses that have been carried out on the effect of promotion and tourism facilities on tourist interest and an impact on tourist loyalty, the following research results can be obtained:",
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"text": "Figure 1 . Struktural Model",
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"text": "Submitted : 29 Oktober 2020 – Accepted : 25 November 2020 – Published : 07 Desember 2020",
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"text": "ISSN : 1979-9292 E-ISSN : 2460-5611",
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"text": "1. The Z Equation Model is an illustration of the impact of the influence of the constructs of Promotion and Tourism Facilities on Loyalty with the existing coefficients plus the error rate which is an estimation error or that cannot be explained in the research model.",
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"text": "Tourist Loyalty = β1 Promotion + β2 Travel Facilities + e1 or Tourist Loyalty = 0.086 Promotion + (-0.303) Travel Facilities + e1 2. Equation Model II, is an illustration of the magnitude of the influence of the constructs of Promotion and Tourism Facilities on Tourist Interest with each coefficient that exists for",
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"text": "each construct plus an error which is an estimation error.",
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"text": "Tourist Interest = β1Promotion + β2 Means of Tour + β3 Tourist Loyalty + e1 Tourist Interest = 0.351 Promotion + 0.404 Travel Facilities + 0.718 Tourist Loyalty + e1",
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"text": "No Variabel R Square 1 Loyalitas Wisatawan 0.356 2 Minat Wisatawan 0,516 Source: Lampiran Hasil Pengolahan Data, Tahun 2020",
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"text": "Table 1. Evaluate the Value of R Square",
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"text": "In the table, it can be seen that the R-Square value of the Tourist Loyalty construct is 0.356 or 35.6%, which illustrates the magnitude of the influence it receives by the Tourist Loyalty construct from the Promotion and Tourism Facilities construct or is the simultaneous influence of the Promotion and Tourism Facilities construct on Tourist Loyalty. Meanwhile, the R-Square value for the tourist",
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"text": "interest construct is 0.516 or 51.6%, indicating the magnitude of the influence given by the construct of promotion, tourism facilities and its impact on tourist loyalty in explaining or influencing tourist interest. The higher the R- Square value, the greater the ability of the exogenous construct to explain endogenous variables so that the better the structural equations are formed.",
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"text": "Table 2. Result For Inner Weights For Direct Effect",
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"text": "Hipotesis Uraian Original Sample (O) Standard Deviation (STDEV) T Statistics Keterangan 1 Promosi -> Minat Wisatawan 0.351 0.148 2.367 Hipotesis Diterima 2 Sarana Wisata-> Minat Wisatawan 0.404 0.160 2.524 Hipotesis Diterima 3 Promosi ->Loyalitas Wisatawan 0.086 0.139 0.614 Hipotesis Ditolak 4 Sarana Wisata -> Loyalitas Wisatawan -0.303 0.162 1.864 Hipotesis Ditolak 5 Minat Wisatawan -> Loyalitas Wisatawan 0.718 0.104 6.915 Hipotesis Diterima 6 Promosi ->Minat Wisatawan->Loyalitas Wisatawan 0.252 0.110 2.298 Hipotesis Diterima 7 Sarana Wisata -> Minat Wisatawan->Loyalitas Wisatawan 0.290 0.302 2.063 Hipotesis Diterima Source: Lampiran Hasil Pengolahan Data, Tahun 2020 The Effect of Promotion on Tourist Interest This hypothesis testing aims to determine the extent to which promotion affects the interest",
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"text": "Submitted : 29 Oktober 2020 – Accepted : 25 November 2020 – Published : 07 Desember 2020",
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"text": "of tourists to visit the Mandeh area. The results of data testing using SmartPLS in the table find the Promotion coefficient value of 0.351 which is the magnitude of the influence given by the Promotion construct on Tourist Interest. Where the standard error value of 0.148 is the level of estimation error that cannot be explained by this construct, while the t-statistic or t-count value is 2.367 When compared to the t-statistic or t-count value with t-table of 1.96 at 5% alpha, then the t-statistic value> t- table 1.96 or 2.367> 1.96 at 5% alpha. Thus it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, in other words there is a positive and significant influence of promotion on tourist interest. However, if the lower the existing promotions, this will also have an impact on the lower the tendency of tourist interest to visit the Mandeh Tarusan area. The findings of this hypothesis explain that promotion is believed to be able to influence the interest of tourists to visit the Mandeh tourist area. So that promotion is very important to increase tourist interest so that the number of tourists visiting the Mandeh Tarusan Pesisir Selatan area will increase if promotion is increased on Based Tourism.",
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"text": "The Influence of Tourism Facilities on Tourist Interest",
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"text": "This hypothesis statement aims to determine the extent of the influence of tourism facilities on tourist interest. The results of the SmartPLS test findings can be seen in the Table. The results of data testing using Smart PLS in the table find the Promotion coefficient value of 0.404, which is the magnitude of the influence given by the Tourism Facility construct on Tourist Interest. Where the standard error value of 0.160 is the level of estimation error that cannot be explained by this construct, while the t-statistic or t-count value is 2.524 When compared to the t-statistic or t-count value with a t-table of 1.96 at 5% alpha, then the t-statistic value> t-table 1.96 or 2.524> 1.96 at 5% alpha. Thus it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, in other words, there is a positive and significant influence of tourism facilities on tourist interest. However, if the existing tourist facilities are lower, this will also have an",
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"text": "impact on the lower the tendency of tourist interest to visit the Mandeh Tarusan area. The findings of this hypothesis explain that the Tourism Facility is believed to be able to influence the interest of tourists to visit the Mandeh tourist area. So that tourist facilities are very important to increase tourist interest so that the number of tourists visiting the Mandeh Tarusan Pesisir Selatan area will increase if tourist facilities are improved on Based Tourism .",
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"text": "The third hypothesis of this study also tries to reveal to what extent the influence of Promotion on Tourist Loyalty. The SmartPLS test findings can be seen in the table. . While the standard error value of 0.139 is the level of estimation error that cannot be explained by this construct, while the t-statistic or t-count value is 0.614 When compared to the t-statistic or t-count value with a t-table of 1.96 at 5% alpha, then the t-statistic value <t-table 1.96 or 0.614 <1.96 at 5% alpha. The summary of the SmartPLS test results in the table above, it was found that there was no positive and significant effect of promotion on tourist loyalty to visit the Mandeh Tarusan area with a regression coefficient value of 0.086 which is the magnitude of influence given by constructs in the formation of promotions. While the standard error value of 0.139 is the level of estimation error that cannot be explained by this construct, while the t-statistic or t-count value is 0.614. When compared to the t-statistic or t-count value with t-table of 1.96 at 5% alpha, then the t-statistic value <t- table is 1.96 or 0.614 <1.96 at 5% alpha. So that tourist facilities are very important to increase tourist interest so that the number of tourists visiting the Mandeh Tarusan Pesisir Selatan area will increase if tourist facilities are improved on Based Tourism.",
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"text": "This hypothesis statement aims to determine the extent of the influence of tourist facilities on tourist loyalty to visit the Mandeh area. SmartPLS testing can be seen in the table.Based on the Smart PLS test results in",
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"text": "Submitted : 29 Oktober 2020 – Accepted : 25 November 2020 – Published : 07 Desember 2020",
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"text": "Table 4.25 above, it was found that tourism facilities had no positive and significant effect on tourist loyalty with a regression value of - 0.303 which was the magnitude of the influence given by the tourist facility construct on the loyalty of tourists to visit the Mnadeh area. Go on. While the standard error value of 0.169 is the level of estimation error that cannot be explained by this construct, while the t-statistic or t-count value is 1.789. If we compare the t-statistic or t-count value with t- table of 1.96 at 5% alpha, then the t-statistic value> t-table is 1.96 or 1.789 <1.96 at 5% alpha. This means that travel advice has no effect on tourist loyalty. This is a job for those related to increasing tourist loyalty. Based tourism in order to provide an increase in tourist loyalty.",
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"text": "Furthermore, the fifth hypothesis of this study is also intended to determine and analyze the extent to which the influence of tourist interest on the loyalty of tourists to visit the Mandeh Tarusan area. The results of the SmartPLS test findings can be seen in the table. is the magnitude of the influence given by the Tourist Interest construct on Loyalty. Where the standard error value of 0.103 is the level of estimation error that cannot be explained by this construct, while the t-statistic or t-count value is 6,950 when compared to the t-statistic or t-count value with a t-table of 1.96 at 5% alpha, then the t-statistic value> t-table 1.96 or 6.950> 1.96 at 5% alpha. Thus, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, in other words, there is a positive and significant influence of tourist interest on tourist loyalty. However, if the lower the interest of the existing tourists, this will also have an impact on the lower the tendency of loyalty to visit the Mandeh Tarusan area. The finding of this hypothesis explains that the interest of tourists is believed to be able to influence the loyalty of tourists to visit the Mandeh tourist area.",
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"text": "The influence of promotion through loyalty and an impact on tourist interest",
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"text": "The sixth hypothesis of this study also aims to determine and analyze the indirect effect of loyalty in mediating the effect of promotion on tourist interest. The results of the SmartPLS test findings can be seen in the table. Based on the results of the SmartPLS test in the table above, Promotion of Tourist Interest through Loyalty with a regression coefficient value of 0.018 which is not influential given the construct of work discipline in mediating the effect of the work environment on tourist interest, while the standard error value is 0.027 is the level of estimation error that cannot be explained by this construct, while the t-statistic or t-value is 0.670. If we compare the t- statistic or t-count value with the t-table value of 1.96 at 5% alpha, then the t-statistic value <t-table is 1.96 or 0.670 <1.96 at 5% alpha. Thus it can be said that promotion and loyalty have no effect through tourist interest. Therefore, the best effect of this hypothesis is the indirect effect or the value of the indirect effect is better than the value of the direct effect. This means that tourist facilities have an influence on tourist interest and have an impact on tourist loyalty in the Mandeh Tarusan Pesisir Selatan tourist area on based tourism.",
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"text": "The influence of tourist facilities through loyalty and an impact on tourist interest",
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"text": "Furthermore, the seventh hypothesis of this study also aims to determine and analyze the indirect effect of tourist facilities in mediating the influence of localities on tourist interest in the Mandeh Tarusan Pesisir Selatan tourist attraction on based tourism. The SmartPLS test findings can be seen in the table. Based on the Smart PLS test results in Table 4.28 above, it is found that there is no positive and significant effect on tourism facilities and loyalty through tourist interest with a regression coefficient value of 0.290 which is the magnitude of the influence given by the tourist facilities construct in mediating the effect of Loyalty on Tourist interest. Meanwhile, the standard error value of 0.140 is the level of estimation error that cannot be explained by this construct, while the t-statistic or t-count value is 2.070. When compared to the t-statistic or t-count value with the t-table",
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"text": "Submitted : 29 Oktober 2020 – Accepted : 25 November 2020 – Published : 07 Desember 2020",
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"text": "of 1.96 at 5% alpha, then the t-statistic value> t-table 1.96 or 2.070> 1.96 at 5% alpha. This means that tourist facilities have an influence on tourist interest and have an impact on tourist loyalty in the Mandeh Tarusan Pesisir Selatan tourist area on based tourism .",
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"text": "Researchers would like to thank those who have provided support. Our gratitude goes to",
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"text": "Kemenristekdikti and Putra Indonesia",
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"text": "University \"YPTK\" Padang for providing support in conducting this research.",
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"text": "Researchers would like to thank those who have provided support in this study.",
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"text": "[1] Abdillah, Willy dan Jogiyanto. 2015.",
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"page_number": 8,
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"text": "English language proficiency is crucial in the global context as it serves as a medium to share ideas and information across nations. Recognizing the significance of English as an international language, the government of Indonesia has mandated English education from elementary school to university. Writing is one of the essential language skills that students must master, allowing them to express their feelings, opinions, and thoughts effectively. However, the study finds that many students lack interest and face challenges when it comes to writing. They struggle to generate ideas, choose appropriate topics, and organize their thoughts into coherent sentences. To address this issue, the researcher explores the implementation of the Extended Writing Project (EWP) method as a potential solution to improve students' writing proficiency. The research employs a pre- experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design to assess the effectiveness of the EWP method. The study is conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Polewali during the 2016/2017 academic year, with 24 students from one of the tenth-grade classes chosen as the sample through cluster random sampling. Throughout the research, the researcher guides students in proposing their own topics or selecting from a provided list, creating preliminary outlines, and clustering or listing ideas before organizing them into paragraphs. The EWP method emphasizes revision and editing, encouraging students to make multiple drafts and take responsibility for improving linguistic correctness. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in students' writing ability after the application of the EWP method. Notably, improvements are observed in content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. Students show enhanced coherence, relevance, and use of appropriate words, leading to better- organized paragraphs and improved language correctness. In conclusion, the Extended Writing Project method proves to be effective in enhancing students' writing skills in descriptive texts at SMA Negeri 1 Polewali. The method encourages students to take ownership of their writing process, resulting in significant progress in their writing abilities. To overcome challenges related to limited vocabulary, the use of dictionaries with active vocabulary-building activities is suggested. This research contributes valuable insights to the field of English language teaching and offers a potential solution to enhance students' writing proficiency in Indonesian schools.",
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"text": "English is one of the languages uses as a tool to share ideas and set information from one to other people in the world. It has been becoming the international language that is widely used in writing and speaking in all over the world. Therefore, the government of Indonesia has put English as an essential subject starting from elementary school until university (Rennie and Armando, 2004).",
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"text": "In learning English there are four language skills that have to be mastered. They are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Additionally, there is no doubt that English writing is as important as the other three-language skills. Therefore writing skill is needed in many aspects in our life, we can express our feelings, opinions, and thoughts through writing Communication both in spoken and written form is a different thing. Byrne (2001) points out that speaking is just more than the production of sounds while writing is clearly much more than the production of graphic symbols. The symbols have to be arranged according to certain conventions. The symbols are also arranged to be words, from words to sentences, sentences to paragraph, and paragraphs to essay.",
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"text": "Graham (2014) said that writing is one of the useful tool which can improve children reading skill, in this case the disabilities children have low performing in reading, however the effect of taking notes and extended writing on expository text comprehension can extent the students ability in reading. Although the effect size was small to moderate, he can make sure this strategy will success with a maximal instruction to the students.",
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"text": "In writing, we need ideas to produce a word into a paragraph so that we should be interested to the topic that we will write. Based on my observation in SMA Negeri 1 Polewali some students are not interested in writing subject. They felt unenthusiastic to start a writing activity because they do not know what they will express on the paper. They feel difficult to find an idea, a good theme or a topic.",
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"text": "There are many ways to solve this problem; one of them is that the teachers should find a strategy/technique to make the students interested in writing subject. They can create a new method or develop the previous method to be more interesting for the students at least the students can get an inspiration to start their writing.",
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"text": "In writing there are several components that should be mastered such as grammatical structure, vocabulary, organization, and content. Those components are related each other in order to produce a good writing. The lack of one of those components will produce poor result of writing. Due to the problem above, the researcher get that the students were still lack of ability in writing. Moreover, the teacher get that the students still have many difficulties when they are asked to write. Sometimes when they want to write, the students get difficulties to express their idea, and they cannot organize it into sentences.",
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"text": "Based on the problem above, the researcher will try to find any kind of sources related to the found problem. In this case, the researcher selects Extended Writing Project (EWP) as the way to solve the problem. The researcher is",
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"text": "considering the found problem would be solved by this method. By applying the EWP, the researcher intends to improve the students’ ability in writing.",
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"text": "The EWP allows the students some freedom of choice-in or selecting and structuring or sequencing what they consider to be relevant features of content. The students are also given opportunity for demonstration of discrete and related higher order cognitive skills (applying knowledge, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and thinking critically).",
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"text": "This research employed pre-experimental method, which applied one-group pretest-posttest design which aims to determine the effectiveness of the Extended Writing Project method in offline learning for class SMAN 1 Polewali. In this research, sample was given pretest, treatment, and posttest, where the treatment was given between pretest and posttest. Thus, the results of treatment can be known more accurately because it can compare with the condition before the treatment given. This research conducted at SMAN 1 Polewali in the 2016/2017 Academic year. The number of the population was 323 students and to determine the sample, the research used cluster random sampling technique. One of the tenth classes, was taken as the sample. The number of the sample was 24 students.",
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"text": "The raw scores of the students’ ability through Extended Writing Project through tabulating the five components of writing, they were: content, organizing, vocabulary, structures and mechanics. The students’ score on the pretest and posttest were as follows:",
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"text": "component of content No CLASSIFICATION PRETEST POSTTEST FREQ (%) FREQ (%) 1 Very good 0 0 9 41.67 2 Good 9 41.67 11 45.83 3 Fair 9 33.34 4 37.5 4 Low 6 25 0 8.34 Total 24 100 24 100",
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"text": "The table shows that in pretest, the students did not show knowledge of subject, so that no one got very good. Furthermore, there was 9 (41.67%) students got Good score, 9 (41.67%) students got Fair, and 6 (25%) students got low.",
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"text": "Meanwhile in the Posttest after giving a treatment the students got an improvement the content of their writing was knowledgeable. As we can see, there were 9 (41.67%) students got Very Good, 11 (45.83) got good score, 4 (34.5) got Fair, and no one got low score",
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"text": "Table 2 Rate Percentage and frequency of the students’ score in component of organization No CLASSIFICATION PRETEST POSTTEST FREQ (%) FREQ (%) 1 Very good 1 4.16 17 37.5 2 Good 12 50 6 25 3 Fair 6 25 1 4.16 4 Low 5 20.83 0 0 Total 24 100 24 100",
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"text": "In Organization table shows that in pretest, the students’ writing has no fluency and also the ideas still confused or disconnected so that it made only 1 (4.16%) student got very good, 12 (50%) students got good score, 6 (25%) got Fair, 5 (20.83%) students got low score.",
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"text": "Meanwhile in the Posttest after the treatment the students’ main ideas writing was stand out, it means students idea was clearly. As we see, in very good position, there were 17 (37.5%) students, 6 (25%) students got Good, 1 (4.16%) student got Fair and no one got Low score",
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"text": "component of vocabulary No CLASSIFICATION PRETEST POSTTEST FREQ (%) FREQ (%) 1 Very good 1 4.16 13 54.1 2 Good 9 33.34 11 45.83 3 Fair 10 41.66 10 41.66 4 Low 4 16 0 0 Total 24 100 24 100",
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"text": "Table 3 shows that only one got Very Good. It was because the students have little knowledge of English vocabulary. They still don’t know how to put word in to good sentences. But in other hand 9 (33.34%) students got Good score, 10 (41.66) students got Fair, 4 (16.67%) students got Low score",
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"text": "Meanwhile in the Posttest after the treatment the students have an improvement, the students’ writing task were using occasional errors of word or idiom form and choosing words. As we see, in very good position, there were 13 (54.1) got it, 10 (41.66) students got Fair and no one got Low score.",
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"text": "component of Language Use No CLASSIFICATIO N PRETEST POSTTEST FREQ (%) FREQ (%) 1 Very good 1 4.16 10 41.66 2 Good 9 33.34 9 33.34 3 Fair 7 29.16 4 16 4 Low 7 29.16 1 4.16 Total 24 100 24 100",
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"text": "The main concern of this part was the students virtually has no mastery of sentence construction rules it shown on the table that only 1 (4.16%) student got very good, 9 (37.5%) students got Good, 7 (29.16%) students got Fair, and 7 (29.16%) students got low score",
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"text": "Meanwhile in the Posttest after giving a treatment the students got an improvement, the students try to use an effective sentence but in a simple construction. As shown that there were 10 (41.67%) students got Very Good, 9 (33.34%) students got Good, 4 (16%) students got fair and 1 (4.16%) got low.",
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"text": "component of Mechanics No CLASSIFICATION PRETEST POSTTEST FREQ (%) FREQ (%) 1 Very good 0 0 1 4.16 2 Good 1 4.16 2 8.33 3 Fair 11 45.83 20 83.33 4 Low 12 50 1 4.16 Total 24 100 24 100",
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"text": "The students’ problems in mechanics were the students have no mastery of conventions, dominated errors of spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. So that no one got very good, 1 (4.16) student got Good, 11 (45.83%) students got Fair, 12 students got low score",
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"text": "Meanwhile in the Posttest after giving a treatment the students got an improvement, but still occasional errors of spelling and punctuation so that no one got excellent score and also only 1 (4.16%) student got Very Good, 20 students got Good, and 1 (4.16%) got low score",
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"text": "No. Classification Total Frequency Percentage 1 Very Good 3 3 2 Good 40 40 3 Fair 43 43 4 Low 34 34",
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"text": "The Pretest table illustrates that in component of Content, Organization, Vocabulary, Language Use, and Mechanics, total of the students who got very good score is 3% students, 40% students who got Good Score, 43% students who got Fair Score, 34% students who got low score.",
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"text": "No. Classification Total Frequency Percentage 1 Very Good 50 50 2 Good 39 39 3 Fair 29 29 4 Low 2 2",
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"text": "Klasikal: Journal of Education, Language Teaching and Science Volume 5 Issue 1 April 2023 p-ISSN: 2656-9914 e-ISSN: 2656-8772",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "The Posttest table illustrates that in component of Content, Organization, Vocabulary, Language Use, and Mechanics, was increasing. As we see the total of students who got the highest score; very Good is 50%, 39% students who got Good Score, 29% students who got Fair Score, 2% got low score.",
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"text": "The Mean Score and Standard Deviation of the Pretest and Posttest",
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"text": "Having calculated the result of the students’ pretest and posttest, the mean score and the standard deviation of the students’ ability in writing descriptive text through Extended Writing Assessment were presented in the following table:",
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"text": "Table 8 The Mean Score and Standard Deviation of the students’ Pretest and Posttest Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Pretest 24 44 85 63.92 12.434 Posttest 24 56 94 82.71 9.836 Valid N (listwise) 24",
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"text": "The Table 4.8 shows that the statics summaries of students’ mean score and standard deviation both in pretest and posttest.",
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"text": "The mean score of the students’ pretest was 63.91 with standard deviation was 12.43 and the mean score of the students’ posttest was 82.71 with standard deviation was 9.8",
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"text": "Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2- tailed) Mean Std. Devia tion Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 1 Pretest - posttest - 18.79 2 8.827 1.802 -22.519 -15.064 - 10. 430 23 .000",
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"text": "According to data analysis resulted, the students’ Writing ability significantly increase. The result of t-test is greater than t-table value, the null hypothesis is rejected and if the result of t-test is lower than t-table value, so the null hypothesis is accepted. This refers to the criteria if significance value is lower than level of significance (0.05), for writing ability is .000.",
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"text": "DISCUSSION",
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"text": "There are many methods, approaches and strategies to teach writing in English language. But there was problem in teaching; generally students weren’t",
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"text": "Klasikal: Journal of Education, Language Teaching and Science Volume 5 Issue 1 April 2023 p-ISSN: 2656-9914 e-ISSN: 2656-8772",
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"text": "interest to learn well. To solve it, teacher must have the real way in teaching process. And the researcher got one way to apply Extended Writing Project to improve students writing proficiency.",
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"text": "At the first the researcher asked students to propose their own topic or let them choose a topic from a list the researcher provide. Very often, students are at a loss when they are asking to propose a topic by themselves. Providing a topic can save time and reduce their anxiety.",
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"text": "Second, students prepared a preliminary outline for their article. Apart from the effect of pushing them to plan the content, this phase is important, because it used to provide further information on the acceptability of the topic chosen, to allow us to assess the students’ ability to organize content, give the guidance on research or the coherence of the text; and to foresee other potential problems.",
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"text": "In prewriting section the students were required to cluster or to list what they know for each topic as the subject before deciding on one topic as the subject of their report of text. After that the students began to organize their ideas.",
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"text": "Third, on completion, the first draft of the first section of the article was hand in for correction based on criteria students are accustomed to from English 2: content, meaning and organization, on the one hand, and language correctness, on the other. While revising this first draft, we left clear indications as to the place and nature of language errors. After that the researcher returned the drafts and gave instruction to the students to record their errors and typed the error using the codes they were already familiar with.",
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"text": "The fourth stage, the students were invited to re-draft their first section of their task, correcting language errors and using any feedback from the researcher to improve coherence, cohesion, relevance ideas, and so on. Until it was done, they continued to the second section of their draft, which we corrected in much the same way as the first draft. For both of these sections, we encouraged students to make more than one draft if they felt this to be beneficial.",
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"text": "For the final two sections of the task, we deliberated offer less explicit feedback with respect to language errors we have comment on previously. In this way, we hope to push students towards increase responsibility, and ultimately independence, in the revision of drafts for linguistic correctness. The use of Extended Writing Project in the form of teaching strategy of English Writing skill could assess the students’ achievement. It was proved by the writing test as indicate by the significant difference between the score of pretest and posttest. Most of the mistakes were in controlling idea such as in introduction; they were incomplete to present the subject of the composition and to introduce the topic clearly. Then in body, some of the students also were difficult to develop their idea that was related with the topic and the last in conclusion, some of them were fair to summarize their ideas and feelings about the subject related with the topic, incomplete in determining appropriate tenses and the use of mechanics are due to capitalization, punctuation and spelling also still fair.",
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"text": "This problem happen since the students did not know how to extend their idea and the most important was the students did not meet the right technique in carrying out the task such pre – writing technique that was aimed to gather ideas",
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"text": "to be written about, did not make some revision and editing to their task afterwards. The efforts that have been done by the researcher as the change in overcoming those problems of descriptive text are:",
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"text": "a) The researcher suggested to each pair to pre – write and sharing ideas about the topic through clustering.",
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"text": "b) The researcher guided the students to make some revision concerning the content and organizations, then editing to focus on check the spelling, grammar, sentence structure, vocabulary and punctuation.",
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"text": "By this change, the students gained a significant improvement after treatment. Whereas, the content of their writing couldn’t be understood by others and meaning clear, well – organized, understanding the use of tenses and the use of mechanics are due to capitalization, punctuation and spelling appropriately.",
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"text": "The use of Extended Writing Project in the form of teaching strategy of English Writing skill could assess the students’ achievement. The extended writing was implemented after doing several corrections. It is proved by the writing test as indicated by the significant difference between the score of the result of the pretest and the posttest.",
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"text": "Furthermore, by the description of data collection through writing test as explained in the previous section, it showed that the students’ ability in writing through Extended Writing Project has been improved. It supported by the frequency and rate percentage of the result of the students’ pretest and posttest from the five components of writing.",
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"text": "By content, before the treatment, the students’ still have much idea about the topic and the ability in comprehending the subject or topic was very low. The students did not show the knowledge of subject and it was non-substantive. The treatment through EWP helped them to improve their knowledge especially about the topic and ideas that the use in the text. The students’ Writing Task has some main ideas and the sentences contained on it. They could develop the idea and It can be seen from the result of pretest no one got very good score but in the posttest there was 9 students got it.",
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"text": "In organization, before the treatment, the students were still confused to express their ideas clearly in paragraph, they couldn’t organize their ideas well and their ideas were not enough to evaluate. Meanwhile, after treatment by doing Extended Writing Project, they could improve their ability in writing, their ideas were adequate organized, coherence and their ideas were relevant to outline. The treatment process helped them to arrange their ideas into a good statement. It can be seen from the result of pretest, only one got very good but in the posttest 17 students got very good which make a good improvement on it.",
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"text": "In vocabulary, before the treatment, the students were lack of vocabulary and most of them couldn’t find words that were suitable with the topic. So, that it can make the meaning obscured. The treatment process gave interest topic and real live which were followed through EWP helped to related suitable words with the topic. In this case, it helped them to use effective words of paragraph on the posttest. It can be seen from the result of pretest only one got very good and improve with 13 students in the posttest.",
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"text": "In language use, the students’ errors were the using of tenses, word order, pronouns, articles and preposition. For example “ I had mother”, “mine brother”, which mean the students didn’t know exactly the rule of grammar that used in descriptive text. But after treatment, it’s helped them to overcome those problems. Some of the students’ structure was correct; they made good sentences without any big mistake. It can be seen from the result of pretest, only one got very good and in the posttest 10 students got it.",
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"text": "Another component is mechanics. Before treatment, the students’ writing was dominated by errors of spelling, punctuation and capitalization. For example, “I have a sister She is an elementary school. Her name is nisa”. Some of the students didn’t care about the capitalization and punctuation, by talking with some others teachers in SMAN 1 POLEWALI the problem was not only in an English subject but also in others subject like Bahasa Indonesia, History or PPKN. So that’s why in this part the students’ ability was not improving well. And after the treatment, from the teacher tried to help them overcome those problems. The ability of the students’ improved. As the table 4.5 shows that no one got very good in the pretest and only 1 student got very good in the posttest. To solve this problem, the teacher should give more attention for this part. The teachers have to try to correct every student writing; punctuation, capitalization and etc. to make the students’ writing better. From the data result, the mean score of the students’ pretest was 63.71 and the posttest was 82.91. It showed that the mean score of the students’ posttest was greater than the pretest. The standard deviation of the students’ pretest was 12.43 and the posttest was 9.8. The value of the t-test was greater than t-table (-10.430>2.069). Based on the t-test the researcher found there was a significant different between the result of pretest and posttest.",
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"text": "H1 was accepted. In other words, through Extended Writing Project is effective to enhance the students’ writing ability in descriptive text of SMA Negeri 1 Polewali. The difficulty of this research was the students still have a minim vocabulary bank. By that, the researcher tries to solve the difficulty by letting the students use book dictionary / e-dictionary, but in one condition, the students have to translate the words one by one.",
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"text": "Based on the research finding and discussion above, it can be concluded that using Extended Writing Project enhances students’ writing ability in descriptive text in SMA NEGERI 1 Polewali in academic year 2016-2017. There is significant difference between the result of pretest and posttest before giving the treatment, the students still have low ability in writing especially in descriptive text; they could express their ideas, lack of vocabulary and using errors tenses spelling, punctuation and capitalization. After the treatment, the students could improve their knowledge in writing descriptive text. It was proven by the mean score of pretest (63.71) was lower than the mean score of posttest (82.91). At the level significance, the value of the (-10.430) was higher than t-table (2.069).",
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"text": "Klasikal: Journal of Education, Language Teaching and Science Volume 5 Issue 1 April 2023 p-ISSN: 2656-9914 e-ISSN: 2656-8772",
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"text": "Mapping Software. In Conference proceedings of» eLearning and Software for Education «(eLSE) (Vol. 5, No. 01, pp. 375-382). Carol I National Defence University Publishing House.",
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"text": "Astheri, M. L., Rais, D., & Sarosa, T. (2013). Improving Students’writing Skill By Using Think Pair Share (TPS). English Education, 2(1).",
"type": "List item"
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"text": "Byrne. (1990). Teaching writing skill . london and new york: logman group UK limited",
"type": "List item"
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"text": "1,2 STIT Al-Fattah Siman Lamongan, Pon.Pes Al-Fattah Siman Lamongan",
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"text": "Received 4 October 2022; Received in revised form 25 October 2022; Accepted 15 November 2022",
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"text": "Abstrak",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran game edukasi berbasis android pada mata pelajaran IPA materi sumber energi, sehingga mampu menambah keaktifan peserta didik serta meningkatkan pemahaman mereka tentang macam-macam sumber energi dan pemanfaatannya. Jenis penelitian ini ialah penelitian dan pengembangan ( Research and Development /R&D), yang mengacu pada model pengembangan ADDIE ( Analysis, Design, Development, Implement , dan Evaluation ). Data yang diperoleh akan dianalisis dengan deskriptif kuantitatif dan data kualitatif. Kelayakan media pembelajaran game edukasi berbasis android dari hasil penelitian yaitu “sangat layak” digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran peserta didik kelas IV. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil persentase validasi pakar media sebesar 82%, validasi pakar materi sebesar 88%, dan validasi pakar bahasa sebesar 88%. Ketiga kriteria tersebut dinyatakan memiliki kategori valid dengan tambahan masukan dan saran secara umum yang dijadikan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam perbaikan media game edukasi. Selanjutnya berdasarkan angket respon peserta didik memperoleh hasil sebesar 92,9% yang menunjukkan kriteria “sangat baik”. Adapun berdasarkan hasil tes kelas ( pre-test dan post-test ) diperoleh nilai rata-rata yang awalnya hanya 55,6 meningkat menjadi 85,6 setelah menggunakan media game edukasi. Kata kunci : ADDIE , Game edukasi, Media, IPA, tingkat pemahaman",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "This study aims to develop learning media for android-based educational games in science subjects for energy sources, so as to increase the activity of students and increase their understanding of various energy sources and their uses. This type of research is research and development (R&D), which refers to the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implement, and Evaluation). The data obtained will be analyzed with descriptive quantitative and qualitative data. The feasibility of learning media for Android- based educational games from the research results is \"very feasible\" to be used as a learning medium for fourth grade students. This can be seen from the results of the percentage of media expert validation of 82%, material expert validation of 88%, and linguistic expert validation of 88%. The three criteria are declared to have valid categories with additional input and general suggestions that are used as consideration in improving educational game media. Furthermore, based on the questionnaire responses, students obtained results of 92.9% which indicated the \"very good\" criteria. Meanwhile, based on the results of the class tests (pre-test and post-test) the average value was initially only 55.6, which increased to 85.6 after using educational game media.",
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"text": "Keywords : ADDIE, Media, Educational game, level of understanding, science",
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"text": "Pos-el : [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 )",
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"text": "Mufidah , Pengembangan Media Game … 187",
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"text": "https://journal.stitaf.ac.id/index.php/ibtida",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Perkembangan teknologi",
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"left": 85,
"top": 117,
"width": 198,
"height": 160,
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"text": "informasi yang semakin pesat di era globalisasi saat ini tidak bisa dihindari lagi pengaruhnya terhadap dunia pendidikan. Tuntutan global menuntut dunia pendidikan untuk selalu dan senantiasa menyesuaikan perkembangan teknologi terhadap usaha dalam peningkatan mutu pendidikan, terutama penyesuaian penggunaannya bagi dunia",
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"text": "pendidikan khususnya dalam proses pembelajaran. Teknologi informasi merupakan perkembangan sistem informasi dengan menggabungkan antara teknologi komputer dengan telekomunikasi (Baharudin, 2010).",
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"text": "Penggunaan teknologi dalam dunia pendidikan akan meningkatkan efektifitas dalam proses pembelajaran, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan yang telah ada. Pembelajaran telah dikembangkan dengan berbagai inovasi yang berbeda antara lain: metode dalam pembelajaran, model pembelajaran, dan media pembelajaran. Di bidang pendidikan, peran seorang guru dalam pembelajaran harus selalu mengikuti perkembangan zaman, tanpa meninggalkan adat budaya yang telah melekat di masyarakat. Peran pendidik diperlukan",
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"text": "dalam memberikan fasilitas berupa adanya ruang yang dapat diakses oleh peserta didik untuk tetap dapat belajar diluar sekolah. Oleh sebab itu, pendidik dituntut untuk dapat memiliki kemampuan dan keahlian",
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"text": "khusus dalam memadukan pembelajaran dengan perkembangan teknologi saat ini. Pendidik harus dapat memberikan pelayanan dalam pelajaran tanpa harus berhadapan langsung dengan siswa. Pelayanan yang sangat diperlukan oleh siswa sehingga dapat menambah motivasi dalam pembelajaran adalah media pembelajaran. Dengan adanya media pembelajaran diharapkan guru mampu lebih kreatif dan inovatif dalam memberikan materi kepada siswa. Media pembelajaran digunakan sebagai sarana yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan. Berbicara mengenai media, hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa media berperan penting dalam terlaksananya proses pembelajaran sebab penggunaan media menjadi salah satu perantara pendidik kepada peserta didik agar informasi yang disampaikan dapat lebih mudah diterima. Hal ini sejalan dengan pengertian media yaitu sarana penyalur pesan atau informasi belajar yang hendak disampaikan oleh sumber pesan kepada sasaran atau penerima pesan tersebut agar tercapai hasil belajar. (Sudarwan, 2010)",
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"text": "Untuk dapat memberikan pemahaman kepada siswa, maka perlu adanya media sebagai alat bantu yang berupa gambar, animasi, serta fakta langsung yang di ambil dari kehidupan sehari-hari. Walaupun seperti yang kita ketahui",
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"text": "188 Ibtida’ , Volume 03, No. 02 November 2022, Hal. 186-197",
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"text": "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 85,
"width": 197,
"height": 257,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "bahwa materi maupun gambar- gambar sudah dapat diakses sendiri melalui internet, namun ada baiknya jika guru juga dapat ikut berperan dalam menyediakan media sebagai jembatan peserta didik memperoleh informasi. Selain memanfaatkan dunia internet yang telah menyediakan materi yang diinginkan oleh siswa, seorang guru juga perlu mengembangkan media tersendiri guna menciptakan pembelajaran yang efektif dan inovatif sebagai alat bantu yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh siswa agar dapat memotivasi siswa dalam mempelajari materi.",
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"text": "Dalam menentukan media yang akan digunakan kita tidak dapat mengambil jalan pintas. Artinya penggunaan media harus disesuaikan dengan tujuan pembelajaran yang ingin dicapai sehingga kita tidak akan salah dalam pemilihan media yang digunakan. Perlu diingat, bahwa peranan media tidak akan terlihat bila penggunaannya tidak sejalan dengan isi dari tujuan pengajaran yang telah dirumuskan. Karena itu, tujuan pengajaran harus dijadikan sebagai pangkal acuan untuk menggunakan media. Manakala diabaikan, maka media bukan lagi sebagai alat bantu pengajaran, tetapi sebagai penghambat dalam",
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"text": "pencapaian tujuan secara efektif dan efisien. (Djamarah, 2014)",
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"text": "Banyak jenis media yang digunakan dalam proses belajar. Salah satu media pembelajaran yang dapat digunakan yakni dalam bentuk permainan atau game edukasi. Agar",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 316,
"top": 85,
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"height": 63,
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"text": "pembelajaran bisa berlangsung secara efisien, salah satu alternatif solusinya yaitu dengan menggunakan media game edukasi.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 316,
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"text": "Game edukasi adalah sebuah permainan yang dibuat untuk merangsang daya pikir dan juga termasuk salah satu cara untuk melatih anak-anak untuk meningkatkan konsentrasinya. Pemanfaatan teknologi game edukasi pada proses belajar mengajar anak merupakan salah satu cara yang tepat, karena game edukasi sebagai media visual memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan dengan media visual yang lain. Selain itu game edukasi mengajak pemainnya ikut serta menuangkan keterampilan bermain agar dapat menentukan hasil akhir dari game . Dengan adanya game edukasi maka apa yang sudah dipelajari bisa langsung dipraktekkan di dalam game tersebut, atau bahkan sampai informasi yang belum didapatkan bisa didapatkan di game . (Rahim, 2016) Adapun dalam konsep pengembangan game edukasi tidak untuk menghilangkan aktifitas",
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"text": "peserta didik akan tetapi membantu peserta didik dalam melengkapi kegiatan pembelajaran yang dapat dijangkau pada saat peserta didik dirumah sehingga timbul motivasi untuk belajar. Game edukasi dirancang dengan tujuan agar siswa dapat belajar sambil bermain, sehingga siswa diharapkan lebih mudah memahami materi.",
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"text": "Mufidah , Pengembangan Media Game … 189",
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"width": 188,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "https://journal.stitaf.ac.id/index.php/ibtida",
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"height": 160,
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"text": "Dengan media pembelajaran game edukasi siswa akan lebih mudah mengingat materi yang disampaikan oleh guru karena disajikan dalam tampilan yang menyenangkan. Penerapan game edukasi dalam kegiatan belajar juga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan motivasi, keaktifan, minat belajar dan hasil belajar siswa.",
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"left": 85,
"top": 247,
"width": 197,
"height": 143,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Dengan demikian game edukasi dapat dijadikan sebagai sarana alternatif bagi pendidik untuk dapat memberikan inovasi baru dalam mengembangkan media pembelajaran, serta dapat memudahkan siswa dalam memahami materi yang disampaikan oleh guru.",
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"left": 85,
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"height": 661,
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"text": "Dalam mengembangkan media pembelajaran game edukasi peneliti menggunakan aplikasi Smart Apps Creator. Smart Apps Creator merupakan aplikasi multimedia yang mampu merancang dan membuat suatu media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis android dan iOS tanpa coding atau kode pemrograman, oleh sebab itu, aplikasi ini mudah digunakan, pembuat hanya perlu memasukkan materi, gambar, lalu kemudian membuat tombol navigasi. Selain itu, media yang akan dirancang dapar dikreasikan dengan leluasa sesuai kebutuhan, hal ini dapat membantu pembuat menuangkan semua imajinasi dan idenya ke dalam rancangan media pembelajaran interaktif. Penggunaan media pembelajaran saat ini telah berkolaborasi dengan adanya teknologi. Peran teknologi sangat berpengaruh dalam memberikan dukungan guna penyajian materi yang disampaikan, khususnya pada materi IPA.",
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"left": 316,
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"height": 435,
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"text": "Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA) adalah pengetahuan yang rasional dan objektif tentang alam semesta dengan segala isinya. IPA merupakan terjemahan dari bahasa Inggris yaitu natural science , yang artinya ilmu pengetahuan alam (IPA). berhubungan dengan alam atau bersangkut paut dengan alam, science artinya ilmu pengetahuan. Jadi ilmu pengetahuan alam (IPA) atau science dapat disebut sebagai ilmu tentang alam. Ilmu yang mempelajari peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di alam ini. (Arlitasari, 2013) Kelemahan pembelajaran IPA disebabkan teknik atau model pembelajaran yang dipakai guru lebih menekankan pada faktor ingatan. Pembelajaran IPA yang saat ini berlangsung di lapangan umumnya verbalisme, artinya guru cenderung untuk menjelaskan materi – materi IPA dan konsep – konsep IPA dengan menggunakan metode ceramah yang pada dasarnya merupakan metode termudah dan termurah. (Juri, 2008).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pendapat tersebut, model pembelajaran IPA yang diterapkan dari awal hingga sekarang masih bersifat konvensional atau teacher centered , dimana sistem penyampaiannya lebih banyak",
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"text": "didominasi oleh guru, serta proses komunikasinya satu arah. Guru yang",
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"text": "190 Ibtida’ , Volume 03, No. 02 November 2022, Hal. 186-197",
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"text": "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 85,
"width": 197,
"height": 63,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "proffesional harus bisa menciptakan suasana belajar yang menyenangkan sehingga proses pembelajaran bisa berjalan dengan efektif.",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Salah satu materi yang di muat oleh mata pelajaran IPA adalah sumber energi, sumber energi merupakan salah satu materi yang diajarkan pada siswa kelas IV. Untuk mengajarkan materi ini tidak memungkinkan jika guru menghadirkan benda asli yang sesuai dengan materi. Terutama banyak peristiwa-peristiwa yang hanya terjadi disuatu tempat dan pada waktu tertentu saja. Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya inovasi baru yakni dengan memanfaatkan perkembangan teknologi di dunia pendidikan saat ini. Berdasarkan uraian diatas, peneliti berinovasi akan menyediakan fitur balajar IPA dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran",
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"text": "game edukasi berbasis android. Game ini ditujukan pada siswa kelas IV MI Salafiyah Banin Banat Siman. Dengan game tersebut diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pemahaman siswa terhadap mata pelajaran IPA.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
"type": "Section header"
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"width": 197,
"height": 95,
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"text": "Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan atau yang biasa dikenal dengan Research and Development (RnD), yang bertujuan untukmengembangkan suatu produk baru atau",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 700,
"width": 197,
"height": 46,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "menyempurnakan produk yang telah ada. . Menurut Borg & Gall penelitian pengembangan adalah suatu proses",
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"top": 85,
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"text": "yang dipakai untuk mengembangkan dan memvalidasi produk pendidikan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 316,
"top": 117,
"width": 197,
"height": 192,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Penelitian ini mengikuti suatu langkah-langkah secara siklus. Langkah-langkah penelitian atau proses pengembangan ini terdiri atas kajian tentang temuan penelitian produk yang akan dikembangkan, pengembangan produk berdasarkan temuan-temuan tersebut, melakukan uji coba lapangan sesuai dengan latar dimana produk tersebut akan dipakai, dan melakukan revisi terhadap hasil uji lapangan .",
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"text": "(Setyosari, 2010)",
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"text": "Adapun model pengembangan yang digunakan peneliti yaitu model ADDIE ( Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation ). Dapat diartikan bahwa model desain ADDIE ini pengembangannya dirancang dengan lima tahap pengembangan, yaitu analisis, desain, pengembangan, implementasi dan evaluasi yang dilakukan dengan sistematik. (Benny, 2009) ADDIE adalah model pengembangan berorientasi kelas. Pengembangan model ADDIE identik dengan pengembangan sistem pembelajaran. Proses pengembangannya berurutan namun interaktif, yaitu hasil evaluasi setiap tahap dapat digunakan untuk pengambangan ke tahap berikutnya. Artinya, hasil akhir dari suatu tahap memerlukan produk awal bagi tahap selanjutnya. Proses siklus yang dilakukan berkembang dari waktu ke waktu dan berkesinambungan dari seluruh perencanaan pembelajaran",
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"left": 299,
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"text": "Mufidah , Pengembangan Media Game … 191",
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"text": "(Hamzah, 2020).",
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"text": "1. Tahap Analisis ( Analysis ) Pada tahap analisis, peneliti melakukan penyusunan analisis kompetensi, analisis karakteristik siswa dan analisis instruksional. Tahapan analisis bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan pembuatan dan pengembangan",
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"text": "game edukasi.",
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"text": "2. Tahap Perancangan ( Design ) Pada tahap perencanaan, peneliti melakukan penyusunan kerangka struktur game , penentuan sistematika materi, dan perancangan evaluasi yang akan dituangkan dalam game edukasi berbasis android.",
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"text": "Pengembangan ( Development )",
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"text": "Tahap pengembangan adalah tahap merealisasikan apa yang telah dibuat dalam tahap desain agar menjadi sebuah produk. Hasil akhir dari tahap ini adalah sebuah produk yang akan diuji cobakan. Pada tahap pengembangan, peneliti melakukan penyusunan materi IPA khususnya sumber energi yang berpacu pada buku tematik kelas IV tema 9 “Kekayaan",
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"text": "Sumber Energi di Indonesia”,",
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"text": "pembuatan soal, pembuatan",
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"text": "game , dan tahap revisi. 4. Tahap Implementasi",
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"text": "( Implementation ) Tahap implementasi bertujuan untuk menguji produk agar diperoleh sebuah penilaian dan juga untuk mengetahui apakah produk tersebut efektif jika diterapkan dalam proses pembelajaran sehingga dapat meningkatkan pemahaman siswa terhadap materi IPA.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Tahap pertama pengembangan ini adalah melakukan analisis yang terdiri dari tiga tahap, yaitu analisis KI KD, analisis masalah dan analisis kebutuhan. Analisis KI KD yaitu menentukan kompetensi inti dan kompetensi dasar yang digunakan pada pembelajaran tematik K13, dan Peneliti mengambil kompetensi dasar memahami tentang macam-macam sumber energi, baik sumber energi alternatif maupun non alternatif dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, karena dalam materi tersebut siswa harapkan dapat memahami segala bentuk sumber energi yang ada di Indonesia. Selanjutnya tahap analisis kebutuhan, analisis kebutuhan di lapangan memberikan berbagai informasi yang relevan tentang perlunya pengembangan media pembelajaran IPA. Pengumpulan informasi dilakukan melalui kegiatan wawancara dengan kepala sekolah dan guru kelas IV di MI Salafiyah Banin Banat Siman. Media pembelajaran game edukasi cukup memenuhi, namun penggunaanya perlu dioptimalkan karena sebagian guru kurang mampu mengoperasikan.",
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"text": "192 Ibtida’ , Volume 03, No. 02 November 2022, Hal. 186-197",
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"text": "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.",
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"text": "Permasalahan yang lain adalah, masih ada beberapa guru yang sistem pembelajarannya masih bersifat konvensional atau monoton. Kondisi kelas yang kurang menyenangkan menyebabkan peserta didik jenuh dan kehilangan minat belajar.",
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"text": "Informasi tersebut digunakan untuk penentuan langkah selanjutnya, yaitu membuat rancangan pembuatan media pembelajaran game edukasi, tema yang dipilih adalah sumber energi. Tema tersebut memiliki cukup banyak teori dan membutuhkan sebuah visualisasi yang menarik, sehingga cocok bila pembelajarannya menggunakan game edukasi. Materi yang dikembangkan adalah Kekayaan Sumber Energi di Indonesia.",
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"text": "Adapun desain atau rancangan media pembelajaran yang dibuat adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Rancangan Menu Intro",
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"text": "Tampilan menu intro akan muncul pada saat aplikasi dibuka. Peneliti menyisipkan logo STITAF dan nama pengembang di dalam menu intro.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Rancangan Tampilan Menu",
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"text": "Game",
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"text": "Rancangan Menu Utama Menu utama akan dirancang sebagai pusat navigasi dari game yang dibuat. Tombol yang dirancang untuk menu utama adalah tombol KI",
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"text": "KD, Tujuan Pembelajaran, Materi, dan Soal Evaluasi.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Rancangan Tampilan Menu Utama Game Rancangan Materi",
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"text": "Materi yang tersedia dalam menu ini adalah rangkuman dari materi dasar macam-macam sumber energi dan pemanfaatannya Dalam menu materi ini pemain dapat bembaca materi yang telah dirangkum peneliti. Pertanyaan- pertanyaan dalam level permainan berasal dari materi ini. Materi yang terdapat pada game diantaranya : pengertian sumber energi, macam- macam sumber energi, serta hak dan kewajiban terhadap sumber energi.",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Rancangan Tampilan Menu Materi",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Rancangan Tampilan Isi Materi Rancangan Permainan Rancangan permainan",
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"text": "merupakan sebuah evaluasi yang",
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"text": "Mufidah , Pengembangan Media Game … 193",
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"text": "terdiri dari 10 soal pilihan ganda.",
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"text": "dirancang dengan sederhana, agar peserta didik mudah untuk menggunakannya.",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Rancangan Tampilan Soal Kuis Tahap selanjutnya adalah tahap pengembangan produk,",
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"text": "Tahap pengembangan merupakan tahapan selanjutnya dalam merealisasikan",
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"text": "Melalui tahapan ini semua aspek dari tahapan perancangan dikembangkan oleh peneliti sehingga menghasilkan media pembelajaran yang sesuai.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Pengembangan game edukasi",
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"text": "berbasis android No. Aspek Pengembangan 1. Tampilan Opening 2. Menu Utama 3. KI dan",
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"text": "194 Ibtida’ , Volume 03, No. 02 November 2022, Hal. 186-197",
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"text": "Skor",
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"text": "Kemudian setelah produk awal media pembelajaran game edukasi selesai dikembangkan sesuai dengan perencanaan, selanjutnya dilakukan proses validasi untuk mengetahui kelayakan dari produk yang dikembangkan menurut beberapa pakar ahli yaitu ahli media, ahli materi dan ahli bahasa. Setiap tim ahli memiliki penugasan yang berbeda-beda, ahli materi bertujuan untuk menguji kebenaran materi, dan berbagai hal yang berkaitan dengan materi, seperti aspek sajian materi yang berupa kurikulum (standar isi), dan kebenaran kecukupan, ahli media bertujuan untuk menguji ketepatan standar minimal dalam pengembangan media pembelajaran,",
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"text": "mengetahui kemenarikan dari segi pemilihan warna dan desain, serta efektifitas penggunaan media dalam pembelajaran IPA di kelas, sedangkan ahli bahasa bertujuan untuk menguji ketepatan bahasa yang digunakan dalam media pembelajaran game edukasi berbasis android pada materi sumber energi, dari segi susunan kata, tanda baca, dan kejelasan pemaparan materi dan kuis. Berdasarkan penilaian ahli materi secara keseluruhan memperoleh persentase sebesar 82% yang dinyatakan valid. Sedangkan hasil penilaian ahli media memperoleh persentase sebesar 88% yang juga dinyatakan valid. Serta penilaian ahli bahasa yang juga dinyatakan valid dengan persentase sebesar 92%. Data yang diperoleh berupa data kuantitatif dan data kualitatif. Data kuantitatif berupa angket penilaian dan data kualitatif yang meliputi kritik dan saran secara umum yang akan dijadikan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam perbaikan media game edukasi.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan masukan dan saran yang diberikan dari para tim ahli, seperti ahli media yaitu mengenai ukuran font yang terlalu kecil, pemilihan font yang kurang menarik dan penempatan skor yang kurang tepat. Sedangkan masukan dari ahli materi adalah soal yang disajikan harus runtut sesuai dengan urutan materi. Selanjutnya pada proses validasi juga terdapat masukan dari ahli bahasa yang tidak terlalu banyak, hanya terdapat",
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"text": "beberapa bahasa yang asing dan sulit dipahami oleh siswa di jenjang SD/MI.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya tahap keempat adalah mengimplementasikan media pembelajaran dengan uji coba produk kepada kelompok kecil dan kelompok besar. Selain oleh para ahli produk media pembelajaran game edukasi juga perlu tanggapan respon peserta didik. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan uji coba kelompok kecil yang hanya melibatkan 5 responden diperoleh hasil presentase sebesar 82% yang menunjukkan media pembelajaran game edukasi memiliki kualifikasi baik, namun masih diperlukan revisi untuk uji coba selanjutnya yaitu uji coba lapangan. Setelah dilakukan revisi dan uji coba lapangan yang melibatkan 16 responden diperoleh hasil presentase sebesar 92,9% yang menunjukkan media pembelajaran game edukasi memiliki kualifikasi sangat baik.",
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"text": "Sebelum mengambil data",
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"text": "melalui angket respon, peneliti juga melakukan tes kelas ( pre-test dan post- test) untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat pemahaman peserta didik sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan media game edukasi. Berdasarkan hasil pre-test dan post- test menyatakan bahwa media game edukasi mampu meningkatkan pemahaman peserta didik dengan perolehan nilai rata-rata yang awalnya hanya 55,6 menjadi 85,6",
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"text": "setelah menggunakan media game edukasi. Untuk membuktikan adanya pengaruh media game edukasi terhadap tingkat pemahaman peserta didik, peneliti melakukan analisis data uji tes dengan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS 16.0 dengan cara Uji Paired Sample T Test. Uji Paired",
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"text": "Sample T Test adalah pengujian yang digunakan untuk mebandingkan selisih dua mean dari dua sampel yang berpasangan dengan asumsi data berdistribusi normal. Sampel bepasangan berasal dari subyek yang sama setiap vaiabel diambil saat situasi dan keadaan berbeda.",
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"text": "Pengambilan keputusan dalam uji t berpasangan yaitu apabila nilai signifikansi <0,05 maka dinyatakan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara variabel awal dan variabel akhir (nilai pre-test dan post-test ), hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang bermakna terhadap perlakuan yang diberikan pada masing-masing variabel, yaitu antara sebelum dan sesudah menggunakan game edukasi. Namun sebaliknya, apabila nilai signifikansi >0,05 maka dinyatakan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara variabel awal dan variabel akhir, hal ini menunjukkan tidak terdapat pengaruh bermakna terhadap perlakuan masing-masing variabel. kelas IV MI Salafiyah Banin Banat Siman, dapat peneliti cermati bahwa nilai signifikan (2-tailed) adalah 0,001 yang berarti kurang dari 0,005. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan",
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"text": "Adapun selisih nilai rata-rata ( mean ) yang di dapat dari pre-test dan post-test (dengan mengabaikan minusnya) adalah 29.93750. Jadi, berdasarkan tabel paired simple t-test menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara variable awal dan variable akhir ( pre-test dan post- test ). Ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang bermakna pada perbedaan perlakuan yang diberikan pada masing-masing variabel.",
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"text": "Khususnya setelah menggunakan media pembelajaran berupa game edukasi berbasis android. Tahap terakhir pada proses penelitian dan pengembangan menurut ADDIE adalah evaluasi. Setelah diimplementasikan, media pembelajaran game edukasi perlu dievaluasi atau dinilai untuk mengetahui kekurangan yang terdapat pada produk. Pada tahap evaluasi, peneliti melakukan revisi akhir terhadap produk yang dikembangkan berdasarkan saran dan masukan yang diberikan oleh",
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"text": "validator dari 3 tim ahli yaitu ahli media sebesar: 82%, ahli materi sebesar 88%, dan ahli bahasa sebesar 92% yang berarti media pembelajaran game edukasi sudah “valid” untuk dikembangkan dan diterapkan dengan tingkat kelayakannya yang sudah mencapai angka tinggi. 3) Hasil uji coba lapangan pada media pembelajaran",
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"text": "game edukasi sudah memenuhi kualifikasi sangat baik berdasarkan dengan hasil perhitungan angket respon yang mencapai 92,9%. Sedangkan hasil tes kelas ( pre-test dan post-test ) diperoleh nilai rata- rata yang awalnya hanya 55,6 meningkat menjadi 85,6 setelah menggunakan media game edukasi.",
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"text": "Maka dapat dinyatakan bahwa media game edukasi mampu meningkatkan pemahaman peserta didik. Hal itu juga dapat dibuktikan berdasarkan uji paired simple t-test yang peneliti lakukan, adapun hasil yang diperoleh dari uji tersebut yaitu sebesar 0,001 atau <0,005, artinya terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara variabel awal dan variabel akhir (nilai pre-test dan post-test ).",
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"text": "Arlitasari, dkk. (2013) Pengembangan Bahan Ajar IPA Terpadu Berbasis Salingtemas dengan Tema Biomassa Sumber Energi Alternatif Terbarukan. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika 1(1), 2-5. Samatowa.(2006) Bagaimana Membelajarkan IPA di Sekolah Dasar . Jakarta: Direktorat Ketenagaan Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Sudarwan Danim. (2010) Media Komunikasi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.",
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"text": "Syaiful Bahri Djamarah dan Aswan Zain. (2006) Strategi Belajar Mengajar. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.",
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"text": "Syaiful Bahri Djamarah dan Aswan Zain. (2014) Strategi Belajar",
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"text": "William Lee & Diana L.(2014) Ownes. Multimedia Based Instructional Design . San Fransisco: Pfeiffer.",
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"text": "Baharudin. (2010) Keefektifan Media Belajar Berbasis Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi .",
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"width": 197,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Benny Agus Pribadi.(2009) Model",
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"text": "Desain Sistem Pembelajaran .",
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"text": "Jakarta: PT. Dian Rakyat.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Hamzah.(2020) Metode Penelitian & Pengembangan Research &",
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"text": "Development . Malang: CV. Literasi Nusantara Abadi. Punaji Setyosari.(2010) Metode Penelitian Pendidikan dan Pengembangan . Jakarta : Kencana. Rahim, F.(2016) Game Edukasi Pengenalan Alat Musik Tradisional di Indonesia Berbasis Android . In Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar. Rayanto, Hari Yudi, dkk.(2020) Penelitian Pengembangan.",
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"text": "1. Judul, ditulis center dengan huruf Time New Roman 14pt, line spacing 1 spacing before 6pt after 12 dan huruf kapital. Nama penulis ditulis dengan huruf Time New Roman 11pt, bold dimulai dari penulis utama, keua, dst. Instansi penulis, kota, kode pos, negara, dan alamat email dituliskan di bawah nama dengan huruf Time New Roman",
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"text": "2. Abstrak, ditulis dalam Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris. Abstrak ditulis dalam 1 paragraf, ringkas, tidak menjorok, dan padat yang mencerminkan isi keseluruhan naskah yang terdiri atas tujuan, proses dan/atau metode, hasil, simpulan utama, dan/atau implikasi hasil penulisan. Ditulis dalam Bahasa",
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"text": "maksimum 250 kata. Format huruf adalah Time New Roman 10, line spacing 1, justify . Kata kunci terdiri dari 3- 5 di luar kata dalam judul ditulis dengan huruf Time New Roman 9pt Bold .",
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"text": "3. Pendahuluan, merupakan pernyataan dari kasus yang diselidiki, yang memberikan informasi kepada pembaca untuk memahami tujuan spesifik dalam kerangka teoritis yang lebih besar. Bagian ini juga dapat mencakup informasi tentang latar belakang masalah, seperti ringkasan dari setiap penulisan yang telah dilakukan atau sebuah percobaan akan membantu untuk menjelaskan atau memperluas pengetahuan dalam bidang umum. Semua informasi latar belakang yang dikumpulkan dari sumber lain harus menjadi kutipan. Bagian akhir dari pendahuluan",
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"text": "Selain itu, dalam ini dalam bagian ini juga menuliskan teknik sampling, proses validasi intrumen penulisan, teknik analisis data. Penulisan metode penulisan menggunakan huruf Time",
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"text": "3",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 71,
"width": 198,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Pada bagian ini, penulis menafsirkan data dengan pola yang diamati. Setiap hubungan antar variabel percobaan yang penting dan setiap korelasi antara variabel dapat dilihat jelas. Penulis harus menyertakan penjelasan yang berbeda dari hipotesis atau hasil yang berbeda atau serupa dengan setiap percobaan terkait dilakukan oleh penulis lain. Ingat bahwa setiap percobaan tidak selalu harus",
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"text": "menunjukkan perbedaan besar atau kecenderungan untuk menjadi penting. Hasil yang negatif juga perlu dijelaskan dan mungkin merupakan sesuatu yang penting untuk diubah dalam penulisan Anda Penulisan hasil dan pembahasan menggunakan huruf Time New Roman 11, line spacing 1, justify , special first line 1 cm.",
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"text": "6. Kesimpulan dan Rekomendasi , bagian ini hanya menyatakan bahwa penulis berpikir mengenai setiap data yang disajikan berhubungan kembali pada tujuan yang dinyatakan dalam pendahuluan. Dengan mengacu pada bagian pendahuluan dan kesimpulan, seorang pembaca harus memiliki ide yang baik dari penulisan ini, meski pun hanya rincian spesifik..",
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"text": "menggunakan huruf Time New Roman 11, line spacing 1, justify , special first line 1 cm.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "7. Daftar Pustaka, disusun mengikuti pola APA ( American Psychological Association ) (Penulisan daftar pustaka menggunakan huruf Time New Roman 10pt, line spacing 1, justify .",
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{
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"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Jurnal: Nama Tokoh. (Tahun). Judul artikel. Nama Jurnal, Volume Jurnal (Nomor Jurnal), Halaman.",
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{
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"top": 278,
"width": 211,
"height": 56,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Majalah: Nama Tokoh. (Tahun, Bulan Tanggal). Judul artikel. Nama Majalah, Volume, Halaman.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 335,
"width": 211,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Surat Kabar: Nama Tokoh. (Tahun, Bulan Tanggal). Judul artikel. Nama Surat Kabar, Halaman.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 391,
"width": 211,
"height": 41,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Surat Kabar dan tanpa nama penulis: Nama artikel. (Tahun, Bulan Tanggal).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 433,
"width": 143,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nama Surat Kabar, Halaman .",
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},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 447,
"width": 212,
"height": 69,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Surat Kabar pada kolom Surat Pembaca: Nama Tokoh. (Tahun, Bulan Tanggal). Judul artikel [Surat Pembaca]. Nama Surat Kabar, Halaman.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 516,
"width": 212,
"height": 42,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Buku Teks: Nama Tokoh. (Tahun). Judul buku. Kota Penerbit: Nama Penerbit.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 559,
"width": 209,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Buku yg Diedit (Edited Book),",
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},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 588,
"width": 197,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Nama Editor (Ed./Eds.). (Tahun). Judul buku. Kota Penerbit: Nama Penerbit.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 615,
"width": 190,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Buku tanpa Penulis/Editor,",
"type": "List item"
},
{
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"top": 644,
"width": 197,
"height": 26,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Judul buku (nomor ed.). (Tahun). Kota Penerbit: Nama Penerbit.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 671,
"width": 212,
"height": 69,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Kamus atau Encyclopedia Nama Editor (Ed./Eds.). (Tahun). Judul kamus (nomor ed., Nomor Volume). Kota Penerbit: Nama Penerbit.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 295,
"top": 794,
"width": 5,
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"page_number": 4,
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 71,
"width": 201,
"height": 83,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Film Nama Tokoh (Produser), & Nama Tokoh (Penulis Naskah/Director). (Tahun). Judul film [Motion picture]. Nama Kota: Nama Stasiun/Production House.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 154,
"width": 209,
"height": 28,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Acara/Film TV satu kali tayang",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 183,
"width": 189,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Nama Tokoh (Executive Producer). (Tahun, Bulan Tanggal). Judul/Nama acara [Television broadcast]. Nama Kota: Nama Stasiun/Production House.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"height": 42,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Acara/Film Berseri TV Nama Tokoh (Produser). (Tahun).",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 281,
"width": 196,
"height": 26,
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"text": "Nama seri acara TV [Television series]. Nama Kota: Nama Stasiun TV",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 308,
"width": 205,
"height": 83,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Lagu Nama Penulis Lagu (Tahun copyright). Judul lagu [Nama Penyayi]. On Nama album [CD, cassette, etc.]. Nama Kota: Nama Perusahaan Rekaman. (Tahun rekaman).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 391,
"width": 207,
"height": 84,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Electronic Mailing List Nama Tokoh. (Tahun, Bulan Tanggal). Subjek/Judul posting. Message posted to Nama Group Mailing List, archieved at Nama URL",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 475,
"width": 205,
"height": 83,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Electronic Journal Nama Tokoh. (Tahun, Bulan Tanggal). Nama artikel. Nama Jurnal, Volume Jurnal, Halaman. Retrieved …tanggal download…., from nama URL",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 559,
"width": 205,
"height": 55,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": " bila sumber berasal dari Electronic Book (e-Book) Nama Tokoh. (Tahun, Bulan Tanggal). Judul chap. In Judul e-book (chap. no.).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 615,
"width": 195,
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"text": "Retrieved …tanggal download…., from nama URL",
"type": "Text"
},
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"top": 642,
"width": 198,
"height": 42,
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"text": " bila sumber berasal dari suatu artikel pada website tanpa nama penulis, dan tanpa tanggal tulisan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 316,
"top": 71,
"width": 196,
"height": 27,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Judul artikel (n.d.). Retrieved …tanggal download…., from nama URL",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "(Tambahan…..)",
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"text": "Jika dalam naskah ada table gambar dll maka pedomannya sebagai berikut:",
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"top": 218,
"width": 212,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Tabel diberi judul di atas tabel tersebut, ukuran huruf 8 dengan garis vertical dihilangkan, diusahakan dalam satu kolom saja.",
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"text": "Tabel 1: Time New Roman 9 Margin A4 Paper US Letter Paper Left 18.5 mm 14.5 mm (0.58 in) Right 18mm 13 mm (0.51 in) Gambar diusahakan disusun dalam satu kolom. Identitas gambar diletakkan di bawah gambar.",
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"text": "Persamaan ditulis menggunakan MS Equation diberi nomor urut dibagian kanan persamaan",
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"text": "(1) ＋ × × × × × × r 1 ・ b 1 * LPF r 1 ・ b 2 * LPF r 1 ・ b m * LPF 0 or 1 weight power threshold r 1 replica/data timing y 1 y 2 y p array output array antenna SQG replica signal generators r 2 r p DIV DIV DIV b 0 b 1 b m-1 preset amplitude distribution MBF beamformer 1 beamformer 2 beamformer p DEL Control DEL DEL C- SEL arriving signals Control Control",
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cf5145fc-f0eb-b71b-a92c-3e089f1edcbd | https://jurnal.poltekkespalu.ac.id/index.php/JIK/article/download/1545/647 | [
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"text": "Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Hemoglobin Levels among CKD Patients undergoing Hemodialysis",
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"text": "Suhaimi Fauzan 1 , Kharisma Aji Martadi 1 * , Ikbal Fradianto 1 ,",
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"text": "1 Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia",
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"text": "(Correspondence author's email , [email protected]/+6289674597509)",
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"text": "Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the silent killer diseases that often experience an increase in incidence every year. Common problem that often arises in someone with CKD is a decrease in hemoglobin levels. This study aims to identify and analyze factors related to hemoglobin levels among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis. This was a correlational study with cross sectional approach. The study was conducted on March 21 – 31, 2022. The study population consisted of 90 CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis at Doctor Soedarso Regional General Hospital (as of January 2022). The samples involved 73 people who were selected using purposive sampling technique. The independent variables included age, gender, ethnicity, education, employment status, smoking history, creatinine and urea levels, while the dependent variable in this study was hemoglobin levels. Bivariate analysis in this study applied chi-square, Kendall’s, and independent sample t tests, while the multivariate test applied logistic regression. The analysis results obtained p values for age, employment status, smoking history, creatinine levels, and urea levels of 0.069 (OR=8.4), 0.418 (OR=2.4), 0.286 (OR=4.3), 0.000, and 0.323, respectively. It can be concluded that there was an effect of creatinine levels on changes in hemoglobin levels among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis. Patients undergoing hemodialysis are recommended to control the amount and source of protein intake, adjust physical activity according to age and ability, and pay attention to the regular dialysis schedule.",
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"text": "Keywords : Risk Factors, Hemoglobin, Kidney Failure, Hemodialysis.",
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"text": "https://doi.org/10.33860/jik.v16i4.1545",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "The Global Burden of Disease (2017) explained that there were 9.1% or 697.5 million people who had CKD, even this study showed that the prevalence of women who had CKD was 9.5%, higher than men that was only 7,3 %. It is estimated that people with CKD in the world come from the People's Republic of China which ranked the first country with the number of cases of 132.3 million 1 . Such findings are even in line with the condition in Indonesia's neighboring country (Malaysia) which showed an increase in the number CKD cases in 2018 (15.48%) at the age of over 18 year 2 . This secondary clinical syndrome disease",
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"text": "is one of the contributors to increased mortality as a silent killer due to persistent and irreversible changes in structure and function 3,4 .",
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"text": "This disease is often found with a specific sign of an increase in blood urea levels 5 .",
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"text": "Decreased hemoglobin is often found in patients with CKD with hemoglobin level of <13 g/dL for men and <12 g/dL for non- pregnant women 6 . Anemia complications are frequently found in ESRD status or earlier in grades 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease 7 . The result of previous case control study showed that there were more cases of anemia found in cases of death in patients with CKD 8 . Increased mortality in CKD patients was also found in other studies with marked increase in diastolic",
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"text": "Vol.16 No.4 February 2023: Hal. 443-452 p-ISSN: 1907-459X e-ISSN: 2527-7170",
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"text": "Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan http://jurnal.poltekkespalu.ac.id/index.php/JIK",
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"text": "© 2023 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY SA) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).",
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"text": "Original Article",
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"text": "volume and anemia 9 . Another impact also found was a decrease in lofe quality among patients with anemia 10 .",
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"text": "There were limited studies regarding analysis of influential factors of hemoglobin changes among chronic kidney failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. A study conducted by Ani & Asni (2016) and Siti (2018) described factors that influenced anemia among patients with kidney failure including period of HD, age, gender, frequency of HD, nutritional status as well as economic status 11,12 .",
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"text": "Results of a preliminary study towards 2019-2021 data at DR. Soedarso Regional General Hospital showed that 61% of patients who had a primary diagnosis of stage 5 chronic kidney failure (N18.5) had a secondary diagnosis of anemia. Through some of the facts that have been described, the researchers are interested to analyze the correlation between demographic characteristics and plasma creatinine and urea levels with hemoglobin levels among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis.",
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"text": "METHOD",
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"text": "This was a correlational study with cross sectional approach. The study population consisted of 90 CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis at Doctor Soedarso Regional General Hospital (as of January 2022). The sample calculation applied the Lameshow formula which obtained 73 respondents who were selected using purposive sampling technique that was quota sampling. The inclusion criteria for this study were CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis, were able to communicate and had complete medical records. Exclusion criteria in this study included having a history of Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE) and psychiatric disorder. The independent variables included age, gender, ethnicity, education, employment status, smoking history, creatinine and urea levels, while the dependent variable in this study was hemoglobin levels. Hemoglobin levels in this study were grouped based on empirical cut-off point. Kuzma (1984) explains that the cut-off point with the mean can be used for normally distributed data, while the cut-off point with the median is used for data that were not normally distributed 13 .",
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"text": "This study used a list of questions that",
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"text": "contained demographic data and laboratory results derived from the medical records of respondents. This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee Board of DR. Soedarso Regional General Hospital through Ethics Approval Registration Number No. 28/RSUD/KEPK/II/2022 which was stipulated on February 26, 2022. Data collection was carried out on March 21 – 31, 2022. The analysis technique in this study was divided into 2 types of data on the dependent variables. Categorical independent variable, namely demographic data were tested using Chi-Square test. On the other hand, Kendall's test was applied on categorical variables that had more than 2 degrees. If the expected count value was not met, then the Fisher test was applied. Numerical independent variables such as creatinine and urea levels were tested using the independent sample t test. If the data were not normally distributed, Mann Whitney was applied as an alternative test. Multivariate analysis in this study applied a binary logistic regression test by including all independent variables that had a bivariate p value of <0.250.",
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"text": "RESULTS",
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"text": "The results of this study were taken through direct interviews related to demographic data and direct observation of medical record data related to laboratory examination results. The calculation results (See Table 2) revealed that the characteristics of respondents with hemoglobin (Hb) levels of <8.48 g/dL were found among respondents aged ≥55 years (57%), male respondents (55%), Malay respondents (33%), had higher education (43%), and had no smoking history (71%). The group with Hb levels of <8.48 g/dL had a mean creatinine and urea levels of 8.73 and 178.29, respectively. Such mean levels were higher than the creatinine and urea values in the group with Hb levels of >8.48 g/dL.",
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"text": "The results of the Kolmogrov-Smirnov test obtained p values for the numerical data in this study included creatinine levels (0.200), urea levels (0.200) and haemoglobin levels (0.098), which indicated that the data were normally distributed.",
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"text": "Table 1. Laboratory Results of Respondents Result Mean SD Creatinine 6.44 3.855 Urea 149.0 65.141 Hemoglobin 8.48 1.593 Source: Secondary data, 2022",
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"text": "Table 2 presents the results of the bivariate test with the chi square test, as well as",
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"text": "Table 3 revealed that there was a correlation between employment status,",
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"text": "Table 1 showed that the mean creatinine, urea and hemoglobin levels of CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis were 6.44 mg/dL, 149 mg/dL and 8.48 g/dL, respectively. Such findings also indicated that the hemoglobin levels of 8.48 as the mean could be used as a reference for the cut-off value.",
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"text": "Kendall’s Test for Demographic characteristics and Hemoglobin Levels.",
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"text": "creatinine and urea levels on hemoglobin levels among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis.",
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"text": "Table 2. Bivariate Test Results for Demographic Characteristics with Hemoglobin Levels.",
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"text": "Variable Hemoglobin Levels p-Value Unadjusted < 8.48 g/dL (n=42) ≥ 8.48 g/dL (n=51) OR Statistical Test n (%) n (%) N (%) Age 0.187 0.474 Chi-square < 55 years 18 (49%) 19 (51%) 37 (100) ≥ 55 years 24 (67%) 12 (33%) 36 (100) Gender 0.977 1.135 Chi-square Man 23 (59%) 16 (41%) 39 (100) Woman 19 (56%) 15 (44%) 34 (100) Ethnicity 0.558 Kendall’s Malay 14 (50%) 14 (50%) 28 (100) Dayak 9 (75%) 3 (25%) 12 (100) Tionghoa 6 (60%) 4 (40%) 10 (100) Javanese 8 (50%) 8 (50%) 16 (100) Other 5 (71%) 2 (29%) 7 (100) Education 0.990 Kendall’s Elementary School 9 (60%) 6 (40%) 15 (100) JHS-SHS 15 (58%) 11 (42%) 26 (100) Higher Education 18 (56%) 14 (44%) 32 (100) Employment Status 0.038 * 3.089 Chi-square Unemployed 29 (69%) 13 (31%) 42 (100) Employed 13 (42%) 18 (58%) 31 (100) Smoking History 0.214 0.481 Chi-square No 30 (54%) 26 (46%) 56 (100) Yes 12 (70%) 5 (30%) 17 (100)",
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"text": "*p-value of < 0.05",
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"text": "Table 3. Correlation between Creatinine and Urea Levels with Hemoglobin Levels.",
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"text": "Hemoglobin n (%) Mean ± SD p-Value Statistical Test Creatinine ≥ 8.48 g/dL 31 (42%) 3.33 ± 1.77 0.000 * Independent sample t Test < 8.48 g/dL 42 (58%) 8.73 ± 3.34 Urea ≥ 8.48 g/dL 31 (42%) 109.34 ± 39.09 0.000 * < 8.48 g/dL 42 (58%) 178.29 ± 65.30",
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"text": "Table 4 revealed that age and smoking history had p-values of <0.250, so that these two variables could be candidates in logistic",
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"text": "The results of the modelling obtained the Hosmer & Lameshow test scores of >0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that the model involving 5 predictors of the dependent variable met the fitness criteria (fit) for regression",
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"text": "The model summary results showed a Nagelkerke R square value of 0.798 which indicated that the model involving age, employment status, smoking history, creatinine and urea levels had an impact of 79.8%, while 23.3% could be due to other factors that had not been studied.",
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"text": "DISCUSSION",
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"text": "In general, anemia occurs due to decreased EPO and impaired iron metabolism associated with increased hepcidin, circulating urea in the blood can also induce EPO inhibitors which are thought to also play a role in CKD cases 39 . Several triggers for biomarker instability in the elderly (>55 years) can be",
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"text": "regression modelling. The final accumulation confirmed that there were 5 predictors to be applied in follow-up test.",
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"text": "modelling. The omnimbus test obtained a sig value of < 0.05 which indicated that the addition of predictors would affect the dependent variable.",
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"text": "affected by decreased body function. This phenomenon can be found in cases of decreased hemoglobin in old age which can occur with a 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency mechanism which results in erythropoietin resistance in the hematopoietic stem cell pathway 14 . Psychological problem can also be another indirect cause of changes in hemoglobin levels in the elderly, for example the presence of additional stressors resulting in depression 15 . Previous studies have demonstrated poor sleep quality and insomnia in nearly half the population with advanced CKD 16 . This is indirectly related to the increase in cases of anemia due to disturbed sleep duration 17 . The results of this study indicated a difference in finding from previous study which showed that the prevalence of CKD among women was 9.5%, higher than men, that was only 7.3% 3 .",
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"text": "Table 4. Multivariate Test Results. Predictor Sig. B Adjusted OR 95% CI Constant 0.001 3.894 Age (x1) < 55 Years 0.069 -2.128 8.4 0.8 – 83.3 ≥ 55 Years (Ref) Employment Status (x2) Unemployed (Ref) 0.418 0.850 2.4 0.3 – 18.3 Employed Smoking History (x3) Yes 0.286 1.454 4.3 0.3 – 61.8 No (Ref) Creatinine (mg/dL) (x4) 0.000 -1.116 Urea (mg/dL) (x5) 0.323 -0.009 Table 5. Logistic Regression Basic Test Results. Test Sig. Hosmer & Lameshow test 0.377 Omnibus test of model 0.000 Table 6. Model Summary Results. -2 LR Cox & Snell R Nagelkerke R Square 33.813 0.594 0.798",
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"text": "Such difference could be due to differences in study site and data collection period. The results of previous study showed higher hemoglobin levels among postmenopausal men and women compared to premenopausal women 18 .",
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"text": "Basically, there is similar physiological basis mechanism of anemia for both men and women, including in CKD cases. In fact, hemoglobin level of healthy women will be lower than that of men, and this phenomenon also occurs in populations with CKD 19 . Previous study identified that women started dialysis when their estimated kidney function was lower than men, and the mean age of women undergoing hemodialysis was older than men 20 . According to dialysis guidelines, the targeted Hb level of men and women is the same, namely 10 g/dL. Other study also showed that gender affected response to anemia, CKD and mineral disorders 21 .",
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"text": "The result of this study indicated that there was no correlation between ethnicity and hemoglobin levels among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis. Such finding is in line with previous study which found there was no significant difference in hemoglobin concentration among third trimester pregnant women between the Batak and Javanese ethnic groups 22 . Other previous study also showed a difference in hemoglobin levels related to Caucasoid, Hispanic, Asian, Oriental and African Races 23 . Such difference can be due to ethnicities recorded were still of the same race, namely Asian Race. Besides that, several respondents in this study were children born from mixed ethnicity. Other study further explained ethnicity which was generally classified based on a phenotype called race, e.g. Asian, Hispanic, Black, and White (Caucasoid) Races 24 .",
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"text": "A person's level of education has not been able to describe a knowledge possessed and the use of such knowledge to improve the quality of life. This is in line with previous study which found that there was no correlation between education level and IDU's knowledge on HIV 25 . The right action of a nurse to ensure is by directly examining how basic knowledge is related to diseases and other conditions that are often encountered, one of which is anemia, as well as the level of knowledge of the patient's coping mechanisms. Providing self- management information is an effort to improve individual quality. Orem's theory explains that each individual has the ability to take care of",
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"text": "himself. The nurse's main role is to identify individual abilities in carrying out such self- management. Knowledge considered important to be delivered are regarding activity modification and food patterns 26 .",
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"text": "It is interesting to note that there was a correlation between employment status of CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis and their hemoglobin levels (p value=0.038), although this was a basic correlation value which required path analysis that showed how employment status can affect hemoglobin levels. The results of the researchers' assumptions indicated that employment status could affect hemoglobin levels indirectly through several mechanisms such as the income earned, coping mechanisms with the process of working as a daily activity, or socialization resulting from an occupation on patient psychology. Such opinion is supported by previous study which showed that there was a correlation between socioeconomic status and the incidence of anemia 27 . The result of other assumption was stated in a previous study regarding the correlation between physical activity and haemoglobin levels among workers with non-dialysis dependent CKD status. The study assessed the haemoglobin levels of CKD patients with Hb levels of >12 g/dL who had a high activity ratio, lower CKD progression and better survival 28 . Employment status contributes to quality improvement, either through nutritional intake, as well as mental health due to socialization during work. According to Camilia, et al (2015), individuals with CKD with an income of 5.1 times the Regional minimum wage had a better quality of life in terms of physical, pain, social, mental health aspects than unemployed individuals or those whose income was below the Regional minimum wage 29 . Current study further explained how poverty and the burden of disease had an impact on all aspects. Few resources for individuals with co-morbidities will result in \"catastrophic spending\" or costs beyond food needs exceeding 40%. This will further deplete remaining resources and even change the structure of the whole family which eventually affects medical treatment 30 . The result of the regression modelling test showed that patients with chronic kidney failure wit history no history of smoking had the potential to have a hemoglobin level of ≥8.48 g/dL 4 times, although there was no significant correlation in the regression test between the",
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"text": "two variables. Such finding is in line with a study conducted by Devina, et al. (2017), which found that there was no significant correlation between smoking status and hemoglobin levels. Conversely, the result of this study is not in accordance with previous study which showed that smoking women had higher hemoglobin levels compared to non-smoking women 31 . Another study also showed an increase in the Hb levels of smokers and non-smokers which even caused polycythemia 32 . The result of another study showed that the Kaplan-Meier test obtained a finding that smoking behavior among CKD patients reduced survival rates compared to non-smokers. The impact of smoking WAs more sensitive in someone with renal dysfunction due to the progress of immunoglobulin from IgA which causeD nephrotic. Further analysis also showed that there was a correlation between smoking and interstitial atrophy or fibrolysis due to oxidative stress from cigarette content 33 .",
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"text": "The result of this study indicated that there was a negative correlation between creatinine levels and haemoglobin levels. Such finding is in line with the finding of a case control study conducted by Ismatul, et al (2012) which showed that renal failure patients who died had high creatinine levels and low hemoglobin levels compared to living renal failure patients 34 . In addition, previous study also showed that there was a negative effect of creatinine levels on haemoglobin levels. Increased plasma creatinine levels indicated the process of hemodialysis to remove certain toxic substances 35 . Increased creatinine levels may indicate that the process of renal damage. Kidneys are the main producer of EPO which can decrease along with the degree of insufficiency of kidney function. Plasma EPO levels can be missed (detection), but elevated EPO levels can also be found due to the presence of reactive excrements of EPO which are biologically inactive 35 .",
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"text": "The mean urea level among patients undergoing hemodialysis at Dr. Soedarso Regional General Hospital was 149 mg/dL. The result of this study indicated that there was a negative correlation between the urea (BUN) levels and hemoglobin levels among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Such finding is in line with a study conducted by Makiko, et al (2019) which showed that there was a decrease in hemoglobin levels along with an increase in BUN levels 36 . Furthermore, another study",
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"text": "showed that increased protein consumption also had an impact on an increase in urea levels among patients with chronic kidney disease 37 .",
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"text": "Urea concentration was closely related to chronic kidney failure among patients who reported an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in adipocytes, pancreatic beta cells which can reduce insulin sensitivity and aortic endothelium 36 . Consuming plant-based protein has the disadvantage of increasing potassium levels. However, other advantages are lowering blood pressure, increasing prevention of diabetes, delaying CKD progression and death 38 . Certain theory suggests that high circulating BUN levels may increase protein carbamylation and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease 40 . High consumption of protein can also have an impact on metabolic disorders which further become metabolic complications.",
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"text": "While there is currently no full elucidation of the underlying mechanism by which high protein intake may affect kidney function, especially in the context of CKD, the available data suggest that glomerular hyperfiltration induced by a high protein diet may lead to increased albuminuria or decreased GFR. Additionally, increasing evidence suggests that high-protein diets may be associated with a number of metabolic complications that can impair kidney health. Given the increasing popularity of high-protein diets and the high prevalence of CKD within the United States population, many individuals may be unaware of their CKD status 40 .",
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"text": "The final step in the nursing process is assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention in chronic disease 41 . This action aims to observe comorbidities that have the potential to arise and can worsen the patient's condition 42 . Some nursing problems that can result from changes in hemoglobin among patients with CKD are the risk of gastrointestinal perfusion, myocardial perfusion, or ineffective renal function 43 . An important role of a nurse to decrease morbidity and mortality rates is definitely required, both for among patients with acute and chronic conditions. Nurses are responsible for nursing care and are present during treatment. Nurses are also required to observe and further assess the general condition of the patient by integrating multidisciplinary aspects such as the",
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"text": "The results of this study indicated significant correlations between employment status, creatinine and urea levels on the mean hemoglobin levels among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis at RSUD DR. Soedarso, while there were no significant correlations between age, gender, ethnicity, education and smoking history on haemoglobin levels. In general, the regression test revealed age was the dominant predictor of changes in hemoglobin levels among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis.",
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"text": "Some of the recommended activities to be implemented by CKD patients include controlling the amount and source of protein intake, adjusting physical activity according to age and ability, paying attention to the regular dialysis schedule.",
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"text": "The authors would like to deliver sincere gratitude to 1) Tanjungpura University, and 2) DR. Soedarso Regional General Hospital, for the assistance and direction during the implementation of the study.",
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e985a738-e6e4-894a-1146-49eb79d88ee2 | https://journal.uwgm.ac.id/agrifarm/article/download/1329/758 | [
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"text": "J. Agrifarm : Vol. 2 No. 2, Desember 2013 ISSN : 2301 - 9700",
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"text": "Pengaruh Media Tanam dan Konsentrasi Pupuk Grow Quick S Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Anggrek Dendrobium hybrid",
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"text": "Influence of Media Concentration Plant and Fertilizer Grow Against Quick S Hybrid Dendrobium Orchid Plant Growth",
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"text": "Program Studi Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Widya Gama Mahakam Jl. KH. Wahid Hasyim, Sempaja, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia Telp : (0541) 734294-737222, Fax : (0541) 736572 email : [email protected]",
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"text": "Diterima : 3 Agustus 2013 Disetujui : 30 September2013",
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"text": "Pengaruh media tanam dan konsentrasi pupuk Grow Quick S terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman anggrek Dendrobium hybrid. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh media tanam dan pupuk Grow Quick S terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman anggrek. Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Aak Kelompok (RAK) dengan analisis factorial 3 x 4 dan diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Faktor pertama adalah media tanam (M) yang terdiri dari 3 taraf, yaitu : (m 1 ; sabut kelapa m 2 ; arang dan m 3 ; batu bata) dan faktor kedua pemberian pupuk Grow Quick S (P) yang terdiri dari 4 taraf, yaitu : (p 0 ; 0 ml/liter air, p 1 ; 1 ml/liter air, p 2 ; 2 ml/liter air dan p 3 ; 3 ml/liter air). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan media tanam berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua variabel yang diamati kecuali pertambahan jumlah daun umur 30 dan 60 HST dan pertambahan diameter batang umur 30 HST. Perlakuan terbaik dicapai m 1 (sabut kelapa) perlakuan Grow Quick S berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua variabel yang diamati kecuali pertambahan jumlah daun umur 30 dan 60 HST dan pertambahan diameter batang umur 30 HST. Interaksi kedua perlakuan berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap semua variabel yang diamati.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : anggrek Dendrobium hybrid, media tanam dan Grow Quick S",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Effect of growing media and fertilizers Grow Quick S concentration on the growth of Dendrobium orchid hybrid. The aim of research to determine the effect of growing media and fertilizers Grow Quick S on the growth of orchids. Research compiled in Aak Design (RBD) with 3 x 4 factorial analysis and repeated 3 times. The first factor is the planting medium (M) which consists of three levels, namely: (m1; m2 coconut husk; charcoal and m3; brick) and the second factor Quick Grow fertilizer S (P), which consists of 4 levels, namely: ( p0; 0 ml / liter of water, p1; 1 ml / liter of water, p2; 2 ml / liter of water and p3; 3 ml / liter of water). The results showed growing media treatment significantly affected all variables observed except in the number of leaves ages of 30 and 60 HST and the increase in diameter trunk age of 30 HST. The best treatment is achieved m1 (coco) Quick Grow S treatment significantly affected all variables observed except in the number of leaves ages of 30 and 60 HST and the increase in diameter trunk age of 30 HST. Interaction of the two treatments did not affect significantly affected all variables observed.",
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"text": "Keywords: Dendrobium orchid hybrid, growing media and Quick Grow S",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Tanaman anggrek dengan segala keunikannya yang memukau, telah menarik perhatian para penggemar tanaman hias sejak 2 abad yang lalu, anggrek dalam penggolongan taksonomi, termasuk dalam family orchidaceae, suau family yang sangat besar dan bervariasi. Family ini terdiri dari 800 genus dan tidak kurang dari 25.000 spesies. Dahulu para ahli berpendapat bahwa family compastiae yang anggotanya meliputi : azter, zinnia dan chrysanthemum adalah famili yang besar dan sulit diulas, tetapi ternyata orchidaceae ini lebih bervariasi lagi. Persilangan-",
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"text": "persilangan dalam famili anggrek mudah terjadi. Persilangan yang pertama terjadi antara 2 spesies clanthe yang dilakukan oleh John Dominy dari Inggris berbunga pada tahun 1856. Keberhasilan persilangan tersebut telah membuka kemungkinan baru yang kemudian berkembang menjadi suatu keunikan yang tidak pernah terjadi dalam hortikultura sebelumnya. Anggrek ternyata dpat disilangkan tidak hanya dengan spesies yang termasuk dalam suatu genus seperti tanaman hias lainnya, tetapi juga dengan genus lainnya, contoh persilangan antara aerides dengan vanda. Banyak orang berpendapat bahwa anggrek adalah tanaman yang sukar tumbuh, membutuhkan alat-alat atau",
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "J. Agrifarm : Vol. 2 No. 2, Desember 2013 ISSN : 2301 - 9700",
"type": "Page header"
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"top": 758,
"width": 11,
"height": 15,
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"page_height": 792,
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"width": 224,
"height": 10,
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"text": "perlengkapan yang mahal serta pemeliharaan yang",
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"text": "rumit. Di alam bebas kebanyakan anggrek",
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"height": 263,
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"text": "bersifat epifit, hidup menempel pada tumbuhan lainnya, tanpa merugikan tanamanan yang ditumpanginya. Karena sifatnya ini maka pengusahaan anggrek kebanyakan berupa tanaman pot, hanya beberapa jenis vanda arachnis aranda yang ditumbuhkan di tanah. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimum sesuai dengan tujuan pemeliharaan, syarat tumbuh yang diinginkan harus dipenuhi. Anggrek pada umumnya bukanlah penyerapan unsur hara dan air yang lahap. Meskipun demikian, ada juga tanaman anggrek yang memerlukan lebih banyak zat hara dibandingkan jenis tanaman anggrek lainnya, terutama anggrek yang besar-besar, misalnya Grammatophyllum. Untuk itu, kita perlu memberikan pupuk agar mempercepat pertumbuhan dan pembungaan untuk tanaman anggrek. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pupuk Grow Quick S karena mengandung bahan aktif hormone sitokinin BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine, N 32%, P 20%, K 20%, vitamin B1",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 224,
"height": 250,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "0,10%, mikro elemen B, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe Mo jadi untuk pertumbuhan vegetative lebih baik dan ramah lingkungan. Selain itu, pupuk Grow Quick S untuk merangsang tumbuh tunas atas dan tunas samping serta berfungsi sebagai pencerah warna daun. Media tanam berfungsi sebagai temapt berpijak dan menyimpan unsur hara serta air bagi tanaman. Unsur hara dan air tesebut sangat diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan tanaman anggrek. Media yang digunakan dalam penelitian ada 3 yaitu pecahan batu bata, sabut kelapa dan arang kayu. Media batu bata sebagai tempat melekatnya akar, pengatur kelembapan sekitar akar dan tempat menyimpan air serta larutan unsur hara. Media sabut kelapa mempunyai daya simpan air yang sangat baik serta mengandung unsur hara yang diperlukan tanaman. media arang kayu mempunyai kemampuan mengikat air yang cukup baik, tidak mudah lapuk dan tidak mudah ditumbuhi cendawan dan bakteri.",
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"text": "BAHAN DAN METODE",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan, yaitu dari bulan Juni sampai Agustus 2010. Tempat penelitian dilaksanakan di Samarinda Utara Propinsi Kalimantan Timur. Alat yang digunakan alat-alat tulis, bak plastik, timbangan, balok kayu, ember, keranjang plastik, meteran, paku, palu, gergaji, seedling net 50%, pot plastik dan kamera. Bahan yang digunakan arang, batu bata, sabut kelapa, bibit anggrek Dendrobium hybrid (Sonia X Banda White), fungisida Dithene M-45, insektisida Matador dan pupuk Grow Quick S. Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Aak Kelompok (RAK) dengan analisis factorial 3 x 4 dan diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Faktor pertama adalah media tanam (M) yang terdiri dari 3 taraf, yaitu : (m 1 ; sabut kelapa, m 2 ; arang dan m 3 ; batu bata) dan faktor kedua pupuk Grow Quick S (P) yang terdiri dari 4 taraf, yaitu : (p 0 ; tanpa perlakuan (kontrol), p 1 ; 1 ml/ liter air, p 2 ; 2 ml/ liter air dan p 3 ; 3 ml/ liter air).Pelaksanaan",
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"top": 333,
"width": 225,
"height": 276,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "penelitian meliputi : penyiapan bibit merupakan hasil teknologi kultur jaringan seedling umur 3 bulan dari pusat pembibitan anggr ek “Soejanto Orchid”, penyiapan lahan dan pembuatan rak lahan dibersihkan gulma dan kotoran dan dibuat rak dari balok kayu dan papan serta beri naungan menggunakan seedling net 70 %, penyiapan media tanam berupa arang kayu, batu bata dan sabut kelapa yang dipotong-potong dan direndam larutan Dithene M-45 dan insektisida Matador selama 12 jam dan ditirisakan, pemberian label sesuai dengan perlakuan, penanaman, pengaturan tanaman pada rak penelitian, penyemprotan pupuk organik lengkap Grow Quick S, pemeliharaan meliputi ; penyulaman dan penyiraman. Data yang diambil dari penelitian yaitu : pertambahan tinggi tanaman, pertambahan jumlah daun, pertambahan diameter batang dan pertambahan jumlah tunas. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan sidik ragam, apabila terdapat pengaruh pada sidik ragam maka dilakukan uji BNT pada taraf 5% untuk membandingkan dua rata-rata perlakuan.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 292,
"top": 16,
"width": 277,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "J. Agrifarm : Vol. 2 No. 2, Desember 2013 ISSN : 2301 - 9700",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 558,
"top": 758,
"width": 11,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "51",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 42,
"width": 142,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 68,
"width": 401,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Respon Pertumbuhan Anggrek Dendrobium hybrid Dengan Perlakuan Media Tanam",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 605,
"width": 224,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Hasil sidik menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan media tanam berpengaruh nyata terhadap parameter petambahan tinggi tanaman umur 30,",
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{
"left": 345,
"top": 605,
"width": 224,
"height": 35,
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"text": "60 dan 90 HST. Pertambahan jumlah daun umur 90 HST, pertambahan diameter batang umur 45 dan 60 HST dan jumlah tunas, namun",
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 112,
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"text": "berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap pertambahan jumlah daun umur 15 dan 30 HST, pertambahan diameter. Tidak adanya perbedaan pada variabel pertambahan jumlah daun umur 30 dan 60 HST dan pertambahan diameter batang tanaman umur 30 HST terjadi karena beberapa syarat untuk media tumbuh yang baik untuk pertumbuhan tanaman belum terpenuhi sehingga tanaman tidak memberikan respon positif. Kurang terpenuhinya",
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"left": 345,
"top": 642,
"width": 225,
"height": 112,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "syarat tersebut menyebabkan proses fotosintesis kurang lancar sehingga energi dan bahan yang dipergunakan untuk pembesaran sel serta diferensiasi sel yang mengarah ke morfogenesis jaringan kurang mencukupi, akibatnya tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan. Sesuai pendapat Darsono (2000) bahwa syarat media yang baik untuk anggrek adalah sebagai berikut : remah, drainase baik, aerasi baik, tidak bersifat toksit,",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Rata-Rata Pertambahan Tinggi Tanaman pada Perlakuan Media Tanam",
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"width": 405,
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"text": "Perlakuan Media Tanam Rata-rata pertambahan tinggi (cm) 30 HST 60 HST 90 HST m 1 1,87 b 3,98 b 4,47 b m 2 1,61 ab 3,63 a 4,43 b m 3 1,25 a 2,49 a 3,29 a",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 166,
"width": 462,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Keterangan : Angka-angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf α = 5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 201,
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"text": "Tabel 2. Rata-Rata Pertambahan Jumlah Daun pada Perlakuan Media Tanam",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 91,
"top": 217,
"width": 405,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Perlakuan Media Tanam Rata-rata pertambahan jumlah daun (helai) 30 HST 60 HST 90 HST m 1 1,71 3,29 4,58 b m 2 2,17 3,21 4,04 b m 3 1,92 2,71 3,54 a",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 286,
"width": 462,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Keterangan : Angka-angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf α = 5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 345,
"width": 355,
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"text": "Tabel 3. Rata-Rata Pertambahan Diameter Batang pada Perlakuan Media Tanam",
"type": "Caption"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 361,
"width": 405,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Perlakuan Media Tanam Rata-rata pertambahan diameter batang (cm) 30 HST 60 HST 90 HST m 1 0,07 0,15 b 0,25 b m 2 0,06 0,14 ab 0,24 b m 3 0,05 0,10 a 0,15 a",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 430,
"width": 462,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Keterangan : Angka-angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf α = 5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 491,
"width": 341,
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"text": "Tabel 4. Rata-Rata Pertambahan Jumlah Tunas pada Perlakuan Media Tanam",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 91,
"top": 505,
"width": 370,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Perlakuan Media Tanam Rata-rata pertambahan diameter batang (batang) m 1 0,07 m 2 0,06 m 3 0,05",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 569,
"width": 456,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Keterangan : Angka-angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf α = 5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 292,
"top": 16,
"width": 277,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "J. Agrifarm : Vol. 2 No. 2, Desember 2013 ISSN : 2301 - 9700",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 558,
"top": 758,
"width": 11,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "52",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 42,
"width": 225,
"height": 314,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "mengandung unsur hara, mudah lapuk, ringan, dapat memegang air, murah dan bersahabat dengan lingkungan. Selain itu di awal penelitian, tanaman baru dilakukan pemindahan sehingga menyebabkan respon tanaman berkurang. Tanaman masih beradaptasi dengan kondisi yang ada di daerah baru. Berdasarkan uji BNT 5% menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan media tanam m 1 (sabut kelapa) menghasilkan pertambahan tinggi tanaman yang terbaik. Hal ini diduga karena media sabut kelapa merupakan media yang baik untuk tanaman anggrek sehingga tanaman anggrek sehingga tanaman anggrek dapat berdiri tegak karena akar dapat menyusup ke dalam sabut kelapa tersebut. Media jenis mempunyai daya simpan air sangat baik dan mengandung unsur hara yang diperlukan tanaman anggrek (Darmono, 2003). Perlakuan media tanam m 1 (sabut kelapa) menghasilkan pertambahan jumlah daun terbaik pada umur 90 HST dibandingkan yang lain. Hal ini diduga karena media ini mempunyai kemampuan daya simpan air yang sangat baik serta mengandung unsur hara yang diperlukan tanaman. media tanam ini relatif mudah diperoleh dan harganya pun relatif murah. Jika ingin",
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{
"left": 345,
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"width": 225,
"height": 301,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "menggunakan sabut kelapa sebagai media tanam, sebaiknya pilih sabut kelapa yang sudah tua dan dipotong-potong sesuai dengan ukuran pot. Pada umur 90 HST ke atas tanaman sudah mulai memasuki fase differensiasi daun, sehingga ketersediaan unsur hara yang pada media sangat diperlukan oleh tanaman. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Nyakpa, dkk (1988) yang menyatakan bahwa dengan tersedianya unsur hara yang cukup maka proses pembelahan dan perpanjangan sel terjadi dengan cepat sehingga menyebabkan bertambahnya jumlah daun. Media tanam sabut kelapa (m 1 ) menghasilkan pertambahan jumlah tunas yang terbanyak disbanding yang lain. Hal ini diduga karena dengan media tanam m 1 (sabut kelapa) merupakan media yang mengandung unsur hara dibandingkan ke dua media lainnya. Sedangkan kedua media lainnya lebih sedikit unsur hara yang dikandung serta daya serap dan pegang terhadap air rendah. Menurut Winata (2006), salah satu sifat batu bata adalah miskin unsur hara sehingga perlu pemupukan serta mudah ditumbuhi alga sehingga memerlukan perawatan yang lebih intensif.",
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"left": 85,
"top": 371,
"width": 436,
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"text": "Respon Pertumbuhan Anggrek Dendrobium hybrid Dengan Perlakuan Pupuk Grow Quick S",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 396,
"width": 386,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Tabel 5. Rata-Rata Pertambahan Tinggi Tanaman pada Perlakuan Pupuk Grow Quick S",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 411,
"width": 405,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Perlakuan Media Tanam Rata-rata pertambahan tinggi (cm) 30 HST 60 HST 90 HST p 0 1,19 a 2,45 a 3,04 a p 1 1,62 ab 3,36 b 4,05 a p 2 2,09 b 4,46 a 5,25 b p 3 1,41 a 3,26 a 3,91 a",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 494,
"width": 462,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Keterangan : Angka-angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf α = 5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 542,
"width": 371,
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"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Tabel 6. Rata-Rata Pertambahan Jumlah Daun pada Perlakuan Pupuk Grow Quick S",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 557,
"width": 405,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Perlakuan Media Tanam Rata-rata pertambahan jumlah daun (helai) 30 HST 60 HST 90 HST p 0 1,78 2,67 3,44 b p 1 2,00 3,00 4,28 b p 2 2,28 3,78 4,38 b p 3 1,67 2,83 3,67 b",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 639,
"width": 462,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Keterangan : Angka-angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf α = 5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 681,
"width": 388,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Tabel 7. Rata-Rata Pertambahan Diameter Batang pada Perlakuan Pupuk Grow Quick S",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 697,
"width": 405,
"height": 54,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Perlakuan Media Tanam Rata-rata pertambahan diameter batang (cm) 30 HST 60 HST 90 HST p 0 0,04 0,09 a 0,16 b p 1 0,06 0,14 ab 0,22 ab",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 292,
"top": 16,
"width": 277,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "J. Agrifarm : Vol. 2 No. 2, Desember 2013 ISSN : 2301 - 9700",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 558,
"top": 758,
"width": 11,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "53",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 236,
"width": 225,
"height": 200,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Hasil sidik ragam bahwa perlakuan jenis pupuk berpengaruh nyata terhadap parameter pertambahan tinggi tanaman umur 30, 60 dan 90 HST, pertamabahan jumlah daun umur 90 HST, pertambahan diameter batang umur 60 dan 90 HST dan pertambahan jumlah tunas, namun berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap pertambahan jumlah daun umur 30 dan 60 HST, pertambahan diameter batang umur 30 HST. Perlakuan jenis pupuk berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahan tinggi tanaman umu 30, 60 dan 90 HST dengan perlakuan yang terbaik adalah perlakuan p 2 (2 ml/liter air). Hal ini diduga karena p 2 ( 2 ml/liter air) mengandung unsur-unsur hara makro dan mikro yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman. Ketersediaan unsur hara yang cukup,",
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"left": 85,
"top": 438,
"width": 224,
"height": 10,
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"text": "menyebabkan proses fotosintesis yang",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 451,
"width": 224,
"height": 301,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "menghasilkan bahan-bahan organik seperti karbohidrat, protein dan lemak akan berjalan dengan baik sehingga dapat memacu proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Unsur hara dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman anggrek untuk diubah terutama menjadi asam amino dan amida yang banyak terdapat pada bagian-bagian yang sedang tumbuh seperti tunas dan batang. Unsur N terutama dipergunakan dalam pertumbuhan vegetatif, oleh karena itu unsur N banyak diaplikasikan pada tanaman yang masih keil (fase pertumbuhan) seperti pada tanaman yang dipergunakan dalam penelitian. Menurut Subgyo dan Samad (1980), semakin banyak N yang diserap oleh tanaman maka semakin banyak pula terjadi pembentukan sel-sel tanaman. Ini dikarenakan unsur N berperan dalam pembentukan asam amino yang selanjutnya diubah menjadi protein. Protein bersama-sama dengan karbohidrat sebagai makro molekul berperan dalam pembelahan dan pemanjangan sel. Peningkatan pembelahan dan pemanjangan sel terjadi pada jaringan meristem sehingga menyebabkan pertumbuhan tanaman meningkat.",
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"left": 345,
"top": 236,
"width": 225,
"height": 516,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Perlakuan pemberian jenis pupuk berpengaruh tidak nyata pada rata-rata pertambahan jumlah daun umur 30 dan 60 HST. Hal ini diduga pada umur tersebut, tanaman belum memasuki fase differensiasi sel ke arah morfologi daun. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Nyakpa, dkk (1988) yang menyatakn bahwa dalam memasuki fase diferensiasi sel tanaman diperlukan ketersediaan unsur hara yang cukup sehingga proses pembelahan dan perpanjangan sel terjadi dengan cepat sehingga menyebabkan bertambahnya jumlah daun. Berdasarkan hasil sidik ragam menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan konsentrasi pupuk Grow Quick S berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahan jumlah daun umur 90 HST dengan perlakuan p 2 (2 ml/ liter air) yang terbanyak daunnya dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Diduga pada umur 90 HST tanaman sudah mulai memasuki fase differensiasi, sehingga unsu-unsur hara yang diperlukan oleh tanaman dalam fase ini juga meningkat. Pupuk Grow Quick S yang digunakan mengandung unsur-unsur hara makro dan mikro yang sesuai dengan komposisi yang cukup bagi tanaman, sehingga menunjang proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat cukup Nyakpa, dkk (1988) yang menyatakan bahwa dengan tersedianya unsur hara yang cukup maka proses pembelahan dan perpanjangan sel terjadi dengan cepat sehingga menyebabkan bertambahnya jumlah daun. Diperjelas pendapat Wilkins (1989), bahwa pembentukan pucuk dan daun-daun baru berkaitan dengan tersedianya unsur hara bagi tanaman. Unsur hara yang diserap oleh tanaman kemudian diproses dalam tanaman sehingga didapatkan bahan dan energi untuk proses pembelahan sel dan untuk proses diferensiasi sel yang mengarah kepada proses morfogenesis jaringan tanaman seperti pembentukan daun baru. Ditambahkan pula oleh Gardner, dkk (1991), bahwa pemunculan dan penambahan helai daun",
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"left": 117,
"top": 41,
"width": 375,
"height": 24,
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"text": "p 2 0,07 0,16 a 0,26 b p 3 0,06 0,13 ab 0,22 ab",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 68,
"width": 462,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Keterangan : Angka-angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf α = 5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 110,
"width": 377,
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"text": "Tabel 8. Rata-Rata Pertambahan Jumlah Tunas pada Perlakuan Pupuk Grow Quick S",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 123,
"width": 376,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Perlakuan Media Tanam Rata-rata pertambahan diameter batang (batang) p 0 1,72 a p 1 1,89 a p 2 2,44 b p 3 1,78 a",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 200,
"width": 468,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Keterangan : Angka-angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf α = 5%",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 292,
"top": 16,
"width": 277,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "J. Agrifarm : Vol. 2 No. 2, Desember 2013 ISSN : 2301 - 9700",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 558,
"top": 758,
"width": 11,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "54",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 42,
"width": 224,
"height": 212,
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"page_width": 612,
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"text": "memerlukan sejumlah unsur hara terutama N dalam jumlah yang cukup yang akan digunakan dalam pembentukan karbohidrat. Bila karbohidrat tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup maka akan meningkatkan pembentukan akar, batang dan daun yang optimal. Hasil sidik ragam menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan konsentrasi pupuk daun berpengaruh nyata pada pertambahan diameter batang umur 60 dan 90 HST dengan perlakuan terbaik adalah perlakuan p 2 (2 ml/ liter air). Hal ini diduga karena pemberian pupuk Grow Quick S mengandung dan mencukupi kebutuhan unsur hara untuk mengarah ke pertumbuhan sekunder tanaman. Sesuai dengan pendapat Hendrawan (2004), pertumbuhan sekunder merupakan aktivitas sel-sel meristem sekunder yaitu klorofil. Hal ini diperkuat oleh Loomis dan Wilson (1952)",
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"text": "bahwa diantara pembuluh xylem dan phloem terdapat suatu jaringan sel yang disebut cambium. Sel-sel ini tetap bersifat merismatik, terus membelah dan membentuk sel-sel baru, serta menyebabkan pertambahan pada diameter batang tanaman. Pemberian unsur hara pada tanaman yang cukup, menyebabkan terjadinya proses pembelahan sel, pemanjangan sel dan pembesaran sel lancar dan akan terjadi penambahan diameter batang karena terjadi penambahan volume sel. Menurut Gadner dkk (1991) bahwa N merupakan bahan penting penyusun asam amino, amida nukleotida dan nukleoprotein yang penting untuk pembelahan dan pembesaran sel tanaman. Dengan tercukupinya N, maka pembelahan sel dalam jaringan kambium berjalan dengan lancar sehingga diameter batang bertambah besar.",
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{
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"top": 283,
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"height": 22,
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"text": "Interaksi Media Tanam dan Konsentrasi Pupuk Grow Quik S terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Anggrek Dendrobium hybrid",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 320,
"width": 224,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil sidik ragam, interaksi antara media tanam dan konsentrasi pupuk Grow Quick S berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap semua variabel yang diamati. Tidak adanya perbedaan nyata ini diduga karena perlakuan tidak terdapat hubungan saling mempengaruhi. Masing-masing perlakuan tidak memiliki keterkaitan satu sama",
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"height": 86,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "lain dalam memberikan pengaruh terhadap variabel-variabel yang diamati. Hal ini sesua dengan pendapat Steel dan Torie (1993), apabila interaksi antara perlakuan yang satu dengan yang lainnya tidak berbeda nyata maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor-faktor tersebut bertindak bebas satu sama lainnya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 434,
"width": 224,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "1. Perlakuan media tanam berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahan tinggi tanaman umur 30, 60 dan 90 HST, pertambahan jumlah daun umur 90 HST, pertambahan diameter batang umur 60 dan 90 HST dan pertambahan jumlah tunas. Perlakuan terbaik dicapai oleh media m 1",
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{
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"top": 510,
"width": 65,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "(sabut kelapa).",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 345,
"top": 421,
"width": 225,
"height": 86,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "2. Perlakuan pupuk Grow Quick S berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap pertambahan tinggi tanaman umur 30, 60 dan 90 HST, pertambahan diameter batang umur 30 dan 90 HST, pertambahan jumlah daun umur 90 HST dan pertambahan jumlah tunas. Perlakuan terbaik adalah p 2 (2 ml/ liter air)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 147,
"top": 536,
"width": 101,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 561,
"width": 225,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Darmono, D. W, 2003. Bertanam Anggrek.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 121,
"top": 573,
"width": 120,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 599,
"width": 224,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Darsono, 2006. Menghasilkan Anggrek Silangan. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 636,
"width": 225,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Gadner, FPB, PB Pearce dan RL. Mitchell, 1991. Phyciology of Crop Plants Terjemahan H.Susilo. Fisiologi Tanaman budidaya. UI Press. Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 700,
"width": 224,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Nyakpa, M.Y, AM. Lubis, M.A. Pulungan, A. G. Amrah, A. Munawar, G.B Hong, Nurhayati Hakim. 1988. Kesuburan Tanah. UNILA, Lampung.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 345,
"top": 548,
"width": 224,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Steel, R.GD. dan J.H. Torrie, 1989. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika, Alihbahasa ; Bambang Sumantri, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 345,
"top": 611,
"width": 225,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Subagyo dan Samad. 1980. Ilmu Tanah. Soeroengan. Jakarta.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 345,
"top": 649,
"width": 224,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Wilkins, M.B., 1989. Fisiologi Tanaman 1, Alih",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 345,
"top": 662,
"width": 225,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Bahasa : Sutedjo, M.M. dan Kartasapoetra, A.G., Bina Aksara, Jakarta. Winata. 2006. Budidaya Anggrek. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.",
"type": "Table"
}
] |
6d6fbc8c-68e2-792c-f1d6-3f292311975f | http://jurnal.stiksam.ac.id/index.php/jim/article/download/126/99 | [
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"text": "EFEK HIPOTENSIF DARI ACEi DAN ARB PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS DAN HIPERTENSI DI RSUD. ABDUL WAHAB SYAHRANIE SAMARINDA",
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"text": "Submitted : 6 November 2017",
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"text": "Edited : 19 Desember 2017",
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"text": "Accepted : 29 Desember 2017",
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"text": "Rusdiati Helmidanora, Triswanto Sentat",
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"text": "Akademi Farmasi Samarinda Jalan Abdul Wahab Syahranie 226, Air Hitam, Samarinda Email : [email protected]",
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"text": "More than two-thirds of patients with type 2 diabetes also experience hypertension whose development coincides with hyperglycemia, where each disease has a tendency to influence the increased risk of other diseases. Sundry new guidelines, such as the National Joint Committee 8, the American Diabetes Association recommend blood pressure targets in the diabetic population of <140/90 mmHg to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent the progression of nephropathy. This study aims to determine whether there is a difference in achieving blood pressure target < 140/90 mmHg according to Join National Committee 8 between ACEi and ARB in patients with type 2 diabetes with hypertension. This research was conducted using a retrospective at internist clinic of Abdul Wahab Syahranie hospital, by taking secondary data from the medical record from blood pressure o 49 outpatients received a single antihypertensive either drug ACEi 29 people or ARB 34 people. This study showed that the achievement of target blood pressure by <140/90 mmHg (JNC 8 guideline) between ACEi 7 (28%) and ARB 5 (20,8%) group and it can be concluded that between ACEi and ARB drugs(P=0.5) there was no differsignificantly in achievement blood pressure target on type 2 diabetes with hypertension.",
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"text": "Keywords : ACEi and ARB; DM type 2; Hypertension; Blood pressure",
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"text": "Diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe 2 dan hipertensi (HT) adalah dua penyakit kronis tidak menular yang paling umum di negara- negara maju dan berkembang di seluruh dunia. Hipertensi pada pasien diabetes dapat meningkatkan komplikasi mikrovaskuler dan makrovaskuler, hipertansi lebih sering terjadi pada populasi DM dibandingkan non- DM. Lebih dari 71% pasien DM memiliki tekanan darah lebih dari 130/80 mmHg atau mengkonsumsi obat anti hipertensi (1) . The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007-2008) melaporkan 19,8% pasien hipertensi juga mengalami DM. Pada study Atherosclerosis",
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"text": "Risk in Communities (ARIC) didapatkan pasien hipertensi mempunyai kemungkinan 2,5 kali lipat mengalami DM dibandingkan dengan pasien normotensif (2) . Prevalensi kejadian DM di Indonesia berdasarkan Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2013 terdapat 1,5% pasien baru yang terdiagnosis dokter. Dan terjadi peningkatan prevalensi hipertensi dari 7,6% tahun 2007 menjadi 9,5% pada tahun 2013. Di provinsi Kalimantan timur sendiri untuk prevalensi DM yang terdiagnosis dokter sebesar 2,3%. Sedangkan untuk prevalensi hipertensi pada orang dewasa di dunia tahun 2010 sebanyak 31,1% (3) dan di Indonesia sendiri pada kelompok umur ≥ 18 tahun sebesar 29,6% (4) .",
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"text": "Aspek kunci dari farmakoterapi termasuk strategi manajemen kontrol tekanan darah pasien DM dengan tekanan darah >140/90 mmHg harus mulai diterapi dengan obat-obat antihipertensi yang sesuai. Penggunaan beberapa obat antihipertensi sering diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan tekanan darah, pilihan lini pertama obat golongan ACEi, ARB dan CCB (JNC 8). Pada penghambat Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) dalam hal ini ACEi dan ARB dengan dosis yang dititrasi sampai dosis maksimal dalam waktu 1 bulan jika target tekanan darah <140/90 mmHg belum tercapai (5) .",
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"text": "Kajian pencapaian target terapi obat antihipertensi ACEi dan ARB lebih banyak dilakukan pada pasien hipertensi dan DM yang sudah mengalami nefropati atau telah mengalami komplikasi lainnya. Berdasarkan observasi di lapangan diketahui bahwa klinisi di rumah sakit lebih memilih menggunakan ARB dari pada ACEi walaupun efek yang dimiliki sama, sedangkan jika dari dilihat dari aspek farmakoekonomi ARB lebih mahal dibandingkan ACEi. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut penelitian tentang efek hipotensif dari ACEi dan ARB pada pasien diabetes mellitus dan hipertensi di RSUD. Abdul Wahab Syahranie Samarinda masih relevan untuk dilakukan.",
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"text": "Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan efek hipotensif dari ACEi dan ARB pada pasien diabetes mellitus dan hipertensi di RSUD. Abdul Wahab Syahranie Samarinda.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini adalah penelitian non ekperimental yang dilakukan secara retrospektive , dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari rekam medis pasien DM mellitus tipe 2 dengan hipertensi yang berkunjung ke klinik penyakit dalam",
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"text": "RSUD Abdul Wahab Syahranie Samarinda periode Maret 2017-Agustus 2017.",
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"text": "Penelitian mengukur tekanan darah pasien pada 2 kelompok pasien yang menggunakan obat antihipertensi ACEi dan ARB secara tunggal dengan total sampel 49 orang pasien, data yang dievaluasi adalah tekanan darah terukur sebanyak 2 kali pengukuran di awal dan akhir observasi yang telah ditentukan serta dikaitkan dengan faktor pengganggu yaitu usia (lansia dan bukan lansia) dan jenis kelamin.",
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"text": "Hasil penelusuran dari 78 orang yang menyandang DM tipe 2 dengan hipertensi dan mendapat monoterapi antihipertensi ACEi atau ARB. Empat puluh Sembilan (49) yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, sementara 16 orang dieksklusi karena menerima tambahan obat jantung dan dyslipidemia. Pasien yang di keluarkan ( Drop out ) setelah 24 minggu penelitian sebanyak 12 orang karena tidak memiliki data tekanan darah sebanyak 9 orang dan 3 orang terindikasi ISK.",
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"text": "Karakteristik pada awal observasi subjek penelitian secara umum disajikan dalam bentuk persentase, dengan total pasien yang diikut sertakan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 49 orang pasien yang telah terdiagnosa DM tipe 2 dan hipertensi serta menggunakan obat tunggal (monoterapi) golongan ACEi atau ARB.",
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"text": "Dilihat dari kelompok usia subjek penelitian ini di dominasi usia < 60 th (61,2%), dimana penelitian sebelumnya menyatakan bahwa pada usia diatas 35 tahun memiliki prevalensi terjadinya hipertensi lebih besar, dan prevalensi hipertensi meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya usia (6) .",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Persentase Karakteristik Subjek Penelitian Pada Awal Observasi",
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"text": "Karakteristik Kategori Jumlah Persentase Usia < 60 tahun ≥ 60 tahun 30 19 61,2 38,8 Jenis Kelamin Laki-laki Perempuan 28 21 57 43 Tekanan darah < 140/90 mmHg ≥ 140/90 mmHg 17 32 34,7 65,3 Tekanan darah Sistolik (mmHg) 136,53 ± 13, 1 Diastolik (mmHg) 81,02 ± 5,4 Jenis Obat ACEi Captopril 25 mg Lisinopril Ramipril 1 12 12 2,04 24,49 24.49 ARB Candesartan 8 mg Telmisartan Valsartan 80 mg 3 12 9 6,12 24,49 18,37 *Rerata ±",
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"text": "Distribusi pasien berdasarkan pada jenis kelamin di penelitian ini secara keseluruhan sampel: pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki (57%) dan pasien berjenis kelamin wanita (43%). Pada penelitian ini pasien dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki lebih mendominasi karena dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, salah satunya adalah faktor usia dimana diketahui prevalensi hipertensi pada dm tipe 2 sebesar 70% yang terjadi pada laki-laki berusia di atas 55 tahun. Prevalensi hipertensi pada laki-laki lebih besar karena laki-laki memiliki kebiasaan merokok dan mengkonsumsi alkohol (6) .",
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"text": "Karakteristik Penggunaan Obat",
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"text": "Antihipertensi ACEi dan ARB Pemilihan obat antihipertensi monoterapi yang digunakan pada golongan",
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"text": "ACEi (51%) untuk pasien DM dengan hipertensi adalah captopril (2,04%), lisinopril (24,49%) dan ramipril (24,49%).",
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"text": "ACEi adalah obat yang pertama dikembangkan dan diperkirakan bekerja dengan menghalangi konversi angiotensin I menjadi angiotensin II. Namun, ACEi juga menyebabkan peningkatan bradikinin, yang dianggap menjadi penyebab utama batuk kering yang terus menerus pada beberapa pasien. penggunaan obat captopril (2%) karena captopril tidak dapat digunakan dalam dosis tunggal dan di kaitkan dengan kejadian batuk yang lebih tinggi Ramipril (24,4%) dipilih karena ramipril 10 mg sekali sehari telah terbukti efektif pada pasien dengan penyakit vaskular dan diabetes tanpa gangguan fungsi ventrikel. Lisinopril (24,4%) berdasarkan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya lebih efektif dalam mencegah kejadian CHF dibandingkan dengan captopril, walaupun kemampuan",
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"text": "menurunkan tekanan darah tidak lebih baik dari ramipril (7) .",
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"text": "JURNAL ILMIAH MANUNTUNG, 3(2), 186-191, 2017",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Persentase jumlah pasien berdasarkan penggunaan obat antihipertensi Pemilihan obat pada golongan ARB (49%) adalah candesartan (6,12%), telmisartan (24,49%) dan valsartan",
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"text": "(18,37%). ARB dikembangkan sebagai pengganti ACEi, terapi pilihan jika ACEi tidak dapat ditoleransi untuk pasien yang berusia dibawah 55 tahun. Mekanisme kerja ARB menghasilkan gangguan serupa pada sistem renin-angiotensin, namun tanpa tingkat peningkatan bradikinin. Pada BJC ( the British Journal of Cardiology) yang berjudul ARB pada hipertensi menyatakan candesartan pada dosis 8-16 mg/hari dapat mengurangi IMT dan IMA, penggunaan candesartan sebagai antihipertensi dini memiliki efek menguntungkan pada iskemia serebral dan miokard. Valsartan akan mengurangi morbiditas dan mortalitas jantung pada pasien hipertensi dengan resiko tinggi kardiovaskuler. Pada uji PRoFESS penggunaan telmisartan tidak mengurangi progresifitas terjadinya serangan stroke berulang. Secara keseluruhan obar ARB menawarkan perlindungan yang lebih baik terhadap resiko perkembangan serangan stroke pada pasien dengan diabetes (8) .",
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"text": "Tekanan darah pada observasi awal penelitian dibandingkan dengan hasil setelah 12 minggu observasi, dari hasil tersebut (tabel 2) dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa antara obat antihipertensi ACEi dan ARB tidak terdapat perbedaan dalam menurunkan tekanan darah pada populasi penelitian ini. Hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang menyatakan tidak ada perbedaan antara ACEi dan ARB dalam efek menurunkan tekanan darah (9) . Pada subjek penelitian ini terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam penurunan tekanan darah pada penggunaan obat dan dosis yang berbeda dalam satu golongan obat, dimana penurunan tekanan darah sistole diantara rentang 10-40 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastole 10-20 mmHg.",
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"text": "Dari studi literatur diperoleh data bahwa sebagai agen tunggal, ACEi atau ARB dapat menurunkan tekanan darah sistolik sekitar 10 sampai 15 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastolik 5 sampai 10 mmHg. Pada hewan percobaan, ACEi dan ARB mengurangi tekanan intraglomerular serta tekanan darah sistemik, yang memberikan kontribusi efek yang menguntungkan dalam memperlambat perkembangan penyakit ginjal (10) . 2.04",
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"text": "24.49 24.49 6.12 24.49 18.37 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Captopril Lisinopril Ramipril",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Perbandingan pencapaian target tekanan darah pada awal dan akhir observasi",
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"text": "Tekanan darah N Observasi awal Nilai p Setelah 24 minggu observasi Nilai p ACEi 25 ARB 24 ACEi 25 ARB 24 n % n % n % n % < 140/90 mHg 10 40 7 29.2 0,4 7 28 5 20.8 0,5 ≥ 140/90 mHg 15 60 17 70.8 18 72 19 79.2 SIMPULAN Tidak ada perbedaan dalam pencapaian target tekanan darah < 140/90 mmHg (JNC 8) (P=0,5) antara kelompok terapi ACEi 7(28%) dan ARB 5(20,8%) pada pasien DM tipe 2 dengan hipertensi.",
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"text": "1. Alex, A.D.A. 1701 N.B.S., ria, 1-800-",
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"text": "Diabetes, V. 22311, n.d. Statistics About Diabetes . Am. Diabetes Assoc.",
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"text": "URL http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes- basics/statistics/ (accessed 9.4.14).",
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67db8dda-2be0-1118-65ad-fda3d34e97b6 | http://journal.iaisambas.ac.id/index.php/CBJIS/article/download/290/234 | [
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara ISSN: 2686-5580 (P), 2686-4460 (E) Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 45-61",
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"text": "PRAKTIK PERLOMBAAN KICAU BURUNG DENGAN MERGER HADIAH DAN SINKRONISASI BIAYA TIKET PENDAFTARAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM (STUDI KASUS DI LAPANGAN ALAM",
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"text": "Perlombaan dalam bahasa Arab disebut musabaqah, perlombaan disyariatkan karena termasuk olahraga yang terpuji. Praktik perlombaan kicau burung tersebut masih samar- samar mengenai hukumnya, apalagi dalam perlombaan tersebut yang menyiapkan hadiah, bahkan tidak hanya satu hadiah melainkan berbagai macam hadiah yang berasal dari beberapa pihak, dengan adanya biaya tiket pendaftaran yang menjadikannya rawan akan terdapatnya unsur maysir didalamnya. Fokus masalahnya Bagaimanakah hukum hadiah - hadiah tersebut dalam Islam? Bagaimana pula hukum menggunakan hadiah -hadiah tersebut? Serta sinkronisasi biaya tiket pendaftaran dengan hadiah -hadiah tersebut. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan Pendekatan sosiologis empiris. Adapun hasil penelitian ini adalah praktik perlombaan kicau burung dengan merger hadiah dan sinkronisasi biaya tiket pendaftaran dalam perspektif hukum Islam (studi kasus di Lapangan Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala), yaitu: Praktik perlombaan kicau burung dengan merger hadiah dan sinkronisasi biaya tiket pendaftaran di Lapangan Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala merupakan ajang silaturahmi, hobi, dan sarana hiburan serta perlombaan berhadiah yang menyiapkan berbagai macam hadiah yang berasal dari beberapa pihak yang dapat diperoleh oleh para pemenang dan peserta yang beruntung dengan syarat mendaftar dan membeli tiket perlombaan kepada panitia ketika ingin mengikuti perlombaan tersebut. 2. Praktik perlombaan kicau burung dengan merger hadiah dan sinkronisasi biaya tiket pendaftaran di Lapangan Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala belum sesuai dengan hukum Islam atau prinsip - prinsip ekonomi Islam, dimana didalam perlombaan tersebut masih terdapat adanya unsur maysir (judi). Dan hukum hadiah-hadiah yang diperoleh oleh para pemenang atau peserta yang beruntung dalam perlombaan tersebut merupakan hadiah syubhat atau makruh untuk digunakannya. Makruh adalah sesuatu yang dianjurkan syariat untuk meninggalkannya, apabila ditinggalkan akan mendapat pahala dan apabila dikerjakan tidak berdosa.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Perlombaan Kicau Burung, Hadiah, Persfektif Hukum Islam",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
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"text": "Vol. 2, No.1,",
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"text": "46 Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara, Vol.2, No.1, 2020",
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{
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"text": "The competition in Arabic is called musabaqah, the competition is prescribed because it is a commendable sport. The practice of the bird chirping competition is still vague about the law, especially in this competition that prepares prizes, not even one prize but various kinds of prizes from several parties, with a registration ticket fee which makes it prone to maysir elements in it. The focus of the problem. How is the law of gifts in Islam? How is the law using these gifts? As well as synchronizing registration ticket costs with these prizes. This research method uses an empirical sociological approach. The results of this research are the practice of bird chirping competition with merger prizes and synchronization of registration ticket costs in the perspective of Islamic law (case study at Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala Field), namely: The practice of bird chirping competition with merger prizes and synchronization of registration ticket costs at Alam Pesona Field. Tebas Kuala is a gathering place, hobbies, entertainment facilities as well as prize competitions that prepare various kinds of prizes from several parties that can be obtained by winners and lucky participants on the condition that they register and buy race tickets from the committee when they want to participate in the competition. 2. The practice of bird chirping competition with merger prizes and synchronization of registration ticket fees at Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala Field is not in accordance with Islamic law or Islamic economic principles, where there is still an element of maysir (gambling) in the competition. And the law of prizes obtained by winners or lucky participants in the competition is a syubhat or makruh gift to use. Makruh is something that is recommended by the Shari'a to leave it, if it is abandoned, it will be rewarded and if it is done it will not be sinful.",
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"text": "Keywords: Bird Chirping Competition, Prizes, Islamic Law Perspective",
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"text": "A. PENDAHULUAN",
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"left": 103,
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"text": "Manusia adalah makhluk hidup yang diciptakan oleh Allah SWT. Manusia menjadi yang paling sempurna jika dibandingkan dengan makhluk hidup yang lain, karena manusia memiliki akal budi dan kemauan yang kuat yang tidak dimiliki oleh makhluk hidup lainnya. Sebagai makhluk hidup, manusia akan terus berusaha untuk bertahan hidup dan memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya dengan berbagai cara melalui akal yang dimilikinya tersebut.",
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"text": "Setiap manusia memiliki harta untuk mencapai segala kebutuhan hidupnya. Karenanya manusia akan selalu berusaha memperoleh harta kekayaan itu, salah satunya ialah melalui usaha dan bekerja. Allah SWT telah melapangkan bumi serta menyediakan berbagai fasilitas usaha yang dapat dilakukannya. Salah satu contoh fasilitas atau sumber-sumber daya yang diserahkan kepada manusia antara lain ialah hewan. Sebagaimana Firman Allah SWT berikut ini:",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
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"text": "Vol. 2, No.1,",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 390,
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"text": "Vol. 2, No.1,",
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"text": "47 Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara, Vol.2, No.1, 2020",
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"text": "اًنَبَم ٍمَدَو ٍث ْرَف ِ ْيَْب ْنِم ِوِهو ُطُب ِفِ اَّمِم ْ ُكُيِق ْسُو ۖ ًةَ ْبِْعَم ِماَعْهَ ْلْإ ِفِ ْ ُكَُم َّن ّ إَو اًغِئا َس ا ًصِماَخ ( َيِْبِرا َّشلِن 66 )",
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{
"left": 106,
"top": 191,
"width": 407,
"height": 77,
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"text": "Terjemahan: “Dan sesungguhnya pada binatang ternak itu benar-benar terdapat pelajaran bagi kamu. Kami memberimu minum dari pada apa yang berada dalam perutnya (berupa) susu yang bersih antara tahi dan darah yang mudah ditelan bagi orang- orang yang meminumnya”. (QS. An-Nahl/ 16: 66).",
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"text": "Tetapi, suatu usaha akan menjadi haram hukumnya apabila didalam usaha tersebut mengandung unsur gharar (ketidakjelasan), maysir (judi), riba , dharar (membahayakan), dzulm (maksiat), dan najis. Islam merupakan agama penyempurna dan agama yang menekankan akan sifat baik yaitu dengan perbuatan yang amar ma’ruf dan nahi munkar , sehingga ada aturan yang boleh dan tidak boleh dalam kehidupan umatnya dengan menitikberatkan kepada kemaslahatan umum seperti suka sama suka dan tidak ada pihak yang merasa dirugikan dan di dzalimi pada suatu usaha atau bisnis tersebut. Prinsip ini telah ditegaskan dalam Firman Allah SWT berikut ini:",
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"text": "َّلَ ّ إ ِل ِطاَبْم ِبِ ْ ُكَُنْيَب ْ ُكَُمإَوْمَأ إوُ ُكُِأَت َلَ إوُنَم أ َنيِ َّلَّإ اَ هيَُّأ َيَ ْنَع ًةَراَ ِتِ َنوُكَت ْنَأ",
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"text": "( اًيمِحَر ْ ُكُِب َن َكَ َ َّللَّإ َّن ّ إ ۚ ْ ُكُ َسُفْهَأ إوُلُتْقَت َلَ َو ۚ ْ ُكُْنِم ٍضإَرَت 92 )",
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"text": "Terjemahan: “Hai orang-orang yang beriman, janganlah kamu saling memakan harta sesamamu dengan jalan yang batil, kecuali dengan jalan perniagaan yang berlaku dengan suka sama suka diantara kamu, dan janganlah kamu membunuh dirimu,",
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"text": "sesungguhnya Allah adalah Maha Penyayang kepadamu”.",
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"text": "(QS. An-Nisa/ 4: 29).",
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"text": "Maysir adalah haram. Jadi segala bentuk usaha yang mengandung maysir adalah haram. Allah SWT telah mengharamkan maysir karena adanya bentuk ke dzaliman dari perbuatan tersebut kepada orang lain yang dapat menimbulkan perpecahan dan permusuhan. Allah SWT banyak berfirman tentang larangan maysir melalui kalam-Nya yaitu seperti berikut ini:",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
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"text": "Vol. 2, No.1,",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 390,
"top": 91,
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"text": "Vol. 2, No.1,",
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"text": "48 Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara, Vol.2, No.1, 2020",
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{
"left": 123,
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"text": "ْنِم ٌس ْجِر ُم َلَ ْزَ ْلْإَو ُبا َصْهَ ْلْإَو ُ ِسِْيَمْمإَو ُرْمَخْمإ اَمَّه ّ إ إوُنَم أ َنيِ َّلَّإ اَ هيَُّأ َيَ ( َنوُحِلْفُت ْ ُكَُّلَعَم ُهوُبِنَتْجاَف ِنا َطْي َّ شمإ ِلَ َعَ 29",
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"text": ")",
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{
"left": 99,
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"text": "Terjemahan: “Hai orang-orang yang beriman, sesungguhnya (meminum) khamar, berjudi, (berkorban untuk berhala, mengundi nasib dengan panah, adalah termasuk perbuatan syaitan, maka jauhilah perbuatan-perbuatan itu agar kamu mendapat keberuntungan”. (QS. Al-Maidah/ 5: 90).",
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"left": 99,
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"text": "Selain itu, terdapat pula hadist Nabi Muhammad SAW yang menjelaskan tentang keharaman maysir , salah satu contoh hadist tersebut ialah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": ":َ َّلَّ َسَو ِوْيَلَع ُالله َّلَّ َص ِ َّللَّإ ُلو ُسَر َلاَق :َلاَق ،ُوْنَع ُ َّللَّإ َ ِضِ َر َةَرْيَرُى ِبَِأ ْنَع :ِوِبِحا َصِ َلاَق ْنَمَو ، ُ َّللَّإ َّلَ ّ إ َ َلَ ّ إ َلَ : ْلُقَيْلَف ،ىَّزُعمإَو ِت َّلَّمإَو :ِوِفِلَح ِفِ َلاَقَف",
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"text": "ق َّد َصَتَيْلَف َك ْرِماَقُأ َلاَعَت",
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"left": 99,
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"text": "Artinya: “Dari Abu Hurairah Rhadiyallahu anhu, dia berkata: Rasulullah Shallallahu „alaihi wasalam bersabda: Barang siapa bersumpah dengan mengatakan „Demi Latta dan Uzza, hendaklah dia berkata „La ilaha illa Allah: Dan barang siapa berkata kepada kawannya,",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Mari aku ajak kamu berjudi: hendaklah dia bershadaqah”.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 99,
"top": 540,
"width": 414,
"height": 110,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Sejalan dengan perkembangan zaman yang ada, banyak sekali usaha- usaha yang dilakukan oleh sebagian atau seluruh orang untuk memenuhi keinginan dan kebutuhannya. Salah satu contoh usaha yang dapat dilakukannya ialah dengan mengikuti perlombaan kicau burung, dimana dengan memenangkan perlombaan kicau burung tersebut akan mendapat hadiah yang cukup besar serta banyaknya doorprize untuk semua peserta yang beruntung.",
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"left": 99,
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"text": "Perlombaan dalam bahasa Arab disebut musabaqah , perlombaan disyariatkan karena termasuk olahraga yang terpuji. Hukumnya berubah - ubah, bisa sunnah, mubah, bisa pula haram. Sunnah, ketika perlombaan tersebut disyariatkan dan terdapat dalil hadist yang menguatkannya, dan mubah ketika perlombaan tersebut tidak disyariatkan dan juga tidak ada dalil larangannya, serta haram ketika perlombaan tersebut mengandung",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Vol. 2, No.1,",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 390,
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"text": "49 Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara, Vol.2, No.1, 2020",
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{
"left": 99,
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"width": 413,
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"text": "unsur-unsur keharaman dalam Islam. Perlombaan ada dua macam, yaitu perlombaan tanpa hadiah dan perlombaan berhadiah. Perlombaan tanpa hadiah diperbolehkan berdasarkan kesepakatan para ulama, sedangkan perlombaan berhadiah juga diperbolehkan berdasarkan pada asal hadiah yang diterima oleh para pemenangnya.",
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"text": "Mengenai perlombaan kicau burung tersebut, sudah banyak digemari oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat di Indonesia termasuk di Kabupaten Sambas. Banyak masyarakat Sambas yang berbondong-bondong mengikuti perlombaan kicau burung tersebut karena hadiah yang menggiurkan. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara terhadap salah satu masyarakat yang sering mengikuti perlombaan tersebut yaitu bapak Sarlan (warga Desa Sungai Deden, Kecamatan Subah Kabupaten Sambas), beliau mengatakan bahwa perlombaan kicau burung di Kabupaten Sambas ini dilaksanakan ketika ada sponsor besar yang mendukung perlombaan tersebut, dan ketika komunitas burung mengadakan perlombaan yang telah memiliki jadwal giliran mengadakan perlombaan di satu wilayah dengan wilayah lainnya.",
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"left": 99,
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"text": "Perlombaan kicau burung tersebut biasanya memiliki tema yang berbeda-beda, contohnya yang bertemakan Letber RTD bird Sambas dan Anniversary Terigas . Walaupun dengan tema yang berbeda-beda, tetapi tetap memiliki praktik perlombaan yang sama, yaitu pertama, setiap peserta harus memiliki tiket ketika akan mengikuti perlombaan yaitu dengan cara membeli tiket pendaftaran tersebut ke panitia berdasarkan kelas burung yang akan dilombakan. Kedua, perlombaan kicau burung tersebut merupakan perlombaan berhadiah yang menyiapkan berbagai macam hadiah untuk para pemenang dan peserta yang beruntung.",
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"text": "Penelitian terhadap perlombaan kicau burung tersebut ialah mengenai biaya tiket pendaftaran dan berbagai macam hadiah yang telah disiapkan untuk para pemenang lomba. Adapun hadiah-hadiah tersebut ialah yang pertama berupa uang tunai yang diambil dari uang hasil penjualan tiket pendaftaran lomba, yang kedua ialah hadiah trophy yang berasal dari panitia lomba, dan terdapat pula doorprize yang merupakan hadiah dari sponsor yang dapat diperoleh oleh seluruh peserta dengan cara mengundi nomor tiket yang sudah dibeli ke panitia tadi. Sehingga peserta yang beruntunglah yang akan mendapatkan hadiah dari sponsor tersebut.",
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"text": "Praktik perlombaan kicau burung tersebut masih samar-samar mengenai hukumnya, apalagi dalam perlombaan tersebut yang menyiapkan hadiah, bahkan tidak hanya satu hadiah melainkan berbagai macam hadiah yang berasal dari beberapa pihak, dengan adanya biaya tiket pendaftaran yang menjadikannya rawan akan terdapatnya unsur maysir didalamnya. Oleh sebab itu, bagaimanakah hukum hadiah-hadiah tersebut dalam Islam?",
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"text": "Sehingga dapat menentukan apakah lomba kicau burung tersebut telah sesuai dengan syariat? Dan bagaimana pula hukum menggunakan hadiah- hadiah tersebut? Serta sinkronisasi biaya tiket pendaftaran dengan hadiah- hadiah tersebut. Oleh karenanya peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian ini.",
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"text": "B. METODE",
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"text": "Untuk memperoleh data yang lengkap secara detail dan mendiskripsikan secara mendalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis empiris . Pendekatan sosiologis merupakan salah satu bagian dari pendekatan empiris yang melihat hukum sebagai perilaku atau tindakan dan sebagai realita . 1",
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"text": "Sedangkan jenis penelitian yang digunakan ialah kualitatif yang bercorak deskriptif. Penelitian kualitatif adalah prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang diamati. 2 Sedangkan pengertian dari penelitian deskriptif ialah suatu penelitian yang memiliki tujuan untuk membuat gambaran mengenai fakta-fakta, dan hubungan antara fenomena-fenomena yang diamati. 3 Penelitian lapangan ini dilakukan peneliti dengan cara turun langsung ke lapangan dengan melakukan wawancara dan observasi .",
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"text": "C. HASIL DAN DISKUSI",
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"left": 85,
"top": 462,
"width": 428,
"height": 145,
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"text": "P erlombaan kicau burung di Lapangan Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala tersebut ialah adanya penggabungan hadiah yaitu hadiah trophy yang berasal dari panitia, hadiah uang tunai yang berasal dari uang hasil penjualan tiket, dan berbagai macam hadiah doorprize yang berasal dari sponsor. Dimana hadiah sponsor tersebut tidak ditujukan kepada pemenang, melainkan untuk semua peserta yang beruntung, karena hadiah doorprize didapat melalui hasil undian di akhir acara. Aturan utama perlombaan tersebut ialah setiap peserta yang akan mengikuti perlombaan harus memiliki tiket yang mereka beli dari panitia pada saat pendaftaran lomba.",
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"text": "Ilmu hukum Islam sangatlah luas, Islam mengatur segala tingkah laku manusia, baik kepada Allah SWT, maupun kepada sesama manusia, yang masing-masing memiliki dasar-dasar kaidahnya sendiri dan akibat hukumnya. Untuk masalah perbuatan kepada Allah SWT (ibadah) harus terdapat dalil yang",
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"text": "1 Achmad Ali, Menguak Teori Hukum (Legal Theory) dan Teori Peradilan (Judicial Prudence) (Jakarta: Kencana, 2009), hlm. 142.",
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{
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"text": "2 Lexy. J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2000), hlm. 48.",
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"text": "3 Moh. Nazir, Metodologi Penelitian (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia), hlm. 63.",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
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"text": "Vol. 2, No.1,",
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"text": "51 Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara, Vol.2, No.1, 2020",
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"width": 429,
"height": 44,
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"text": "menganjurkan, sedangkan untuk masalah tingkah laku kepada sesama manusia (muamalah) itu ialah bahwa semua jenis muamalah diperbolehkan kecuali ada dalil yang melarangnya. 4",
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"text": "Perlombaan kicau burung di Lapangan Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala tersebut merupakan ajang silaturahmi, penyaluran hobi, dan sebagai hiburan oleh para pecinta kicau mania. Perlombaan tersebut dilakukan oleh sekelompok orang dan terjalinnya interaksi antara manusia yang satu dengan manusia yang lainnya, sehingga perlombaan tersebut dikatakan sebagai muamalah .",
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"text": "Dalam rangka mewujudkan muamalah yang sesuai dengan syariat Islam dan tidak bertentangan dengan Islam, maka muamalah tersebut harus berpedoman kepada prinsip-prinsip hukum Islam dan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi Islam. Adanya penggabungan hadiah yang terdapat dalam perlombaan kicau burung tersebut, maka hadiah-hadiah tersebut haruslah berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi Islam, yakni terhindar dari 6 unsur yaitu gharar (ketidakjelasan), maysir (judi), riba (tambahan), dharar (perbuatan yang mendatangkan bahaya), zhulm (menempatkan sesuatu tidak pada tempatnya), dan najis. 5",
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"text": "Hadiah-hadiah yang diberikan pada perlombaan kicau burung di Lapangan Alam pesona Tebas Kuala ialah jelas yaitu ada yang berasal dari panitia, uang hasil penjualan tiket, dan sponsor. Perlombaan tersebut juga tidak adanya riba , karena telah jelas mengenai harga tiket pendaftaran sesuai dengan masing-masing kelas, dan terdapat juri atau ahli yang menilai kicau burung tersebut, sehingga perlombaan itu terhindar dari unsur zhulm . Selain itu, perlombaan tersebut juga hanya menyuruh setiap pesertanya datang, membawa burung yang akan dilombakan, lalu menggantung burung yang ada di dalam sangkar itu untuk dinilai kicauannya oleh juri, sehingga perbuatan itu tidaklah sebagai perbuatan yang mendatangkan bahaya. Serta hadiah- hadiah yang diberikan juga benda-benda yang baik, bukanlah benda kotor atau najis.",
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"text": "Adapun dari unsur maysir , maka hadiah tersebut di lihat dari pihak pemberi hadiah. Para ulama sepakat, bahwa pemenang perlombaan boleh mendapatkan hadiah yang berasal dari pihak ketiga, seperti sponsor, donatur atau pemerintah. Para ulama juga sepakat bahwa hadiah yang diberikan oleh salah satu peserta saja hukumnya boleh. Jika yang menjanjikan hadiah keluar sebagai pemenang, dia tidak mendapat apa-apa. Dan jika lawan tandingnya",
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"text": "4 Suhrawardi K Lubis dan Farid Wajdi, Hukum Ekonomi Islam (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2012), hlm. 5.",
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{
"left": 92,
"top": 732,
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"text": "5 Andri Soemitra, Hukum Ekonomi Syariah dan Fiqh Muamalah di Lembaga Keuangan dan Bisnis Kontemporer (Jakarta Timur: Prenada Media Group, 2019), hlm. 12.",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
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"text": "52 Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara, Vol.2, No.1, 2020",
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{
"left": 103,
"top": 114,
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"text": "yang keluar sebagai pemenang, maka ia memberikan hadiah kepada lawannya tersebut. 6",
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"height": 161,
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"text": "Al-Qurtubi berkata “perlombaan pacu unta, pacu kuda atau memanah yang hadiahnya diberikan oleh pemerintah atau donatur berupa sumba ngan dari harta pribadinya, kemudian diberikan kepada pemenang, hukumnya boleh berdasarkan kesepakatan para ulama” . Selain itu, Ibnu Hajar juga berkata bahwa “perlombaan pacu unta, pacu kuda atau memanah sepakat para ulama bahwa pemenangnya boleh mendapatkan hadiah yang berasal dari pemerintah ”. An Nawawi berkata “hadiah yang berasal dari salah seorang peserta dengan mengatakan: jika engkau mampu mengalahkan aku, untukmu hadiah sekian, dan jika aku mengalahkanmu engkau tidak dikenakan apapun, maka hukum hadiah ini dibolehkan” . 7",
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"text": "Adapun jika hadiah yang diberikan berasal dari setiap peserta, yang menang mendapatkan hadiah sedangkan yang kalah tidak mendapat apa -apa, maka hukum perlombaan ini ialah haram dan termasuk perjudian. Kecuali ada seorang peserta lomba yang tidak membayar apapun, jika ia menang ia berhak mendapat hadiah, maka orang tersebutlah yang dinamakan muhallil. Sebagaimana dikatakan oleh Ar Ramli bahwa “ jika peserta sebuah lomba mensyaratkan siapa yang menang ia berhak mendapat hadiah sekian dari yang kalah, maka hukum perlombaannya tidak sah. Karena setiap peserta berada antara untung dan rugi. Inilah perjudian yang diharamkan, kecuali ada peserta yang ikut bertanding tanpa membayar” . 8",
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"text": "Hal tersebut juga disepakati haramnya oleh para ulama seperti yang dinukilkan oleh Ibnu Hazmi, bahwa ia berkata “ para ulama umat telah sepakat bahwa perjudian yang diharamkan Allah yaitu dua orang melakukan perlombaan, siapa yang keluar sebagai pemenang berhak mendapat hadiah dari peserta yang kalah” . Haram hukumnya perlombaan ini juga berdasarkan keputusan Majma’ Al Fiqh Al Islami (difisi fiqh OKI) tentang kaidah umum perlombaan yang dibolehkan pemenangnya mendapatkan hadiah, keputusan No. 127 (1/14) tahun 2003, yang berbunyi “ sebuah perlombaan boleh pemenangnya mendapatkan hadiah dengan syarat, bahwa seluruh hadiah atau sebagiannya tidak berasal dari semua peserta” . 9",
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"text": "Selain itu, hukum undian berhadiah menurut Al -Ustadz Dzulqornain bin Muhammad Sanusi ialah ketika bentuk undian yang bisa diikuti oleh",
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"text": "6 Erwandi Tarmizi, Harta Haram Muamalat Kontemporer (Bogor: PT. Berkat Mulia Insani, 2018), hlm. 806.",
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{
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"text": "7 Ibid .., hlm. 808.",
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"text": "8 Ibid.., hlm. 809.",
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"text": "9 Ibid .., hlm. 810.",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
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"text": "53 Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara, Vol.2, No.1, 2020",
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{
"left": 103,
"top": 114,
"width": 410,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "setiap orang dengan membayar biaya untuk mengikuti undian tersebut hukumnya adalah haram dan tidak boleh, karena mengeluarkan biaya untuk suatu yang mu’amalat yang belum jelas beruntung tidaknya, maka itu termasuk qimar atau maysir. 10",
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"text": "Syekh Yusuf al-Qaradhawi memberikan penjelasan mengenai hadiah dan undian melalui bukunya tentang fatwa-fatwa kontemporer. Menurut al- Qaradhawi, ada beberapa jenis bentuk hadiah melalui undian dengan hukum berbeda. Bentuk hadiah yang tidak diragukan keharamannya adalah seseorang mendapat hadiah melalui undian, yang mana undian tersebut adalah bagian inti usahanya. Seseorang tersebut mendapatkan kupon misalnya bukan karena syarat membeli produk dalam harga tertentu, tetapi tujuan seseorang membeli kupon untuk mendapatkan hadiah, maka hukunya adalah haram, baik dalam jumlah sedikit maupun banyak. Al -Qaradhawi menganggap bahwa hal tersebut sebagai sebuah perjudian yang dilarang. 11",
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"text": "Bentuk hadiah yang diperselisihkan hukumnya menurut al -Qaradhawi yaitu pemberian kupon atau sejenisnya yang diberikan ke pada seseorang karena membeli produk di sebuah toko. Menurut beliau, sebagian besar ulama memperbolehkan hal itu, sedangkan ia menyatakan makruh yang pada akhirnya menyatakan haram. Alasan pertamanya ialah walaupun transaksi tersebut bukan perjudian, tetapi mengandung motif perjudian yaitu dengan menggantungkan diri pada nasib bukan pada usaha yang sunatullah. 12",
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"text": "Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Provinsi Bengkulu mengeluarkan fatwa haram terhadap pembelian kupon undian berhadiah karena termasuk judi. Fatwa itu ditetapkan pada tanggal 25 Februari 2013 berdasarkan nomor 1 tahun 2013 tentang jalan sehat berhadiah. Dalam keputusan Komisi Fatwa MUI Provinsi Bengkulu menetapkan dua keputusan yang ditandatangani oleh Komisi Fatwa MUI Provinsi Bengkulu dan Dewan Pimpinan MUI Provinsi Bnegkulu, yaitu pertama haram hukumnya jika mewajibkan peserta membeli kupon sebagai keikutsertaan, baik hadiah yang dijanjikan diambil dari hasil penjualan kupon atau disediakan pihak lain, karena mengandung unsur maysir, tabzir, gharar, dharar, ighra, dan israf. Keputusan kedua yaitu",
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"text": "10 Pengusaha Muslim, “Hukum Undian Berhadiah”. (Online) (http://pengusahamuslim.com/153-hukum- undian-berhadiah.html) , diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 92,
"top": 707,
"width": 420,
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"page_number": 9,
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"text": "11 Republika.co.id, “Hadiah dari Undian, ini Pandangan Ulama”, 2016. (Online) (https://republika.co.id/berita/ofa7am313/hadiah-dari-undian-ini-pandangan-ulama), diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
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"text": "12 Ibid.",
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"text": "diperbolehkan melakukan undian apabila peserta tidak diwajibkan membeli kupon atau membayar sejumlah uang sesuai persyaratan keikutsertaan. 13",
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"text": "Maysir atau perjudian ialah suatu permainan yang menempatkan salah satu pihak harus menanggung beban pihak yang lain akibat permainan tersebut. 14 Adapun larangan dan akibat maysir , telah dijelaskan langsung di dalam Al-Qur’an sebagaimana Firman Allah SWT berikut ini:",
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"text": "1. QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 219",
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"text": "Terjemahan: “Mereka bertanya kepadamu tentang khamar dan judi.",
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"text": "Katakanlah: pada keduanya itu terdapat dosa besar dan beberapa manfaat bagi manusia, tetapi dosa keduanya lebih besar dari manfaatnya.” (QS. Al-Baqarah/ 2: 219). 15",
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"text": "Menurut tafsir Ibnu Katsir, ayat tersebut menjelaskan bahwa khamr dan judi jika dipandang dalam peraturan agama ialah dosa, sedangkan jika dipandang dalam keduniawiannya ialah men jadi bermanfaat. Manfaat khamr ialah dapat mencerna makanan, mengeluarkan angin, termasuk diperjual belikan dan manfaat judi ialah suatu kemenangan. Akan tetapi manfaat dan maslahat tersebut tidaklah sebanding dengan mudharat , kerusakannya yang jauh lebih besar dari pada manfaatnya. 16",
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"text": "2. QS. Al-Maidah ayat 90",
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"text": "ِلَمَع ْنِم ٌسْجِر ُم َلَْزَْلْاَو ُباَصْنَْلْاَو ُرِسْيَمْلاَو ُرْمَْلْا اََّنَِّإ اوُنَمآ َنيِذَّلا اَهُّ يَأ اَي َنوُحِلْفُ ت ْمُكَّلَعَل ُهوُبِنَتْجاَف ِناَطْيَّشلا ( 09 )",
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"text": "Terjemahan: “Hai orang-orang yang beriman, sesungguhnya meminum khamar, berjudi, (berkorban untuk) berhala, mengundi nasib dengan panah, adalah perbuatan keji adalah",
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"text": "13 Bisnis.com, “MUI: Beli Kupon Berhadiah Hukumnya Haram”, 2013. (Online) (https://m.bisnis.com/amp/read/20131112/79/185872/mui-pembelian-kupon-berhadiah-hukumnya-haram) , diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
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"text": "14 Dahlia H. Ma’u, Judi Sebagai Gejala Sosial Perspektif Hukum Islam, (Online), (240271-judi-sebagai- gejala-sosial-perspektif-hu-51b5c7cf(1).pdf) , diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
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"text": "15 Kementerian Agama RI, Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya (Garut: Jumanatul ALI-ART, 2017), hlm. 34.",
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"text": "16 Aplikasi Tafsir Ibnu Katsir 30 Juz Lengkap Offline (Gabriel Tenma: 23 Januari 2018).",
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"text": "termasuk perbuatan setan. Maka jauhilah perbuatan - perbuatan itu agar kamu mendapat keberuntungan”. (QS. Al-Maidah/ 5: 90). 17",
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"text": "Menurut tafsir Ibnu Katsir, Ali Ibnu Abu Talhah meriwayatkan dari Ibnu Abbas, bahwa rijsun artinya perbuatan yang dimurkai Allah dan termasuk perbuatan setan. Arti rijsun adalah dosa. Oleh sebab itu Allah memerintahkan untuk menjauhi perbuatan-perbuatan keji itu agar mendapat keberuntungan. 18",
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"text": "3. QS. Al-Maidah ayat 91",
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"text": "َع ْمُكَّدُصَيَو ِرِسْيَمْلاَو ِرْمَْلْا ِفِ َءاَضْغَ بْلاَو َةَواَدَعْلا ُمُكَنْ يَ ب َعِقوُي ْنَأ ُناَطْيَّشلا ُديِرُي اََّنَِّإ ْن ِة َلََّصلا ِنَعَو ِوَّللا ِرْكِذ ۖ َنوُهَ تْنُم ْمُتْ نَأ ْلَهَ ف ( 09 )",
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"text": "Terjemahan: “Sesungguhnya setan itu bermaksud hendak menimbulkan permusuhan dan kebencian diantara kamu lantaran (meminum) khamar dan berjudi, dan menghalangi kamu dari mengingat Allah dan sembahyang: maka berhentilah kamu (dari mengerjakan pekerjaan itu”.",
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"text": "(QS. Al-Maidah/ 5: 91). 19",
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"text": "Menurut tafsir Ibnu Katsir, ayat tersebut mengandung ancaman dan peringatan. Al-Qasim Ibnu Muhammad mengatakan bahwa semua sarana yang melalaikan orang dari mengingat Allah dan shalat dinamakan maysir . Ad-Dahhak telah meriwayatkan dari ibnu Abbas yang mengatakan bahwa maysir adalah judi yang biasa dipakai untuk taruhan dimasa jahiliyah hingga kedatangan Islam. Oleh karena itu,",
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"text": "Allah melarang untuk melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan yang buruk itu. 20",
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"text": "Kemudian terkait hadist Nabi SAW atas larangan maysir yaitu “Barang siapa mengajak temannya bermain judi, maka hendaklah bersedekah” . Menurut Asy Syauqani dalam kitabnya “Nailul Authar”, menyatakan bahwa lafadz “hendaklah bersedekah” itu menunjukkan dilarangnya bermain judi, karena sedekah yang diperintahkan itu sebagai",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
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"text": "tebusan untuk suatu perbuatan dosa. Ia menyatakan bahwa bermain judi, yang dipergunakan kata-kata qamar atau maysir , adalah suatu bentuk permainan yang biasa dilakukan orang-orang Arab. Menurutnya permainan apa saja yang terdapat unsur untung rugi, dapat dikategorikan sebagai judi. 21",
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"text": "Muhammad Ali as-Shabuny dalam kitab tafsir Ayat Ahkan menyatakan bahwa “para ulama sependapat bahwa judi hukumnya adalah haram” . Kesepakatan keharaman ini adalah lafazd ayat QS. Al -Baqarah: 219 (pada keduanya terdapat dosa besar). Ulama sepakat bahwa setiap permainan yang menjadikan satu pihak bisa menang dan pihak lain kalah adalah termasuk judi yang diharamkan, baik menggunakan sarana apa saja seperti catur, dadu, dan lain-lain yang sekarang ini biasa disebut ya nashib (lotre atau adu nasib), baik yang bertujuan untuk kebaikan, seperti dana sosial atau semata-mata demi mencari keuntungan, maka semuanya itu termasuk keuntungannya yang tidak baik, dan bahwasanya Allah SWT adalah dzat yang bagus, Ia tidak menerima melainkan yang bagus (baik). Hal tersebut dipertegas dengan pendapat Sayyid Sabiq, bahwa “ tidak dibolehkan melakukan taruhan apabila seorang diantara yang bertaruh menang lalu dia mendapatkan taruhan itu, sedangkan yang kalah dia berutang kepada temannya, hal tersebut dikategorikan perjudian yang diharamkan” . 22",
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"text": "Selanjutnya mengenai percampuran harta halal dan non halal terdapat kaidah fikih yang menyebutkan bahwa :",
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"text": "ماَرَْلْا َبَلَغ ُماَرَْلْاَو ُل َلََْلْا َعَمَتْجا اَذإ",
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"text": "Artinya: “apabila bercampur antara yang halal dan yang haram, maka percampuran tersebut dihukumi haram”.",
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"text": "Sehingga orang memahami pada umumnya percampuran antara yang halal dan yang haram itu dimenangkan oleh yang haram. Tetapi, menurut pandangan DSN-MUI, kaidah tersebut tidak cocok diterapkan dibidang ekonomi, melainkan lebih cocok digunakan dalam bidang pangan, khususnya yang cair, karena bahan pangan yang cair apabila terjadi percampuran maka akan terjadi persinggungan dan persenyawaan yang sulit dipisahkan. 23",
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"text": "Pemisahan antara yang halal dan non halal dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaidah pemisahan yang halal atau boleh. Kaidah tersebut ialah kaidah telaah ulang, yang diupayakan untuk penerapan so lusi fikih. Salah",
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"text": "21 Dahlia H. Ma’u, Judi Sebagai Gejala Sosial Perspektif Hukum Islam, (Online), (240271-judi-sebagai- gejala-sosial-perspektif-hu-51b5c7cf(1).pdf), diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
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"text": "22 Dahlia H. Ma’u, Judi Sebagai Gejala Sosial Perspektif Hukum Islam, (Online), (240271-judi-sebagai- gejala-sosial-perspektif-hu-51b5c7cf(1).pdf) , diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
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"text": "23 Daeng Naja, Bekal Bankir Syariah (Jatim: Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia, 2019), hlm. 177.",
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"text": "satu contoh telaah ulang yaitu mengenai pendapat ulama terdahulu yang dianggap tidak cocok lagi untuk dijadikan pedoman karena faktor sulit di implementasikan . 24",
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"text": "Salah satu cara menelaah ulang yaitu dengan menguji kembali pendapat hukum yang mu’tamad dengan mempertimbangkan pendapat hukum yang selama ini dipandang lemah (marjuh bahkan mahjur), karena adanya illah hukum yang baru atau karena pendapat tersebut lebih membawa kemaslahatan, oleh karena itu pendapat tersebutlah yang dijadikan ped oman (mu’tamad) dalam mennetapkan hukum. Dasar teori ini adalah kaidah “Hukum itu berjalan sesuai dengan illah nya, ada dan tidak adanya illah . 25",
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"text": "Hadiah lomba dan percampuran harta halal dan non halal menurut madzhab empat (4) imam dijelaskan berikut ini:",
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"text": "Menurut madzhab Hanafi, akad perlombaan dengan hadiah bukan akad yang wajib dijalankan menurut pandangan yang masyhur . Hadiah diperbolehkan untuk diambil jika memenuhi syarat -syarat tertentu yaitu jika ada pihak yang tidak mau memberikan hadiah, maka tidak boleh dipaksa. Hadiah yang halal ialah hadiah yang diambil yaitu hadiah yang dikeluarkan oleh salah seorang peserta saja (jika satu lawan satu). 26",
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"text": "Syarat tersebut dapat dicontohkan seperti, jika salah seorang dari mereka berkata “kalau engkau menang, maka hadiah ini akan saya berikan kepadamu. Tetapi jika saya yang menang, maka saya tidak mengambil apapun darimu” atau ada pihak lain (bukan peserta) yang menyiapkan hadiah dengan mengatakan “yang menang akan mendapat hadiah dari saya”.",
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"text": "Selain itu syarat yang tidak diperbolehkannya mengambil hadiah apabila hadiah tersebut berasal dari semua peserta yang telah disiapkan, karena hal tersebut tergolong taruhan, kecuali ada peserta lain sebagai muhallil , maka hadiah tersebut menjadi halal (diperbolehkan).",
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"text": "Adapun menurut madzhab Hanafi mengenai hukum harta campuran halal dan haram yaitu menurut Muhammad bin Mustafa Al Khadimi dari madzhab Hanafi dalam kitab Bariqah Mahmudiyah menyatakan bahwa “menurut pendapat terpilih di kalangan ulama Hanafi adalah apabila mayoritas harta itu haram, maka status harta dan",
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"text": "24 Ibid .., hlm. 179.",
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"text": "25 Ibid . 26 Syaikh Abdurrahman Al-Juzairi, Fikih Empat Madzhab Jilid 3 , terj. Nabhani Idris Hasmand, cet-1, (Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2015), hlm. 77.",
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"text": "penggunaannya adalah haram. Dan apabila mayoritas dari harta itu halal, maka hukumya makruh”. 27",
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"text": "Menurut madzhab Maliki, lomba balap perahu, balap lari, adu cepat merpati pos menyampaikan berita, adu gulat, lomba angkat beban, dan sebagainya ialah sah, dengan dua syarat: 28",
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"text": "a. Pertama, tidak memungut biaya dari peserta untuk hadiah.",
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"text": "b. Perlombaan yang tujuannya untuk olahraga atau latihan tugas dan jihad.",
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"text": "Maliki sependapat dengan madzhab Syafi’i yang menjelaskan bahwa harta yang bercampur antara halal dan haram adalah makruh. Menurut salah satu pendapat dari madzhab Maliki hukumnya haram memakan harta syubhat dan menerima hadiah dari harta syubhat. 29",
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"text": "27 Muhammad Yamin Al Iman, Hukum Properti Campuran Halal Haram, (Online), (https://m.facebook.com/notes/muhammad-yamin-al-iman/hukum-harta-syubhat-campuran-halal-haram- /567432316689010/) , di akses tanggal 13 Juni 2020.",
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"text": "29 Muhammad Yamin Al Iman, Hukum Properti Campuran Halal Haram, (Online), (https://m.facebook.com/notes/muhammad-yamin-al-iman/hukum-harta-syubhat-campuran-halal-haram- /567432316689010/) , di akses tanggal 13 Juni 2020.",
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"text": "maka ia mengambil hadiah yang mereka siapkan, jika muhallil kalah maka ia tidak memberi apapun kepada yang menang. 30",
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"text": "Madzhab Syafi’iyah berpendapat bahwa uang yang bercampur antara halal dan haram hukum penggunaannya adalah makruh. Imam Suyuthi berkata dalam kitab Al-Ashbah wan Nadzir.",
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"text": "Artinya: “Transaksi seseorang yang kebanyakan hartanya haram, apabila tidak diketahui harta apa yang haram, maka tidak haram menurut pendapat yang paling shahih akan tetapi hukumnya makruh. Begitu juga hukum menerima hadiah dari raja apabila mayoritas harta raja itu haram seperti pendapat Nawawi dalam Al-Majmuk Syarah Muhadzab bahwa yang masyhur dalam masalah ini adalah makruh, bukan haram. 31",
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"text": "Menurut madzhab Hambali, perlombaan dengan hadiah hukumnya boleh. Hal tersebut termasuk kesepakatan yang boleh dibatalkan masing- masing pihak, sekalipun sudah dimulai. Jika salah satu peserta jelas -jelas mempunyai kelebihan, misalnya pernah menang dalam suatu perlombaan, maka yang tidak diunggulkan tidak boleh membatalkan kesepakatan, yang boleh membatalkan ialah yang diunggulkan.",
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"text": "Syarat lainnya ialah hadiah lomba harus jelas dengan cara diperlihatkan, atau sifat-sifatnya disebutkan. Hadiah bisa tunai dan bisa ditunda pemberiannya, dengan syarat diperbolehkan. Hadiah berupa barang yang diharamkan seperti arak atau babi hukumnya tidak sah, serta tidak menyerupai taruhan, yakni yang menyiapkan hadiah bukan semua peserta. 32",
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"text": "Adapun jika hadiah yang disiapkan ialah berasal dari Pemerintah, hukumnya diperbolehkan karena mengandung maslahat dan memo tivasi latihan jihad serta bermanfaat bagi kaum muslimin. Orang lain yang bukan peserta diperbolehkan menyumbang dengan suka rela untuk hadiah lomba. Jika semua peserta menyediakan hadiah maka diperbolehkan jika ada peserta lain yang tidak menyediakan hadi ah apapun. Dialah yang disebut muhallil .",
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"text": "Adapun mengenai harta campuran halal dan haram, terdapat 4 (empat) pendapat dalam madzhab Ahmad bin Hambal (Hambali) terkait",
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"text": "31 Muhammad Yamin Al Iman, Hukum Properti Campuran Halal Haram, (Online), (https://m.facebook.com/notes/muhammad-yamin-al-iman/hukum-harta-syubhat-campuran-halal-haram- /567432316689010/) , di akses tanggal 13 Juni 2020.",
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"text": "60 Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara, Vol.2, No.1, 2020",
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"text": "dengan masalah harta syubhat seperti diterangkan oleh Ibnu Muflih dalam Kitab Al Furu’ II/ 660 sebagai berikut: 33",
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"text": "a. Pertama, apabila diketahui bahwa dalam harta itu terdapat harta halal dan haram, maka hukumnya haram.",
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"text": "b. Kedua, apabila perkara yang haram itu melebihi 1/3 (sepertiga), maka haram semuanya. Kalau kurang dari sepertiga maka halal.",
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"text": "c. Ketiga, apabila yang haram lebih banyak, maka hukumnya haram. Apabila harta yang halal lebih banyak, maka hartanya halal. Karena yang sedikit ikut pada yang banyak seperti dinyatakan Ibnu Jauzi dalam kitab Al-Minhaj.",
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"text": "d. Keempat, tidak haram secara mutlak. Baik harta yang haram itu sedikit atau banyak, hukumnya tetap makruh. Kemakruhan meningkat atau menurun berdasarkan kadar banyak atau sedikitnya harta yang haram. Ini pendapat Ibnu Qudamah dalam kitab Al -Mughni.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan analisis data, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan dari penelitian praktik perlombaan kicau burung dengan merger hadiah dan sinkronisasi biaya tiket pendaftaran dalam perspektif hukum Islam (studi kasus di Lapangan Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala), yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Praktik perlombaan kicau burung dengan merger hadiah dan sinkronisasi biaya tiket pendaftaran di Lapangan Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala merupakan ajang silaturahmi, hobi, dan sarana hiburan serta perlombaan berhadiah yang menyiapkan berbagai macam hadiah yang berasal dari beberapa pihak yang dapat diperoleh oleh para pemenang dan peserta yang beruntung dengan syarat mendaftar dan membeli tiket perlombaan kepada panitia ketika ingin mengikuti perlombaan tersebut.",
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"text": "2. Praktik perlombaan kicau burung dengan merger hadiah dan sinkronisasi biaya tiket pendaftaran di Lapangan Alam Pesona Tebas Kuala belum sesuai dengan hukum Islam atau prinsip-prinsip ekonomi Islam, dimana didalam perlombaan tersebut masih terdapat adanya unsur maysir (judi). Dan hukum hadiah-hadiah yang diperoleh oleh para pemenang atau peserta yang beruntung dalam perlombaan tersebut merupakan hadiah syubhat atau makruh untuk digunakannya. Makruh adalah sesuatu yang dianjurkan syariat untuk meninggalkannya, apabila ditinggalkan akan mendapat pahala dan apabila dikerjakan tidak berdosa.",
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"text": "33 Muhammad Yamin Al Iman, Hukum Properti Campuran Halal Haram, (Online), (https://m.facebook.com/notes/muhammad-yamin-al-iman/hukum-harta-syubhat-campuran-halal-haram- /567432316689010/) , di akses tanggal 13 Juni 2020.",
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"text": "Jurnal Studi Islam Lintas Negara Vol.2 No.1 Januari-Juni 2020, p. 30-44",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "REFERENSI",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 274,
"width": 425,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 17,
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"text": "Achmad Ali, Menguak Teori Hukum (Legal Theory) dan Teori Peradilan (Judicial Prudence) (Jakarta: Kencana, 2009)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 307,
"width": 427,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 17,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Andri Soemitra, Hukum Ekonomi Syariah dan Fiqh Muamalah di Lembaga Keuangan dan Bisnis Kontemporer (Jakarta Timur: Prenada Media Group, 2019)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 339,
"width": 411,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 17,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Aplikasi Tafsir Ibnu Katsir 30 Juz Lengkap Offline (Gabriel Tenma: 23 Januari 2018).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 357,
"width": 428,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 17,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Bisnis.com, “MUI: Beli Kupon Berhadiah Hukumnya Haram”, 2013. (Online)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 121,
"top": 372,
"width": 358,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 17,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "(https://m.bisnis.com/amp/read/20131112/79/185872/mui-pembelian-kupon-berhadiah- hukumnya-haram) , diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 405,
"width": 349,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Daeng Naja, Bekal Bankir Syariah (Jatim: Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia, 2019)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 424,
"width": 428,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dahlia H. Ma‟u, Judi Sebagai Gejala Sosial Perspektif Hukum Islam, (Online), (240271- judi-sebagai-gejala-sosial-perspektif-hu-51b5c7cf(1).pdf) , diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020. Erwandi Tarmizi, Harta Haram Muamalat Kontemporer (Bogor: PT. Berkat Mulia Insani, 2018)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 490,
"width": 427,
"height": 51,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kementerian Agama RI, Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya (Garut: Jumanatul ALI-ART, 2017) Lexy. J. Moleong, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2000) Moh. Nazir, Metodologi Penelitian (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia)",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 545,
"width": 428,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 17,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Muhammad Yamin Al Iman, Hukum Properti Campuran Halal Haram, (Online),",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 560,
"width": 428,
"height": 46,
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"text": "(https://m.facebook.com/notes/muhammad-yamin-al-iman/hukum-harta-syubhat-campuran- halal-haram-/567432316689010/) , di akses tanggal 13 Juni 2020. Pengusaha Muslim, “Hukum Undian Berhadiah”. (Online)",
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"text": "(http://pengusahamuslim.com/153-hukum-undian-berhadiah.html) , diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
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"text": "Republika.co.id, “Hadiah dari Undian, ini Pandangan Ulama”, 2016. (Online) (https://republika.co.id/berita/ofa7am313/hadiah-dari-undian-ini-pandangan-ulama), diakses tanggal 13 Mei 2020.",
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"text": "Suhrawardi K Lubis dan Farid Wajdi, Hukum Ekonomi Islam (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2012), hlm. 5.",
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"text": "Syaikh Abdurrahman Al-Juzairi, Fikih Empat Madzhab Jilid 3 , terj. Nabhani Idris Hasmand, cet-1, (Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2015)",
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fc5b1ad8-8d83-fe06-fb1c-95c4496b7607 | https://profesionalmudacendekia.com/index.php/afs/article/download/262/151 | [
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"text": "This study aims to determine the effect of Current Ratio, Debt to Asset Ratio, Total Asset Turnover, Net Profit Margin, and Return on Assets on Profit Growth with Corporate Governance as Moderating Variable. This research is a quantitative research. Data were obtained from manufacturing companies registered with ISSI for the 2018-2020 period. The population obtained is 186 companies. The sample used in this study were 62 companies with purposive sampling method. The analytical tools used are multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The data processing tool uses Eviews 9. The results of this study indicate that the current ratio, debt to asset ratio and corporate governance have no effect on profit growth, return on assets has a significant and negative effect on profit growth, while total asset turnover and net profit margin have a positive and significant effect. to profit growth. Corporate governance can moderate the relationship of return on assets to profit growth, but cannot moderate the relationship of current ratio, debt to asset ratio, total asset turnover and net profit margin to profit growth. ISSN: 2774-4256",
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"text": "Current Ratio; Debt To",
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"text": "Turnover; Net Profit Margin; Return On Asset; Corporate Governance; Profit Growth.",
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"text": "Pendahuluan",
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"text": "Dunia usaha dituntut untuk selalu beradaptasi dengan perubahan jaman. Dunia usaha diharapkan memiliki keunggulan kompetitif agar dapat bertahan dalam persaingan serta mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup perusahaan (Salmah & Ermeila, 2018). Menurut Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), (1978), SFAC No. 1, prestasi kinerja perusahaan tersaji dalam laba. Laba dianggap menjadi dasar pada perpajakan, penentu kebijakan pembayaran dividen, petunjuk dalam penanaman modal, pengambil keputusan dan sebagai prediksi. Laba dipandang sebagai ukuran efisiensi kelola manajemen atas sumber daya suatu kesatuan dalam menjalankan perusahaan (Belkaoui, 1993).",
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"text": "Kinerja perusahaan dapat diukur melalui analisis rasio pertumbuhan. Analisis rasio pertumbuhan menunjukkan kemampuan perusahaan dalam mempertahankan posisi ekonomisnya terhadap pertumbuhan perekonomian, industri maupun pasar",
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"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
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"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
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"text": "tempat beroperasi (Wetson & Copeland, 1995). Pertumbuhan laba menjadi salah satu rasio pertumbuhan yang dapat mencerminkan keberhasilan manajemen mengelola perusahaan. Laba yang maksimal menunjang kegiatan operasi perusahaan untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaan. Sehingga sebaiknya laba yang didapat bernilai positif supaya perusahaan bisa merealisasikan laba yang baik (Septyaningrum et al., 2020).",
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"text": "Pada setiap periode waktu, perusahaan mengharapkan adanya kenaikan laba. Fenomena pada Tabel 1 menyajikan beberapa perusahaan manufaktur dalam Indeks Saham Syariah Indonesia (ISSI) mengalami peningkatan pertumbuhan laba secara berkelanjutan pada periode tiga tahun terakhir.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Daftar Perusahaan Manufaktur dengan Pertumbuhan Laba Berkelanjutan Periode 2018-2020",
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"text": "No. Kode Nama Perusahaan Sub- Sektor Pertumbuhan Laba (%) 2018 2019 2020 1 ADES Akasha Wira International Tbk. Makanan & Minuman 38.48 58.40 61.88 2 ARNA Arwana Citramulia Tbk. Keramik, Porselen, & Kaca 29.48 37.59 49.88 3 EKAD Ekadharma International Tbk. Kimia -2.82 4.53 23.94 4 INDF Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk. Makanan & Minuman -2.66 18.96 48.27 5 MDKI Emdeki Utama Tbk. Kimia -28.26 -2.75 21.99 6 TSPC Tempo Scan Pacific Tbk. Farmasi -3.04 10.14 40.19",
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"text": "Meski beberapa perusahaan mengalami laba negatif di awal periode 2018, namun di tahun 2019 dan 2020 perusahaan tersebut berhasil membukukan laba positif secara continue . Perolehan laba dengan kecenderungan meningkat dan continue menjadi salah satu sasaran manajemen dalam menjalankan perusahaan. Hal tersebut menarik perhatian pihak-pihak yang memiliki kepentingan. Dengan melihat fenomena tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa pertumbuhan laba perusahaan secara continue menjadi sinyal positif dalam kinerja keuangan perusahaan (Hartini, 2012).",
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"text": "Penelitian terdahulu mendapatkan hasil bahwa pertumbuhan laba dapat diprediksi melalui rasio keuangan (Soebangkit & Herawati, 2016). Penggunaan rasio",
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"text": "keuangan sebagai parameter penelitian karena sifat “ future oriented ” mampu menyesuaikan faktor periode masa kini dengan faktor di masa mendatang yang berpengaruh pada posisi keuangan dan hasil operasi perusahaan. Secara umum rasio keuangan terbagi menjadi rasio likuiditas, rasio solvabilitas, rasio aktivitas dan rasio profitabilitas (Riyanto, 1995).",
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"height": 89,
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"text": "Penelitian mengenai Current Ratio , Debt to Asset Ratio , Total Asset Turnover , Net Profit Margin dan Return On Asset telah banyak dilakukan, namun masih memberikan inkonsistensi hasil. Pada penelitian yang dilakukan Panjaitan (2018) menunjukkan bahwa Current Ratio berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan pada penelitian Susilawati (2018), Sam et al. (2018), dan Pernamasari et al. (2020) menunjukkan bahwa Current Ratio tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
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"text": "Penelitian terdahulu mengenai Debt to Asset Ratio dilakukan oleh Siregar dan Batubara (2017) dan Susilawati (2018) menunjukkan bahwa Debt to Asset Ratio berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan penelitian Salmah dan Ermeila (2018) dan Prakarsa (2019) menunjukkan bahwa Debt to Asset Ratio tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
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"text": "Penelitian terdahulu mengenai Total Asset Turnover dilakukan oleh Susilawati (2018), Endri et al. (2020), dan Pernamasari et al. (2020) menunjukkan bahwa Total Asset Turnover berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan penelitian Sam et al. (2018) dan Prakarsa (2019) menunjukkan bahwa Total Asset Turnover tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
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"text": "Penelitian terdahulu mengenai Net Profit Margin dilakukan oleh Sam et al. (2018), Endri et al. (2020), Prabowo (2020) dan Pernamasari et al. (2020) menunjukkan bahwa Net Profit Margin berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan penelitian Panjaitan (2018) dan Dianitha et al. (2020) menunjukkan bahwa Net Profit Margin tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
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"text": "Penelitian terdahulu mengenai Return On Asset dilakukan oleh Faisal (2018) , Salmah dan Ermeila (2018) menunjukkan bahwa Return On Asset berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan penelitian Bionda dan Mahdar (2017) dan Panjaitan (2018) menunjukkan bahwa Return On Asset tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
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"text": "Di era modern, pesatnya perkembangan teknologi menjadi hal yang sangat kompleks dalam menilai pencapaian kinerja perusahaan. Hal ini mengundang pemikiran para pemimpin perusahaan akan peningkatan kebutuhan praktik corporate governance guna meyakinkan manajemen perusahaan berlangsung dengan baik (Wijayanti & Mutmainah, 2012). Praktik tata kelola yang baik menunjukkan kinerja",
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"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
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"text": "perusahaan yang baik, hal ini akan mengarahkan pada tujuan perusahaan dalam menghasilkan laba.",
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"text": "Dalam rangka meminimalisir cost dan mencegah kerugian perusahaan diperlukan pengawasan antara agen dan principal menggunakan teori keagenan sebagai dasar untuk menjelaskan corporate governance (Wijayanti & Mutmainah, 2012). Sedangkan kinerja perusahaan yang baik, Iskander & Chamlou (2000) menegaskan indeks corporate governance dapat mencerminkan kualitas dan kelayakan implementasi corporate governance pada entitas publik. Indeks corporate governance yang baik mencerminkan fungsi manajemen memaksimalkan kinerja perusahaan dalam menghasilkan laba. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini, corporate governance digunakan untuk memoderasi hubungan antara rasio keuangan terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan fenomena dan research gap , pada kenyataannya tidak semua rasio keuangan Current Ratio , Debt to Asset Ratio , Total Asset Turnover , Net Profit Margin dan Return On Asset berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menguji kembali rasio-rasio keuangan tersebut terhadap pertumbuhan laba perusahaan manufaktur di Indeks Saham Syariah Indonesia (ISSI) periode 2018-2020 dengan menggunakan corporate governance sebagai variabel moderating guna meningkatkan keandalan penelitian. Penelitian ini mengambil judul “Analisis Faktor- Faktor yang Menentukan Pertumbuhan Laba dengan Corporate Governance sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi (Studi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di ISSI Periode 2018- 2020)” .",
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"text": "Kajian Literatur",
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"text": "Teori Keagenan",
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"height": 193,
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"text": "Salah satu cara manajemen mendapatkan keuntungan adalah dengan memanipulasi angka keuntungan perusahaan. Tindakan agen untuk memaksimalkan kepentingan pribadinya dapat menghasilkan pertumbuhan laba yang tidak signifikan dan tidak sesuai dengan nilai pendapatan riil perusahaan (Endri et al., 2020). Sebagai agen, manajer memiliki tanggung jawab moral untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan perusahaan. Namun dengan kewenangan yang dimiliki, manajer bisa bertindak dengan tujuan pribadi sehingga berbenturan dengan tujuan perusahaan dan mengorbankan kepentingan pemilik atau para pemegang saham. Hal ini bisa terjadi karena adanya perbedaan informasi antara keduanya (Putri & Nasir, 2006). Sehingga, teori agensi memunculkan corporate governance dalam perusahaan untuk memisahkan pemilik sebagai investor dan manajemen sebagai pengendali. Pembagian kebutuhan manajemen sesuai dengan fungsinya diharapkan mampu memaksimalkan kinerja perusahaan dalam mencapai laba (Dari et al., 2018).",
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"text": "Teori Sinyal",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 78,
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"width": 457,
"height": 148,
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"text": "Teori sinyal mengungkap bagaimana perusahaan memberi sinyal ke pengguna laporan keuangan. Sinyal merupakan petunjuk dari manajemen perusahaan kepada investor mengenai bagaimana manajemen menilai prospek perusahaan (Brigham & Houston, 2010). Teori sinyal hadir akibat masalah asimetris informasi antara pihak internal dan pihak eksternal. Untuk meminimalisir asimetri informasi, perusahaan perlu mempublikasikan informasi terkait keuangan atau informasi non keuangan (Ulfa & Asyik, 2019). Ketika pengungkapan informasi telah diimplementasikan oleh perusahaan, teori sinyal akan mengungkapkan inisiatif dan praktik corporate governance yang baik sehingga menciptakan citra sebagai perusahaan yang baik di pasar (Subramaniam et al., 2009).",
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"text": "Analisis Rasio Keuangan",
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"text": "Analisis rasio keuangan merupakan metode terbaik dalam menggambarkan seluruh kondisi keuangan perusahaan (Dennis, 2006). Umumnya, rasio keuangan terdiri dari rasio likuiditas, rasio solvabilitas, rasio aktivitas dan rasio profitabilitas (Riyanto, 1995).",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 78,
"height": 14,
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"text": "Current Ratio",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 363,
"width": 457,
"height": 104,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Current ratio merupakan indikator rasio likuiditas untuk mengukur kemampuan perusahaan dalam memenuhi kewajiban jangka pendek. Current ratio memperbandingkan aset lancar dengan hutang lancar yang dimiliki perusahaan (Sutrisno, 2009). Penelitian Salmah dan Ermeila (2018), Susilawati (2018), Sam et al. (2018), dan Pernamasari et al. (2020) menyatakan current ratio tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan Siregar dan Batubara (2017) dan Panjaitan (2018) menyatakan berpengaruh positif current ratio terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 477,
"width": 106,
"height": 14,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Debt to Asset Ratio",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 502,
"width": 457,
"height": 104,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Debt to asset ratio termasuk dalam indikator rasio solvabilitas untuk mengukur kemampuan perusahaan dalam memenuhi kewajiban jangka panjang. Debt to asset ratio memperbandingkan total hutang dengan total aset perusahaan (Syamsuddin, 2009). Penelitian Salmah dan Ermeila (2018) dan Prakarsa (2019) menyatakan debt to asset ratio tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan penelitian Siregar dan Batubara (2017) dan Susilawati (2018) menyatakan debt to asset ratio berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 616,
"width": 113,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Total Asset Turnover",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 641,
"width": 457,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Total asset turnover menjadi indikator rasio aktifitas untuk mengukur efisiensi pemanfaatan kepemilikan aset atau perputaran aset. Total asset turnover memperbandingkan penjualan bersih dengan total aset perusahaan (Sutrisno, 2009).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 713,
"width": 294,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 745,
"width": 194,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penelitian Siregar dan Batubara (2017), Sam et al. (2018) dan Prakarsa (2019) menyatakan tidak berpengaruh total asset turnover terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan penelitian Susilawati (2018), Salmah dan Ermeila (2018), Endri et al. (2020) dan Pernamasari et al. (2020) menyatakan total asset turnover berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 170,
"width": 97,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Net Profit Margin",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 195,
"width": 457,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Rasio profitabilitas mengukur keefisiensinan perusahaan dalam memanfaatkan aset terhadap penjualan yang berhasil dicapai (Husnan & Pudjiastuti, 1994). Net profit margin termasuk indikator rasio profitabilitas yang memperbandingkan antara earning after tax terhadap total penjualan. Penelitian Bionda dan Mahdar (2017), Panjaitan (2018) dan Dianitha et al. (2020) menyatakan net profit margin tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba, sedangkan penelitian Siregar dan Batubara (2017), Susilawati (2018), Sam et al. (2018), Endri et al. (2020), Pernamasari et al. (2020) dan Prabowo (2020) menyatakan net profit margin berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 338,
"width": 89,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Return On Asset",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 363,
"width": 457,
"height": 104,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Indikator rasio profitabilitas lain yang digunakan adalah return on asset yang merupakan perbandingan antara earning after tax dengan total aset (Husnan & Pudjiastuti, 1994). Penelitian Prabowo (2020) menyatakan return on asset berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba, Dari et al. (2018) menyatakan return on asset berpengaruh negatif terhadap pertumbuhan laba, Bionda dan Mahdar (2017), Faisal (2018), Salmah dan Ermeila (2018) dan Panjaitan (2018) menyatakan return on asset berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 478,
"width": 108,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 502,
"width": 457,
"height": 104,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Laba dipandang sebagai ukuran efisiensi kelola manajemen atas sumber daya suatu kesatuan dalam menjalankan perusahaan (Belkaoui, 1993). Jika perusahaan mengalami peningkatan laba, pihak eksternal akan tertarik untuk bekerja sama dengan perusahaan tersebut. Dengan laba yang maksimal kegiatan operasi dalam perusahaan tersebut akan terbantu, tujuan perusahaan akan tercapai. Oleh karenanya, laba yang didapatkan sebaiknya memiliki nilai positif supaya perusahaan bisa merealisasikan laba yang baik (Septyaningrum et al., 2020).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 78,
"top": 616,
"width": 124,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Corporate Governance",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 641,
"width": 457,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Forum for Corporate Governance in Indonesia (FCGI) mengemukakan bahwa tata kelola perusahaan merupakan sebuah sistem yang berhak dan berkewajiban mengatur dan mengendalikan hubungan antar pemegang, pengelola perusahaan,",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 713,
"width": 294,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 745,
"width": 194,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "pemberi pinjaman, pemerintah, karyawan, serta pemegang kepentingan internal dan exsternal lain (FCGI, 2001). Corporate governance bertujuan untuk menambah nilai bagi para pemegang kepentingan, meningkatkan nilai perusahaan melalui kinerja keuangan yang baik, meminimalisir risk perilaku menguntungkan diri sendiri bagi dewan komisaris dan memperkuat kepercayaan para pemilik modal (Tjager, 2003). Perusahaan yang menerapkan corporate governance dengan baik, akan mudah dalam mencari modal tambahan, biaya riil untuk mendapatkan dana menjadi lebih rendah, kinerja perusahaan meningkat dan berdampak baik bagi harga saham perusahaan (Randy & Juniarti, 2013).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 230,
"width": 293,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengaruh Current Ratio terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 254,
"width": 457,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Current ratio merupakan indikator rasio likuiditas yang menggambarkan seberapa mampu perusahaan memenuhi kewajiban jangka pendeknya (AWS et al., 2018). Semakin tinggi current ratio memperlihatkan keefektifan perusahaan dalam memenuhi beban jangka pendek yang bisa menyebabkan naiknya beban denda jika perusahaan mengalami ketidakmampuan membayar, hal ini dapat meningkatkan perolehan laba (Panjaitan, 2018). Dari sudut pandang kreditur, tingginya rasio lancar melindungi adanya kerugian drastis yang mungkin terjadi jika perusahaan terlikuiditasi (Gunawan & Wahyuni, 2013). Hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Panjaitan (2018), Siregar dan Batubara (2017) yang menyatakan current ratio berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 414,
"width": 367,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "H 1 = Current Ratio berpengaruh positif terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 440,
"width": 325,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengaruh Debt to Asset Ratio terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"width": 457,
"height": 104,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Debt to asset ratio mengukur besar aset perusahaan yang dibiayai hutang. Semakin tinggi hutang menjadi solusi untuk menambah modal perusahaan. Dana dari hutang menunjang kemampuan perusahaan dalam menghasilkan laba yang ditentukan oleh penggunaan hutang jangka pendek yang efektif serta pengelolaan total aset yang efisien (Salmah & Ermeila, 2018). Hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Siregar dan Batubara (2017) yang menyatakan debt to asset ratio berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 580,
"width": 393,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "H 2 = Debt to Asset Ratio berpengaruh positif terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 606,
"width": 332,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengaruh Total Asset Turnover terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 631,
"width": 457,
"height": 59,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Total asset turnover menggambarkan keefisiensian dari pemakaian seluruh aset perusahaan dalam menunjang penjualan. Total asset turnover yang tinggi menandakan perusahaan telah efisien memakai keseluruhan aset dalam menghasilkan penjualan. Hal ini akan berdampak pada perolehan laba perusahaan. Apabila perputaran aktiva",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 713,
"width": 294,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 745,
"width": 194,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 58,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "dalam menunjang aktifitas penjualan semakin cepat, maka perolehan pendapatan akan meningkat dan laba yang dihasilkan menjadi lebih besar (Ang, 1997). Hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Endri et al. (2020) dan Pernamasari et al. (2020) yang menyatakan total asset turnover berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 155,
"width": 402,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "H 3 = Total Asset Turnover berpengaruh positif terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 182,
"width": 315,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengaruh Net Profit Margin terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 207,
"width": 457,
"height": 148,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Net profit margin menunjukkan seberapa mampu perusahaan memperoleh laba bersih terhadap total penjualan bersih (Riyanto, 1995). Semakin tinggi net profit margin memperlihatkan keefektifan dan keefisienan perusahaan dalam menjalankan kegiatan operasional dalam pengaruhnya terhadap perolehan laba bersih dari kegiatan penjualan. Tingginya laba bersih memperluas peluang perusahaan dalam mendapatkan modal usaha yang lebih besar tanpa melalui pinjaman baru, sehingga akan meningkatkan perolehan laba (Reksoprayitno, 1991). Hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Sam et al. (2018), Endri et al. (2020), Pernamasari et al. (2020) dan Prabowo (2020) yang menyatakan net profit margin berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 366,
"width": 388,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "H 4 = Net Profit Margin berpengaruh positif terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 393,
"width": 307,
"height": 14,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengaruh Return On Asset terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 418,
"width": 460,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Return on asset merupakan bagian dari rasio profitabilitas yang digunakan untuk mengukur seberapa mampu perusahaan dalam memperoleh laba bersih berdasarkan tingkat aset tertentu (Bionda & Mahdar, 2017). Return on asset yang tinggi menandakan pengelolaan aset oleh manajemen yang telah efisien. Semakin tinggi tingkat profitabilitas perusahaan meningkatkan pertumbuhan aset tersebut. Laju pertumbuhan perusahaan yang semakin cepat meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan dalam memperoleh laba (Panjaitan, 2018). Hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Bionda dan Mahdar (2017) dan Panjaitan (2018) yang menyatakan return on asset positif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 562,
"width": 382,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "H 5 = Return On Asset berpengaruh positif terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 588,
"width": 339,
"height": 14,
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"text": "Pengaruh Corporate Governance terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 613,
"width": 459,
"height": 74,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tata kelola perusahaan yang baik menunjang sistem operasi yang efektif dan efisien. Sistem produksi yang baik cenderung dapat menghasilkan keuntungan yang tinggi dan meningkatkan harga saham (Rofiqurrutaf, 2020). Hal tersebut mendukung kinerja perusahaan dan kualitas profitabilitas untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaan. Pengelolaaan profitabilitas jangka panjang dianggap sebagai perusahaan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 713,
"width": 294,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 745,
"width": 194,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "yang tumbuh, secara tidak langsung akan berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba maupun penjualan perusahaan ke depan (Krisdayanti et al., 2019).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 115,
"width": 457,
"height": 89,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Di sisi lain, perusahaan dengan tata kelola yang baik meminimalisir perilaku oportunistik manajer sehingga dapat meningkatkan proteksi para pemegang saham. Keadaan-keadaan tersebut dapat menjadi pertimbangan para pemilik modal untuk berinvestasi pada perusahaan yang bersangkutan. Jumlah peminat saham yang semakin tinggi akan menaikkan harga saham, harga saham yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan laba perusahaan (Wahyuni, 2018).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"width": 407,
"height": 15,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "H 6 = Corporate Governance berpengaruh positif terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 242,
"width": 456,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Pengaruh Current Ratio terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
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"width": 457,
"height": 118,
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"text": "Corporate governance menciptakan nilai tambah bagi semua pemegang kepentingan. Dengan melihat indeks tata kelola perusahaan, pihak eksternal dapat mengetahui seberapa baik tata kelola perusahaan. Corporate governance yang baik mengindikasi bahwa manajemen keuangan perusahaan telah efektif menggunakan aset lancarnya. Hal ini berdampak positif bagi kreditur ketika current ratio digunakan secara efektif, sebab tingginya current ratio akan meningkatkan keamanan kreditur jangka pendek dan menekan risiko yang dihadapi. Sehingga current ratio yang tinggi dengan corporate governance yang baik diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan laba perusahaan.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"width": 457,
"height": 29,
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"text": "H 7 = Current Ratio berpengaruh terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
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"width": 456,
"height": 29,
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"text": "Pengaruh Debt to Asset Ratio terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 495,
"width": 457,
"height": 103,
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"text": "Leverage menjelaskan tentang kegiatan operasional perusahaan dibiayai oleh aktiva yang berasal dari hutang. Leverage dapat memberi batas pada perilaku manajemen laba. Leverage yang tinggi meminimalisir perilaku manajemen laba dengan alasan pemanfaatan membayar hutang yang dapat mengurangi ketersediaan dana bagi manajemen dalam melakukan pembelanjaan. Penggunaan pembiayaan hutang, menjadikan perusahaan berada dalam pengawasan pemberi pinjaman dan patuh pada pemberi pinjaman dalam membatasi pengeluaran (Jensen, 1986).",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 599,
"width": 457,
"height": 89,
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"text": "Salah satu metode untuk meminimalisir kemungkinan terjadinya konflik kepentingan antara agen dan principal yaitu menerapkan prinsip dan mekanisme corporate governance dalam mengelola perusahaan. Hal ini akan membawa perusahaan pada pengelolaan dengan baik (Dewi & Wirawati, 2019). Adanya pemeringkatan dalam corporate governance mendorong perusahaan untuk mengimplementasikan corporate governance secara maksimal. Pemeringkatan corporate governance diharapkan",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"height": 30,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"width": 194,
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"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 28,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "mampu meminimalisir perilaku manajemen laba yang membuat rugi perusahaan dan para investor.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 121,
"width": 457,
"height": 15,
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"text": "H 8 = Debt to Asset Ratio berpengaruh terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan",
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{
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"top": 136,
"width": 109,
"height": 14,
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"text": "Corporate Governance",
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"text": "Pengaruh Total Asset Turnover terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 204,
"width": 457,
"height": 59,
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"text": "Total asset turnover mengukur keefisienan perusahaan menggunakan keseluruhan aktivanya dalam menunjang kegiatan penjualan. Berputarnya aset yang semakin cepat dalam menunjang kegiatan penjualan bersih meningkatkan perolehan pendapatan sehingga laba yang dihasilkan menjadi lebih besar (Ang, 1997).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 78,
"top": 264,
"width": 457,
"height": 133,
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"text": "Pengungkapan informasi mengenai corporate governance dapat menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada informasi yang disembunyikan antara pemilik dan agen sehingga terhindar dari konflik kepentingan. Ketika pemilik dan manajemen memiliki tujuan yang sama untuk menumbuhkan laba di masa mendatang, maka pihak manajemen cenderung akan berusaha sebaik mungkin dalam mengestimasikan kinerja keuangannya dalam menghasilkan laba melalui pengungkapan informasi laporan keuangan. Dengan tata kelola perusahaan yang baik serta meningkatnya total asset turnover membuktikan bahwa kinerja perusahaan semakin baik, yang membuat para pemilik modal tertarik untuk berinvestasi dan menaikkan perolehan laba.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "H 9 = Total Asset Turnover berpengaruh terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 449,
"width": 457,
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"text": "Pengaruh Net Profit Margin terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 457,
"height": 103,
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"text": "Net profit margin merefleksikan bagaimana efisiensi perusahaan menekan pengeluaran perusahaan. Net profit margin yang tinggi , mencerminkan kegiatan operasional dalam bidang produksi, personalia, pemasaran dan keuangan telah bekerja dengan baik (Sudana, 2011). Tingginya net profit margin menunjukkan perolehan laba bersih perusahaan dapat digunakan sebagai modal tambah tanpa melalui hutang-hutang baru, sehingga meningkatkan pendapatan (Reksoprayitno, 1991).",
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"height": 89,
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"text": "Tata kelola perusahaan digunakan sebagai gambaran bagaimana setiap bidang manajemen mengelola perusahaan. Pengawasan dan pengendalian yang efektif membuat manajer konsisten dalam menentukan keputusan dengan tujuan meningkatkan nilai pemegang saham yang berorientasi pada pertumbuhan perusahaan. Penerapan sistem ini akan meningkatkan tim manajemen yang solid dan transparan, meningkatkan kesejahteraan stakeholder dan shareholder (dividen dan harga",
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"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 194,
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"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 86,
"width": 456,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "saham), mendapatkan kepercayaan konsumen serta pangsa pasar, dan meningkatkan laba bersih perusahaan.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "H 10 = Net Profit Margin berpengaruh terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Pengaruh Return On Asset terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 74,
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"text": "Return on asset menunjukkan hasil return atas sejumlah aset yang dipakai perusahaan. Return dari investasi akan memperlihatkan produktivitas keseluruhan dana perusahaan, baik modal sendiri maupun modal kredit (Ulfa & Asyik, 2019). Tingginya return on asset mencerminkan efisiensi aset yang digunakan sehingga meningkatkan perolehan laba (Wijaya, 2013).",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 89,
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"text": "Di sisi lain, corporate governance sebagai struktur sistematis untuk memaksimalkan laba menggambarkan kinerja manajemen dalam mengelola aset serta modal guna menarik perhatian para investor atau pemegang saham. Jika manajemen menerapkan tata kelola dengan baik dalam mengelola aset serta modal, diharapkan kinerja keuangan dan pertumbuhan laba perusahaan akan mencapai tingkatan yang lebih baik.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "H 11 = Return On Asset berpengaruh terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba dimoderasi dengan Corporate Governance",
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"width": 49,
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"text": "Metode",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 78,
"top": 451,
"width": 457,
"height": 89,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan data pengukuran rasio dengan desain uji hipotesis data sekunder berupa data panel dan data hasil corporate governance score berdasarkan content analysis data sekunder. Populasi yang diperoleh sebanyak 164 perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020. Menggunakan teknik purposive sampling diperoleh 62 perusahaan sebagai sampel dengan total 186 observasi. Kriteria sampel penelitian ini adalah:",
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"text": "1. Perusahaan termasuk dalam kategori perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 575,
"width": 457,
"height": 29,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2. Perusahaan terdaftar di ISSI selama periode 2018-2020 dan melaporkan annual dan financial report secara periodik selama tahun pengamatan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 605,
"width": 446,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Perusahaan yang periode laporan keuangannya berakhir pada bulan Desember.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 620,
"width": 457,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4. Perusahaan memiliki net profit margin positif selama periode 2018-2020, karena laba bersih yang negatif menunjukkan perusahaan yang bersangkutan tidak mencerminkan laba yang baik atau sering mengalami kerugian.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 675,
"width": 102,
"height": 14,
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"text": "Hasil dan Diskusi",
"type": "Section header"
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"width": 294,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 745,
"width": 194,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 12,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"width": 457,
"height": 43,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Setelah melalui transformasi logaritma, diperoleh Cross-sections included : 56 perusahaan dengan total panel sebanyak 104 observasi penelitian. Hasil uji MRA disajikan pada Tabel 2.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 142,
"width": 259,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Table 2. Uji MRA ( Moderated Regression Analysis )",
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{
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"text": "Sumber: Data sekunder diolah, 2021",
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 12,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh current ratio (X 1 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar 9,524089 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,7166 > 0,05. Kesimpulannya, current ratio (X 1 ) tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis pertama (H 1 ) pada penelitian ini tidak dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti tinggi rendahnya variabel current ratio yang merupakan perbandingan antara modal kerja (aktiva lancar dibagi hutang lancar) tidak mempengaruhi pertumbuhan laba. Hasil ini sama dengan hasil penelitian Siregar dan Batubara (2017), Salmah dan Ermeila (2018), Susilawati (2018) dan Sam et al. (2018) yang menyatakan bahwa current ratio tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 294,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 13,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 745,
"width": 194,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh debt to asset ratio (X 2 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar -25,85859 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,2741 > 0,05. Kesimpulannya, debt to asset ratio (X 2 ) tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis kedua (H 2 ) pada penelitian ini tidak dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti tinggi rendahnya variabel debt to asset ratio yang merupakan perbandingan antara total hutang dan total aktiva tidak mempengaruhi pertumbuhan laba. Hasil ini sama dengan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Salmah dan Ermeila (2018) dan Prakarsa (2019) yang menyatakan bahwa variabel debt to asset ratio tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 78,
"top": 230,
"width": 457,
"height": 208,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh total asset turnover (X 3 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar 3257,412 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,0477 < 0,05. Kesimpulannya, total asset turnover (X 3 ) berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis ketiga (H 3 ) pada penelitian ini dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti variabel total asset turnover pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020 telah efisien dalam memanfaatkan aset lancar dan aset tetapnya untuk menunjang aktifitas penjualan. Perputaran aset yang cepat, memperbesar perolehan pendapatan yang dapat menumbuhkan laba. Rasio total asset turnover yang meningkat memiliki kemampuan menghasilkan laba yang tinggi. Keadaan ini memperkuat kepercayaan investor terhadap perusahaan untuk menanamkan modalnya. Hasil ini mendukung hasil penelitian Susilawati (2018), Salmah dan Ermeila (2018), Pernamasari et al. (2020) dan Endri et al. (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa total asset turnover berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 457,
"height": 193,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh net profit margin (X 4 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar 3250,992 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,0483 < 0,05. Kesimpulannya, net profit margin (X 4 ) berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis keempat (H 4 ) pada penelitian ini dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti net profit margin pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020 telah mampu dalam meningkatkan usahanya melalui laba operasional yang dicapai pada periode tersebut. Pencapaian laba tersebut memberikan investor gambaran positif terhadap kinerja perusahaan sehingga investor merasa terjamin atas tingginya return dari modal yang ditanamkannya. Keadaan tersebut dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan laba. Hasil ini mendukung hasil penelitian Susilawati (2018), Sam et al. (2018), Pernamasari et al. (2020), Prabowo (2020) dan Endri et al. (2020) yang menyatakan bahwa net profit margin berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 44,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh return on asset (X 5 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar -3277,658 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,0482 < 0,05. Kesimpulannya, return on asset (X 5 ) berpengaruh signifikan",
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"top": 713,
"width": 294,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 194,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 14,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 78,
"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "negatif terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis kelima (H 5 ) pada penelitian ini tidak dapat diterima. Tingginya variabel return on asset pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020 menurunkan pertumbuhan laba. Hal ini berarti perusahaan belum efektif mempergunakan asetnya dalam memanfaatkan kesempatan melalui penjualan dan keuntungan yang diterima perusahaan sehingga tidak menarik daya minat investor. Hasil ini tidak berbeda dengan hasil penelitian Dari et al. (2018) yang menyatakan bahwa variabel return on asset berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh corporate governance index (Z) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar 0,037313 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,9966 > 0,05. Kesimpulannya, corporate governance index (Z) tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis keenam (H 6 ) pada penelitian ini tidak dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti tinggi rendahnya variabel corporate governance index tidak mempengaruhi pertumbuhan laba. Hasil ini tidak berbeda dengan hasil penelitian Abdurahman (2018) yang menyatakan bahwa variabel corporate governance index tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan laba.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 119,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh corporate governance index (Z) memoderasi current ratio (X 1 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar -2,451476 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,77052 > 0,05. Kesimpulannya, corporate governance index (Z) tidak memoderasi current ratio terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis ketujuh (H 7 ) pada penelitian ini tidak dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti pertumbuhan laba tidak dipengaruhi oleh naik dan turunnya current ratio sebagai variabel independen dan corporate governance index tidak mendukung ketertarikan investor dalam menanamkan modal pada perusahaan manufaktur .",
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{
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"width": 457,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh corporate governance index (Z) memoderasi debt to asset ratio (X 2 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar 6,632692 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,2619 > 0,05. Kesimpulannya, corporate governance index (Z) tidak memoderasi debt to asset ratio terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis kedelapan (H 8 ) pada penelitian ini tidak dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti pertumbuhan laba tidak dipengaruhi oleh naik dan turunnya debt to asset ratio sebagai variabel independen dan corporate governance index tidak mendukung kepercayaan keamanan kreditur dalam menekan risiko yang dihadapi ketika memberikan pinjaman pada perusahaan manufaktur.",
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"width": 457,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh corporate governance index (Z) memoderasi total asset turnover (X 3 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar -801,0819 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,0444 < 0,05. Kesimpulannya, corporate governance index (Z) dapat memoderasi total asset turnover terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis kesembilan (H 9 ) pada penelitian ini",
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"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
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"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 86,
"width": 457,
"height": 163,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti corporate governance index mampu memoderasi (memperlemah) hubungan antara total asset turnover dengan pertumbuhan laba. Total asset turnover yang tinggi merefleksikan bahwa perusahaan telah efisien dalam memanfaatkan aktivanya dalam menunjang aktifitas penjualan yang dapat meningkatkan pendapatan dan perolehan laba yang lebih besar (Ang, 1997). Namun dalam kasus ini, ketidaklengkapan pengungkapan informasi corporate governance yang dapat menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada informasi yang disembunyikan antara prinsipal dan agen sehingga terhindar dari konflik kepentingan dapat menjadi perhatian minat investor untuk tidak berinvestasi pada perusahaan manufaktur. Sehingga corporate governance index dapat memperlemah hubungan total asset turnover dengan pertumbuhan laba.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh corporate governance index (Z) memoderasi net profit margin (X 4 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar -799,5935 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,0448 < 0,05. Kesimpulannya, corporate governance index (Z) dapat memoderasi net profit margin terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis kesepuluh (H 10 ) pada penelitian ini dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti corporate governance index mampu memoderasi (memperlemah) hubungan antara net profit margin dengan pertumbuhan laba. Net profit margin yang semakin tinggi menunjukkan semakin baik pula operasi suatu perusahaan dalam bidang produksi, personalia, pemasaran dan keuangannya (Sudana, 2011). Namun hal ini tidak diimbangi dengan tingkat prestasi perusahaan dalam menerapkan tata kelola perusahaan yang dapat merefleksikan bagaimana setiap bidang manajemen perusahaan dalam mengelola perusahaan. Sehingga keberadaan variabel corporate governance index dapat memperlemah hubungan antara net profit margin dengan pertumbuhan laba.",
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"width": 457,
"height": 194,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil uji t pada Tabel 2, pengaruh corporate governance index (Z) memoderasi return on asset (X 5 ) terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) diketahui koefisien regresi sebesar 806,3829 dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,0447 < 0,05. Kesimpulannya, corporate governance index (Z) dapat memoderasi return on asset terhadap pertumbuhan laba (Y) dan hipotesis kesebelas (H 11 ) pada penelitian ini dapat diterima. Hal ini berarti corporate governance index mampu memoderasi (memperkuat) hubungan antara return on asset dengan pertumbuhan laba. Return on asset menunjukkan return atas jumlah aset yang dipakai dalam perusahaan. Semakin tinggi return on asset suatu perusahaan, akan semakin efisien penggunaan aktivanya sehingga dapat meningkatkan laba (Wijaya, 2013). Implementasi corporate governance yang baik mencerminkan upaya manajemen dalam melakukan pengelolaan aset dan modal. Hal ini dapat menarik perhatian para penanam modal atau pemegang saham untuk berinvestasi sehingga pertumbuhan laba meningkat menjadi lebih baik.",
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"text": "Kesimpulan",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 713,
"width": 294,
"height": 30,
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"text": "Accounting and Finance Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 2022 Page 1-20 DOI: 10.47153/afs21.2622022",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 745,
"width": 194,
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"text": "*Corresponding Author Email address: [email protected]",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil pengujian di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Current Ratio dan Corporate Governance signifikan positif tidak berpengaruh terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020. Debt to Asset Ratio tidak berpengaruh terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020. Total Asset Turnover dan Net Profit Margin berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020. Return On Asset berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020.",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 133,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Sedangkan hasil dari analisis regresi moderasi dapat disimpulkan bahwa Corporate Governance tidak mampu menjadi moderasi dalam hubungan antara Curent Ratio , Debt to Asset Ratio terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020. Corporate Governance dapat memoderasi (memperlemah) hubungan antara Total Asset Turnover dan Net Profit Margin terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020. Corporate Governance mampu memoderasi (memperkuat) hubungan antara Return On Asset terhadap Pertumbuhan Laba perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI periode 2018-2020.",
"type": "Text"
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Saran",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 388,
"width": 457,
"height": 118,
"page_number": 16,
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"text": "Penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan faktor lain dari rasio keuangan dalam mempengaruhi pertumbuhan laba seperti cash ratio, quick ratio, total debt to total assets ratio, profit margin, gross profit margin, return on investment (ROI), perputaran persediaan dan perputaran piutang. Menambah variabel lain dari faktor makro ekonomi seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, situasi politik, kebijakan pemerintah dan inflasi. Memperluas sampel supaya hasil penelitian lebih tepat dan akurat dengan memperbandingkan perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di ISSI dengan perusahaan sektor lain maupun indeks saham lainnya.",
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5b8d79fa-2dc8-c365-9795-ab31e25f981d | https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/Pionir/article/download/22058/9286 | [
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"text": "PIONIR: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN VOLUME 13, No. 1, 2024, Hal. 120 - 124 P-ISSN 2339-2495/E-ISSN 2549-6611",
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"text": "DIGITAL LITERACY BASED ON LOCAL WISDOM",
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"text": "IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION",
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"text": "*Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi, Medan",
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"text": "Utami Nurhafsari Putri** **Universitas Negeri Medan [email protected]",
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"text": "Wina Viqa Sari*** ***Universitas Sumatera Utara [email protected]",
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"text": "Nurul Aida Fitri**** ****Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi, Medan [email protected]",
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"text": "Received 10 January 2024; Received in revised form 18 March 2024; Accepted 13 April 2024",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "This study examines the role of digital literacy based on local wisdom in the context of inclusive education. Digital literacy is essential in modern education, especially in the current digital era. However, inclusive education, which encourages the participation of children with various special needs, often requires a more specific approach focused on local wisdom to achieve maximum success. This research discusses the concept of digital literacy, defines local wisdom, and outlines how integrating digital literacy based on local wisdom can support inclusive education. The results indicate that this approach can significantly enhance participation, learning, and the development of inclusive education.",
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"text": "Keywords: digital literacy, local wisdom, inclusive education",
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"text": "Abstrak",
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"text": "Penelitian ini mengkaji peran literasi digital yang berbasis pada kearifan lokal dalam konteks pendidikan inklusi. Literasi digital menjadi aspek penting dalam pendidikan modern, terutama di era digital saat ini. Namun, pendidikan inklusi, yang mendorong partisipasi anak-anak dengan berbagai kebutuhan khusus, seringkali memerlukan pendekatan yang lebih khusus dan berfokus pada kearifan lokal untuk mencapai keberhasilan yang maksimal. Penelitian ini membahas konsep literasi digital, mendefinisikan kearifan lokal, dan menguraikan bagaimana integrasi literasi digital berbasis kearifan lokal dapat mendukung pendidikan inklusi. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan ini dapat",
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"text": "PIONIR: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN VOLUME 13, No. 1, 2024, Hal. 120 - 124 P-ISSN 2339-2495/E-ISSN 2549-6611",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"top": 784,
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"text": "121",
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"width": 398,
"height": 25,
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"text": "meningkatkan partisipasi, pembelajaran, dan perkembangan pendidikan inklusi secara signifikan.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: literasi digital, kearifan lokal, pendidikan inklusi",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Indonesia has been preparing for its 'golden generation,' expected to emerge by 2045. This generation is being nurtured in various ways, including through education. Indonesia's education system still needs to catch up to those of other affluent countries (Fetra Bonita Sari, Risda Amini, 2020). Educational standards must be raised to produce a generation capable of competing in all future fields. Early education can lay the foundation for future character development in children(Bangsawan et al., 2021).",
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"text": "Schools should not only be places for learning but also for imparting life skills beneficial to society. Social skills are also taught in schools. This is essential in regular and inclusive schools catering to children with special needs who struggle with social skills and other limitations. A child with special needs (CWSNs) possess certain characteristics that differentiate them from other children their age. These characteristics may be emotional, mental, physical, or intellectual, necessitating special educational programs (Mulyono, 1999; Delfi, 2006).",
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"text": "The current generation of children prefers to engage with short, easily accessible text pieces rather than lengthy books (Permatasari et al., 2022). The availability of digital technology facilitates learning and knowledge acquisition. Literacy is a critical skill individuals must acquire to function in today's world. Such technology can enhance awareness among Indonesians about the necessity of digital technology for children, especially in inclusive education.",
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"text": "Introducing local wisdom from a region is one form of literacy that can be taught in inclusive schools through digital literacy. (Rahyono, 2009) explains that local wisdom refers to the socially learned human intellect possessed by members of a specific ethnic group. Therefore, local knowledge can be defined as a cultural product emerging from the experiences of a community living in a particular place. Introducing children to local wisdom can be done through folktales, traditional games, traditions, proverbs, rhymes, dances, and music from each region.",
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"text": "Digital literacy based on local wisdom is an exciting educational approach for the current generation of children, especially in inclusive education. Utilizing local wisdom can positively impact children as it can be combined with digital literacy using technology. Introducing local wisdom also aims to familiarize children with the culture of a region in their literacy understanding, especially in inclusive education.",
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"text": "By introducing digital literacy based on local wisdom in inclusive schools, children will remember their culture and traditions, which they can then preserve for future generations. Children with special needs in inclusive education should also be familiar with digital technology. Through digital literacy, it is hoped that the young generation, especially in inclusive schools, will be equipped to face the challenges of an increasingly sophisticated era. Based on the above discussion, the researcher is interested in conducting a study titled \"Digital Literacy Based on Local Wisdom in Inclusive Education.\"",
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"text": "PIONIR: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN VOLUME 13, No. 1, 2024, Hal. 120 - 124 P-ISSN 2339-2495/E-ISSN 2549-6611",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "122",
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"text": "METHODS",
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"text": "In this study, the research method employed is qualitative research with a literature study (library research) approach. This research is characterized as descriptive qualitative research because its focus is on descriptive data and does not involve numerical data.",
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"text": "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "a. Digital Literacy",
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"text": "Digital literacy is the ability to use information and communication technology (ICT) to find, evaluate, utilize, create, and communicate content or information with cognitive, ethical, social, emotional, and technical or technological skills (Kemdikbud, 2018). Digital literacy involves individuals' interest, attitude, and ability to use digital technology and communication tools to access, manage, integrate, analyze, and evaluate information, build new knowledge, and create and communicate with others, enabling effective social participation.",
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"text": "According to Anggeraini et al. (2019), the importance of introducing digital literacy is that it can help children acquire the technical knowledge and skills needed to operate digital media effectively and skillfully, solve everyday life problems, understand the social aspects and influence of digital media in society, and develop a positive attitude towards digital media and readiness to cope with the developments in the digital era. As for early childhood education, Yusuf (2020) emphasizes the importance of digital literacy in the educational context to develop a child's knowledge (cognitive) through stimulating their curiosity and creativity.",
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"text": "b. Local Wisdom",
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"text": "Indonesian society is known as a pluralistic nation and a country of multiculturalism. Indonesia's diversity is due to its approximately 17,500 islands connected by oceans and its wealth of ethnicities, tribes, languages, cultures, religions, and customs. This plurality often labels Indonesia as a multicultural country. The uniqueness and distinctiveness of certain cultures are potentials that can be leveraged to penetrate the current global culture. Therefore, this rich Indonesian culture needs to be unearthed, introduced, and developed by every Indonesian community (Sekar., 2010).",
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"text": "Utilizing local wisdom that directly relates to concrete events in the surrounding environment, learning through digital literacy based on local wisdom becomes more dynamic and engaging. One solution to foster children's ability to connect with their local environment is incorporating local wisdom values in the learning process. A learning model that applies local cultural values is an example of an educational approach that positively affects the growth of children's life skills by absorbing different ways of living within the local cultural values unique to each region(Iyan Setiawan, 2020).",
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"text": "c. Inclusive Education",
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"text": "Inclusion\" originates from the English word \"inclusive,\" which means to include or incorporate. Armstrong & Spandagou stated, \"Inclusion is about all students with disabilities participating in all aspects of school life within the regular school to provide them access to the same educational experiences as other students and full citizenship in an inclusive society.\" This statement means that inclusion is about all students with disabilities participating in every aspect of school life in regular schools to grant them access to the same",
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"text": "PIONIR: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN VOLUME 13, No. 1, 2024, Hal. 120 - 124 P-ISSN 2339-2495/E-ISSN 2549-6611",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "educational experiences as other students and full citizenship in an inclusive society(Kahar, Aris, 2019).",
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"text": "Inclusive education aims to provide intervention for children with special needs as early as possible. Its objectives include: (1) Minimizing the limitations of children's growth and developmental conditions and maximizing their opportunities to engage in everyday activities. (2) If possible, prevent more severe conditions in developmental irregularities, thus avoiding the development of incapacitated children. (3) Preventing the development of other ability limitations due to their primary disabilities(Baharudin, Hasan, 2018).",
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"text": "Digital literacy can also be referred to as a combination of computer and information literacy. It encompasses all digital devices, such as computers, the Internet, and mobile phones. (Marty, 2013) define digital literacy as a set of capabilities children need to face life and challenges in the 21st century. Additionally, (Ayuni, 2015) notes that digital literacy is understanding and using information from various digital sources.",
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"text": "Digital literacy movement programs conducted by educational institutions have been able to change the perception of teachers and students that to find learning resources and other articles, it is not necessary to visit conventional libraries, which consume much of the teachers' time. These activities have successfully enhanced the skills of teachers and students, particularly those in inclusive education, by creating technology-based learning media that were previously considered difficult to produce and required particular expertise in the field of computers(Diputra K.K, 2020).",
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"text": "Implementing digital literacy in learning at inclusive schools can foster a culture of literacy and develop local cultural wisdom. In classrooms, it is important to have writings, images, or posters that are part of the local culture. Wall words about local wisdom values, learning CDs containing information about local cultures, such as the process of making batik, local history, local ceremonial processes, and others. Miniatures of historical relics and other literature about local culture can be placed in the classroom(Eka, 2017).",
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"text": "Local Wisdom in Folk Tales is a medium for character education to form children's literacy(Gegana, Faisol, 2017). An interesting aspect of these collected folk tales is that almost every region has stories in the form of legends, myths, historical narratives, and fables. This undoubtedly provides a wealth of information to each reader(Mahmud, 2013).",
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"text": "Folk tales are utilized as a medium for character education, both receptively and expressively. To teach folk tales, a teacher must first make students enjoy them. This can be done by introducing examples of folk tales from various regions, thus allowing students to appreciate the richness of the national heritage and fostering a sense of nationalism. Then, children are trained to identify moral values from the taught folk tales, expecting that they can find truth in society(Gegana, Faisol, 2017).",
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"text": "Implementing technology in inclusive schools requires the integration of a suitable learning medium that accommodates the learning conditions of children with special needs and typically developing children. Digital technology is effective in helping children with special needs understand the learning materials provided by the teacher. One of the learnings that can be applied in inclusive education is digital literacy based on local wisdom. The presence of digital literacy in introducing local wisdom applied in inclusive schools will facilitate teachers in delivering lessons, make students more interested in learning, and",
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"text": "PIONIR: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN VOLUME 13, No. 1, 2024, Hal. 120 - 124 P-ISSN 2339-2495/E-ISSN 2549-6611",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "prevent boredom. Teachers play a crucial role in assisting children in learning using digital technology.",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Digital literacy based on local wisdom can support inclusive education by significantly enhancing the participation, learning, and development of children with special needs. Therefore, this approach becomes an adequate alternative to improving the quality of inclusive education. For further research on digital literacy based on local wisdom in inclusive education, studies involving the direct participation of children in inclusive schools, especially those with special needs, can be conducted. Additionally, exploring other factors that may influence the effectiveness of digital literacy based on local wisdom should be considered.",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
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] |
c6db067a-aa8d-13ac-24f1-54b059dbcd6a | https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/risa/article/download/3801/2881 | [
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"text": "Jurnal RISA (Riset Arsitektur) ISSN 2548-8074, www.journal.unpar.ac.id Volume 04, Nomor 02, edisi April 2020; hal 120-137",
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"text": "EFFECTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE AREA, ZONING, INTERNAL CIRCULATION, AND SPACE ON APARTMENT UNIT TYPE 2 BEDROOMS",
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"text": "1 Steffi Averina Prajogo. 2 Ir. Alexander Sastrawan, MSP.",
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"text": "¹ Student in the Bachelor’s (S-1) Study Program in Architecture",
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"text": "at Parahyangan Catholic University",
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"text": "² Senior lecturer in the Bachelor’s (S-1) Study Program in Architecture",
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"text": "at Parahyangan Catholic University",
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"text": "Abstract- This paper takes on how is the effectivity and efficiency of the area, zoning, internal circulation, and space on apartment unit type 2 bedrooms in 5 years span since 1994-2018 because based on data obtained, growth and apartment price is increasing so much that the existence of apartments in the future is predicted to keep increasing. Apartment growth should have produced an efficient and effective unit to gain more clients. Because of that, this research is needed to obtain a more efficient and more effective unit in the future. Based on literature and data from various apartments, 2-bedroom type is the most designed and always built in those apartments. Worksheets or brochures is the first impression of apartment units from clients’ point of view, that is why layout in those brochures will be affecting the market and becoming a benchmark for layout designing in the real unit so the efficiency and effectivity could be seen.",
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"text": "To know how effective and efficient the units are by counting the floor efficiency ratio and netto-bruto calculation. Besides, this research is also using minimum standards requirements to support the design of 2 bed rooms apartment units. In this research, the changing factors which are the area, zoning, internal circulation also space in each of the apartment units are to be compared from time to time to get the pattern occurs. The chosen research objects are Taman Rasuna Apartment which is the pioneer of apartment growth in Indonesia and then Wisma Gading Permai, The Majesty, The Summit, Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2, Scientia Residences, M Town Residences, and Branz BSD.",
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"text": "This research shows that area, zoning, and layout, internal circulation, and space are affecting the effectivity and efficiency of 2 bed rooms apartment units. The result shows that the highest completion number of effectivity and efficiency in the area, zoning, internal circulation, and space is 75% which in 1998-2012 and the lowest is 50% in 1994 and 2018. From 8 apartments, no unit reaches 100% efficient nor effective because based on factors, there is also none that reach such efficiency and effectivity.",
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"text": "Key Words: 2 bed rooms unit, apartment, effectivity, efficiency",
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"text": "EFEKTIVITAS DAN EFISIENSI LUASAN, PENZONAAN, SIRKULASI INTERNAL, DAN RUANG GERAK PADA UNIT APARTEMEN TIPE 2 KAMAR TIDUR",
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"text": "1 Steffi Averina Prajogo. 2 Ir. Alexander Sastrawan, MSP. ¹ Mahasiswi S1 Program Studi Arsitektur Universitas Katolik Parahyangan ² Dosen Pembimbing S1 Program Studi Arsitektur Universitas Katolik Parahyangan",
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"text": "Abstrak- Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana efektivitas dan efisiensi luasan, penzonaan, sirkulasi internal, dan ruang gerak pada unit apartemen tipe 2 kamar tidur dalam rentang 5 tahun sejak 1994-2018 karena berdasarkan data yang didapat, angka pertumbuhan dan harga apartemen meningkat pesat sehingga keberadaan apartemen di masa depan diperkirakan akan terus meningkat. Pertumbuhan apartemen seharusnya menghasilkan unit yang efektif dan efisien pula untuk menarik peminat. Karena itulah dibutuhkan penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan unit yang lebih efektif dan efisien lagi di masa mendatang. Berdasarkan literatur dan data perolehan berbagai",
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"text": "1 Corresponding Author: [email protected]",
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"left": 107,
"top": 39,
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"height": 8,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
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"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "121",
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"width": 400,
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"text": "apartemen, unit 2 kamar adalah unit yang paling banyak dirancang dan selalu ada pada apartemen.",
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"text": "Untuk menentukan efektivitas dan efisiensi pada unit 2 kamar apartemen tersebut maka digunakan metode perhitungaan floor efficiency ratio dan perhitungan netto–bruto. Selain itu digunakan juga standard- standard minimum yang ada untuk menunjang persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi oleh sebuah unit 2 kamar tidur pada apartemen. Pada penelitian ini dilihat perubahan faktor-faktor luasan, zoning, tata letak, sirkulasi internal, dan juga ruang gerak terhadap lembar kerja unit 2 kamar tidur objek penelitian dengan membandingkan apartemen tersebut dari tahun ke tahun hingga didapatkan pola yang terjadi. Objek penelitian yang dipilih adalah Apartemen Taman Rasuna yang merupakan pelopor bertumbuhnya apartemen Indonesia, lalu apartemen Wisma Gading Permai, The Majesty, The Summit, Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2, Scientia Residences, M Town Residences dan Branz BSD.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor luasan, zoning dan tata letak, sirkulasi internal, dan juga ruang gerak sangat memengaruhi efektivitas dan efisiensi sebuah unit 2 kamar tidur pada apartemen. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa angka tertinggi pemenuhan efektif maupun efisien luasan, penzonaan, sirkulasi internal, dan ruang gerak adalah 75% yang berada pada tahun 1998-2012 dan terendah 50% di 1994 dan 2018. Dari 8 apartemen tidak ada unit yang mencapai 100% efektif maupun efisien karena berdasarkan faktor pun tidak ada yang mencapai keefektifan dan efisiensi tersebut.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: unit 2 kamar tidur, apartemen, efektivitas, efisiensi",
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"text": "1. PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Menurut Direktur Jenderal Pembiayaan Perumahan Kementrian PUPR, Maurin Sitorus mengatakan bahwa kebutuhan perumahan hingga tahun 2025 akan mencapai 30 juta unit sehingga perlu dilakukan kolaborasi pemerintah, perbankan, developer hingga akademisi untuk mewujudkan pembangunan perumahan yang berkelanjutan. Bapak Maurin menyatakan bahwa bagi Indonesia sektor perumahan adalah lokomotif perekonomian sehingga jika sektor perumahan bergerak maka 170 sektor industri lainnya akan bergerak.",
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"text": "Ada beberapa jenis hunian atau rumah tinggal di Indonesia, namun yang paling banyak dibicarakan adalah landed house atau rumah tapak dan juga hunian vertikal yang dikenal dengan nama rumah susun atau apartemen. Rumah tapak adalah jenis hunian yang paling lama dikenal masyarakat karena sejak zaman dahulu rumah merupakan tempat tinggal yang berdiri langsung di atas tanah sehingga memiliki kebun, teras dan sebagainya (Harris, 1975). Apartemen merupakan kompleks rumah tinggal yang disusun secara vertikal sehingga tidak memiliki kebun atau pelataran yang langsung terhubung dengan unit apartemen tersebut.",
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"text": "Keberadaan apartemen yang kemudian hingga saat ini apartemen dirancang semakin mengikuti permintaan masyarakat pun akhirnya mulai diminati dan menjadi alternatif yang populer di kalangan masyarakat. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pertumbuhan apartemen yang meningkat sangat cepat dalam jangka waktu 8 tahun. Sebuah apartemen dapat menampung ratusan unit pada setiap tower sehingga jauh lebih efektif dari rumah tapak. Seiring dengan permintaan yang semakin tinggi maka harga apartemen pun ikut naik seperti properti pada umumnya yang mengikuti tingginya permintaan.",
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"text": "Harga yang semakin meningkat membuat luasan unit (m 2 ) dipaksa untuk efektif dan eifisien bagi penghuninya. Begitu pula dengan tatanan dan layout ruang pada tiap unit yang harus semaksimal mungkin. Seiring perkembangan zaman pun apartemen selalu berubah seperti rumah tinggal karena selalu mengikuti perkembangan gerak dan aktivitas manusia. Pertumbuhan apartemen di Indonesia yang sudah cukup tinggi pun memudahkan adanya evaluasi terhadap perubahan dan perbedaan layout dari berbagai apartemen yang ada.",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
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"text": "122",
"type": "Page footer"
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"height": 22,
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"text": "Figur 1 Peningkatan harga apartemen dari 2007-2015 Sumber: pusatdata.kontan.co.id",
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"left": 72,
"top": 430,
"width": 457,
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"text": "Adanya pertumbuhan apartemen hingga 2018 ini dapat menghadirkan perubahan yang berdampak bagi pertumbuhan apartemen di masa depan karena keberadaan permintaan yang meningkat pula. Perubahan tersebut dapat berupa penambahan atau pengurangan luas, desain, dan sebagainya karena unit apartemen sebagai rumah tinggal seharusnya dapat menjadi investasi masa depan yang memiliki nilai sepadan dengan harganya. Perubahan pada unit apartemen pun dapat dilihat dalam hal luas dan pola tata ruang yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan efisiensi dan efektivitas ruang sehingga dapat dilihat pola tata ruang seperti apakah yang memiliki nilai efisiensi dan efektivitas yang tinggi. Hingga saat ini developer pun berlomba-lomba mendirikan apartemen yang dapat menjadi pilihan favorit di mata masyarakat dengan desain dan keunikan yang berbeda-beda. Banyaknya apartemen yang laku dan bahkan terjual habis membuktikan bahwa keberadaan apartemen sangat dibutuhkan. Kebutuhan rumah tinggal dan lahan yang semakin meningkan pun akhirnya membuat unit apartemen harus efisien agar dapat menampung banyaknya permintaan ( compact) .",
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"text": "Pertumbuhan apartemen di Indonesia pun akhirnya banyak diminati oleh negara asing yang ikut mencoba berinvestasi di Indonesia. Kemunculan developer asing di industri apartemen Indonesia dapat membawa inovasi baru yang dapat berkembang sehingga dapat menjadi hunian berkelanjutan yang lebih efisien. Naiknya angka pertumbuhan apartemen pun dapat ditemukan banyaknya apartemen yang dibangun atau diserah terimakan pada tahun 2018 dan bukan hanya pengembang dari luar namun dari lokal juga di berbagai kota khususnya di Pulau Jawa. Unit apartemen pada brosur yang menjadi objek penjualan sebelum apartemen tersebut dibangun menjadi penentu penjualan. Seharusnya objek penjualan ini menampilkan penataan unit yang seefektif dan seefisien mungkin untuk menarik konsumen. Keberadaan apartemen sejak tahun 1994 hingga sekarang dapat dievaluasi apakah terdapat perubahan yang dapat berdampak pada efisiensi dan efektivitas unit pada apartemen.",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 289,
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"width": 21,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "123",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 75,
"width": 457,
"height": 93,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Dari fenomena di atas dapat dirumuskan beberapa rumusan penelitian di antaranya: (1) Apakah perubahan luasan, zoning, sirkulasi internal, dan ruang gerak memengaruhi efetivitas dan efisiensi pada unit tipe dua kamar tidur apartemen sejak tahun 1994-2018?, (2) Apakah ruang-ruang dalam yang ada pada unit dua kamar apartemen-apartemen tersebut sudah memenuhi standard dan persyaratan luasan, zoning, sirkulasi dan ruang gerak?, dan (3) Bagaimana efisiensi dan efektivitas luasan, penzonaan, sirkulasi internal, dan ruang gerak masing-masing unit tipe dua kamar tidur pada apartemen-apartemen tersebut?",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 72,
"top": 173,
"width": 457,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami perubahan luasan, zoning, sirkulasi internal, dan ruang gerak pada unit tipe dua kamar apartemen dari tahun 1994 hingga 2018 dalam rentang kurang lebih 5 tahun. Lalu dievaluasi bagaimana perubahan faktor tersebut terhadap efisiensi dan efektivitas unit sehingga akan didapatkan pola seperti apa dan bagaimana unit dua kamar yang efektif dan efisien. Sehingga bermanfaat untuk mengetahui tipe unit dua kamar apartemen yang efektif dan efisien bagi masyarakat dan menambah pengetahuan akan industri properti di Indonesia terutama mengenai hunian vertikal. Memberi manfaat bagi ilmu arsitektur dalam hal ruang dan penataannya agar dapat menghasilkan desain yang lebih efisien dan efektif lagi bagi unit di hunian vertikal di masa depan. Kesimpulan yang didapat dari penelitian ini dapat menjadi acuan atau terobosan bagi unit apartemen di masa depan.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 72,
"top": 326,
"width": 457,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penelitian ini akan dibahas dari lingkup objek studi Apartemen Taman Rasuna hingga 2018 dengan rentang kurang lebih 5 tahun yaitu Wisma Gading Permai, The Majesty, The Summit, Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2, Scientia Residences, Serpong M Town Residences, dan The Branz. Konteks pun berupa luasan, zoning, sirkulasi internal, dan ruang gerak terhadap efisiensi dan efektivitas unit dua kamar tidur apartemen tersebut. Dari faktor-faktor tersebut akan dibandingkan setiap unit 2 kamar tidur pada apartemen tersebut berdasarkan urutan tahunnya lalu dihitung efisiensi dan efektivitasnya, maka dari itu jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan metode kuantitatif.",
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"text": "2. KAJIAN TEORI",
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"text": "2.1 APARTEMEN DAN UNIT HUNIAN",
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"text": "Hunian vertikal atau rumah susun merupakan salah satu jenis rumah di Indonesia, namun sudah sering disebut sebagai apartemen. Menurut KBBI, apartemen adalah tempat tinggal (terdiri atas kamar duduk, kamar tidur, kamar mandi, dapur dan sebagainya) yang berada pada satu lantai bangunan bertingkat yang besar dan mewah, dilengkapi dengan berbagai fasilitas. Namun istilah ini dipopulerkan di Amerika Serikat. Dalam Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia disebutkan bahwa apartemen adalah suatu jenis hunian yang disewakan dalam bentuk tempat tinggal atau rumah yang umumnya merupakan bangunan bertingkat.",
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"text": "Tipe unit apartemen memiliki banyak ragam dan menurut Imelda Akmal dalam bukunya Menata Apartemen, tipe unit apartemen memiliki empat tipe. Keempat tipe ini dimiliki setiap apartemen sesuai dengan klasifikasi yang diinginkan seperti yang sudah dijabarkan di atas. Tipe-tipe tersebut adalah: (1) Studio, (2) Apartemen 1, 2, dan 3 kamar, (3) Loft, (4) Penthouse.",
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"text": "Studio",
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{
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"text": "Unit apartemen jenis ini seperti kamar hotel karena hanya memiliki satu ruang. Ruang ini menampung berbagai aktivitas seperti ruang duduk, kamar tidur dan dapur tanpa sekat apa pun. Kamar mandi berada di ruangan tersebut dengan sekat dinding. Tipe ini adalah tipe unit paling kecil dan biasanya memiliki luas sekitar 20-35 m 2 .",
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"text": "Apartemen 1, 2, 3 Kamar",
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"text": "Tipe unit ini memiliki berbagai ruang yang dapat menampung berbagai aktivitas",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
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{
"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
"height": 10,
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"text": "124",
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},
{
"left": 72,
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"height": 81,
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"text": "dengan pembatas ruang seperti dinding seperti kamar tidur dan ruang duduk yang terpisah. Luasan unit ini pastinya lebih besar dibandingkan tipe studio karena ruangnya yang lebih banyak akan tetapi luasannya cukup beragam tergantung jumlah kamar dan keperluannya. Pada umumnyaa luas minimal satu kamar satu kamar tidur adalah 25 m 2 , dua kamar tidur 30 m 2 dan tiga kamar tidur 85 m 2 . Loft",
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"text": "Loft adalah bangunan bekas gudang atau pabrik yang kemudian difungsikan sebagai apartemen yaitu dengan memberi sekat atau pembatas sehingga menjadi beberapa hunian. Keunikannya adalah tipe ini umumnya memiliki ruang yang tinggi sehingga dapat dijadikan dua lantai atau mezzanine dalam satu unit. Namun pada saar ini istilah loft sudah dipakai dalam apartemen sebagai sebutan tipe unit yang memiliki mezzanine atau dua lantai. Tipe ini belum begitu populer di Indonesia karena tipe ini lebih mirip seperti rumah dan dengan harga yang berbeda jauh masih kurang diminati oleh masyarakat.",
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{
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"text": "Penthouse",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Tipe hunian ini diletakkan di lantai teratas bangunan apartemen dan memiliki luasan yang paling besar dibandingkan tipe lainnya dan pastinya jauh lebih mahal. Tipe ini umumnya ditujukan pada golongan atas sehingga memiliki privasi yang lebih tinggi. Bahkan dalam satu lantai bisa saja hanya memiliki satu unit penthouse . Terkadang disediakan akses khusus yang seperti lift khusus untuk penghuninya. Luasan minimum unit ini 300 m 2 .",
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{
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"text": "Dalam perancangan apartemen terdapat pencampuran rasio unit berdasarkan Sustainable Urban Housing yaitu 20% unit tipe studio, 20% tipe 1 kamar tidur, 40% tipe 2 kamar tidur dan 10% tipe 3 kamar tidur sehingga dari 100%, unit yang paling banyak dirancang adalah unit tipe 2 kamar tidur dengan angka 40%. Kemudian dari jumlah unit tersebut dapat terlihat total dan luasan yang akan didapat dan dari luasan tersebut perancang dapat merealokasikan tambahan 10% luas untuk fleksibilitas .",
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"top": 444,
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"height": 190,
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"text": "Maka dari itu objek penelitian dipilih dari lingkup 2 kamar tidur saja, karena dari gambar di atas terlihat bahwa unit yang paling banyak dirancang adalah unit 2 kamar tidur. Selain itu unit 2 kamar tidur memiliki standard ruang minimal yang harus dipenuhi karena berisikan 3-4 orang penghuni. Tetapi selain kriteria dari persentase jumlah unit hunian, terdapat juga persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi, dari sebi apartemen maupun unitnya yang menyebabkan desain unit apartemen menjadi fleksibel. Hal ini menjadi kompleksitas yang cukup menarik diteliti karena menyangkut berbagai faktor yaitu: (1) Dimensi yang memfasilitasi semua peletakkan furniture dan pelepasannya, (2) Ruang untuk berbagai aktivitas dan level privat antar ruang dalam apartemen, (3) Apartemen tipe dual master di mana terdapat 2 kamar tidur utama dalam satu unit apartemen, (4) Apartemen dual key yang memiliki 2 pintu masuk seperti gabungan antara 2 rumah dengan gabungan ruang yaitu foyer yang sama, (5) Ukuran ruang dan proporsi secara open plan seperti ruang persegi panjang 2:3 akan lebih mudah diisi furniture dibanding ruang kotak 1:1, (6) Efisiennya denah dengan sirkulasi tangga, koridor dan lintas ruang untuk memaksimalkan lantai terpakai dalam ruang.",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Dari faktor-faktor tersebutlah disimpulkan bahwa untuk menghitung efektivitas dan efisiensi didasari oleh faktor luas, penataan atau zoning, sirkulasi internal, dan juga ruang gerak.",
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"text": "Untuk zoning maka digunakan pengelompokkan berdasarkan komponen dengan fungsi dan sifat ruang sejenis sehingga terdapat 5 komponen penzonaan di antaranya: 2 (1) Community Component , (2) Ceremonial Component , (3) Privacy Component , (4) Functional Component , (5) Outdoor Component .",
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{
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"text": "2 WENTLING, JAMES. 1989. The Component Method of Residential Design , New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education",
"type": "Footnote"
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"left": 107,
"top": 39,
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
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{
"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "125",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 75,
"width": 122,
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"text": "Community Component",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 90,
"width": 457,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Komponen ini merupakan komponen yang berisikan ruang yang berfungsi sebagai tempat berkumpulnya penghuni unit hunian sehingga terdapat ruang interaksi antar anggota keluarga. Biasanya pada unit apartemen ruang-ruang yang termasuk dalam komponen ini digabungkan menjadi sebuah ruangan seperti ruang keluarga dengan ruang makan. Community component berupa ruang keluarga, ruang makan, dan ruang kerja/belajar.",
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"text": "Ceremonial Component",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 191,
"width": 457,
"height": 66,
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"text": "Komponen ini memiliki fungsi sebagai tempat berinteraksi dengan lingkungan di luar lingkup keluarga dalam unit tersebut yang dikenal sebagai ruang tamu. Sehingga letaknya berdekatan dengan area masuk unit. Dalam apartemen ruangan ini biasanya digabungkan dengan ruang keluarga agar lebih efisien. Ruangan ini biasanya menjadi perantara area publik dan area lain yang lebih privat.",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Privacy Component",
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"top": 292,
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"text": "Komponen ruang ini berfungsi sebagai area privat penghuni di mana ruang yang terdapat di dalamnya merupakan ruang khusus individu sehingga tidak membutuhkan fungsi interaksi secara khusus. Privacy Component berupa ruang tidur, kamar mandi, dan ruang penyimpanan pribadi.",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Functional Component",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 379,
"width": 457,
"height": 39,
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"text": "Komponen ruang ini berfungsi sebagai utility function sebagai pemenuhan kebutuhan yang tidak dapat dilakukan di ruang lain. Functional Component berupa dapur, ruang cuci dan setrika, dan gudang.",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Outdoor Component",
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"left": 72,
"top": 453,
"width": 457,
"height": 52,
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"text": "Komponen ini berfungsi sebagai eksterior suatu unit apartemen biasanya digunakan sebagai unsur estetis, namun unsur ini akan lebih efisien jika memiliki fungsi dan biasanya digunakan sebagai balkon. Balkon dapat digunakan sebagai tempat jemuran dan penangkal cahaya matahari.",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 525,
"width": 454,
"height": 25,
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"text": "Pembagian ruang pada tiap unit apartemen akan dianalisis berdasarkan komponen- komponen tersebut.",
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"text": "Sirkulasi utama pada apartemen membutuhkan setidaknya 90 cm sehingga dapat dilalui 2 orang sedangkan untuk sirkulasi biasa dapat dilewati oleh 1 orang sehingga dapat diberikan jarak 60cm sebagai jalur sirkulasi. Dimensi dan tatanan perabot dapat memengaruhi dimensi sirkulasi dan ruang tersebut.",
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"left": 72,
"top": 611,
"width": 437,
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"text": "Jenis sirkulasi dalam unit hunian dapat dibedakan menjadi sirkulasi tamu, sirkulasi penghuni, dan sirkulasi servis.",
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"left": 72,
"top": 640,
"width": 457,
"height": 80,
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"text": "Standard luasan unit yang dipakai terdapat dari beberapa sumber yang dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini. Standard yang ada adalah standard minimal sehingga tidak masalah jika luasan melebihi standard yang ada. Literatur yang diambil standardnya adalah Sustainable Urban Housing: Design Standards for New Apartment (SUH), Apartment Design Guide (ADG) dan Time Saver for Housing and Residential Development (TS) yang akan dapat dilihat seiring dengan analisis.",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
"height": 10,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "126",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 179,
"top": 285,
"width": 234,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Figur 2 Antropometri Manusia Sumber: The Metric Handbook Planning and Design Data",
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"text": "2 . 3 EFISIENSI DAN EFEKTIVITAS",
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"left": 72,
"top": 348,
"width": 457,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia efisiensi berasal dari kata efisien yang diartikan sebagai ketepatan cara dalam menjalankan sesuatu tanpa membuang waktu, tenaga dan biaya (tepat guna). Nilai efisien inilah yang dapat dicari agar mengetahui suatu cara yang dilakukan tepat atau tidaknya terhadap suatu hal agar tidak terjadi keborosan. Efisiensi banyak digunakan untuk menghitung efisiensi daya, energi maupun teknologi, dalam kasus ini efisiensi unit apartemen.",
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"text": "Efektivitas berasal dari kata efektif yang mempunyai arti memiliki perngaruh, efek atau akibat. 3 Sehingga efektivitas dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan untuk menentukan sasaran tepat dan tercapainya suatu tujuan. Keadaan efektif sering kali dikaitkan dengan performa atau sistem. Unit apartemen pastinya memiliki perhitungan terhadap nilai ekonomi dan biaya. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari seberapa efisien dan efektif unit tersebut dan terdapat perhitungannya.",
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"text": "Dalam buku Building Economics for Architect terdapat rumus untuk mengetahui efisiensi (Mann, 1992) yang dapat dilihat dari luas lantainya dan dikenal sebagai Floor Efficiency Ratio atau FER, yaitu:",
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"text": "Keterangan: NGR/ER = Netto Gross Ratio / Efficiency ratio NLA = Net Leasable Area NUA = Net Usable Area TFA = Total Floor Area",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Dengan rumusan ini dapat dihitung FER suatu bangunan yaitu NGR/ER tersebut dan untuk standard hasil efisiensi bangunan apartemen adalah 0,67–0,80. Sehingga sisa luasnya dapat digunakan sebagai sirkulasi dan servis pada unit. Variabel yang digunakan dalam rumus adalah Net Usable Area yang dapat menghitung luas lantai terpakai dalam unit.",
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"text": "Pembahasan luas efektif bangunan dapat menggunakan perbandingan luas efektif yang disebut luas netto dan luas bruto yang merupakan luas kotor. Luas netto merupakan luas",
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"width": 178,
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"text": "3 Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia, hlm. 371",
"type": "Footnote"
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 39,
"width": 419,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "127",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 75,
"width": 456,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "bersih yang benar-benar terpakai dan dibutuhkan bagi kegiatan penghuni/pengguna diluar sirkulasi. Sedangkan luas bruto adalah luas netto ditambah luas sirkulasi, ruang servis dan luas struktur pada unit apartemen.",
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"text": "3. METODE PENELITIAN",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 163,
"width": 456,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Dari topik penelitian yang ingin dibahas, jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif analitis. Dalam penelitian ini penelitian tersebut akan dilakukan penjabaran fenomena untuk dievaluasi dan berkaitan dengan perubahan efektivitas dan efisiensi tatanan ruang dalam unit apartemen. Untuk mencapai metode penelitian ini, digunakanlah pendekatan kuantitatif. Metode kuantitatif digunakan karena terdapat perhitungan angka yang memengaruhi hasil penelitian yaitu menghitung rasio efektvitas dan efisiensi pada unit apartemen.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 94,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Objek penelitian yang diambil berdasarkan topik dari perubahan unit 2 kamar tidur apartemen dari 1994 hingga 2018. Hal ini disebabkan pada tahun 1994 berdirinya Apartemen Taman Rasuna yang mempelopori apartemen di Indonesia. Maka dari itu apartemen lama dalam rentang 5 tahun yang sudah lama berdiri menjadi pembanding karena sudah sukses dalam rentang 2 dekade dan membutuhkan pembanding unit contoh yang akan diserah terimakan tahun 2018 ini untuk melihat prinsip yang masih dipakai hingga sekarang untuk masa depan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Tabel 1. Data Apartemen Taman Rasuna Wisma Gading Permai The Majesty The Summit Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2 Scientia Residence Serpong M Town Branz BSD Lokasi Jakarta Jakarta Bandung Jakarta Bandung Tangerang Tangerang Tangerang Developer PT Bakrie PT Summare con PT Bandun g Inti Graha PT Summare con PT Bandung Inti Graha - Pratama Bumi Asri PT Summare con PT Summare con Tokyu Land Tahun 1987 1998 2003 2007 2011 2012 2018 2018 Total Unit 3500 894 341 386 unit 823 ±1000 unit 550 1000 Jumlah Tower 14 tower 3 tower 1 tower 6 tower 1 4 tower 6 tower 4 tower Tujuan (target pasar) Ekspatriat Menengah Menengah ke atas Menengah ke atas Menengah ke atas Menengah Menengah ke atas Ekspatriat Jumlah tipe unit 3 3 2 5 2 3 4 3",
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"text": "3.1 PERUBAHAN PADA UNIT APARTEMEN",
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"height": 39,
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"text": "Pada bagian ini pembahasan pada perubahan akan dilihat dari perubahan secara signifikan yaitu luasan unit, jumlah ruang dan kelengkapan ruang pada masing-masing unit apartemen tersebut.",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
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"text": "Luasan (m2)",
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"text": "120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 62 Taman",
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"width": 352,
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"text": "Rasuna Wisma Gading Permai The Majesty The Summit Galeri Scientia Serpong M Branz BSD Ciumbuleuit Residence 2 Town 10 7 4 4 6 4 8 5 4 5 4 4 0",
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{
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"text": "Figur 3 Grafik Luas Unit 2 Kamar Tidur Apartemen",
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},
{
"left": 195,
"top": 411,
"width": 211,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Figur 4 Grafik Luas Unit 2 Kamar Tidur Apartemen",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 426,
"width": 457,
"height": 53,
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"text": "Dari grafik di atas terlihat bahwa luasan mengalami penurunan dan kenaikan yang besar di awal, namun setelah itu luasan tidak berubah banyak, begitu juga dengan jumlah ruang. Luasan terbesar dapat menampung jumlah ruang paling banyak, namun setelah itu semua unit mulai selaras dengan 8 ruang.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Kelengkapan Ruang",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 511,
"width": 453,
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"text": "Apartemen / Ruang BR 1 BR 2 WC 1 WC 2 Dining Kitchen Living Balkon 1 Balkon 2 Foyer Ruang Cuci/Gudang Taman Rasuna v v v v v v v v x x v",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 554,
"width": 430,
"height": 24,
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"text": "Wisma Gading Permai v v v x x v v x x x x The Majesty v v v x",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "x v v v x x x The Summit v v v v",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "v v v x x v v Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2 v",
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"left": 72,
"top": 599,
"width": 430,
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"text": "v v v v v v v x x x Scientia Residences v",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 614,
"width": 430,
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"text": "v v v v v v v x x x Serpong M Town Residences v v v x",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 629,
"width": 430,
"height": 37,
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"text": "v v v v v x x Branz BSD v v v x v v v v x v x",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 688,
"width": 457,
"height": 66,
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"text": "Pada tabel di atas dapat dilihat bahwa tidak semua ruang memiliki 2 kamar mandi, foyer, ruang makan, balkon dan juga ruang cuci/gudang. Perubahan antara jumlah ruang dan kelengkapan ruang terlihat bahwa semakin akhir, apartemen berusaha mencukupi kelengkapan ruang dengan jumlah ruang seperti Branz yang memiliki hampir semuanya tanpa gudang/ruang cuci dengan meminimalkan jumlah kamar mandi dan balkon.",
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"text": "Serpong M Branz BSD Town Ciumbuleuit Residence",
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{
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"text": "2 Scientia Galeri The Majesty The Summit Wisma Gading Permai Taman Rasuna 6 5 8 8 8 8 9 9 Jumlah Ruang",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
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{
"left": 289,
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"width": 21,
"height": 10,
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"text": "129",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "4. ANALISA",
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"text": "4.1 ANALISIS UNIT 2 KAMAR APARTEMEN",
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"text": "4.1.1 LUASAN",
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"text": "Pada unit apartemen tipe 2 kamar ini akan dilihat perbandingan luasan ruang-ruang dalam unit terhadap standard. Setelah itu dapat dilihat unit efficiency/effectivity ratio dari ruang dan unit tersebut. Batas efisiensi dan efektif suatu luasan dapat dihitung dengan kelebihan dan kekurangan maksimum 10% dari standard sebagai batas toleransi. Sehingga jika luasan melebihi 10% dari standard maka sudah tidak dianggap efektif atau efisien.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Luas Unit Terhadap Standar Standard (m2) Luas Apartemen Pada Lembar Kerja Taman Rasuna Wisma Gading Permai The Majesty The Summit Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2 Scientia Residences M Town Residences Branz BSD 1. 70 76.7 42.6 48.8 99.8 52.5 48 42 60.6 2. 63-73 3. 55.8-74.4 60.6",
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"text": "Keterangan:",
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"text": "1. Standard Apartments Design Guide",
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"text": "2. Standard Sustainable Urban Housing",
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"width": 276,
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"text": "3. Standard Time Saver for Housing and Residential Development",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "= Tidak Memenuhi Standard (luasan kurang dari standar)",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 417,
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"text": "= Memenuhi Standard (luasan sama dengan atau lebih dari standar)",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 448,
"width": 457,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Dari tabel di atas terlihat bahwa dari 8 apartemen hanya terdapat 3 apartemen yang memenuhi standar. Bahkan Apartemen Branz hanya memenuhi standard ke-3. Sebagian besar apartemen berkisar di luas 40-50 m 2 . Dari luasan apartemen ini dilihat ruang dalam dan luasannya untuk melihat perolehan FER masing-masing unit. Dari perhitungan FER tiap ruang pun dapat dilihat alokasi luasan ke dalam ruangan yang mana kontribusi luas tersebut.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Luas Unit Terhadap Standar Nama Ruang FER Taman Rasuna Wisma Gading Permai The Majesty The Summit Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2 Scientia Residences M Town Residences Branz BSD Kamar Tidur Utama 0.15 0.24 0.21 0.17 0.29 0.24 0.25 0.18 Kamar Tidur 1 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.13 0.12 Ruang Makan 0.10 - 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.10 Ruang Keluarga 0.21 0.25 0.23 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.11 Foyer - - - 0.03 - - - 0.08 Gudang - - - 0.02 - - - - Dapur 0.07 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.11 Balkon 0.047 - 0.03 - 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.03",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 289,
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"width": 21,
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"text": "130",
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"text": "Keterangan:",
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"text": "Semakin Rendah <",
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"text": "> Semakin Tinggi",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Tabel di atas dibaca dari kiri ke kanan yang menunjukkan angka terendah dan tertinggi setiap ruang pada masing-masing apartemen. Semakin hijau maka semakin tinggi angka FER ruang tersebut dan semakin merah maka semakin rendah angka FER tersebut. Namun terlihat bahwa pada apartemen 2018 Branz BSD bahwa dari berbagai ruang, angka FER terendah masing-masing ruang tersebut berada pada apartemen Branz BSD. Walaupun FER unit masih efektif, ternyata tidak sejajar dengan FER masing-masing ruang unit 2 kamar pada apartemen.",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Pemenuhan Ruang Dalam Unit Terhadap Standar",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 440,
"height": 162,
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"text": "Apartemen Pemenuhan Standar Standard 1 Standard 2 Standard 3 Taman Rasuna 1 1 2 Wisma Gading Permai 1 1 2 The Majesty 1 1 1 The Summit 0 0 1 Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2 0 1 1 Scientia Residences 0 0 1 Serpong M Town Residences 1 0 1 Branz BSD 1 2 3 Total 5 6 12",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 405,
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"text": "Pada tabel di atas disimpulkan dari ruang-ruang dalam yang dibandingkan pemenuhan luasnya terhada standard Apartment Deisgn Guide, Sustainabke Urban Housing dan Time Saver Building Standards. Setelah dianalisis dan ditotalkan ternyata standard yang paling banyak terpenuhi adalah standard ke-3 Time Saver dengan jumlah 12 ruang terpenuhi dari 8 apartemen. Posisi kedua adalah standard ke- 2, Sustainable Urban Housing dan terakhir adalah standard ke-3 yaitu Apartments Design Guide.",
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"text": "Figur 5 Perhitungan FER Setiap Unit 2 Kamar Apartemen",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 699,
"width": 457,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Dari grafik tersebut terlihat kenaikan pada awal 1994-2003 namun tiba-tiba turun dan terjadilah kenaikan dan penurunan yang cukup signifikan pada unit 2 kamar apartemen pada masa 2007-2012. Lalu setelah Scientia Residences kembali ke angka yang tidak banyak berubah hingga Branz BSD. Rata-rata FER pada unit 2 kamar apartemen beradai di 0.7-0.79 dan masih berada dalam rentang efisien dan efektif sebuah unit apartemen karena berada",
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{
"left": 167,
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"width": 74,
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"text": "0.78 0.79",
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{
"left": 116,
"top": 560,
"width": 375,
"height": 95,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "0.78 0.71 0.74 0.7 0.72 Taman Rasuna (1994) Wisma Gading Permai (1998) The Majesty The Summit Galeri Scientia Serpong M (2003) (2007) Ciumbuleuit Residences Branz BSD (2018) 2 (2011) (2012) Town Residences (2018)",
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{
"left": 267,
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"width": 18,
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"text": "0.67",
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"left": 149,
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"width": 305,
"height": 35,
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"text": "ANGKA FER LUASAN UNIT 2 KAMAR TIDUR APARTEMEN",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 289,
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"width": 21,
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"text": "131",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "dalam rentang 0,67-0,80 seperti standar.",
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"text": "4.1.2 ZONING DAN LAYOUT",
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"text": "Zoning atau peletakkan tata ruang pada unit apartemen tipe 2 kamar ini akan menggunakan pengelompokkan komponen dari teori Wentling yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya. Floor Efficiency/Effectivity Ratio akan dilakukan dari tiap komponen dan unitnya.",
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"text": "Keterangan:",
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"text": "= Privacy Component",
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},
{
"left": 292,
"top": 438,
"width": 106,
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"text": "= Ceremonial Component",
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"text": "= Community Component",
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"text": "= Functional Component = Outdoor Component",
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"text": "Figur 6 Zoning Unit 2 Kamar Pada Apartemen",
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{
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"top": 522,
"width": 457,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Pada gambar di atas dapat dilihat bahwa terdapat hal yang tidak berubah yaitu community dan ceremonial component yang selalu berada di pintu masuk. Pada awalnya functional component sering kali diletakkan berjarak dari pintu masuk namun sejak Apartemen The Majesty, functional component ini jadi selalu diletakkan di sebelah pintu masuk. Posisi komponen yang masih berubah ubah adalah posisi balkon yang sering kalo diakses dari kamar tidur. Namun sejak Scientia Residences, balkon selalu diletakkan dengan akses langsung dari ruang keluarga.",
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"text": "132",
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{
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"text": "Figur 7 Pola Dominan Komponen",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 457,
"height": 52,
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"text": "Pola yang paling banyak diikuti oleh unit 2 kamar pada apartemen- apartemen tersebut adalah apartemen The Summit menjadi salah satu contoh peletakkan komponen yang paling banyak diikuti. Peletakkan balkon yang paling banyak diikuti berada setelah ruang keluarga sehingga akses langsung hanya dari ruang keluarga.",
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"text": "Figur 8 Grafik FER Komponen Unit 2 Kamar Tidur Apartemen",
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{
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"text": "Pada privacy component terlihat angka yang tidak banyak berubah di awal namun puncaknya berada di Galeri Ciumbuleuit dan semakin baru apartemen, angka FER semakin turun. Sedangkan pada community component angka yang tidak banyak berubah selalu berada di atas 0.20 namun angka terendah berada pada Branz BSD pula.",
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"text": "Functional component pada apartemen tersebut mememiliki angka yang masih banyak berubah karena pada awal mula angka FER masih tinggi namun mengalami penurunan dan kembali naik pada apartemen terakhir. Pada ceremonial component , karena tidak banyak dimiliki oleh mayoritas apartemen, dapat disimpulkan komponen tersebut mengalami kenaikan. Pada outdoor component memiliki kenaikan dan di akhir mengalami penurunan yang cukup besar walaupun angka terendah tidak pada apartemen terakhir.",
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"text": "FER Komponen Community FER Komponen Ceremonial FER Komponen Privacy FER Komponen Functional FER Komponen Outdoor",
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{
"left": 318,
"top": 493,
"width": 68,
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"text": "(2012) 2 (2011)",
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{
"left": 453,
"top": 483,
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"text": "(2018)",
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{
"left": 402,
"top": 483,
"width": 39,
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"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Town Residences (2018)",
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{
"left": 232,
"top": 483,
"width": 161,
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"text": "Ciumbuleuit Residences (2007) (2003)",
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},
{
"left": 222,
"top": 473,
"width": 260,
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"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Scientia Serpong M Branz BSD Galeri The Majesty The Summit",
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"left": 107,
"top": 370,
"width": 105,
"height": 139,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "Wisma Gading Permai (1998) Taman Rasuna (1994) 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 449,
"width": 17,
"height": 20,
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"text": "0.10 0.00",
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"left": 144,
"top": 347,
"width": 308,
"height": 13,
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"text": "Grafik FER Komponen Unit 2 Kamar Tidur Apartemen",
"type": "Section header"
},
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"left": 107,
"top": 39,
"width": 419,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "133",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 75,
"width": 130,
"height": 11,
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"text": "4.1.3 RUANG GERAK",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 90,
"width": 457,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "Analisa ruang gerak dilakukan berdasarkan standard ruang gerak utama yaitu jarak gerak aktivitas terhadap perabot. Jarak tersebut menjadi variabel yang akan diuji pemenuhannya terhadap standard sehingga menghasilkan koefisien efektif dan efisien. Lalu koefisien tersebut dirata-rata untuk menghasilkan koefisien efektif dan efisien secara ruang. Setelah mendapatkan koefisien secara ruang maka dapat dilihat apakah ruang tersebut memenuhi batas efektif dan efisien sehingga dapat dirata-ratakan lagi secara unit apartemen tipe 2 kamar tidur untuk dibandingkan dengan apartemen unit tipe 2 kamar tidur lainnya.",
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"top": 347,
"width": 227,
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"text": "Figur 9 Koefisien Efektif dan Efisien Ruang Gerak Unit",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 377,
"width": 457,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pada grafik diperlihatkan titik tertinggi ada pada apartemen The Summit dan titik terendah ada pada Apartemen Branz BSD tahun 2018. Pada awal mulanya koefisien tersebut masih di bawah 1 walaupun semua angka tersebut merupakan efektif dan efisien. Lalu mengalami kenaikan yang hingga The Summit membuat rekor tertinggi. Namun hal itu tidak diteruskan dan kembali seperti kisaran angka sebelum The Summit hingga pada tahun 2018 ini terlihat penurunan yang signifikan. Terlihat dari Apartemen M Town dan Branz BSD yang berada pada tahun 2018 dengan koefisien seperti Taman Rasuna dan justru menuju 0.92 yang merupakan titik terendah. Kemungkinan besar pada apartemen tahun 2018 sampai 5 tahun ke depannya akan terus mengalami penurunan atau tidak akan banyak berubah.",
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"text": "4.1.4 SIRKULASI INTERNAL",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 534,
"width": 457,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Sirkulasi internal pada masing-masing apartemen sangat dipengaruhi oleh penataan perabot dan peletakkan ruang. Jika peletakkan ruang diletakkan tidak efektif maka sirkulasi yang terjadi pun akan menjadi tidak efektif. Namun pada apartemen yang digunakan sebagai objek penelitian permasalahan yang paling sering ditemui adalah peletakkan perabot terhadap ruang.",
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"text": "(2012) Residences (2018) 2 (2011)",
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"left": 329,
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"width": 150,
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"text": "Town (2018) Ciumbuleuit Residences",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 249,
"top": 298,
"width": 237,
"height": 16,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "(2007) (2003) The MajestyThe Summit Galeri Scientia Serpong M Branz BSD",
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"left": 105,
"top": 235,
"width": 373,
"height": 98,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Wisma Gading Permai (1998) Taman Rasuna (1994) 0.50 0.00 0.92 0.96 1.12 0.96 1.21 1.18 1.20 1.50 1.00",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 170,
"top": 214,
"width": 258,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 14,
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"text": "Koefisien Efektif dan Efisien Ruang Gerak Unit",
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{
"left": 300,
"top": 228,
"width": 18,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 14,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "1.40",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 39,
"width": 419,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 15,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "134",
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"left": 72,
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"width": 156,
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"text": "Keterangan: = Sirkulasi Efektif = Sisa Ruang + Sirkulasi efektif",
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"text": "Figur 10 Sirkulasi Efektif dan EfisienUnit Apartemen Branz BSD",
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"width": 457,
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"text": "Dari gambar di atas terlihat perkembangan sirkulasi apartemen yang dimulai dari unit yang memiliki banyak wasted space (area ungu) hingga semakin efektif dengan area ungu yang berkurang. Sirkulasi efektif adalah sirkulasi yang digunakan dan ruang gerak sedangkan sirkulasi efisien adalah semua sisa ruang. Lalu didapatkan perhitungan untuk keofisien sirkulasi yang seharusnya ada pada sirkulasi efektif dan sirkulasi efisien. Koefisien efektif dan efisien seharusnya berada pada 0.2-0.33 sehingga di luar angka tersebut sudah tidak efektif atau efisien lagi.",
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"text": "Figur 11 Grafik Angka Sirkulasi Efektif dan Efisien",
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"left": 72,
"top": 695,
"width": 457,
"height": 66,
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"text": "Angka sirkulasi bergeser dari 20%-33% menjadi berkisar antara 30-40% untuk sirkulasi efektif dan 40-50%. Dari grafik terlihat selisih yang besar antara sirkulasi efektif dan efisien pada unit 2 kamar apartemen dan angka efisien yang tinggi pula lalu apartemen setelahnya terlihat penurunan pada sirkulasi efisien dan angka yang tidak banyak berubah pada sirkulasi efektif. Puncak tertinggi efektifnya sirkulasi ada pada Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2",
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"text": "Sirkulasi Efisien",
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"text": "Sirkulasi Efektif",
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"text": "2 (2011)",
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"left": 402,
"top": 614,
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"text": "(2018) Town Residences",
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{
"left": 138,
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"width": 349,
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"text": "(2018) (2012) Ciumbuleuit Residences (2007) (2003) Scientia Serpong M Branz BSD Galeri The Majesty The Summit Wisma Gading Permai (1998) 0.43 0.34 Taman Rasuna (1994) 0.35 0.43",
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"left": 104,
"top": 545,
"width": 282,
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"text": "0.44 0.34 0.40 0.48 0.48 0.36 0.45 0.33 0.46 0.36 0.36 0.56 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10",
"type": "Picture"
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{
"left": 104,
"top": 592,
"width": 17,
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"text": "0.00",
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"left": 209,
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"text": "Efektivitas dan efisiensi sirkulasi Unit 2 Kamar apartemen",
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"left": 107,
"top": 39,
"width": 419,
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 16,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "135",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
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"width": 456,
"height": 24,
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"text": "yang memiliki selisih yang sedikit dengan sirkulasi efisien. Setelah itu selisih keduanya mengecil dan angka efektif dan efisiennya sirkulasi pun stabiil.",
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"text": "Dari grafik tersebut tidak terlihat perubahan yang signifikankarena sirkulasi efektif maupun efisien masih berada di kisaran angka yang sama. Hanya sirkulasi efisien Taman Rasuna yang memiliki angka tertinggi di awal, namun hal ini pun tidak diteruskan karena pada apartemen setelahnya angka kisaran kembali di bawah 50%. Kemungkinan besar pada tahun 2019 atau 5 tahun ke depan dari tahun 2018 angka tersebut tidak akan mengalami perubahan yang signifikan.",
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"text": "5. KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "5.1 KESIMPULAN",
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"left": 72,
"top": 250,
"width": 457,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 16,
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"text": "Perkembangan apartemen dari tahun ke tahun mengakibatkan perubahan luasan unit, kelengkapan ruang dan bahkan jumlah ruang yang ada sehingga dapat ditinjau lebih lanjut efektivitas dan efisiensi dari tahun ke tahun tersebut. Faktor analisis yang dapat memengaruhi efektivitas dan efisiensi adalah, luasan unit dan ruang dalam, zoning dan tata letak ruang, sirkulasi internal, dan ruang gerak masing-masing ruang dalam unit. Sehingga perubahan luasan dan komponen ruang akan memengaruhi efektivitas dan efisiensi unit 2 kamar tidur apartemen.",
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"text": "Tabel 6. Pemenuhan Efektivitas Unit 2 Kamar Tidur Apartemen Apartemen Sirkulasi Efektif Koefisien Ruang Gerak Angka FER Luasan Koefisien Komponen Ruang Pemenuhan Efektivitas Taman Rasuna 75% Wisma Gading Permai 50% The Majesty 75% The Summit 50% Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2 50% Scientia Residences 50% Serpong M Town Residences 75% Branz BSD 75% Keterangan: = Tidak Efektif/Efisien Efektif/Efisien Tabel 7. Pemenuhan Efektivitas Unit 2 Kamar Tidur Apartemen Apartemen Sirkulasi Efisien Koefisien Ruang Gerak Angka Luasan FER Koefisien Komponen Ruang Pemenuhan Efisiensi Taman Rasuna 75% Wisma Gading Permai 50% The Majesty 50% The Summit 50% Galeri Ciumbuleuit 2 50% Scientia Residences 50% Serpong M Town Residences 75% Branz BSD 75%",
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"text": "Keterangan:",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 289,
"top": 783,
"width": 21,
"height": 10,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "136",
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"left": 106,
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"width": 95,
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"text": "= Tidak Efektif/Efisien",
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"left": 309,
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"text": "Efektif/Efisien",
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"left": 72,
"top": 107,
"width": 457,
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"text": "Pemenuhan syarat masing-masing analisa tersebut secara detail masih banyak yang belum memenuhi standard persyaratan, namun hasil akhir yang didapat adalah hasil keseluruhan secara ruang dan apartemen sehingga pada luasan sangat terlihat bahwa walaupun banyak ruang yang tidak memenuhi standar, FER ruang sudah mencapai batas efektif dan efisien, begitu juga dengan peletakan komponen ruang dan ruang gerak.",
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"text": "Figur 12 Grafik Efektivitas dan Efisiensi",
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"left": 72,
"top": 367,
"width": 457,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Kedelapan unit tipe 2 kamar tidur apartemen dari 1994 – 2018 ini memiliki pemenuhan efektivitas dan efisieinsi yang fluktiatif. Pada tabel efektivitas, apartemen The Majesty memiliki sirkulasi efektif yang memenuhi sehingga terdapat kenaikan angka. Tetapi pada apartemen setelahnya terjadi penurunan kembali. Seperti angka efisiensi yang tinggi di awal lalu turun ke pemenuhan 50% saja. Namun pada 2018 terlihat kenaikan varibel yang dipenuhi sehingga pemenuhannya sama seperti pada apartemen 1994 yaitu 75% efektif dan efisien. Apartemen sejak tahun 1998 sampai 2012 hanya memenuhi 2 dari 4 variabel efisiensi.",
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"text": "5.2 SARAN",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Untuk mendesain sebuah unit apartemen tipe 2 kamar tidur seharusnya memiliki penyelarasan atau batas tertentu karena dari segi luasan terdapat perbedaan yang besar antar apartemen. Standard luasan ruang dalam unit pun seharusnya lebih diperhatikan karena sangat memengaruhi ruang gerak juga peletakan perabot di dalamnya. Perabot yang ada pada lembar kerja menunjukkan kesan pertama dan panduan konsumen untuk mendesain ruang dalam unit mereka, karena itu perabot seharusnya sudah mengikuti standard dengan peletakan yang baik dan ideal karena kesalahan pun akan sering terjadi karena konsumen mengira penataan tersebut sudah efektif dan efisien.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dapat dilanjutkan dengan objek penelitian yang lebih banyak dan diteliti pertahunnya untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih akurat, namun penelitian ini sudah dapat memberikan gambaraan kasar akan efektivitas dan efisiensi luasan, zoning, sirkulasi internal, dan ruang gerak unit 2 kamar tidur apartemen.",
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"left": 72,
"top": 664,
"width": 457,
"height": 67,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Maka dari itu penelitian ini berguna agar perancang dapat memahami faktor-faktor yang harus diperhatikan agar efektivitas dan efisiensi tercapai. Seharusnya perkembangan apartemen dari tahun ke tahun selalu merancang unit yang lebih efektif dan efisien dengan tampilan yang dijual. Tetapi yang terjadi adalah efektivitas dan efisiensi dominan hanya dilihat pada perbandingan luasan dan mengabaikan faktor lainnya.",
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"text": "Effectivity and Efficiency of the Area, Zoning, Internal Circulation, and Space on Apartment Unit Type 2 Bedrooms",
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"text": "137",
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"text": "6. DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"page_width": 595,
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54fea4a4-60fc-e4eb-bc25-cf4801fba51a | https://jurnal.stmikroyal.ac.id/index.php/jurteksi/article/download/2013/1020 | [
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"text": "DIGITAL LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT AT MAN 1 BUKITTINGGI AS AN ACCESSIBILITY CONVENIENCE SUPPORT FOR USERS",
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"text": "Erlin Fitria 1*, Ahmad Sabandi 1, Irsyad 1, Hanif Al Kadri 1, Agus Nur Khomarudin 2",
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"text": "2 Computer Engineering Technology, Payakumbuh State Agricultural Polytechnic email: 1* [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstract: A digital library is a service system that capable in supporting access to information objects automatically using a computer technology. In this study, the authors aimed to develop a digital library application based on SLiMS 9 bulian at MAN 1 Bukittinggi library, especially in terms of content with the addition of e-book features, and changing the character of its applications into mobile version, which were previously local (intranet). The methods used were research and development, while system development used the Waterfall model. This study succeeded to develop a digital library application based on SLiMS 9 at MAN 1 Bukittinggi library. The development of the digital library in this study has been carried out through testing, including three types of product tests, namely validity test, practicality test, and effectiveness test, each of which was tested using a questionnaire instrument. The product validity test obtained an average value of 0.88 in the valid category; the product practicality test obtained an average value of 0.90 in the very practical category; and the product effectiveness test obtained an average value of 0.94 in the high effectiveness category. Based on the product test results that have been described, the digital library development product in this study was declared feasible and applicable as a digital library, and can be accessed via mobile by users, such as students, teachers, and library members of MAN 1 Bukittinggi.",
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"text": "Keywords: Digital Library; Mobile Application; Research and Development; SLiMS 9",
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"text": "Abstrak: Perpustakaan digital merupakan sebuah sistem yang memiliki layanan yang mendukung akses objek informasi secara otomasi menggunakan teknologi komputer. Dalam studi ini, peneliti bermaksud mengembangkan aplikasi perpustakaan digital berbasis SLiMS 9 bulian pada perpustakaan MAN 1 Bukittinggi, khususnya dari sisi content-nya dengan penambahan fitur e-book, serta mengubah sifat aplikasinya menjadi bersifat mobile, yang mana sebelumnya bersifat lokal (intranet). Metode dalam studi ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan, sedangkan pengembangan sistem dilakukan menggunakan model Waterfall. Penelitian ini berhasil mengembangkan aplikasi perpustakaan digital berbasis SLiMS 9 pada perpustakaan MAN 1 Bukittinggi. Pengembangan perpustakaan digital dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan melalui pengujian, meliputi tiga jenis uji produk, yaitu uji validitas, uji prak- tikalitas, dan uji efektivitas, yang setiap pengujiannya dilakukan menggunakan instrumen angket. Uji validitas produk memperoleh nilai rerata 0,88 dengan kategori Valid; uji praktikalitas produk memperoleh nilai rerata 0,90 dengan kategori Sangat Praktis; dan uji efektivitas produk memperoleh nilai rerata 0,94 dengan kategori Efektivitas Tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil uji produk yang telah diuraikan, produk pengembangan perpustakaan digital dalam penelitian ini dinyatakan layak dan dapat diterapkan sebagai perpustakaan digital, serta dapat diakses secara mobile oleh para pengguna, yaitu siswa, guru, dan anggota perpustakaan MAN 1 Bukittinggi.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: Aplikasi Mobile; Perpustakaan Digital; Penelitian dan Pengembangan; SLiMS 9",
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"text": "The library, as one among various public service institutions that provide information, is often analogous to a \"connecting bridge\" between users and information that has been packaged in various forms of media. As a public ser- vice institution, a library must be man- aged properly, structured, and systemati- cally, especially regarding to strategic plans, development policies, and opera- tions of the library and information area [1]. Over the time, the concept of library management has been developed by uti- lizing information and communication technology, in which conventional librar- ies have been developed into digital li- braries. A digital library is a service sys- tem that capable in supporting access to information objects automatically using a computer technology [2].",
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"text": "Compared to conventional librar- ies, digital libraries offer many ad- vantages, including digital collections that do not have to be physically visible, and are identical to the internet or com- puters [3]. In addition, digital libraries can be accessed anytime and anywhere without the need for a special place like conventional libraries. Digital libraries are managed by a system that includes hardware, software, electronic collec- tions, and services by utilizing various information and technologies [4].",
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"text": "Research concerning the devel- opment of digital libraries has been car- ried out by Febi, et al who discussed how to properly design and implement web- based library information systems. Their research has succeeded in creating a bar- code scanner technology to identify li- brary collections [5]. In addition to bar- code scanner technology, there is hard- ware that is used to support digital library operations, consisting of various comput-",
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"text": "ers installed on WAN and LAN networks [2]. Therefore, to facilitate mobile library information, it is necessary to develop a digital library application as referred to this study [6]. Android-based applica- tions can also make it easier for library administrators to manage the book ar- chives [7].",
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"text": "Nowadays, digital library man- agement uses a Content Management System (CMS) open source application, such as the Senayan Library Management System, better known as SLiMS [8]. SLiMS is a web-based library manage- ment information system with various benefits that is very effective and effi- cient. This information system is useful in providing analysis towards decision making so that improvements in organi- zational performance can be identified in a timely, targeted, reliable, clear, and flexible manner [9] .",
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"text": "SLiMS is an open source library management software, which is expected to be one among many solution alterna- tives to overcome various obstacles in terms of access the library information, circulation management (borrowing and returning), and data archiving, which were previously conducted manually. The usage of SLiMS CMS is very easy due to its accuracy and ease of the data storage process, as well as member data information and library collections can be accessed anytime via the internet. This CMS is built through a website model that utilizes PHP scripts using a DBMS My-SQL [10].",
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"text": "Based on observations, it is known that to date, circulation services, such as borrowing and returning collec- tions, have utilized computers, or so- called automation. The content that is expected to be developed from this appli- cation is e-book filling. The next devel- opment that should be implemented is the",
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"text": "accessibility of this application. After being developed into an online form and packaged into a mobile APK (Android Package Kit) version, then this applica- tion is expected to be accessible by all madrasah citizens anywhere using a smartphone or Android.",
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"text": "Digital library is a program that can be accessed on smartphones that of- fers various library service features, such as text, PDF file, and links, thus facilitate students to quickly access loans and to easily read collections anywhere and any- time [6]. This digital library based on SLiMS 9 is also in accordance with the characteristics of students who are often referred to as Alpha Generation. The Al- pha Generation or they who were born in the period of 2011–2025 are the genera- tion that have the higher literacy to tech- nological advancement compared to the previous generation [11].",
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"text": "The conducted methods were categorized as research and development, often be abbreviated as R&D. R&D is a research method that systematically aims to explore, improve, and develop certain products or models, as well as investigate these products in terms of validity, effec- tiveness, and practicality [12].",
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"text": "This research used the SDLC (Sys- tem Development Life Cycle) develop- ment step, which is the process of devel- oping software using various models and methodologies [13].",
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"text": "The SDLC Waterfall model was chosen as the system development model in this study. The waterfall model is often referred to as the \"Classic Life Cycle\", where this model emphasizes several se- quential and systematic phases, consisting of Communication, Planning,",
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"text": "Based on the system development methods and models, this research proce- dure combined the R&D research steps and the system development model (SDLC).",
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"text": "The research instruments were con- sisted of observation sheets and ques- tionnaires.",
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"text": "Data collection techniques were consisted of observation, documentation, and questionnaire [15].",
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"text": "The product test was consisted of three types of tests, namely validity test, practicality test, and effectiveness tests. The tests were conducted using a ques- tionnaire instrument.",
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"text": "Validity testing aimed to produce quality products and determine the level of product validity, namely MAN (State Islamic High School) 1 Bukittinggi digi- tal library [16]. The validity question- naire was processed using a validation formula that refers to Aiken's V [17] [18] formula. Validity test questionnaire was addressed to three experts in the IT field, such as programming, computer systems, and others.",
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"text": "The practicality test questionnaire was addressed to three practitioners whose areas of expertise are related to digital libraries. Assessment of each statement in the practicality questionnaire",
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"text": "was then analyzed using the Kappa Co- hen formula [17].",
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"text": "Analysis of effectiveness was conducted using the G-Score formula or Richard R. Hake statistics [19]. The ef- fectiveness test questionnaire was tested on ten students.",
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"text": "Development stage was carried out with reference to the stages of the system development model, namely the waterfall model.",
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"text": "Communication included project initiation and requirements gathering. Planning included Estimating, Schedul- ing, and Tracking. Estimating: distributed tasks to each user and their respective roles. Scheduling: consisted of 10 re- search activities for two months. Track- ing: created the system in a web version, then packaged or hosted it into an online form in order to obtain this URL address: https://dlib-man1.web.id/admin, then the researchers packaged the digital library into the mobile APK version.",
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"text": "Construction of the mobile appli- cation was consisted of several stages as illustrated in Image 1.",
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"text": "Image 1. Construction stages of the digi- tal library apps at MAN 1 Bukittinggi",
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"text": "Image 1 describes the following: (1) It is confirmed that the sys- tem/application has undergone the analy- sis and system design. (2) Coding and testing the application on a web-based",
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"text": "basis was conducted in a web-based pro- gramming language, then was packaged into a CMS, namely SLiMS 9 bulian, then supported by a database manage- ment system, namely MySQL.",
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"text": "Image 2. Overview of the digital library installation and customization process",
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"text": "(3) Web hosting was conducted by installing CMS SLiMS 9 online. (4) Transformation of digital library applica- tions from web forms into APK forms with the webviews concept using the MIT Appinventor software as shown in Image 3. (5) Applications that have been transformed into APK form can then be distributed, for example via Google Playstore.",
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"text": "Image 3. Overview of the digital library application transformation process into APK form",
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"text": "Deployment was consisted of ap- plication implementation in the field, fol- lowed by product testing.",
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"text": "Validity Test was assessed by three experts in the IT field, such as pro- gramming, computer systems, and others. Furthermore, the questionnaire that was filled in by experts was processed using",
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"text": "DOI: https://doi.org/10.33330/jurteksi.v9i2.2013 Available online at http://jurnal.stmikroyal.ac.id/index.php/jurteksi",
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"text": "the Aiken's V formula, which obtained an average value of 0.88 in the Valid catego- ry, as described in Table 1.",
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"text": "Practicality Test was tested on practitioners whose areas of expertise are related to digital libraries. The product practicality test questionnaire was con- sisted of five aspects of assessment and has been filled in by three examiners. The results of the product practicality test were processed using the Kappa Cohen formula, which obtained an average re-",
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"text": "sult of 0.90 in the Very Practical catego- ry, as described in Table 2.",
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"text": "Effectiveness Test. Analysis of the effectiveness of the SLiMS 9 applica- tion development at MAN 1 Bukittinggi was determined by assessing a question- naire filled out by 10 students. The re- sults of the effectiveness test were pro- cessed using the statistical formula of Richard R. Hake, which obtained an av- erage value of 0.94 in the High Effec- tiveness category, as described in Table",
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"text": "3. Table 1. Product Validity Test Processing Results Validators Validators 1 Validators 2 Validators 3 ∑s n(c-1) Score V Average V grade r S r S R S Aspect of Validity Content 4 3 5 4 4 3 10 12 0.83 0.90 5 4 5 4 4 3 11 12 0.92 4 3 5 4 4 3 10 12 0.83 5 4 5 4 4 3 11 12 0.92 5 4 5 4 5 4 12 12 1 Aspect of Instruc- tional Design 4 3 4 3 4 3 9 12 0.75 0.90 4 3 4 3 5 4 10 12 0.83 5 4 5 4 5 4 12 12 1 5 4 5 4 5",
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"text": "4 12 12 1 Aspect of Appear- ance 4 3 5 4 3 2 9 12 0.75 0.78 4 3 5 4 2 1 8 12 0.67 4 3 5 4 3 2 9 12 0.75 4 3 5 4 5 4 11 12 0.92 5 4 5 4 3",
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"text": "2 10 12 0.83 Aspect of Pro- gramming 4 3 4 3 5 4 10 12 0.83 0.92 5 4 5 4 4 3 11 12 0.92 5 4 5 4 5 4 12 12 1 Average score V as a whole 0.88 Information Valid",
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"text": "Table 2. Product Practicality Test Processing Results",
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"text": "No. Evaluated Aspects Tester Tester 1 Tester 2 Tester 3 1. Clarity of instructions for using the system 5 5 4 2. The system can be used easily without the help of experts 5 5 4 3. Ease of accessing the system 5 5 5 4. The system can work continuously 5 5 4 5. Each component or form is mutually compat- ible, starting from input, process, and output forms, and reports can be printed easily 4 4 4 Amount 24 24 21 Average 0.95 0.95 0.81 Practical Results 0.90 Information Very Practical",
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"text": "JURTEKSI (Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi) ISSN 2407-1811 (Print) Vol. IX No 2, Maret 2023, hlm. 133 - 140",
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"text": "ISSN 2550-0201 (Online)",
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"text": "DOI: https://doi.org/10.33330/jurteksi.v9i2.2013 Available online at http://jurnal.stmikroyal.ac.id/index.php/jurteksi",
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"text": "Table 3. Product Effectiveness Test Processing Results No. Respondents G Value or G-Score 1. Respondent 1 0.85 2. Respondent 2 1.00 3. Respondent 3 0.73 4. Respondent 4 1.00 5. Respondent 5 0.93 6. Respondent 6 0.93 7. Respondent 7 1.00 8. Respondent 8 1.00 9. Respondent 9 0.67 10. Respondent 10 1.00 Average 0.91 Category High Effectiveness",
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"text": "This research succeeded to develop a digital library application based on SLiMS 9 at MAN 1 Bukittinggi library. Nowadays, digital library management uses an open source CMS, such as the Senayan Library Management System, better known by the acronym SLiMS. As a web-based library management infor- mation system, SLiMS has been proven to be very effective and efficient.",
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"text": "In this study, SLiMS 9 was chosen as a CMS for digital library development due to several considerations. Considera- tion in this context certainly focuses to the uniqueness or advantages offered by SLiMS. The main reason is the nature of SLiMS as an open source library man- agement software, which is expected to be one among many solution alternatives to overcome various obstacles, namely in terms of access to library information, library service processes, and data archiv- ing, which were previously done manual- ly. The usage of SLiMS is very easy, the data stored is accurate and easily updat- ed, and information on member data and library collections can be accessed any- time via the internet.",
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"text": "The development of the digital li- brary in this study has been carried out through three types of product tests,",
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"text": "namely validity tests, practicality tests, and effectiveness tests. The product test was carried out using a questionnaire in- strument. The product validity test ob- tained an average value of 0.88 with the Valid category. The product practicality test obtained a value of 0.90 in the Very Practical category. The product effec- tiveness test obtained a value of 0.94 in the High Effectiveness category. Based on the product test results that have been described, the digital library development product in this study was declared feasi- ble and applicable as a digital library, thus it can be accessed via mobile by us- ers, in this context namely students, teachers, and library members of MAN 1 Bukittinggi.",
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"text": "Allthough this study have succeed- ed in developing a digital library that can be accessed by mobile app, research at this development stage still has limita- tions. Several drawbacks were faced in the development of digital library appli- cations in this study, namely (1) this digi- tal library applications need to be sup- ported by annual expenses to allow per- petual/continuous access; (2) the admin- istrators must thoroughly monitor the system and schedule regular database backup activities; and (3) It is confirmed",
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"text": "ISSN 2550-0201 (Online)",
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"text": "DOI: https://doi.org/10.33330/jurteksi.v9i2.2013 Available online at http://jurnal.stmikroyal.ac.id/index.php/jurteksi",
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"text": "that not all features in the administrators menu can be accessed by the APK.",
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"text": "CONCLUSION",
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"top": 199,
"width": 205,
"height": 259,
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"text": "This study succeeded to develop a digital library applications based on SLiMS 9 at MAN 1 Bukittinggi library. The development of digital library in this study has been investigated through three types of product tests. The validity test obtained an average value of 0.88 with the Valid category. The practicality test obtained a value of 0.90 in the Very Prac- tical category. The effectiveness test ob- tained a value of 0.94 in the High Effec- tiveness category. Based on the results of this product test, the digital library devel- opment product in this study was de- clared feasible and applicable as a digital library, thus it can be accessed via mobile by users, in this context namely students, teachers, and library members of MAN 1 Bukittinggi.",
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"text": "BIBLIOGRAPHY",
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"width": 204,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
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"text": "ISSN 2550-0201 (Online)",
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7b74c409-60f0-57f5-1505-e9de6223aa8d | https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/SMedJour/article/download/51135/39203 | [
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"text": "Istiqomah et. al., SMedJour, 2022 ; 5 (3) : 148 - 152 doi: 10.13057/smj.v5i3.51135",
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"text": "Istiqomah 1* , Rino Arianto Marswita 2 , Istiqomah Syarifah Nabila 3",
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"text": "1. Department of Forensic and Medicolegal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, Indonesia",
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"text": "2. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, Indonesia",
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"text": "3. Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, Indonesia",
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"text": "Correspondence: [email protected]",
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"text": "Introduction: As time goes by, lifestyle is changing. The imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure will result in underfeeding or overfeeding. Police officers at Polresta Depok are obese about 34,6 %. This research is the first research to investigate the effect of the diet program with Mid-Upper Arm Circumference on Policemen at Bhayangkara Prof. Dr. Awaloedin Djamin hospital in Semarang City.",
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"text": "Methods: The design of this study is one group pre-test and post-test design with inclusion criteria that are Policemen with BMI >30 and willing to take part in this study. The exclusion criteria are having a history of medullary thyroid carcinoma. The data collected in this study used consecutive sampling. The statistical analysis used a nonparametric Wilcoxon test.",
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"text": "Results: Mid-Upper Arm Circumference mean before and after intervention were 36,8 ± 5,72 and 38,9 ± 3,22 with Asymp. Sig. (2 - tailed) p= <0,001. (p<0,05). Thus, the effect of a diet program with Mid-Upper Arm Circumference is significant.",
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"text": "Conclusion : A diet program, consisting of liraglutide injection, diet food, and exercise, has a significant effect on Mid-Upper Arm Circumference.",
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"text": "Keywords: diet food; exercise; liraglutide, mid-upper arm circumference; obesity",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Overweight and obesity pose a major challenge in the prevention of chronic diseases around the world 1 . Along with the times, human life patterns have also changed. The intake of nutrients that enter is not balanced with what is needed by the body resulting in the body being deficient or overnourished 2 . Obesity is a condition where there is a buildup of fat in adipose tissue, which can interfere with health 3 .",
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"text": "The proportion of obesity BMI (Body Mass Index) from 2007 based on Basic Health Research continues to increase. The proportion of obesity in adults aged >18 years",
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"text": "in 2007 was 10.5%. The proportion increased in 2013 by 14.8% and continued to increase to 21.8% in 2018 4 . Research by Rachman and Ratu Tatya (2013) at polresta Depok obtained results of 34.6% of police having nutritional status 5 . Another study on the police in the Banjarmasin City Resort Police by Kurniawati et al (2016) found that 33.3% had an obese nutritional status 6 . The high prevalence of obesity in members of the National Police is associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and sedentary behavior. The police profession in general is faced with an increased risk of hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome that contribute to the increasing prevalence of heart disease 7 .",
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"text": "Istiqomah, et al., Effect of Diet Program on Upper Arm Circumference",
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"text": "Liraglutide is a Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) receptor agonist. Glucagon- like peptide-1(GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that has a role in insulin secretion and reduces glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. In addition to these roles, GLP-1 delays gastric emptying and causes satiety, thus causing weight loss 8 . A high-energy and high-fat diet leads to a build-up of energy in the form of fat which is a trigger for weight gain . Diets that cause weight loss result in a reduction in hsCRP and are independent of the composition of macronutrients 9 . Aerobic exercise increases peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 peak) which is related to the percentage of total body fat (BF%). Aerobic exercise can also lose weight especially in reducing body fat 10 .",
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"text": "This study aims to determine the effect of the diet program on the upper arm circumference in members of the National Police at Bhayangkara Hospital Prof. Dr. Awaloedin Djamin Semarang. The hypothesis in this study is that there is an influence of diet programs on the size of the upper arm circumference.",
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"text": "Based on the description above, obesity is a challenge in the prevention of chronic diseases and the increase in the prevalence of obesity makes researchers interested in conducting research on the effect of diet programs on upper arm circumference in members of the Obese National Police in Semarang City.",
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"text": "Quasi-experimental research with a one-group pre and post-test design research design with inclusion criteria, namely members of the National Police who have a BMI of >30 and are willing to take part in research and research exclusion criteria, namely having a history of thyroid medullary carcinoma, was carried out at Bhayangkara Hospital Prof. Dr. Awaloedin Djamin",
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"text": "Semarang. Data retrieval using consecutive sampling techniques.",
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"text": "In this study, measurements of the circumference of the upper arm before and after the intervention were given.",
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"text": "Measurement of the circumference of the upper arm is carried out on the first day before the intervention and the ninetieth day after the intervention is administered. The interventions provided include giving",
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"text": "liraglutide injections, dietary diets, and aerobic exercise. Liraglutide injections are given once a week with an initial dose of 0.6 mg at week 1, a dose of 0.6 at week 2, dose of 0.12 at weeks 3 to 6 for six weeks. After that, measurements were taken three months later. Food diet and physical activity in this study have been consulted with the nutrition and medical rehabilitation department of Prof. Dr.",
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"text": "Awaloedin Djamin Hospital Semarang. Recommended food diets such as reducing foods containing coconut milk, starchy, and fried. In addition, not eating sweet foods and hot white rice and drinking water is accompanied by a lot of physical activity such as aerobic exercise 3-5 times a week for 30-45 minutes. Monitoring diet and physical activity are carried out by recalling, namely respondents fill in the data in the books that have been given.",
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"text": "Analysis of research data using Wilcoxon nonparametric tests. This research has been declared ethically feasible by the Medical/Health Research Bioethics Commission, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Agung Islamic University Semarang through Ethical Clearance Letter number 101/III/2021/Bioethics Commission.",
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"text": "Research on \"The Effect of the Upper Arm Circumference Diet Program\" was conducted on members of the National Police who have a BMI of >30 in Semarang City.",
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"text": "Univariate analysis is used to describe the distribution and percentage of individual variables such as sex. The ratio of male and female patients in this study was 53.6% and 46.4% as in table 1.",
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"text": "Table 1 Sample Distribution Gender Frequency Percentage (%) Male 30 53,6 Female 26 46,4 Total 56 100,0 In table 2, the size of the upper arm circumference before being given the intervention was about 29-42.5 cm with an average of 36.8 cm, and the size of the arm circumference after being given the intervention was about 29-46 cm with an average of 38.9 cm.",
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"text": "Table 2 Upper Arm Circumference Characteristics of Pre- and Post-Intervention Variable Min-Max Mean ± SD Upper Arm Circumferenc e ( Pre ) 29-42,5 36,8 ± 5,72 Upper Arm Circumferenc e ( Post ) 29-46 38,9 ± 3,22",
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"text": "From the normality test with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (study sample >50), table 3 shows the results of the pre- upper arm circumference normality test and the post-upper arm circumference with a p- value of < 0.05 so that the data are abnormal and do not meet the parametric test requirements. The measurement scale in this data uses a numerical scale but does not meet the requirements of the parametric test, so a non-parametric test is carried out with the Wilcoxon test.",
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"text": "Table 3 Normality test with Kolmogorov-Smirnov Variabel statistik df sig Upper Arm Circumferenc e ( Pre ) 0,238 56 0,000 Upper Arm Circumferenc e ( Post ) 0,163 56 0,001",
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"text": "The Wilcoxon test results in table 4 show a p-value of < 0.05 or significant. The results showed significant differences in upper arm circumference before and after being given the intervention of liraglutide injections, dietary diets, and aerobic exercise.",
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"text": "Table 4 Wilcoxon Test Results Variable P Information Upper arm circumference post and pre <0,001 There are meaningful differences",
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"text": "Research on \"The Effect of the Upper Arm Circumference Diet Program\" was conducted on members of the National Police who have a BMI of >30 in Semarang City. The number of subjects who participated in the study was 56 participants. In this study, measurements of the circumference of the upper arm before and after the intervention were given. Administration of liraglutide injections once a week with an initial dose of 0.6 mg at week 1, a dose of 0.6 at week 2, dose of 0.12 at weeks 3 to 6 for six weeks. After that, measurements were taken three months later. Food diet and physical activity in this study have been consulted with the nutrition and medical rehabilitation department of Bhayangkara Hospital Prof. Dr. Awaloedin Djamin Semarang. Recommended food diets such as reducing foods containing coconut milk, starchy, and fried. In addition,",
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"text": "circumference of the upper arm is the total of muscles, bones, and fat at the midpoint of the upper arm 11 . Based on the research of Rondanelli et al (2016) that weight loss due to liraglutide comes from a decrease in fat mass rather than lean tissue mass 12 . Research by Sam et al (2016) states that there is a strong relationship between upper arm circumference and obesity as measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) 13 .",
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"text": "How liraglutide works directly in weight loss through the regulation of hunger, satiety, and delayed gastric emptying 14 . The delay in gastric emptying insignificantly interferes with the absorption of drug interactions such as acetaminophen, digoxin, warfarin, oral contraceptive pills, statins, ACE inhibitors, and griseofulvin. Delayed",
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"text": "absorption of drug interactions can be avoided by taking such drugs one hour before administration of GLP-1 agonist 15 . Early administration of insulin or sulfonylureas is often followed by weight gain, given that insulin use is associated with weight gain 14 .",
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"text": "The results of this study can be used as additional information from previous studies that there is a strong relationship between upper arm circumference and obesity as measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) 13 .",
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"text": "The limitation of the research is that research has not been carried out with the control group, the hope is that in the next research, research can be carried out with the control group.",
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"text": "There was an effect of the diet program on the upper arm circumference with an average size of upper arm circumference before the intervention of 36.8 cm and after the intervention of 38.9 cm.",
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"text": "We would like to thank the Head of Bhayangkara Hospital Prof. Dr. Awaloedin Djamin Semarang for the opportunity and support provided for this research, LPPM Sultan Agung Islamic University for the opportunity and financial support provided, and all parties who cannot be mentioned one by one who has helped and provided support in this research.",
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"text": "Info Artikel ABSTRACT Article history: Diterima 05 Januari 2022 Publis 08 Januari 2022 Abstrak yang dipersiapkan dengan baik memungkinkan pembaca untuk mengidentifikasi konten dasar dokumen dengan cepat dan akurat, untuk menentukan relevansinya dengan minat mereka, dan dengan demikian memutuskan apakah akan membaca dokumen secara keseluruhan. Abstrak harus informatif dan sepenuhnya menjelaskan diri sendiri, memberikan pernyataan yang jelas tentang masalah, pendekatan atau solusi yang diusulkan, dan menunjukkan temuan dan kesimpulan utama. Abstrak harus sepanjang 100 hingga 200 kata. Abstrak harus ditulis dalam bentuk lampau. Nomenklatur standar harus digunakan dan singkatan harus dihindari. Tidak ada literatur yang harus dikutip. Daftar kata kunci memberikan kesempatan untuk menambahkan kata kunci, yang digunakan oleh layanan pengindeksan dan abstraksi, selain yang sudah ada dalam judul. Penggunaan kata kunci yang bijaksana dapat meningkatkan kemudahan bagi pihak yang berkepentingan untuk menemukan artikel kita (10 pt).",
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"text": "Badan Riset dan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan dan Perikanan (BRSDMKP) merupakan salah satu unit kerja eselon I KKP yang memiliki tanggung jawab untuk mencapai target kinerja sesuai dengan Indikator Kinerja Utama (IKU) yang telah ditetapkan. Salah satu IKU yang harus diukur pencapaian sesuai dengan Keputusan Kepala BRSDMKP No.14/KEP-BRSDMK/2017 tentang Penetapan Indikator Kinerja Utama Lingkup BRSDMKP Tahun 2017 – 2019 adalah",
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"text": "Menurut (Mujianto Solichin, 2015) kebijakan juga merupakan serangkaian proses dari suatu perencanaan dan perumusan oleh suatu kelompok atau lembaga/instansi pemerintah yang berupa peraturan atau program untuk menyelesaikan suatu permasalahan. Kebijakan BRSDMKP yang diukur terdiri dari bidang riset yang meliputi rekomendasi teknologi dan komditas rilis karena kedua hal ini dianggap paling berpengaruh terhadap stakeholder khususnya pembudidaya ikan dan pelaku usaha perikanan (Edy Yusuf Agunggunanto, 2016). Selain bidang riset, pengukuran juga dilakukan pada kebijakan bidang SDM yang terdiri dari pendidikan, pelatihan dan penyuluhan. Adapun kebijakan yang terpilih untuk diukur antara lain Peti berinsulasi di atas kapal untuk Penanganan TTC, Peningkatan Produksi Udang Windu di Tambak Tradisional Plus dengan Aplikasi Probiotik RICA, Pengolahan Alat Transportasi Ikan Berpendingin untuk Pedagang Ikan Keliling (ALTIS-2), Rilis Udang Galah GI MACRO II dan Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan, Pelatihan, dan Penyuluhan Perikanan.",
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"text": "2. METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "BRSDMKP memiliki kebijakan khusus untuk menghasilkan rekomendasi teknologi dan menghasilkan komoditas pelepasan/rilis. Kedua produk teknologi yang dihasilkan ini untuk selanjutnya diajukan kepada Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan untuk dijadikan KEPMEN tentang rekomendasi teknologi dan pelepasan komoditas produk teknologi di masyarakat. Pengambilan data untuk pengukuran indeks efektivitas bidang SDM dilakukan melalui 2 (dua) cara yaitu wawancara langsung dan melalui penyebaran quesioner melalui google survey. Nilai Indeks Efektivitas Kebijakan yang diukur dari Keputusan yang diambil KKP melalui penerbitan Peraturan Menteri dan/atau Keputusan Menteri dan/atau Keputusan Pejabat Eselon I dapat dilaksanakan dan mampu menyelesaikan masalah yang sesuai dengan tujuan pembuatan kebijakan tersebut sebagaimana disajikan dalam tabel 1.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Kebijakan yang akan diukur Indeks Efektivitas Kebijakan Instansi Pemerintah NO Judul Kebijakan Lokasi Dasar Hukum Kriteria Umum Pemanfaat Produk 1 Peti berinsulasi di atas kapal untuk Penanganan TTC Bitung Kepmen KP No 43 Tahun 2013 • TTC hasil tangkapan nelayan dalam kondisi segar dan berkualitas baik sam pai ditempat pendaratan ikan",
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{
"left": 62,
"top": 713,
"width": 469,
"height": 64,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "• Kelompok nelayan penagkap tuna, tongkol dan cakalang yang telah memiliki kapal sendiri 2 Peningkatan produksi udang windu di tambak Pinrang, Pangkep Kepmen KP No 43 • Probiotik Rica Mudah Diproduksi secara mandiri oleh • Petambak dan Pembudidaya udang",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan (JISIP)",
"type": "Page header"
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"width": 194,
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "e-ISSN : 2656-6753, p-ISSN: 2598-9944",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 95,
"top": 786,
"width": 449,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2282 | Dampak Penerapan Kebijakan Riset Dan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan Dan Perikanan Terhadap Stakeholder (Indriani Musthapia)",
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{
"left": 62,
"top": 59,
"width": 461,
"height": 156,
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"text": "NO Judul Kebijakan Lokasi Dasar Hukum Kriteria Umum Pemanfaat Produk traditional plus dengan aplikasi probitok RICA Tahun 2013 masyarakat • Banyak diadopsi oleh pembudidaya ikan • Mampu mengatasi penyakit white spot 3 Pengolahan Alat Transportasi Ikan Berpendingin untuk Pedagang Ikan Keliling (ALTIS-2) G. Kidul, Bantul Kepmen KP No 43 Tahun 2013 • Alat ini digunakan untuk mendistribusikan/menjual ikan segar ke pembeli sehingga mutu ikan segar tetap terjaga dan mempermudah kegiatan transportasi ikan oleh pedagang ikan keliling menggunakan sepeda motor.",
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{
"left": 299,
"top": 215,
"width": 114,
"height": 22,
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"text": "• Dapat mempertahankan suhu ikan dibawah 5°C selama",
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{
"left": 299,
"top": 239,
"width": 119,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "kegiatan penjualan ikan • Mengurangi biaya operasional karena tidak menggunakan es batu • Dapat mempertahankan mutu dan kesegaran ikan selama",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 306,
"top": 302,
"width": 55,
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"text": "penjualan ikan",
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{
"left": 62,
"top": 132,
"width": 456,
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"text": "• Pedagang ikan segar • Konsumen ikan 4 Rilis Udang Galah GI Macro II Sleman, Bantul Kepmen KP No. 23 Tahun 2013 • Tumbuh lebih cepat 68 % pada karakter bobot dibandingkan dengan pembentuknya",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 299,
"top": 343,
"width": 112,
"height": 11,
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"text": "• ketahanan terhadap penyakit",
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{
"left": 299,
"top": 311,
"width": 232,
"height": 85,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Vibriosis tinggi • Sintasan 65% pada uji tantang Vibrio harveyi pada LC50 105 cfu/ml • Unit pembenihan rakyat",
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{
"left": 442,
"top": 324,
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"text": "(UPR)",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 435,
"top": 332,
"width": 71,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "• Unit pembenihan pemerintah",
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{
"left": 435,
"top": 354,
"width": 78,
"height": 21,
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"text": "• Pengusaha/industri perikanan",
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},
{
"left": 62,
"top": 375,
"width": 463,
"height": 116,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "• Petani UGADI (udang galah bersama padi) 5 Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan vokasi bagi anak pelaku utama Seluruh Indonesia PP Nomor 62 Tahun 2014 • Pengembangan Kurikulum satuan pendidikan tinggi di bidang perikanan mengacu pada standar nasional pendidikan tinggi untuk setiap program studi yang meliputi aspek pengembangan kecerdasan, intelektual, akhlak mulia, dan keterampilan • Calon perserta didik pada SUPM : lulusan",
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"text": "SMP, MTS/sederajat",
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{
"left": 435,
"top": 429,
"width": 98,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "• Calon peserta didik pada AP/STP : lulusan SMU/sederajat",
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{
"left": 62,
"top": 460,
"width": 462,
"height": 64,
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"text": "• Peserta didik prioritas adalah anak pelaku utama 6 Pelatihan kepada pelaku utama/usaha Tegal PP Nomor 62 Tahun 2014 • Pelatihan dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengembangkan kreativitas usaha perikanan • Pelaku Utama, Pelaku Usaha, calon Pelaku",
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"left": 62,
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"width": 469,
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"text": "Utama, calon Pelaku Usaha, tenaga kerja, pencari kerja, dan aparatur di bidang perikanan 7 Penyuluhan kepada pelaku utama/usaha Tuban PP Nomor 62 Tahun 2014 • Penyuluhan dilakukan kepada pelau utama/usaha berupa uapay pengembangan dan • Pelaku utama, pelaku usaha yang meliputi kelompok/lembaga pemerhati perikanan serta generasi muda dan tokoh masyarakat",
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"text": "Indeks efektifitas kebijakan diukur dengan 12 pertanyaan terkait kebijakan tersebut yang diajukan kepada responden. Pilihan jawaban dalam skala linear kisaran 1 - 5 dengan polarisasi maksimal. Setelah dilakukan pengukuran skor indikator, kemudian dilakukan skoring dimensi yaitu melakukan penjumlahan dari masing-masing skor indikator. Setelah itu, dibuat interval kelas pada tiap kategori pada masing-masing indikator maupun dimensi. Tahap terakhir, dilakukan penghitungan indeks per dimensi hingga menghasilkan indeks komposit.",
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"text": "Indeks efektivitas merupakan indeks komposit yang diukur secara tertimbang. Dimensi yang dilakukan pengukuran pada rekomendasi teknologi dan rilis yaitu (1) pengguna teknologi, (2) kemudahan teknologi, (3) kelengkapan teknologi, (4) kerumitan teknologi dan (5) dampak teknologi, sedangkan dimensi yang dilakukan pada pengukuran pendidikan vokasi bagi anak",
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"text": "Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan (JISIP)",
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"width": 194,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN : 2656-6753, p-ISSN: 2598-9944",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 95,
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"width": 449,
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"text": "2283 | Dampak Penerapan Kebijakan Riset Dan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan Dan Perikanan Terhadap Stakeholder (Indriani Musthapia)",
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{
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"text": "pelaku utama terdiri (1) efektivitas, (2) kecukupan, (3) perataan, (4) responsivitas dan (5) ketepatan. Dimensi pengukuran pada pelatihann dan penyuluhan kepada kelompok pelaku utama/usaha perikanan terdiri dari (1) relevansi, (2) penyelenggaraan, (3) penerapan dan (4) outcome.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Pembagian Bobot Indeks Efektivitas Kebijakan Pemerintah Bidang Riset dan SDM KP",
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"text": "3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Indeks Efektivitas Riset",
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"text": "Wawancara dilakukan kepada pengguna teknologi bidang riset terdiri dari peti berinsulasi di atas kapal untuk penanganan TTC, peningkatan produksi udang windu di tambak tradisional plus dengan aplikasi probitok rica, pengolahan alat transportasi ikan berpendingin untuk pedagang ikan keliling (ALTIS-2) dan rilis Udang Galah GI Macro II dilakukan pada beberapa Kabupaten terpilih tergantung jenis penerapan kebijkana bidang riset. Setelah dilakukan skoring yang dilakukan terhadap penerapan kebijakan bidang riset kemudian dihitung indeks efektivitasnya. Secara keseluruhan, hasil pengukuran indeks bidang riset cukup efektif dengan indeks sebesar 7,954. Hasil pengukuran indeks bidang riset dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Nilai Hasil Pengukuran Indeks Bidang Riset",
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"text": "Indikator Kebijakan Peti Insulasi Probiotik Rica Altis-2 Rilis Udang GI Macro II Indeks Kategori Indeks Kategori Indeks Kategori Indeks Kategori Pengguna Teknologi 7,145 Sesuai 10,000 Sangat sesuai 7,969 Sesuai 6,998 Sesuai Kemudahan Teknologi 7,762 Mudah 10,000 Sangat mudah 6,060 Mudah 7,125 Mudah Kelengkapan Teknologi 8,125 Sangat lengkap 10,000 Sangat lengkap 9,771 Sangat lengkap 6,809 Lengkap Kerumitan Teknologi 6,747 Mudah 9,172 Sangat mudah 7,572 Mudah 6,563 Mudah Dampak Tenologi 8,868 Sangat meningkat 9,396 Sangat meningkat 7,987 Meningkat 7,262 meningkat Rata-rata Sub dimensi 7.729 Efektif 9.714 Sangat efektif 7.872 Efektif 6.952 Efektif Rata-rata Dimensi 7.729 Efektif 8.179 Sangat Efektif Rata-rata Riset 7.954 Efektif",
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"text": "Lokasi survey untuk kebijakan peti berinsulasi di atas kapal untuk penanganan TTC dilakukan di Kab.Bitung Sulawesi Utara. Hasil survey menunjukkan bahwa penerapan kebijakan peti berinsulasi di atas kapal untuk penanganan TTC di Kab.Bitung dinilai efektif oleh responden dengan indeks sebesar 7.729. Hal ini dikarenakan masyarakat nelayan mampu mengadopsi teknologi peti berinsulasi dalam kegiatan penangkapan ikan khususnya komoditas",
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"text": "2284 | Dampak Penerapan Kebijakan Riset Dan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan Dan Perikanan Terhadap Stakeholder (Indriani Musthapia)",
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{
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"text": "TTC dengan mudah dan dinilai sangat cocok diterapkan karean susut hasil terutama susut mutu hasil tangkapan ikan sangat kecil, artinya dengan media yang serupa fungsinya (tidak harus sama), nelayan penangkap ikan TTC sebagai penerima kebijakan dapat menerapkan metode ini. Masyrakat nelayan sangat antusias dalam mengikuti kegiatan transfer teknologi yang diberikan terutama kelompok nelayan yang menjadi target penerapan teknologi sehingga kebijakan ini dinilai efektif dan berpotensi untuk dikembangkan.",
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"left": 75,
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"height": 108,
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"text": "Lokasi survey untuk kebijakan Peningkatan produksi udang windu di tambak traditional plus dengan aplikasi probitok RICA dilakukan di Kab. Pangkep dan Kab.Pinrang Sulawesi Selatan. Hasil survey menunjukkan bahwa penerapan kebijakan peningkatan produksi udang windu di tambak traditional plus dengan aplikasi probitok RICA di Kab.Pangkep dan Kab.Pinrang dinilai sangat efektif oleh responden dengan indeks sebesar 9.714. Hal ini dikarenakan petani pembudidaya udang windu sebagai penerima kebijakan dapat dengan mudah mengadopsi teknologi sehingga mampu memproduksi probiotik RICA secara mandiri dengan teknologi yang sudah diberikan.",
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"text": "Lokasi survey untuk kebijakan Pengolahan Alat Transportasi Ikan Berpendingin untuk Pedagang Ikan Keliling (ALTIS-2) dilakukan di Kab.Gunung Kidul dan Kab.Bantul, DI Yogyakarta. Hasil survey menunjukkan bahwa Pengolahan Alat Transportasi Ikan Berpendingin untuk Pedagang Ikan Keliling (ALTIS-2) dinilai Efektif oleh responden dengan indeks sebesar 7.872. Pedagang ikan sebagai penerima kebijakan memberikan respon cukup baik terhadap penerapan kebijakan ini karena alat ini mampu mempertahankan mutu dan kesegaran ikan selama penjualan.",
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"text": "Lokasi survey untuk kebijakan rilis udang GI Macro II dilakukan di Kab.Bantul dan Kab.Sleman. Hasil survey menunjukkan bahwa penerapan kebijakan dinilai efektif oleh responden dengan indeks sebesar 6.952. Hal ini dikarenakan petani pembudidaya udang windu sebagai penerima kebijakan mampu menerapkan teknologi ini dan dianggap teknologi ini cukup menguntungkan dilihat dari waktu pemeliharaannya yang lebih singkat dibandingkan dengan udang galah biasa yaitu memliki kemampuan tumbuh lebih cepat 68% serta memiliki ketahanan terhadap penyakit vibrosis tinggi.",
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"text": "Indeks Efektivitas SDM",
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"height": 107,
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"text": "Pengambilan data untuk pengukuran indeks efektivitas bidang SDM dilakukan melalui 2 (dua) cara yaitu wawancara langsung dan melalui penyebaran quesioner melalui google survey. Kebijakan yang disepakati untuk di ukur terdiri dari 3 dimensi yaitu pendidikan vokasi bagi anak pelaku utama, pelatihan kepada pelaku utama/usaha perikanan dan penyuluhan kepada kelompok pelaku utama/usaha perikanan. Setelah dilakukan skoring terhadap penerapan kebijakan bidang SDM kemudian dihitung indeks efektivitasnya. Secara keseluruhan, hasil pengukuran indeks bidang SDM cukup efektif dengan indeks sebesar 7.833. Hasil pengukuran dimensi SDM dan dimensi pelatihan dan penyuluhan dapat dilihat pada tabel 3 berikut ini.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Nilai Hasil Pengukuran Indeks Bidang SDM",
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{
"left": 65,
"top": 584,
"width": 464,
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"text": "Indikator Pendidikan Kebijakan Pendidikan Vokasi Indikator pelatihan dan penyuluhan Kebijakan Pelatihan Kebijakan Penyuluhan Indeks Kategori Indeks Kategori Indeks Kategori Efektivitas 8.180 Sangat tercapai Relevansi 6.262 Sesuai 8.976 Sangat sesuai Kecukupan 8.004 Sangat tersedia Penyelenggara an 6.361 Sesuai 8.471 Sangat sesuai Perataan 8.477 Lebih dari reguler Penerapan 6.084 Meningk at 8.686 Sangat meningkat Responsivita s 8.430 Sangat puas Outcome 6.006 Mampu 8.489 Sangat mampu Ketepatan 8.157 Sangat meningkat Rata-rata subdimensi 8.250 Sangat efektif 6.178 Efektif 8.655 Efektif Rata-rata dimensi 8.250 Sangat efektif 7.417 Efektf Rata-rata 7.833 Efektif",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN : 2656-6753, p-ISSN: 2598-9944",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 95,
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"width": 449,
"height": 21,
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"text": "2285 | Dampak Penerapan Kebijakan Riset Dan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan Dan Perikanan Terhadap Stakeholder (Indriani Musthapia)",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 60,
"width": 461,
"height": 32,
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"text": "Indikator Pendidikan Kebijakan Pendidikan Vokasi Indikator pelatihan dan penyuluhan Kebijakan Pelatihan Kebijakan Penyuluhan Indeks Kategori Indeks Kategori Indeks Kategori",
"type": "Table"
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"text": "SDM",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 75,
"top": 121,
"width": 467,
"height": 136,
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"text": "Survey kebijakan pendidikan vokasi untuk anak pelaku utama dilakukan melalui pengisian quesioner google survei. Pemilihan metode ini dengan tujuan untuk menemukan responden yang tepat sesuai dengan tujuan penerapan kebijakan ini. Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pendidikan vokasi bagi anak pelaku utama dinilai cukup efektif dengan indeks sebesar 8.250. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pemberlakuan pendidikan vokasi KP untuk anak pelaku utama telah efektif sehingga mampu menghasilkan kualitas lulusan yang kompoten, inovatif dan kreatif sesuai dengan tuntutan dunia usaha dan dunia industri yang terlihat dengan tingginya lulusan yang diterima di dunia kerja. Akan tetapi monitoring penyerapan lulusan satuan pendidikan vokasi KP perlu dilakukan untuk mengathui sejauh mana lulusan yang terserap dalam dunia kerja sejalan dengan rencana strategis organisasi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Survey kebijakan pelatihan bagi pelaku utama dan pelaku usaha dilakukan dengan cara wawancara langsung terhadap responden di Kabupaten Tegal yang menerima dampak dari pelaksanaan kebijakan ini. Hasil survey menunjukkan bahwa responden dinilai cukup efektif untuk melaksanakan kebijakan ini dengan indeks sebesar 6.178. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa pelatihan yang dilakukan mampu merubah pelaku utama dan pelaku usaha menjadi lebih kompeten dan inovatif sehingga memiliki kemampuan untuk meningkatkan produksinya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 342,
"width": 467,
"height": 108,
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"text": "Survey kebijakan penyuluhan bagi pelaku usaha dan pelaku utama dilakukan dengan cara wawancara langsung terhadap responden di Kabupaten Tuban yang menerima dampak dari pelaksanaan kebijakan ini. Hasil survey menunjukkan bahwa responden dinilai cukup efektif untuk melaksanakan kebijakan ini dengan indeks sebesar 8.655. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa penyuluhan yang dilakukan menjadikan pelaku utama dan pelaku usaha mampu meningkatkan kemmapuannya sehingga memiliki daya saing tinggi, produkstif, menerapkan tata kelola usaha yang baik dan berkelanjutan disamping ini keberhasilan kebijakna ini tidak lepas dari peran serta penyuluh dalam memebrikan pendampingan kepada pelaku utama dan pelaku usaha.",
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"text": "4. KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Secara umum hasil pengukuran indeks kebijakan instansi pemerintah bidang Riset dan SDM KP termasuk dalam kategori efektif sehingga masih ada peluang untuk terus ditingkatkan menjadi sangat efektif dengan cara :",
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"text": "a. Pemilihan kebijakan yang sesuai dengan permintaan stakehoder sehingga dampak dari penerapan kebijakan tersebut bisa benar-benar dirasakan manfaatnya;",
"type": "List item"
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"height": 25,
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"text": "b. Penentuan lokasi penerapan kebijakan harus dijadikan pertimbangan sehingga kebijkaan yang diterapkan sesuai dengan kepentingan stakeholder;",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 78,
"top": 577,
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"text": "c. Pemilihan responden yang tepat agar informasi yang dapat digali lebih mendalam untuk perbaikan teknologi.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 57,
"top": 618,
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"text": "5. DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"left": 75,
"top": 632,
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"height": 25,
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"text": "Akib, H. (2010). Implementasi Kebijakan: Apa, Mengapa, dan Bagaimana. Administrasi Publik, 1(1), 1–11.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 660,
"width": 467,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Edy Yusuf Agunggunanto, D. (2016). Strategy of Strengthening Institutional Fishermen Groups for Increasing Income. JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 9(2), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v9i2.7632",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 701,
"width": 467,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Mujianto Solichin. (2015). Implementasi Kebijakan Pendidikan Dan Peran Birokrasi. Religi, 6(2), 148–178.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 729,
"width": 467,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Ramdhani, A., & Ramdhani, M. A. (2017). Konsep Umum Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Publik. Jurnal Publik, 11(1), 1–12.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 756,
"width": 467,
"height": 25,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tahir, Aripin. 2011. Kebijakan Publik dan Transparansi Penyelenggaraan Pemerintah Daerah. Jakarta : PT. Pustaka Indonesia Press.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
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"top": 38,
"width": 219,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan (JISIP)",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 327,
"top": 38,
"width": 194,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN : 2656-6753, p-ISSN: 2598-9944",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 95,
"top": 786,
"width": 449,
"height": 21,
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"text": "2286 | Dampak Penerapan Kebijakan Riset Dan Sumberdaya Manusia Kelautan Dan Perikanan Terhadap Stakeholder (Indriani Musthapia)",
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 60,
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"height": 24,
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"text": "Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan, KEPMEN KP RI NOMOR 43/KEPMEN-KP/2014 tentang Rekomendasi Teknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Tahun 2014.",
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"text": "Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan, KEPMEN KP RI NOMOR 23/KEMPEN-KP/2013 tentang Rilis Udang Galah GI Macro II.",
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"text": "Peraturan Pemerintah RI, PP Nomor 62 Tahun 2014 tentang Penyelenggaran Pendidikan, Pelatihan dan Penyuluhan Perikanan.",
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188d8d2e-9833-c903-1a1e-ae22deed03c4 | http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA/article/download/27289/15953 | [
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"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
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"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
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"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
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{
"left": 108,
"top": 88,
"width": 397,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Analisis Rantai Pasok Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan",
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"left": 94,
"top": 134,
"width": 424,
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"text": "The Analysis Of Vannamei Shrimp's (Litopenaeus vannamei) Supply Chain in South Konawe Regency",
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"text": "Nurmiati 1 Bahari 2 Rosmawaty 3",
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"text": "1) Dinas Perikanan Kabupaten Konawe Utara, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia",
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"text": "1) [email protected]",
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"text": "2) 3) Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Halu Oleo Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia",
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"text": "2) [email protected]",
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"text": "3) [email protected]",
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{
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"text": "Riwayat Naskah",
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"left": 211,
"top": 285,
"width": 191,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Naskah diterima: 20 Desember 2021 Naskah direvisi: 24 Januari 2022 Disetujui diterbitkan: 20 Februari 2022",
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"text": "Abstract : This research aims to analyze track supply chain, examine business processes and distribution patterns, and analyze the marketing efficiency of vaname shrimp in South Konawe Regency. The population in this research is the owner cultivators in the shrimp farming unit. The sampling technique in this research was carried out in two stages, namely a sample of cultivators and a sample of traders, carried out using the cluster random sampling method. The data collected in this research include primary data and secondary data. The dat analysis done in a descriptive and quantitative. The results of this research indicate that there are 3 supply chain consists of vaname shrimp, track I (breeders - cultivators - retailers - consumers), track II (breeders - cultivators - village collectors - fishery companies - consumers) and track III (seeders - cultivators - traders). village collectors - retailers - consumers). The vaname shrimp supply chain business process has not been well integrated. The market information received is not yet known publicly both regarding price and quantity. The vaname shrimp supply chain in which there are 3 types of flows, product flow, financial flow and information flow flowing from upstream to downstream and downstream to upstream. The performance of the vaname shrimp supply chain has been efficient with the average share indicator or share of the price received by farmers in all lines of 85.63%. The average trader profitability value from all lines is 1.06.",
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{
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"text": "Keywords : Vaname Shrimp, Supply Chain, Business Pattern, Distribution Pattern, Marketing Efficiency",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 445,
"height": 175,
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"text": "Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis jalur rantai, mengkaji proses bisnis dan pola distribusi, dan menganalisis efesiensi pemasaran udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah para pembudidaya pemilik pada unit pembudidayaan udang. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua tahap yakni sampel pembudidaya dan sampel pedagang, dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode cluster random sampling . Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan kuantitatif. Hasil peneliian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 3 jalur rantai pasok udang vaname jalur I (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengecer - konsumen), jalur II (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengumpul desa - perusahan perikanan - konsumen) dan jalur III (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengumpul desa - pedagang pengecer - konsumen). Proses bisnis rantai pasok udang vaname belum teritegrasi dengan baik. Informasi pasar yang diterima belum diketahui secara terbuka baik mengenai harga dan kuantitas. Rantai pasokan udang vaname yang didalamnya terdapat 3 jenis aliran, yaitu aliran produk, aliran keuangan dan aliran informasi mengalir dari hulu ke hilir dan hilir ke hulu. Kinerja rantai pasok udang vaname sudah",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
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"width": 248,
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"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
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"text": "12",
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"top": 798,
"width": 155,
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"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 443,
"height": 22,
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"text": "efesien dengan indikator share atau bagian harga yang diterima pembudidaya rata-rata pada semua jalur sebesar 85,63%. Nilai profitabilitas pedagang rata-rata dari semua jalur sebesar 1,06.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : Udang Vaname, Rantai Pasok, Pola Bisnis, Pola Distribusi, Efesiensi Pemasaran",
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"text": "I. PENDAHULUAN",
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"top": 171,
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"height": 122,
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"text": "Salah satu jenis produk perikanan yang sangat melimpah di Indonesia adalah udang. Udang merupakan salah satu komoditas perikanan dengan potensi besar. Komoditas udang termasuk sepuluh komoditas unggulan ekspor Indonesia dimana komoditas udang menyumbang sebesar 1,06 persen ditahun 2015 sampai dengan tahun 2016. Hal ini menujukkan bahwa komoditas udang memiliki pertumbuhan yang positif di subsektor perikanan. Udang termasuk komoditas unggulan ekspor non migas serta subsektor perikanan Indonesia. Sejak tahun 1987 Indonesia telah menjadi salah satu pemasok terpenting udang di dunia. Kontribusi udang dalam perolehan devisa Indonesia tergolong cukup besar (Tajerin dan Noor, 2004).",
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"height": 121,
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"text": "Pemenuhan kebutuhan udang bagi konsumen tidak terlepas dari sistem manajemen rantai pasok. Menurut Indrajit dan Djokopranoto (2003), manajemen rantai pasok dilatarbelakangi oleh kesadaran akan pentingnya peran semua pihak dalam menciptakan produk yang murah, berkualitas dan cepat. Dalam manajemen rantai pasok juga melibatkan pihak-pihak eksternal seperti pemasok yang terlibat dan dituntut untuk memiliki kinerja yang bagus agar berjalan dengan baik, dengan memilih pemasok yang tepat maka perusahaan akan terhindar dari kekosongan atau kerusakan barang. Praktek bisnis perikanan tidak akan sukses dalam dalam jangka panjang jika tidak dilakukan secara terpadu, satu kesatuan dan menyeluruh.",
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"text": "Jaringan rantai pasok produk udang vaname mempunyai tujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan produk udang bagi konsumen di sebagian wilayah Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Salah satu daerah penghasil udang vaname terbesar di Sulawesi Tenggara adalah Kabupaten Konawe Selatan, Kecamatan Tinanggea. Saat ini, pembudidaya di Kecamatan Tinangea merupakan salah satu pemasok terbesar udang vaname untuk kebutuhan pasar. Akan tetapi, seiring permintaan udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan terus meningkat, namun jumlah produksinya belum mampu memenuhi permintaan pasar udang vaname meskipun produksinya tiap tahun meningkat.",
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"text": "Kendala yang dihadapi dalam pemenuhan permintaan pasar udang vaname adalah jalur rantai pasokan yang tidak jelas berkaitan dengan aliran dan transformasi barang mulai dari tahapan penyediaan bibit udang vaname hingga produk akhir sampai ditangan konsumen. Selain itu permasalahan lainnya adalah permintaan udang vaname yang masih belum mampu terpenuhi yang salah satunya dipengaruhi dari sisi produksi antara lain proses produksi budidaya udang relatif masih dipengaruhi oleh faktor cuaca/iklim, sehingga terdapat kelemahan dalam memprediksi waktu dan hasil panen.",
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"text": "Faktor teknis dalam penanganan pemanenan dan pasca panen yang kurang tepat, serta jarak yang jauh dari lokasi pembudidaya ke lokasi pemasaran, berdampak pada kualitas produk dan waktu pemenuhan pesanan bagi konsumen. Selain itu produk udang yang dipasarkan dalam bentuk segar hidup yang bersifat mudah rusak ( highperishable ) sehingga memiliki potensi yang tinggi terjadinya resiko kerugian dalam setiap tahapan rantai pasok. Selanjutnya pengelolaan rantai pasok masih mengalami kendala dalam proses dan aktivitasnya baik itu ketepatan waktu maupun jumlah dan kualitas yang dibutuhkan konsumen. Hal ini yang mengindikasi perlu adanya analisis proses bisnis dan pola distribusi rantai pasok udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan.",
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"text": "13",
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"left": 85,
"top": 798,
"width": 155,
"height": 9,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 446,
"height": 176,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Perkembangan usaha udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan sangat dipengaruhi oleh sistem manajemen pemasaran. Pelaku pemasaran dalam jaringan rantai pasok udang vaname merupakan pihak-pihak yang terlibat langsung dalam menyalurkan udang vaname dari produsen hingga ke konsumen. Setiap pelaku ini memiliki cara dan kepentingan masing-masing dalam menyalurkan udang vaname hingga ke konsumen. Sehingga sering terjadi ketidakseimbangan/perbedaan harga yang dialami pada pelaku usaha perikanan yang berdampak pada sistem pemasaran udang vaname yang belum berjalan secara efisien. Hal ini yang mengindikasikan bahwa keuntungan usaha udang vaname belum mencapai maksimal. Efisiensi pemasaran sangat penting karena dapat memberikan keuntungan maksimal kepada pembudidata maupun pelaku rantai pasok. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis jalur rantai, mengkaji proses bisnis dan pola distribusi, dan menganalisis efesiensi pemasaran udang vaname di Kecamatan Tinanggea Kabupaten Konawe Selatan.",
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"text": "II. METODE STUDI",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 314,
"width": 445,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di unit pembudidayaan udang vaname ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) di Tinanggea Kabupaten Konawe Selatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Pelaksanaan penelitian pada bulan Juli 2020. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian ditentukan secara sengaja (purposive) dengan pertimbangan bahwa unit pembudidayaan udang vaname di lokasi tersebut merupakan usaha pembudidayaan terbesar di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 384,
"width": 445,
"height": 273,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Populasi penelitian ini adalah para pembudidaya pemilik pada unit pembudidayaan udang vaname di Kecamatan Tinanggea Kabupaten Konawe Selatan yang terdiri dari 3 Desa yaitu Desa Roraya, Desa Asingi, dan Desa Panggoosi yang berjumlah 124 Orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua tahap yakni sampel pembudidaya dan sampel pedagang. Penentuan sampel pembudidaya dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode cluster random sampling yaitu populasi dikelompokkan berdasarkan wilayah tempat tinggal, kemudian sampel dipilih secara acak ( random ). Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini dapat dikelompokkan atas :anggota dan jalur rantai pasok udang vaname, mekanisme rantai pasok udang vaname, meliputi pola distribusi dan proses bisnis, kinerja pemasaran, meliputi marjin pemasaran, farmer share dan analisis rasio keuntungan. Jenis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu data dan data sekunder. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu: wawancara, pengamatan (observasi) (Patton, 1980 dalam Maleon, 2002), dan pencatatan Teknik analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu : data yang diperoleh kemudian ditabulasi sesuai keperluan dan untuk mengetahui sistem rantai pasok udang vaname dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Analisa deskriptif kualitatif digunakan untuk mengkaji rantai pasok udang vaname, yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan atau memberikan gambaran terhadap objek yang diteliti melalui data dari responden sebagaimana adanya. Analisis rantai pasok dalam penelitian ini mengidentifikasi jalur rantai pasok, pelaku dalam aliran rantai pasok, dan proses bisnis rantai pasok.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 666,
"width": 442,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jalur rantai pasok: analisis deskriptif ini menjelaskan jalur rantai pasok dengan mengidentifikasi hal yang mencakup semua aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan aliran dan transformasi barang dari bentuk bahan baku hingga sampai ke konsumen baik itu anggota atau pihak-pihak yang telibat serta peran dari setiap pihak yang terlibat dalam jalur rantai pasok tersebut.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 741,
"width": 443,
"height": 24,
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"text": "Proses bisnis dan pola distribusi: analisis deskriptif ini menjelaskan mekanisme yang terjadi di dalam rantai pasokan udang vaname, meliputi proses bisnis dan pola distribusi.",
"type": "Text"
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 48,
"width": 248,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
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{
"left": 515,
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"width": 13,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "14",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 798,
"width": 155,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 443,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Untuk mengetahui apakah keseluruhan rantai pasokan sudah terintegrasi dan terkoordinasi dari semua aktivitas yang terjadi di dalam rantai pasokan, dimana suatu keputusan yang diambil akan berpengaruh langsung terhadap seluruh aliran rantai pasok. Proses bisnis rantai ditinjau berdasarkan aspek hubungan proses antara anggota rantai pasokan melalui aliran produk, aliran informasi, dan aliran biaya (Setyawan, 2009).",
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"left": 85,
"top": 163,
"width": 443,
"height": 66,
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"text": "Efesiensi pemasaran: efesiensi pemasaran sangat diperlukan dalam sebuah rantai pasokan suatu komoditas untuk menjaga berlangsung suatu usaha. Pengukuran pendekatan efesiensi pemasaran mencerminkan penyebaran keuntungan yang diperoleh masing-masing lembaga pemasaran secara keseluruhan. Analisis efesiensi pemasaran dapat dilihat dengan menghitung marjin pemasaran, farmer share dan analisis rasio keuntungan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 238,
"width": 93,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Margin Pemasaran",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 252,
"width": 442,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Menurut Rahim dan Hastuti (2007), bahwa analisis marjin pemasaran dilakukan secara kuantitatif didasarkan pada data primer yang dikumpulkan dari setiap tingkat lembaga pemasaran mulai dari petani sampai dengan konsumen. Berikut adalah rumus untuk perhitungan marjin pemasaran :",
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"left": 113,
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"text": "MP = Pr-Pf Keterangan MP : Marjin pemasaran (Rp) Pr : Harga ditingkat konsumen (Rp) Pf : Harga ditingkat pedagang (Rp)",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 376,
"width": 442,
"height": 38,
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"text": "Kriteria marjin pemasaran adalah apabila marjin pemasaran yang dikeluarkan sama dengan kegunaan yang diciptakannya berarti efisien. Persentase terhadap biaya pemasaran pada masing-masing lembaga pemasaran digunakan untuk mengetahui penyebaran marjin.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 423,
"width": 113,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Analisis Farmer Share",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 437,
"width": 445,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Farmer share merupakan salah satu indikator efisiensi pemasaran yang dlhitung untuk mengetahui seberapa besar bagian yang diterima oleh petani dari yang dibayar oleh konsumen akhir. Nilai farmer share memillki hubungan yang negatif dengan nilai marjin. Semakin tinggi nilai marjin maka nilai farmer share semakin rendah, begitupula sebaliknya (Asmarantaka, 2012). Farmer share secara matematis dirumuskan sebagai berikut",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 520,
"width": 227,
"height": 107,
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"text": "Fs = Pf/Pr x 100 % Keterangan : Fs : Farmer Share (5) Pf : Harga ditingkat petani (Rp) Pr : Harga ditingkat pedagang (Rp) Kriteria atau kaidah keputusan : Nilai share pemasaran > 50 % = efesien Nilai share pemasaran ≤ 50 % = tidak efesien",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 636,
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"text": "Analisis rasio keuntungan ( Profitabilitas )",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 650,
"width": 443,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Analisis rasio keuntungan adalah mengukur seberapa besar kemampuan lembaga pemasaran dalam menghasilkan keuntungan. Untuk mengetahui rasio keuntungan pedagang udang vaname maka digunakan rumus Rahim dan Hastuti (2007) sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "Rasio profitabilitas = π / TC",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 106,
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"text": "Π : Keuntungan lembaga pemasaran (Rp)",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 106,
"top": 733,
"width": 230,
"height": 11,
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"text": "TC : Biaya transaksi lembaga pemasaran (Rp)",
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"height": 8,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 48,
"width": 248,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
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{
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"text": "15",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
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"width": 155,
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"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 216,
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"width": 181,
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"page_number": 5,
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"text": "III. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 108,
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"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Jalur Rantai Pasok Udang Vaname",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 121,
"width": 443,
"height": 122,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Jalur rantai pasok adalah jalur yang terbentuk dari kegiatan bisnis dalam rantai pasok yang dimulai dari pembenih udang vaname sampai pada konsumen akhir. Jalur rantai pasok yang terbentuk dari kegiatan bisnis udang vaname dikelompokkan menjadi tiga jalur, yang kemudian disebut sebagai jalur I (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengecer - konsumen), jalur II (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengumpul desa - perusahan perikanan - konsumen) dan jalur III (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengumpul desa - pedagang pengecer - konsumen). Anggota dari masing-masing jalur rantai pasok adalah pembenih, pembudidaya, pedagang pengumpul desa, pedagang pengecer, perusahan perikanan, dan konsumen.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Anggota yang terlibat dalam rantai pasokan udang vaname pada jalur I adalah pembenih yang melakukan penjualan ke pembudidaya, asal benih dari Takalar yang proses pengirimannya melalui jalur laut dan darat, selanjutnya setelah melalui proses budidaya pembesaran dan panen, pembudidaya melakukan penjualan udang vaname kepada pedagang ecer, dimana pedagang ecer datang langsung ke pembudidaya pada saat panen untuk mengambil udang vaname dan kemudian akan dipasarkan kepada konsumen akhir dengan cara berkeliling menggunakan motor atau langsung melakukan penjualan di pasar tardisional di Kecamatan Tinanggea dan tempat pelelangan ikan (TPI) Kota Kendari. Pedagang pengecer membeli udang vaname ke PPD hanya dalam jumlah yang relatif sedikit berkisaran antara 120 – 240 kilogram.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 446,
"height": 231,
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"text": "Anggota yang terlibat dalam rantai pasokan udang vaname pada jalur II adalah pembenih yang melakukan penjualan ke pembudidaya (asal benih dari Takalar), selanjutnya pembudidaya yang telah melakukan budidaya pembesaran udang vaname hingga panen langsung mengantarkan udang vaname ke pedagang pengumpul desa (PPD). Pada lokasi budidaya, pembudidaya tidak melakukan penyortiran udang vaname. Semua udang vaname yang telah dipanen dengan ukuran yang telah di tentukan langsung dibeli oleh PPD dengan harga yang telah disepakati bersama. Kemudian, PPD mendistribusikan udang vaname dalam jumlah banyak (15-25 ton/bulan) ke perusahan perikanan (PT. Yanagi Histalaraya). Selanjutnya, perusahan perikanan (PT. Yanagi Histalaraya) melakukan eksportir udang vaname yang telah melalui tahap pengolahan hingga menjadi produk udang beku ke negara Vietnam dan kemudian akan dipasarkan kepada konsumen akhir. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, sebagian besar pembudidaya masih melakukan penjualan udang vaname kepada pedagang pengumpul desa (PPD). Banyak atau sedikitnya hasil panen udang vaname, pembudidaya tetap membawa hasil panen kepada PPD. Hal tersebut dikarenakan pembudidaya masih terikat perjanjian kepada PPD selaku pemberi pinjaman modal dengan kesepakatan hasil panen udang vaname harus dijual ke pemberi modal (PPD).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
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"height": 108,
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"text": "Anggota yang terlibat dalam rantai pasokan udang vaname pada jalur III adalah pembenih yang melakukan penjualan ke pembudidaya (asal benih dari Takalar), selanjutnya pembudidaya yang telah melakukan budidaya pembesaran udang vaname hingga panen langsung mengantarkan udang vaname ke pedagang pengumpul desa (PPD). Kemudian, PPD mendistribusikan udang vaname ke pedagang pengecer dalam jumlah yang relatif sedikit berkisaran antara 120 – 240 kilogram dan kemudian akan dipasarkan kepada konsumen akhir dengan melakukan penjualan di pasar tardisional di Kecamatan Tinanggea dan tempat pelelangan ikan (TPI) Kota Kendari.",
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"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 85,
"top": 48,
"width": 248,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
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"text": "16",
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"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 323,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Proses Bisnis dan Pola Distribusi Rantai Pasok Udang Vaname",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 102,
"width": 445,
"height": 38,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengelolaan rantai pasok yang sukses membutuhkan sistem yang terintegrasi. Mekanisme rantai pasok dapat memberikan gambaran apakah rantai pasok udang vaname terintegrasi dengan baik atau tidak.",
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"text": "Proses Bisnis",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 163,
"width": 443,
"height": 38,
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"text": "James dan Lambert (2001) dalam Rouli (2008), menyatakan bahwa dalam rantai pasok yang terintegrasi terdapat proses-proses bisnis. Proses bisnis tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa apakah rantai pasok udang vaname sudah terintegrasi dengan baik atau belum.",
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"text": "Manajemen hubungan dengan konsumen ( Customer Relationship Management )",
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"text": "Pada rantai pasok udang vaname, anggota yang berhubungan atau memiliki kontak langsung dengan konsumen adalah pedagang ecer dan eksportir. Adapun konsumen dapat berasal dari restoran maupun individu perseorangan. Pengelolaan hubungan dengan konsumen sangat penting dilakukan dalam upaya merespon pelanggan secara efisien dan efektif serta menjaga keberlanjutan hubungan konsumen. Hal utama yang perlu dilakukan adalah mengidentifikasi siapa konsumen, apa saja yang dibutuhannya dari produk yang diproduksi, serta spesifikasi yang dikehendaki. Dengan demikian, dapat dilakukan evaluasi sejauh mana tingkat kepuasan konsumen telah terpenuhi.",
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{
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"text": "Pedagang ecer dalam menawarkan produknya ke konsumen sudah menerapkan prinsip dari manajemen hubungan pelanggan, dimana pedagang ecer dalam mendistribusikan udang vaname secara langsung sehingga terjalin hubungan langsung dengan konsumen individual untuk memperoleh respon segera dan membangun hubungan pelanggan yang langgeng. Pedagang ecer rata-rata memiliki komitmen kepercayaan dengan konsumennya dengan selalu menawarkan produk vaname dalam bentuk segar dengan memberikan harga terjangkau, karena menurut pedagang ecer mempertahankan pelanggan lebih sulit dari saat mendapatkan pelanggan. Untuk pihak perusahaan (eksportir) melakukan sortasi dan pengolahan kembali udang vaname yang dibeli pedagang pengumpul desa untuk memperbaiki kualitas produknya sesuai dengan keinginan konsumen. Pada rantai pasok udang vaname, pedagang ecer dan eksportir merupakan pihak yang mengetahui banyak tentang konsumen.",
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Manajemen pengeloan hubungan dengan konsumen ( Customer Services Management ) Berfungsi sebagai pusat informasi bagi konsumen, menyediakan informasi yang dibutuhkan secara real time mengenai jadwal pengiriman, ketersediaan produk, keberadaan produk, harga dan lain sebagianya. Termasuk pula didalamnya pelayanan purna jual yang dapat melayani secara efisien untuk penggunaan produk dan aplikasi lainnya. Pendistribusian udang vaname dalam jumlah banyak, pada rantai pasokan udang vaname tidak ada penyedia informasi terutama ditingkat pembudidaya. Pedagang pengumpul desa (PPD) mendapatkan informasi/kesepakatan harga dari perusahan perikanan (PT. Yanagi Histalaraya) 2 minggu sebelum perubahan harga, sedangkan pihak perusahaan mendapatkan informasi ketersedian produk dari PPD. Keterbatasan informasi pada rantai pasok udang vaname membuat rantai pasok tidak berjalan sebagaimana mestinya.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 664,
"width": 237,
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"text": "Manajemen Permintaan ( Demand Management )",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 678,
"width": 443,
"height": 80,
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"text": "Manajemen permintaan berfungsi untuk menyeimbangkan kebutuhan konsumen dengan kapasitas perusahaan yang menyediakan produk atau jasa yang dibutuhkan. Didalamnya termasuk menentukan apa yang menjadi kebutuhan konsumen dan kapan dibutuhkannya. Sistem manajemen permintaan yang baik menggunakan point of sale dan data konsumen untuk mengurangi ketidakpastian serta meningkatkan efisiensi aliran barang dalam rantai pasok. Kebutuhan pemasaran dan rencana produksi harus",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 116,
"height": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 48,
"width": 248,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 515,
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"width": 13,
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"text": "17",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 798,
"width": 155,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 442,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "dikoordinasikan, kebutuhan konsumen dan kapasitas produksi harus diselaraskan agar persediaan secara global dapat dikelola dengan baik (Stock dan Lambert, 2001).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 115,
"width": 445,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Komoditas udang vaname sangat tergantung dari proses budidaya, terkadang banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas dan kuantitas yang tidak tetap. Pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumen terhadap udang vaname di wilayah Kabupaten masih bisa terpenuhi. Sedangkan, untuk ditingkat ekportir didasarkan kualitas dan ketersediaan produk udang vaname terkadang tidak bisa terpenuhi secara terus-menerus. Sehingga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan udang vaname, pihak perusahaan perikanan melakukan pembelian juga ke Kabupaten lain.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 218,
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"text": "Pemenuhan Pesanan Konsumen ( Customer Order Fulfillment )",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 232,
"width": 443,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Proses permintaan konsumen tepat waktu, bahkan lebih cepat dari yang disepakati dengan biaya yang seminimal mungkin, memerlukan koordinasi yang baik dari setiap anggota rantai pasok. Tujuan utamanya adalah menciptakan suatu proses permintaan dengan lancar mulai dari pcmasok bahan baku sampai konsumen akhir. Berdasarkan penelitian dilapangan, belum ada koordinasi yang baik antara pihak pembudidaya dan PPD dengan pihak yang langsung berhubungan dengan konsumen akhir (pedagang ecer dan ekspotir ). Pihak perusahan perikanan (PT. Yanagi Histalaraya) hanya menerima berapapun dan kapanpun pedagang PPD memasok udang vaname. Begitu pula pada PPD berapapun dan kapanpun pembudidaya memasok udang vaname.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 362,
"width": 168,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Manufacturing Flow Management",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 376,
"width": 446,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Proses produksi diupayakan sedemikian rupa agar secepat mungkin dapat menyediakan produk yang diperlukan dengan tingkat persediaan yang minimal. Untuk itu, diperlukan persiapan yang memadai dan kesesuaian permintaan dengan kapasitas produksi. Termasuk persiapan proses produksi adalah ketersediaan bahan baku yang terjamin sehingga kelancaran proses produksi dapat dipertahankan. Untuk itu perlu dijalin hubungan yang baik dengan pemasok-pemasok terkait.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 459,
"width": 443,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pembudidaya dalam melakukan produksi udang vaname melalui budidaya di tambak tradisional sangat dipengaruhi oleh musim dan proses budidaya. Proses budidaya mulai dari pemilihan kualitas dan kuantitas benur, pemberian pakan, pemeliharaan yang tidak optimal akan menentukan keberhasilan dan kualitas udang vaname pada saat panen. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan permintaan produk terkadang tidak sesuai dengan kesesuaian permintaan perusahaan perikanan baik itu kualitas dan kuantitas.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 74,
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"text": "Pola Distribusi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 561,
"width": 442,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Rantai pasokan udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan yang didalamnya terdapat 3 jenis aliran, yaitu aliran produk, aliran keuangan dan aliran informasi mengalir dari hulu ke hilir dan hilir ke hulu. Rantai pasokan udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan melibatkan 5 pelaku utama yaitu pembudidaya, pengumpul, pengecer, perusahaan perikanan dan konsumen akhir. Barang umumnya mengalir hulu ke hilir, uang mengalir dari hilir ke hulu. Dalam proses operasi rantai pasok udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan, antar pelaku usaha telah menjalin hubungan kerja sama yang baik, namun kerja sama tersebut masih dapat dikategorikan minim dan terbatas.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Aliran Produk",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 691,
"width": 443,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Aliran produk pada rantai pasok udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan merupakan aliran yang mengalir dari hulu ke hilir, dimulai dari pembenih hingga kosumen akhir. Pembenihan udang vaname dilakukan di Balai Benih Takalar yang sudah bersertifikat CPIB (cara pembenihan ikan yang baik), benih yang berkualitas dikirim kepada para pembudidaya. Faktor ketersediaan benih merupakan salah satu kendala yang",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 38,
"width": 116,
"height": 8,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 48,
"width": 248,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 515,
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"width": 13,
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"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "18",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 798,
"width": 155,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 443,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "dihadapi para pembudidaya karena mereka masih mendatangkan benih udang vaname yang berkualitas dari Takalar (Sulawesi Selatan). Akibatnya ada beberapa resiko yang sering dihadapi para pembudidaya yaitu biaya pengiriman yang kadang meningkat dan kematian benih sebelum ditebar di tambak.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Aliran selanjutnya yaitu pembudidaya yang melakukan pemeliharaan dan pembesaran udang vaname hingga panen, kemudian pembudidaya menjual ke PPD. Dalam proses budidaya udang vaname, para pembudidaya tetap mempertahankan agar kualitas ikan di tambak mereka tetap layak dan aman untuk dikomsumsi. Salah satu tantangan yang dihadapi para pembudiaya saat ini adalah menjaga kualitas udang vaname bebas dari kontaminasi penyakit dan bahan kimia.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 226,
"width": 445,
"height": 93,
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"text": "Aliran selanjutnya yaitu PPD, dalam jumlah retatif sedikit PPD menjual ke pengecer. Pengecer mendistribusikan ke konsumen dalam Kabupaten Konawe Selatan. Sedangkan dalam jumlah besar PPD mengumpulkan hingga 2 – 2,5 ton dalam waktu 2 -3 hari kemudian menjual kepada pihak perusahaan perikanan (PT. Yanagi Histalaraya) dengan 10 kali pengantaran dalam sebulan. Selanjutnya perusahaan perikanan (PT. Yanagi Histalaraya) mengolah menjadi udang vaname beku dan kemudian melakukan ekspor ke vietnam hingga udang vaname beku di distribusikan ke konsumen.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 328,
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"text": "Aliran Finansial",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 342,
"width": 443,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aliran keuangan pada rantai pasok udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan merupakan aliran yang mengalir dari hilir ke hulu. Konsumen akhir membeli udang vaname ke pengecer dan/atau perusahaan perikanan ( eksportir ). Kemudian pengecer dan/atau perusahaan perikanan ( eksportir ) membeli dari PPD. Selanjutnya PPD membeli udang vaname dari pembudidaya. Pembudidaya membeli benih dari pembenihan udang vaname di Takalar (Sulawesi Selatan). Keseluruhan aliran keuangan dalam dalam rantai pasok ini menggunakan transaksi tunai dan non tunai.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 439,
"width": 442,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aliran keuangan pasokan udang antara pembenih dengan pembudidaya merupakan aliran yang paling awal. Sistem pembayaran dilakukan secara langsung melalui transferan bank sebelum benih udang vaname di kirim. Harga benih udang vaname ditetapkan Rp. 60,-/benih. Selanjutnya aliran keuangan antara pembudidaya dan PPD yang merupakan aliran kedua. PPD menjadi pihak pemberi modal kepada pembudidaya yang diperuntukkan untuk pembelian benih udang vaname, pakan, pupuk, serta fasilitas penunjang dalam budidaya udang vaname. Harga udang vaname disesuaikan dengan size pada saat penjualan. Sistem pembayaran dibayarkan seminggu setelah menerima udang vaname kemudian dikurangi dengan pinjam modal.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 563,
"width": 445,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aliran keuangan yang terjadi antara PPD dan pedagang ecer udang vaname. Pedagang pengecer membeli udang vaname ke PPD. Rata-rata pembelian udang vaname sebesar 120 - 240 kilogram dalam sehari. Adapun cara pembayaran yang dilakukan dari pengecer ke pedagang pengumpul adalah dibayarkan setelah udang vaname terjual dipasar. Selanjutnya aliran keuangan yang terjadi antara PPD dan pihak perusahaan perikanan ( eksportir ). Sehari sebelum udang vaname dikirim, PPD melakukan konfirmasi pengiriman terlebih dahulu ke perusahaan perikanan melalui media komunikasi telepon atau telepon genggam. Jumlah udang vaname setiap kali di angkut ke perusahaan yaitu minimal 2 – 2,5 ton. Proses pembayaran yang dilakukan dari perusahaan ke PPD adalah dibayarkan seminggu setelah udang vaname sampai ke perusahaan PT. Yanagi Histalaraya, melalui transfer kerekening bank PPD.",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Aliran Informasi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 735,
"width": 443,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Aliran informasi pada rantai pasok udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe merupakan aliran yang mengalir dari dau arah yaitu dari hulu kehilir dan dari hilir ke hulu. Antar",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 48,
"width": 248,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 515,
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"width": 13,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "19",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 798,
"width": 155,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 443,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pelaku rantai pasok, informasi yang diberikan adalah informasi tentang harga produk, kualitas produk, persediaan produk dan jumlah pembelian. Pelaku rantai pasok dari arah hulu akan memberikan informasi tentang harga produk, kualitas produk dan persediaan produk sedangkan pelaku rantai pasok dari arah hilir akan memberikan umpan balik seperti negosiasi harga, apresiasi atau pengeluhan tentang kualitas produk dan jumlah pesanan serta pembelian. Aliran informasi yang terbentuk pada rantai pasok udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan belum terintegrasi dengan baik. Aliran tidak berkesinambungan, dimana pembudidaya memperoleh informasi dari PPD mengenai harga jual udang vaname pada saat panen udang.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 107,
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"text": "Informasi yang dibutuhkan pembenih yaitu jumlah benih yang dibutuhkan pembudidaya. Selanjutnya Informasi yang dibutuhkan pembudidaya adalah harga, jumlah, dan size udang vaname yang berkualitas, namun tidak semua pembudidaya yang ada di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan mendapatkan informasi secara transparan dari pihak PPD. Selanjutnya, di pihak pedagang pengumpul desa (PPD) mendapatkan informasi/kesepakatan harga dari perusahan perikanan (PT. Yanagi Histalaraya) 1 minggu sebelum perubahan harga, sedangkan pihak perusahaan mendapatkan informasi ketersedian produk dari PPD.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 329,
"width": 100,
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"text": "Kinerja Pemasaran",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 342,
"width": 442,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kinerja pemasaran dapat dilihat dari beberapa aspek, yaitu marjin pemasaran dan farmer share serta keuntungan per biaya (π/c). Adapun perhitungan marjin, farmer share dan π/c dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
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"width": 403,
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"text": "Tabel 1. Data efesiensi Pemasaran Udang Vaname pada Setiap Jalur Rantai Pasok",
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"text": "Jalur Total biaya Keuntungan Marjin Share Petani Profitabilitas I 4.188 5.616 9.803 81,03 1,34 II 1.963 1.116 3.080 93,08 0,57 III 4.063 5.188 9.250 82,79 1,28",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 489,
"width": 170,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber: Data primer diolah, 2021",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 509,
"width": 443,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh setiap jalur dalam rantai pasok udang vaname relatif bervariasi. Jalur I atau pedagang pengecer yang langsung membeli udang vaname ke pembudidaya, jumlah biaya yang dikeluarkan mencapai Rp 4.188 per kilogram, jalur II atau PPD yang melakukan penjualan ke perusahaan perikanan, jumlah biaya yang dikeluarkan mencapai Rp 1.963 per kilogram yang terdiri dari biaya angkutan, biaya tenaga kerja, dan kemasan. Biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh PPD lebih kecil dari pedagang pengecer, karena adanya efisiensi pengangkutan dan pembelian kemasan dalam jumlah yang kecil.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
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"height": 94,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jumlah biaya yang dikeluarkan pedagang pengecer yang membeli udang vaname dari PPD sebesar Rp 4.063 per kilogram, pedagang pengecer mengeluarkan biaya lebih tinggi karena biaya angkutan (ojek motor) lebih tinggi dibandingkan biaya angkutan udang vaname pada tingkat PPD. Hal ini disebabkan karena lokasi jalan ditambak sangat sulit dijangkau oleh mobil untuk mengangkut udang vaname dan pembelian kemasan dalam jumlah yang banyak. Ringkasan mengenai efisiensi pemasaran kacang tanah pada semua jalur dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
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"width": 442,
"height": 53,
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"text": "Proses pemasaran udang vaname di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan melibatkan banyak lembaga pemasaran yaitu dimulai dari pembudidaya, pedagang pengecer, pedagang pengumpul desa, perusahaan perikanan, dan konsumen. Berdasarkan data nilai jual kacang tanah serta biaya yang dikeluarkan pada semua jalur dalam aliran rantai pasok yang",
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"text": "Jurnal Sosio Agribisnis (JSA)",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 48,
"width": 248,
"height": 18,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
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"text": "20",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 798,
"width": 155,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"text": "disajikan pada Tabel 1, maka dapat dihitung indikator-indikator kinerja pemasaran sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "Marjin dan distribusi marjin pemasaran",
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"text": "Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan nilai marjin yang disebabkan oleh selisih antara harga yang dibeli dan harga jual masing-masing pedagang. Marjin terbesar terjadi pada pedagang pengecer yang mengambil udang vaname langsung ke pembudidaya yang mencapai Rp 9.803 per kilogram. Marjin paling rendah terjadi pada pedagang pengumpul desa hanya mencapai Rp 3.080 per kilogram.",
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"text": "Keuntungan pemasaran diperoleh dari hasil pengurangan antara marjin pemasaran dengan jumlah biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh masing-masing lembaga pemasaran. Berdasarkan data pada Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa terbesar terdapat pada pedagang pengecer yang mengambil udang vaname langsung ke pembudidaya yaitu sebesar RP 5.616 per kilogram, pedagang pengumpul desa sebesar Rp 1.116 per kilogram, pedagang pengecer yang mengambil udang vaname ke pedagang pengumpul desa sebesar Rp 5.188 per kilogram. Tingginya nominal keuntungan yang diperoleh pedagang pengecer disebabkan karena melakukan eceran udang vaname dipasar lokal tradisional dan tempat pelelangan ikan (TPI) kendari.",
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"text": "Efisiensi pemasaran dapat dilihat dalam dua sisi, yaitu dari sisi bagian harga yang diterima para pembudidaya, dan dari besarnya rasio keuntungan pada tingkat Pedagang. Tabel 5.14 memberikan informasi bahwa persentase bagian harga yang diterima petani tiap jalur bervariasi. Persentase farmer share terbesar berada pada Jalur II yaitu sebesar 93,08 % dan terendah persentase farmer share berada pada Jalur I yaitu sebesar 81,03 %.",
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"text": "Tabel 1 menunjukkan bahwa nilai rasio profitabilitas diperoleh masing-masing jalur sangat bervariasi. Nilai rasio profitabilitas pedagang pengecer yang mengambil udang vaname langsung ke pembudidaya yaitu Sebesar 1,34, artinya setiap Rp 1.000 yang dikorbankan akan menghasilkan kcuntungnn bergih sebesar Rp 1,340 per kilogram. Nilai rasio profitabilitas pedagang pengumpul desa yaitu sebesar 0,57, artinya setiap Rp 1.000 yang dikorbankan akan menghasilkan keuntungan bersih sebesar Rp 570 per kilogram. Nilai rasio profitabilitas pedagang pengecer yang mengambil udang vaname ke pedagang pengumpul desa yaitu sebesar 1,28, artinya setiap Rp 1.000 yang dikorbankan akan menghasilkan keuntungan bersih sebesar Rp 1.280 per kilogram. Nilai rasio profitabilitas rata-rata dari semua jalur mencapai 2,14 yang berarti setiap Rp 1.000 yang dikeluarkan dalam proses pemasaran udang vaname dari pembudidaya sampai konsumen akan menghasilkan keuntungan bersih Rp 2.140 per kilogram. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan efisiensi pemasaran pada tingkat pedagang, maka dapat dilihat bahwa pedagang pengecer memperoleh efisiensi yang tertinggi. Rendahnya efisiensi pada pedagang pengumpul desa (PPD) dibandingkan dengan pedagang pengecer, disebabkan oleh penjualan dalam skala besar dibandingkan dengan pedagang pengecer.",
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"text": "IV. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis mengenai rantai pasok udang vaname di Kecamatan Tinanggea Kabupaten Konawe Selatan, maka dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "e-ISSN: 2502-3292 Volume 7 Nomor 1 (April 2022) Halaman11-21 http://ojs.uho.ac.id/index.php/JSA",
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"text": "DOI Crossref: dx.doi.org/10.33772/jsa",
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"text": "Terdapat 3 jalur rantai pasok udang vaname jalur I (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengecer - konsumen), jalur II (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengumpul desa - perusahan perikanan - konsumen) dan jalur III (pembenih - pembudidaya - pedagang pengumpul desa - pedagang pengecer - konsumen).",
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"text": "Proses bisnis rantai pasok udang vaname belum teritegrasi dengan baik. Informasi pasar yang diterima belum diketahui secara terbuka baik mengenai harga dan kuantitas. Rantai pasokan udang vaname yang didalamnya terdapat 3 jenis aliran, yaitu aliran produk, aliran keuangan dan aliran informasi mengalir dari hulu ke hilir dan hilir ke hulu.",
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"text": " Aliran produk pada rantai pasok udang vaname di merupakan aliran yang mengalir dari hulu ke hilir, dimulai dari pembudidaya hingga kosumen akhir.",
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"height": 28,
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"text": " Aliran keuangan pada rantai pasok udang vaname merupakan aliran yang mengalir dari hilir ke hulu.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 257,
"width": 442,
"height": 56,
"page_number": 11,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": " Aliran informasi pada rantai pasok udang vaname merupakan aliran yang mengalir dari dua arah yaitu dari hulu ke hilir dan dari hilir ke hulu. Informasi antar pelaku rantai pasok yang diberikan adalah informasi tentang harga produk, kualitas produk, persediaan produk dan jumlah pembelian.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 38,
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"text": "Kinerja rantai pasok udang vaname sudah efesien dengan indikator share atau bagian harga yang diterima pembudidaya rata-rata pada semua jalur sebesar 85,63%. Nilai profitabilitas pedagang rata-rata dari semua jalur sebesar 1,06.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"width": 442,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Indrajit, R.E dan R. Djokopranoto. 2003. Konsep Manajemen Supply Chain . Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 432,
"width": 445,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rahim, A., dan Hastuti 2007. Ekonomika Pertanian: Pengantar, Teori, dan Kasus. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 460,
"width": 443,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rouli, J. 2008. Evaluasi Supply Chain Management dengan Pendekatan Scor Model Versi 8.0 (Studi Kasus di PT. XYZ) . Tesis. Program Studi Magister Manajemen. Fakultas Ekonomi. Universitas Indonesia.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 501,
"width": 445,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Setyawan, F. 2009. Analisis Rantai Pasokan Sayuran Unggulan Dataran Tinggi di Jawa Barat. Skripsi. Departemen Manajemen, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Manajemen, IPB. Bogor.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 543,
"width": 445,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tajerin dan M. Noor, 2004. Daya Saing Udang Indonesia di Pasar Internasional: Sebuah Analisis dengan Pendekatan Pangsa Pasar Menggunakan Model Ekonometrika. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, Vol. 9 No. 2 p. 177-191.",
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caa806a0-152b-e313-052f-7e8cd6073a85 | https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/jptk/article/download/60068/37346 | [
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"text": "Praktik pengelasan merupakan salah satu jenis praktik dengan durasi yang cukup lama. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan desain meja las yang ergonomis agar praktikan bisa praktik dengan aman dan nyaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi desain yang sudah ada dengan pendekatan analisis REBA kemudian mendesain ulang meja las yang lebih ergonomis. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Desain meja las yang diusulkan berdasarkan data antropometri 30 orang mahasiswa Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS angkatan 2018, 2019, dan 2020. Rancangan desain meja las ini menggunakan software SolidWork 2019. Perhitungan evaluasi resiko ergonomi dengan REBA dihasilkan skor 6 artinya diperlukan perbaikan segera dan memerlukan investigasi lebih lanjut. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan desain rancangan meja las baru yang memiliki dimensi: panjang 42 cm, lebar 40 cm, dan tinggi 2.010 cm. Meja las ini juga menyediakan ruang untuk meletakkan mesin las di bawah meja las. Dengan demikian, perbaikan desain meja las akan meningkatkan efisiensi pelaksanaan praktik. Selain itu, praktik akan lebih aman dan nyaman karena meja las sudah menyesuaikan dengan postur tubuh rata-rata mahasiswa.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : perancangan, meja las, ergonomis, analisis reba",
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"text": "Welding practice is one type of practice with a fairly long duration. Therefore, an ergonomic welding table design is needed so that the practice can practice safely and comfortably. The purpose of this study was to evaluate existing designs with the REBA analysis approach and then redesign the more ergonomic welding table. Data collection technique using purposive sampling technique. The proposed welding table design is based on anthropometric data of 30 UNS Mechanical Engineering Education students class of 2018, 2019, and 2020. The design design of this welding table uses SolidWork 2019 software. The calculation of ergonomic risk evaluation with REBA resulted in a score of 6 meaning that immediate improvement is needed and requires further investigation. The results of this study obtained a new welding table design design that has dimensions: 42 cm in length, 40 cm in width, and 2,010 cm in height. This welding table also provides space to put the welding machine under the welding table. Thus, the improvement of the design of the welding table will increase the efficiency of the implementation of the practice. In addition, the practice will be safer and more comfortable because the welding table has adjusted to the posture of the average student.",
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"text": "Keywords: designing, ergonomic, REBA analysis, welding workstation ,",
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"text": "Meja las merupakan peralatan utama praktik las di laboratorium pengelasan Program",
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"text": "Studi Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS. Mata kuliah praktik las termasuk salah satu jenis praktik dengan durasi yang cukup lama. Oleh",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
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"text": "karena itu, diperlukan desain meja las yang ergonomis karena penggunaan fasilitas kerja yang tidak ergonomis dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya keluhan postural stress (Susihono, 2016). Selain itu, menurut (Andriani et al., 2021), physical factors yang salah ketika bekerja, berkontribusi terhadap gejala keluhan musculoskeletal terhadap tubuh seseorang.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan observasi yang dilakukan kepada mahasiswa semester lima Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS angkatan 2019, bahwa meja las yang digunakan selama menjalankan praktik didapati banyak keluhan karena dimensi yang tidak sesuai dengan postur tubuh mahasiswa dan desain yang kurang ergonomis. Tinggi dari meja las yang berada pada laboratorium pengelasan yaitu 70 cm, lebar 52 cm, dan Panjang 46 cm. Dengan ukuran tersebut, sangat berpotensi terjadinya risiko yang menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan kepada mahasiswa yang berdampak jangka panjang.",
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"text": "Meskipun lingkupnya di skala laboratorium dan workshop pendidikan, namun tetap harus memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip ergonomi agar tidak menimbulkan efek kesehatan jangka panjang bagi mahasiswa. Beberapa contoh penerapan ergonomi dalam desain tempat praktik: desain meja las sebagai alat bantu pengelasan praktik yang ergonomis (Suhartono & Mindhayani, 2020), (Wibowo, 2020a), (Setyawan et al., 2022), (Siska & Gunawan, 2019), (Sultra Retnawan Suript, 2011). Selain peralatan praktik, desain perbaikan fasilitas lainnya seperti meja dan kursi dalam penelitiannya (Ayu & Istri, 2021) dapat menurunkan 42,14% keluhan musculoskeletal disorder siswa. Untuk itu, sangat penting bagi",
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"text": "institusi pendidikan dalam memperhatikan segala bentuk peralatan pendukung belajar yang ergonomis baik di dalam kelas maupun di laboratorium agar dapat mengurangi risiko yang membahayakan kesehatan dan keselamatan mahasiswanya.",
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"text": "Dalam sebuah perancangan meja las harus dapat didesain dengan sedemikian rupa sesuai dengan ukuran tubuh dan kebutuhan dari praktikan. Tujuannya yaitu agar dalam praktik pengelasan praktikan dapat menjalankan dengan rasa aman, nyaman dan tenang tanpa takut dengan adanya cedera yang akan mengancam kesehatannya. Sehingga data antropometri yang tepat untuk menentukan pengukuran yaitu tinggi tubuh posisi berdiri tegak, tinggi mata, tinggi siku dan tinggi pegangan tangan ( grip ) pada posisi tangan vertikal ke atas.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya, untuk dapat mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi pengaruh dari postur kerja dan posisi kerja pada saat praktik pengelasan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Menurut Destha Joanda & Suhardi, (2017) metode REBA dikembangkan oleh ergonom asal University of Nottingham’s Institute of Occuptaional Ergonomic yakni Dr. Sue Hignett dan Dr. Lynn Mc Atamney dengan publikasi pertama dalam bentuk jurnal ergonomi pada tahun 2000. REBA merupakan alat analisis postural yang dirancang untuk peka terhadap jenis postur kerja yang tidak terduga yang ditemukan dalam perawatan kesehatan dan industri jasa lainnya(Kee, 2021).",
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"text": "REBA merupakan metode yang digunakan secara cepat untuk dapat menilai postur leher, punggung, lengan, pergelangan tangan dan kaki seorang pekerja. REBA juga",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
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"text": "dilengkapi dengan faktor coupling , beban eksternal dan aktivitas dari kerja. Untuk dapat mengetahui nilai REBA tidak memerlukan waktu yang lama, karena hanya perlu melengkapi dan melakukan Scoring general pada daftar aktivitas yang mengindikasikan pengurangan resiko akibat postur kerja.",
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"text": "Pada metode ini, segmen-segmen tubuh dikelompokkan kedalam dua grup yaitu grup A dan grup B. Grup A terdiri dari punggung atau batang tubuh, leher, dan kaki, kemudian grup B terdiri dari lengan atas, lengan bawah, dan pergelangan tangan. Pemberian skor REBA dimulai dengan menentukan skor A ditambah dengan skor beban ( load ) dan skor B ditambah dengan skor coupling . Skor A dan B ini nantinya digunakan untuk menentukan skor C yaitu dengan cara menambahkan skor aktivitas. Dari skor REBA maka dapat diketahui level resiko cedera ketika mahasiswa melakukan praktik.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Dengan adanya kondisi pada meja pengelasan, maka penulis melakukan analisis postur tubuh menggunakan REBA untuk dapat menilai postur kerja terhadap posisi pengelasan. Menurut Stanton (2004), metode REBA digunakan karena dapat menganalisis postur kerja secara cepat dan tepat.",
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"text": "Salah satu hal yang membedakan antara penggunaan metode REBA dengan metode yang lainnya terletak pada fokus evaluasi yang mencakup seluruh bagian tubuh pekerja. Bagian tubuh tersebut di antaranya postur leher, lengan, pergelangan tangan, punggung hingga kaki. Selain itu, metode ini juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor coupling atau pegangan, beban eksternal",
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"text": "yang ditopang oleh tubuh. Kemudian REBA juga menyediakan 5 level aksi untuk mengevaluasi tingkat corrective action mulai level terendah level 0 sampai level 4, di mana harus segera dilakukan proses perbaikan segera dan saat ini.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam tiga tahap yaitu studi pendahuluan, analisis data dan perancangan.",
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"text": "1. Penelitian pendahuluan dilaksanakan pada 28 September 2021 di laboratorium Pengelasan Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS dengan tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dari permasalahan proses pengelasan sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan penelitian. Penelitian pendahuluan yaitu, posisi tubuh ketika mengelas, kondisi peralatan pengelasan, fasilitas laboratorium, dan kendala atau permasalahan yang dihadapi selama proses pengelasan.",
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"text": "2. Analisis data dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi dan menentukan dimensi perancangan ulang produk meja pengelasan yang ada di program studi Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis REBA dan",
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"text": "Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 30 orang mahasiswa Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS angkatan 2018, 2019, dan 2020.",
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"text": "3. Perancangan meja las dilakukan dengan menggunakan software SolidWork 2019 pada tanggal 10 Desember 2021 sampai 13 Desember 2021. Dimensi yang",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 107,
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"width": 180,
"height": 105,
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"text": "digunakan untuk re-drawing meja las mengambil dari persentil 50% untuk dimensi tinggi tubuh posisi berdiri tegak, tinggi mata, tinggi siku, dan tinggi pegangan tangan ( grip ) pada posisi tangan vertikal ke atas.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Setelah dilakukan observasi pada meja las yang ada di laboratorium Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS, meja pengelasan memiliki dimensi sebenarnya yaitu panjang 52 cm, lebar 46 cm, dan tinggi 70 cm.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Meja Las dan Meja Mesin Las pada Laboratorium Pengelasan Pendidikan Teknik",
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"text": "Mesin UNS",
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"text": "Sehingga analisis menunjukkan bahwa:",
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"text": "1. Tinggi meja pengelasan terlalu rendah.",
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"text": "Hal ini menyebabkan posisi badan membungkuk mahasiswa pada saat melakukan proses pengelasan. Posisi badan yang seharusnya dapat berdiri dengan tegak dan ergonomis, diharuskan untuk condong ke depan mengikuti ketinggian meja pengelasan agar cairan las dapat terlihat dengan jelas. Hal ini berisiko pada perubahan",
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"text": "beban yang harus ditahan oleh tubuh, nyeri pada pinggang, bahkan susunan tulang belakang yang dapat berubah. Gambar 1. Menunjukkan meja las yang digunakan untuk praktik.",
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"text": "2. Tidak adanya area penempatan mesin las pada meja. Kondisi ini menimbulkan penempatan mesin las secara sembarangan oleh mahasiswa, sehingga dapat mengganggu kelancaran mobilitas dari mahasiswa lain. Kabel elektroda dan kabel massa yang penempatannya tidak tertata dengan rapi juga turut menyumbangkan bahaya kecelakaan kerja seperti tersandung, terbelit kabel, hingga tersengat aliran listrik. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukannya manajemen penempatan yang baik bagi mesin las dan kabel agar tidak membahayakan mahasiswa.",
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"text": "3. Tidak dilengkapi dengan toolbox .",
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"width": 179,
"height": 238,
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"text": "Toolbox pada pengelasan penting keberadaannya yakni sebagai tempat untuk menempatkan segala peralatan pengelasan seperti kikir, palu terak, gergaji besi, palu, pahat terak, kedok atau topeng las, sarung tangan, apron dan lain sebagainya. Akan tetapi kenyataan yang ditemui dilapangan bahwa meja las tidak dilengkapi dengan adanya toolbox, sehingga penempatan dari berbagai peralatan pendukung pengelasan tersebut masih disembarang tempat.",
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"text": "4. Tidak dilengkapi oleh roda meja. Kondisi ini menyebabkan sulitnya memindahkan meja las secara fleksibel",
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"text": "74",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
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"text": "dengan mengikuti kondisi ruangan.",
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"text": "Perpindahan meja las dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya masih dilakukan secara manual yaitu dengan cara mengangkat secara mandiri atau dengan temannya. Hal ini tentunya akan mengeluarkan tenaga dan energi yang lebih besar untuk dapat memindahkan meja pengelasan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan roda meja.",
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"text": "Akibat dari bentuk dan ukuran meja las yang tidak mengandung kaidah ergonomi, maka dalam penilaian postur tubuh menggunakan metode REBA melibatkan dua grup:",
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"text": "1. Grup A: leher ( neck ), bagian punggung",
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"text": "( trunk ), dan kaki ( legs ).",
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"text": "2. Grup B: lengan bagian atas ( upper arm ), lengan bagian bawah ( lower arm ), dan pergelangan tangan ( wirst ).",
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"text": "Gambar 2 menunjukan analisis postur kerja di laboratorium pengelasan Program Studi Pendidikan Teknik mesin UNS.",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Analisis Postur Kerja",
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"text": "Grup A",
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"text": "Pada postur leher ( Locate Neck Posture ) membentuk postur extension dengan sudut 30 ̊ terhadap punggung tubuh. Leher tidak mengalami perubahan terhadap sumbu putar atau miring kesamping, sehingga skor yang diberikan terhadap postur ini adalah 2. Postur punggung atau badan membentuk postur flexion 60 ̊ terhadap posisi tubuh tegak. Postur punggung atau badan ini juga tidak mengalami perubahan terhadap sumbu putar atau miring kesamping, sehigga skornya adalah 3. Kemudian pada postur kaki atau Legs dari mahasiswa terlihat kaki tertopang lantai dan beban tersebar merata kepada dua kaki. Skor yang diberikan adalah 1.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Tabel Skor REBA A",
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"text": "Tabel A Leher 1 2 3",
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"text": "Ka ki 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4",
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"text": "1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 3 3 5 6",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
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"text": "Skor Postur Pungg ung 2 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 3 2 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 4 3 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 5 4 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 9",
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"text": "Nilai dari kalkulasi total postur leher, postur punggung atau badan, dan postur kaki dari tabel diatas adalah 4.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya untuk mendapatkan skor total A, nilai beban atau gaya perlu ditambahkan dengan nilai skor grup A. Beban yang dialami oleh mahasiswa yang sedang menjalankan praktikum pengelasan kurang dari 5 kg atau 11 lbs. Karena dalam posisi ini mahasiswa hanya menerima beban tambahan eksternal dari holder las dan topeng las. Di sisi lain mahasiswa juga tidak mendapat beban yang secara cepat atau tiba-tiba, sehingga skor dari beban ini adalah 0. Maka total skor dari grup A ini adalah 4 + 0 = 4.",
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"text": "Grup B",
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"text": "Postur lengan bagian atas atau bahu membentuk sudut flexion 0 ̊ dan lengan tidak bergerak ke samping kanan atau kiri. Skor 1 diberikan untuk posisi ini. Postur lengan bagian bawah atau siku dapat dinilai dari dua sisi yaitu sisi kanan dan sisi kiri. Sisi siku kanan membentuk sudut flexion 15 ̊ dan mendapat skor",
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"text": "2. Pada sisi kiri siku membentuk sudut flexion 37 ̊, maka skornya adalah 2. Sehingga nilai rata- rata pada postur lengan bagian bawah atau siku adalah 2. Selanjutnya pada postur pergelangan tangan kedua keduanya tidak membentuk sudut flaxion atau ekstension karena dari kedua lengan ini sifatnya hanya sebagai pemegang holder las dan topeng las. Maka nilai skor adalah 1. Tabel 2. Tabel Skor REBA B",
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"text": "Tabel B Lengan bag. Bawah (Siku)",
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"text": "Pergelangan Tangan 1 2 3 1 2 3 Skor Lengan Atas 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 7 8 8 6 7 8 8 8 9 9",
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"text": "Nilai dari kakulasi total postur bahu, siku, dan pergelangan tangan pada tabel diatas adalah 1.",
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"text": "Langkah selanjutnya adalah mencari skor coupling atau handle (pegangan). Berikut ini adalah detail masing-masing mengenai coupling .",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Tabel Skor Coupling atau Handle Postur Skor Total Kiri dan Kanan Pegangan (Coupling) Kiri 1 Kanan 1 Baik 0 Pegangan pas dan tepat ditengah, genggaman kuat. Fair 1 Pegangan tangan bisa diterima tapi tidak ideal / coupling lebih sesuai digunakan oleh baian lain dari tubuh Buruk 2 Pegangan tangan tidak bisa diterima, walaupun memungkinkan",
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"text": "Tidak Layak",
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"text": "Dipaksakan genggaman yang tidak aman, tanpa pegangan coupling tidak sesuai digunakan oleh bagian lain dari tubuh",
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"text": "Skor 1 pada copling kiri diberikan karena topeng las lebih sesuai jika digunakan secara langsung pada kepala. Mahasiswa akan lebih baik jika dapat menggunakan topeng las yang memiliki pengait pada kepala, karena dengan adanya pengait tersebut tangan kiri dapat digunakan untuk membantu menyeimbangkan elektroda sewaktu mengelas. Kemudian pada coupling kanan pegangan tangan pada holder las bisa diterima namun tidak ideal dikarenakan jari",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"top": 74,
"width": 215,
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"text": "telunjuk dan jari tengah perlu menekan tuas pegas untuk mengantisipasi jika elektroda menempel pada benda kerja, sehingga pegas perlu ditekan untuk melepaskan elektroda. Oleh sebab itu posisi ini diberikan skor 1.",
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"text": "Skor rata-rata coupling = 1+1 2 = 𝟏",
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"text": "Skor total tabel B Skor total tabel B = skor grup B + skor Coupling = 1 + 1 = 2",
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"text": "Skor C",
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"text": "Skor C merupakan total skor A yaitu 4 dan skor B adalah 2. Nilai dari skor C ditentukan dari tabel C berikut ini:",
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"text": "Tabel A + Beban Tabel C Nilai Tabel B + Skor Pegangan",
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"text": "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2",
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"text": "7 7 7 8 9 9 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 9 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1",
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"text": "9 9 9 9 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2",
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"text": "10 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2",
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"text": "11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2",
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"text": "12 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2",
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"text": "Dari tabel C diatas didapatkan skor C adalah 4. Selanjutnya untuk menentukan skor akhir dari metode REBA ini skor dari tabel C ditambahkan",
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"text": "dengan skor aktivitas. Skor aktivitas merupakan gerakan pada bagian tubuh baik itu secara statis maupun dinamis yang dilihat dari lamanya rentang waktu yang digunakan. Berikut adalah tabel dari skor aktivitas.",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Tabel Skor Aktivitas",
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"text": "Aktivitas Skor Keterangan Jika 1 atau lebih bagian tubuh statis, ditahan lebih dari 1 menit +1 Ini terjadi pada lutut yang menahan beban tubuh, punggung yang mengatur ketinggian badan, leher yang menjaga jarak pandang dan siku kiri yang",
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"text": "menahan lengan memegang topeng las. Jika pengulangan gerakan dengan waktu",
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"text": "yang singkat, diulang lebih dari 4 kali",
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"text": "permenit (tidak termasuk berjalan) +1 Kondisi ini terjadi pada lengan tangan kanan yang bergerak secara dinamis untuk menggoyangkan elektroda agar dapat mencapai lebar",
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"text": "yang dibutuhkan dan bentuk alur las",
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"text": "yang diinginkan.",
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"text": "Kemudian kondisi lain juga terjadi pada siku kanan yang bergerak",
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"text": "secara dinamis ke bawah untuk tetap",
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"text": "77",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"height": 182,
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"text": "menjaga jarak elektroda dengan benda kerja. Jika gerakan menyebabkan perubahan atau pergeseran postur yang cepat dari posisi awal. +1 Dalam proses pengelasan tidak terjaadi perubahan gerakan secara cepat.",
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"text": "Dengan melihat adanya keterangan tersebut maka skor akhir dari REBA adalah 4+1+1+0= 6.",
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"text": "Tabel 6. Tabel Level Aksi REBA Score Risk Level Action 1 Diabaikan Tidak Diperlukan 2 – 3 Rendah Mungkin Diperlukan 4 – 7 Sedang Diperlukan 8 – 10 Tinggi Necessary Soon 11 – 15 Sangat Tinggi Immediately Necessary Skor final REBA adalah 6 dengan Risk",
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"text": "Level sesuai dengan tabel adalah Sedang. Oleh sebab itu action yang harus segera dilaksanakan adalah memperbaiki dari desain meja las yang ada pada laboratorium pengelasan. Dengan memperbaiki desain meja las tersebut maka akan turut dalam mengurangi skor REBA mahasiswa dalam menjalankan praktikum.",
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"text": "Implementasi Perbaikan",
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"text": "Dalam tahap mendesain meja las pada Laboratorium Pengelasan Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS terdapat empat data antropometri mahasiswa yang digunakan. Data ini diambil dari 30 orang mahasiswa Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS angkatan 2018, 2019, dan 2020. Data tersebut terdiri dari tinggi tubuh posisi berdiri tegak, tinggi mata, tinggi siku, dan tinggi pegangan tangan pada posisi tangan vertikal ke atas. Dari data yang telah didapat maka selanjutnya akan diambil P50 atau Persentil 50%. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar meja las yang telah didesain sesuai dengan postur tubuh mahasiswa Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS secara keseluruhan.",
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"text": "No Dimensi Persentil 5% 50% 95% 1 Tinggi tubuh posisi berdiri tegak 1530 1662 1794 2 Tinggi Mata 1406 1544 1682 3 Tinggi Siku 883 1037 1191 4 Tinggi pegangan tangan pada posisi tangan vertikal ke atas 1816 2010 2202",
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"text": "Konsep yang akan dilampirkan dalam karya tulis ilmiah ini menggunakan gambar dan tulisan dari desain meja las yang telah disesuaikan. Meja las merupakan meja las yang dapat bergerak secara dinamis, yakni dengan cara menaik-turunkan sesuai dengan postur tubuh pengelas dan posisi pengelasan yang",
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"text": "78",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
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"text": "dijalankan. Kemudian meja pengelasan ini dapat dipindahkan ke segala arah tanpa adanya hambatan yang besar, karena meja pengelasan ini didesain dengan dilengkapi roda pada bagian dasarnya. Roda tersebut dilengkapi dengan pengunci yang berfungsi untuk mengunci pergerakan meja saat melakukan proses pengelasan. Sehingga dengan adanya tambahan roda ini, meja pengelasan dapat disesuaikan penempatannya dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi ruangan Laboratorium Pengelasan.",
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"text": "Berikut ini dimensi dari desain meja pengelasan yang telah dibuat:",
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"text": "1. Panjang",
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"text": ": 42 cm",
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"text": "2. Lebar",
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"text": ": 40 cm",
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"text": ": 2010 cm",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Desain Vertical Welding Table",
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"text": "Dari meja pengelasan yang telah ada pada",
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"text": "Laboratorium",
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"text": "Pengelasan, penulis",
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"text": "menginovasikan beberapa bagian baru yang sekaligus ada pada meja pengelasan ini. Bagian - bagian tersebut diantaranya:",
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"text": "1. Wheel (Roda)",
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"text": "Roda ini berfungsi untuk memindahkan meja las dengan mudah dan fleksibel ke segala arah dan sekaligus difungsikan untuk mengurangi hambatan akibat pergeseran meja dengan bidang lantai. Desain roda ini penulis ambil dari Catalog CAD Design yang merupakan catalog Standard part yang ada.",
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"text": "2. Tool Box",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Tool Box",
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"text": "Tool box ini berfungsi untuk menyimpan peralatan yang dibutuhkan dalam proses pengelasan. Peralatan tersebut diantaranya: gerinda tangan, kikir, palu terak, kedok atau topeng las, sarung tangan, kacamata dan lain sebagainya.",
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"text": "3. Place Welding Machine",
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"text": "79",
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"text": "JIPTEK, Vol.15 No.1, 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v15i1.60068",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 6. Tempat Mesin Las",
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"text": "Area mesin las ini disediakan karena",
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"text": "menurut pengamatan penulis bahwasanya dalam Laboratorium",
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"text": "pengelasan tempat antara mesin las dengan meja las ini berbeda tempat, sehingga kabel-kabel yang berkaitan dengan mesin las yang seharusnya dapat diminimalisir, harus tercecer di atas lantai. Sehingga dengan adanya tempat mesin yang menyatu dengan meja las diharapkan dapat meminimalisir kabel yang terecer. Selain itu area mesin las ini memiliki ketinggian dari lantai dasar 40 cm dengan maksud agar mahasiswa mudah dalam menjangkau tombol power dan ampere pada mesin las tanpa perlu harus dalam posisi jongkok.",
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"text": "Tool table ini berfungsi sebagai tempat meletakan perlengkapan pengelasan ketika pengelasan berlangsung. Karena selama proses pengelasan berlangsung tangan akan lebih mudah menjangkau peralatan yang berada di tool table",
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"text": "daripada toolbox yang berada pada bagian dasar. Kemudian disisi samping Tool table dilengkapi dengan dudukan holder pengelasan. Jenis las yang dapat diletakkan pada dudukan ini hanya sebatas mesin las Shielded Metal Arc",
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"text": "Meja las didesain dapat bergerak naik- turun hingga 180 ̊ dengan pusat sumbu putar berbetuk engsel. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar meja las dapat disesuaikan dengan posisi pengelasan yang akan dijalankan seperti 1F dan 3F.",
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"text": "Gambar 9. Welding Table Parameters Parameter yang terdapat dalam desain ini memiliki jarak 10 cm antar lubangnya. Hal ini berfungsi agar perpindahan dari meja las ini tidak terlalu jauh dan akurasinya tinggi.",
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"text": "Dari hasil evaluasi menunjukan terhadap mahasiswa yang melakukan praktik las di Laboratorium Pengelasan Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS menunjukkan bahwa nilai akhir dari REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) adalah 6.",
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"text": "Rancangan ini akan menurunkan resiko ergonomi sesuai dengan penelitiannya Siska & Gunawan, (2019) bahwa perancangan perbaikan alat bantu las dapat mengurangi keluhan Musculoskeletal Disorder . Kemudian Wibowo, (2020) dalam penelitiannya di SMK Veteran 1 Sukoharjo bahwa perancangan meja sebagai alat bantu proses pengelasan berdasarkan prinsip ergonomi mampu memperbaiki postur tubuh",
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"text": "serta mengurangi keluhan musculoskeletal disorder yaitu sakit di leher bagian bawah, sakit di pinggang, sakit di lutut kanan, sakit di punggung, sakit di paha kanan.",
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"text": "Beberapa saran bagi peneliti lainnya yang akan melakukan penelitian yang sejenis: 1. Diperlukan pengukuran lebih lanjut guna mengetahui secara tepat bentuk desain yang optimal dan terukur.",
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"text": "2. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya dapat memilih material dan komponen yang tepat agar dihasilkan desain yang kuat dan tahan lama.",
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"text": "3. Hasil analisis dan rancangan ini diharapkan dapat diimplementasikan bagi perbaikan meja las di Prodi Pendidikan Teknik Mesin UNS sehingga dengan desain baru dapat",
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"text": "Abdimas Galuh Volume 4, Nomor 2, September 2022, 1041-1050",
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"text": "Pengusaha Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) perlu memiliki kemampuan kreativitas dan pengetahuan penguasaan teknologi agar dapat mempromosikan produknya dengan menarik dan meluas. Melalui PkM ini, tim pengabdi akan memberikan wawasan dan pengalaman kepada pelaku UMKM Sawargi tentang pemanfaatan teknologi sederhana dengan menggunakan aplikasi Canva. Tujuan dilaksanakan pengabdian ini adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman dan gambaran praktis penggunaan aplikasi Canva, serta memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan penggunaan aplikasi Canva dalam pemasaran produk UMKM makanan khas daerah Ciamis. Penguasaan teknologi dalam pemasaran produk penting untuk dimiliki oleh pelaku UMKM agar tampilan desain produk menarik dan promosi produk dapat tersebar luas. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini bersifat persuasif-edukatif, yang dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pengetahuan, pemahaman, dan keterampilan menggunakan aplikasi Canva dalam mendesain produk. Kegiatan pengabdian ini dibagi ke dalam beberapa tahapan diantaranya: (1) tahap penjelasan penggunaan aplikasi Canva; (2) tahap praktik penggunaan aplikasi Canva; (3) tahap pendampingan pembuatan desain promosi produk; dan (4) tahap diseminasi desain promosi produk melalui media sosial. Adapun hasil dari pengabdian ini adalah (1) kreativitas pelaku UMKM dalam mempromosikan produknya berkembang dengan baik dengan mampu membuat desain promosi produk yang menarik; dan (2) penguasaan teknologi pelaku UMKM berkembang dengan baik dengan mampu menggunakan aplikasi Canva.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: Aplikasi Canva, desain produk, kreativitas, teknologi, UMKM",
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{
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 510,
"width": 442,
"height": 172,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "UMKM entrepreneurs need to have the ability to have creativity and knowledge of mastery of technology in order to promote their products attractively and widely. Through this PKM, the service team will provide insights and experiences to Sawargi UMKM players about the use of simple technology using the Canva application. The purpose of this service is to provide an understanding and practical overview of the use of the Canva application, as well as provide training and assistance in the use of the Canva application in marketing UMKM products for the Ciamis Region. Mastery of technology in product marketing is important for UMKM players to have so that the appearance of attractive product designs and product promotions can be widely spread. The approach used in this service activity is persuasive-educational, which is intended to provide knowledge, understanding, and skills using the Canva application in designing products. This service activity is divided into several stages including: (1) the explanatory stage of using the Canva application; (2) the practice stage of using the Canva application; (3) the stage of mentoring the creation of product promotional designs; and (4) the dissemination stage of product promotion design through social media. The results of this service are (1) the creativity of UMKM actors in promoting their products is developing well by being able to make attractive product promotion designs; and (2) mastery of technology for UMKM actors to develop well by being able to use the Canva application",
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{
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"text": "Keywords: Canva application, product design, creativity, technology, UMKM",
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"height": 31,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Pelatihan Penggunaan Aplikasi Canva Untuk Mengembangkan Kreativitas Dalam Pemasaran Produk UMKM Makanan Khas Daerah Ciamis Sri Solihah, Nur Eva Zakiah",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 281,
"top": 795,
"width": 23,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1042",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 71,
"width": 96,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 92,
"width": 443,
"height": 220,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Definisi UMKM menurut Undang-Undang No. 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah Bab 1 Pasal 1 adalah: Usaha mikro adalah usaha produktif milik orang perorangan dan atau badan usaha perorangan yang memenuhi kriteria usaha mikro. Usaha kecil adalah usaha produktif yang berdiri sendiri, yang dilakukan oleh perseorangan atau badan usaha bukan merupakan anak cabang perusahaan yang dimiliki, dikuasai, atau menjadi bagian baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dari usaha menengah atau besar yang memenuhi kriteria usaha kecil. Usaha menengah adalah usaha ekonomi produktif yang berdiri sendiri, dilakukan oleh orang perorangan atau badan usaha yang bukan merupakan anak perusahaan atau cabang perusahaan yang dimiliki, dikuasai, atau menjadi bagian baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan Usaha kecil atau Usaha besar dengan jumlah kekayaan bersih atau hasil penjualan tahunan.",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 320,
"width": 442,
"height": 95,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "UMKM di Indonesia tidak dapat dihapuskan. Keberadaannya dapat memberikan manfaat dalam hal pendistribusian pendapatan keuangan masyarakat. UMKM mampu menciptakan berbagai kreativitas sesuai dengan unsur-unsur tradisi dan atau kebudayaan masyarakat di sekitarnya. Selain itu, UMKM mampu menyerap tenaga kerja sehingga mampu mengurangi tingkat pengangguran (Hamidah et al , 2019).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 423,
"width": 443,
"height": 117,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "UMKM memiliki peranan yang penting dalam pembangunan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, baik di negara-negara sedang berkembang ataupun negara-negara maju. Di negara maju dan negara sedang berkembang, UMKM mampu menyerap paling banyak tenaga kerja dibandingkan usaha besar dan memberikan kontribusi paling besar terhadap pembentukan atau pertumbuhan produk domestik bruto dibandingkan dengan kontribusi dari usaha besar.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 547,
"width": 442,
"height": 75,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengembangan UMKM menjadi sangat strategis dalam menggerakkan perekonomian nasional, mengingat kegiatan usahanya mencakup hampir semua lapangan usaha sehingga kontribusi UMKM menjadi sangat besar bagi peningkatan pendapatan bagi masyarakat berpendapatan rendah.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 630,
"width": 443,
"height": 96,
"page_number": 2,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "UMKM Sawargi merupakan salah satu UMKM yang bergerak dalam bidang pengolahan pangan makanan khas daerah Ciamis, yaitu saroja. Lokasinya terletak di Perum Griya Sukma Hill Blok F5 No 6 Baregbeg Ciamis. UMKM Sawargi merupakan asuhan Dinas koperasi dan Dinas Perdagangan Ciamis. Produk saroja yang dihasilkan oleh UMKM Sawargi disajikan pada Gambar 1.",
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"left": 306,
"top": 15,
"width": 219,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abdimas Galuh Volume 4, Nomor 2, September 2022, 1041-1050",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 295,
"top": 795,
"width": 23,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1043",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 226,
"top": 230,
"width": 160,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 1. Produk UMKM Sawargi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 257,
"width": 443,
"height": 178,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pemasaran produk UMKM yang masih menerapkan sistem pemasaran tradisional dinilai masih kurang menjangkau pemasaran yang luas. Hal ini telah membuat pelaku UMKM tidak mengalami kemajuan yang signifikan. Keberadaan teknologi pada era revolusi industri 4.0 diharapkan dapat mengoptimalkan pemasaran produk UMKM, agar omset yang diperoleh dapat meningkat. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguasaan teknologi yang akan menunjang keberlanjutan UMKM. Pemanfaatan teknologi dapat memberikan dampak terhadap proses dan hasilnya (Zakiah & Fajriadi, 2020a). Hal ini dapat diupayakan dengan melakukan terobosan dan inovasi pemasaran produk, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi Canva.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 443,
"width": 443,
"height": 158,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Canva adalah aplikasi desain grafis online yang dapat mendesain beragam macam desain seperti presentasi, resume, poster, pamflet, brosur, grafik, infografis, spanduk, penanda buku, bulletin, dan lain sebagainya. Jenis-jenis presentasi yang terdapat pada aplikasi Canva seperti presentasi kreatif, bisnis, pendidikan, periklanan, teknologi, dan lain sebagainya. Menurut Tanjung & Faiza (2019), kelebihan aplikasi Canva memiliki beragam desain yang menarik, terdapat banyak fitur yang telah disediakan, menghemat waktu dalam pembuatan media, dan dalam mendesain tidak harus memakai laptop tetapi dapat dilakukan melalui gawai.",
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"height": 75,
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"text": "Penguasaan teknologi dalam pemasaran produk penting untuk dimiliki oleh pelaku UMKM. Hal ini mendorong tim pengabdian untuk melaksanakan program pengabdian kepada masyarakat melalui penggunaan aplikasi canva untuk mengembangkan kreativitas dalam pemasaran produk UMKM makanan khas daerah Ciamis.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 132,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "BAHAN DAN METODE",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 733,
"width": 443,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah untuk (1) memberikan pemahaman dan gambaran praktis penggunaan aplikasi Canva; dan (2) memberikan pelatihan dan",
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"width": 442,
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"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Pelatihan Penggunaan Aplikasi Canva Untuk Mengembangkan Kreativitas Dalam Pemasaran Produk UMKM Makanan Khas Daerah Ciamis Sri Solihah, Nur Eva Zakiah",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 281,
"top": 795,
"width": 23,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1044",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 71,
"width": 442,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pendampingan penggunaan aplikasi Canva dalam pemasaran produk UMKM makanan khas daerah Ciamis.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 113,
"width": 443,
"height": 178,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini menggunakan metode ceramah, demonstrasi, tanya jawab interaktif, dan praktik. Metode ceramah dan demonstrasi digunakan untuk menjelaskan tentang fitur-fitur dalam aplikasi Canva dan bagaimana prosedur penggunaannya. Pelaku UMKM Sawargi diberikan penjelasan dan pemahaman tentang kelebihan dan kemudahan penggunaan aplikasi Canva. Metode tanya jawab interaktif digunakan untuk memberi pemahaman tentang kelebihan dan kemudahan penggunaan aplikasi Canva dan fitur-fitur dalam aplikasi Canva. Selanjutnya, metode praktik digunakan saat pelaku UMKM membuat desain promosi produk UMKM Sawargi makanan khas daerah Ciamis menggunakan aplikasi Canva.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 442,
"height": 96,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kegiatan pengabdian yang telah dilaksanakan dengan sasaran penggiat UMKM. UMKM memiliki peranan sangat penting dalam perekonomian negara. Hal ini karena sektor UMKM adalah penyumbang PDB terbesar, paling banyak menyerap lapangan kerja, serta relatif tahan terhadap krisis keuangan. UMKM Sawargi adalah salah satu jenis UMKM pada bidang pengolahan pangan makanan khas daerah Ciamis, yaitu saroja.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 402,
"width": 442,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Kondisi UMKM Sawargi sebelum mendapatkan kegiatan pengabdian dijelaskan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "a. Desain pemasaran produk belum menarik, masih menggunakan desain biasa.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 464,
"width": 442,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Kegiatan pemasaran dilaksanakan secara tradisional, melalui toko/warung, pasar, pameran, atau eceran.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 506,
"width": 442,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Jangkauan sasaran promosi produk masih terbatas, hanya di sekitar lingkungan tempat tinggal, atau bersifat lokal.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 547,
"width": 244,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Penguasaan terhadap teknologi masih terbatas.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 568,
"width": 442,
"height": 34,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Selanjutnya kondisi UMKM Sawargi setelah mendapatkan kegiatan pengabdian dijelaskan sebagai berikut:",
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"width": 368,
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"text": "a. Desain pemasaran produk sudah menarik, menggunakan aplikasi Canva.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 630,
"width": 413,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "b. Kegiatan pemasaran dilaksanakan secara terkini dengan memanfaatkan teknologi.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 651,
"width": 442,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "c. Jangkauan sasaran promosi produk meluas, karena mudah diakses dengan menggunakan berbagai perangka igadget .",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 692,
"width": 290,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "d. Penguasaan terhadap teknologi mengalami peningkatan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 306,
"top": 15,
"width": 219,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Abdimas Galuh Volume 4, Nomor 2, September 2022, 1041-1050",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 295,
"top": 795,
"width": 23,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1045",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 72,
"width": 158,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 114,
"top": 92,
"width": 319,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kegiatan yang dilakukan dalam program pengabdian ini meliputi:",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 113,
"width": 367,
"height": 13,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1. Penjelasan Penggunaan Aplikasi Canva kepada Pelaku UMKM Sawargi",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 133,
"width": 443,
"height": 158,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tim pengabdi merupakan dosen-dosen di Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika, yaitu terdiri atas 1 orang ketua pelaksana dan 1 orang anggota pelaksana. Dibantu oleh 2 orang mahasiswa sebagai tim teknis kegiatan. Tim pengabdi mempersiapkan materi/topik bahasan tentang pengertian dan teknik penggunaan aplikasi Canva. Penjelasan aplikasi Canva ini tentang fitur-fitur dalam aplikasi Canva dan bagaimana prosedur penggunaannya. Pelaku UMKM Sawargi diberikan penjelasan dan pemahaman tentang kelebihan dan kemudahan penggunaan aplikasi Canva. Dokumentasi kegiatan pada tahap penjelasan penggunaan aplikasi Canva ditampilkan pada Gambar 2.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"height": 23,
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"text": "Gambar 2. Penjelasan Penggunaan Aplikasi Canva kepada Pelaku UMKM Sawargi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 481,
"width": 442,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2. Praktik Penggunaan Aplikasi Canva Membuat Desain Promosi Produk UMKM Sawargi Makanan Khas Daerah Ciamis",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 522,
"width": 443,
"height": 179,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tim pengabdi menjelaskan cara mendesain berbagai media promosi produk diantaranya menggunakan poster dan video presentasi kreatif. Pelaku UMKM Sawargi didemonstrasikan cara pembuatan berbagai desain promosi untuk optimalisasi pemasaran produk makanan khas daerah Ciamis agar tersebar secara meluas dan mudah diakses oleh berbagai kalangan, tidak hanya warga Ciamis. Kegiatan ini memotivasi pelaku UMKM Sawargi untuk mengoptimalkan media promosi melalui berbagai media sosial. Penggunaan teknologi internet umumnya dengan pertimbangan memiliki jangkauan yang luas sehingga biaya yang disiapkan relatif lebih murah (Zakiah & Solihah, 2022). Dokumentasi praktik penggunaan aplikasi Canva ditampilkan pada Gambar 3.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 14,
"width": 442,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pelatihan Penggunaan Aplikasi Canva Untuk Mengembangkan Kreativitas Dalam Pemasaran Produk UMKM Makanan Khas Daerah Ciamis Sri Solihah, Nur Eva Zakiah",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 281,
"top": 795,
"width": 23,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "1046",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 202,
"width": 326,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 3. Praktik Penggunaan Aplikasi Canva Membuat Desain Promosi Produk UMKM Sawargi Makanan Khas Daerah Ciamis",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 241,
"width": 442,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3. Pendampingan Pembuatan Desain Promosi Produk UMKM Sawargi Makanan Khas",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 88,
"top": 261,
"width": 75,
"height": 13,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Daerah Ciamis",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 282,
"width": 443,
"height": 117,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Tim pengabdi melakukan pendampingan cara mendesain poster dan video presentasi kreatif sebagai media promosi produk UMKM Sawargi makanan khas daerah Ciamis. Pelaku UMKM Sawargi kemudian mendemonstrasikan desain promosi produk UMKM Sawargi makanan khas daerah Ciamis yang telah dibuat dalam bentuk poster dan video presentasi kreatif. Dokumentasi pendampingan pembuatan desain promosi produk ditampilkan pada Gambar 4.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 153,
"top": 549,
"width": 281,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Gambar 4. Pendampingan Pembuatan Desain Promosi Produk UMKM Sawargi Makanan Khas Daerah Ciamis",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 588,
"width": 442,
"height": 33,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Tim pengabdi menjelaskan pemanfaatan sosial media untuk mempromosikan produk UMKM Sawargi makanan khas daerah Ciamis. Selanjutnya tim pengabdi mendampingi penyebaran hasil desain poster dan video presentasi kreatif produk UMKM Sawargi melalui media sosial, salah satunya Instragram. Dokumentasi penyebaran desain promosi ditampilkan pada Gambar 5.",
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"text": "Diantara banyaknya media yang berkembang saat ini, tim pengabdi memilih untuk menggunakan aplikasi Canva sebagai media promosi. Media berperan penting agar produk yang dipromosikan bisa tersampaikan dengan baik dan lebih efektif. Aplikasi Canva adalah program desain online yang menyediakan bermacam peralatan seperti presentasi, resume, poster, pamflet, brosur, grafik, infografis, spanduk, penanda buku, bulletin, dan lain sebagainya yang disediakan dalam aplikasi Canva (Junaedi, 2021).",
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"text": "1. Sign-up ke Canva dengan login di https://www.canva.com . Ada beberapa cara untuk sign-up di Canva menggunakan Facebook , Gmail maupun registrasi dengan mengisi data pribadi untuk membuat akun Canva .",
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"text": "2. Pilih Kebutuhan. Canva menyediakan berbagai pilihan seperti Presentation, Video, Instagram post, dll. Dalam pengabdian ini, pengguna diarahkan untuk memilih Presentation untuk membuat presentasi bahan ajar.",
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"text": "3. Pilih Lembar kosong ( template ). Di sini terdapat lembar kerja kosong yang merupakan area desain. Lembar ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk mendesain template sesuai",
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"text": "Ciri individu yang “melek teknologi” diungkapkan oleh Zakiah & Solihah (2022) diantaranya: (1) memiliki kreativitas tanpa batas; (2) terbuka wawasannya; (3) terus belajar; (4) selalu siap dengan hal baru; dan (5) terbuka terhadap teknologi yang baru. Selanjutnya, individu akan belajar melalui pengamatan yang terjadi di sekitarnya, yaitu melalui proses interaksi yang dinamis antara pribadi, perilaku, dan pengaruh lingkungan sosial (Zakiah & Fajriadi, 2020b). Oleh karena itu, agar tumbuh kesadaran berteknologi dalam berbagai aktivitas maka diperlukan interaksi yang masif dengan lingkungan yang telah terbiasa menggunakan teknologi. Para pelaku UMKM Sawargi diharapkan memiliki wawasan yang terbuka terhadap penggunaan teknologi dan mudah bergaul dengan komunitas yang sering menggunakan teknologi sehingga dapat mengoptimalisasi pemasaran produknya.",
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"text": "2. Kegiatan pengabdian ini memberikan pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan memotivasi pelaku UMKM Sawargi untuk meningkatkan kompetensinya dalam mempromosikan produk menggunakan aplikasi Canva.",
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"text": "3. Kegiatan pengabdian ini, menambah pemahaman pelaku UMKM Sawargi untuk menjadi pelaku usaha kreatif untuk dapat membentuk/mengembangkan sekelompok masyarakat yang mandiri secara ekonomi.",
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"text": "Abdimas Galuh Volume 4, Nomor 2, September 2022, 1041-1050",
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"text": "Beberapa saran dari kegiatan pengabdian terkait upaya optimalisasi pemasaran produk UMKM makanan khas daerah Ciamis adalah:",
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"text": "1. Perlu pembinaan lebih lanjut terhadap pelaku UMKM Sawargi, berupa pelatihan khusus untuk mendesain produk menggunakan aplikasi Canva dan membentuk tim/komunitas untuk mengembangkan ide promosi kreatif.",
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"text": "2. Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini dapat diperluas jangkauannya untuk UMKM lain yang memproduksi makanan khas daerah Ciamis.",
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"text": "Penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LPPM) Universitas Galuh yang telah membiayai kegiatan pengabdian ini, dan UMKM Sawargi yang telah bersedia bermitra bersama dosen-dosen Prodi Pendidikan Matematika FKIP Universitas Galuh.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"top": 381,
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"height": 55,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Hamidah, Q. R., Sejati, A. T. P, & Mujahidah, A. Z. (2019). The development of small and medium businesses (msmes) based on tecnology to deal with the industrial revolution 4.0. 4th National Seminar on Educational Innovation (SNIP 2019). SHEs: Conference Series 2 (1), 345 – 349.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 437,
"width": 442,
"height": 40,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Junaedi, S. (2021). Aplikasi canva sebagai media pembelajaran daring untuk meningkatkan kreatifitas mahasiswa pada mata kuliah english for information communication and technology. Bangun Rekaprima , 80-89.",
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{
"left": 85,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Resmini, S., Satriani, I., & Rafi, M. (2021). Pelatihan penggunaan aplikasi canva sebagai media pembuatan bahan ajar dalam pembelajaran bahasa inggris. Abdimas Siliwangi , 335-343.",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 519,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Rohma, A., & Sholihah, U. (2021). Pengembangan media audio visual berbasis aplikasi canva materi bangun ruang limas. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Lampung , 292 - 306.",
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{
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"text": "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah.",
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"text": "Zakiah, N. E., & Fajriadi, D. (2020a). Hybrid-PjBL: Creative thinking skills and self- regulated learning of preservice teachers. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1521 032072. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1521/3/032072.",
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"top": 685,
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"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Zakiah, N. E., & Solihah, S. (2022). Program pengembangan e-learning sebagai upaya meningkatkan kompetensi profesional calon guru. Abdimas Galuh , 4 (1), 93-101. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/ag.v4i1.6719.",
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"text": "Zakiah, N. E., & Fajriadi, D. (2020b). Self regulated learning for social cognitive perspective in mathematics lessons. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1613 012049. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1613/1/012049.",
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fa08b78c-3339-b3ad-b8a3-bc585c8b156e | https://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/pamator/article/download/23131/9005 | [
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"text": "LEGAL PROTECTION FOR MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS ARISING FROM THE DELISTING OF ISSUER SHARES (A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDONESIAN, UNITED STATES,",
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"text": "This research paper provides a comparative analysis of the legal frameworks governing the delisting of issuer shares in Indonesia, the United States, and Singapore. Using a normative legal research approach, supplemented by interviews with members of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and a Member of the House of Representatives Commission XI, the study explores how each jurisdiction addresses the delisting process, particularly focusing on the protection of minority shareholders . The analysis reveals that Indonesia's legal system, influenced by its Civil Law heritage, contrasts with the Common Law approaches of the US and Singapore, especially in terms of shareholder involvement in voluntary delisting and the specificity of conditions for forced delisting. The study suggests enhancements to the Indonesian framework, such as clearer guidelines for shareholder approval in delisting decisions and more transparent criteria for forced delisting. These recommendations aim to improve the protection of minority shareholders within Indonesia's Capital Market.",
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"text": "The capital market performs a vital role in contemporary economies, providing a platform for corporations to secure funds for their growth and day-to-day activities, while enabling investors to pursue financial gains based on the success of these organizations. The inclusion of shares on a stock exchange is a crucial process within the capital market ecosystem, since it facilitates the public trading of a company's securities.",
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"text": "677",
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"text": "Nevertheless, there are circumstances in which a corporation elects to withdraw its shares from the stock exchange, a procedure commonly referred to as delisting. 1",
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"text": "Delisting can be transpire through either voluntary action undertaken by the firm or through enforcement by stock exchanges or market authorities. This can transpire due to a variety of reasons, including non-adherence to exchange regulations or the company's unfavorable financial circumstances. 2 The methods and rules pertaining to delisting in Indonesia, the United States, and Singapore exhibit distinct characteristics that are influenced by the respective legal and market policy frameworks of each nation. However, the impact of delisting, particularly when it is involuntary, on minority shareholders frequently arises as a subject that necessitates additional legal and policy consideration. In the context of delisting, minority shareholders, who possess limited authority over the company, face the possibility of experiencing financial losses and relinquishing their entitlements. 3 Given the rapid expansion of capital markets worldwide and in Indonesia in particular, the question of how to protect the interests of minority shareholders in delisting cases has become more pressing.",
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"text": "In order to fill a knowledge gap, this research will examine how Indonesia, the US, and Singapore protect minority shareholders' rights throughout delisting processes through their respective legislative frameworks and regulatory systems. With a particular emphasis on protecting the interests of minority shareholders, this study seeks to offer suggestions for improving the policy and legal environment surrounding delisting. The laws and policies of three nations will be compared in order to arrive at these suggestions.",
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"text": "The motivation for this study stems from the recent legislative revisions in Indonesia, specifically Law No. 4 of 2023, which maintains the enhancement and advancement of the financial sector. These revisions entail modifications to specific clauses under Law No. 8 of 1995, which focuses on capital markets. Furthermore, it expands upon existing scholarly literature regarding the delisting of themes in Indonesia, as well as comparative legal examinations involving Indonesia, the United States, and Singapore. 4",
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"text": "In this context, the utilization of comparative legal analysis functions as a suitable research approach to discern the merits and drawbacks inherent in each legal structure, as well as to propose enhancements and alignment of regulations on both national and regional scales 5 . In light of the prevailing trends of economic globalization and the convergence of financial",
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"text": "1 Eugenio Rocco and Francesco Zanon, 'Listings and Delistings on the Italian Stock Exchange: An Analysis of Strategies and Their Correlation with Firm Performance' (Politecnico Milano1863, 2022).",
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"text": "2 Nikhil Kalyanpur and Abraham L Newman, 'Mobilizing Market Power: Jurisdictional Expansion as Economic Statecraft', International Organization , 73.1 (2019), 1–34 <https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S0020818318000334>.",
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"text": "3 Hubert de La Bruslerie, 'Multiple Class Shares And Double Voting Rights: Literature Review And Research Prospects', Finance Control Strategy , 26.3 (2023), 22–46 < https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.4000/fcs.11185>.",
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"text": "4 Ibid. p.20",
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"text": "5 Sya'bani, A. (2014). Minority shareholders' protection in the Indonesian Capital Market. Indonesia. L. Rev., 4, 114.",
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"text": "Vol. 16, No. 4, 2023",
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"text": "policies, the outcomes of this study are anticipated to offer significant contributions to ongoing dialogues regarding the advancement of equity and transparency in capital markets. Additionally, it is expected to provide enhanced safeguards for minority shareholders during delisting procedures. 6",
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"text": "Based on the provided background information, the author presents a number of issues that are formulated, including but not limited to this inquiry regarding the legal regulations governing the delisting of shares issued by companies in Indonesia, the United States, and Singapore. Then, in what ways may the Indonesian legal framework regarding the delisting of shares by issuers be enhanced to safeguard the legal rights of minority shareholders? This research aims to explore the legal landscapes of the above jurisdictions in order to gain insights that could contribute to the development of a stronger legal framework in Indonesia. The proposed framework aims to offer improved safeguards for minority owners during the process of delisting, with the goal of protecting their legal and financial interests effectively.",
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"text": "RESEARCH METHODS",
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"text": "In the realm of scientific inquiry, the utilization of a methodological approach is of utmost importance as it serves as a guiding framework to direct the trajectory of research endeavors, contingent upon the specific subject matter being investigated. The selection of a research methodology is of utmost importance in acquiring the requisite data to effectively address the concerns outlined within the research topic. 7 This study refers to normative legal research, a field under legal science or dogmatic law that involves in tasks such as cataloging, clarifying, interpreting, organizing, and assessing the entirety of positive legislation within a specific community or nation. The primary objective is to provide legal remedies for prospective legal challenges in society, presenting alternative legal alternatives to specific legal matters. The discourse enumerates five discrete methodologies: statutory, caselaw, historical, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Of the several approaches considered, the statute approach is deemed the most relevant for this research, as it focuses on the comprehensive examination of all laws and regulations relevant to the legal issue under investigation. The objective is to look into the consistency or alignment of numerous laws and regulations. Furthermore, it is important to adopt a conceptual methodology in order to analyze the notion of shareholder protection. Subsequently, a comparative technique will be utilized to juxtapose various components encompassed within this particular concept.",
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"text": "Data can be categorized into two main types: primary data, which is collected directly from the society being studied, and secondary data, which is obtained by a comprehensive analysis of existing literature. In this context the primary data were taken from results of interviews with the Financial Services Authority, results of interviews with members of DPR RI Commission XI. Legal documents are classified into main, secondary, and tertiary categories based on their level of binding authority. main legal materials, such as the constitution and laws, possess the highest level of binding potency. The study utilized two primary methods for",
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"text": "6 Harun, A. A., Puluhulawa, F. U., ElFikri, N. F., & Moha, M. R. R. (2023). \"Indonesian Mining Regulations Shift as a Potential Sector in Developing the Economy.\" Jurnal Pamator: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo , 16(2), 419-434.",
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"text": "7 J Oberdiek, Imposing Risk: A Normative Framework (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017). p.12",
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"text": "https://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/pamator",
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"text": "data collection: literary analysis and a restricted number of interviews. 8 The field of literary studies involves the collection of various reading materials, including relevant legislation and documents related to the specific issue being examined. On the other hand, the methodology of limited interviews entails engaging in direct conversations with knowledgeable personnel from the Financial Services Authority and the Jakarta Stock Exchange, with the specific objective of obtaining valuable insights relating to the matter being investigated. After the acquisition of legal materials, the third step entails the examination and manipulation of these materials using a qualitative analysis approach. This study examines societal phenomena related to the removal of securities from listings and analyzes them using positive law and existing theories. The objective is to identify the legal and theoretical foundations that support the removal of securities records, thus offering a comprehensive legal perspective on the issue.",
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"text": "RESULT AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Delisting Regulation in Indonesia Stock Exchange",
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"text": "Interview Results with the Financial Services Authority (OJK)",
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"text": "In relation to the delisting of shares on the Indonesian Stock Exchange, the Financial Services Authority (OJK) holds the authority to instruct Public Companies to change their status to Closed Companies. This change in status is followed by a share delisting by the Stock Exchange, which is further regulated by the Exchange itself. The authority of the OJK is strictly outlined under Article 66 (1) of POJK No. 3 of 2021, which is then followed by the effective withdrawal of the Registration Statement by the OJK, share delisting by the Stock Exchange, and the deregistration of Securities in collective custody at the Depository and Settlement Institution (LPP) as described under Article 66 ( 7) and (8) of POJK No. 3 of 2021. 9",
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"text": "The objective behind this regulation is to enable the OJK to intervene to protect the interests of investors and/or the state under certain conditions, by ordering Public Companies to change their status to Closed Companies. Some certain conditions outlined include, among others, legal violations that result in the prohibition of business operations for Public Companies, the expiration of all business permits from an authorized party, directives from an authorized authority, legal provisions requiring a Public Company to change its status , bankruptcy based on a court decision, not operating fully for at least the last three years, receiving business operation restrictions that disrupt business continuity for at least the last three years, and the absence of contactable members of the Board of Directors, Board of Commissioners , and main shareholder for at least the last three years.",
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"text": "According to POJK No. 3 of 2021, there are three mechanisms for changing the status from a Public Company to a Closed Company. First is based on the request of the Public Company as per Article 64 to Article 65 of POJK No. 3 of 2021, where a company can voluntarily submit a request for the effective withdrawal of the Registration Statement to the OJK. Second is based on the order of the OJK as per Article 66 to Article 67 of POJK No. 3 of 2021, where the OJK orders the status change considering the “certain conditions” faced by",
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"text": "8 Oberdiek. 2017. Op Cit p.13",
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"text": "9 Financial Services Authority, Regulation Number 3 /POJK.04/2021 concerning the Implementation of Activities in the Capital Market Sector (Indonesia, 2021),",
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"text": "p. 22 <https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/227118/peraturan-ojk-no-3pojk042021-tahun-2021>.",
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"text": "the Public Company. Lastly, it's based on the request by the Stock Exchange as per Article 68 to Article 70 of POJK No. 3 of 2021, where the Stock Exchange considers significant conditions or events negatively impacting the business continuity of the Public Company, and/or if the Public Company does not meet the requirements for listing Securities on the Stock Exchange. 10",
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"text": "The procedure for changing status based on the order of the OJK is set forth in Article 66 to Article 67 of POJK No. 3 of 2021, where the OJK can issue an order for the Public Company to change its status after considering certain conditions, and send the order to the Stock Exchange. The Stock Exchange must then cease the trading of the Public Company's Securities as soon as possible, at the latest on the next business day after receiving a copy of the OJK's order letter. The Public Company must fulfill several obligations including obtaining approval from the GMS, announcing the status change to the public at the latest 2 working days after receiving the order from the OJK, conducting a buyback of all shares until the number of shareholders is less than 50 parties or another number set by the OJK, and requesting approval for the amendment of the articles of association regarding the status change to the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia.",
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"text": "After fulfilling these obligations, the Public Company must submit proof of fulfilling the obligations to the OJK at the latest 14 working days after the date of approval of the amendment of the articles of association. Then, the OJK revokes the effectiveness of the Registration Statement at the latest 14 working days after receiving proof of fulfilling the obligations. This is followed by the issuance of an order letter from the OJK to the Stock Exchange to cancel the listing of Securities on the Stock Exchange, and to the LPP to cancel the registration of Securities in collective custody, at the latest 14 working days after receiving the OJK's letter. 11",
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"text": "There are no specific provisions governing the notification by the OJK to the Public Company in issuing the order to change the status. However, the order for the status change by the OJK is not issued immediately, but is based on the results of supervision conducted by the OJK's working unit tasked with supervising Issuers or Public Companies. Before the OJK issues the order for a status change followed by delisting, the Supervisor first takes the necessary actions/measures to improve the condition of the said Public Company.",
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"text": "Through the supervision process, the Public Company has understood the conditions it is facing, including the consequence of a possible status change to a Closed Company, in the event that the Public Company cannot improve its conditions based on matters previously ordered by the OJK. Notifications to investors or the public must be submitted by the Public Company receiving the order for a status change by the OJK as soon as possible, at the latest 2 working days after receiving the order for the status change from the OJK, as specified in Article 66 (4) letter b of POJK No. 3 of 2021.",
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"text": "Lastly, based on Article 53 (1) of Law No. 9 of 2004 concerning Amendments to Law No. 5 of 1986 concerning Administrative Courts, individuals or legal entities who feel their interests are harmed by an Administrative Decision may submit a written lawsuit to the",
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"text": "10 Ibid. p.23",
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"text": "11 Indonesian Stock Exchange, Decision of the Board of Directors of PT. Indonesian Stock Exchange No. Kep-OOI83/BE1112 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Regulation Number IA Concerning the Listing of Shares and Equity Securities Other than Shares Issued by Listed Companies (Indonesia, 201AD), p. 34.",
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"text": "competent court containing claims to declare the contested Administrative Decision null or invalid, with or without accompanying claims for compensation and /or rehabilitation. Nonetheless, the OJK always ensures that the orders issued for changing the status from a Public Company to a Closed Company have been in accordance with the authority of the OJK and the procedures regulated in POJK No. 3 of 2021 along with other related legislation.",
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"text": "According to the interview conducted on July 6, 2023, with Mr. Heri Gunawan, a member of Commission Financial Services Authority (OJK). Regarding forced delisting by the BEI, the existing regulation mandates adverse two conditions: either a substantial effect on the Issuer's business continuity, either financially or legally, or a lack of indications of recovery for both the Issuer and the company. One of the factors considered for the process of delisting is the occurrence of a suspension in the regular and cash market, resulting in the exclusive trading of company shares in the negotiation market for a continuous period of 24 months.",
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"text": "In order to safeguard the interests of investors, issuers who intend to delist their shares, either freely or involuntarily, are obligated to repurchase shares from the investors. 12 This mechanism guarantees that investors possess a method or avenue through which they can divest themselves of their shares. 13 The repurchase of shares can be executed without the requirement of convening a General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) before hand. Furthermore, this repurchase can encompass an amount exceeding 10% of the paid-up capital of the publicly traded firm, resulting in a reduction of the number of shareholders to a maximum of 50 entities. This exemption applies in the event of a tender offer including all shares or a reduction in the number of shareholders to below 50, as decided by the OJK.",
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"text": "The buyback price is classified into three categories, contingent upon the voluntary transfer from a public to private firm, as mandated by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), or as requested by the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). 14 In the event of a request from the firm or an order from the OJK, it is necessary for the buyback price to exceed the average daily trading price on the exchange during the preceding 90-day period. In the event that the shares have undergone a suspension period lasting 90 days or longer, it is necessary for the buyback price to exceed the average value derived from the largest daily trading prices observed on the exchange throughout the preceding 12-month period, calculated in reverse order from the day of suspension. In the event that the transition is initiated at the request of BEI, the buyback price should be determined as the higher value between the average trading price observed over the preceding 30-day period and the book value per share as indicated in the most recent financial reports.",
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"text": "12 Ulya Yasmine Prisandani, 'Shareholder Activism in Indonesia: Revisiting Shareholder Rights Implementation and Future Challenges', International Journal of Law and Management , 64.2 (2022), 225–38 <https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-07-2021 -0169>.",
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"text": "13 Gobel, R. T. S., Muhtar, M. H., & Putri, V. S. (2023). Regulation And Institutional Arrangement Of Village-Owned Enterprises After The Work Creation Era Applied. Jurnal Pamator: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo , 16 (1), 15-33.",
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"text": "14 Rocco and Zanon. 2022. Op Cit p.22",
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"text": "In an ideal scenario, it is recommended that issuers who have been suspended for a period exceeding two years should be delisted from the exchange. 15 Nevertheless, several companies such as PT Akbar Indo Makmur Stimec Tbk (AIMS) and PT Trikomsel Oke Tbk. (TRIO) have surpassed this timeframe, as they have been under suspension for nearly four and three years respectively, as of the year 2023. In the case of corporations facing financial challenges such as negative equity or insufficient operational income, it can be inferred that they may encounter difficulties in financing share buyback initiatives. In general, Business Entity Insolvency (BEI) would afford issuers a period of time to enhance their business continuity measures and defer the repurchase of shares held by shareholders. The task at hand requires the appointment of a responsible person, such as a controller, who assumes the duty until its completion. The fundamental aspect concerns the manner in which corporations withdraw from the capital market and attributes the outcomes to the investments made by investors.",
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"text": "There is a contention among certain individuals that the requirement for share buybacks might have negative consequences for the issuer, particularly in terms of creating difficulties for public issuers seeking to transition to a private status. 16 It is evident that issuers would experience financial losses as they need to spend substantial cash for this specific purpose. While it is true that many delisted firms face various challenges, it is important to note that not all closed companies may be attributed to poor conditions. For example, AQUA's decision to go private was not driven by fundamental concerns.",
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"text": "At present, the Financial Services Authority (OJK) is engaged in the process of updating legislation relating to the repurchase of shares by publicly traded firms, in accordance with their transition to closed corporations. The modification in status is a consequence of BEI's decision to delist securities, which was prompted by the substantial adverse effects on business continuity. OJK has identified a number of difficulties relating to the buyback price, re- allocation price of buyback shares, disclosure, and re-allocation period. Several suggested revisions involve the implementation of obligatory publication of repurchase plans by publicly traded firms. Additionally, it is proposed that the buyback process should commence no later than one month after the delisting decision by the BEI, which stands in contrast to the previous law that mandated completion of the buyback within 18 months following approval by shareholders at a meeting. The revised version stipulates that the fulfillment of the task must occur within a period of 12 months subsequent to the convening of the shareholder meeting. 17",
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"text": "Furthermore, modifications have been implemented with regards to the redistribution of repurchased shares. This includes a reduction in the number of stated techniques from seven to five in the revised version. In addition, the revised version of the policy permits the redistribution of repurchased shares through either the execution of payments or the settlement of designated transactions, or alternatively, through the equitable distribution among existing shareholders.",
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"text": "In the event that the buyback is not carried out, the Financial Services Authority (OJK) is authorized to issue a prescribed action order in accordance with Regulation No.",
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"text": "15 Sha'bani. 2014. Op Cit 110",
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"text": "16 Prisandani. 2022. Op Cit p.17",
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"text": "17 Berto Usman, 'Ownership Structures, Control Mechanism and Related Party Transactions: An Empirical Study of the Indonesian Public Listed Companies', International Journal of Economics & Management , 13.1 (2019), 1–20 <https://api.semanticscholar.org /CorpusID:229334378>.",
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"text": "23/POJK.04/2021 of the Financial Services Authority, which maintains subsequent supervision in the capital markets sector. In the event that the designated sequence of actions is not carried out by the relevant firm, the OJK possesses the jurisdiction to issue a formal directive requiring the public company to undergo a transition into a closed company. In the event that the status change is not implemented, the OJK (Financial Services Authority) is empowered to seek the liquidation of the public business. 18",
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"text": "The regulation in the United States concerning stock delisting is based on its legal framework, which was initially influenced by British law after the formation of the United States on July 4, 1776. In contrast to the United Kingdom, the United States has a constitution that serves as the fundamental basis for its legal structure. Within the framework of this federal system, individual states possess the autonomy to establish their own legal frameworks and constitutions, except in cases where federal legislation supersedes them. The United States encompasses two coexisting legal systems: federal law, which is applicable across the entire nation, and state law, which is valid within individual states. In instances of dispute, federal law takes precedence over state law according to established legal principles. Historically, case law served as the dominant source of legal principles. However, as societies have progressed economically, statutes have gained prominence and have begun to supplant or fortify judge- made laws in instances of inconsistency.",
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"text": "The judicial framework in the United States consists of both federal and state courts that operate concurrently, each with their own specific competences. 19 In general, it can be observed that state courts are primarily responsible for adjudicating routine conflicts that arise on a daily basis, whereas federal courts are primarily concerned with addressing more expansive and significant legal matters. The judicial system consists of three tiers: trial courts, appellate courts, and the state and federal supreme courts, each with distinct designations in certain jurisdictions. Specialized courts, such as tax courts, are present within the federal judiciary system. Jury trials, which consist of a panel of 12 individuals from the general public, are constitutionally guaranteed in both criminal and civil proceedings. In the legal system, the jury is responsible for determining the veracity of factual evidence presented during a trial, whereas the judge assumes the role of overseeing and administering the court processes, as well as rendering decisions on subjects pertaining to the law. In circumstances of complexity, the judge is limited to providing instructions to the jury without exerting any influence on their decision- making process. Decisions are reached through unanimous agreement, and in exceptional instances of stalemate, a fresh jury is selected to conduct a trial. In contrast to the inquisitorial nature of Indonesian court procedures, the United States employs an adversarial legal system that requires the active involvement of parties, typically represented by legal professionals, in order to present and contest evidence with the aim of establishing the truth.",
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"text": "The stock market in the United States, which had initially operated in an informal manner since 1624, underwent a process of formalization with the establishment of the Buttonwood Agreement in 1792. This pivotal agreement ultimately led to the establishment of the New",
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"text": "18 Prisandani. 2022. Op Cit p.19",
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"text": "19 Kalyanpur and Newman. 2022. Op Cit p.25",
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"text": "York Stock Exchange (NYSE ) in 1817. In response to the stock market crash of 1929, the United States Congress enacted the Securities Exchange Act on July 2, 1934, thereby establishing the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Enforcing uniform standards for the functioning of stock exchanges across the country was the principal goal of this regulatory agency. At its Washington, DC, headquarters, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent body charged with monitoring the securities trading industry and enforcing civil laws against individuals or companies that violate securities laws through accounting fraud, the dissemination of false information, or any other violation. Quarterly and annual financial reports are mandatory for publicly traded companies. Executives are required to give a synopsis of past performance, future goals, and upcoming activities in these reports. An extensive platform for accessing all essential information kept by the SEC, the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR) database was established by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to assist investors. Among these are the yearly and quarterly reports of different companies. The president nominates five commissioners to serve on the board of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). A network of twenty-five offices spread out around the country allows the SEC to carry out its mission, which is organized into six sections. In charge of enforcing several securities-related statutes is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). A number of statutes have been enacted to regulate various financial services, including securities registration (Securities Act of 1933), exchanges (Securities Exchange Act of 1934), bondholder protection (Trust Indenture Act of 1939), investment companies (Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940), and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) (Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970). Coverage for each account can reach $500,000, and there is a $100,000 cash claim limit per client inside each account, all with the goal of protecting investors from financial losses caused by broker and dealer failures.",
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"text": "The regulatory standards for stock exchanges in the United States are characterized by a high level of stringency, with unique guidelines established for the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ). 20 In the context of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the consideration of listing eligibility does not take into account the jurisdiction of the industry. Foreign Private Issuers (FPIs) are provided with the option to be listed based on either the domestic firm listing rules or an additional set specifically designed for FPIs. The latter option offers greater freedom since it does not impose any minimum distribution requirements in the US and North America. In order to be listed, it is necessary for a company to have a minimum operational history of three years, however there may be instances where exceptions are granted for companies that have been bought by corporations with a longer operational history. The NYSE rules require a minimum of 1.1 million publicly traded shares and compliance with one of three criteria related to shareholders holding 100 shares or more and trading volume. In order for initial public offerings (IPOs) or existing securities to be eligible for listing or transfers to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), it is required that the market value of publicly owned shares be no less than $40 million for IPOs and $100 million for existing securities. Financial requirements encompass the fulfillment of either an income test or a worldwide market capitalization test. Companies also have the option to pursue Primary Direct Floor Listings, which enables them to circumvent the conventional underwritten offering process. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) possess different listing criteria, which include prerequisites for minimum distribution,",
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"text": "20 Collins C Ngwakwe, 'Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Stock Market Values: A Differential Analysis', Economica , 16.2 (2022), 255–69 <https://journals.univ- danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica /article/view/6548>.",
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"text": "market value, and financial norms. In addition to the stipulations set forth by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), corporations are obligated to undergo registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), comply with specific corporate governance criteria delineated in the NYSE Listed Company Manual, secure a CUSIP number from CUSIP Global Services, and designate a professional Market Maker.",
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"text": "In contrast, NASDAQ possesses its own distinct set of requirements. In order to be listed on the Global Select Market, companies are required to satisfy certain ownership criteria, maintain a minimum market value of publicly held shares, and meet specific financial requirements. 21 These financial requirements include a minimum bid price of $4 per share, as well as adherence to one of four financial standards pertaining to income, cash flows, or market capitalization. The listing requirements for the Global Market exhibit similarities in their criteria, albeit with different limits. These criteria include a minimum bid price of $4 per share and a minimum of 1.1 million publicly held shares that are not subject to any restrictions. The Nasdaq Capital Market requires securities to possess a minimum of 1 million unrestricted publicly owned shares, a bid price of at least $4 per share, and satisfy one of three criteria pertaining to equity, market value, or net income. The many markets within NYSE and NASDAQ have distinct requirements that are determined by the type of market and the financial condition, size, and activities of the company seeking to be listed.",
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"text": "The process of stock delisting in the United States, namely on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ), is designed to uphold the integrity and excellence of the market. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) has established three main conditions for the delisting of listed securities. 22 The first and foremost requirement for issuers is to meet the minimum share distribution criterion. The delisting of the issuer might happen if these standards aren't met. If there are fewer than 400 shareholders overall or 60,000 public shareholders, delisting may take place. Delisting can also occur if the average monthly trading volume for a 12-month period is less than 100,000 shares. In addition, if a company's market capitalization falls below specific thresholds, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) may consider delisting it. The purpose of this is to guarantee that the company's trading volume and profitability can cover the expenses of being listed on the NYSE. Once the average closing price drops below one US Dollar for a continuous period of thirty trading days, delisting becomes a consideration. On the other hand, companies that meet this criterion on their own have six months to boost their stock price. The standard delisting process begins after this period has passed.",
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"text": "In addition, when a firm experiences a significant decrease in its operational asset size, files for bankruptcy, or publicly declares its intention to file for bankruptcy, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) will take into account the possibility of delisting the company 23 . Additional triggers for delisting include recommendations from authoritative entities regarding",
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"text": "21 Libo Xu, 'Stock Returns and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Canada and the US', Finance Research Letters , 10.1 (2021), 8–72 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101872>.",
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"text": "22 Mingsheng Li, Karen Liu, and Xiaorui Zhu, ‘The Effects of NASDAQ Delisting on Firm Performance’, Research in International Business and Finance , 67.1 (2024), 10–21 < https://doi.org/https://doi .org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2023.102101>.",
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"text": "23 Libo Xu. 2021. Op Cit. p.14",
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"text": "the lack of value of the securities, inadequate registration of the securities, failure to solicit proxies for all shareholder meetings, violations of agreements, discontinuation of a particular class, issuance, or series of securities through payment or redemption, and involvement in activities deemed to be against public interest by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) maintains the authority to evaluate and decide, on an individual basis, the ongoing inclusion of a stock in its listings. This assessment takes into account all pertinent information as judged suitable, irrespective of whether the securities satisfy or do not satisfy the specified criteria.",
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"text": "In contrast, the delisting method employed by NASDAQ exhibits similarities to that of the NYSE. NASDAQ considers delisting if certain criteria are not met. These criteria include a shareholder equity of $10 million, public ownership of 750,000 shares, a minimum public-held stock market value of $5 million for 30 consecutive working days, a bid price that does not fall below $1.00 for 30 consecutive working days, a minimum of 400 round lot shareholders, and the presence of at least two market makers for 10 consecutive working days. Moreover, the delisting of a firm from the NASDAQ stock exchange might occur in the event that the company files for bankruptcy or publicly declares its intention to liquidate its assets in accordance with applicable bankruptcy legislation. Similar to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the delisting criteria of NASDAQ are based on regulations that establish the exchange as a Self-Regulatory Organization (SRO). This designation grants NASDAQ the authority to refuse or terminate a listing if there is any event or condition that deems the listing unadvisable or unwarranted, regardless of whether the securities meet all specified criteria for listing . 24",
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"text": "Both the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ have the authority to remove firms from their listings if they fail to meet specific corporate governance criteria. 25 However, instances of delisting due to non-compliance are infrequent, since the exchanges often prefer to encourage compliance through discussions with the companies involved. Foreign corporations may potentially be granted exemptions from these criteria in the event that comparable requirements are not present in the laws of their home country. Companies that have been removed from the NASDAQ stock exchange have the option to trade their shares through the NASDAQ Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), as long as they have not been declared bankrupt and are still fulfilling their reporting obligations to the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). 26 Market actors are also obliged to adhere to formal rules while providing price quotes on the exchange, namely for a duration of 30 days prior to delisting.",
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"text": "A regulatory framework based on a set of established norms and criteria, which have their origins in Singapore's common law system, governs the delisting of shares on the Singapore Stock Exchange (SGX). Following a hierarchical judicial structure, the Court of Appeal is the highest authority in Singapore's legal system. Established in 1970, the Monetary Authority of",
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"text": "24 Libo Xu. 2021. Op Cit. p.21",
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"text": "25 Li, Liu, and Zhu. 2024. Op Cit. p.18",
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"text": "26 Bran Alexandra-Carmen, 'USA-China Rivalry in The Age of De-Globalization. An Assessment of The Security Concerns Posed by the Delisting of Chinese Companies on the US Stock Exchange', In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence , 16.1 (2022), 1390–98 < https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe - 2022-0126>.",
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"text": "Singapore (MAS) regulates and oversees the financial industry, including securities. Keeping the country's currency stable so that it can assist economic progress is its fundamental goal. If a company wants to list its shares on the Singapore Exchange (SGX), it must fulfill certain requirements. Minimum quality standards, competent operations and management, open communication with investors, and fair treatment of all shareholders are all part of these needs. Listed firms on the Main Board of SGX have met specific financial requirements, such as a minimum market capitalization, a history of profitability, and a specific consolidated pre-tax profit. Companies may be delisted from the Singapore Exchange (SGX) if they fail to comply with their listing regulations or if it is necessary to maintain a fair, structured, and transparent market. The delisting procedure can be initiated by either the listed firm or the Singapore Exchange (SGX). To offer an Exit to the listed entity's shareholders, substantial shareholder consent is required. The involvement of an impartial financial expert in the evaluation process guarantees that the delisting procedure is carried out fairly and reasonably. The purpose of this regulatory action is to safeguard shareholder wealth and maintain the SGX's market integrity.",
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"text": "Comparative Analysis of Legal Systems in Indonesia, the United States, and Singapore Regarding Delisting of Issuer Shares",
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"text": "The formation of a legal system in a country is deeply intertwined with its historical and cultural legal evolution. Indonesia's legal system, heavily influenced by its Dutch colonial past, adopted the European Continental or civil law system. 27 This system primarily relies on written legislation as the main source of law, with legislative bodies playing a crucial role in its development. Court decisions sometimes serve as complementary references but are not the primary source of law. In contrast, the United States and Singapore, with their historical ties to the British legal system, follow the Anglo-Saxon or Common Law System. This system does not recognize a codified legal source as in the Continental system. Instead, it is primarily shaped by societal customs and judicial decisions developed in courts, making court precedents the highest source of law. Indonesia operates under a uniform set of laws applicable across all provinces. However, the United States presents a more complex structure with federal laws applicable nationwide and state laws varying across different states. In cases of conflict, federal law takes precedence. This federal structure leads to distinct legal nuances in the US compared to the more centralized legal framework in Indonesia.",
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"text": "Despite these differences, there are similarities between the Indonesian and US legal systems. Both countries have foundational laws or constitutions that establish the framework for their legal systems. 28 Indonesia has a single Constitution, whereas the US, following a federal system, has both federal and state laws. Moreover, while US judges in the past relied heavily on precedents, recent developments show a growing reliance on written legislation, particularly in economic matters, such as the Antitrust Laws. This shift brings the US closer to Indonesia's approach, where written laws guide judicial decisions.",
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"text": "In the United States, there are two separate but complementary systems of law: the federal courts and the state courts. Every day, people living in the United States go to their respective state courts to resolve issues involving law and order, such as criminal and civil problems. On",
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"text": "27 Usman. 2019. Op Cit. p.22",
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"text": "28 HM Sahat Radot Siburian, 'Constitution Formulation and Amendment in Indonesian and American Legal Systems: A Comparative Study', Journal of Law and Legal Reform 3 , 1.1 (2022), 39–66 <https://doi.org/https:/ /doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v3i1.49536>.",
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"text": "the other hand, the federal system follows a standard format nationwide, including the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals, and District Courts. Unlike the United States, which relies on jury trials, Singapore and Indonesia do not. In American trials, juries are vital in deciding the facts, leaving the judge's job to do nothing more than make legal rulings and monitor the process. But this kind of jury trial is not recognized under Indonesian law. Judges in Indonesian criminal trials take an inquisitorial stance by aggressively questioning both the accused and any witnesses presented. In civil proceedings, the judge takes a back seat while the parties bring their witnesses and evidence to the table. Conversely, in the United States, the judge or jury serves as an impartial arbiter in an adversarial system where the parties bear the full weight of the evidence.",
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"text": "Similar to the US, Singapore's legal system adheres to the Common Law system, characterized by the doctrine of judicial precedent (stare decisis). 29 In this system, judges form laws by applying legal principles to facts in cases, bound to follow precedents set by higher courts. Singapore's judicial structure includes Subordinate Courts for smaller cases and the Supreme Court, which consists of the High Court and Court of Appeal, for more significant cases.",
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"text": "Singapore's civil procedural laws are governed by The Supreme Court of Judicature Act, The Subordinate Courts Act, and other regulations. The evidence system in Singapore's Common Law is open, allowing various forms of evidence to be presented in court, unlike the more restrictive approaches in other systems.",
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"text": "The legal provisions regarding the delisting of issuer shares in Indonesia and Singapore show more similarities with each other than with those in the United States. 30 In cases of voluntary delisting requested by the issuer, both Indonesia and Singapore require approval from shareholders. Indonesia does not specify a minimum percentage of votes needed for this approval, while Singapore explicitly requires at least 75% of shareholder approval for the delisting plan.",
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"text": "In terms of forced delisting, where the exchange removes the issuer from listing, both Indonesia and Singapore tend to be vague about the conditions under which an issuer is delisted. Indonesian regulations state that an issuer can be delisted if it significantly negatively impacts the financial health of the public company without showing adequate signs of recovery, or if the company has been suspended for more than twenty-four months. Similarly, the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (SGX-ST) specifies three conditions for delisting a company, including failure to maintain a public float of 10%, voluntary delisting accompanied by an exit offer, or failure to meet the listing requirements set by SGX -ST. Compared to Indonesia, Singapore's provisions are slightly more detailed, specifying the minimum public float and conditions under which a company fails to meet exchange requirements.",
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"text": "In the United States, the legal approach to voluntary delisting is markedly different. US regulations do not require company directors to obtain shareholder approval for voluntary delisting. Instead, directors have the absolute right to decide whether to list or delist from the",
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"text": "29 George Mousourakis, Comparative Law and Legal Traditions, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Switzerland: Springer Cham, 2019) <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28281-3> .",
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"text": "30 Lu. 2022. Op Cit. p.296",
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"text": "exchange, guided by the principle of fiduciary duty which assumes that such decisions are made solely in the company's interest. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) must be notified of the delisting requests under Rule 12d2-1(b)(1)(C), but the SEC does not have the authority to deny these requests. Protection for investors in the US against potentially harmful delisting plans comes in two forms: additional conditions set by the SEC before delisting can occur, and the right for investors to file legal suits against directors for breaches of fiduciary duty.",
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"text": "American stock exchanges like NASDAQ and NYSE have more specific provisions for forced delisting compared to the Indonesian Exchange (BEI) and SGX-ST. 31 The NYSE clearly outlines conditions that can negatively impact a company, including minimum thresholds for share distribution, total shareholders, public share amount, trading volume, and closing price. Similarly, NASDAQ specifies conditions for delisting, including shareholder equity, public share amount, market value of shares, bid price, round lot shareholders, and the number of market makers. In the Indonesian Capital Market industry, the opportunity for investors to trade their securities post-delisting is touched upon in Regulation number II regarding delisting and relisting. This regulation provides a 20-day window for trading the issuer's securities post- delisting. However, this regulation does not fully protect investor interests. Trading during this period requires permission and objective assessment from BEI, meaning BEI can treat issuers subject to forced delisting differently. If BEI deems it unnecessary to grant trading opportunities, investors must find alternative ways to sell their shares outside the exchange. Contrarily, in the US, Over the Counter (OTC) trading is available for companies experiencing forced delisting, allowing automatic registration for share sales through a network of broker- dealers. Commonly used OTC services in the US include Pink Sheets. A similar arrangement is not found in SGX-ST regulations, which do not provide opportunities for investors to trade their shares on the exchange post-forced delisting.",
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"text": "In summary, while Indonesia and Singapore show parallels in their legal frameworks for issuer share delisting, particularly in terms of shareholder approval requirements and the conditions for forced delisting, the United States differs significantly in its approach. The US provides broader autonomy to company directors in voluntary delisting decisions and offers more detailed criteria for forced delisting, along with additional protections for investors in such scenarios.",
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"text": "Strengthening the Provisions for the Delisting of Issuer Shares in Indonesia to Protect the Legal Interests of Minority Shareholders",
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"text": "The foundation of the Indonesian state, as per the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution, is to protect the entire nation and all of Indonesian territory, advance public welfare, educate the nation's life, and contribute to world order based on independence, lasting peace, and social justice. 32 These objectives should be achieved by applying the values of Pancasila, the philosophical and common platform basis of the Indonesian state. This implies that law, its application, and implementation are inseparable from the values of Pancasila. The state must understand and address the conditions necessary to achieve the goals outlined in the 1945 Constitution Preamble. A key focus area is the Indonesian economy, with the financial sector being a pivotal pillar supporting national economic growth. Economic growth, indicative of",
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"text": "societal welfare and compared with other nations, is a critical measure of a country's prosperity. As a developing country, Indonesia has a responsibility to continually enhance its economy. Article 33(1) of the 1945 Constitution states that the economy is structured as a collective endeavor based on family principles. Furthermore, Article 34(4) specifies that the Indonesian economy is organized on the principles of democracy, sustainability, environmental awareness, independence, and maintaining a balance between national progress and unity. Accordingly, economic policies must be formulated based on national interests, and the continually evolving financial sector requires adequate policies that consider these national interests.",
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"text": "All stakeholders must continuously strive to develop and strengthen the Capital Market sector. Legislation plays a crucial role in driving the growth of the Capital Market by providing a legal foundation for the operations and development of the sector. The existing laws related to the Capital Market, however, do not adequately address the needs of industry participants. This issue requires immediate attention to ensure the efficient development of the Capital Market sector.",
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"text": "The strengthening of legal provisions for the delisting of issuer shares in Indonesia is rooted in philosophical, sociological, and juridical considerations. 34 It is aimed at aligning with the national objectives set out in the Indonesian Constitution, responding to the dynamic changes in the financial sector, and providing a robust legal framework that supports the growth and efficiency of the capital market sector, thereby safeguarding the interests of minority shareholders. The capital market plays a vital role in Indonesia's economy, serving two primary functions: as a means for companies to raise funds from investors and as a platform for the public to invest in financial instruments. The Capital Market is where investors and issuers, needing capital, meet. To create a regulated, fair, and efficient Capital Market, it is crucial to establish the scope and content of capital market law in line with current developments.",
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"text": "Protection for investors begins before the implementation of an issuer's share delisting plan. The issuer must obtain shareholder approval through a General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS). Delisting impacts investors' ability to sell shares, potentially leading to monetary loss. 35 It's essential that delisting plans are based on the company's best interests, free from financial misinformation or fraudulent actions by company controllers. Singapore requires a minimum of 75% shareholder approval for delisting, but this threshold is challenged as the remaining 25% minority can still be marginalized. An ideal approach considers the 'majority of the",
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"text": "33 Ridwan Khairandy, Capital Market Law 1 (Yogyakarta: FH UII Press, 2010). P.71",
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"text": "minority' or the shareholder structure, requiring majority approval from non-controlling shareholders to ensure balanced consideration of all parties.",
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"text": "The Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) regulations state that the exchange may suspend trading for five business days, followed by negotiation-only trading for twenty business days before the effective delisting date. In contrast, the United States and Singapore do not specify a waiting period. Providing a time gap between the delisting announcement and its effective date allows shareholders to sell their shares and mitigate potential losses. This period also minimizes the direct cost impact on the company. However, a lengthy waiting period could hinder the company's strategic plans, so a shorter duration is preferred to ensure investor protection. 36",
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"text": "Derivative lawsuits are a crucial mechanism for protecting minority shareholders in a corporation, allowing court intervention. 37 These lawsuits are based on the primary right of the corporation but executed by shareholders on the corporation's behalf due to a failure within the company. Derivative actions target directors or commissioners who have harmed the corporation. Although the corporation may be named as a defendant for procedural reasons, the lawsuit's main elements include its initiation by shareholders, targeting of company executives, and allocation of any legal gains to the corporation. Derivative lawsuits are limited to ensuring fairness for all stakeholders, focusing on breaches of fiduciary duty by directors. When filing a derivative lawsuit, interests of the corporation, minority shareholders, and third- party legal relations with the corporation, especially creditors, must be considered.",
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"text": "According to BEI Regulation No. II, one delisting criterion is a company's stock suspension in regular and cash markets, traded only in the negotiation market for the last 24 months. However, BEI sometimes hesitates to delist companies suspended for over 24 months, aiming to allow companies a chance to rectify their operations. For example, companies like PT Akbar Indo Makmur Stimec Tbk and PT Trikomsel Oke Tbk have been suspended for over two to three years. BEI's reluctance stems from wanting to offer companies an opportunity to recover and give investors a chance to recoup their investments. If delisting is necessary, a party responsible for repurchasing shares, typically the controlling shareholder, should be designated. This obligation is outlined in POJK No. 3/POJK.04/2021.",
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"text": "Referencing POJK, companies can conduct buybacks without a General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS). Buybacks can continue until exceeding 10% of the paid-up capital of the public company, limiting shareholders to no more than 50 entities. However, the obligation for share buybacks, especially during financial difficulties, poses challenges. For example, companies facing financial issues like negative equity or no operational income may not have the funds for buybacks. In such cases, investors bear the risk. The Financial Services Authority (OJK) plans to revise regulations on buybacks for companies delisting in 2023, considering various obstacles such as buyback pricing, information disclosure, and timeframe for reallocating bought-back shares. The revisions suggest shorter implementation periods and multiple methods for reallocating shares. In conclusion, while providing the highest level of protection for investors, share buyback obligations can financially burden companies, especially those intending to go private. The OJK's upcoming revisions are expected to address",
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"text": "This research, examining the legal regulations governing the delisting of issuer shares in Indonesia, the United States, and Singapore, reveals distinct approaches with unique strengths and weaknesses. The primary finding is that while the US grants substantial autonomy to company directors in delisting decisions and Singapore mandates a higher threshold of shareholder approval, Indonesia's framework is less specific, pointing to a need for enhancement. To better safeguard the legal rights of minority shareholders, the Indonesian legal system could benefit from: first, implementing more explicit guidelines for shareholder approval in voluntary delisting processes. The last is introducing clearer conditions and transparency in the criteria for forced delisting. Adopting these measures would align Indonesia's approach more closely with the best practices observed in the US and Singapore, thereby enhancing the protection of minority shareholders during the delisting process.",
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"text": "Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan selama dua bulan, dari bulan Maret sampai dengan April 2021 pada Kelompok Tani Ternak Abimanyu 1 yang berada di Kelurahan Klamalu Distrik Mariat Kabupaten Sorong. Kelompok tani ternak Abimanyu merupakan salah satu mitra pengabdian yang beranggotakan 12 orang petani peternak. Bahan yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah limbah tanaman jagung sebagai bahan utama serta EM4, dedak padi dan molases sebagai bahan tambahan. Alat yang digunakan pada kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah mesin pencacah, drum plastik, terpal dan karet sebagai tali. Hasil dicapai dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah KTT Abimanyu 1 dapat memahami permasalahan pakan ternak dan penanggulangganya dengan memanfaatkan limbah tanaman jagung, serta dapat membuat fermentasi pakan ternak dari limbah tanaman jagung.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : limbah, tanaman, jagung, pakan",
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"text": "This service activity was carried out for two months, from March to April 2021 at the Abimanyu 1 Livestock Farmer Group located in Klamalu Village, Mariat District, Sorong Regency. The Abimanyu 1 cattle farmer group is one of the service partners consisting of 12 breeder farmers. The materials used in this service are corn plant waste as the main ingredient and EM4, rice bran and molasses as additional ingredients. The tools used in this service activity are chopping machines, plastic drums, tarpaulins and rubber as ropes. The result achieved from this service activity is that the Abimanyu 1 Summit can understand the problem of animal feed and its management by utilizing corn plant waste, and can make animal feed fermentation from corn plant waste.",
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"text": "Keywords: waste, plants, corn, feed",
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"text": "1. PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Sistem pemeliharaan ternak sapi di Indonesia sekitar 80% masih diusahakan oleh petani kecil yang berkembang di beberapa wilayah pedesaan (Winarso, 2010). Usaha pemeliharaan ternak sapi dalam skala kecil dapat membantu perekonomian petani di pedesaan dengan memanfaatkan sumberdaya alam yang tersedia di sekitarnya. Sapi mempunyai beberapa keunggulan diantaranya membutuhkan modal usaha yang relatif kecil, mudah memeliharanya, mudah menjualnya dan banyak digunakan sebagai bahan-bahan kuliner seperti redang, abon, dam bakso. Selain itu, berbagai acara keperluan keluarga seperti tasyakuran maupun acara lainnya yang berhubungan dengan ritual keagamaan seperti hewan qurban pada hari raya keagamaan dan aqiqah juga menggunakan hewan sapi (Rusdiana & Sutedi, 2014).",
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"text": "Selain ternak sapi, sapi merupakan salah satu dari lima komoditas yang menjadi konsentrasi utama pembangunan pertanian selain padi, jagung, kedelai, dan gula tebu. Sehingga Kementerian Pertanian masih mencanangkan upaya swasembada daging sapi dan kerbau. Oleh karena itu, upaya untuk mendukung pembangunan peternakan sapi dari aspek pakan perlu dilakukan. Mayoritas masyarakat pedesaan di Indonesia berprofesi sebagai petani, dan mempunyai banyak limbah pertanian. Pemanfaatan limbah pertanian, seperti jagung berupa pelepah jagung dan batang jagung, jerami kacang tanah, rumput, dan dedaunan sebagai pakan basah merupakan upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi usaha, yaitu dengan menekan biaya pakan (Suwignyo dkk., 2016).",
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"text": "Kabupaten Sorong merupakan kabupaten di Propinsi Papua Barat sebagai sumber penghasil ternak sapi dan tanaman Palawija salah satu diantara tanaman jagung. Sebagai salah satu sentra produksi jagung memiliki peran yang sangat besar dalam menunjang ketahanan pangan nasional. Luas panen jagung pada Tahun 2015 mencapai 430 Ha dengan produksi 740 ton dengan produktifitas rata-rata sekitar 17.21 kw/Ha. Pada umumnya tanaman jagung hanya yang dimanfaatkan adalah biji jagungnya yang diambil. Sedangkan bagian lain dari tanaman ini berupa jerami, tongkol dan klobot atau kulit jagung yang jumlahnya cukup banyak. Sebanyak 20 - 30 % dari 100 kg jagung adalah limbah jagung (BPS, Kabupaten Sorong 2015)",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Limbah Tanaman Jagung yang tidak dimanfaatkan",
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"text": "Kelurahan Klamalu Distrik Mariat Kabupaten Sorong mayoritas warganya adalah petani peternak sapi dan jagung. Namun sebagai usaha sampingan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan, selain bertani mereka juga memelihara ternak berupa sapi dan kambing. Namun keluhan warga dalam beternak adalah masalah pakan ternak yang tidak menentu. Di musim penghujan pemenuhan kebutuhan pakan ternak memang tercukupi, namun tidak sama halnya ketika musim kemarau. Sebenarnya potensi bahan pakan untuk ternak di keluarahan Klamalu sangat melimpah. Situasi ini terjadi ketika musim panen padi dan jagung. Limbah sisa pertanian seperti pelepah jerami, tongkol dan klobot atau kulit jagung, pelepah pohon jagung dibakar untuk persiapan lahan tanam selanjutnya. Kurangnya pemanfaatan jerami, tongkol dan klobot atau kulit jagung sebagai salah satu bahan pakan ternak yaitu kandungan serat kasar tinggi dan protein serta kecernaan yang rendah. Penggunaan limbah tanamanan jagung secara langsung sebagai pakan tunggal tidak dapat",
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"text": "Charliany Hetharia, dkk Pemanfaatan Limbah Tanaman Jagung Sebagai Pakan Ternak …",
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"text": "memenuhi pasokan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan ternak. Untuk dapat memanfaatkan limbah yang berlimpah maka perlu dilakukan suatu upaya peningkatan daya guna dari limbah tersebut melalui suatu teknologi pakan yang tepat guna. Salah satu teknologi pakan tepat guna yang dilakukan dalam pengolahan bahan pakan ternak adalah bioteknologi melalui fermentasi (Afandi, 2014). Tentu ini merupakan potensi yang baik untuk dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pakan ternak apabila limbah tanaman jagung berupa, tongkol dan klobot atau kulit jagung tersebut diolah melalui proses fermentasi menjadi silase . Sehingga petani tidak akan mengalami kesulitan pakan ternak saat musim kemarau. Namun pemasalahannya adalah masyarakat tidak memahami bagaimana cara memanfaatkan potensi tersebut sebagai pemenuhan kebutuhan pakan.",
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"text": "2. MASALAH",
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"text": "Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh kelompok Tani Ternak Abimanyu 1 adalah kurangnya penyediaan stock pakan ternak pada musim kemarau sehingga dibutuhkan teknologi untuk pembuatan silase sebagai pakan ternak menggunakan limbah tanaman jagung. Untuk itu proses pembuatan pakan ternak dengan menggunakan teknologi tepat Guna melalui pembuatan silase berbahan baku limbah tanaman jagung dan bagaimana ketersedian alat pencacah bahan pakan.",
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"text": "3.1. Waktu dan Tempat Kegiatan",
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"text": "Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan selama dua bulan, dari bulan Maret sampai dengan April 2021 pada Kelompok Tani Ternak Abimanyu 1 yang berada di Kelurahan Klamalu Distrik Mariat Kabupaten Sorong. Kelompok tani ternak Abimanyu merupakan salah satu mitra pengabdian yang beranggotakan 12 orang petani peternak.",
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"text": "3.2. Alat dan bahan",
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"text": "Bahan yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah limbah tanaman jagung sebagai bahan utama serta EM4, dedang padi dan molases sebagai bahan tambahan. Alat yang digunakan pada kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah mesin pencacah, drum plastik, terpal dan karet sebagai tali.",
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"text": "Adapun tahapan yang dilaksanakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah sebagai berikut :",
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"text": "1. Mengadakan observasi atau survei untuk mengetahui kondisi Kelompok tani ternak Abimanyu 1 Kelurahan Klamalu Distrik Mariat Kabupaten Sorong. Dari hasil observasi atau survey yang dilaksanakan maka dibuatlah jadwal untuk penyuluhan serta pelatihan dan pembuatan silase pakan ternak dari limbah tanamn jagung.",
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"text": "2. Mengidentifikasi masalah yang dihadapi oleh Kelompok tani ternak Abimanyu 1 melalui wawancara yang dilakukan. Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh kelompok tani ternak Abimanyu 1 adalah pemenuhan pakan ternak selama musim kemarau.",
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"text": "3. Melakukan pelatihan dan pembuatan silase pakan ternak dari limbah tanaman jagung. Kegiatan ini diawali dengan persiapan limbah tanaman jagung sebagai bahan utama pakan, dilanjutkan dengan persiapan bahan tambahan dan alat yang akan digunakan dalam pebuatan silase tersebut. Tujuan dari pembuatan pakan ternak ini adalah untuk mengetahui fermentasi pakan ternak sehingga bisa membuatnya sendiri guna pemenuhan kebutuhan pakan ternak.",
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"text": "Hasil yang dicapai dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah KTT Abimanyu 1 dapat memahami permasalahan pakan ternak dan penanggulangganya dengan memanfaatkan limbah tanaman jagung, serta dapat membuat fermentasi pakan ternak dari limbah tersebut.",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Proses Pembuatan Silase",
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"text": "Pemanfaatan limbah tanaman jagung yang melimpah sebagai pakan ternak melalui pembuatan silase, memberikan solusi yang tepat bagi peternak sapi atau ruminansia lainnya karena dapat menjamin ketersediaan pakan saat musim kemarau. Menurut Bolsen dan Sapienza dalam Marlina dkk (2019), Silase merupakan pakan ternak yang dihasilkan melalui proses fermentasi hijauan yang mengandung kadar air tinggi. Melalui pembuatan silase, limbah tanaman jagung yang digunakan sebagai hjauan akan mengalami perombakan komponen makro menjadi komponen mikro yang lebih sederhana, sehinga mudah dicerna oleh mikroba rumen dan dapat meningkatkan daya cerna serta efisiensi pakannya (Sutanto, 2000).",
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"text": "Penambahan bahan tambahan lainnya dimungkinkan dalam pembuatan silase. Secara umum, yang dimaksud dengan bahan tambahan lainnya dalam pembuatan silase adalah bahan yang dapat membantu proses ensilase, dalam mensuplai nutrien bagi bakteri asam laktat untuk memproduksi asam laktat (Marlina dkk, 2019). Menurut Marlina dkk (2019), enzim atau mikroba dapat meningkatkan ketersediaan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan bakteri pembentuk asam laktat.",
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"text": "Hijauan yang diperoleh berasal dari limbah tanaman jagung. Jerami jagung dicacah menggunakan mesin pencacah untuk mendapat hasil cacahan yang lenih kecil dengan ukuran yang sama. Proses pembuatan silase selama 1-2 minggu, selanjutnya silase disimpan sebagai cadangan pakan ternak untuk musim kemarau dengan kondisi tertutup rapat (anaerob). Tujuan pembuatan silase adalah untuk pemanfaatan limbah tanaman jagung sebagai hijauan untuk pakan ternak disaat produksi jagung melimpah sehingga limbahnya dapat diawetkan dan digunakan pada saat produksi hijauan rendah (kemarau).",
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"text": "Bahan tambahan yang ditambahkan sekitar 0,5% dari berat hijauan yang akan diolah. Hijauan yang telah dicacah disusun dalam silo yang terbuat dari tong plastik yang didesain khusus sebagai silo. Menurut Marlina dkk (2019), proses penumpukan hijauan dalam silo harus betul-betul padat sehingga tidak ada udara yang bertahan di sela-sela tumpukan. Setelah 2 minggu massa inkubasi anaerob, silase sudah menunjukkan kematangan dengan ciri-ciri yaitu warna hijau kecoklatan, bau aroma asam segar, tekstur padat, tidak lembek dan tidak berlendir, dan pH 4,3 (Kung dan Shaver, 2001).",
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"text": "Pada saat uji coba pemberian silase kepada ternak sapi sebagai pakan ternak, terlihat dari ternak sapi dengan cepat mengkonsumsi silase. Hal ini selajan dengan pengabdian Marlina dkk (2019) yang juga melihat respon ternak domba yang cepat mengkonsumsi silase yang terbuat dari limbah tanaman jagung dan jerami padi.",
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"text": "Kelompok tani ternak Abimanyu 1 dapat membuat fermentasi pakan ternak (silase) dengan memanfaatkan limbah tanaman jagung sehingga permasalahan pakan dan penanggulangannya dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.",
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"text": "Afandi. 2014. Nilai Nutrisi Silase Pakan Komplit Berbahan Dasar Jerami Padi Dan Biomassa Murbei. Makassar: Universitas Hasanuddin.",
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"text": "Budiyanto, E., Yusuf. Amran. 2018. Pemanfaatan Limbah Pertanian Sebagai Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Pakan Ternak Ruminansia Di Desa Rukti Endah Kecamatan Seputih Raman Kabupaten Lampung Tengah. SAKAI SAMBAYAN-Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Vol 2 No 3 hal 109-113",
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"text": "Marlina, E.T., Deden Z. Badruzzaman dan H. Setiyatwan. 2019. Aplikasi Limbah Ternak Sebagai Sumber Mikroba Untuk Fermentasi Silase Dikelompok Tani Rancamulya Sumedang. Dharmakarya: Jurnal Aplikasi Ipteks untuk Masyarakat. Volm 8. No2 : Hal 119-123",
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"text": "Naifa, R., R, O., B, N. T., & Detha, A. A. 2015. Kualitas Nutrisi Silase Rumput Gajah (Pennisetum purpureum) yang Diberi Dedak Padi dan Jagung Giling dengan Level Berbeda. Journal of Animal Science Vol. 1 No. 1, hal. 68.",
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"text": "remaja. Kegiatan ekstrakurikuler seperti debat politik, simulasi pemilu, dan klub politik juga dapat memberikan pengalaman praktis yang mendorong partisipasi politik. Menurut sebuah studi oleh Pasek, Feldman, Romer, dan Jamieson (2008), pendidikan politik formal di sekolah memiliki korelasi positif dengan tingkat partisipasi politik di kalangan remaja.",
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"text": "tidak memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup tentang bagaimana sistem politik bekerja, peran lembaga-lembaga politik, dan cara-cara untuk berpartisipasi secara efektif. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan apatisme politik dan ketidakpercayaan terhadap sistem politik.",
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"text": "Untuk mengatasi tantangan ini, diperlukan upaya edukasi yang lebih intensif dan terfokus. Program pendidikan kewarganegaraan di sekolah harus diperkuat dengan kurikulum yang komprehensif dan relevan. Selain itu, pelatihan dan workshop tentang partisipasi politik dapat diadakan oleh organisasi masyarakat sipil dan lembaga pendidikan. Edukasi politik juga harus melibatkan penggunaan teknologi digital untuk menjangkau remaja di berbagai daerah.",
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"text": "Media sosial, meskipun menjadi alat yang kuat untuk meningkatkan partisipasi politik, juga memiliki sisi gelap, yaitu potensi manipulasi informasi. Remaja sering kali menjadi target disinformasi dan propaganda di media sosial, yang dapat mempengaruhi pandangan politik mereka secara negatif. Menurut sebuah laporan oleh Freedom House (2020), manipulasi informasi di media sosial telah menjadi tantangan besar bagi demokrasi di banyak negara, termasuk Indonesia.",
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"text": "Untuk menghadapi tantangan ini, literasi media menjadi sangat penting. Remaja perlu diajarkan bagaimana mengidentifikasi informasi yang kredibel, memverifikasi sumber, dan memahami bias media. Kampanye literasi media dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai saluran, termasuk sekolah, media, dan platform digital. Pemerintah dan perusahaan teknologi juga perlu bekerja sama untuk mengatasi penyebaran disinformasi di media sosial.",
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"text": "Apatisme politik masih menjadi tantangan yang signifikan di kalangan remaja. Beberapa remaja merasa bahwa suara mereka tidak akan berdampak atau bahwa sistem politik terlalu rumit dan korup untuk diubah. Sikap apatis ini sering kali diperparah oleh kurangnya representasi remaja dalam proses politik dan keputusan yang dianggap tidak relevan dengan kehidupan mereka.",
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"text": "Untuk mengatasi apatisme politik, diperlukan pendekatan yang lebih inklusif dan partisipatif dalam politik. Partai politik dan politisi harus lebih aktif mendengarkan dan merespons kebutuhan serta aspirasi remaja. Menciptakan platform khusus untuk keterlibatan remaja, seperti forum pemuda dan panel konsultasi, dapat memberikan ruang bagi remaja untuk menyuarakan pendapat mereka dan berkontribusi dalam proses politik. Selain itu, kampanye yang menekankan pentingnya setiap suara dan contoh-contoh konkret tentang bagaimana partisipasi politik dapat membuat perbedaan dapat menginspirasi remaja untuk lebih terlibat.",
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"text": "Tantangan struktural dan ekonomi juga dapat mempengaruhi partisipasi politik remaja. Remaja dari latar belakang ekonomi yang kurang beruntung mungkin menghadapi hambatan dalam mengakses informasi politik dan terlibat dalam aktivitas politik. Selain itu, kesenjangan digital juga dapat membatasi partisipasi remaja di daerah pedesaan atau terpencil.",
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"text": "Upaya untuk mengatasi tantangan ini harus mencakup peningkatan akses ke teknologi dan informasi politik bagi semua remaja, tanpa memandang latar belakang ekonomi",
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"text": "atau geografis mereka. Program pemerintah yang menyediakan akses internet gratis atau terjangkau, perpustakaan digital, dan pusat informasi politik dapat membantu mengatasi kesenjangan ini. Selain itu, beasiswa dan program bantuan finansial untuk pendidikan politik dapat memberikan kesempatan lebih luas bagi remaja dari keluarga berpenghasilan rendah untuk terlibat dalam politik.",
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"text": "Untuk meningkatkan partisipasi politik remaja, berbagai strategi dan upaya dapat dilakukan:",
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"text": "1. Pendidikan Politik di Sekolah : Mengintegrasikan pendidikan politik ke dalam kurikulum sekolah dengan fokus pada pemahaman sistem politik, hak dan kewajiban warga negara, serta pentingnya partisipasi politik.",
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"text": "2. Program Pelatihan dan Workshop : Menyelenggarakan pelatihan dan workshop tentang partisipasi politik, literasi media, dan keterampilan berpikir kritis untuk remaja.",
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"text": "3. Kampanye Sosial dan Media : Menggunakan media sosial dan kampanye digital untuk menyebarkan informasi tentang pentingnya partisipasi politik dan cara-cara untuk terlibat dalam proses politik.",
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"text": "4. Inklusi dalam Proses Politik : Menciptakan platform khusus untuk keterlibatan remaja dalam proses politik, seperti forum pemuda, panel konsultasi, dan program magang di lembaga politik.",
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"text": "5. Kerjasama dengan Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil : Bekerjasama dengan organisasi masyarakat sipil untuk menyediakan pendidikan politik dan dukungan bagi remaja, terutama di daerah pedesaan atau terpencil.",
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"text": "6. Meningkatkan Akses ke Teknologi dan Informasi : Memastikan bahwa semua remaja memiliki akses ke teknologi dan informasi politik, termasuk melalui program pemerintah yang menyediakan akses internet gratis atau terjangkau.",
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"text": "7. Dukungan dari Keluarga dan Komunitas : Mendorong keluarga dan komunitas untuk mendukung partisipasi politik remaja melalui diskusi, pendidikan, dan keterlibatan aktif dalam aktivitas politik.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Peningkatan minat politik di kalangan remaja pemilih awal pasca Pemilu Presiden 2024 merupakan fenomena yang kompleks dan multifaset. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, beberapa kesimpulan utama dapat diambil sebagai jawaban terhadap rumusan masalah yang telah diajukan.",
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"text": "1. Faktor-faktor yang Mendorong Peningkatan Minat Politik di Kalangan Remaja Pemilih Awal Pasca Pemilu Presiden 2024",
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"text": "Faktor-faktor yang mendorong peningkatan minat politik di kalangan remaja pemilih awal meliputi:",
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"text": "• Teknologi Digital dan Media Sosial : Media sosial telah menjadi alat yang sangat efektif dalam menyebarkan informasi politik dan mengajak remaja untuk berpartisipasi dalam diskusi politik. Platform seperti Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, dan YouTube memungkinkan remaja untuk mengikuti perkembangan politik, berinteraksi dengan politisi, dan berpartisipasi dalam kampanye digital.",
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"text": "• Gerakan Sosial dan Kampanye Politik : Gerakan sosial seperti #ReformasiDikorupsi dan #TolakOmnibusLaw telah berhasil menarik perhatian remaja dan memotivasi mereka untuk berpartisipasi dalam aksi politik. Kampanye yang menggunakan pendekatan kreatif dan inklusif telah berhasil menarik minat politik remaja.",
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"text": "• Peran Keluarga dan Pendidikan : Diskusi politik dalam keluarga dan pendidikan politik di sekolah memainkan peran penting dalam membentuk minat politik remaja. Program pendidikan kewarganegaraan yang komprehensif dan kegiatan ekstrakurikuler yang berfokus pada politik dapat meningkatkan pemahaman dan partisipasi politik remaja.",
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"text": "• Isu-isu Politik yang Relevan : Remaja lebih tertarik pada isu-isu yang secara langsung mempengaruhi mereka, seperti pendidikan, lingkungan, pekerjaan, dan hak-hak minoritas. Isu-isu ini sering kali menjadi fokus dalam kampanye politik, yang membuat remaja merasa lebih terhubung dan termotivasi untuk berpartisipasi.",
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"text": "2. Tantangan dalam Meningkatkan Partisipasi Politik Remaja dan Upaya yang Dapat Dilakukan untuk Mengatasinya",
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"text": "Tantangan utama yang dihadapi dalam meningkatkan partisipasi politik remaja meliputi:",
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"text": "• Kurangnya Pemahaman tentang Proses Politik : Banyak remaja yang tidak memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup tentang sistem politik dan cara-cara untuk berpartisipasi secara efektif. Untuk mengatasi tantangan ini, diperlukan upaya edukasi politik yang lebih intensif dan terfokus di sekolah dan melalui program pelatihan serta workshop.",
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"text": "• Manipulasi Informasi di Media Sosial : Remaja sering kali menjadi target disinformasi dan propaganda di media sosial. Untuk menghadapi tantangan ini, literasi media menjadi sangat penting. Kampanye literasi media dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai saluran untuk mengajarkan remaja bagaimana mengidentifikasi informasi yang kredibel dan memahami bias media.",
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"text": "• Apatisme Politik : Beberapa remaja merasa bahwa suara mereka tidak berdampak atau bahwa sistem politik terlalu rumit dan korup untuk diubah. Untuk mengatasi apatisme politik, diperlukan pendekatan yang lebih inklusif dan partisipatif dalam politik. Partai politik dan politisi harus lebih aktif mendengarkan dan merespons kebutuhan serta aspirasi remaja.",
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"text": "• Tantangan Struktural dan Ekonomi : Remaja dari latar belakang ekonomi yang kurang beruntung mungkin menghadapi hambatan dalam mengakses informasi politik dan terlibat dalam aktivitas politik. Upaya untuk mengatasi tantangan ini harus mencakup peningkatan akses ke teknologi dan informasi politik bagi semua remaja, tanpa memandang latar belakang ekonomi atau geografis mereka.",
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"text": "Untuk meningkatkan partisipasi politik remaja, diperlukan upaya yang komprehensif dan berkelanjutan, termasuk:",
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"text": "1. Pendidikan Politik di Sekolah : Mengintegrasikan pendidikan politik ke dalam kurikulum sekolah dengan fokus pada pemahaman sistem politik, hak dan kewajiban warga negara, serta pentingnya partisipasi politik.",
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"text": "2. Program Pelatihan dan Workshop : Menyelenggarakan pelatihan dan workshop tentang partisipasi politik, literasi media, dan keterampilan berpikir kritis untuk remaja.",
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"text": "7. Dukungan dari Keluarga dan Komunitas : Mendorong keluarga dan komunitas untuk mendukung partisipasi politik remaja melalui diskusi, pendidikan, dan keterlibatan aktif dalam aktivitas politik.",
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"text": "Dengan pendekatan yang holistik dan berkesinambungan, diharapkan dapat tercipta lingkungan yang mendukung dan memungkinkan remaja untuk terlibat aktif dalam proses politik, sehingga mereka dapat berkontribusi secara positif terhadap masa depan demokrasi Indonesia.",
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"text": "Jurnal Transparansi Hukum P-ISSN 2613-9200 E-ISSN 2613-9197 Vol.07 No.02 / Juli 2024",
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4fee1b0d-689b-4c72-4597-afd35147b291 | https://e-journal.unipma.ac.id/index.php/widyabastra/article/download/2001/1472 | [
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"text": "78 Widyabastra , Volume 05, Nomor 2, Des 2017",
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"left": 116,
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"text": "ANALISIS PERUBAHAN MAKNA PADA BAHASA YANG DIGUNAKAN",
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"text": "OLEH KOMENTATOR SEPAK BOLA PIALA PRESIDEN 2017",
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"text": "Rio Sempana 1) , Bambang Eko Hari Cahyono 2) , Eni Winarsih 3) 1,2,3) Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas PGRI Madiun Email: 1) r [email protected];",
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"text": "2) [email protected] . ;",
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"text": "3) [email protected].",
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"text": "Abstrak",
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"left": 113,
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"width": 398,
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perubahan makna pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator sepak bola piala presiden 2017. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik analisis isi yaitu peneliti bukan sekadar mencatat isi penting yang tersurat dalam dokumen atau arsip, tetapi juga tentang maknanya yang tersirat. Sumber data penelitian ini didapatkan melalui video yang diunggah di https://m.vidio.com/@indosiar/channels/6150159-piala-presiden-2017. Penelitian ini meggunakan trianggulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian dalam analisis perubahan makna ditemukan 46 kata yang mengalami perubahan makna pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator sepak bola piala presiden 2017. Perubahan makna tersebut meliputi perubahan makna meluas sebanyak 20 kata misalnya dibaca, dipatahkan, perubahan makna menyempit satu kata yaitu presiden, perubahan makna penghalusan sebanyak satu kata yaitu cantik, perubahan makna pengasaran sebanyak enam kata misalnya predator, pendek, dan perubahan makna total sebanyak 18 kata misalnya eksekusi, sayap, langit. Komentator melakukan perubahan makna karena sepak bola adalah olahraga yang sangat memasyarakat dan banyak penggemarnya. Komentator menggunakan bahasa yang mengalami perubahan makna untuk menarik minat, menumbuhkan semangat penonton, dan menumbuhkan kebanggaan terhadap klub sepak bola yang penonton sukai.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: perubahan makna, bahasa komentator sepak bola, kajian semantik",
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"top": 559,
"width": 86,
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"left": 113,
"top": 571,
"width": 181,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Penggunaan bahasa Indonesia saat ini sangat lemah dan dianggap remeh dikalangan remaja, anak-anak dan bahkan oleh orang-orang yang sudah memiliki jabatan yang cukup tinggi. Padahal bahasa Indonesia merupakan bahasa pemersatu dan digunakan sebagai suatu identitas terutama bagi warga Indonesia yang seharusnya menjunjung tinggi bahasa bahasa Indonesia.",
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"text": "Bahasa sebagai alat interaksi sosial memiliki peranan besar sekali.",
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"text": "Hampir tidak ada kegiatan manusia yang berlangsung tanpa kehadiran bahasa. Bahasa muncul dan diperlukan dalam segala kegiatan seperti pendidikan, perdagangan, keagamaan, politik, militer dan sebagainya. Bahasa juga digunakan dalam berkomunikasi secara lisan maupun tertulis.",
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"height": 52,
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"text": "Bahasa adalah sistem lambang bunyi yang arbitrer, yang digunakan oleh anggota suatu masyrakat untuk bekerjasama,",
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"text": "berinteraksi dan megidentifikasikan",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "79 Widyabastra , Volume 05, Nomor 2, Des 2017",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 181,
"height": 177,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "diri (Aminuddin, 2001:28). Bahasa adalah suatu sistem lambang berupa bunyi, bersifat arbiter, digunakan oleh suatu masyarakat tutur untuk bekerja sama, berkomunikasi, dan mengidentifikasi diri. Sebagai sebuah sistem, maka bahasa terbentuk oleh suatu aturan, kaidah, atau pola-pola tertentu, baik dalam bidang tata bunyi, tata bentuk kata, maupun tata kalimat. Bila aturan, kaidah, atau pola ini dilanggar maka komunikasi dapat terganggu (Chaer, 2011:1).",
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"text": "Salah satu dari cabang ilmu linguistik yaitu semantik. Semantik dalam bahasa Indonesia berasal dari bahasa Yunani sema (kata benda) yang berarti tanda atau lambang.",
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"text": "Kata kerjanya adalah semaino yang berarti menandai atau melambangkan. Tanda atau lambang disini sebagai padanan kata sema itu adalah tanda linguistik. Oleh karena itu kata semantik dapat diartikan sebagai ilmu tentang makna atau tentang arti, yaitu salah satu dari tiga tataran analisis bahasa : fonologi, gramatika, dan semantik (Chaer,",
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"text": "2009:2). Bahasa itu berkaitan erat dengan kondisi-kondisi sekitar pemakainya dan makna dari ujaran erat tautannya dengan siapa penuturnya, di mana, sedang apa, kapan, dan bagaimana. Lingkungan sosial, profesional, regional, dan historis akan memengaruhi bahasa dan penafsirannya. Seiring perkembangan zaman, makna mengalami perubahan. Secara sinkronis makna sebuah kata atau leksem tidak akan berubah tetapi secara diakronis ada kemungkinan dapat berubah. Maksudnya dalam masa yang relatif singkat, makna sebuah kata akan tetap sama dan tidak berubah, tetapi dalam waktu",
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"text": "yang relatif lama ada kemungkinan makna sebuah kata akan berubah (Chaer, 2012:310). Seperti halnya pada penggunaan bahasa yang dilakukan oleh komentator sepak bola piala presiden 2017. Banyak sekali perubahan-perubahan makna pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator tersebut.",
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"text": "Hal ini",
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"text": "dilakukan karena sepak bola adalah olahraga yang sangat memasyarakat dan banyak penggemarnya. Sehingga komentator menggunakan bahasa yang banyak mengalami perubahan makna untuk menarik minat,",
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"text": "menumbuhkan semangat penonton,",
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"text": "dan menumbuhkan kebanggaan terhadap club sepak bola yang penonton sukai. Komentator adalah orang yang (pekerjaannya) mengomentari atau mengulas sebuah berita (KBBI,2013:718). Sedangkan sepak bola merupakan permainan yang menggunakan bola besar. permainan ini dilakukan dengan ditendang, digiring kaki dan disundul menggunakan kepala. Setiap pemain berusaha untuk memainkan bola dan bekerjasama dengan pemain lain di dalam timnya untuk memasukkan bola ke gawang lawan (Hadziq, 2013:25). Sepak bola juga merupakan salah satu cabang olahraga yang paling diminati penduduk dunia, tidak terkecuali penduduk indonesia (Rahmani, 2014 : 99).",
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"text": "Dari penjelasan di atas peneliti bermaksud untuk",
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"text": "menganalisis perubahan makna apa saja pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator sepak bola piala presiden 2017 menggunakan kajian semantik. Sehingga pembaca dapat memahami jenis perubahan makna",
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"text": "80 Widyabastra , Volume 05, Nomor 2, Des 2017",
"type": "Page footer"
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"top": 116,
"width": 180,
"height": 39,
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"text": "pada bahasa yang dilakukan oleh komentator sepak bola piala presiden 2017.",
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"text": "KAJIAN TEORI Sebagai makhluk sosial, manusia selalu melakukan komunikasi dengan sesamanya. Komunikasi yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan bahasa sebagai sarananya disebut komunikasi berbahasa. Dalam komunikasi berbahasa manusia selalu melakukan perubahan makna dengan ketidaksadaran. Hal ini dilakukan agar bahasa yang mereka gunakan lebih menarik. Chaer (2012:311-315) menjelaskan secara sinkronis makna sebuah kata atau leksem tidak akan berubah; tetapi secara diakronis ada kemungkinan untuk berubah. Maksudnya, dalam masa yang relatif singkat, makna sebuah kata akan tetap sama, tidak berubah; tapi dalam waktu yang relatif lama ada kemungkinan makna sebuah kata akan berubah. Ada kemungkinan ini bukan berlaku untuk semua kosakata yang terdapat dalam sebuah bahasa, melainkan hanya terjadi pada sejumlah kata saja, yang disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain : Pertama, perkembangan dalam bidang ilmu dan teknologi. Adanya perkembangan konsep keilmuwan dan teknologi dapat menyebabkan sebuah kata yang mulanya bermakna A menjadi bermakna B atau C. Kedua, perkembangan sosial budaya perkembangan dalam masyarakat berkenaan dengan sikap sosial dan budaya, juga menyebabkan adanya perubahan makna.",
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"text": "Ketiga, perkembangan pemakaian kata. Setiap bidang keilmuan biasanya mempunyai sejumlah",
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"text": "kosakata yang berkenaan dengan bidangnya itu.",
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"text": "Keempat, adanya asosiasi pertukaran tanggapan indra. Alat indera kita yang lima mempunyai fungsi masing-masing untuk menangkap gejala-gejala yang teradi di dunia ini. Kelima, adanya asosiasi adalah adanya hubungan antara bentuk ujaran dengan sesuatu yang lain yang berkenaan dengan bentuk ujaran itu, sehingga dengan demikian apabila disebut ujaran itu, yang dimaksud adalah sesuatu yang lain yang berkenaan dengan ujaran itu.",
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"text": "Chaer (2009: 140) menjelaskan bahwa perubahan makna meluas adalah gejala yang terjadi pada sebuah kata atau leksem yang pada mulanya hanya memiliki sebuah makna, tetapi kemudian karena berbagai faktor menjadi memiliki makna-makna lain.",
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"text": "Persoalan perluasan makna ini dapat terjadi dalam waktu yang relatif singkat, tetapi dapat juga dalam kurun waktu yang cukup lama. Makna lain yang terjadi sebagai hasil perluasan itu masih berada dalam lingkup poli-seminya. Jadi makna- makna itu masih ada hubungannya dengan makna asalnya.",
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"text": "Chaer (2009: 142) menjelaskan perubahan makna menyempit adalah gejala yang terjadi pada sebuah kata yang pada mulanya mempunyai makna yang cukup luas, kemudian berubah menjadi terbatas hanya pada sebuah makna saja.",
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"width": 181,
"height": 94,
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"text": "Djajasudarma (2009), Makna sempit (narrowed meaning) adalah makna yang lebih sempit dari keseluruhan ujaran. Makna yang asalnya lebih luas dapat menyempit, karena dibatasi. Bloomfield mengemukakan adanya makna",
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"type": "Page footer"
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"top": 116,
"width": 113,
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"text": "sempit (narrowed",
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"text": "meaning;",
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"text": "specialized meaning) dan makna luas",
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"text": "(widened meaning;extened meaning) didalam perubahan makna ujaran. Perubahan makna suatu bentuk ujaran secara semantik berhubungan, tetapi ada juga yang menduga bahwa perubahan terjadi seolah-olah bentuk ujaran hanya menjadi objek yang reltif permanen, dan makna hanya menempel seperti satelit yang berubah-ubah. Sesuatu yang menjadi harapan mereka adalah menemukan alasan mengapa terjadi perubahan, melalui studi makna dengan segala perubahanya yang terjadi terus menerus. Chaer (2009: 142) menjelaskan bahwa perubahan makna total adalah berubahnya sama sekali makna sebuah kata dari makna asalnya. Memang ada kemungkinan makna yang dimiliki sekarang masih ada sangkut pautnya. Hanya konsep makna mengenai kata atau bentuk itu yang berubah. Dalam pembicaraan mengenai penghalusan ini berhadapan dengan gejala ditampilkannya kata-kata atau bentuk-bentuk yang",
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"text": "dianggap memiliki makna yang lebih untuk mengaluskan makna kata nampaknya merupakan gejala umum dalam masyarakat bahasa Indonesia.",
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"text": "Gejala penghalusan makna ini bukan barang baru dalam masyarakat Indonesia. Orang-orang dulu yang karena kepercayaan atau sebab-sebab lainnya akan mengganti kata buaya atau harimau dengan kata nenek, mengganti kata ular dengan kata akar atau oyod. Lalu, pada tahun lima puluhan pun banyak usaha dilakukan untuk penghalusan ini.",
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"text": "Banyak juga kata yang sebenarnya bernilai kasar tetapi",
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"height": 94,
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"text": "sengaja digunakan untuk lebih memberi tekanan tetapi tanpa terasa kekasarannya. Menurut Wijana dan Rohmadi (2008: 114) kata yang semula memiliki makna atau berdenotasi buruk di dalam",
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"height": 52,
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"text": "perkembangan atau pertumbuhan bahasa kadang dapat diubah menjadi baik. Fenomena ini disebut dengan proses amelioratif.",
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"text": "Dari pendapat ahli-ahli di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor yang mengakibatkan berubahnya makna kata dibedakan menjadi beberapa jenis perubahan makna yaitu meluas, menyempit, penghalusan, pengasaran, membaik, memburuk dan perubahan makna secara total. Faktor penyebabnya adalah perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi, social budaya, pemakaian kata khusus pada setiap bidang keilmuan, pertukaran tanggapan indra, dan adanya asosiasi.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"top": 487,
"width": 181,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian kualitatif adalah upaya untuk menyajikan dunia sosial, dan perspektifnya di dalam dunia. Dari segi konsep, perilaku, dan persoalan tentang manusia yang diteliti (Sutopo 2002).",
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{
"left": 366,
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"width": 144,
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"text": "Penelitian kualitatif",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 612,
"width": 181,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "melibatkan kegiatan antologis. Data yang dikumpulkan terutama berupa kata-kata, kalimat atau gambar yang memiliki arti lebih dari pada sekedar angka atau frekuensi. Peneliti menekankan catatan yang menggambarkan situasi sebenarnya guna mendukung penyajian data. Jadi, dalam mencari pemahaman, peneitian kualitatif cenderung tidak",
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"height": 25,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "82 Widyabastra , Volume 05, Nomor 2, Des 2017",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 181,
"height": 177,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "memotong halaman cerita dan data lainnya dengan simbol-simbol angka. Peneliti berusaha menganalisis data dengan semua kekayaan wataknya yang penuh nuansa, sedekat mungkin dengan bentuk aslinya seperti pada waktu dicatat. Penggunaan metode deskriptif kualitatif dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan langkah mendeskripsikan data-data yang berhubungan dengan rumusan masalah dan tujuan masalah yang telah ditentukan.",
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"text": "Analisis data yang digunakan peneliti ini menggunakan teknik content analysis yaitu peneliti bukan sekedar mencatat isi penting yang tersurat dalam dokumen atau arsip, tetapi juga tentang maknanya yang tersirat. Oleh karena itu dalam menghadapi beragam arsip dan dokumen tertulis sebagai sumber data, peneliti harus bisa bersikap kritis dan teliti Sutopo (2002 : 69). Bahkan dalam penelitian historis, dokumen yang ditemukan wajib dikaji kebenarannya, baik secara eksternal (kritik eksternal) yang berkaitan dengan keaslian dokumen, dan juga secara internal (kritik internal) yang berkaitan dengan kebenaran isi dokumen atau pernyataan yang ada, yang biasanya dibandingkan dengan dokumen lain atau jenis sumber data lain yang juga sangat berkaitan dengan pernyataan isi dokumen tersebut mengenai sesuatu yang ingin dipahami.",
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"text": "Adapun dalam penelitian ini langkah yang ditempuh terdiri dari lima tahap yaitu persiapan (mengumpulkan buku dan sumber yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian), pelaksanaan (melakuan penelitian dengan merekam audio dan video",
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"height": 204,
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"text": "kemudian dengan simak dan catat bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator sepak bola piala prsiden 2017 sebagai sumber data yang akan dibahas, pengolahan data (mengolah data atau kartu data, analisis data dan laporan hasil penelitian), pembahasan (melakukan pembahasan tentang data yang sudah diperoleh dari bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator sepak bola piala presiden 2017, dan penyimpulan (membuat sebuah kesimpulan dari pembahasan atau data-data yang telah dianalisis).",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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"left": 330,
"top": 349,
"width": 181,
"height": 287,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Dari hasil penelitian di atas tentang temuan perubahan makna pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator sepak bola “Piala Presiden 2017” terdapat 5 jenis perubahan makna yang meliputi perubahan makna meluas, perubahan makna menyempit, perubahan makna penghalusan, perubahan makna pengasaran, dan perubahan makna total. Adapun hasil penelitian tersebut dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut. 1. Perubahan Makna Meluas Dari hasil penelitian di atas komentator telah menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan makna meluas sebanyak 20 kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu dibaca,",
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"text": "dipatahkan,",
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"text": "goyah,dikumandangkan,",
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"top": 653,
"width": 163,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "menggedo, karat, sakti, umpan, jodoh, hantu, cuek, tandukan, halilintar, luntur, sergapan, mulut, mesra, saudara, keretakan, LDR (Long Distance Relationship). Terjadinya perubahan makna pengasaran",
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"width": 257,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "83 Widyabastra , Volume 05, Nomor 2, Des 2017",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 131,
"top": 116,
"width": 163,
"height": 494,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator dalam sepak bola piala presiden 2017 ini sesuai dengan teori Chaer (2009 : 145) yang menjelaskan bahwa perubahan makna meluas adalah gejala yang terjadi pada sebuah kata atau leksem yang pada mulanya hanya memiliki sebuah makna, tetapi kemudian karena berbagai faktor menjadi memiliki makna-makna lain dan menurut Wijana dan Rohmadi (2008 : 111) Makna sebuah kata seringkali mengalami perluasan sehubungan dengan berkembangnya bidang aktivitas kehidupan manusia. Kebutuhan akan konsep baru seperti diketahui tidak selamanya harus dijawab dengan penciptaan kata baru, tetapi yang jusru sering ditempuh oleh pemakai bahasa adalah dengan memperluas komponen kata-kata yang sudah ada.. Dalam pembahasan ini misalnya kata LDR (Long Distance Relationship), kata LDR (long distance relationship) berasal dari bahasa inggris yang memiliki arti hubungan jarak jauh dan biasanya kalimat ini ditujukan pada hubungan atara sepasang kekasih atau sahabat dan kata dibaca, kata dibacabiasnya",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 131,
"top": 613,
"width": 163,
"height": 121,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "digunakan pada kegiatan melihat serta memahami apa yang tertulis seperti “membaca buku” tapi dalam permainan sepak bola kata dibaca berarti mengetahui, dan memahami gerakan seorang pemain atau lawan.Teori ini juga sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Agustin ,",
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"text": "Nurjaman dan Yazidi (2013).",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dalam Tarigan (1993: 83) juga menjelaskan bahwa generalisasi atau perluasan adalah suatu proses perubahan makna kata dari yang lebih khusus ke yang lebih umum.",
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"left": 330,
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"text": "2. Perubahan Makna Menyempit",
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{
"left": 348,
"top": 213,
"width": 163,
"height": 231,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Dari pembahasan di atas komentator telah menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan maknamenyempit sebanyak satu kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu kata presiden. Terjadinya perubahan makna menyempit pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator dalam sepak bola piala presiden 2017 ini sesuai dengan teori Chaer (2009 : 145) yang menjelaskan bahwa perubahan makna menyempit adalah gejala yang terjadi pada sebuah kata yang pada mulanya mempunyai makna yang cukup luas,",
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"text": "kemudian berubah menjadi",
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"top": 461,
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"text": "terbatas hanya pada sebuah makna saja, dan menurut Wijana dan Rohmadi (2008 : 111) kata- kata asing sering kali mengalami penyempitan makna dalam bahasa yang menerimanya. Kata motor dalam bahasa aslinya menunjukkan pada semua alat penggerak. Di dalam bahasa Indonesia, kata ini kemudian mengalami penyempitan makna, yakni ‘sepeda motor’. Dalam pembahasan ini misalnya kata Presiden, kata",
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"text": "Presiden",
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"text": "sebenarnya memiliki arti “kepala lembaga perusahaan dsb”. Akan tetapi sekarang kata Presiden hanya digunakan sebagai panggilanuntuk kepala negara. Teori ini juga sesuai dengan penelitianyang dilakukan oleh",
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"text": "84 Widyabastra , Volume 05, Nomor 2, Des 2017",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 116,
"width": 181,
"height": 218,
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"text": "Ifah Hanifah dalam Keraf (2001) yang menjelaskan bahwa penyempitan makna kata terjadi ketika mana sebuah kata yang awalnya memiliki cakupan makna yang luas kemudian berubah menjadi lebih khusus. 3. Perubahan Makna Penghalusan Dari pembahasan di atas komentator telah menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan maknaPenghalusan sebanyak satu kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu kata cantik yang memiliki arti skill yang indah.",
"type": "Table"
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"left": 131,
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"text": "Terjadinya perubahan makna pengasaran pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator dalam sepak bola piala presiden 2017 ini sesuai dengan teori Chaer (2009 : 145) dalam pembicaraan mengenai perubahan makna yang meluas,",
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{
"left": 131,
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"width": 163,
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"text": "menyempit, atau berubah secara total, kita berhadapan dengan sebuah kata atau sebuah bentuk yang tetap. Hanya konsep makna mengenai kata atau bentuk itu yang berubah. Dalam pembicaraan mengenai penghalusan ini berhadapan dengan gejala ditampilkannya kata-kata atau bentuk-bentuk yang dianggap memiliki makna yang lebih untuk mengaluskan makna kata yang nampaknya merupakan gejala umum dalam masyarakat bahasa Indonesia dalam pembahasan ini misalnya kata cantik, kata cantikpada kalimat disamping mengalami pengahalusan makna yang berarti bagus atau indah.",
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"text": "4. Perubahan Makna Pengasaran",
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"text": "Dari pembahasan di atas membuktikan bahwa komentator menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan makna pengasaran sebanyak enam kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu kata predator, pendek. Menghujam, sapuan, makan, prematur. Terjadinya perubahan makna pengasaran pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator dalam sepak bola piala presiden 2017 ini sesuai dengan teori Menurut Wijana dan Rohmadi (2008 : 113) berlawanan dengan perkembangan makna kata wanita, perkembangan makna kata perempuan mengalami perubahan makna yang memburuk (peyoratif). Kata perempuan pada masa yang lalu memiliki nilai rasa yang netral. Kata perempuan (perempoean)",
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"text": "pada zaman dahulu sering digunakan untuk menamai gerakan, perkumpulan atau organisasi-organisasi masa. Pada masa sekarang, sehubungan dengan perubahan yang",
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"text": "memburuk itu, kata perempuan digantikan dengan kata wanita. Dalam pembahasan ini misalnya kata prematur, kata prematur pada kalimat disamping memiliki makna “belum waktunya ata terlalu cepat” jadi kata prematur terbukti bahwa mengalami pengasaran makna, dan kata makan, kata makan pada kalimat disamping memiliki makna “u mpan bola kepada teman satu tim” jadi terlihat jelas bahwa kata makan adalah perubahan makna pengasaran dari kata umpan.",
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"text": "5. Peubahan Makna Secara Total",
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"text": "85 Widyabastra , Volume 05, Nomor 2, Des 2017",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 131,
"top": 116,
"width": 163,
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"text": "Dari pembahasan di atas membuktikan bahwa komentator menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan maknaperubahan menyempit sebanyak 18 kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu kata eksekusi, sayap, langit, prahara, belut, batu karang, angkasa, roket, maut, awan.",
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"left": 131,
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"text": "Banteng, lautan, segitiga cinta, tensi, emas, palang pintu, angin, dan banteng. Terjadinya perubahan makna pada bahasa yang digunakan oleh komentator dalam sepak bola piala presiden 2017 ini sesuai dengan teori Chaer (2009 : 145) yang menjelaskan bahwa perubahan makna total adalah berubahnya sama sekali makna sebuah kata dari makna asalnya. Memang ada kemungkinan makna yang dimiliki sekarang masih ada sangkut pautnya. Dalam pembahasan ini misalnya kata banteng, dari kalimat tersebut kata banteng mengalami makna secara total yang berarti manusia atau pemain sepak bola, dan kata",
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"text": "angin Dari kalimat tersebut kata angin mangalami perubahan makna secara total yaitu tendagan yang memiliki kecepatan tinggi.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"top": 610,
"width": 181,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil Analisis Perubahan Makna Pada Bahasa yang Digunakan Oleh Komentator Sepak Bola Piala Presiden 2017 ditemukan perubahan makna sebanyak 46 kata. Perubahan makna kata tersebut ditemukan pada jenis perubahan makna yang berbeda.",
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"text": "1. Komentator telah menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan",
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"text": "makna meluas sebanyak 20 kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu dibaca, dipatahkan, goyah,dikumandangkan, menggedo, karat, sakti, umpan, jodoh, hantu, cuek, tandukan, halilintar, luntur, sergapan, mulut, mesra, saudara, keretakan, LDR (Long Distance Relationship). 2. Komentator telah telah menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan makna secara menyempit sebanyak satu kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu kata presiden. 3. Komentator telah menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan makna penghalusan sebanyak satu kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu kata cantik yang memiliki arti skill yang indah.",
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"text": "4. Komentator telah menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan makna pengasaran sebanyak enam kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu kata predator, pendek.",
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"text": "Menghujam, sapuan, makan, prematur.",
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"text": "5. Komentator telah menggunakan kata yang mengalami perubahan makna menyempit sebanyak 18 kata dalam tiga pertandingan sepak bola yaitu kata eksekusi, sayap, langit, prahara, belut, batu karang, angkasa, roket, maut, awan. Banteng, lautan, segitiga cinta, tensi, emas, palang pintu, angin, dan banteng. Dari masing-masing pembahasan perubahan makna",
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"text": "disebabkan karena untuk menarik minat, menumbuhkan semangat penonton, dan menumbuhkan",
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"text": "kebanggaan terhadap club sepak bola yang penonton sukai. Karena sepak bola adalah olahraga yang sangat memasyarakat dan banyak penggemarnya. Komentator menggunakan bahasa yang banyak mengalami perubahan makna. REFERENSI Agustin, Ade Tika, Nurjaman, Aam dan Yazidi Ahmad. 2013“Analisis Perubahan Makna Kata Generalisasi Pada Rubrik Pendidikan Surat Kabar Bogor Dan Implikasinya",
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dd34af9d-74c5-f0e7-446b-509d7ee4c005 | https://jurnal.stmikroyal.ac.id/index.php/jurteksi/article/download/46/43 | [
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"text": "Abstract: PDAM Kisaran is one of the regional companies in Kisaran city which is engaged in the process of clean water management. To perform placement on a company done by means of manual data processing that has not used a more objective measurement system performance. Placement of new employees among the responsibilities of the human resources department in determining the position or position of a person. With the development of science and computerized technology it is necessary decision support system in determining the placement of employees in the company this area. Using the SMART (Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique) method in this support system will be more effective in determining the capacity of new employees and also helping people in making their decisions.",
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"text": "Abstrak: PDAM Kisaran merupakan salah satu perusahaan daerah di kota Kisaran yang bergerak dalam bidang proses pengelolaan air bersih. Untuk pelaksanaan penempatan karyawan baru pada perusahaan daerah ini dilakukan dengan cara pengolahan data secara manual yang belum menggunakan penggunaan sistem pengambilan keputusan yang bersifat yang lebih objektif. Penempatan karyawan barui di suatu instansi adalah kebijaksanaan dari Departemen sumber daya manusia dalam menetukan posisisi atau jabatan seseorang. Dengan semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi komputerisasi maka diperlukan suatu sistem pendukung keputusan dalam menentukan penempatan karyawan baru pada perusahaan daerah ini. Dengan menggunakan metode SMART (Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique) pada sistem pendukung ini maka akan lebih efektif dalam penentuan penempatan karyawan baru serta membantu Departemen sumber daya manusia dalam mengambil keputusannya.",
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"text": "Perkembangan teknologi infor- masi saat ini memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam aspek kehidupan, baik dalam dunia bisnis, politik hingga perekonomian. Dengan perkembangan",
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"text": "teknologi informasi yang ada saat ini pengolahan data dapat dilakukan dengan mudah, dapat menghasilkan suatu informasi yang kita butuhkan dengan akurat, waktu yang efektif serta dengan biaya yang lebih efisien. Keunggulan inilah yang menjadikan teknologi",
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"text": "informasi saat ini banyak berperan pada segala bidang dan berkembang sesuai dengan kebutuhan.",
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"text": "PDAM Kisaran merupakan salah satu perusahaan di kota Kisaran yang bergerak dalam bidang proses pengelolaan air bersih. Proses penempatan karyawan baru masih melakukan cara manual yaitu mengumpulkan nilai hasil dari setiap seleksi kemudian menganalisa dan menghitung hasilnya serta mencocokkan dengan standar nilai dan kriteria perusahaan tersebut, kemudian menginput data di dalam program pengolah angka dengan menggunakan Microsoft Excel dari nilai hasil setiap seleksinya. Untuk penyimpanan data, masih menggunakan cara manual melalui pengarsipan yang memungkinkan dapat terjadinya kehilangan data dan akan membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk mencari data, karena harus membuka dokumen dan mencari berkas data satu persatu. Dari latar belakang masalah diatas maka ada beberapa rumusan masalah yang terjadi, bagaimana proses penempatan karyawan baru pada PDAM",
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"text": "Kisaran, serta metode yang efektif dan efisien dalam mengambil keputusan dalam penempatan karyawan baru tersebut.",
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"text": "Suatu sistem adalah sekelompok unsur yang saling berhubungan dan mempunyai maksud tertentu, untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Sistem juga merupakan kumpulan dari beberapa elemen yang saling berintegrasi untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Elemen-elemen yang mewakili suatu sistem secara umum adalah masukan (input) , pengolahan (processing) dan keluaran (output).",
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"text": "System Development Life Cycle adalah konsep yang menyatakan bahwa setiap proyek pengembangan sistem akan memiliki proses atau siklus hidup yang pada dasarnya sama yaitu analisis sistem, dan implementasi. Tahapan utama siklus hidup pengembangan sistem terdiri dari: 1. Systems Planning : Perencanaan sistem menyangkut estimasi dari kebutuhan-kebutuhan fisik, tenaga kerja dan dana yang dibutuhkan untuk mendukung pengembangan sistem ini. 2. System Analysis Membuat analisis aliran kerja manajemen yang sedang berjalan. 3. Systems Design Secara Umum dan Secara Terinci: membuat desain aliran kerja manajemen dan desain pemrograman yang diperlukan untuk pengem- bangan sistem informasi.",
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"text": "Merupakan tahap meletakkan sistem supaya siap untuk dioperasikan. 6. System Implementation & Maintenance Tahap yang mendukung operasi sistem informasi dan melakukan perubahan atau tambahan fasilitas.",
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"text": "Manajemen data memasukkan satu database yang berisi data yang relevan untuk situasi dan dikelola oleh perangkat lunak yang disebut DBMS ( Database Management System ).",
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"text": "Manajemen data dapat diinterkoneksi- kan dengan data warehouse perusahaan, suatu repisitori untuk data perusahaan yang relevan untuk mengambil keputusan. 2. Manajemen Model Manajemen model merupakan paket perangkat lunak yang memasukkan beragai macam model, diantaranya adalah model keuangan, statistik, ilmu manajemen, atau model kuantitatif lainnya yang memberikan kemampuan analitik dan manajemen perangkat lunak yang tepat. Bahasa-bahasa pemodelan untuk membangun model- model yang sesuai juga dimasukkan. Perangkat lunak ini disebut sistem manajemen basis model. 3. Antarmuka Antarmuka penguna memungkinkan pengguna berkomunikasi dan memerintahkan Sistem Pendukung Keputusan. Browser Web memberikan struktur antarmuka pengguna grafis yang familier dan konsisten. Istilan antarmuka pengguna mencakup semua aspek komunikasi antara pengguna dengan system. Cakupannya tidak hanya perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak saja, tetapi juga faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan kemudahan penggunaan, kemampuan untuk dapat diakses, dan interaksi manusia-mesin. 4. Manajemen berbasis pengetahuan Subsistem optional ini dapat mendukung subsistem lain atau bertindak atau bertindak sebagai komponen yang berdiri sendiri. Sistem pendukung keputusan adalah sistem berbasis komputer interaktif, yang membantu para pengambil keputusan untuk menggunakan data dan berbagai model untuk memecahkan masalah tidak terstruktur. sistem pendukung keputusan memadukan sumber daya intelektual dari individu dengan kapabilitas komputer untuk meningkatkan kualitas keputusan. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan adalah sistem pendukung berbasis",
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"text": "komputer bagi para pengambil keputusan manajemen yang menangani masalah- masalah tidak terstruktur. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan merupakan pengambil informasi yang ditujuhkan pada suatu masalah tertentu yang harus dipecahkan oleh manager dan dapat membantu manager dalam pengambil keputusan. Sistem pendukung keputusan merupakan bagian tak terpisahkan dari totalitas sistem organisasi keseluruhan.",
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"left": 323,
"top": 268,
"width": 74,
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"text": "Metode SMART",
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"top": 280,
"width": 191,
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"text": "SMART (Simple Multi – Attribute Rating Technique) merupakan metode pengambilan keputusan multi kriteria yang dikembangkan oleh Edward pada tahun 1977. Teknik pengambilan keputusan multi kriteria ini didasarkan pada teori bahwa setiap alternatif terdiri dari sejumlah kriteria yang memiliki nilai– nilai dan setiap kriteria memiliki bobot yang menggambarkan seberapa penting ia dibandingkan dengan kriteria lain. Pembobotan ini digunakan untuk menilai setiap alternatif agar diperoleh alternatif terbaik.",
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"text": "SMART menggunakan linear additive model untuk meramal nilai setiap alternatif. SMART merupakan metode pengambilan keputusan yang fleksibel. SMART , lebih banyak digunakan karena kesederhanaanya",
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"text": "dalam merespon kebutuhan pembuat keputusan dan caranya menganalisa respon. Analisa yang terlibat adalah transparan sehingga metode ini memberikan pemahaman masalah yang tinggi dan dapat diterima oleh pembuat keputusan.",
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"top": 609,
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"text": "Tujuan dengan Metode SMART adalah : a . Spesific : spesifik",
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"top": 647,
"width": 190,
"height": 99,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tujuan harus detail atau terinci, sebab semakin spesifik tujuan yang kita tetapkan, semakin jelas apa yang harus kita kerjakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, Anda harus membayangkan- nya. b . Measurable : terukur Tentukan tujuan yang terukur",
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"text": "JURTEKSI (Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi) ISSN 2407-1811 (print) Vol. IV No. 2, Jun 2018, hlm. 179 – 184",
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},
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"top": 51,
"width": 120,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 2550-0201 (online)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 64,
"width": 298,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Available online at http://jurnal.stmikroyal.ac.id/index.php/jurteksi",
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"text": "sehingga anda bisa menentukan perkembangannya secara spesifik. Misalkan Anda seorang marketing atau sales. Misalkan tujuan yang hendak anda capai pada tahun kedua Anda menjadi the best marketing , Pepatah kuno berkata sesuatu yang bisa diukur, pasti bisa dicapai.",
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"top": 217,
"width": 191,
"height": 73,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "c. Attainable : Bisa Dicapai Ingat semakin spesifik tujuan yang anda tetapkan, semakin mudah anda menentukan apa yang harus anda lakukan. Anda akan mendidik diri untuk mencapai tujuan itu.",
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},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 293,
"width": 191,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "d. Realistic : Realistis Kita tetap harus sadar sepenuhnya dalam menentukan tujuan agar tetap realistis. Meskipun demikian, memiliki impian tetaplah realistis. Tetapi anda harus tetap memperhitungkan hasil yang akan anda dapatkan atau cara untuk menggapai impian itu. Jika tidak ada kemampuan untuk meraihnya, itu yang dikatakan tidak realistis.",
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"top": 419,
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"text": "e. Time Bound : Terikat Waktu Hal ini adalah sesuatu yg penting. Setiap tujuan harus memiliki dateline.",
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{
"left": 118,
"top": 457,
"width": 186,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ini untuk mencegah tujuan anda molor dari waktu ke waktu.",
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"text": "METODOLOGI",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 534,
"width": 193,
"height": 98,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penelitian Lapangan a. Observasi Observasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui data-data karyawan di PDAM Kisaran, sehingga dapat dilakukan analisis untuk mengetahui kriteria apa saja yang akan digunakan b. Wawancara",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 128,
"top": 635,
"width": 176,
"height": 47,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Melakukan wawancara kepada pihak- pihak terkait untuk memastikan dan memperoleh data-data rinci tentang penilaian yang sudah berjalan.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 698,
"width": 112,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penelitian Perpustakan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 710,
"width": 193,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Mencari sumber-sumber pustaka dalam mendukung penelitian dan memberikan informasi yang memadai",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 116,
"width": 170,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "untuk menyelasaikan penelitian ini.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 154,
"width": 145,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 179,
"width": 190,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Mempelajari sistem yang ada dengan melakukan penelitian dan pengamatan terhadap unit-unit kerja yang terlibat dalam melakukan proses",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 230,
"width": 190,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "pengolahan data penempatan karyawan baru di PDAM Kisaran.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 255,
"width": 190,
"height": 99,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Tujuan pengamatan adalah untuk menemukan kelemahan dan kelebihan pada sistem lama, dan untuk merancang sebuah sistem pendukung keputusan yang baru yang dapat memudahkan kinerja karyawan sehingga mengatasi masalah- masalah yang terjadi pada pengelolahan data penempatan karyawan baru di",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 356,
"width": 193,
"height": 225,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "PDAM Kisaran Penempatan karyawan baru merupakan langkah-langkah yang menggambarkan prosedur aliran sistem informasi berupa gambaran job description dan specification terhadap masing-masing tenaga yang bertugas. Perancangan prosedur yang diusulkan untuk sistem pendukung keputusan penempatan karyawan baru pada PDAM Kisaran. 1. Tim penguji memberikan data hasil penilaian karyawan baru yang lulus kepada kepala personalia; 2. Kemudian kepala personalia menyerahkan data hasil penilaian karyawan baru yang lulus kepada admin;",
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"top": 584,
"width": 169,
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"text": "3. Kemudian admin melakukan login",
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 597,
"width": 190,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "4. setelah itu admin menginputkan data hasil penilaian karyawan baru yang lulus kedalam database;",
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{
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"top": 635,
"width": 190,
"height": 35,
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"text": "5. Setelah diinputkan admin mencetak laporan penempatan posisi karyawan baru sebanyak 2 rangkap;",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 672,
"width": 187,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "6. Setelah diinputkan admin menyerah-",
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},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 685,
"width": 190,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "kan laporan penempatan posisi karyawan baru kepada kepala personalia sebanyak 2 rangkap; 7. Kemudian kepala personalia menyerahkan laporan penempatan",
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"top": 38,
"width": 391,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "JURTEKSI (Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi) ISSN 2407-1811 (print) Vol. IV No. 2, Jun 2018, hlm. 179 – 184",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 390,
"top": 51,
"width": 120,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 2550-0201 (online)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 64,
"width": 298,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available online at http://jurnal.stmikroyal.ac.id/index.php/jurteksi",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 116,
"width": 176,
"height": 22,
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"text": "posisi karyawan baru kepada direktur untuk diperiksa sebanyak 2 rangkap;",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 141,
"width": 191,
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"text": "8. Kemudian direktur memeriksa laporan penempatan posisi karyawan baru;",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 166,
"width": 191,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "9. Setelah diperiksa direktur menyetujui ( Accepted ) laporan penempatan posisi karyawan baru;",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 204,
"width": 191,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "10. Setelah menyetujui ( Accepted ) direktur menandatangani laporan penempatan posisi karyawan baru sebanyak 2",
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"text": "rangkap;",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 255,
"width": 191,
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"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "11. Setelah ditanda tangani, laporan penempatan posisi karyawan baru yang sudah ditanda tangani diserahkan kepada kepala personalia untuk disimpan sebanyak 1 rangkap,",
"type": "Table"
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"left": 128,
"top": 318,
"width": 176,
"height": 23,
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"text": "sedangkan sisanya disimpan oleh direktur.",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 356,
"width": 84,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Pengujian Sistem",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 369,
"width": 190,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengujian merupakan bagian yang penting dalam siklus pembangunan perangkat lunak. Pengujian dilakukan untuk menjamin kualitas dan juga mengetahui kelemahan dari perangkat lunak. Tujuan dari pengujian adalah menjamin bahwa perangkat lunak yang dibangun memiliki kualitas yang handal yaitu mampu mempresentasikan kajian pokok dari",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 483,
"width": 190,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "spesifikasi, analisis, perancangan dan pengkodean dari perangkat lunak itu sendiri.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 142,
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"text": "Gambar 1. Tampilan Olah Data",
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"text": "Adapun kriteria pengujian tersebut dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kebenaran perangkat lunak dan kesesuaian dengan spesifikasinya dinyatakan berhasil jika aplikasi mampu menjalankan fungsi-fungsi berdasarkan spesifikasi secara benar. Sebaliknya",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 323,
"top": 116,
"width": 190,
"height": 48,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "pengujian dinyatakan gagal jika terdapat fungsi dari perangkat lunak dalam spesifikasi yang tidak dapat dijalankan pada proses pengujian.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 293,
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"text": "Gambar 2. Tampilan Halaman Laporan",
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"top": 407,
"width": 181,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 3. Tampilan Laporan yang Dicetak Berdasarkan Objek",
"type": "Picture"
},
{
"left": 380,
"top": 432,
"width": 57,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Penempatan",
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"left": 323,
"top": 571,
"width": 163,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 4. Tampilan Laporan yang",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 380,
"top": 584,
"width": 95,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Dicetak Berdasarkan Keahlian",
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},
{
"left": 323,
"top": 718,
"width": 166,
"height": 36,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gambar 5. Tampilan Laporan yang Dicetak Berdasarkan Keseluruhan",
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"left": 113,
"top": 38,
"width": 391,
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"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "JURTEKSI (Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi) ISSN 2407-1811 (print) Vol. IV No. 2, Jun 2018, hlm. 179 – 184",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 390,
"top": 51,
"width": 120,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "ISSN 2550-0201 (online)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 64,
"width": 298,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Available online at http://jurnal.stmikroyal.ac.id/index.php/jurteksi",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "SIMPULAN",
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"top": 141,
"width": 190,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan analisa yang telah dilakukan, maka dapat diambil simpulan sebagai berikut:",
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"width": 400,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "1. Dengan perancangan sistem pen- dukung keputusan yang terkompu- terisasi menggunakan database pada PDAM Kisaran ini dapat membantu mempermudah panitia tim pemilihan karyawan baru dalam mengiinput- kan data untuk penempatan karyawan baru. 2. Proses hasil keputusan lebih cepat dan efektif dalam menetapkan penempatan yang tepat kepada karyawan yang baru sesuai dengan kriteria dan keahliannya.",
"type": "Table"
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"left": 323,
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"width": 190,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya dapat menggunakan metode yang berbeda, agar terjadi variasi proses dengan hasil yang hampir sama sebagai data perbandingan antar metode tersebut.",
"type": "Table"
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"height": 10,
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Barat (2016). “ Tingkat Penghunian Kamar Hotel Sumatera Barat ”. Dian P., Diaz D.S., and Bens Pardamean (2011). An Application Of Artificial Neural Network Method For Measuring The Severity Of Osteoarthritis. Vol.11 (3) Dian N. and Fajri Rahmat U., (2016). Pengenalan Citra Buah Manggis Menggunakan Metode Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Backpropagation . Mei 2016. Kadu Parag P., (2013). Temperature Prediction System Using Backpropagation Neural Network : An Approch . ,Vol. 2 : 61-64 Lesnussa Y.A., Latuconsina S., and Persulessy E.R., (2015). “ Aplikasi Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Backpropagation Untuk Memprediksi Prestasi Siswa SMA (Studi Kasus: SMAN 4 Ambon) ”. Jurnal Matematika Integratif.",
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"text": "Volume 11 (2), Oktober 2015, Oktaviani U., Beni I., and Fatma A.S., (2014).“ Diagnosa Gizi Pada Anak Balita Dengan Menggunakan Metode Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Metode",
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"text": "Panchal Amit M., (2015). “ National Stock Exchange Stock And Index Price Direction Prediction Using Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network ” , International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol. 4 (11), November 2015.",
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"text": "Risnawati, R., & Handayani, M. (2017). penerapan Jaringan Saraf Tiruan Untuk Proyeksi Logistik Berdasarkan Prediksi Pasien Menggunakan Algoritma Backpropagation. JURTEKSI , 4 (1 ), 21-28.",
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f9fb71db-3afb-0c9f-479a-219f032a251d | http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jolahraga/article/download/6244/5549 | [
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"text": "GERAK MULTILATERAL MELALUI PERMAINAN BOLA BESAR UNTUK ANAK SD KELAS BAWAH",
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"text": "Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Bali 1) , Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta 2) [email protected] 1) , [email protected] 2)",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral yang dibentuk melalui permainan bola besar, serta dikembangkan menjadi panduan guru olahraga dan pembelajaran dengan konsep permainan. Penelitian ini dikembangkan dengan mengadaptasi penelitian dan pengembangan pendidikan model Gall, Gall, & Borg. Uji coba dengan skala kecil dilakukan terhadap 24 orang siswa di SD Mutiara Singaraja dan 85 orang siswa pada skala besar di SDN 1 dan SDN 3 Singaraja. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah angket skala nilai validasi, pedoman observasi model pembelajaran permainan, dan pedoman observasi keefektifan model pembelajaran permainan. Hasil penelitian berupa pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar yang terdiri atas sembilan permainan, yaitu: (1) Berburu Bebek, (2) Bola Pertemanan, (3) Bola Zig-Zag Berlari, (4) Mengambil Mutiara, (5) Bola Berguling, (6) Bola Tembak, (7) Bola Raja, (8) Bola Gawang, dan (9) Bola Tepuk. Pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral disusun dalam buku pedoman pembelajaran dan CD dengan judul “Bola Multi Gerak”.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : model, pembelajaran, gerak multilateral, permainan, bola besar",
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"text": "MULTILATERAL TEACHING MOTION MODEL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE BIG BALL GAME FOR LOWER GRADE ELEMENTARY KIDS",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "This study aims to produce a model of motion teaching multilateral form through big ball game. This study was developed by adapting the research and development of educational models Gall, Gall, & Borg. Small-scale trials were carried out on 24 students from SD Mutiara Singaraja. Big-scale trials were carried out on 85 students from SDN 1 and SDN 3 Singaraja. The instrument used to collect the data was a questionnaire rating scale validation, the model observation teaching game, and the observation model of the effectiveness of teaching games. The results of the study is the development of multilateral exercise motion model through the big ball game that consists of 9 games, namely: (1) Duck Hunting, (2) Friendship Ball, (3) Zig-Zag Running Ball, (4) Taking Pearl, (5) Rolling Ball, (6) Shoot Ball, (7) The King of Ball, (8) Goal Ball, and (9) Pat Ball. Multilateral teaching motion model development was compiled in teaching manuals and a CD with the title \"Multi Ball Motion\" .",
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"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 195",
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"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
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"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Anak adalah pemilik masa kini dan masa depan bangsa, karena di tangan anak diteruskan sejarah kehidupan manusia Indonesia selanjut- nya (Latif, 2013, p.1), bagaimana cara merawat serta mendidik anak agar memiliki pemikiran, perkataan, perbuatan (hubungan sosial) serta gerak yang baik sehingga nantinya anak mampu untuk meraih apa yang menjadi harapan dan cita-citanya di masa yang akan datang. Tubuh yang sehat adalah menjadi pokok utama untuk manusia mampu melakukan aktivitas gerak dengan baik, tubuh yang sehat serta gerak yang baik dapat dibentuk dan didapatkan melalui satu aktivitas yang sesuai yaitu olahraga, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Clark (2008, p,54):",
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"text": "Sport can help children grow, giving them a sense of achievement while building team- work, leadership, problem-solving, decision- making, and communications skills. Sport also enables children to channel their energy, competitiveness and aggression in socially.",
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"text": "Apabila anak sudah mampu untuk mela- kukan aktivitas fisik dengan baik dan benar serta berkesinambungan, anak akan memiliki tubuh yang sehat dan berbagai macam bentuk gerak yang baik.",
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"text": "Aktivitas olahraga yang bervariasi sangat membantu anak dalam proses belajar gerak, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Sukadiyanto (2005, p.19) salah satu prinsip latihan adalah prinsip variasi. Dengan bentuk proses pembel- ajaran serta latihan yang bervariasi anak akan terhindar dari kejenuhan, keengganan, dan keresahan yang merupakan kelelahan secara psikologis sehingga mampu menjadi daya tarik bagi anak dalam proses belajar berbagai macam bentuk gerak.",
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"text": "Perlunya anak dibekali dengan berbagai keterampilan gerak dasar yang baik dan benar sesuai dengan umur serta kemampuannya akan memberikan dampak positif untuk tumbuh kembang baik itu fisik maupun psikis anak. Dengan dibentuknya proses belajar gerak yang baik dan benar, anak akan lebih siap dalam melakukan aktivitas gerak yang lebih kompleks untuk ke depannya. Dijelaskan oleh Lumintuarso (2013, p.7) bahwa dengan penye- diaan pengalaman gerak yang beragam anak akan memiliki pola dan kesadaran gerak yang lebih kuat untuk mampu berkinerja dengan",
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"text": "lebih efesien dalam berbagai situasi yang bervariasi.",
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"text": "Pada dasarnya guru atau pelatih memiliki harapan serta keinginan yang sama untuk mem- bentuk anak didik atau anak latih yang mampu berprestasi nantinya. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang diharapkan tentunya harus melalui proses, yang harus dilalui secara bertahap dari tahapan yang paling dasar atau sederhana hingga nanti- nya menuju ke tahapan yang lebih kompleks atau susah. Seiring dengan harapan guru ba- nyaknya proses dasar yang belum bisa dipenuhi untuk membawa anak ke tahapan yang lebih kompleks seperti mengajarkan berbagai macam bentuk gerak dasar yang diharapkan akan mampu menjadi fondasi anak untuk melangkah ke tahap gerak yang lebih kompleks.",
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"text": "Observasi langsung ke lapangan peneliti lakukan pada anak SD kelas bawah yang mela- kukan kegiatan olahraga di taman kota Singa- raja Bali. Di sana terdapat beberapa SD melaku- kan kegiatan olahraga, yaitu SD Mutiara, SD 1 Banjar Jawa, SD 3 Banjar Jawa. Ditemukan masih banyak guru yang kurang kreatif dan masih menggunakan metode yang tradisional dalam memberikan bentuk-bentuk aktivitas fisik yang menyangkut tentang pengetahuan berbagai macam bentuk gerak dasar atau gerak multilateral, seperti mengajarkan anak untuk berlari. Di sini guru hanya memberikan aba-aba atau perintah agar anak berlari cepat sampai batas yang telah ditentukan, dan bentuk pem- belajaran berbagai macam bentuk gerak dasar seperti melompat, anak hanya diinstruksikan untuk melompat-lompat di tempat beberapa kali lalu berlari ke arah yang ditentukan, satu atau dua kali kesempatan anak masih bersemangat, tetapi untuk kesempatan selanjutannya anak mengalami keengganan dalam melakukan ke- giatan yang sama, bisa dilihat dari kemauan anak untuk melakukan kegiatan tersebut harus dipaksa oleh guru karena anak tidak ada yang mau berbaris di barisan terdepan untuk memulai gerakan yang sama, itu dikarenakan anak me- rasa bosan serta lelah dan tidak membuat anak itu senang dan gembira dalam melakukan akti- vitas gerak. Dengan demikian guru hanya melanjutkan materi pelajaran tanpa memper- baiki cara mengajar serta gerakan-gerakan anak dalam proses belajar berbagaimacam bentuk gerak dasar, mengajarkan serta melatih berbagai macam bentuk gerak dasar atau disebut juga gerak multilateral sangat penting bagi kelang- sungan gerak anak ke depannya. Oleh sebab itu perlu variasi dalam berbagai macam bentuk",
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"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
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"text": "proses pembelajaran gerak multilateral untuk menumbuhkembangkan minat dan motivasi anak dalam belajar serta berlatih, sehingga apa yang diajarkan serta dilatihkan bisa tercapi dengan baik dan benar.",
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"text": "Teknik wawancara juga dilakukan oleh peneliti untuk menggali informasi dari sudut pandang guru serta sudut pandang anak tentang apa yang menyebabkan anak menjadi cepat bosan dan enggan belajar gerak dasar dalam pelajaran olahraga khususnya dalam proses bel- ajar gerak multilateral. Empat guru yang diwa- wancarai menyatakan bahwa salah satu penye- bab anak malas untuk melakukan olahraga secara aktif (melibatkan motorik kasar dan motorik halus) adalah lebih tertariknya anak untuk melakukan permainan elektronik seperti game online, playstation, dan game-game elek- tronik lainnya. Anak merasa sangat nyaman un- tuk melakukan game tersebut tanpa merasakan kebosanan dengan jangka waktu yang lama. Di sisi lain anak sendiri menyatakan bahwa dirinya hanya merasakan lelah dan bosan dengan apa yang diajarkan oleh guru dan tidak suka mela- kukan aktivitas gerak berlari dan melompat. Game yang dilakukan dalam jangka waktu lama (≥2 jam) tanpa diimbangi dengan aktivitas fisik yang baik akan berdampak buruk untuk kese- hatan fisik serta psikis anak. Griffiths (2010, p.1) menyatakan.",
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"text": "Boys and girls who used screen-entertain- ment for any duration, and participated in sport, had fewer emotional and behavioural problems, and more prosocial behaviours, than children who used screen-entertain- ment for ≥ 2 hours per day and did not participate in sport.",
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"text": "Anak laki-laki dan perempuan yang menggunakan layar hiburan ( playstation, game internet , dan lain-lain) untuk durasi apa pun, dan berpartisipasi dalam olahraga memiliki lebih sedikit masalah emosional dan perilaku, serta memiliki perilaku yang lebih prososial, daripada anak-anak yang hanya menggunakan layar hiburan ≥ 2 jam di tiap harinya dan tidak berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan olahraga. Oleh sebab itu untuk menyiasati agar anak tidak hanya menyukai permainan elektronik yang hanya mampu memenuhi aspek psikis anak, perlu dibentuk suatu alternatif agar anak juga memiliki kegemaran serta minat dalam berolah- raga. Olahraga tersebut harus memiliki daya tarik untuk selalu dimainkan oleh anak layak- nya game elektronik yang mampu membuat",
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"text": "anak senang serta termotivasi untuk me- mainkannya. Hal ini untuk olahraga khususnya berbagai macam bentuk gerak dasar atau gerak multilateral yang mencakup gerak motorik kasar serta gerak motorik halus. Payne & Issac (2012, p.11) menyatakan, “ gross movement are primarily controlled by the large muscles group. These muscles are integral in producing an array of movement, such as walking, running, and skipping.” Artinya, gerak motorik kasar adalah gerakan yang dikendalikan oleh kelompok otot-otot besar. Otot-otot ini merupa- kan bagian integral dalam memproduksi berba- gai gerak, seperti berjalan, berlari, dan melom- pat-lompat. “ Fine movement are primarily governed by the small muscles or muscle groups. Therefore, such as movement as draw- ing, typing, or playing a musical instrument are fine movement” artinya gerakan motorik halus adalah gerakan yang diatur oleh otot-otot kecil atau kelompok otot. Seperti gerakan meng- gambar, mengetik, atau memainkan alat musik adalah gerakan motorik halus (Payne & Issac, 2012, p.11).",
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"text": "Mengajarkan berbagai macam bentuk gerak dasar atau gerak multilateral pada anak harus memiliki suatu model pembelajaran yang bervariasi dan di dalamnya terkandung unsur bermain. Bentuk mengajar yang bervariasi dan memiliki unsur bermain akan dapat meng- hindarkan anak dari kejenuhan atau kebosanan dalam proses belajar gerak. Dengan kata lain, model pembelajaran yang memiliki unsur ber- main, dapat memacu serta merangsang anak agar melakukan gerakan yang menyenangkan dan tanpa sadar anak tersebut dalam proses belajar dan berlatih.",
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"text": "Gerak multilateral memiliki manfaat yang sangat penting, karena dengan belajar gerak multilateral sejak usia dini anak akan memiliki dasar gerak yang baik dan siap dalam melakukan aktivitas gerak yang lebih kompleks untuk ke depannya. Gerak multilateral yang diajarkan oleh guru secara bertahap dan berke- sinambungan akan mampu menumbuhkem- bangkan bakat anak dalam bidang olahraga ter- tentu. Oleh sebab itu pentingnya suatu bentuk solusi agar anak memiliki minat dan motivasi untuk belajar berbagai macam bentuk gerak da- sar dengan riang gembira tanpa adanya paksa- an. Hal ini akan berpengaruh pada lama tidak- nya anak bertahan pada satu bentuk aktivitas gerak olahraga. Dengan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma- inan bola besar untuk anak SD kelas akan",
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"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 197",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 233,
"top": 58,
"width": 158,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 810,
"width": 363,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 187,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "mampu menumbuhkembangkan minat, moti- vasi serta bakat anak dalam melakukan aktivitas olahraga pada umumnya dan aktivitas berbagai macam bentuk aktivitas gerak kususnya. De- ngan didasari konsep permainan bola besar anak akan merasa lebih berminat dan termoti- vasi untuk melakukan aktivitas gerak karena permainan bola besar sudah sangat dikenal serta digemari oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat yang ada di dunia, tidak terkecuali anak-anak. Selain bentuk permainan yang beranekaragam per- mainan bola besar memiliki proses bermain yang mudah untuk divariasikan sehingga anak akan menjadi daya tarik serta lebih termotivasi dalam proses belajar gerak multilateral.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 284,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "METODE",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 302,
"width": 79,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenis Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 321,
"width": 215,
"height": 161,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan yang mengadaptasikan langkah- langkah pengembangan pendidikan oleh Borg & Gall (2007, p.590). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan dan memvalidasi produk pe- ngembangan model latihan untuk meningkatkan minat, bakat, dan motivasi anak dalam berolah- raga serta belajar gerak dasar khususnya. Produk yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar untuk anak SD kelas bawah yang berjumlah sembilan bentuk permainan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 491,
"width": 148,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 510,
"width": 215,
"height": 111,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tiga SD yang ada di Kabupaten Buleleng, Kecamatan Buleleng, Singaraja, Bali, dan dilaksanakan dari bulan Januari sampai dengan bulan Maret 2014. Uji coba dengan skala kecil dilakukan terhadap 24 orang siswa SD Mutiara Singaraja Bali. Uji coba dengan skala besar dilakukan terhadap 85 orang siswa yang berasal dari SD Negeri 1 Singaraja Bali dan SD Negeri 3 Singaraja Bali.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 630,
"width": 120,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Target/Subjek Penelitian",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 648,
"width": 215,
"height": 111,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Subjek dalam penelitian ini merupakan anak SD kelas bawah dari tiga buah SD yang ada di Kabupaten Buleleng Bali diantaranya SD Mutiara. Peneliti menggunakan siswa kelas 3B yang berjumlah 24 orang siswa pada uji coba dengan skala kecil dan untuk skala besar dilakukan terhadap 85 orang siswa yang berasal dari SD Negeri 1 Singaraja Bali dan SD Negeri 3 Singaraja Bali.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 326,
"top": 88,
"width": 46,
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"text": "Prosedur",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 106,
"width": 215,
"height": 99,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pelaksanaan prosedur dalam penelitian yang berjudul ”Pengembangan Model Pembel- ajaran Gerak Multilateral melalui Permainan Bola Besar” mengadaptasikan sembilan langkah penelitian dan pengembangan pendidikan yang dikembangkan oleh Gall & Borg (2007, p.590). Adapun prosedur yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut:",
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 213,
"width": 194,
"height": 23,
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"text": "Menilai Kebutuhan untuk Mengidentifikasi Tujuan",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 245,
"width": 215,
"height": 174,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan yang di- lakukan di beberapa sekolah ditemukan bahwa guru masih menggunakan metode yang tradisio- nal untuk melatih anak untuk bergerak, serta seringnya guru memaksa murid untuk melaku- kan kegiatan olahraga. Itu disebabkan karena kurang berminatnya anak akan suatu aktivitas gerak yang monoton serta kurangnya daya tarik guru pada saat mengajarkan olahraga. Kurang- nya guru untuk berpikir kreatif dan variatif dalam menciptakan beberapa permainan yang nantinya pasti menambah serta memotivasi minat anak dalam melakukan aktivitas gerak oahraga.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 422,
"width": 215,
"height": 250,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Study pendahuluan juga dilakukan mela- lui observasi wawancara terhadap empat guru olahraga di Provinsi Bali, Kabupaten Buleleng, Kecamatan Buleleng. Peneliti juga melakukan study pustaka untuk mempelajari konsep dan teknik permainan bola besar dan gerak multilateral, hasil penelitian yang relevan, dan teori-teori yang berkaitan dengan permainan bola besar serta gerak multilateral pada anak. Informasi dari hasil observasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka kemudian dianalisis untuk memfokuskan aspek-aspek yang akan menjadi dasar pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar untuk anak SD kelas bawah. Pengembangan difokus- kan pada gerak multilateral anak yaitu gerak lokomotor, gerak nonlokomotor, dan gerak ma- nipulatif, serta dilihat dari antusiasme, minat, dan juga motivasi anak untuk melakukan aktivitas gerak.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 326,
"top": 681,
"width": 151,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Melakukan Analisis Instruksional",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 699,
"width": 215,
"height": 74,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Analisis intruksional yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi keterampilan khusus yang dikembangkan dan prosedur pelaksanaan model yang akan diberi- kan pada siswa dalam pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma-",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 196,
"top": 45,
"width": 234,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 198",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 233,
"top": 58,
"width": 158,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 810,
"width": 363,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 225,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "inan bola besar. Berikut analisis yang telah dila- kukan: Pertama, identifikasi bentuk pembelajar- an gerak multilateral yang akan digunakan, meliputi permainan melempar, menangkap, me- nepuk, menggiring, menggelindingkan, berlari, meliuk, dan gerakan multilateral lainnya yang terdapat pada pengembangan model pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar. Kedua, identifikasi aspek afektif yang ingin dikembangkan, antara lain menum- buhkan kerja sama, percaya diri, minat, bakat, motivasi, dan berpartisipasi aktif di setiap per- mainan. Ketiga, identifikasi aturan keselamatan di sekolah, peraturan permainan, teknik perma- inan yang digunakan, dan pemilihan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi agar interaksi peneliti dengan siswa anak SD kelas bawah lebih kon- dusif dan lebih bisa dimengerti oleh siswa.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
"top": 321,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Menganalisis Peserta Didik dan Bahan Materi",
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},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 340,
"width": 216,
"height": 98,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pertama, menganalisis manfaat dan kebu- tuhan pengembangan model latihan gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar untuk anak SD kelas bawah ; kedua, menganalisis karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan siswaSD kelas bawah. Ketiga, menentukan indikator pencapaian perkembangan siswadalam melakukan gerak multilateral .",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 447,
"width": 109,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Menulis Tujuan Kinerja",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 466,
"width": 215,
"height": 275,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penelitian dan pengembangan ini bertuju- an untuk menghasilkan produk berupa pengem- bangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar yang disusun dalam bentuk CD dan buku pedoman berjudul ”Bola Multi-Gerak”. Sasaran utama pengem- bangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar adalah siswa SD kelas bawah. Buku pedoman dan CD disusun untuk mempermudah guru di sekolah menge- tahui dan memahami pembelajaran gerak multi- lateral melalui permainan bola besar, serta men- jadi acuan untuk guru SD dalam mengembang- kan bentuk permainan, agar nantinya anak atau siswa mampu termotivasi dalam melakukan gerak serta menambah minat dan bakat anak di setiap olahraga. Setiap model pembelajaran per- mainan menggunakan gerakan yang biasa digu- nakan dalam permainan bola besar yang nanti- nya bisa sebagai pedoman guru untuk melihat potensi anak di masa datang khususnya di cabang bola besar .",
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"left": 326,
"top": 88,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Mengembangkan Instrumen Penilaian Produk",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 106,
"width": 215,
"height": 251,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pengembangan instrumen penilaian pro- duk diawali dengan penyusunan kisi-kisi instru- men. Instrumen penilaian produk akan diguna- kan untuk menilai draf produk awal, draf sebe- lum uji coba dengan skala kecil, hasil uji coba dengan skala kecil, dan hasil uji coba dengan skala besar. Penilaian pada draf produk awal sebelum uji coba dengan skala kecil bertujuan sebagai validasi produk. Instrumen penilaian produk yang akan dikembangkan terdiri atas dua jenis yaitu kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Instru- men kualitatif adalah lembar saran perbaikan dan catatan lapangan. Instrumen kuantitatif, yaitu: (a) angket skala nilai validasi, (b) angket skala nilai pedoman observasi pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar, dan (c) angket skala nilai pedoman observasi keefektifan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 326,
"top": 365,
"width": 179,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Mengembangkan Strategi Instruksional",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 384,
"width": 215,
"height": 111,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Strategi instruksional yang dimaksud da- lam penelitian ini adalah pemilihan strategi untuk memudahkan siswa mencapai tujuan pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma- inan bola besar . Pengembangan model pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar dirancang sesuai dengan teknik serta gerakan yang berpedoman pada konsep gerak multilateral serta permainan bola besar .",
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 504,
"width": 169,
"height": 10,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Mengembangkan dan Memilih Bahan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 516,
"width": 63,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Instruksional",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 535,
"width": 216,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Bahan instruksional berupa materi, baha- sa, desain gambar dan video permainan bola besar , dan desain buku pedoman latihan yang berjudul ”Bola Multi-Gerak”. Bahasa yang digunakan adalah bahasa Indonesia semibaku. Jenis huruf yang digunakan dalam buku pedo- man yaitu book antiqua agar menarik dan tidak terkesan kaku. Desain gambar pada buku pedo- man disesuaikan dengan permainan bola besar dan nuansa anak-anak dengan kombinasi warna-warni.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 674,
"width": 216,
"height": 99,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Model yang telah disusun dalam draf produk awal dipraktikkan peneliti dalam proses pembelajaran olahraga. Proses praktikum dire- kam menggunakan handycame dengan format compact disc digital (CD). Fungsi CD dalam penelitian ini merupakan bentuk panduan guru dan siswa dan menyamakan persepsi validator tentang pengaturan peralatan maupun pelaksa-",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 196,
"top": 45,
"width": 234,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 199",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 233,
"top": 58,
"width": 158,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 810,
"width": 363,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "naan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar untuk anak SD kelas bawah.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 131,
"width": 205,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Merancang dan Melakukan Evaluasi Formatif terhadap Instruksi",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 163,
"width": 215,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Evaluasi formatif dilakukan oleh peneliti selama produk dalam masa pengembangan, selain itu berfungsi untuk memberi masukan peningkatan efektivitas produk. Berikut tahapan evaluasi formatif yang telah dilakukan peneliti.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 85,
"top": 232,
"width": 75,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Proses Validasi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 251,
"width": 216,
"height": 161,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Validasi instrumen penelitian pengem- bangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar menggunakan validasi isi dan expert judgement (validasi ahli). Validasi isi mengacu pada studi putaka pe- ngembangan model pembelajaran gerak multi- lateral melalui permainan bola besar dan konsep pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Validasi ahli dilakukan oleh tiga ahli, yaitu: (1) ahli atau pakar permainan oleh Suharjana, (2) ahli atau pakar keilmuan Sukadiyanto, dan (3) ahli media Made Yudi Permana. Ada-pun langkah-langkah validasi sebagai berikut.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 421,
"width": 141,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Uji Coba dengan Skala Kecil",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 440,
"width": 215,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Peneliti berkoordinasi dengan pemimpin SD, yaitu kepala sekolah dalam mengimple- mentasikan draf pengembangan model pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar. Pelaksanaan uji coba dengan skala kecil bertempat di kelas 3B, SD Mutiara Singa- raja, Kecamatan Buleleng, Kabupaten Buleleng, Provinsi Bali dengan subjek sebanyak 24 siswa . Hasil praktikum disimpan pada VCD sebagai observasi penilaian para ahli.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 566,
"width": 215,
"height": 149,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Observasi dilakukan terhadap substansi pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak mul- tilateral melalui permainan bola besar dan keefektifan model dalam proses pembelajaran. Observer dalam uji coba dengan skala kecil me- rupakan para ahli yang telah menilai draf pro- duk awal pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral. Hasil penilaian observasi dan saran perbaikan terhadap uji coba dengan skala kecil digunakan peneliti sebagai referensi per- baikan produk yang diujicobakan dengan skala besar.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 724,
"width": 141,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Uji Coba dengan Skala Besar",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 743,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Hasil revisi produk diujicobakan kepada siswa yang terdiri atas dua sekolah yaitu siswa kelas 3A dan 3B dari SD No. 1 Banjar Jawa",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 263,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Singaraja, Kecamatan Buleleng, Kabupaten Buleleng, Provinsi Bali, dengan jumlah siswa untuk kelas 3A 31 Orang, dan siswa kelas 3B berjumlah 28 orang siswa, dan yang ke dua dari SD No. 3 Banjar Jawa Singaraja, Kecamatan Buleleng, Kabupaten Buleleng, Provinsi Bali, dengan jumlah siswa 26 orang. Dalam peneli- tian ini subjek uji coba dengan skala kecil tidak digunakan dalam uji coba dengan skala besar. Pelaksanaan uji coba dengan skala besar dire- kam untuk diobservasi oleh para ahli. Observasi dilakukan terhadap substansi pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar dan keefektifan pengem- bangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar dalam proses pembelajaran gerak. Saran perbaikan dituliskan di lembar observasi yang telah disediakan oleh peneliti. Hasil penilaian dan saran perbaikan akan digunakan sebagai bahan revisi produk akhir.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Merevisi Produk",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 378,
"width": 215,
"height": 174,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Hasil penilaian dan saran perbaikan terhadap hasil uji coba dengan skala besar serta catatan lapangan digunakan sebagai materi re- visi pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar untuk menyusun produk akhir. Produk akhir yang dihasilkan terdiri atas sembilan draf bentuk permainan. Pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar disimpan dalam CD dan disusun dalam buku pedoman pembelajaran berjudul ”Bola Multi- Gerak” dilengkapi dengan peralatan yang dibu- tuhkan, teknis pelaksanaan, dan aturan kesela- matan pembelajaran.",
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"top": 561,
"width": 204,
"height": 23,
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"text": "Data, Intrumen, dan Teknik Pengumpulan Data",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 592,
"width": 215,
"height": 187,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jenis data yang diperoleh dalam peneli- tian dan pengembangan ini yaitu data deskriptif kualitatif dan deskriptif kuantitatif. Data kuali- tatif berasal dari: (a) hasil wawancara dengan para guru olahraga dan siswa, dan (b) data kekurangan dan masukan terhadap model pem- belajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar dari para ahli baik sebelum uji coba maupun sesudah uji coba. Data kuantitatif dila- kukan untuk menganalisis data-data berikut: (a) data skala nilai hasil penilaian para ahli materi terhadap validasi draf pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral sebelum pelak- sanaan uji coba di lapangan, dan (b) data hasil observasi para ahli materi terhadap pengem-",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 196,
"top": 45,
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"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 200",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 233,
"top": 58,
"width": 158,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 810,
"width": 363,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "bangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar, dan (c) data hasil observasi para ahli materi terhadap keefektifan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak mul- tilateral melalui permainan bola besar .",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 157,
"width": 142,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Pedoman Umum Wawancara",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 175,
"width": 215,
"height": 365,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Instrumen pengumpulan data yang pertama digunakan adalah teknik wawancara. Wawancara atau interview adalah proses mem- peroleh informasi atau keterangan dengan cara tanya jawab antara pewawancara atau yang diwawancarai (Maksum, 2012, p.123). Adapun menurut Bungin (2012, p.100) wawancara da- lam suatu penelitian yang bertujuan mengum- pulkan keterangan tentang kehidupan manusia dalam suatu masyarakat serta pendirian-pen- dirian itu merupakan suatu pembantu utama dalam metode observasi (pengamatan). Dalam penelitian ini, pewawancara menyusun sendiri kalimat pertanyaan tentang butir-butir tersebut, yang redaksionalnya mungkin saja berbeda, na- mun isinya harus sama setiap kali menyampai- kan pertanyaan pada setiap responden. Perta- nyaan yang disusun dalam pedoman wawancara disesuaikan dengan tujuan pelaksanaan wawan- cara yaitu hanya untuk menggali informasi latihan atau pelajaran gerak di sekolah dan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi responden. Inti dalam butir-butir pertanyaan tersebut meliputi: (1) minat anak dalam berlatih gerak multi- lateral, (2) penggunaan unsur bermain sebagai variasi pembelajaran dalam upaya memacu se- mangat dan motivasi gerak anak, (3) keaktifan gerak multilateral anak, dan (4) hasil keteram- pilan gerak multilateral yang diraih.",
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"left": 85,
"top": 548,
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"text": "Catatan Lapangan",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 567,
"width": 215,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Catatan lapangan digunakan peneliti un- tuk mendeskripsikan hasil pengamatan peneliti pada pelaksanaan pembelajaran gerak multila- teral melalui permainan bola besar ketika studi pendahuluan. Catatan lapangan tersebut disertai tanggapan peneliti untuk merefleksikan feno- mena di lapangan dengan solusi yang akan di- gunakan. Instrumen catatan lapangan memban- tu peneliti dalam mengembangkan bentuk pem- belajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar .",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Angket Skala Nilai",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 731,
"width": 215,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Angket berisi daftar pernyataan disertai skala nilai digunakan untuk memberikan peni- laian pada draf pengembangan model pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 288,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "bola besar dalam pelaksanaan uji coba skala kecil dan skala besar. Angket dalam pelaksana- an uji coba dengan skala kecil dan skala besar terdiri atas dua macam, yaitu observasi pelaksa- naan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar dan keefektifan pengembangan model latihan gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar. Prak- tikum pengembangan model pembelajaran ge- rak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar disimpan dalam CD sehingga para ahli materi dapat mengobservasi secara berulang-ulang. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan skala likert. Menurut Sugiyono (2010, p.134) skala likert digunakan untuk mengukur sikap, pendapat, dan persepsi seseorang. Dengan skala likert variabel yang diukur dijabarkan menjadi indi- kator variabel, dan variabel tersebut dijadikan sebagai titik tolak untuk menyusun item-item instrumen yang dapat berupa pertanyaan atau pernyataan dengan rentangan nilai 1 sampai 4, yaitu: (1) tidak sesuai, (2) cukup sesuai, (3) sesuai, dan (4) sangat sesuai.",
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"top": 378,
"width": 215,
"height": 124,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Unsur-unsur yang ditanyakan dijabarkan dan disusun secara teratur menjadi daftar klasi- fikasi yang digunakan untuk menilai sesuai atau tidaknya pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar yang dikembangkan dengan unsur-unsur klasi- fikasi skala nilai. Catatan yang perlu diperhati- kan dalam penyusunan klasifikasi skala nilai adalah mengenai para ahli materi yang akan dipaparkan pada tabel 1, 2, dan 3 berikut ini.",
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"top": 511,
"width": 215,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "Tabel 1. Kisi-kisi Klasifikasi Skala Nilai untuk Ahli Materi Permainan terhadap Pengembangan Model pembelajaran Gerak Multilateral",
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"width": 137,
"height": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "No Klasifikasi",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"top": 569,
"width": 108,
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"text": "1 Kesesuaian peralatan",
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{
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"top": 583,
"width": 203,
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"text": "2 Keamanan pelaksanaan permainan bagi anak",
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{
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"top": 597,
"width": 153,
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"text": "3 Kesesuai teknik yang digunakan",
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{
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"top": 611,
"width": 203,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "4 Penjelasan mengenai bentuk permainan jelas",
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 625,
"width": 209,
"height": 20,
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"text": "5 Karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak SD kelas bawah",
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{
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"width": 234,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 201",
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{
"left": 233,
"top": 58,
"width": 158,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
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"left": 130,
"top": 810,
"width": 363,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 88,
"width": 210,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Tabel 2. Kisi-kisi Klasifikasi Skala Nilai untuk Ahli atau Pakar Keilmuan terhadap",
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"text": "Pengembangan Model pembelajaran Gerak Multilateral No Klasifikasi 1 Kesesuaian peralatan 2 Keamanan pelaksanaan permainan bagi anak",
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"text": "3 Kesesuai permainan bagi anak atau siswa",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 201,
"width": 195,
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"text": "4 Penjelasan mengenai bentuk permainan jelas",
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 214,
"width": 201,
"height": 20,
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"text": "5 Karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak SD kelas bawah",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 242,
"width": 210,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "Tabel 3. Kisi-kisi Klasifikasi Skala Nilai untuk Ahli Media terhadap Model pembelajaran Gerak Multilateral",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 86,
"top": 287,
"width": 168,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "No Klasifikasi 1 Kesesuaian video dengan teknik gerak multilateral sesuai",
"type": "Table"
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"left": 89,
"top": 325,
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"text": "2 Kejelasan isi video dengan teknik gerak multilateralsesuai",
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},
{
"left": 89,
"top": 350,
"width": 164,
"height": 22,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "3 Runtutan video dalam menyampaikan pembelajarangerak multilateralsesuai",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 89,
"top": 375,
"width": 197,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "4 Penyampaian materi lewat video latihan gerak multilateralsesuai",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 405,
"width": 101,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Intrumen Observasi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 424,
"width": 215,
"height": 263,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data selanjutnya yang digunakan yaitu teknik observasi. Menu- rut Maksum (2012, p.127) observasi adalah pengamatan dan pencatatan yang sistematis terhadap gejala-gejala yang tampak pada objek penelitian. Observasi dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu observasi partisipatif dan observasi non- partisipatif, dalam penelitian ini observasi yang digunakan adalah observasi patisipatif yaitu pengamat (subjek) ikut serta dalam kegiatan yang sedang diamati dan nonpartisipatif yaitu pengamat (ahli) tidak ikut serta dalam kegiatan yang sedang diamati. Dalam pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar instrumen observasi un- tuk para ahli materi adalah instrumen observasi pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar dan instrumen keefektifan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma- inan bola besar.",
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"left": 85,
"top": 690,
"width": 215,
"height": 85,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Berikut ini dilakukan rekonstruksi instru- men observasi berupa daftar cek. Unsur-unsur yang disusun dalam daftar cek adalah unsur- unsur yang berkaitan dengan hakikat tujuan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak mul- tilateral melalui permainan bola besar , meliputi: (a) kesesuaian instruksi, teknik, alat, dan karak-",
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"width": 215,
"height": 111,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "teristik pengembangan model pembelajaran ge- rak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar, (b) kebermanfaatan pengembangan model pem- belajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar, dan (c) keamanan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besaruntuk dilaksanakan. Kisi- kisi observasi dipaparkan pada Tabel 4, 5, dan 6 sebagai berikut.",
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"text": "Tabel 4. Kisi-kisi Observasi untuk Ahli Materi Permainan terhadap Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Gerak Multilateral",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 328,
"top": 253,
"width": 168,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "No Unsur-Unsur Observasi",
"type": "Table"
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"top": 266,
"width": 99,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "1. Kesesuaian peralatan",
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"text": "2. Keamanan pelaksanaan permainan bagi anak",
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{
"left": 330,
"top": 292,
"width": 144,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "3. Kesesuai teknik yang digunakan",
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{
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"top": 307,
"width": 194,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "4. Penjelasan mengenai bentuk permainan jelas",
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{
"left": 332,
"top": 321,
"width": 213,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "5 Karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak SD kelas bawah",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 335,
"top": 351,
"width": 197,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tabel 5. Kisi-kisi Observasi untuk Ahli atau Pakar Keilmuan terhadap Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Gerak Multilateral",
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"width": 138,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "No Klasifikasi",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 409,
"width": 100,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
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"text": "1 Kesesuaian peralatan",
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"text": "2 Keamanan pelaksanaan permainan bagi anak",
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"top": 434,
"width": 145,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3 Kesesuai teknik yang digunakan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
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"top": 448,
"width": 195,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4 Penjelasan mengenai bentuk permainan jelas",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 462,
"width": 216,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "5 Karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak SD kelas bawah",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 330,
"top": 490,
"width": 207,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Tabel 6. Kisi-kisi Observasi untuk Ahli Media terhadap Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 84,
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"text": "Gerak Multilateral",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 536,
"width": 138,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "No Klasifikasi",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 550,
"width": 210,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "1 Kesesuaian video dengan teknik gerak multilateral sesuai",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 575,
"width": 209,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "2 Kejelasan isi video dengan teknik gerak multilateral sesuai",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 597,
"width": 209,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3 Runtutan video dalam menyampaikan latihan gerak multilateral sesuai",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 329,
"top": 618,
"width": 209,
"height": 21,
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"text": "4 Penyampaian materi lewat video pembelajaran gerak multilateralsesuai",
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 647,
"width": 209,
"height": 35,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Rekonstruksi Instrumen untuk Mengobservasi Keefektifan Pengembangam Model Pembelajaran Gerak Multilateral",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"top": 690,
"width": 215,
"height": 86,
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"text": "Rekonstruksi instrumen untuk mengob- servasi keefektifan pengembangan model pem- belajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar memiliki arti penting, yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah pengembangan model yang disusun efektif atau tidak untuk menambah minat serta motivasi anak dalam belajar gerak",
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"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 202",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 233,
"top": 58,
"width": 158,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 810,
"width": 363,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "serta menambah penguasaan gerak anak. Ada- pun instrumen keefektifan pengembangan mo- del pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar bisa dilihat pada Tabel 7, 8, dan 9.",
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"text": "Tabel 7. Kisi-kisi Keefektifan untuk Ahli atau Pakar Permainan terhadap Pengembangan",
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"text": "Model Pembelajaran Gerak Multilateral",
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{
"left": 88,
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"width": 200,
"height": 36,
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"text": "No Unsur-Unsur Observasi 1. Kesesuaian peralatan 2. Keamanan pelaksanaan permainan bagi anak",
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{
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"top": 243,
"width": 150,
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"text": "3. Kesesuai teknik yang digunakan",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 88,
"top": 257,
"width": 206,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "4 Karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak SD kelas bawah",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 91,
"top": 292,
"width": 203,
"height": 35,
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"text": "Tabel 8. Kisi-kisi Kisi-kisi Keefektifan untuk Ahli atau Pakar Keilmuan terhadap Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Gerak",
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{
"left": 165,
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"text": "Multilateral",
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"top": 350,
"width": 122,
"height": 9,
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"text": "No Unsur-Unsur Observasi",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 88,
"top": 363,
"width": 105,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "1. Kesesuaian peralatan",
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"text": "2. Keamanan pelaksanaan permainan bagi anak",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 392,
"width": 150,
"height": 9,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "3. Kesesuai teknik yang digunakan",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 406,
"width": 206,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4 Karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak SD kelas bawah",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 86,
"top": 440,
"width": 213,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 9. Kisi-kisi Kisi-kisi Keefektifan untuk Ahli atau Pakar Media terhadap Pengembangan",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 104,
"top": 466,
"width": 178,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Model Pembelajaran Gerak Multilateral",
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"width": 66,
"height": 9,
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"text": "No Klasifikasi",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 501,
"width": 174,
"height": 20,
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"text": "1 Kesesuaian video dengan teknik gerak multilateral",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 525,
"width": 180,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "2 Kejelasan isi video dengan teknik gerak multilateral sesuai",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 548,
"width": 175,
"height": 20,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "3 Runtutan video dalam menyampaikan pembelajaran gerak multilateral sesuai",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 572,
"width": 208,
"height": 21,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "4 Penyampaian materi lewat video pembelajaran gerak multilateral sesuai",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 603,
"width": 102,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 9,
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"text": "Teknik Analisis Data",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 621,
"width": 216,
"height": 162,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Teknik analisis data yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif adalah penelitian yang menggunakan epistemologi objectivism dengan prespektif teoretis positivism menggunakan me- tode eksperimental atau pengukuran kuantitatif untuk menguji hipotesis dengan tujuan mene- mukan generalisasi dan menekankan pada pengukuran dan analisis hubungan sebab akibat di antara variabel. Sedangkan penelitian kuali- tatif adalah penelitian yang mencoba mema- hami fenomena dalam setting dan konteks",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 288,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "naturalnya (bukan di dalam laboratorium) yang tidak memanipulasi fenomena yang diamati (Sarosa, 2012, p.7). Di dalam penelitian ini ana- lisis deskriptif kuantitatif dilakukan untuk menganalisis data-data berikut: (a) data skala nilai hasil penilaian para ahli materi terhadap validasi draf pengembangan model pembelajar- an gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar sebelum pelaksanaan uji coba di lapang- an, (b) data hasil observasi para ahli materi ter- hadap pengembangan model pembelajaran ge- rak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar, dan (c) data hasil observasi para ahli materi terhadap keefektifan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma- inan bola besar. Sementara analisis deskriptif kualitatif dilakukan terhadap: (a) data hasil wawancara dengan guru dan anak atau siswa, (b) data kekurangan dan masukan terhadap pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak mul- tilateral melalui permainan bola besar baik sebelum uji coba maupun setelah uji coba di lapangan.",
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{
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"top": 378,
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"text": "Draf awal pengembangan model pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar dianggap layak untuk diujicobakan dalam skala kecil apabila para ahli materi telah memberi validasi dan menyatakan bahwa semua item klasifikasi dalam skala nilai dinilai “sesuai/sangat sesuai” dengan cara memberikan tanda centang (√) pada kolom sesuai/sangat sesuai. Dalam hal ini terdapat empat jenis nilai, yaitu hasil penilaian “sangat sesuai” mendapat nilai empat (4), “sesuai” mendapat nilai tiga (3), “cukup sesuai” mendapat nilai dua (2), dan hasil penilaian “tidak sesuai” mendapat nilai satu (1). Jika terdapat ahli materi yang berpen- dapat bahwa item klasifikasi tidak sesuai (nilai satu), dilakukan pengkajian ulang terhadap pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar yang ditindaklanjuti dengan proses revisi.",
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 619,
"width": 215,
"height": 162,
"page_number": 9,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Model yang disusun dianggap layak un- tuk diujicobakan dengan skala kecil maupun skala besar apabila secara kuantitatif dihitung skor mencapai standar minimal kelayakan. Ter- dapat dua jenis nilai dalam menganalisis data hasil observasi para ahli materi terhadap pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak mul- tilateral melalui permainan bola besar, keefek- tifan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar , dengan menentukan kriteria nilai dan batas- batasnya. Adapaun kriteria nilai yang dimaksud dipaparkan pada Tabel 10 berikut ini.",
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{
"left": 196,
"top": 45,
"width": 234,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 203",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 233,
"top": 58,
"width": 158,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 130,
"top": 810,
"width": 363,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 115,
"top": 88,
"width": 156,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Tabel 10. Pedoman Konversi Nilai",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 103,
"top": 108,
"width": 194,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Formula Kategori X < (µ-1,0σ) Tidak sesuai/tidak efektif (µ-1,0σ) ≤ X < (µ+1,0σ) Cukup sesuai/cukup efektif (µ+1,0σ) ≤ X Sesuai/efektif",
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"text": "Sumber: Azwar (2004,p.109)",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 211,
"width": 215,
"height": 338,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Penilaian ahli materi terhadap instrumen observasi serta keefektifan, para ahli materi sependapat bahwa pengembangan model pem- belajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar sudah masuk dalam kategori baik untuk melatih gerak dasar anak serta menum- buhkembangkan minat serta motivasi anak dalam berolahraga serta dalam melakukan pem- belajaran gerak. Para ahli materi menilai bahwa pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak mul- tilateral melalui permainan bola besar sangat efektif dalam mentransfer indikator-indikator yang menjadi tujuan mengajarkan gerak multi- lateral anak serta menumbuhkembangkan minat dan motivasi anak dalam berolahraga maupun dalam melakukan pembelajaran gerak.Para ahli materi menilai bahwa anak sangat bersemangat dan antusias dalam mengikuti pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar. Selain itu juga para siswa (anak-anak) sangat antusias dalam mengikuti pengembang- an model pembelajaran gerak multilateral me- lalui permainan bola besar, ini terlihat dari respon yang sangat baik dari anak terhadap per- tanyaan yang diberikan. Adapun hasil rekapitu- lasi responden anak yang disajikan pada Tabel 11 berikut ini.",
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"text": "Tabel 11. Rekapitulasi Respon Anak terhadap Pengembangan Model pembelajaran Gerak",
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{
"left": 90,
"top": 583,
"width": 206,
"height": 65,
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"text": "Multilateral melalui Permainan Bola Besar Subjek Skala Respons Anak Ya Tidak 6 orang Skala Kecil 100% 0% 85 orang Skala Besar 97,6% 2,4%",
"type": "Table"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 658,
"width": 215,
"height": 123,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Setelah mendapat penilaian dan masukan baik dari para ahli materi, dilakukan proses-pro- ses revisi terhadap draf pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma- inan bola besar sebagai upaya penyempurnaan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak mul- tilateral melalui permainan bola besar. Akhir- nya dihasilkan buku pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma- inan bola besar yang berjudul “Bola Multi-",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 326,
"top": 85,
"width": 215,
"height": 177,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Gerak” dan CD panduan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma- inan bola besar. Proses revisi pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar telah mengalami empat kali revisi, yaitu: (1) sebelum validasi, (2) sebe- lum uji coba produk dengan skala kecil, (3) setelah uji coba dengan skala kecil, dan (4) se- telah uji coba dengan skala besar. Tahap revisi keempat merupakan hasil produk akhir pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak mul- tilateral melalui permainan bola besar, untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat dalam bentuk buku panduan “Bola Multi-Gerak”.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 326,
"top": 265,
"width": 215,
"height": 326,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Buku pedoman “Bola Multi-Gerak” memuat sembilan bentuk permainan yang ter- diri atas gerak lokomotor, gerak nonlokomotor, dan gerak manipulatif yang dikemas melalui teknik dasar permainan bola besar. Setiap mo- del pembelajaran permainan terdiri atas definisi model pembelajaran permainan, tujuan pembel- ajaran, jumlah pemain, sarana yang diperlukan, langkah-langkah pembelajaran, dan aturan keselamatan. Kesembilan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui perma- inan bola besar disusun berdasarkan tingkat keterampilan yang akan dilatihkan. Pengem- bangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar adalah salah satu bentuk pembelajaran gerak dasar atau disebut juga gerak multilateral yang di dalam mengajar- kan serta melatih gerak tersebut terdapat unsur- unsur permainan bola besar yang bertujuan sebagai daya tarik untuk anak dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran gerak dasar khususnya dan berolahraga pada umumnya, Pengembangan model latihan gerak dasar ini mengadaptasikan prinsip variasi latihan dengan konsep permain- an bersarana bola, gawang yang berukuran kecil , replika bebek , cone besar dan cone kecil.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 326,
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"width": 215,
"height": 60,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Adapun penjelasan secara umum terha- dap sembilan pengembangan model pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar yang dimaksud adalah sebagai berikut.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Gambar 1.Permainan Berburu Bebek",
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"top": 45,
"width": 234,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 11,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Jurnal Keolahragaan 3 (2), September 2015 - 204",
"type": "Section header"
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Kadek Ary Wibawa, FX. Sugiyanto",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 130,
"top": 810,
"width": 363,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Copyright © 2015, Jurnal Keolahragaan, Print ISSN: 2339-0662, Online ISSN: 2461-0259",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 215,
"height": 161,
"page_number": 11,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 842,
"text": "Permainan Berburu Bebek adalah perma- inan yang mengajarkan gerak multilateral anak dengan konsep bermain bersarana bola karet dan replika bebek. Permainan Berburu Bebek akan memacu anak-anak untuk selalu aktif dalam bergerak. Permainan Berburu Bebek dilaksanakan selama 10 menit. Permainan ini akan lebih menarik apabila anak dibagi menjadi lebih dari dua kelompok genap agar bisa dikompetisikan antarkelompok. Setiap anak di giliran kelompok berburu akan diberikan satu buah bola untuk melakukan lemparan atau shooting ke arah replika bebek.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Gambar 2. Permainan Bola Pertemanan",
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{
"left": 85,
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"height": 199,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Permainan Bola Pertemanan adalah pembelajaran gerak multilateral dengan konsep bermain dan bersarana bola dan cone. Dalam proses permainan Bola Pertemanan ini anak diinstruksikan untuk mencari pasangan satu orang satu, yang dimana proses berlangsungnya permainan ini dilakukan dengan tiga tahapan yaitu; (1) tahap pertama, anak diharuskan untuk melakukan serah terima bola dengan cara mem- belakangi teman satu timnya, (2) tahap kedua, anak diharuskan untuk menempati cone yang sudah disediakan dan melakukan passing dengan tangan ke arah teman satu timnya dan (3) yang terakhir, bola harus dibawa lari dengan dipegang bersama menuju garis start untuk diberikan kepada anak selanjutnya.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Gambar 3.Permainan Bola Zig-Zag Berlari",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Permainan Bola Zig-Zag Berlari adalah salah satu caramengajarkan gerak multilateral dengan konsep bermain dan bersarana bola karet dan cone . Permainan Bola Zig-Zag Berlari akan memacu anak-anak untuk selalu bergerak tanpa adanya rasa bosan, karena di dalam per- mainan ini terkandung unsur-unsur pergerakan yang melibatkan komunikasi serta kerja sama antara anak satu dengan anak yang lainnya. Per- mainan Bola Zig-Zag Berlari dilaksanakan sela- ma 10 menit. Permainan ini akan lebih menarik apabila anak dibagi menjadi lebih dari dua kelompok genap agar bisa dikompetisikan antarkelompok yang nantinya akan menambah semangat anak serta motivasi anak untuk bermain . Dengan Permainan Bola Zig-Zag Ber- lari diharapkan mampu menumbuhkembangkan minat, bakat, dan motivasi anak untuk selalu berolahraga serta belajar gerak multilateral .",
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"text": "Permainan Mengambil Mutiara adalah mengajar gerak multilateral dengan konsep ber- main dan bersarana bola karet yang nantinya akan di- passing ke arah teman yang berada di posisi yang sudah disediakan. Permainan meng- ambil mutiara ini akan memacu anak-anak untuk selalu berolahraga dengan senang dan gembira tanpa adanya tekanan serta menum- buhkembangkan motivasi anak dalam proses belajar gerak.",
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"text": "Permainan Mengambil Mutiara dilakukan selama 10 menit. Permainan ini akan lebih menarik apabila anak dibagi menjadi lebih dari dua kelompok genap agar bisa dikompetisikan antarkelompok yang nantinya akan menambah semangat anak serta motivasi anak untuk bermain .",
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"text": "Start Cone kecil Bola mutiara keranjang Cone Kecil Arah Lari",
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"text": "Permainan Bola Berguling adalah meng- ajarkan gerak multilateral dengan konsep ber- main dan bersarana bola karet dan cone . Per- mainan Bola Berguling ini bertujuan untuk mengajar gerak multilateral anak dengan kon- sep teknik dasar permainan bola besar, antara lain teknik dasar passing pada permainan bola basket. Permainan bola berguling dilakukan se- lama 10 menit permainan ini akan lebih mena- rik apabila anak dibagi menjadi lebih dari dua kelompok genap agar bisa dikompetisikan antarkelompok yang nantinya akan menambah semangat anak serta motivasi anak untuk ber- main serta berolahraga pada umumnya .",
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"text": "Gambar 6.Permainan Bola Tembak Permainan Bola Tembak adalah pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral yang dikemas dalam konsep bermain dengan bola karet sebagai sa- rana utamanya. Permainan Bola Tembak ini bertujuan untuk melatih gerak multilateral anak serta menumbuhkembangkan minat, bakat, dan motivasi anak dalam belajar gerak dasar serta berolahraga tanpa ada rasa keterpaksaan. Per- mainan Bola Tembak dilakukan selama 10 menit permainan ini akan lebih menarik apabila anak dibagi menjadi lebih dari dua kelompok serta dibentuk suatu kompetisi sehingga nanti- nya terpilih satu tim juara.",
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"text": "Gambar 7.Permainan Bola Raja",
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"text": "Permainan Bola Raja adalah pembelajar- an gerak multilateral dengan konsep bermain yang di dalamnya terdapat beberapa teknik dasar permainan bola besar seperti passing bola basket, shooting bola tangan dan passing bola tangan. Permainan bola raja akan memacu anak-anak untuk selalu bergerak untuk mencari serta merebut bola agar bola tersebut bisa dibe- rikan kepada masing-masing raja. Permainan Bola Raja ini mampu menumbuhkembangkan minat, bakat, motivasi anak untuk selalu belajar gerak multilateral serta berolahraga pada umumnya. Permainan bola raja dilakukan",
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"text": "Permainan Bola Gawang adalah pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral melalui permaiann yang di dalamnya terdapat beberapa teknik da- sar permainan bola besar sebagai dasar dari permainan ini, yaitu teknik dasar passing datar permainan sepak bola. Cara bermainnya adalah anak dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok yang nantinya disesuaikan dengan jumlah gawang kecil yang sudah disiapkan, lalu anak diinstruk- sikan untuk menendang bola hingga masuk ke gawang yang nantinya tembus ke anak yang berada tepat di belakang gawang tersebut. Per- mainan Bola Gawang dilakukan selama 120 menit (menyesuaikan dengan jam pelajaran olahraga) permainan ini akan lebih menarik apabila dibentuk suatu kompetisi sehingga nantinya terpilih satu tim juara.",
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"text": "Permainan Bola Tepuk adalah pembel- ajaran gerak multilateral dengan konsep ber- main yang di dalamnya terdapat satu bentuk teknik dasar permainan bola besar serta telah dimodivikasi yaitu teknik dasar permainan bola voli dengan teknik perkenaan tangan dengan bola. Permainan ini bersarana bola karet. Pada permainan ini anak diinstruksikan menepuk bola dengan posisi telapak tangan menghadap ke atas sambil berjalan ke arah teman yang ber- baris di depannya, apabila anak sudah mahir dalam bermain dengan berjalan maka anak diinstruksikan untuk menambah kecepatan ge-",
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"text": "rak dengan cara berlari. Permainan Bola Tepuk dilakukan selama 10 menit permainan ini akan lebih menarik apabila dibentuk suatu kompetisi sehingga nantinya terpilih satu tim juara.",
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"text": "Kesimpulan dari penelitian dan pengem- bangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar untuk anak SD kelas bawah adalah sebagai berikut: (1) dari hasil analisis uji coba dengan skala kecil dan skala besar terhadap pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui per- mainan bola besar, para ahli materi menilai bahwa pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar sangat layak dan efektif untuk dilatihkan pada anak, karena dapat mentransfer indikator-indi- kator yang menjadi tujuan dalam pengembang- an model pembelajaran gerak multilateral mela- lui permainan bola besar, (2) anak sangat ber- semangat, termotivasi, dan senang dalam proses pembelajaran gerak multilateral dengan adanya unsur permainan bola besar, karena dengan bentuk serta proses permainan bola besar yang mudah divariasikan oleh anak dalam proses belajar gerak multilateral , (3) pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar mempertimbangkan kese- lamatan dengan memperhatikan kondisi lapang- an yang digunakan dalam proses permainan dan merancang peraturan serta alat yang aman serta nyaman digunakan oleh anak sehingga mampu meminimalisasi resiko cedera, dan (4) dengan kesembilan bentuk permainan yang di dalam- nya mengandung unsur permainan bola besar yang identik dengan proses bermainnya yang bervariatif serta penggunaan sarana seperti rep- lika bebek, bola karet berwarna-warni yang ukurannya sudah disesuaikan, cone besar serta cone kecil yang berwarna-warni, dan gawang yang berukuran mini dinilai sangat sederhana, mudah didapatkan, dan memiliki daya tarik ser- ta asas manfaat yang tinggi dalam meningkat- kan minat anak untuk belajar gerak lokomotor, gerak nonlokomotor, dan gerak manipulatif.",
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"text": "Saran dari penelitian dan pengembangan model pembelajaran gerak multilateral melalui permainan bola besar untuk anak SD kelas bawah adalah (1) pengembangan produk lebih lanjut disarankan mampu berpengaruh pada",
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"text": "Abstract: The role of women in development up to now has not been maximally played although reformation era has opened the space for women to actively participate. Related to pilkada (local election), women empowerment should be considered as an interesting and important issue for campaign. However, based on the cases elaborated in this research, most candidates did not take into account women empowerment programs as political communication strategy in campaign. There are two reasons which can logically explain this phenomenon; first, women empowerment issue was not considered as important as other issues which can directly answer the crucial social problems such as poverty alleviation, providing job opportunities for unemployment or dealing with expensive fee for education so that not effective to attract the voters. Second, there was an assumption that sex does not have significant relation with political choice of voters. It means female voters do not always vote for female candidates or candidates focusing on women empowerment programs. Finally, issues related to women role improvement were not much included in campaign materials of either male or female candidates to catch the attention of voters. Keywords: women empowerment issue, political communication.",
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"text": "A. PENDAHULUAN",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Berbagai kelemahan dalam praktek pemilihan kepala daerah (pilkada) oleh DPRD sekaligus tuntutan diselenggarakannya demokrasi langsung dalam suksesi kepemimpinan nasional, mendorong di- tetapkannya UU No. 23 tahun 2003 tentang Pemilu Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Pertama yang Dipilih Langsung oleh Rakyat. Selanjutnya, sebagai revisi dari UU No. 22 tahun 1999, ditetapkan UU No. 32 tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintah Daerah yang di dalamnya mengatur model pilkada langsung oleh rakyat (pasal 56 ayat 1 UU No. 32 tahun 2004), setelah sebelumnya ditetapkan UU No. 22 tahun 2003 tentang Susunan dan Kedudukan MPR, DPR, DPD dan DPRD, di mana DPRD tidak lagi mempunyai kewenangan dalam pilkada.",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Idealnya, pilkada langsung akan memperkuat demokratisasi di daerah karena dengan kontrol dan keterlibatan konstituen yang lebih besar. Hal ini diharapkan mampu melahirkan pemimpin yang membawa kemajuan bagi daerahnya. Namun, rangkaian penyelenggaraan pilkada langsung yang sudah dilaksanakan di sejumlah daerah menyisakan berbagai macam persoalan. Sosialisasi yang kurang maksimal, relatif tingginya angka golput, sampai pada visi misi kandidat yang belum sepenuhnya sampai ke masyarakat.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Munculnya sejumlah persoalan tersebut sudah seharusnya diantisipasi oleh calon-calon yang maju dalam pilkada. Berbagai isu pengentasan kemiskinan, penyediaan lapangan kerja, pendidikan, dan sebagainya –termasuk isu tentang perempuan– muncul sebagai strategi komunikasi politik untuk menarik suara pemilih dalam kampanye. Untuk itu, tulisan ini mencoba melihat sejauh mana isu pemberdayaan perempuan menjadi materi visi misi calon dalam pilkada yang mendukung perolehan suara calon tersebut.",
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"text": "B. PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "JURNAL STUDI GENDER & ANAK",
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"width": 117,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Pusat Studi Gender STAIN Purwokerto",
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"text": "YINYANG",
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"page_number": 2,
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"text": "ISSN: 1907-2791",
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"width": 106,
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"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Vol.4 No.2 Jul-Des 2009 pp.213-221",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 75,
"width": 471,
"height": 177,
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"text": "Pertanyaan awal tulisan ini, mengapa perempuan? Sebagaimana diketahui jumlah perempuan di negeri ini relatif lebih banyak dibanding jumlah laki-laki. Era reformasi juga telah memberi ruang lebih luas bagi kaum perempuan untuk berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan. Komitmen pemerintah yang tercermin dalam UU Nomor 25 tahun 2000 tentang Propenas. UU tersebut secara eksplisit telah menjelaskan tujuan pembangunan yang harus juga mengarah pada pencapaian kesetaraan dan keadilan gender (KKG), yang berarti setiap kebijakan pembangunan harus dikembangkan secara responsif gender melalui strategi pengarusutamaan gender (PUG) dalam setiap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pemantauan dan evaluasi seluruh kebijakan dan program pembangunan. Untuk mendukung implementasi di tingkat daerah, telah lahir pula Inpres No. 9 tahun 2000 tentang Pengarusutamaan Gender dalam Pembangunan Nasional. Meskipun demikian, peran perempuan di sektor publik sejauh ini masih belum maksimal. Kaum perempuan juga masih mengalami ketertinggalan dalam berperan aktif dalam pembangunan dibanding kaum laki-laki.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan penyelenggaran pilkada, pemanfaatan isu pemberdayaan perempuan seyogyanya menjadi menarik dan penting untuk menjadi visi misi calon, sebagai bentuk komunikasi politik kandidat yang berlaga dalam pilkada, baik pemilihan gubernur (pilgub) maupun pemilihan bupati (pilbup). Namun demikian, dari sejumlah pilkada yang sudah berlangsung, ternyata hanya sedikit kandidat—baik calon laki-laki maupun perempuan—yang mengangkat persoalan perempuan. Isu pemajuan perempuan kurang menjadi fokus sebagai pesan politik yang disampaikan untuk menarik suara pemilih, baik oleh kandidat laki-laki maupun perempuan sendiri. Demikian juga segmen pemilih yang dituju, hal itu masih kurang memperhatikan secara khusus apakah tertuju pada pemilih perempuan atau laki-laki. Beberapa contoh berikut setidaknya menunjukkan hal tersebut.",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Pilbup Kab. Banyumas 2008 diikuti oleh empat pasangan calon, Mardjoko-A.Husein, Singgih-Laily, Bambang P.-Tossy A., Aris W.-Asroru. Dari keempat pasangan tersebut, hanya Aris W.-Asroru yang secara eksplisit mencantumkan visi khusus perempuan, yaitu program pemberdayaan peranan wanita dan generasi muda. Sementara itu, calon wakil bupati Laily sudah menempatkan diri sebagai “ibu” orang Banyumas—berpasangan dengan Singgih sebagai calon bupati—mengusung jargon “rama biyunge wong Banyumas” (bapak ibu dari orang Banyumas), namun Singgih-Laily tidak berhasil menuai hasil maksimal. Pasangan Singgih–Laily menduduki peringkat ketiga (23,6 persen), sementara Aris W.– Asroru menempati peringkat terbawah (10,9 persen).",
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"height": 117,
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"text": "Selanjutnya, dapat dilihat pada Pilgub Jateng 2008 yang diikuti oleh lima pasangan calon, Bambang S.-M. Adnan, Agus S.–A. Kholiq, Sukawi-Sudharto, Bibit-Rustriningsih, serta A. Tamzil-A. Rozaq. Dari kelimanya, hanya A. Tamzil dan A. Rozaq yang mencantumkan isu pemajuan perempuan, melalui program pengembangan olahraga, pemuda dan perempuan. Sementara itu, meskipun menjadi satu- satunya pasangan yang ada wakil perempuannya, pasangan Bibit-Rustriningsih justru lebih mengusung program umum, yaitu pelayanan umum, ketertiban dan keamanan, ekonomi, lingkungan hidup, perumahan dan fasilitas umum, kesehatan, pariwisata dan budaya, pendidikan dan perlindungan (www. pilkadajateng2008.htm).",
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"text": "Mengacu pada teori komunikasi politik (Lord Windlesham, 1992; Dan Nimmo, 2000) visi misi yang diusung oleh kandidat dalam pilkada senyatanya merupakan bentuk komunikasi politik yang dikemas dalam kampanye. Di dalamnya terdapat kandidat dan tim sukses sebagai komunikator, pesan politik, persuasi untuk mendukung keinginan yang dimaksudkan, media penyampaian, massa, serta dampak- dampak akibat komunikasi politik. Proses penyampaian dilakukan secara sengaja oleh para kandidat dan tim suksesnya sebagai komunikator. Materi kampanye merupakan pesan politik yang dikonstruksikan",
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"text": "JURNAL STUDI GENDER & ANAK",
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"text": "Pusat Studi Gender STAIN Purwokerto",
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"text": "YINYANG",
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"text": "ISSN: 1907-2791",
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"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Vol.4 No.2 Jul-Des 2009 pp.213-221",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 471,
"height": 42,
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"text": "melalui berbagai macam program. Melalui media kampanye, diharapkan suara pemilih akan terserap dan terwujud dalam perolehan suara dalam pilkada yang menjadi dampak komunikasi politik yang diinginkan.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 147,
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan program perempuan di atas, tampak penyampaiannya hanya menjadi “bagian kecil” dari keseluruhan visi misi yang diangkat oleh para kandidat dalam pilbup ataupun pilgub. Artinya, isu tersebut terlihat masih kalah gaungnya dibanding dengan isu kampanye lain, seperti pengentasan kemiskinan, penyediaan lapangan kerja, pendidikan dan sebagainya, bahkan bagi kampanye calon yang sebenarnya secara eksplisit sudah memasukkan isu perempuan sekalipun. Kampanye Aris W.-Asroru dalam Pilbup Banyumas 2008 misalnya, meskipun program pemberdayaan wanita dan generasi muda tercantum sebagai salah satu visi misi pasangan tersebut, namun penyampaiannya terasa kurang mengena di masyarakat karena yang lebih sering dimunculkan kepada khalayak melalui berbagai media kampanye adalah program pendidikan gratis, pengurusan kartu tanda penduduk (KTP) gratis, akta kelahiran gratis, serta pengobatan gratis bagi warga miskin.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Pertanyaan berikutnya, mengapa isu pemberdayaan perempuan kurang begitu diangkat menjadi materi kampanye untuk menarik suara pemilih dalam pilkada? Berikut disampaikan beberapa hal untuk didiskusikan. Pertama, isu tentang persoalan perempuan dalam kampanye mungkin dianggap kurang efektif untuk menarik suara pemilih, bahkan bagi pemilih perempuan sekalipun. Dalam kasus Pilbup Banyumas 2008, kemenangan diraih oleh pasangan Marjoko-A. Husein dengan perolehan suara 36,3 persen atau 321.106 dari 883.503 suara (Radar Banyumas, 23 Februari 2008). Dalam program kampanyenya, pasangan tersebut berjanji untuk mengatasi pengangguran, mengurangi angka kemiskinan, peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan, mengatasi pendidikan yang mahal dan kesejahteraan bagi seluruh warga Banyumas (Radar Banyumas, 6 Februari 2008).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan survei yang dilakukan oleh Laboratorium Ilmu Politik FISIP Unsoed, 1 masalah- masalah sosial politik yang paling penting untuk diselesaikan oleh bupati dan wakil bupati jika terpilih nantinya adalah persoalan pengangguran dan sempitnya lapangan pekerjaan, yang dipilih oleh 76 persen responden; biaya pendidikan, yang dipilih oleh 69 persen; kemiskinan, dipilih oleh 55 persen dan biaya kesehatan yang dipilih oleh 35 persen responden. Artinya, keempat persoalan tersebut menjadi harapan bagi masyarakat Banyumas kepada bupati dan wakil bupati yang terpilih untuk ditangani dan diselesaikan dengan baik.",
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"text": "Secara teoretik, apa yang menjadi program yang diusung oleh pasangan Marjoko–A.Husein di atas, keempatnya merupakan pesan politik yang disampaikan kepada khalayak sebagai bentuk komunikasi pasangan tersebut dengan masyarakat. Proses penyampaian pesan tersebut ternyata selaras dengan situasi yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat Banyumas saat itu. Hal itu tercermin pada harapan masyarakat terhadap masalah sosial politik yang paling penting untuk diselesaikan oleh bupati mereka, yaitu persoalan pengangguran, kemiskinan, biaya pendidikan dan kesehatan.",
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"text": "Berkaitan dengan efektif atau tidaknya isu perempuan yang dimaksudkan tulisan ini, survei tersebut dengan kata lain juga menjawab bahwa isu pemberdayaan perempuan bukan menjadi persoalan paling penting di masyarakat yang harus ditangani dan diselesaikan oleh pemimpin. Isu kemiskinan dan sejenisnya jauh dianggap lebih krusial menjadi persoalan di tengah masyarakat untuk segera dicari peme- cahannya. Dari sudut pandang ini, setidaknya dapat menjawab bahwa isu perempuan kurang diangkat menjadi pesan politik para kandidat dalam pilkada karena isu tersebut memang dianggap kurang efektif untuk menarik suara pemilih. Penyebabnya adalah adanya anggapan kurang relevan dengan persoalan sosial politik yang paling penting untuk diselesaikan di masyarakat.",
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"text": "Pusat Studi Gender STAIN Purwokerto",
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"text": "YINYANG",
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"text": "ISSN: 1907-2791",
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"text": "Vol.4 No.2 Jul-Des 2009 pp.213-221",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 75,
"width": 471,
"height": 222,
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"text": "Kedua, anggapan tidak adanya korelasi yang signifikan antara jenis kelamin (dalam hal ini perempuan) dengan pilihan politik pemilih. Studi yang dilakukan oleh Austin Ranney (1999: 119-120) mencatat tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara jenis kelamin dengan pilihan politik seseorang. Studi yang dilakukan oleh Lingkaran Survei Indonesia (LSI) (2007) juga menyimpulkan dalam kasus Pilkada Banten 2006, kemenangan yang dicapai Ratu Atut Chosiyah sebagai gubernur lebih dikarenakan popularitas dan dukungan yang merata di semua lapisan masyarakat Banten (Kajian Bulanan LSI, 1 Mei 2007: 19). 2 Studi tersebut menyimpulkan tidak ada perbedaan di antara pemilih laki-laki ataupun perempuan dalam menentukan kandidat yang dipilih. Padahal, jumlah pemilih perempuan di wilayah tersebut separuh dari 7.958.948 pemilih yang ada. Demikian juga dalam Pilgub Jateng 2008. Kemenangan yang diraih oleh Bibit W.– Rustriningsih, sebagai satu-satunya pasangan yang ada wakil perempuannya, lebih dimungkinkan karena faktor dukungan mesin politik PDIP sebagai partai yang mencalonkan yang telah bekerja dengan baik ditunjang dengan basis massa PDIP yang memang kuat di wilayah Jateng. Dengan demikian, Rustriningsih mungkin lebih dipilih karena keberadaannya sebagai figur kader PDIP yang loyal dan kurang dilihat karena posisinya sebagai satu-satunya wakil perempuan dalam laga pilgub tersebut.",
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"text": "Survei yang dilakukan oleh Laboratorium Ilmu Politik FISIP Unsoed juga mencatat bahwa tingkat preferensi pemilih perempuan terhadap kandidat bupati dan wakil bupati memang menyebar. Artinya, tidak semua pemilih perempuan memberikan suaranya terhadap kandidat perempuan. Hasil studi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pilihan terhadap pasangan calon berdasarkan jenis kelamin adalah: Marjoko-A. Husein dipilih oleh 11,5 persen laki-laki dan 11,3 persen perempuan; Singgih-Laily dipilih oleh 7,2 persen laki-laki dan 10,7 persen perempuan; Bambang P-Tossy A. dipilih 8,6 persen dan 7,0 persen perempuan; dan Aris W.-Asroru dipilih 5,6 persen laki-laki dan 6,7 persen perempuan. Sementara itu, mereka yang tidak menjawab sebanyak 15,8 persen laki-laki dan 15,5 persen perempuan. Meskipun pasangan Singgih W.-Laily dipilih oleh lebih banyak pemilih perempuan dibanding laki-laki (10,7 persen dibanding 7,2 persen), namun pasangan Aris W.-Asroru juga lebih dipilih oleh pemilih perempuan, preferensi pemilih perempuan terhadap pasangan Marjoko-A. Husein dan Bambang P.-Tossy juga relatif berimbang antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Artinya, tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara jenis kelamin pemilih maupun kandidat terhadap pilihan politik pemilih.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Kasus di atas bisa terjadi karena kurangnya pengemasan isu pemberdayaan perempuan dalam paket visi misi yang disampaikan dalam kampanye para calon dalam pilkada berkaitan dengan hal tersebut. Artinya, belum tentu dengan jumlah pemilih perempuan yang lebih banyak, maka akan menjadi jaminan mereka akan memilih kandidat yang perempuan, atau kandidat yang secara khusus membidik isu pemajuan perempuan. Akhirnya, hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan isu-isu perempuan pun kurang menjadi fokus dalam materi kampanye. Bahkan, walaupun terdapat kandidat perempuan, namun tetap saja tidak mengusung secara khusus isu-isu perempuan, seperti yang terjadi juga dalam pilkada di Kab. Bolaang Mongondow, Minahasa Selatan, Ambon dan Kab. Cianjur (Kajian Bulanan LSI, 1 Mei 2007 : 12-13). Isu-isu mengenai perempuan tidak diangkat sebagai pesan komunikasi politik dalam pemaparan visi mereka. Para kandidat lebih mengangkat tema-tema umum seperti kemiskinan, pendidikan ataupun kesehatan.",
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"text": "C. KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Pusat Studi Gender STAIN Purwokerto",
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"text": "Vol.4 No.2 Jul-Des 2009 pp.213-221",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 75,
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"text": "Era reformasi telah memberi ruang yang lebih luas bagi peningkatan peran serta perempuan dalam pembangunan. Berkaitan dengan penyelenggaraan pilkada, isu tentang pemajuan perempuan seyogyanya menjadi menarik dan penting untuk diangkat sebagai media komunikasi politik kepada masyarakat, dalam bentuk visi misi yang diusung kandidat. Namun demikian, dari beberapa contoh kasus pilkada yang dikemukakan di depan, isu kampanye yang berkaitan dengan program pemberdayaan perempuan ternyata kurang diangkat sebagai strategi komunikasi politik utama, baik oleh kandidat laki-laki maupun oleh kandidat perempuan sendiri.",
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"text": "Terdapat beberapa hal yang diulas dalam tulisan ini untuk mencari penjelasan mengapa isu perempuan kurang dimasukkan sebagai materi kampanye: Pertama, isu tentang pemajuan perempuan dianggap kurang mengena dengan permasalahan kemasyarakatan lain yang dianggap lebih signifikan seperti pengentasan kemiskinan, pengangguran, dan isu-isu lain yang sejenis sehingga kurang efektif untuk menarik suara pemilih. Kedua, pemahaman tentang tidak ada pengaruh signifikan antara jenis kelamin seorang pemilih dengan pilihan politik seseorang, baik perempuan atau pun laki-laki. Artinya, belum tentu perempuan akan memilih kandidat perempuan dan isu yang berkaitan dengannya. Akhirnya, isu yang berhubungan dengan persoalan perempuan pun kurang dimasukkan dalam materi kampanye.",
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"text": "Terakhir, tulisan ini memberi sedikit masukan bahwa permasalahan pemajuan perempuan adalah masalah yang penting untuk ditangani dan diselesaikan, demi tercapainya kesetaraan dan keadilan gender di negeri ini. Pilkada, sebagai manisfestasi demokrasi di tingkat lokal, setidaknya dapat menjadi salah satu media penyadaran bahwa persoalan ketertinggalan perempuan adalah tanggung jawab bersama antara pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk diselesaikan.",
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"text": "1 Survei dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2007 menjelang pelaksanaan pilbup langsung Kab. Banyumas bulan Februari 2008. Survei dilakukan di 27 kecamatan di seluruh kabupaten, dengan menggunakan multi stage random sampling , dengan melibatkan 400 orang responden dan memiliki toleransi kesalahan margin of error sebesar + 5 % pada tingkat kepercayaan 95 % . 2 Ratu Atut Chosiyah merupakan gubernur perempuan pertama di Indonesia yang terpilih melalui pilkada langsung. Keikutsertaan Ratu Atut Chosiyah dalam Pilkada Banten ini juga menjadi satu-satunya wakil perempuan yang berlaga sebagai kandidat gubernur pada level pilgub. Kajian Bulanan LSI (Edisi 1 Mei 2007) mencatat dari 296 pilkada di Indonesia, hanya 61 wilayah (20,6 % ) saja yang diikuti oleh kandidat perempuan. Selebihnya (79,4 % ), pilkada berlangsung tanpa kehadiran kandidat perempuan. Terdapat 69 orang perempuan yang ikut berpartisipasi sebagai kandidat dalam pilkada tersebut. Perinciannya, 19 orang (27,5 % ) maju sebagai kepala daerah (gubernur/walikota/bupati) (1 pilgub dan 18 pilbup) dan selebihnya 50 orang (72,5 % ) maju sebagai wakil kepala daerah. Sementara dari 18 perempuan yang mencalonkan diri menjadi bupati/walikota, hanya 5 orang atau 27,8 % yang berhasil lolos.",
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"text": "JURNAL STUDI GENDER & ANAK",
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"top": 738,
"width": 117,
"height": 9,
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"text": "Pusat Studi Gender STAIN Purwokerto",
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"width": 106,
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"text": "Vol.4 No.2 Jul-Des 2009 pp.213-221",
"type": "Page footer"
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"left": 72,
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"left": 72,
"top": 124,
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"height": 30,
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"text": "Anonim. 2001. Panduan Pengarusutamaan Gender dalam Pembangunan . Jakarta: CIDA- Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan RI- WSP II.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 155,
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"text": "Kajian Bulanan Lingkaran Survei Indonesia, Edisi 1 Mei 2007 .",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 171,
"width": 349,
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"text": "Nimmo, Dan, 2000 . Komunikasi Politik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka. Radar Banyumas, 25 Januari 2008.",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 203,
"width": 472,
"height": 62,
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"text": "Radar Banyumas, 6 Februari 2008. Radar Banyumas, 23 Februari 2008. Ranney, Austin. 1999. Governing: An Introduction to Political Science . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 266,
"width": 472,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Survei Tahap III Pilkada Kabupaten Banyumas , Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, Jurusan Ilmu Politik, FISIP Unsoed, Purwokerto 2008.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 298,
"width": 377,
"height": 46,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "UU No. 12 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, DPRD. UU No. 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. www.pilkadajateng2008.htm",
"type": "Text"
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60fb4d8c-d213-ec02-0606-66d5f9c432d7 | https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/privatlaw/article/download/30100/20414 | [
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"text": "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KEKUATAN MENGIKAT PRA KONTRAK DALAM HUKUM KONTRAK DI INDONESIA DENGAN HUKUM KONTRAK DI EROPA KONTINENTAL",
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"text": "Rida Halimah E-mail: [email protected] Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta",
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"text": "Pranoto E-mail: [email protected] Dosen Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "This article aims to determine the Comparison of the Binding Strength of Pre-Contract in Contract Laws in Indonesia with Contract Laws in European Countries. This research is prescriptive normative legal writing using the source of legal materials, whether in the form of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials in this research is by way of literature study through the collection of legislation, books, and other supporting documents. In the writing of this law, the authors use case approach, comparative approach and conceptual approach and using the technique of legal source analysis by syllogistic method through deductive thinking pattern. Based on the results of the research that the authors did, it was found that the contract law in Indonesia related to the pre-contract arrangement is still unclear while in Europe it is clearer and more assertive, Indonesia tends to still follow the classical theoretical view that good faith should be applied at the stage of contract implementation, countries in Europe have embraced the modern contract theory’s view that good faith must already exist in the pre-contract stage. Pre-contract is not specifically regulated in Indonesian legislation, especially in the Civil Code the absence of regulation on pre-contract making the binding of preband contracts vague, there is a prominent difference in the jurisprudence of pre-contract. The results of this study suggest that the law of Indonesia more firmly in regulating the pre-contract should refer to European countries because Indonesia and Europe have in common that is the civil law law system. Thus, although Indonesia does not specifically have written rules in legislation but Indonesia can expressly decide on pre-contract based on the principles of justice and trust.",
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"text": "Keyword: Good Faith; Classical Theory; Modern Theory; Pre-contract.",
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"text": "Abstrak",
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"width": 458,
"height": 243,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Perbandingan Kekuatan Mengikat Pra kontrak Dalam Hukum Kontrak Di Indonesia Dengan Hukum kontrak di Negara-negara Eropa. Penelitian ini merupakan penulisan hukum normatif yang bersifat preskiptif dengan menggunakan sumber bahan-bahan hukum, baik yang berupa bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan cara studi kepustakaan melalui pengumpulan peraturan perundang- undangan, buku, dan dokumen lain yang mendukung. Dalam penulisan hukum ini, penulis menggunakan pendekatan kasus, pendekatan komparatif dan pendekatan konseptual serta menggunakan teknik analisis sumber hukum dengan metode silogisme melalui pola pemikiran deduktif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang penulis lakukan, ditemukan bahwa Hukum kontrak di Indonesia terkait pengaturan pra kontrak masih belum jelas sedangkan di eropa sudah lebih jelas dan lebih tegas, Indoesia cenderung masih mengikuti pandangan teori klasik bahwa itikad baik harus diterapkan pada tahap pelaksanaan kontrak sedangkan pada negara-negara di Eropa sudah menganut pandangan teori kontrak modern yakni itikad baik harus sudah ada pada tahap pra kontrak. . Pra kontrak tidak diatur secara khusus dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, khususnya dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUH Perdata) tidak adanya pengaturan mengenai pra kontrak membuat kekuatan mengikat pra kontrak menjadi samar, terdapat perbedaan yang menonjol dalam yurisprudensi mengenai pra kontrak. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan agar hukum Indonesia lebih tegas dalam mengatur pra kontrak sebaiknya mengacu pada negara-negara Eropa karena Indonesia dan Eropa mempunyai kesamaan yakni menganut sistem hukum civil law . Dengan begitu meskipun Indonesia tidak secara khusus memiliki aturan tertulis dalam perundang-undangan namun Indonesia bisa secara tegas memutuskan mengenai pra kontrak dengan berlandaskan asas keadilan dan kepercayaan.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Itikad Baik; Teori Klasik; Teori Modern; Pra kontrak",
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"width": 261,
"height": 17,
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"text": "Analisis Perbandingan Kekuatan Mengikat Pra",
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"top": 758,
"width": 420,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 1,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Privat Law Vol. VII No 1 Januari - Juni 2019 Analisis Perbandingan Kekuatan Mengikat Pra ...",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "55",
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"text": "A. Pendahuluan",
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"left": 91,
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"text": "Perjanjian atau kontrak merupakan bagian yang melekat dari transaksi bisnis baik dalam skala kecil maupun besar, baik domestik maupun internasional. Fungsi kontrak sangat penting dalam menjamin bahwa seluruh harapan yang dibentuk dari janji-janji para pihak dapat terlaksana dan dipenuhi. Dalam hal terjadi pelanggaran, maka terdapat kompensasi yang harus dibayar dan konsekuensi hukum yang harus ditanggung. Dalam dunia bisnis, waktu dan kepastian merupakan faktor yang penting. Hukum kontrak dalam hal ini memberikan sarana yang memungkinkan para pihak mengakomodasi seluruh kepentingannya. Kontrak merupakan janji yang mengikat dan janji- janji tersebut menimbulkan harapan-harapan yang layak. Hukum kontrak dalam hal ini merupakan instrumen hukum yang berfungsi untuk menjamin pelaksanaan janji dan harapan itu (Yohanes Soga Simamora, 2009: 32-33).",
"type": "Text"
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"height": 87,
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"text": "Secara Teoritis, tahapan dalam penyusunan perjanjian menurut J.M. Van Dunne dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga tahap, yaitu pertama tahap penyusunan perjanjian/pra kontraktual ( Precontraktuele fase ) , kedua , tahap pelaksanaan isi perjanjian /kontraktual ( contraktuele fase ), ketiga , tahap paksa kontraktual ( postcontraktuele fase ) (Ridwan Khairandy, 2003:190). Tahapan pra kontrak sering dituangkan dalam bentuk MoU ( Memorandum of Understanding ) atau LoI ( Letter Of Intent ), dan promosi yang dibuat sebagai perwujudan dari penawaran dan kesepahaman, itikad atau niat para pihak sebelum memasuki tahap kontraktual.",
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"text": "Contoh permasalahan dalam bentuk perjanjian pendahuluan adalah seperti pada pembuatan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB), seringkali PPJB dilakukan antara penjual ( developer) perumahan dengan pembeli (konsumen) perumahan. Karena pada tahap ini adalah tahap negosiasi dari kedua pihak maka pihak penjual dan pembeli menaruh pengharapan dan kepercayaannya. Namun tidak jarang terjadi pelanggaran pada saat perjanjian pendahuluan atau dalam tahap negosiasi terdapat masalah terkadang penjual tidak menjelaskan hal yang sebenarnya atau apa yang dijanjikan beda dengan kenyataan sebenarnya pembeli merasa kecewa dan mengalami kerugian namun oleh pengadilan seringkali dianggap perjanjian pendahuluan ini tidak mempunyai kekuatan mengikat padahal pihak pembeli atau konsumen perumahan sudah melakukan perbuatan hukum seperti sudah membayar setengah harga dan lain sebagainya. Begitupula pada mommerandum of understanding (MoU).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 91,
"top": 419,
"width": 438,
"height": 73,
"page_number": 2,
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"text": "Janji-janji dari developer yang tercantum dalam brosur-brosur atau bentuk promosi lainnya, menurut teori klasik hukum kontrak tidak dapat dituntut pertanggungjawabannya, karena janji tersebut adalah janji-janji pra kontrak yang tidak tercantum dalam pengikatan jual beli. Sedangkan menurut teori modern cenderung untuk menghapuskan syarat-syarat formal bagi kepastian hukum dan lebih menekankan kepada terpenuhinya rasa keadilan (Jack Beatson dan Daniel Friedman dalam Suharnoko, 2004:2)",
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"text": "Perbedaan sistem hukum perdata yang ada terlebih dalam kontrak memberikan pengaruh yang sangat signifikan kepada masing-masing negara dalam pembentukan hukum (undang-undang) yang mengatur mengenai kontrak, baik dari segi formil maupun materilnya.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 533,
"width": 437,
"height": 73,
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"text": "Karena kekuatan mengikat pra kontrak dalam teori hukum kontrak klasik dan teori hukum kontrak modern berbeda satu sama lain, maka penulis telah meneliti lebih dalam mengenai Bagaimana kekuatan mengikat pra kontrak di Indonesia dan Eropa dan bagaimana perbedaan atau persamaan dari keduanya. Inilah yang menjadi dasar dan alasan penulis untuk melakukan suatu kajian mengenai perbandingan kekuatan mengikat pra kontrak dalam hukum kontrak di Indonesia dengan hukum kontrak di negara-negara Eropa.",
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"text": "B. Metode Penelitian",
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"height": 97,
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"text": "Penelitian ini termasuk merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga pendekatan yakni pendekatan kasus, pendekatan komparatif dan pendekatan konsep. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder dengan teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum melalui studi kepustakaan atau studi dokumen yaitu pengumpulan dan identifikasi bahan hukum yang didapat melalui buku referensi, karangan ilmiah, dokumen resmi, makalah, jurnal, media massa, internet serta bahan-bahan hukum lainnya yang memiliki keterkaitan dengan isu hukum yang sedang dibahas kemudian bahan hukum tersebut disusun serta dikontruksikan dengan sistematis.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 225,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "56 Jurnal Pr ivat Law Vol. VII No 1 Januari - Juni 2019",
"type": "List item"
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"top": 759,
"width": 198,
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"text": "Berkenaan dengan kekuatan mengikat janji-janji pra kontrak terdapat teori hukum kontrak yaitu (Suharnoko, 2004:2-3):",
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"text": "1. Teori hukum kontrak klasik janji-janji pra kontrak tidak mempunyai kekuatan mengikat, oleh karena itu tidak dapat dimintai pertanggung jawaban/ di gugat ganti kerugian, teori kontrak klasik hanya mewajibkan itikad baik pada saat pelaksanaan perjanjian.",
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"text": "2. Teori hukum kontrak modern, pra kontrak telah memiliki kekuatan mengikat, dan cenderung menghapuskan syarat-syarat formal bagi kepastian hukum dan lebih menekankan kepada terpenuhinya rasa keadilan. Itikad baik diakui saat tahap pra kontrak hingga tahap paska kontrak.",
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"top": 192,
"width": 437,
"height": 112,
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"text": "1. Penerapan asas itikad baik sebagai aspek penentu kekuatan mengikat pra kontrak dalam hukum kontrak di negara-negara Eropa Kontinental Negara-negara civil law pada umumnya memasukkan ketentuan itikad baik kedalam kitab undang-undang hukum perdatanya, contohnya, pada pasal 242 BGB ( Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) Jerman, Pasal 1134 (3) Civil Code Perancis, dan Pasal 1338 ayat (3) Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata Indonesia, Civil Code Belgia mensyaratkan semua kontrak harus dilaksanakan dengan itikad baik dan penafsiran kontraktualnya pun harus disertai dengan kebiasaan. Civil Code Italia mensyaratkan kewajiban itikad baik oleh para pihak sebelum dan setelah kontrak ditandatangani (Grace Xavier 2004 dalam Huala adolf, 2007:25)",
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 306,
"width": 417,
"height": 97,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Negara-negara penganut civil law tidak memberikan batasan pengetian atau definisi dari itikad baik. Hoge Raad dalam putusannya “ Hengsten Vereniging v. Onderlinge Paardenen Vee asurantie (Artis De Laboureur Arrest) , 9 Februari 1923, NJ 1923,676, menyatakan bahwa dalam menafsirkan ketentuan kontrak dilaksanakan dengan itikad baik, bermakna bahwa kontrak harus dilaksanakan dengan atau sesuai akal sehat dan patut dalam Belanda “ volgens de eisen van redelijkheid en billijkheid.” Dengan kata lain, bahwa rumusan “redelijkheid en billijkheid” meliputi semua hal yang ditangkap dengan akal pikiran (intelektual) dan perasaan (Mery Christian Putri dalam Jurnal Aris Setyo Nugroho, 2014:78).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 111,
"top": 405,
"width": 418,
"height": 61,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Doktrin ini memiliki arti bahwa tingkah laku para pihak dalam melaksanakan perjanjian harus diuji atas dasar norma-norma objektif yang tidak tertulis. Norma-norma tersebut tidak hanya mengacu kepada anggapan para pihak saja, namun harus mengacu pada tingkah laku yang sesuai dengan pandangan umum tentang itikad baik tersebut (Mery Christian dalam Jurnal Aris Setyo Nugroho, 2014:79).",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 468,
"width": 417,
"height": 49,
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"text": "Hal tersebut sesungguhnya mengacu pada standar yang berlaku dalam hukum Romawi yang lebih meletakkan itikad baik sebagai suatu norma moral yang universal daripada sebagai suatu norma sosial. Ini merupakan konsep itikad baik subjektif yang mengacu kepada suatu standar moral subjektif karena ia didasarkan pada kejujuran individu.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 518,
"width": 418,
"height": 184,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Beberapa negara di Eropa telah membedakan fungsi dari itikad baik. Di Jerman perbedaan yang dibuat oleh Siebert telah dianggap sebagai dasar dari fungsi itikad baik yang terbagi kedalam tiga fungsi dari pasal 242 BGB, antara lain: (1) suplementasi tugas; (2) pembatasan hak-hak; (3) sebagai prinsip dasar suatu kontrak. Di Italia, fungsi dari itikad baik dibedakan antara fungsi suplementasi dan fungsi evaluasi. Sedangkan di Belanda memiliki fungsi suplementasi dan fungsi pembatas. Selanjutnya, di Belgia, itikad baik memiliki tiga fungsi, antara lain fungsi interpretatif, fungsi suplementasi dan fungsi membatasi atau mengurangi kontrak (Nindyo Pramono, http:// id.scribd.com/doc/162154390/Contract-Drafting , di akses tanggal 20 Agustus 2017). Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, negara-negara sistem hukum civil law mulai menganut penerapan itikad baik dalam tahapan pra kontrak sebagai pengimplementasian teori hukum modern. Contoh dari penerapan itikad baik pada periode pra kontrak di mulai ini antara lain di Prancis, bilamana dalam tahapan perundingan awal, satu pihak mengundurkan diri dari perundingan tanpa alasan yang sahih, maka ia dapat digugat atas perbuatan melawan hukum. Sedangkan bila perundingan hampir mencapai kata sepakat, maka pihak yang mundur tiba-tiba tersebut dapat digugat wan prestasi (Suharnoko dalam Rosa Agustina, 2012:83).",
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"width": 416,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Di negara Belanda, pengadilan sudah mengakui bahwa itikad baik sudah harus ada pada tahap pra kontrak, seperti dalam Arres Hoge Raad Tanggal 18 Juni 1982, Nj.1983,723. Pada",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 758,
"width": 206,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Privat Law Vol. VII No 1 Januari - Juni 2019",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 231,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 3,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Analisis Perbandingan Kekuatan Mengikat Pra ... 57",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 57,
"width": 418,
"height": 109,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "akhir tahun 1974 Plas memasukkan penawaran untuk melakukan pemborongan di kotamadya Valbrug, dan dalam suatu rapat, wali kota mengatakan, bahwa penawaran Plas dapat diterima oleh kotamadya, namun harus diputuskan melalui rapat dewan kotamadya. Akan tetapi dalam rapat dewan kotamadya, ternyata yang diterima adalah penawaran dari pemborong lain, yaitu Arns BV. Gugatan Plas dimenangkan oleh pengadilan negeri dan pengadilan tinggi, ganti rugi yang diberikan hanya biaya-biaya yang sudah dikeluarkan oleh Plas atas dasar bahwa itikad baik sudah harus ada pada tahap pra kontrak. Karena belum ada kontrak maka Plas tidak dapat menuntut kehilangan keuntungan yang di harapkan (Van der Burg 1999 dalam Suharnoko, 2004:11).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 168,
"width": 418,
"height": 85,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Pengaturan mengenai pelaksanaan itikad baik tersebar dalam berbagai Pasal di Neuw Burgelijk Wetboek Belanda (NBW). NBW merupakan Burgelijk Wetboek yang telah diperbaharui oleh pemerintah Belanda, yang telah menganut peraturan-peraturan yang sesuai dengan kebuttuhn hukum keperdataan Belanda saat ini. Peraturan dalam NBW banyak mengacu pada hukum kebiasaan yang sudah diakui negara-negara Eropa kontinental, seperti Prinsip Hukum Kontrak Eropa. Asas itikad baik dalam NBW diakui dalam berbagai tindakan hukum, termasuk pula pada tahap pra kontrak.",
"type": "Text"
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"width": 418,
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"text": "Civil Code Italia telah memiliki ketentuan legislasi yang mewajibkan negosiasi dan penyusunan kontrak haruslah dilaksanakan dengan itikad baik. Sehubungan dengan hal ini, pasal 1337 Civil Code Italia menentukan bahwa :“parties must behave in good faith during the pre- contractual bargaining and contract drafting” (Alberto M. Musy, Global Jurist Advances,Volume 1, Issue 1, 2001:5).",
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"width": 416,
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"text": "Dalam penerapan itikad baik dalam tahap pra kontrak, penting untuk ditetapkan kapan suatu peristiwa telah dianggap sebagai fase pra kontrak. Hal ini berkaitan pula dengan tahapan offerte yaitu suatu tawaran untuk menerima negosiasi (Ridwan Khairandy, 2003:260).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "2. Penerapan asas itikad baik sebagai aspek penentu kekuatan mengikat pra kontrak dalam hukum kontrak di Indonesia ditinjau dari KUH Perdata Merujuk pada Pasal 1338 ayat (3) KUH Perdata dihubungkan dengan pasal 1320 ayat (3) KUH Perdata bahwa asas itikad baik dapat diterapkan dalam situsi dimana perjanjian sudah memenuhi syarat hal tertentu, maka dengan demikian mengingat perjanjiannya belum memenuhi hal tertentu, oleh karenanya janji-janji pra kontrak sama sekali tidak berdampak hukum. Hal ini berarti jika ditinjau dari Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata semata Indonesia cenderung telah menerapkan teori hukum kontrak klasik yakni hukum kontrak klasik belum mengakui kekuatan mengikat pra kontrak.",
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"text": "KUH Perdata hanya mengatur prinsip itikad baik pada saat pelaksanaan kontrak seperti yang tertuang dalam pasal 1338 (3) KUH Perdata. Dalam prakteknya apabila terdapat kasus maka para hakim akan menggunakan teori yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 111,
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"height": 217,
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"text": "Asas itikad baik hanya diterapkan dimana perjanjian telah mencapai kesepakatan. Akibatnya, hal ini tidak melindungi pihak yang menderita kerugian dalam tahap pra-kontrak atau tahap perundingan. Permasalahan hukum sendiri akan timbul jika sebelum perjanjian tersebut sah dan mengikat para pihak, yaitu dalam proses perundingan atatu negosiasi (preliminary negotiation), salah satu pihak telah melakukan perbuatan hukum seperti meminjam uang atau membeli sesuatu, padahal diantara para pihak belum tercapai kesepakatan final mengenai isi perjanjian bisnis yang tengah dirundingkan. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena salah satu pihak begitu percaya dan menaruh pengharapan terhadap janji-janji yang diberikan oleh rekan bisnisnya. Jika pada akhirnya perundingan mengalami jalan buntu dan tidak mencapai kesepakatan, misalnya tidak tercapai kesepakatan mengenai fee, royalti, maka pihak yang telah melakukan perbuatan hukum tersebut tidak dapat menuntut ganti rugi atas segala biaya dan investasi yang telah dikeluarkannya untuk kepentingan bisnis tersebut. Demikian juga dengan janji janji pelaku usaha yang tercantum dalam brosur-brosur yang diedarkan sebagai iklan, menurut teori klasik hukum perjanjian tidak dapat dituntut pertanggungjawabannya karena janji-janji tersebut adalah janji-janji pra-kontrak yang tidak tercantum dalam pengikatan jual beli (Suharnoko, 2004:5). Pemahaman ini tentu saja tidak mencerminkan keadilan dan perlindungan bagi salah satu pihak, yang biasanya merupakan pihak yang berada dalam posisis tawar (bargaining power) lebih lemah, seperti konsumen atau debitur dalam perjanjian utang piutang.",
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"text": "58 Ju r nal Pr ivat Law Vol. VII No 1 Januari - Juni 2019",
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"width": 198,
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"text": "D. Simpulan",
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"text": "1. Negara-negara Eropa terutama yang menganut sistem hukum civil law seperti Jerman, Prancis, Belanda dan Italia telah menerapkan teori hukum kontrak modern dalam hal pra kontrak yakni asas itikad baik diakui dari semenjak tahap pra kontrak hal ini bisa dilihat dari yurisprudensi- yurisprudensi serta pada Pasal Code Civil italia.",
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"text": "2. Indonesia ditinjau dari KUH Perdata masih belum jelas apakah pra kontrak sudah memiliki kekuatan mengikat dan bisa digugat ganti kerugian, dikarenakan dalam pasal 1338 KUH Perdata hanya disebutkan asas itikad baik pada pelaksanaan perjanjian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Indonesia masih cenderung menganut pandangan teori klasik mengenai pra kontrak.",
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"text": "E. Saran",
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"text": "1. Disarankan supaya Indonesia dalam hal pra kontrak menganut teori hukum modern seperti negara-negara di Eropa karena sudah lebih melindungi terhadap pihak yang dirugikan pada tahap pra kontrak.",
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"text": "2. Apabila KUH Perdata di masa yang akan datang akan direvisi sebaiknya dalam satu Pasal memuat tentang penerapan asas itikad baik dari tahap pra kontrak sampai paska kontrak seperti dalam pasal Code Civil Italia.",
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"text": "Jurnal Privat Law Vol. VII No 1 Januari - Juni 2019 Analisis Perbandingan Kekuatan Mengikat Pra ...",
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"text": "F. Daftar Pustaka",
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"text": "Jurnal Ekonomi Volume 13 , Number 01, 2024, DOI 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i01 ESSN 2721-9879 (Online) https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi",
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"text": "Article Info ABSTRACT Keywords: Brand Credibility, Brand Performance, Brand Reputation, Smartphone. Leveraging the iPhone brand as a case study, the purpose of this research is to examine the impact of brand credibility and reputation on brand performance. Methods of quantitative description are used in this study. The present study employed purposive sampling, whereby the participants were selected based on their knowledge of and experience with purchasing iPhone brand products within the purchase range of March 2023 - March 2024. In all, 104 people took part in this study. Version 3.3.9 of the Smart PLS analysis program is used to process partial least squares, which are utilized in data analysis in research. Respondents were given a Google Form questionnaire with a scale from 1 to 4 that included the options for strongly disagree, disagree, agree, and highly agree. The study's findings demonstrate how brand credibility affects brand performance. Then, brand performance is influenced by brand reputation. The author's managerial inference is that buyers often second-guess their decision to purchase a product at a high cost. Because people, especially in Indonesia, continue to cite the rule of demand, which states that buyers would purchase a comparable good at a lower cost if the price of one product is higher than another. Secondly, the straightforwardness of finding iPhone products in stores should not be taken into account when making a direct purchase. Customers will take selling price and features into perspective. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license Corresponding Author: Rara Zulia Saputri",
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"text": "Program Studi Manajemen, Universitas Paramadina, Jalan Gatot Subroto Kav. 97, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia [email protected]",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Currently, technological advances have become an integral part of people's daily lives, both in terms of work, entertainment and communicating with each other (Orunbayev, 2023) . Because humans are social creatures who cannot live alone and need each other in everyday life, communication according to Hamilton & Holler (2023) is important in people's social relations. It's important to communicate and get information quickly. People usually buy smartphones to gain prestige which will provide satisfaction for the owner, as well as to help and make daily activities easier (Guo & Luo, 2023).",
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"text": "With increasing consumer demand for smartphone products, smartphone manufacturing companies and vendors are competing to create new product lines that can meet customer needs and at the same time attract customers' interest in buying their",
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"text": "Jurnal Ekonomi Volume 13 , Number 01, 2024, DOI 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i01 ESSN 2721-9879 (Online) https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi",
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"text": "Analysis of Brand Credibility and Brand Reputation on Brand Performance – Rara Zulia Saputri et.al",
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"text": "2312 | P a g e",
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"text": "products (Mutaqin et al., 2023). According to Uddin et al., (2023), companies must have a competitive advantage which is largely determined by their ability to provide higher value than their competitors. Therefore, companies must understand customers' needs and desires before they decide to buy the goods or services offered (Jacob, 2023). Mion et al. (2024) stated that various kinds of innovations from companies in designing a brand with comprehensive specifications make consumers choose brands conservatively by considering more which brands suit their needs. Of course, consumers will choose smartphone smart devices to help them in their daily lives (Philip et al., 2023).",
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"text": "Javid et al. (2023) said that the majority of people use cellphones to access the internet. This shows the dominance of the use of mobile phones as the main device to connect with the digital world (Kabirigi et al., 2023). The use of mobile phones to access the internet according to Moges et al. (2023) has several advantages, such as being easy to carry anywhere, offering a variety of applications and features, and the price is increasingly affordable. This dominance of cellphone use also has a significant impact on various aspects of life, such as changes in the way of communicating, doing business and learning (Olçum & Gülova, 2023). As more and more people use mobile phones to access the internet, it is important to ensure that the internet can be accessed by everyone easily and affordably (Maketo et al., 2023).",
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"text": "Currently, people use smart phones or what are known as Smartphones. The smartphones produced come with brands whose features are tailored to customer needs (Sha et al., 2024). As explained by Monika & Kurniawati (2023). the market opportunity for smartphones is making companies compete to make smartphones that are sophisticated and popular with consumers, both based on iOS and Android. The iPhone brand is one that is popular with the public. As stated by Annur (2022), the number of active iPhone users worldwide will reach 1.33 billion units in 2022. This figure is an increase of 8.13% from the previous year of 1.23 billion units. For more than the last decade, the number of active iPhones globally has continued to increase every year. It is recorded that the number of active iPhones worldwide in 2022 is the highest since 2008. The iPhone brand is in demand because it is more durable and reliable, so the user experience is better for a longer period of time. iPhone owners are easily satisfied, comfortable with their old iPhone and not too interested in changing to a new model (Muhammad, 2023).",
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"text": "In research by Yuliana et al. (2023) found that Brand Credibility influences Brand Performance. Brand credibility that is well recognized by consumers means consumers will continue to buy, wear and use products from that brand (Saajidah et al., 2024). Brand Credibility is the level of trust in brand information contained in a product, which requires confidence that a brand has the ability and desire to continue what has been promised (Rozania et al., 2024). Brand credibility facilitates a company to produce brand performance (Munir et al., 2024). Brand Credibility refers to the capacity and willingness of a brand to consistently deliver what they promise and is formed through a combination of the company's reliability and experience (Tirawani et al., 2024).",
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"text": "H1: Brand Credibility influences Brand Performance",
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"text": "Jurnal Ekonomi Volume 13 , Number 01, 2024, DOI 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i01 ESSN 2721-9879 (Online) https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi",
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"text": "Analysis of Brand Credibility and Brand Reputation on Brand Performance – Rara Zulia Saputri et.al",
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"text": "In research by Yuliana et al. (2023) found that Brand Reputation influences Brand Performance. Brand Reputation as an indicator of how a brand is seen by consumers, is not only related to product quality, but is also influenced by factors such as customer service, sustainability, and overall brand image (State, 2023) . Brand reputation plays a central role in forming brand trust, and a deep understanding of the relationship between the two is very crucial in the context of brand management (Ahmadi & Ataei, 2022). Salam & Jahed (2023) suggest that a good brand reputation is the main foundation that helps build consumer trust. When a brand has a positive reputation, consumers tend to associate it with quality, integrity, and reliability (Damanik, 2024).",
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"text": "H2: Brand Reputation influences Brand Performance",
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"text": "Figure 1. Conceptual Model",
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"text": "The focus of this research is to analyze the influence of Brand Credibility and Brand Reputation on Brand Performance with a case study of the iPhone brand. Researchers have not found research with variables similar to this case study before. So this is a novelty in research.",
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"text": "METHODS",
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"text": "Based on Yuliana (2020), the study design elucidates the research flow that the author will examine. Methods of quantitative description are used in this study. The present study employed purposive sampling, whereby the participants were selected based on their knowledge of and experience with purchasing iPhone brand products within the purchase range of March 2023 - March 2024. In all, 104 people took part in this study. Version 3.3.9 of the Smart PLS analysis program is used to process Partial Least Squares, which has been used in data analysis in research. A questionnaire in the form of a Google Form was distributed to respondents using a scale range of 1-4 with the criteria of strongly disagree, disagree, agree and strongly agree. The questionnaire in the research uses a closed",
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"text": "Jurnal Ekonomi Volume 13 , Number 01, 2024, DOI 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i01 ESSN 2721-9879 (Online) https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi",
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"text": "Analysis of Brand Credibility and Brand Reputation on Brand Performance – Rara Zulia Saputri et.al",
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"text": "statement form in all parts, except for the first part of the questionnaire. Closed questions were put forward by Mustikasari et al. (2022) is a question where the answers have been limited so that the answer is more structured.",
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"text": "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "Respondent Demographic Results",
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"text": "The data in this research was obtained by distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents who were Indonesian people who used iPhone brand smartphones. The general characteristics of respondents are based on gender, age, educational background, domicile, employment, and costs incurred to purchase iPhone products. Of the 100 respondents obtained, the majority of respondents were female, 65.4%, while 34.6% were male. Most of the respondents were aged 15-25 years as much as 90.4%, while those aged 26-35 years were 9.6%. The educational background of respondents was dominated by Bachelor Degree as much as 80%, while high school was 16.3%, Diploma Three was 1%, Master Degree was 1%, and Doctoral Degree was 1%.",
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"text": "The respondents' domicile is dominated by people living in Jabodetabek at 96.2%, while NTB at 2%, Kalimantan at 1%, and Sulawesi at 1%. Respondents were dominated by people who were still studying at college/students as much as 83.7%, while private employees were 9%, freelancers were 5%, unemployed were 2%, and lecturers/teachers were 1%. As many as 39.4% of respondents spent Rp. 5,100,000-Rp. 10,000,000 to buy iPhone products, while 34.6% of respondents spent Rp. 10,100,000-Rp. 15,000,000, 19.2% of respondents spent > Rp. 15,000,000, and 7% of respondents spend IDR 1,000,000-IDR 5,000,000 to buy an iPhone product.",
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"text": "Validity Test Results",
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"text": "Validity testing is needed to ensure whether a questionnaire for each variable is valid (Justiana & Yuliana, 2024; Saksono & Yuliana, 2024). Using alternative measures, convergent validity testing is conducted to identify measures that show positive correlations of comparable constructs (Utoyo et al., 2023) . The outer loading and Average Extracted Variance (AVE) values are requirements for achieving value fulfillment (Ningsih et al., 2023) . Processing research data produces the following values:",
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"text": "Table 1. Validity Test Variables Indicators Factor Loading Brand Credibility BC1 0.946 BC2 0.965 BC3 0.980 BC4 0.965 BP1 0.073 BP10 0.895 BP11 0.857 BP12 0.895 BP2 0.754",
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"text": "Jurnal Ekonomi Volume 13 , Number 01, 2024, DOI 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i01 ESSN 2721-9879 (Online) https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi",
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"text": "Analysis of Brand Credibility and Brand Reputation on Brand Performance – Rara Zulia Saputri et.al",
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"text": "2315 | P a g e",
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"text": "Brand Performance BP3 0.661 BP4 0.792 BP5 0.785 BP6 0.929 BP7 0.896 BP8 0.89 BP9 0.859 Brand Reputation BR1 0.931 BR2 0.921 BR3 0.924 BR4 0.916 BR5 0.924 BR6 0.944 BR7 0.943 BR8 0.946 BR9 0.909 Source: Processed Data (2024)",
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"text": "The squared loadings of indicators that are interrelated with construction have a large average value called Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and the AVE value requirement is 0.50 or greater (Khoiroh et al., 2023). This shows that the average construct can explain more than half of the variance of the indicators (Marianti et al., 2023). In the BP3 loading factor; has a value <0.7 so it is excluded from the validity test.",
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"text": "Convergent validity testing can then be carried out by observing the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value. Based on the data processing results of the AVE values obtained, the value for each variable is above 0.5, therefore these variables can be declared valid (Sherlyta et al., 2024) . The highest AVE value is in the brand reputation variable with a value of 0.863 and the lowest AVE value is in the brand credibility variable with a value of 0.930.",
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"text": "Table 2. Average Variance Extracted Average Variance Extracted (AVE) Brand Credibility 0.930 Brand Performance 0.712 Brand Reputation 0.863 Source: Processed Data (2024)",
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"text": "The highest value for the outer loading of a construction can indicate that the related indicators are very similar. Apart from that, the provisions that have been determined can be shown by explaining the substantial part of each variant indicator by a latent variable with a minimum of 5% (Fauzan et al., 2023) . The standard value for outer loading is 0.5 or greater, with the ideal value being 0.7 or greater (Saputri et al., 2024) .",
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"text": "Jurnal Ekonomi Volume 13 , Number 01, 2024, DOI 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i01 ESSN 2721-9879 (Online) https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi",
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"text": "Analysis of Brand Credibility and Brand Reputation on Brand Performance – Rara Zulia Saputri et.al",
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"text": "Reliability Test Results",
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"text": "Reliability testing is the next stage of instrument testing using SmartPLS 3.3.9 and the PLS-Algorithm procedure (Yuliana et al., 2023). The Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability values obtained were used to test the reliability of each variable which is presented in Table 3 below:",
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"text": "Table 3. Reliability Test Cronbach's Alpha rho_A Composite Reliability Brand Credibility 0.975 0.975 0.981 Brand Performance 0.962 0.967 0.967 Brand Reputation 0.98 0.980 0.983 Source: Processed Data (2024)",
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"text": "The instrument in this research is reliable or reliable, because according to the results of the answers from the respondents it can be declared consistent.",
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"text": "Hypothesis Test Results",
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"text": "Based on the results of hypothesis testing in table 4, it states that the overall results of hypothesis testing are supported.",
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"text": "Table 4. Hypothesis Testing Original Sample (O) Sample Mean (M) Standard Deviation (STDEV) T Statistics (|O/STDEV|) P Values Hypothesis Results BRAND CREDIBILITY -> BRAND PERFORMANCE 0.360 0.355 0.106 3,383 0.001 accepted BRAND REPUTATION -> BRAND PERFORMANCE 0.544 0.549 0.104 5,212 0 accepted",
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"text": "Source: Processed Data (2024)",
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"text": "A detailed discussion of each hypothesis based on the table above is explained as follows:",
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"text": "The data above shows that the brand credibility variable has a positive and significant effect on brand performance ( β = 0.36; p = 0.001). The path coefficient value shows a unidirectional relationship between the two variables. Apart from that, the p value is <0.05 which concludes that brand credibility has a significant impact on brand performance. This description shows that Hypothesis 1 is supported.",
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"text": "This research shows that the brand reputation variable has a positive and significant effect on brand performance ( β = 0.544; p = 0). The path coefficient value shows a unidirectional relationship between the two variables. Apart from that, the p value is <0.05 which concludes that brand reputation has a significant impact on brand performance. This description shows that Hypothesis 2 is supported.",
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"text": "Jurnal Ekonomi Volume 13 , Number 01, 2024, DOI 10.54209/ekonomi.v13i01 ESSN 2721-9879 (Online) https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi",
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"text": "The Influence of Brand Credibility on Brand Performance",
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"text": "The first hypothesis states that Brand Credibility influences Brand Performance. This is in line with research conducted by Yuliana et al. (2023) . A brand must always have a strong will to fulfill its promises. Creating good brand credibility is the best way to overcome bad news from word of mouth. Brand credibility can be said to be one of the psychological factors within consumers which can trigger the urge to purchase. Brand Credibility is closely related to a consumer's perspective on a brand, regarding the extent of a consumer's perception of the brand in the company.",
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"text": "Brand credibility is created from brand consistency, brand clarity, brand investment that is communicated clearly to consumers. Credible brands increase consumers' perception of product quality, making them more likely to purchase it. Likewise, a positive attitude toward a brand can lead to higher purchase intentions, as consumers view the brand and product more favorably. Thus, marketers must invest in building a strong brand reputation and cultivating a positive brand attitude to increase purchase intent, drive sales and improve the performance of the brand.",
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"text": "The Influence of Brand Reputation on Brand Performance The second hypothesis states that Brand Reputation influences Brand Performance. This is in line with research conducted by Yuliana et al. (2023) . In an era where information can quickly spread through various social media and online platforms, brand management must understand that a brand's reputation can easily be made or destroyed in a matter of seconds. A good reputation gives consumers confidence that they can rely on the brand to consistently meet their expectations.",
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"text": "When making purchasing decisions, consumers often refer to brand reputation as a determining factor. A strong reputation can minimize consumer uncertainty, making them feel more comfortable and confident in choosing products or services from that brand. Apart from that, brand reputation also plays an important role in ensuring long-term consumer loyalty. Consumers who are satisfied with their experience with a brand and trust its reputation are more likely to remain loyal, even in the face of product variation or market competition. This will increase the brand performance of a brand and create excellence in the industry.",
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"text": "Based on the results of the research and discussion above, it can be concluded that first, Brand Credibility influences Brand Performance. Then, Brand Reputation influences Brand Performance. Based on the findings in this research, the managerial implication that the author conveys is that consumers tend to think twice if they buy a product at an expensive price. Because people in Indonesia in particular still refer to the law of demand where if the price of a product is higher, consumers will buy a similar product at an affordable price. Second, even though iPhone products are easy to find in stores, this is not a consideration for making a direct purchase. Consumers will consider features and selling price. Therefore, the selling price determination must be taken into account by the iPhone brand owner. This",
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"text": "research has limitations. Suggestions for further research are analyzing the influence of brand performance based on brand experience and brand awareness.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran PJOK menggunakan Sport Education Model (SEM) pada materi softball untuk kelas VIII. SEM secara khusus digunakan untuk mengembangkan keterampilan siswa. Model pengembangan menggunakan Research and Development (R&D) dengan model yang dikembangkan oleh Borg & Gall, namun hanya menerapkan 7 langkah dari total 10 langkah yang ada. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen angket/kuesioner. Subjek uji coba yang dilibatkan yaitu guru Pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan dan siswa di SMP/MTs/sederajat di Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis data deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba produk dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran PJOK berbasis keterampilan sosial melalui Sport Education Model materi permainan softball layak dan dapat diterapkan dalam pembelajaran PJOK. Guru bisa menggunakan perangkat pembelajaran ini untuk mempermudah menggunakan model SEM di kelas.",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "The purpose of this research is to create PJOK teaching materials for class VIII softball material using the Sport Education Model (SEM). SEM is specifically used to help students develop their social skills. The development model employs R&D in accordance with the Borg & Gall model, but only seven of the ten steps are implemented. A questionnaire / questionnaire instrument was used to collect data. Physical education, sports, and health teachers and students from SMP/MTs/equivalent in East Java were tested. The quantitative and qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques were used to analyze this study. Based on the results of product trials, it can be concluded that the product development of social skills-based PJOK learning tools through the Sport Education Model of softball game material is feasible and can be applied in PJOK learning. Teachers can use this learning tool to make it easier to use the SEM in their class. Alamat korespondensi:",
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"text": "E-mail: [email protected]",
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"text": "ISSN: 2614-8293 (Online)",
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"text": "Rama Kurniawan/ Gelanggang Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia 6 (1) (2022)",
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"text": "61",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Pendidikan jasmani yang dilakukan dengan benar dipercaya dapat memberikan banyak dampak positif untuk mendidik kaum muda melalui keterlibatan aktif dan kegiatan fisik yang terorganisir (Kirk, 2006). Pendidikan jasmani juga memiliki peran penting dalam meningkatkan fungsi otak dan perkembangan kognitif melalui aktivitas fisik saat berolahraga (Ennis, 2011). Pendidikan jasmani memiliki beberapa aspek yang harus dipenuhi, diantaranya adalah aspek psikomotor (keterampilan), aspek kognitif (pengetahuan), dan aspek afektif (keterampilan).",
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"text": "Salah satu aspek afektif dalam Pendidikan jasmani adalah keterampilan sosial. Keterampilan sosial dapat dikatakan sebagai kemampuan individu untuk dapat berkomunikasi secara efektif dengan individu yang lainnya, baik secara verbal maupun nonverbal sesuai dengan kondisi dan situasi yang terjadi, keterampilan sosial termasuk perilaku yang dapat dipelajari dan ditingkatkan (Shalma, 2020). Keterampilan sosial menempatkan manusia sebagai makhluk sosial yang selalu berinteraksi dengan manusia yang lain, karena manusia selalu membutuhkan bantuan dari orang lain, manusia juga selalu hidup berkelompok (Maryani, 2010) . Keterampilan sosial adalah cara seorang individu untuk dapat menjalin hubungan dengan individu yang lain, hidup dan bekerja sama, bergiliran, mampu menghormati hak orang lain, peka secara sosial, belajar mengendalikan dan mengarahkan diri sendiri, berbagi ide dan pengalaman dengan orang lain (Sriyanto et al., 2019). Sehingga bisa dikatakan bahwa keterampilan sosial adalah kemampuan individu untuk dapat berinteraksi dengan lingkungan di sekitarnya baik menggunakan bahasa verbal maupun non- verbal. Keterampilan sosial akan sangat bermanfaat bagi peserta didik untuk menyongsong kehidupan yang akan datang, dengan dibekali keterampilan sosial maka peserta didik diharapkan dapat menjalin komunikasi dan hubungan yang lebih baik dengan lingkungan di sekitarnya, diharapkan peserta didik juga dapat menyadari tanggung jawab yang harus dipegangnya di masa sekarang, maupun di masa mendatang.",
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"text": "Ada banyak model pembelajaran yang sering diterapkan oleh guru pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan sosial, seperti Problem Based Learning, Cooperative Learning, Peer Tutoring , dan Sport Education Model ( SEM ). Namun untuk model SEM sendiri belum banyak guru di Indonesia yang menerapkan atau bahkan belum memahami metode pembelajaran ini. SEM merupakan salah satu metode yang mendorong siswa untuk mengembangkan keterampilan, dan pemahaman untuk berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan olahraga. Dengan metode SEM diharapkan siswa dapat berpartisipasi aktif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran, sehingga tujuan pembelajaran dapat dicapai secara optimal, khususnya pada aspek afektif dalam hal ini adalah keterampilan sosial.",
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"text": "SEM adalah salah satu bentuk model pembelajaran yang menggabungkan kemampuan dan kerja sama siswa dalam tim saat melakukan kompetisi (Siedentop et al., 2011). SEM dilakukan berdasar pada teori bermain secara kompetisi, dengan hasil kompetisi berdasar pada keterampilan dan strategi (Jewett et al., 1995). SEM bertujuan untuk mendorong masing-masing individu mengembangkan keterampilan juga pemahaman yang dibutuhkan untuk berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan olahraga (Kurniawan & Suherman, 2015). Secara sederhana pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan dengan menggunakan SEM menuntut peserta didik untuk dapat mengelola dan menyelenggarakan pertandingan secara mandiri dalam skala kecil. SEM bertujuan untuk mendidik peserta didik menjadi pemain dalam arti sesungguhnya, serta dapat membantu mereka untuk dapat berkembang menjadi olahragawan yang kompeten, bijaksana, berpengetahuan, dan antusias (Purwanto et al., 2014). Secara tidak langsung SEM dilaksanakan degan tujuan untuk mengembangkan keterampilan sosial peserta didik yang akan berguna bagi kehidupannya di masa depan.",
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"text": "Untuk mendukung sejauh mana guru memahami dan mengimplementasikan model-model pembelajaran PJOK, maka peneliti melakukan studi awal yang melibatkan guru-guru PJOK SMP/MTs/sederajat di wilayah Jawa Timur. Dari studi awal tersebut didapatkan hasil bahwa sejumlah guru menggunakan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) dan cooperative learning masing-masing sebesar 33.33%, 13.33% yang lain menggunakan blended learning , sedangkan yang menggunakan model peer tutoring , inkuiri, serta metode lainnya masing-masing sebesar 6.67%. 30% guru menggunakan model pembelajaran tersebut dikarenakan karakteristik peserta didik yang berbeda-beda, 46.67% yang lain menggunakan model pembelajaran tersebut karena tujuan yang ingin dicapai, 16.67% karena KI/KD yang digunakan, sejumlah guru beralasan karena ketersediaan sarana prasarana serta alasan lainnya masing- masing sebesar 3.3%. Kendala yang sering dijumpai oleh para guru ialah karakteristik peserta didik dan kurangnya motivasi intrinsik, masing-masing menyumbang angka sebanyak 50% dan 20%, 16.67% yang lain mengatakan kendala yang ditemui adalah kurangnya sarana dan prasarana untuk menunjang kegiatan pembelajaran, dan 13.33% sisanya mengalami kendala tidak tercapainya tujuan pembelajaran. Dalam pembelajarannya 33.33% guru belum menerapkan pengembangan keterampilan sosial dalam pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan. Sebanyak 76.67% guru belum mengetahui tentang program pembelajaran menggunakan SEM , dan hanya 23.33% guru yang sudah menerapkan SEM dalam pembelajarannya. 83.33% guru setuju bila dikembangkan program pembelajaran berbasis keterampilan sosial menggunakan",
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"text": "Rama Kurniawan/ Gelanggang Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia 6 (1) (2022)",
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"text": "SEM . Berdasarkan hasil beberapa penelitian tersebut yang berdampak secara positif terhadap kemampuan siswa maka perlu untuk dilakukan penelitian yang serupa terkait SEM di Indonesia. Adanya kesulitan dalam mendapatkan perangkat pembelajaran yang berbasis SEM menjadikan minimnya guru dalam mengimplementasikan SEM di kelas. Oleh karena itu penting dilakukan penelitian ini dalam rangka menyediakan peraangkata pembelajaran berbasis SEM yang bisa digunakan oleh guru.",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis keterampilan sosial menggunakan SEM dan menguji kelayakan produk pengembangan berupa perangkat pembelajaran pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan dalam bentuk permainan softball pada siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) kelas delapan, sehingga dengan adanya pengembangan program pembelajaran ini dapat membantu dan memudahkan guru pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan dalam penyampaian materi pembelajaran yang efektif dan efisien, serta dapat mencapai tujuan pembelajaran secara optimal.",
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"text": "METODE",
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"text": "Model penelitian pengembangan dalam penelitian ini adalah model menurut Borg & Gall, yang didalamnya terdapat 10 langkah yang harus dilakukan ( Borg & Gall, 1983), peneliti hanya dapat melakukan 7 dari 10 langkah yang ada, yaitu penelitian dan pengumpulan data, perencanaan, dan pengembangan produk awal. Penelitian dan pengumpulan data merupakan tahap awal, pada tahap ini, peneliti mengumpulkan data melalui studi pendahuluan yang dilakukan pada beberapa guru PJOK yang berdomisili tugas di wilayah Jawa Timur. Studi pendahuluan dilakukan untuk mengetahui capaian awal yang perlu dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini. Data tersebut diperoleh dari hasil kuesioner yang disebar pada guru PJOK SMP di wilayah Jawa Timur.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya tahap perencanaan, tahap ini dilakukan setelah melakukan pengumpulan data. Peneliti membuat perencanaan berupa desain prototype RPP, bahan ajar, dan panduan monev ( monitoring dan evaluasi). Dalam pembuatan beberapa produk tersebut disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan yang ditujukan pada subjek penelitian. Pada tahap pengembangan produk awal, peneliti melakukan pengembangan produk, berupa perangkat pembelajaran berbasis keterampilan sosial menggunakan SEM dalam bentuk RPP, bahan ajar, dan panduan monev . Perangkat pembelajaran tersebut sesuai dengan KI dan KD Sekolah Menengah Pertama dalam kurikulum 2013. Setelah pengembangan produk awal selesai, peneliti melakukan tahap validasi oleh para ahli, selanjutnya validator akan memberikan tanda tangan pada surat keterangan valid produk ketika produk sudah sesuai.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Prosedur Penelitian dan Pengembangan",
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"text": "Setelah pengembangan produk awal selesai, dilakukan uji coba kelompok kecil pada 5 guru PJOK SMP dengan pengalaman mengajar lebih dari lima tahun atau sudah tersertifikasi. Kemudian dilakukan revisi hasil uji coba untuk memperbaiki kekurangan dari produk yang telah dikembangkan dengan mempertimbangkan masukan yang ada, dilanjutkan dengan uji coba kelompk besar pada 14 guru PJOK SMP dengan pengalaman mengajar lebih dari lima tahun atau sudah tersertifikasi. Terakhir dilakukan penyempurnaan produk hasil uji coba untuk memperbaiki kekurangan yang masih terdapat dalam produk dengan tujuan untuk lebih menyempurnakan produk yang ada.",
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"text": "Subjek yang dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 guru PJOK untuk mengumpulkan data analisis kebutuhan, selain itu ada 5 guru PJOK untuk uji coba kelompok kecil dan 14 guru PJOK di tingkat Sekolah Menengah Pertama di Jawa Timur untuk uji coba kelompok besar, serta 12 siswa kelas delapan untuk uji coba kelompok kecil, dan 60 siswa kelas delapan untuk uji coba kelompok besar.",
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"text": "Rama Kurniawan/ Gelanggang Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia 6 (1) (2022)",
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"text": "Karakteristik Validator",
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"text": "Validator yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah akademisi dan praktisi yang memiliki pemahaman di bidangnya, ada 3 validator yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini, diantaranya adalah ahli keterampilan sosial, ahli pembelajaran, dan ahli media pembelajaran PJOK. Proses validasi dilakukan melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD) oleh ketiga validator menggunakan aplikasi google meet. Proses validasi melalui FGD dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali.",
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"text": "Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data analisis kebutuhan telah dinyatakan valid dan telah diuji reliabilitasnya dengan angka reliabilitas sebesar 0.701.Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data uji coba kelompok kecil dan uji coba kelompok besar berupa angket/kuesioner dengan jumlah pertanyaan untuk guru sebanyak 20 pertanyaan, dan untuk siswa sebanyak 10 pertanyaan. Pertanyaan yang tertera telah mencakup aspek kemudahan, kesesuaian, kemenarikan, dan kegunaan produk bagi guru dan siswa. Uji coba untuk RPP dan panduan monev dilakukan terhadap guru, sedangkan bahan ajar dilakukan terhadap guru dan siswa",
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"text": "Teknik Analisis Data",
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"text": "Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan data deskriptif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif berupa hasil studi pendahuluan dari pendidik pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehatan, serta hasil Focus Group Discussion (FGD) berupa saran dan masukan dari beberapa ahli yang digunakan untuk melakukan revisi produk, sedangkan data kuantitatif berupa persentase dari data angket/kuesioner pada subjek.",
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"text": "Rancangan Pengembangan Produk",
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"text": "Peneliti membuat prototype produk untuk dikembangkan berupa perangkat pembelajaran berbasis keterampilan sosial menggunakan SEM materi permainan softball . Perangkat pembelajaran berupa rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP), bahan ajar, dan panduan monev . Rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP) yang dikembangkan sesuai dengan format RPP yang tertera dalam (Permendikbud, 2016). RPP ini disusun sesuai dengan ciri-ciri pembelajaran SEM dan mengambil materi permainan softball yang disesuaikan dengan KI/KD pada kelas VIII Sekolah Menengah Pertama yang tercantum dalam (Habsyah, 2019) permendikbud No. 37 tahun 2018. Materi permainan softball untuk kelas VIII Sekolah Menengah Pertama meliputi tentang teknik melempar, menangkap, memukul.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Rancangan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran",
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"text": "No Karakteristik Deskripsi Aktivitas 1 Musim ( Seasons ) Pembelajaran untuk satu materi pokok (latihan, pertandingan, dan pesta) dilakukan dalam satu musim (15 jam pelajaran/6 kali pertemuan). Siswa melakukan latihan, pertandingan resmi, pesta dalam satu musim. 2 Keanggotaan ( Team Affiliation ) Membagi siswa dalam bentuk kelompok- kelompok kecil yang memerankan perannya masing- masing, seperti pemain, pelatih, official, wasit dan panitia. a. Siswa menentukan siapa saja yang menjadi pemain, pelatih, wasit panitia, dan official. b. Siswa bertindak atau bertugas sesuai dengan peran masing-masing. 3 Kompetisi Resmi ( Formal Competition ) Adanya kompetisi resmi antar kelompok kecil dalam satu kelas a. Siswa mengadakan kompetisi yang mempertandingkan antar kelompok kecil dalam satu kelas b. Siswa menyiapkan sendiri kebutuhan yang diperlukan dalam kompetisi 4 Pertandingan Puncak ( Culminating Event ) Pertandingan untuk menentukan juara 1, 2, dan 3. Siswa mengadakan pertandingan terakhir untuk menentukan juara 1,2, dan 3. 5 Pencatatan ( Record Keeping ) Mencatat seluruh poin/skor, kejadian yang terjadi selama pertandingan berlangsung. Siswa menulis atau mencatat, seluruh skor ataupun kejadian yang terjadi selama pertandingan baik pada pertandingan penyisihan maupun final.",
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"text": "Bahan ajar merupakan produk yang juga dikembangkan selain rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Bahan ajar tersebut sesuai dengan indikator pencapaian kompetensi pada Kompetensi Dasar yang disusun dalam rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Komponen-komponen dalam bahan ajar ini sesuai dengan pendapat (Heynoek et al., 2010) yang menyatakan bahwa komponen-komponen dalam bahan ajar adalah judul bab, tujuan pembelajaran, deskripsi isi, sub bab, uraian isi, gambar atau ilustrasi, daftar tabel contoh, rangkuman dan kegiatan siswa.",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Bahan Ajar",
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{
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"top": 374,
"width": 454,
"height": 57,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Produk yang lainnya adalah panduan monitoring dan evaluasi (monev ). Panduan monev ini berisi intrumen yang digunakan untuk melihat dan memantau keterlaksanaan pembelajaran. Panduan monev yang dikembangkan terdapat 3 bagian instrumen, diantaranya instrumen monitoring perangkat pembelajaran SEM mata pelajaran PJOK, instrumen monitoring pelaksanaan SEM mata pelajaran PJOK, dan instrumen monitoring evaluasi pembelajaran SEM mata pelajaran PJOK.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Panduan Monitoring dan Evaluasi.",
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"text": "HASIL",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 590,
"width": 453,
"height": 34,
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"text": "Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa hasil analisis kebutuhan dari kuesioner yang disebarkan secara online pada guru PJOK SMP/MTs/sederajat se-Jawa Timur dan hasil validasi dari para ahli melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD).",
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{
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"top": 638,
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"text": "Tabel 4. Analisis Kebutuhan Hasil Kuesioner",
"type": "Caption"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 651,
"width": 436,
"height": 64,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "No. Pertanyaan n (%) Ya Tidak 1. Apakah bapak/ibu telah menerapkan keterampilan sosial siswa dalam pembelajaran PJOK ? 66.67% 33.33% 2. Apakah bapak/ibu mengetahui model pembelajaran SEM ( Sport Education Model ) ? 23.33% 76.67%",
"type": "Table"
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{
"left": 83,
"top": 716,
"width": 432,
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"text": "3. Apakah bapak/ibu sudah pernah menerapkan model pembelajaran SEM ( Sport Education Model ) ? 23.33% 76.67%",
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{
"left": 83,
"top": 743,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Apakah bapak/ibu setuju apabila peneliti mengembangkan sebuah model pembelajaran SEM ( Sport Education Model ) ? 83.33% 16.67%",
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},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 74,
"width": 449,
"height": 210,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "No Karakteristik Deskripsi Aktivitas 6 Pesta ( Festivy ) Pengumuman juara, dan perayaan setelah diumumkannya juara a. Siswa yang menjadi panitia mengumumkan siapa yang menjadi juara b. Siswa yang menjadi pemain merayakan kemenangan yang diraihnya. No Komponen Deskripsi 1 Judul Keterangan yang digunakan untuk materi yang akan disampaikan. 2 Tujuan Pembelajaran Mencakup hasil sikap dan perilaku peserta didik yang ingin dicapai setelah melaksanakan pembelajaran.",
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"left": 79,
"top": 285,
"width": 435,
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"text": "3 Deskripsi Isi Memuat isi seluruh materi pembelajaran yang ingin disampaikan berbasis SEM . 4 Sub Bab Berisi bagian-bagian bab pada materi pembelajaran yang akan disampaikan 5 Uraian Isi Memaparkan tentang penjelasan dari materi pembelajaran yang disampaikan berbasis SEM .",
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "6 Gambaran atau Ilustrasi Memuat gambar/ilustrasi yang dapat memperjelas isi materi.",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 346,
"width": 112,
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"text": "7 Kegiatan Peserta Didik",
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 341,
"width": 433,
"height": 166,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Menjelaskan kegiatan-kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan peserta didik mengenai tugas yang berkaitan dengan pembentukan karakter. No Isi Deskripsi 1 Judul Keterangan yang berisi mengenai monitoring dan evaluasi yang akan dilakukan. 2 Identitas Pendidik Memuat nama guru yang diamati dalam monitoring dan evaluasi pelaksanaan pembelajaran.",
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{
"left": 79,
"top": 508,
"width": 436,
"height": 41,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3 Identitas Instansi Memuat nama lembaga/sekolah terkait guru dalam monitoring dan evaluasi pelaksanaan pembelajaran. 4 Aspek yang Diamati Memuat pertanyaan – pertanyaan berkenaan dengan persiapan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi pembelajaran",
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"top": 36,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Rama Kurniawan/ Gelanggang Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia 6 (1) (2022)",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 292,
"top": 779,
"width": 14,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "65",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 79,
"top": 75,
"width": 434,
"height": 53,
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"text": "No. Pertanyaan n (%) Ya Tidak 5. Menurut bapak/ibu apakah model pembelajaran SEM ( Sport Education Model ) dapat diterapkan dalam pembelajaran PJOK semua aktivitas yang sesuai KI/KD ? 80% 20%",
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"left": 72,
"top": 140,
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"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Jawaban responden pada pertanyaan 1) apakah perlu mengembangkan keterampilan sosial siswa?, 1) apakah guru PJOK telah menerapkan keterampilan sosial dalam pembelajaran PJOK sebanyak 66.67% sudah menerapkan keterampilan sosial dalam pembelajaran sedangkan 33.33% menjawab belum menerapkan, 2) apakah guru PJOK sudah mengetahui model pembelajaran SEM sebanyak 23.33% mengatakan sudah mengetahui model pembelajaran SEM , sedangkan 76.67% yang lain mengatakan belum mengetahui model pembelajaran SEM , 3) apakah guru PJOK sudah menerapkan model pembelajaran SEM sebanyak 23.33% menjawab sudah menerapkan pembelajaran SEM sedangkan 76.67% menjawab belum, 4) apakah guru PJOK setuju apabila dikembangkan model pembelajaran SEM 83.33% responden menjawab setuju, sedangkan 16.67% yang lain tidak setuju, 5) apakah SEM dapat diterapkan pada pembelajaran PJOK sesuai KI/KD, 80% responden menjawab iya dan 20% menjawab tidak.",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Data Hasil Validasi Ahli",
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{
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"text": "Hasil Uji Coba Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP )",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Diagram Hasil Analisis Uji Coba RPP Kelompok Kecil Guru",
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{
"left": 72,
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"width": 454,
"height": 46,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan Grafik diatas dinyatakan bahwa persentase tingkat kelayakan diperoleh skor rata-rata sebesar 92%, kemudian dikonversikan dengan tabel kualifikasi kelayakan yaitu menunjukkan kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis keterampilan sosial menggunakan SEM materi permainan softball kelas VIII dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "Rata-Rata",
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"text": "No. Ahli Penilaian dan Saran 1 Ahli Keterampilan Sosial 1. Evaluasi guru sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan materi dari setiap sesi 2. Sebaiknya beberapa istilah diperjelas dengan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia",
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"text": "3. Sebaiknya diperjelas mengenai mekanisme pembagian kelompok.",
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{
"left": 75,
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"width": 432,
"height": 103,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "4. Penanaman nilai karakter positif, kompetitif, disiplin, tekun, dan tanggung jawab sebaiknya lebih dikedepankan dan ditampilkan dalam RPP 2 Ahli Pembelajaran PJOK Sudah layak, tanpa revisi 3 Ahli Media Pembelajaran 1. Perlu ditambahkan lembar penilaian sesuai dengan indikator yang ingin dicapai,",
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"left": 178,
"top": 412,
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"text": "2. Perlu ditambahkan materi pendukung pelaksanaan pembelajaran, seperti petunjuk pengisian scoresheet , materi perwasitan, serta peraturan pertandingan yang sudah dimodifikasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan peserta didik.",
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"text": "3. Pembagian peran peserta didik dalam perencanaan dan administrasi bisa dijelaskan dalam materi pembelajaran",
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"text": "Rama Kurniawan/ Gelanggang Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia 6 (1) (2022)",
"type": "Page header"
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{
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"width": 14,
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"text": "66",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Diagram Hasil Analisis Uji Coba RPP Kelompok Besar Guru",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 262,
"width": 457,
"height": 45,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan Grafik diatas dinyatakan bahwa persentase tingkat kelayakan diperoleh skor rata-rata 92%, kemudian dikonversikan dengan tabel kualifikasi kelayakan yaitu menunjukkan kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan perangkat menggunakan SEM materi permainan softball kelas VIII dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "Bahan Ajar",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Diagram Hasil Analisis Uji Coba Bahan Ajar Kelompok Kecil Guru",
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"top": 536,
"width": 457,
"height": 46,
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"text": "Berdasarkan Grafik diatas dinyatakan bahwa persentase tingkat kelayakan diperoleh skor rata-rata 92%, kemudian dikonversikan dengan tabel kualifikasi kelayakan yaitu menunjukkan kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran SEM materi permainan softball kelas VIII dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "Kemudahan Kesesuaian Kemenarikan Kegunaan Rata-Rata 82% 84% 86% 88% 90% 92% 94% 96% Kemudahan Kesesuaian Kemenarikan Kegunaan Rata-Rata 93% 95% 95% 87% 92% Kemudahan Kesesuaian Kemenarikan Kegunaan Rata-Rata",
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"text": "67",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Diagram Hasil Analisis Uji Coba Bahan Ajar Kelompok Besar Guru",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 72,
"top": 284,
"width": 457,
"height": 46,
"page_number": 8,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan Grafik diatas dinyatakan bahwa persentase tingkat kelayakan diperoleh skor rata-rata 92%, kemudian dikonversikan dengan tabel kualifikasi kelayakan yaitu menunjukkan kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan SEM materi permainan softball kelas VIII dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "Gambar 6. Diagram Hasil Analisis Uji Coba Kelompok Kecil Siswa",
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"width": 457,
"height": 45,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan Grafik diatas dinyatakan bahwa persentase tingkat kelayakan diperoleh skor rata-rata 84%, kemudian dikonversikan dengan tabel kualifikasi kelayakan yaitu menunjukkan kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan SEM materi permainan softball kelas VIII dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "68",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Grafik diatas dinyatakan bahwa persentase tingkat kelayakan diperoleh skor rata-rata 85%, kemudian dikonversikan dengan tabel kualifikasi kelayakan yaitu menunjukkan kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan SEM materi permainan softball kelas VIII dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "Panduan Monev",
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"text": "Gambar 8. Diagram Hasil Analisis Uji Coba Panduan Monev Kelompok Kecil Guru",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Grafik diatas dinyatakan bahwa persentase tingkat kelayakan diperoleh skor rata-rata 94%, kemudian dikonversikan dengan tabel kualifikasi kelayakan yaitu menunjukkan kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan SEM materi permainan softball kelas VIII dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "82% 83% 84% 85% 86% 87% 84% 87% 85% 85% 85% Kemudahan Kesesuaian Kemenarikan Kegunaan Rata - Rata",
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"text": "80% 82% 84% 86% 88% 90% 92% 94% 96% 98% Kemudahan Kesesuaian Kemenarikan Kegunaan Rata-Rata 98% 95% 95% 87% 94% Kemudahan Kesesuaian Kemenarikan Kegunaan Rata-Rata",
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"text": "Gambar 9. Diagram Hasil Analisis Uji Coba Panduan Monev Kelompok Besar Guru",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Grafik diatas dinyatakan bahwa persentase tingkat kelayakan diperoleh skor rata-rata 92%, kemudian dikonversikan dengan tabel kualifikasi kelayakan yaitu menunjukkan kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis keterampilan sosial menggunakan SEM materi permainan softball kelas VIII dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "Dalam tabel analisis kebutuhan yang sudah dipaparkan, dapat diketahui bahwa kecenderungan dari guru PJOK SMP di Jawa Timur sudah menerapkan keterampilan sosial dalam pembelajarannya. Sebaliknya guru yang mengetahui model pembelajaran SEM dan menerapkannya jumlahnya cukup minim, namun demikian mereka setuju apabila peneliti mengembangkan model pembelajaran SEM , karena mereka merasa bahwa model pembelajaran SEM sesuai dengan KI dan KD yang dilaksanakan di sekolah. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran SEM berupa 3 produk, yaitu RPP, bahan ajar, dan panduan monev .",
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"text": "Salah satu produk yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini adalah RPP atau Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran, yang disesuaikan dengan model pembelajaran SEM . Setelah produk selesai dan dilakukan validasi oleh beberapa ahli melalui FGD, ditemukan beberapa poin yang harus diperbaiki. Ahli keterampilan sosial dan ahli media pembelajaran PJOK sepakat bahwa pada poin pembagian kelompok dan peran peserta didik masih belum terlihat jelas dituangkan dalam RPP, sehingga dalam hal ini penulis sudah melakukan revisi berdasarkan masukan dari validator sesuai dengan pendapat (Siedentop et al., 2011) yang menyebutkan bahwa SEM seharusnya memiliki 6 karakteristik sebagai berikut, a) Musim ( Seasons ) yang berarti satu periode latihan sebelum pertandingan, pada saat pertandingan, dan setelah pertandingan, hingga grand final , b) Keanggotaan ( Team Affiliation ) berarti peserta didik dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok dan menjalankan peran masing-masing, c) Kompetisi Resmi ( Formal Competition ), yaitu diadakannya pertandingan antar kelompok yang telah ditentukan, d) Pertandingan Puncak ( Culminating Event ) yaitu pertandingan untuk menentukan pemenang, e) Pencatatan ( Record Keeping ) pencatatan seluruh kejadian selama pertandingan berlangsung, f) Pesta ( Festivity ) yaitu perayaan bagi tim pemenang untuk mendapatkan hadiah. Begitu juga seperti yang dikatakan oleh (Dyson et al., 2004) bahwa pembelajaran dengan SEM membuat peserta didik terbagi dalam beberapa kelompok kecil dan mengharuskan mereka untuk menjalankan peran masing-masing di sepanjang musim. Yang terpenting dalam tahap keanggotaan ( team affiliation ) adalah peserta didik dapat menjalin hubungan orang lain, cara peserta didik berkomunikasi dan bekerja sama dengan tim (MacPhail et al., 2004).",
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"text": "Selain itu ahli keterampilan sosial juga mengatakan bahwa penanaman nilai karakter juga belum terlalu ditampilkan dalam RPP. Karakter yang dimaksud disini adalah nilai karakter secara universal antara lain kesalehan ( piety ), kepercayaan ( worthines ), hormat ( respect ), tanggung jawab ( responsibility ), kepedulian ( caring ), dan kewarganegaraan ( citizenship ) sebaiknya ditanamkan sejak dini (Hariadi, 2015). Dalam hal ini penulis juga melakukan beberapa perbaikan untuk memunculkan penanaman karakter dalam nilai-nilai olahraga yang penting ditanamkan pada peserta didik. Hal ini selaras dengan pendapat (Dupri et al., 2019) yang mengatakan bahwa penting mengajarkan dan memberi penghargaan pada mereka yang melaksanakan nilai-nilai olahraga, seperti melakukan tos/salaman setelah bertanding. Hal ini didukung oleh pendapat (Anwar et al., 2020) yang mengatakan SEM harus terintegrasi dengan sikap tanggung jawab, dan kepemimpinan, selain itu harus diberikan kesepakatan aturan di awal permainan, sehingga seiring",
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"text": "84% 86% 88% 90% 92% 94% 96% Kemudahan Kesesuaian Kemenarikan Kegunaan Rata-Rata 93% 95% 95% 88% 92% Kemudahan Kesesuaian",
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"text": "Rama Kurniawan/ Gelanggang Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia 6 (1) (2022)",
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"text": "berjalannya waktu peserta didik akan terbiasa dengan aturan dan dapat menumbuhkan sikap positif dan dapat menerapkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, seperti pada penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Anwar, 2020) yang menyatakan bahwa sikap tanggung jawab dan kemandirian dari peserta didik yang menerapkan SEM menjadi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan peserta didik yang tidak menggunakan SEM . Berdasarkan hasil uji coba yang telah dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa rata-rata skor keseluruhan pada produk pengembangan yang berupa RPP adalah sebesar 92% baik pada uji coba kelompok kecil, maupun uji coba kelompok besar, termasuk dalam kategori sangat valid, sehingga produk pengembangan yang berupa RPP dapat digunakan.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya adalah produk berupa bahan ajar, yang berisi materi untuk memudahkan peserta didik melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan SEM . Menurut ahli media pembelajaran PJOK dalam bahan ajar yang dikembangkan perlu ditambahkan penilaian sesuai dengan indikator peran masing-masing peserta didik, karena dirasa tidak adil jika memberikan penilaian secara menyeluruh sedangkan masing- masing peserta didik memiliki peran yang berbeda-beda. Sehingga penulis menambahkan penilaian sesuai dengan indikator peran masing-masing peserta didik sesuai dengan pendapat (Raharja, 2019) yang mengatakan bahwa SEM membuat peserta didik saling bertukar peran dan merasakan kondisi sesungguhnya, sehingga peserta didik tidak hanya berperan sebagai pemain, tetapi juga bertindak sebagai, wasit, pelatih, maupun penyelenggara. Pernyataan tersebut didukung oleh (Ginanjar, 2013) yang mengatakan bahwa siswa melakukan peran sesuai dengan yang ada dalam pertandingan sesungguhnya, seperti menjadi pemain, pelatih, wasit, manager, pencatat pertandingan yang mana dalam pelaksanaannya kadangkala mereka tetap membutuhkan bantuan dalam menjalankan perannya. Selain penilaian, validator juga memberikan masukan untuk memberikan materi pendukung lain selain materi pokok untuk pemain agar semua peran dapat dimudahkan, sesuai dengan pendapat (O’Neil & Krause, 2016) yang mengatakan bahwa guru harus memberikan informasi tambahan untuk mempermudah peseta didik menjalankan perannya masing-masing. Maka penulis sudah menambahkan materi pendukung seperti scoresheet , materi perwasitan, dan peraturan permainan yang sudah dimodifikasi. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba bahan ajar yang dilakukan terhadap guru dapat diketahui bahwa rata-rata skor keseluruhan sebesar 92% baik pada uji coba kelompok kecil dan uji coba kelompok besar, serta rata-rata skor keseluruhan yang diujicobakan terhadap siswa sebesar 84% pada uji coba kelompok kecil dan 85% uji coba kelompok besar, termasuk dalam kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan yang berupa bahan ajar dapat digunakan. Selanjutnya untuk panduan monev mendapatkan rata-rata skor keseluruhan sebesar 94% pada uji coba kelompok kecil, dan sebesar 92% pada uji coba kelompok besar juga dalam kategori sangat valid sehingga produk pengembangan berupa pandan monev daat digunakan.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan validasi dari ketiga ahli dan hasil uji coba yag dilakukan didapatkan hasil bahwa produk yang akan dikembangkan, dapat diterapkan dalam pembelajaran dengan ketentuan revisi, seperti yang telah dipaparkan sebelumnya. Para validator juga mengatakan bahwa produk ini sangat bagus untuk dikembangkan karena dinilai memberikan dampak positif bagi peserta didik. Sesuai dengan hasil penelitian yang dikemukakan oleh (Kurniawan, 2015) bahwa Sport Education terbukti dapat berpengaruh pada kerja sama siswa, juga pada hasil belajar secara keseluruhan, baik dalam ranah pengetahuan dan keterampilan.",
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"text": "Penelitian terdahulu yang berkaitan dengan SEM menunjukkan hasil yang cukup memuaskan, seperti penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Cuevas et al., 2016) yang mengatakan bahwa SEM dapat meningkatkan motivasi diri pada siswa. SEM juga memberikan dampak positif pada pembelajaran peserta didik serta dapat membantu memenuhi kebutuhan psikologi dasar peserta didik Senada dengan hal itu (Evangelio et al., 2018). SEM turut serta menghasilkan perubahan positif dalam sikap dan keterampilan sosial peserta didik selama pembelajaran (Gil-Madrona et al., 2019). Hal serupa melalui hasil penelitiannya yang menunjukkan perubahan signifikan dalam persepsi siswa yang termotivasi dan mengalami kepuasan saat melakukan pembelajaran SEM (Perlman, 2010). Siswa yang terlibat dalam pembelajaran SEM mendapatkan kesempatan untuk melakukan aktivitas fisik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan siswa dengan pendidikan jasmani secara tradisional (Perlman, 2012).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan yang telah dipaparkan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran PJOK berbasis keterampilan sosial melalui sport education model pada materi permainan softball kelas VIII telah layak untuk diterapkan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran PJOK yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi sekolah masing-masing, akan tetapi produk ini terdapat beberapa kelebihan dan keterbatasan. Beberapa kelebihan tersebut, diantaranya adalah produk pengembangan ini dapat digunakan sebagai contoh template bagi guru yang ingin menyusun RPP, bahan ajar, dan panduan monev , untuk materi softball . Para ahli yang terlibat mengatakan bahwa model pembelajaran berbasis SEM dinilai dapat lebih meningkatkan keterampilan sosial siswa, dan produk pengembangan yang berupa RPP dibuat dengan format sesuai dengan yang tercantum dalam (Permendikbud, 2016), serta produk",
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"text": "pengembangan memuat keseluruhan materi dan perangkat pembelajaran yang menunjang aktivitas pembelajaran, seperti scoresheet , bagan pertandingan, dan materi perwasitan.",
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"text": "Meskipun secara umum produk ini dapat diterapkan dalam pembelajaran, namun produk pengembangan ini juga memiliki beberapa keterbatasan, antara lain : produk pengembangan ini hanya dapat digunakan pada materi permainan softball kelas VIII Sekolah Menengah Pertama, disamping itu belum dilakukan uji keefektifan produk, sehingga keefektifan dan keefisienan produk pengembangan dalam pembelajaran pada penelitian ini belum diketahui karena langkah-langkah penelitian dari Borg and Gall hanya terlaksana 7 langkah, serta pembelajaran dengan menggunakan produk pengembangan ini membutuhkan waktu yang relatif lama. Oleh karena itu disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan tema yang sama pada tahapan pengembangan selanjutnya. Penelitian serupa perlu dilakukan di masa mendatang khususnya pada materi softball maupun pada materi berbeda dengan tingkatan kelas yang berbeda.",
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"text": "Anwar, A. S., Hendrayana, Y., & Ma’mun, A. (2020). The Development of Responsibility and Leadership Through Sport Education Model . 21 (Icsshpe 2019), 183 – 188. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200214.049",
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b192a596-d2ee-eb22-bb7a-6ec9f9794a41 | https://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/diversity/article/download/40725/18141 | [
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"text": "Diversity: Disease Preventive of Research Integrity",
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"text": "Volume 4, Issue 1, 2023 Page 9-16 doi: 10.24252/diversity.v4i1.40725",
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"text": "©2023 The Authors This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.",
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"text": "p-ISSN : 2774-9649 e-ISSN : 2775-0035",
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{
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"text": "Nutrition and Breastfeeding in the View of Islam to Prevent Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddlers",
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"text": "Gizi dan ASI dalam Pandangan Islam Untuk Mencegah Kejadian Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut pada Balita",
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"text": "Irma Irma* 1 , Kamrin Kamrin 2 , Harleli Harleli 3 , Arini Handayani 4",
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"text": "1, 4 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia",
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"text": "2 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia",
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"text": "3 Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia",
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"text": "Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Indonesia generally occurs in urban areas and always ranks first as a cause of death in infants or toddlers. Studies on the incidence of ISPA in toddlers in rural areas are still rarely studied. This study aims to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of ARI in toddlers. This study was an analytic survey study with a case-control design. The population in this study consisted of 68 toddlers diagnosed with ISPA and all of them were sampled with a ratio of 1:1 and the total sample was 136 people. The toddler's mother pleaded as the respondent. The instruments used were questionnaires and health cards (KMS) for toddlers. Data analysis used is chi square. Statistical analysis of the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI (P=0.001) and the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and ARI was obtained (P=0.001). This means that there is a significant relationship between nutritional status and exclusive breastfeeding program and the incidence of ARI. Nutritional status and exclusive breastfeeding programs contribute to the incidence of ARI among toddlers in rural areas. This study recommends that mothers prioritize giving primary food to babies in the form of exclusive breastfeeding for 2 years according to the guidance of the Koran. This action will greatly affect the nutritional status of toddlers, especially in preventing ARI.",
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"text": "Abstrak",
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"text": "Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) di Indonesia umumnya terjadi di perkotaan dan selalu menempati urutan pertama sebagai penyebab kematian pada bayi atau balita. Studi mengenai kejadiaan ISPA pada balita di daerah pedesaan masih jarang dikaji. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan status gizi dan ASI ekslusif dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei analitik dengan desain case control.Populasi dalam penelitian ini merupakan balita yang terdiagnosis sebagai penderita ISPA sebanyak 68 orang dan seluruhnya dijadikan sampel dengan perbandingan 1:1 dan keselurug sampel berjumlah 136 orang. Ibu balita berperas sebagai respnden. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner dan kartu menuju sehat (KMS) balita. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah chi square. Analisis statistik hubungan antara status gizi dengan kejadian ISPA (P=0,001) dan hubungan antara ASI eklusif dengan ISPA diperoleh (P=0,001).Artinya bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara ststus gizi dan program ASI ekslusif dengan kejadian ISPA. Status gizi dan program ASI eklusif berkontribusi terhadap kejadian kejadian ISPA pada balita di daerah pedesaan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan ibu untuk memperioritaskan pemberian makanan utama pada bayi berupa ASI eksklusif selama 2 tahun sesuai dengan tuntunan Al-Quran. Tindakan ini akan sangat berpengaruh pada status gizi balita utamanya dalam mencegah penyakit ISPA.",
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"text": "Graphical Abstract",
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"text": "Keyword breast feeding; infant; mothers; nutritional status; toddlers",
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"text": "Artikel History Submited : 19 August 2023 In Reviewed : 20 August 2023 Accepted : 29 August 2023 Published : 31 August 2023",
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"text": "Correspondence",
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"text": "Address : Jl. Tunggala No12, Kel. Anawai, Kendari, 93118, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia",
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"text": "Email : [email protected]",
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"text": "Exclusive breastfeeding interview Nutrition Status Check",
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"text": "Various ISPA Agents",
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"text": "Infection Process ARI symptoms",
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"text": "Diversity: Disease Preventive of Research Integrity Volume 4, Issue 1, 2023",
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"text": "INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "ISPA ranks in the top 10 diseases in children under five and causes death in children under five in developing countries, especially in rural areas ( Hassen et al., 2020 ). The morbidity rate due to ISPA in children under five years of age is 41 per 1,000 children and increases again in toddlers under the age of 2 years by 45 per 1,000 children. It is estimated that every year deaths from ARI in children are around 2,200 children every day or 100 children every hour, and 1 child per second. Throughout the world, ARI is the highest infectious disease as a cause of death in children, especially toddlers compared to other infectious diseases ( UNICEF, 2020 ).",
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"text": "Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Indonesia always ranks first as the cause of infant mortality, and ranks second as the cause of death for children and adolescents. The number of ARI cases in under-fives in Indonesia is estimated at 5,394,598, and the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of under-fives due to ARI pneumonia reaches 498 cases (0.16%). This number may still be unreported if sufferers do not enter health services such as hospitals and health centers ( Kemenkes RI, 2020 ). Many factors can be associated with the incidence of ARI in toddlers, such as environmental factors, behavioral factors, health service factors and genetics ( Hernández-Díaz et al., 2019 ; Nhung et al., 2018 ; Wang et al., 2016 ; Windi et al., 2021 ). Poor residential environmental factors and community behavior (mothers under five) have been shown to contribute to the incidence of ARI ( Ariano et al., 2019 ). Nutritional problems are also an important factor that must be considered in the growth process of a toddler ( Calder et al., 2020 ). Toddlers with poor nutritional status are vulnerable to various diseases, especially infectious diseases ( Freeman et al., 2017 ; Irma et al., 2021 ).",
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"text": "The exclusive breastfeeding program is a strategic program in developing countries in improving the nutrition and health of children, especially toddlers ( Balogun et al., 2015 ). Breast milk is the best source of nutrients and bioactives for newborns ( Andreas et al., 2015 ). Adequacy of nutrition for infants, especially aged 0-6 months, can build immunity from children and fully support their growth. Mother's Milk (ASI) is a natural, best and perfect food for babies. Breast milk contains all the nutrients that are suitable for the growth and development of babies ( Kemenkes RI, 2020 ).",
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"text": "Data from the Southeast Sulawesi Health Office regarding the incidence of ARI in children",
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"text": "under the age of 5 in 2020 recorded 34,968 cases, with the highest incidence of cases recorded in the Kendari City area of 6,487 and the lowest cases occurring in the Konawe Islands region with a total of 270 cases. And the incidence of ARI in children under the age of 5 years in the Konawe Regency area is 1,799 cases. From the ISPA data in Konawe District, one of the puskesmas areas that became the highest contributor to ISPA cases was the Sampara Health Center. This can be proven that ISPA cases at the Sampara Health Center are always in the top 3 out of 10 diseases recorded each year ( Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, 2022 ).",
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"text": "Several studies have proven that there is a simultaneous relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of ARI in infants ( Ahmed et al., 2020 ; Ghimire et al., 2022 ; Mulatya et al., 2020 ; Pinzón-Rondón et al., 2016 ). However, studies on the effect of breastfeeding on ARI with a focus on rural areas are still rare. This study aims to determine the contribution of nutritional status and exclusive breastfeeding programs to the incidence of ARI in rural areas.",
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"text": "METHODS",
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"text": "This research is an analytical survey research with a case control study design. The population in this study were toddlers who were recorded as many as 68 people with ARI in rural areas, the working area of the Sampara Health Center, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. Sampling of cases was taken using a non-probability sampling technique or a total sample of 68 people with ISPA, with a comparison between the case sample and the control sample was 1: 1 so that the total sample was 136 children under five. The control sample is the closest neighbor of the case sample who was visited at his home and is in good health. The mother of the toddler acts as a respondent who can provide accurate information regarding the exclusive breastfeeding program and the nutritional status of the toddler based on the measurement results of the health worker (doctor, midwife or nurse) recorded on the toddler's health card (KMS). ARI in this study was determined based on the results of a diagnosis by a trained doctor or paramedic in the working area of the Sampara Health Center which was divided into 2 criteria, namely ARI and no ARI. The data collection instruments in this study were in the form of KMS for toddlers and questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability tests. Statistical analysis was carried out",
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"text": "Diversity: Disease Preventive of Research Integrity Volume 4, Issue 1, 2023",
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"text": "11",
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{
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"text": "using the chi square test. to see the contribution of nutritional status and exclusive breastfeeding to the incidence of ARI in the Sampara health center work area with α = 0.05. The involvement of respondents in this study was through signing an informed consent form. This research was also carried out on the recommendation or ethical merit of the health research ethics committee at Halu Oleo University.",
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"text": "Based on Table 1 , it can be seen that the majority of respondents are in the age group of 26-35 years, namely 83 (61.0%) respondents and at least 36-45 years of age, namely 11 (8.1%). In terms of education level, the majority of respondents were at the high school level, namely 67 (49.3%) and the least education level was elementary school, namely 1 (0.7%). For toddlers the majority are aged 25-59 months, namely 59 (43.4%) and the least aged 13-24 months, namely 33 (24.3%), while according to gender the majority of toddlers, namely 77 (56.60%) are boys – male and 59 (43.4%) were female. Table 2 shows that of the 136 respondents, ARI children under five have the same number as non ARI children, namely 68 (50.0%) respondents because it is adjusted for the number of samples and the comparison between the case sample and the control sample. Table 2 also shows that of the 136 respondents, it was found that 38 (27.9%) of the under-fives had poor nutritional status and 98 (72.1%) of the under-fives had good nutritional status. Furthermore, from 136 respondents, it was found that",
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"text": "63 (46.3) respondents were not doing exclusive breastfeeding and 73 (53.7%) respondents were doing exclusive breastfeeding.",
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"text": "Table 3 shows that of the group with ISPA, there were 38 (27.9%) respondents who had poor nutritional status and in the non-ARI group, there were no toddlers who had malnutrition status. The results of the Ujichi square obtained a P value (0.001 < α (0.05). Statistically the results of this analysis could be interpreted that there was an effect of nutritional status on the incidence of ISPA in toddlers in rural areas in the working area of the Sampara Health Center. Table 3 also shows that from the ISPA group, There were 61(44.9%) respondents who did not practice exclusive breastfeeding and in the non- ARI group, there were 2(1.5%) respondents who did not practice exclusive breastfeeding. Chi square test results obtained P value (0.001) <α (0.05) Statistically the results of this analysis can be interpreted that there is an effect of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the working area of the Sampara Health Center.",
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"text": "Nutritional Status and ARI Incidence",
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"text": "Nutritional status is a state of the body caused by a balance between nutrient intake and needs. Nutritional status is influenced by food consumption and the use of nutrients in the body. A body that obtains enough nutrients and uses them efficiently will",
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"text": "Characteristics Frequency Percentage Age 16-25 Years 42 30,9 26-35 Years 83 61,0 36-45 Years 11 8,1 Mother's Education Level No school 6 4,4 Elementary school 1 ,7 Junior High School 7 5,1 Senior High School 67 49,3 Higher Education (DIII/S1/S2) 55 40,4 Toddler Age 0 - 12 Months 44 32,4 13 – 24 Months 33 24,3 25 – 59 Months 59 43,4 Toddler Gender Man 77 56,6 Woman 59 43,4",
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"text": "Diversity: Disease Preventive of Research Integrity Volume 4, Issue 1, 2023",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "achieve an optimal nutritional status in which physical growth, brain development, work ability and general health are at the highest possible level ( Septiawati et al., 2021 ). The incidence of undernutrition in this study was caused by mothers who did not pay attention to the growth and development of their toddlers due to a lack of mother's knowledge about the importance of paying attention to the nutritional status of their toddlers. In addition, many toddlers have low birth weight at birth. Based on the results of bivariate analysis, it was shown that from the group with ARI sufferers, there were 38 (27.9%) toddlers who had poor nutritional status and in the non-ARI group, there were no toddlers who had undernourished status. Statistically, the results of this analysis can be interpreted that there is a relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI in toddlers. Malnutrition did not occur in toddlers who did not have ARI in this study because mothers paid attention to the development and growth of their toddlers. In addition, the mother pays attention to the nutrition that enters her toddler's body, in addition to paying attention to the nutrition that enters her toddler's body, the mother also regulates her toddler's eating pattern and sleep pattern.",
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"text": "The results of this study found that toddlers suffering from ARI had poor nutritional status and toddlers who did not suffer from ARI had good",
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"text": "nutritional status. This is because toddlers with poor",
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"text": "nutritional status will be more susceptible to infection due to decreased toddler immunity, as well as stunted toddler growth accompanied by low toddler immunity and cause toddlers to get sick easily. In addition, toddlers who have low birth weight at birth do not produce enough anti-immune substances so that they are more susceptible to infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are caused by a lack of immune system which affects the health of the body and results in a decrease in the body's immunity to infection. Toddlers with poor nutritional status will be more easily exposed to ARI compared to toddlers who have good nutritional status because of their weak immune system, so that in a state of malnutrition, toddlers will easily be exposed to ARI. In addition, nutrition is important for the prevention of ARI where the incidence of ARI can be prevented if the child has good nutrition. This assumption is supported by scientific evidence from research that the nutritional status of children can be affected by various types of tropical diseases. Tropical diseases in this case include diarrhea and ARI as well as tuberculosis or tuberculosis ( Irma et al., 2021 ).",
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"text": "The age factor is an important variable of the host factor or people in the epidemiological study of the incidence of a disease. The toddler age group is a group that is susceptible to certain diseases, especially infectious diseases ( Irma & Masluhiya,",
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"text": "2020 ). Toddlers are a vulnerable group to various",
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"text": "Table 2",
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"text": "Distribution of Respondents According to ARI Incidence, Nutritional Status and Exclusive Breastfeeding",
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"text": "Variables Frequency Percentage ARI incident Yes 68 50 No 68 50 Nutritional status Less 38 27.9 Good 98 72.1 Exclusive Breastfeeding Not Exclusive Breastfeeding 63 46.3 With Exclusive Breastfeeding 73 53.7",
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"text": "Table 3",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 72,
"top": 632,
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"text": "Analysis of the Influence Between Nutritional Status and Exclusive Breastfeeding on ARI Incidence in Toddlers",
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"text": "Variables ARI incident Total P Value Yes No n % n % n % Nutritional status Less 38 27.9 0 0 38 27.9 0.001 Good 30 22.1 68 50 98 77.1 Exclusive Breastfeeding Not Exclusive Breastfeeding 61 44.9 2 1.5 63 46.3 0.001 With Exclusive Breastfeeding 7 5.1 66 48.5 73 53.7",
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"text": "Diversity: Disease Preventive of Research Integrity Volume 4, Issue 1, 2023",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 72,
"top": 800,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
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"text": "13",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "health problems so that if they are malnourished, they will be very susceptible to infections, one of which is pneumonia. Toddlers with malnutrition will be more susceptible to ISPA compared to toddlers with normal nutrition because of their weak immune system. Infectious diseases themselves will cause toddlers to have no appetite and lead to malnutrition. In a state of malnutrition, toddlers are more susceptible to severe ARI and even longer attacks ( Sunarni et al., 2017 ). In addition, one of the factors causing the occurrence of ARI in toddlers is nutritional status, where poor nutritional status is one of the factors that can facilitate the process of disrupting the hormonal and immune systems in the toddler's body. Toddlers with poor nutritional status are more susceptible to ISPA than toddlers with good nutritional status because of their weak immune system. The results of this study are supported by the results of previous studies which found that there is a relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ISPA in toddlers. This research was also conducted on toddlers ( Giroth et al., 2022 ).",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Exclusive Breastfeeding and ARI Incidence",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 401,
"width": 215,
"height": 195,
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"text": "Breast milk is the right food for babies because it contains compositions that are suitable for babies' needs and contain elements of immunity that are very necessary to protect babies from various infections effectively. Exclusive breastfeeding for newborns until they are 6 months old is one of the efforts to prevent ARI. ISPA is a disease that is often found in infants and children. Symptoms also vary from mild to severe. Severe ARI can become pneumonia which is the main cause of death in toddlers ( Ardila et al., 2019 ). ISPA is a group of tropical disease infections that often occur in infants. Toddlers are the most vulnerable group to various tropical diseases including diseases of the respiratory tract and digestive system ( Irma et al., 2021 ).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Toddlers who do not do exclusive breastfeeding because many mothers have less milk at the time of delivery. Due to the lack of breast milk at the time of delivery the baby is given formula milk as a substitute for breast milk so that he does not starve. In addition, many mothers give additional food to their toddlers at the age of three months because mothers think that providing additional food at that age will make their babies full longer. In this study, a relationship was obtained between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of ARI in toddlers in the working area of the Sampara Health Center. In this study, many toddlers who suffer from ARI do not",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 311,
"top": 84,
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"height": 169,
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"text": "do exclusive breastfeeding even though exclusive breastfeeding can reduce the risk of toddlers getting ARI because breast milk contains many ingredients that can protect toddlers from the dangers of germ infections and can prevent toddlers from germs that cause ARI. The reason for the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months is that exclusive breastfeeding is beneficial for the baby's immune system, growth and development. Exclusive breastfeeding can reduce infant mortality rates caused by various diseases that commonly afflict children such as diarrhea, pneumonia, and speed recovery when sick.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 311,
"top": 256,
"width": 215,
"height": 274,
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"text": "The results of this study found that many toddlers who suffer from ARI do not do exclusive breastfeeding and only a few toddlers who do not suffer from ARI do not do exclusive breastfeeding. This is due to the mother's lack of knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding due to lack of information regarding knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding has a positive impact early in life on increasing endurance and helping the growth and development of toddlers. Breast milk contains IgG and IgA antibodies which are components of the immune system that protect the body against infection. IgA is present in colostrum, which functions to prevent viruses and bacteria from adhering to the mucosal surfaces of the digestive tract and airways, while IgG plays a role in the immunity of infants up to the age of 6-9 months. A toddler should continue to get exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and continue until he is 2 years old or beyond. If the toddler's milk needs are not met, it can cause malnutrition problems in toddlers ( Sirait, 2017 ).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 311,
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"height": 222,
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"text": "Inadequate breastfeeding as a risk factor for the emergence of ARI in children under five is undoubted evidence. The protective effect of breastfeeding tends to reduce morbidity in the group of children who are breastfed, especially in the early months of life. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more provides a greater protective effect related to the dose response of the protective effect against infection. The greater the dose of breast milk given, the greater the protective effect produced. This can be explained that breastfeeding as passive protection affects the immune response of the child's system in various ways, namely maturational, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial. Several immune effects can be generated in the form of extended protection against ARI ( Fadlila & Rahmawaty, 2015 ).",
"type": "Text"
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Diversity: Disease Preventive of Research Integrity Volume 4, Issue 1, 2023",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 512,
"top": 800,
"width": 14,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "14",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "This research is also supported by previous research which found many factors related to the incidence of ARI such as exclusive breastfeeding programs and the character of the mother under five are also linked. For example, mother's occupation and knowledge about ISPA disease prevention. In addition, the educational factors of parents (mothers of toddlers also) have an effect (Chandra, 2017 ). Sari et al. (2019) who examined the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of ARI in infants (0-59 months) at the Pembina Palembang Health Center in 2017, found scientific evidence that there was a relationship between the exclusive breastfeeding program and the incidence of ARI.",
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"text": "Islamically, breast milk (ASI) is a type of food for babies that is halal and of very good quality, even though formula milk is also halal, breast milk for newborns is a type of food that is very good and of good quality. In this context, it can be said that formula milk is indeed halal but not thayyibaa (bad/low quality/low quality) when given to newborns. In line with this, in the study of medical and health science it turns out that breast milk can form and enhance the immune system of a child ( Robi'aqalbi, 2019 ).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Exclusive breastfeeding is not only beneficial for the baby but also for the mother, including as a natural contraceptive when breastfeeding and before menstruation, maintaining the health of the mother by reducing the risk of developing breast cancer and helping the mother to bond with her child. As explained in the Al-Qur'an Surah Al-Baqarah/2:233 whose translation is:",
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{
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"text": "“ Mothers may breastfeed their children two complete years for whoever wishes to complete the nursing [period]. Upon the father is the mothers’ provision and their clothing according to what is acceptable.”",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "The verse above explains that two years is the period when breastfeeding is considered perfect. This gives the mother a choice whether to breastfeed for two years or not and breastfeeding is not forced but according to the mother's wishes.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 72,
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"text": "Given the importance of breastfeeding for babies because there is no milk or drink and any food that is commensurate with the goodness of breast milk. Even for mothers who cannot breastfeed their own children for certain reasons, God, through His word in the Koran, does not encourage parents to give other foods or drinks as a substitute for breast milk. However, God guides parents so that they can",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "find other women to breastfeed their children. Even if they have to pay for wages. As God says in the continuation in QS. Al-Thalâq/65:6 whose translation is:",
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{
"left": 339,
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"text": "“…but if you are in discord, then there may breastfeed for the father another woman ”",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Imam Ibnu Katsîr explained that this verse means that if a divorced husband and wife have different opinions, where the mother is not willing to breastfeed her child because of a discrepancy in the wages given by the father, then she may breastfeed her child to another woman. Even so, even in the context of married couples who are not divorced, this verse still applies, of course, in the appropriate context of \"difficulties\", such as health problems in the mother so that she cannot breastfeed her child directly, or other difficulties. What is clear is that the position of breast milk cannot be replaced by other types of food or drink for babies. Or in other words, it is better to be breastfed by other women than to switch to milk or other breast milk substitutes ( Nurfitriani, 2022 ).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Even though breastfeeding does not always have to be directly from the mother's breast, because breast milk that is collected from the mother's breast and delayed is still relatively of the same quality, provided that the storage method is correct. In essence, for whatever reason, and if it does not cause harm, the mother must continue to breastfeed her child ( Ismail, 2018 ).",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 311,
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"text": "This research has constraints and drawbacks, including the ability of mothers of toddlers to remember a history of exclusive breastfeeding which can lead to information bias, therefore researchers also ask questions about the history of exclusive breastfeeding for other family members besides mothers of toddlers. In addition, there were several respondents who were not included in this study because the data in the KMS for toddlers was not complete. The independent variables examined in this study are still lacking so that other variables are still needed to be examined. While the strength of this study is that all the independent variables studied are important variables in the process of disease occurrence and the results of this study will become basic data and important information for the incidence of ARI in toddlers, especially those in rural areas.",
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"text": "CONCLUSIONS",
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"text": "Diversity: Disease Preventive of Research Integrity Volume 4, Issue 1, 2023",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 800,
"width": 14,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "15",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "Nutritional status and the exclusive breastfeeding program are two factors that influence the incidence of ARI in toddlers in rural areas in the working area of the Sampara Health Center, Sampara District, Konawe Regency. Good nutritional status can prevent toddlers from ARI cases, as well as the implementation of a good exclusive breastfeeding program can support the nutritional needs of toddlers (0-1 month old babies) and help shape their body's immune system so as to reduce the chance of ARI occurring in toddlers. Based on the results of this study, the performance of health center staff in charge of the Maternal and Child Health (KIA) program and nutrition program needs to be maintained and continue to educate mothers, especially for pregnant women who visit the health center and education about good diet for toddlers and the importance of implementing the breastfeeding program exclusive. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the prevention and control of diseases, especially ARI in toddlers. The advantage of this research is that it can propose a conclusion that shows several factors about the incidence of ARI in toddlers. This study has limitations on the number of independent variables studied, therefore the researchers suggest for future researchers to try to analyze other factors on the incidence of ARI in toddlers.",
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"text": "ACKNOWLEDGEMENT",
"type": "Section header"
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"height": 30,
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"text": "The author would like to thank the Sampara health center and the people of Sampara Village, especially mothers with toddlers who have participated fully and voluntarily in this research.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "FUNDING",
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"top": 527,
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"text": "The author(s) reported there is no sponsorship funds from any party.",
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"text": "AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS",
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"text": "Irma wrote the manuscript, acquired the data, revised the manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript. Kamrin and Harleli analyzed the data. Arini Handayani enrolled participants and collected data. All authors designed the study, formulated the concept, reviewed the manuscript, revised the manuscript, and performed the field work.",
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"text": "AUTHORS’ INFORMATION",
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"text": "Irma, SKM. M.Kes is an assistent professor in Department of Epidemiology, at the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari. Kamrin SKM., M.Kes is an assistent professor in Department of Nutrition, at the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari. Harleli SKM., M.Kes is an assistent professor in Department of Health Promotion, at the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari. Arini Handayani, SKM., M.Kes is a lecturer in Department of Epidemiology at the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari.",
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"text": "COMPETING INTERESTS",
"type": "Section header"
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"text": "The author(s) declare no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.",
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"text": "REFERENCES",
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"text": "Nurul Hikmah Kartini 2 1 Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia 2 Department of Elementary Teacher Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia",
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"text": "Keywords : Halal certification Awareness Products Received : December 2019 Accepted : February 2020 Published : March 2020",
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"text": "Maraknya peredaran kosmetika dan makanan di masyarakat terutama di kalangan remaja milenial, apalagi didukung kemajuan teknologi yang segala sesuatu bisa diperoleh dengan menggunakan jari di handphone atau media elektronik lain. Remaja milenial dari hasil observasi kurang memperhatikan tentang kehalalan suatu produk baik makanan ataupun kosmetik. Perilaku masyarakat ketika membeli produk terkadang hanya berdasarkan orientasi terhadap produk yang disukainya. Seiring dengan akan diperlakukannya Undang-Undang Jaminan produk Halal (RUU- JPH) Nomer 33, tahun 2014 yang salah satu pasalnya menyebutkan semua produk harus tersertifikasi halal, maka kesadaran halal terhadap suatu produk mutlak diperlukan. Hal ini diperkuat dengan Undang-Undang Jaminan Produk Halal (JPH) terbaru sehingga banyak Lembaga Pemeriksa Halal (LPH) sekarang bermunculan. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan sosialisasi kesadaran halal melalui program pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Peningkatan kesadaran halal disampaikan dalam beberapa materi yaitu pengantar sertifikasi halal, kebijakan sertifikasi terbaru, kriteria SJH, serta prinsip halal dan thoyyib dalam produk makanan dan kosmetika. Hasil pelatihan ini meningkatkan pemahaman peserta tentang kesadaran halal. Motivasi peserta remaja yang memiliki usaha industri kecil untuk melakukan sertifikasi halal terhadap produknya juga meningkat. Sehingga perlu untuk tindak lanjut dari kegiatan ini adalah proses pendampingan sertifikasi halal.",
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"text": "The rise of the circulation of cosmetics and food products in the community, especially among millennial adolescents, is increasingly rife, let alone supported by advances in technology that everything can be obtained only by using a finger on a mobile keypad or other electronic media. Millennial adolescents from observations often pay less attention to the halal of a product whether it is food or cosmetics. People's behavior when buying products is sometimes only based on the orientation of the product they like. In line with the enactment of Law Number 33 of Halal Product Guarantee (RUU-JPH), 2014 which one of the articles states that all products must be halal certified, then halal awareness of a product is absolutely necessary. This is reinforced by the latest Halal Product Guarantee Act (JPH) so that many Halal Examining Institutions (LPH) are now appearing. Therefore, it is very important to conduct socialization and awareness of halal through community service programs. Increased halal awareness is conveyed in a number of materials, namely introduction to halal certification, the latest certification policy, SJH criteria, and halal and thoyyib principles in food and cosmetics products. The results of this training improve participants' understanding of halal awareness. The motivation of young participants who have a small industrial business to do halal certification of their products is also increasing. So that it is necessary to follow up on this activity is the process of halal certification assistance.",
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"text": "© 2020 Risqika Yuliatantri Paramawidhita, Nurul Hikmah Kartini. Published by Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya . This is Open Access article under the CC-BY- SA License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ). DOI:",
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"text": "Halal telah diterima sebagai standar kualitas yang diaplikasikan pada suplai dan proses produksi suatu produk. Standar halal mencakup produk makanan, kosmetik, farmasi, dan medis ( Hidayat & Siradj, 2015 ).",
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"text": "Dalam memelihara standar halal, supplier dan produsen halal harus tunduk pada ketentuan mutu halal yang diberlakukan oleh lembaga sertifikasi halal ( Noordin et al ., 2014 ). Maraknya peredaran kosmetika dan produk makanan di masyarakat terutama kalangan remaja milenial sekarang semakin marak, apalagi didukung oleh kemajuan teknologi yang segala sesuatu bisa diperoleh hanya dengan menggunakan jari di keypad handphone atau media elektronik lainnya ( Ainiyah, 2018 ). Remaja milenial dari hasil observasi sering sekali kurang memperhatikan tentang kehalalan suatu produk baik itu makanan ataupun kosmetik. Perilaku masyarakat ketika membeli produk terkadang hanya berdasarkan orientasi terhadap produk yang disukainya ( Wibowo & Madusari, 2018 ).",
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"text": "Seiring dengan akan diperlakukannya Undang-Undang Jaminan produk Halal (RUU-JPH) Nomer 33, tahun 2014 yang salah satu pasalnya menyebutkan bahwa semua produk harus tersertifikasi halal, maka kesadaran halal terhadap suatu produk mutlak diperlukan. Hal ini diperkuat dengan Undang-Undang Jaminan Produk Halal (JPH) terbaru sehingga banyak Lembaga Pemeriksa Halal (LPH) sekarang bermunculan. Logo halal seperti yang tertera pada produk memiliki fungsi yang sangat penting bagi konsumen, diantaranya adalah konsumen muslim merasa terlindungi saat mengkonsumsi makanan, menenangkan perasaan hati dan batin konsumen, menyelamatkan jiwa dan raga konsumen dari keterpurukan memakan makanan haram, serta sebagai kepastian dan perlindungan hukum ( Hasan, 2014 ). Adapun produk yang beredar di pasaran sekarang tidak semuanya memiliki logo halal,",
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"text": "sehingga menimbulkan kecurigaan bahwa bahan- bahannya berasal dari bahan yang haram ataupun proses pembuatannya yang tidak halal ( Fadzillah et al ., 2011 ).",
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"text": "Produk atau makanan yang diproduksi dalam lini dengan persyaratan halal telah dapat diterima tidak hanya oleh konsumen Muslim, tetapi juga konsumen dari agama lain ( Ramlan & Nahrowi, 2013 ). Bagi Muslim, makanan atau minuman yang halal berarti telah memenuhi ketentuan dalam syariat Islam, sedangkan bagi non-Muslim, produk halal merepresentasikan simbol kebersihan, kualitas dan keamanan, karena diproduksi dibawah Sistem Manajemen Mutu Halal yang Holistik ( Ambali & Bakar, 2014 ).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan uraian tentang dampak buruk dari makanan atau produk yang tidak halal tersebut, maka perlu diberikan pengetahuan dan pelatihan tentang kesadaran akan halal. Dengan demikian akan menjadi lebih teliti apabila membeli segala produk yang digunakan ( Syafrida, 2016 ). Berdasarkan dari banyaknya uraian tentang pentingnya peningkatan kesadaran penggunaan produk halal tersebut, maka disini kami memilih berorientasi kepada remaja yang sekin maraknya menggunakan segala macam jenis makanan dan kosmetika.",
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"text": "Peningkatan kesadaran penggunaan produk halal ini dilaksanakan menggunakan sosialisasi dengan penyampaian beberapa materi di antaranya yaitu pengantar sertifikasi halal, kebijakan sertifikasi terbaru, kriteria SJH, serta prinsip halal dan thoyyib dalam produk makanan dan kosmetika. Selain itu kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini pula dilakukan secara diskusi interaktif atau pembelajaran langsung terhadap remaja yang mengikuti. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan pada bulan September tahun 2019 di rooftop lantai lima gedung",
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"text": "Paramawidhita RY, Kartini NH. 2020. Increased Awareness of the Use of Halal Products among Adolescent Palangkaraya City",
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"text": "rektorat wilayah kampus Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya dengan sasaran kepada remaja anggota Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya.",
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"text": "Hasil pelatihan ini meningkatkan pemahaman peserta tentang kesadaran halal. Motivasi peserta remaja yang memiliki usaha industri kecil untuk melakukan sertifikasi halal terhadap produknya juga semakin meningkat. Sehingga perlu untuk tindak lanjut dari kegiatan ini adalah proses pendampingan sertifikasi halal.",
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"text": "Pengukuran hasil pencapaian kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dapat di amati dari ketercapaian tujuan dan target yang telah direncanakan. Pasca kegiatan pengabdian dilaksanakan, para remaja Kota Palangka Raya memiliki pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang pentingnya sertifikasi halal pada produk makanan dan kosmetika mereka. Tahap sosialisasi ini diawali dengan bentuk penyuluhan, dengan tujuan untuk melindungi masyarakat agar tidak mengkonsumsi maupun menggunakan produk yang dinyatakan haram. Terlebih sebagai umat muslim, agama islam memberikan hukum yang sangat ketat",
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"text": "terhadap kehalalan dalam hal apapun ( Sayekti, 2014 ). Sesuai dengan hadist Rasulullah SAW yang menyatakan bahwa, “ tidak akan masuk surga orang yang dagingnya tumbuh dari (makanan) yang haram, neraka lebih pantas baginya ” .",
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"text": "Setelah dilakukan pelatihan tentang kesadaran halal, maka remaja muslim di kota Palangka Raya lebih menyadari tentang pentingnya produk halal, peserta mempunyai kesadaran bahwa produknya harus tersertifikasi halal, terampil memilih produk yang halal dan menghindari produk-produk yang tidak halal.",
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"text": "Ucapan terima kasih serta penghargaan sebesar- besarnya tim pelaksana pengabdian kepada masyarakat serta kepada Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya yang telah mendanai kegiatan pengabdian ini.",
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"top": 521,
"width": 225,
"height": 62,
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"text": "Ainiyah, N. 2018. Remaja Millenial dan Media Sosial: Media Sosial Sebagai Media Informasi Pendidikan Bagi Remaja Millenial. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Indonesia . 2 (2):221-236. https://doi.org/10.35316/jpii.v2i2.76",
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"width": 226,
"height": 50,
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"page_height": 842,
"text": "Ambali, A.R., Bakar, A.N. 2014. People's Awareness on Halal Foods and Products: Potential Issues for Policy-makers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences . 121 :3-25.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 356,
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"width": 179,
"height": 12,
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"text": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.110",
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"text": "Volume 5 Nomor 1 Februari 2021 P-ISSN: 2581-1800 E-ISSN: 2597-4122 Email: [email protected]",
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"text": "Fajar Arianto 1 , Mustaji 2 , Siti Masitoh 3 , Citra Fitri Kholidya 4 , Waode Hamsia 5 1, 2, 3, 4) Universitas Negeri Surabaya, 5) Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya E-mail: 1) [email protected], 2) [email protected], 3) [email protected],",
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"text": "Abstrak: Pandemi covid-19 memiliki dampak dalam proses peningkatan kinerja guru. Guru mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di Kabupaten Bojonegoro terkena dampak. Segala bentuk kegiatan pelatihan, workshop, serta MGMP terpaksa dihentikan selama masa pandemi covid-19. Sedangkan guru dalam meningkatkan kompetensi harus melaksanakan Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan (PKB) melalui publikasi ilmiah. Tujuan umum PKB adalah untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan pendidikan di sekolah dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Guru masih tergolong rendah dan kegiatan work from home (WFH) menjadi sebuah hambatan dalam guru mengembangkan kompetensi sehingga diperlukan pelatihan untk meningkatkan kompetensi profeisonal guru. Materi yang diberikan pada pelatihan publikasi ilmiah di arahkan pada penelitian praktis penulisan dengan menggunakan model project based learning. Metode penelitian dengan membandingkan hasil pretest dan posttest peserta dalam membuat karya ilmiah berdasarkan standar APA. Partisipan berjumlah 40 orang guru dengan masa kerja minimal 10 tahun. Pelatihan online project based learning pada penelitian ini dilakasnakan selama 3 bulan. Hasil dari pelatihan memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dilihat melalui hasil statistik dari nilai post-test yang lebih baik dari pre-test. Kemampuan guru dalam menulis karya ilmiah telah mengalami peningkatan sehingga diperlukan untuk mempertahakan agar kualitas guru dalam menulis karya ilmiah dapat meningkat menjadi lebih baik.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Penilaian Daring, Project Based Learning, Kompetensi Berkelanjutan",
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"text": "Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has an impact in the process of improving teacher performance. Indonesian teachers in Bojonegoro Regency were affected. All forms of training activities, workshops, and Subject Teacher Deliberation had to be stopped during the Covid-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, teachers in increasing competence must carry out Sustainable Professional Development through scientific publications. The general objective of Sustainable Professional Development is to improve the quality of education services in schools in order to improve the quality of education. Teachers are still classified as low and work from home (WFH) activities become an obstacle for teachers to develop competence. So, that training is needed to improve teacher professional competence. The material provided in scientific publication training is directed at practical research in writing using a project-based learning model. The results of the training have a significant effect seen through the statistical results of the post-test scores that are better than the pre-test. The ability of teachers in writing scientific papers has increased so it is necessary to maintain the quality of teachers in writing scientific papers to be better.",
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"text": "Keywords: Online Assessments, Project Based Learning, During The",
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"text": "Submitted on: 2021-01-18 Accepted on: 2021-02-15",
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"text": "Pandemi covid-19 memiliki dampak dalam proses peningkatan kinerja guru. Guru mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di Kabupaten Bojonegoro dalam hal ini terkena dampak dari pendemi tersebut. Segala bentuk kegiatan pelatihan, workshop, serta MGMP terpaksa dihentikan selama masa pandemi covid-19. Sedangkan guru dalam meningkatkan kompetensi harus melaksanakan Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan (PKB) dengan salah satu tuntutan sebagai peningkatan kompetensi dan peningkatan jabatan atau golongan melalui publikasi ilmiah. Tujuan umum PKB adalah untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan pendidikan di sekolah dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Pada analisis situasi diperoleh hasil bahwa publikasi ilmiah oleh guru masih tergolong rendah dan kegiatan work from home (WFH) menjadi sebuah hambatan dalam guru mengembangkan kompetensi.",
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"text": "Pentingnya kompetensi profesional merupakan salah satu kompetensi wajib yang guru harus miliki sebagai landasan bahwa guru harus selalu mengasah kompetensi profesionalnya. Salah satu kompetensi profesional yang harus dimiliki guru adalah menulis karya ilmiah, namun kemampuan dan minat menulis karya ilmiah guru masih rendah (Putri, 2019). Bagi guru yang masih ada motivasi untuk menaikkan pangkat ke golongan lebih tinggi setelah IV/a atau menambah skor untuk portofolio dalam sertifikasi guru dalam jabatan adalah adanya keinginan untuk menulis. Motivasi menjadi faktor penentu dari kelanjutan untuk mewujudkan keinginan itu.",
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"text": "SK Menpan No. 84/1993 tanggal 24 Desembar 1993 tentang jabatan fungsional guru dan angka kredit dijelaskan oleh Wiharto (2019) bahwa untuk kenaikan pangkat atau jabatan lebih tinggi dari Pembina/Iva menjadi Pembina Tingkat I/Ivb atau tingkatan yang lebih tinggi lagi diwajibkan sekurang-kurangnya 12 angka kredit unsur pengembangan profesi. Kalau butir ini tidak dipenuhi, maka pangkat guru paling tinggi adalah golongan IV/a. Putri (2019) juga memaparkan data menunjukkan dari sekitar 2,6juta guru hanya 0,87% guru yang bergolongan IVb, 0,07% untuk golongan IVc, dan 0,02% untuk guru golongan di atas mensyaratkan perlunya komponen penulisan karya ilmiah untuk peningkatan kualitas pendidikan dan mempunyai daya saing tinggi.",
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"text": "Pengembangan diri guru harus dilaksanakan secara terus menerus, termasuk dalam masa pandemi covid-19 pada saat ini. Pada kondisi pandemi covid-19, guru tetap melaksanakan pengembangan profesional sebagai tenaga pendidik secara berkelanjutan,",
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"text": "sehingga pelatihan secara jarak jauh sangat membantu guru dalam meningkatkan profesionalitas sebagai pendidik. Guru mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di Kabupaten Bojonegoro hal penyelenggaraan peningkatan kompetensi dan PKB mengikuti pelatihan secara daring dengan melaksanakan pelatihan mengenai publikasi ilmiah. Pada masa pandemi, para guru juga sudah terbiasa menggunakan berbagai aplikasi untuk melaksanakan pembelajaran. Materi yang diberikan pada pelatihan publikasi ilmiah di arahkan pada penelitian praktis penulisan dengan menggunakan model project based learning.",
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"text": "Model project based learning apabila dilaksanakan dengan persiapan yang baik akan membawa hasil yang sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran yang akan dicapai. Turgut dalam Yulianto (2017) menjelaskan project based learning dapat memberikan penekanan yang kuat pada penyelesaian masalah sebagai sebuah usaha kolaboratif yang dilaksanakan dalam proses pembelajaran pada periode tertentu, dan menggunakan rencana belajar yang dipatuhi secara ketat sehingga sasaran dan hasil belajar tertentu dapat dicapai. Project based learning memberikan kesempatan untuk mempelajari topik tertentu secara mendalam dan secara mandiri mengenai apa yang dipelajar, mempertahankan minat, serta motivasi untuk bertanggung jawab terhadap proses belajar. project based learning memiliki lima karakteristik penting dari proyek, yaitu sentralitas, pertanyaan pendorong, investigasi konstruktif, otonomi dan realisme, dengan pentingnya kolaborasi siswa, refleksi, penyusunan ulang, dan presentasi ditekankan dalam publikasi lain (Kokotsaki, Menzies, & Wiggins, 2016). (Blumenfeld, et al., 1991) menyampaikan bahwa fungsi dari project based learning yaitu mengatur dan mendorong aktivitas yang berujung pada produk akhir.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan one-group pretest posttest design , dengan partisipan guru SMP bidang studi Bahasa Indonesia yang berjumlah 40 orang dengan masa kerja minimum 10 tahun. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan membandingkan pretest dan posttest peserta. Prosesdur penelitian pada penelitian ini, partisipan sebelum pelatihan berlangsung memberikan draft artikel ilmiah dan diskor sesuai dengan kriteria penulisan artikel ilmiah dari APA. Pelatihan dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan dan pada bulan ketiga, partisipan menghasilkan artikel.",
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"text": "Hasil analisis data dengan menggunakan paired sampel test (table 1) dengan menggunakan SPPS diperoleh signifikan 0.000 (< 0,05) yang disimpulkan ada perbedaan pretest dan posttest dalam menulis artikel ilmiah. Rata-rata skor penulisan artikel ilmiah pada saat pretest yaitu 24,18 dan pada posttest diperoleh rata-rata 35,43, dapat dijelasakana ada peningkatan kompetensi guru dalam menulis karya ilmiah.",
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"text": "t df Sig. (2- tailed)",
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"text": "Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 1 Pretest - Posttest -11.250 4.174 .660 -12.585 -9.915 -17.046 39 .000",
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"text": "Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Pretest 24.18 40 5.109 .808 Posttest 35.43 40 3.121 .493",
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"text": "Model project based learning merupakan metode yang diperlukan untuk membekali guru dalam penulisan artikel ilmiah dengan pengetahuan, memberikan keterampilan praktis, dan pengalaman dalam mengidentifikasi masalah serta mengembangkan topik menjadi artikel ilmiah. Oleh karena itu, peserta pelatihan dalam project based learning dapat melalui proses inkuiri dalam menghadapi pertanyaan yang kompleks, masalah, atau tantangan dengan hasil proyek akhir dalam bentuk artikel ilmiah yang dipublikasi (Miftah, 2016).",
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"text": "Nilsook dalam Chatwattana (2017) menjelaskan bahwa pembelajaran berbasis proyek merupakan pembelajaran dengan memberi kesempatan peserta untuk belajar, melakukan penelitian, serta mempraktekkan sendiri yang disesuaikan dengan kemampuan, bakat dan minat. Hal ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses ilmiah yang dapat digunakan untuk menemukan jawaban atas pertanyaan. Instruktur sementara akan memberikan bimbingan dengan cermat. Sebuah model project based learning dapat diterapkan disemua tingkat pendidikan dan dapat dilakukan secara individu atau kelompok dilihat dari kerumitan proyek. Setiap peserta dapat berpartisipasi dalam membuat solusi dan memecahkan permasalahan.",
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"text": "Model project based learning memberikan peserta pelatihan kebebasan untuk merencanakan aktivitas belajar. Instruktur memiliki peran sebagai fasilitator untuk peserta pelatihan sehingga dapat memperoleh jawaban dari pertanyaan atau permasalahan yang diberikan di awal kegiatan yaitu tata cara penulisan artikel ilmiah. Penilaian dilaksanakan secara autentik dan sumber belajar yang digunakan dapat sangat berkembang sehingga peserta pelatihan mengalami proses pembelajaran bermakna (Nurohman, 2007).",
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"text": "Komponen utama dalam pembelajaran dengan model project based learning adalah memberikan permasalahan yang disajikan untuk menyusun serta memulai aktivitas yang menekankan pada sejumlah proyek hingga diperoleh hasil akhir berupa produk seagai rangkaian aktivitas komunikasi individu atau berbagai hasil tugas yang menjawab pertanyaan. Pembelajaran ini dapat memfasilitasi peserta untuk mempelajari konsep secara mendalam serta meningkatkan hasil belajar. Pembelajaran online dengan berbasis proyek menjadi salah satu solusi untuk melaksanakan pembelajaran yang efektif untuk diterapkan dalam meningkatkan kompetensi meskipun harus tetap berada di rumah (Abidin, 2020).",
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"text": "Pada masa pandemi covid-19 peningkatan kompetensi guru harus tetap berlangsung. Peningkatan kompetensi guru dalam hal publikasi ilmiah dilaksanakan secara daring. Materi yang diberikan dalam pelatihan di arahkan dalam pelatihan praktis penulisan menggunakan model project based learning . Model ini sesuai untuk pelatihan karena hasil akhir yang diperoleh adalah menghasilkan artikel ilmiah yang layak untuk dipublikasikan. Peserta pada awal pelatihan diberikan materi tentang tata cara penulisan artikel ilmiah sesuai dengan standar. Materi berikutnya adalah bimbingan untuk pembuatan proyek yaitu artikel ilmiah secara daring dengan mengirimkan artikel pada instruktur untuk berikutnya diberikan umpan balik secara daring. Peserta pelatihan dalam tahap bimbingan diberikan bantuan untuk menemukan kesulitan serta kesalahan dalam menulis artikel ilmiah. Peserta diberikan umpan balik untuk perbaikan agar menjadi tulisan yang baik dan benar, Hasil akhir proyek berupa publikasi ilmiah dapat diakses secara gratis melalui internet dengan disediakan oleh pihak penerbit jurnal maupun oleh para penulis artikel jurnal itu sendiri.",
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"text": "Proyek yang bersifat individual akan semakin banyak melibatkan peserta. Ketika peserta diberikan izin untuk mempertimbangkan dan merencanakan cara mereka sendiri untuk menyelesaikan proyek individu, kebebasan secara total dapat menjadi bagian dari proses yang sangat sulit untuk di ikuti oleh instruktur. Sebagai contoh, jika ada 30 peserta",
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"text": "yang harus di monitoring, instruktur tidak mungkin berada di 30 tempat sekaligus. Jika peserta terlibat dalam kritikan dan perbaikan, maka setiap peserta dapat melihat umpan balik yang diberikan untuk menginformasikan serta menilai kembali keputusan mereka. Oleh karena itu, proses pelatihan dilaksanakan melalui penerapan project based learning secara online . Instruktur dengan menggunakan project based learning secara online dapat melihat umpan balik yang mereka terima dan melihat apa yang peserta telah putuskan untuk digunakan dalam mengerjakan proyek. Jika peserta membuat kesalahan dan mempertimbangkan umpan balik, maka instruktur mempunyai apa yang dibutuhkan untuk melatih peserta berdasarkan hasil dari monitoring selama pelatihan berlangsung (Fester, 2018).",
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"text": "Project based learning merupakan pendekatan pengajaran yang memiliki potensi signifikan untuk mengubah pengajaran dari yang membosankan dan proses yang biasa dari pembelajaran pasif menjadi pembelajaran aktif secara aktif melalui materi yang melibatkan peserta. Pembelajaran yang dihasilkan akan jauh lebih dalam dan hasil yang signifikan. Penggunaan project based learning berusaha memasukkan pengalaman ke dalam cakupan yang lebih luas (Yam, 2010).",
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"text": "Penelitian dari Yam (2010) juga menunjukkan banyak hasil positif bagi siswa dan staff ketika menggunakan project based learning dalam pengantar kursus di UniSa. Staf pengajar menemukan bahwa penggunaan project based learning telah memberikan hasil yang signifikan baik dari segi prestasi akademik mahasiswa maupun kepuasan pribadi mahasiswa dalam menggunakan project based learning. Pembelajaran menjadi lebih aktif dan pemahaman siswa terbukti lebih dalam ketika memahami materi. Siswa tampak termotivasi dan memperoleh pengetahuan yang lebih banyak, hal ini terwujud dalam sikap dan perilaku yang ditunjukkan para siswa.",
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"text": "Hasani (2017) memberikan uraian bahwa model project based learning apabila didasarkan pada tujuan pembelajaran adalah untuk memperkenalkan peserta pelatihan mengenai metode untuk mengumpulkan data dalam penulisan artikel ilmiah, mengembangkan kemampuan peserta dalam pendekatan progresif dalam menulis, memungkinkan peserta pelatihan untuk secara efektif membaca data yang mendukung penulisan artikel ilmiah, serta mengembangkan kreativitas dan keterampilan dengan membandingkan data yang ada. Pembelajaran dengan project based learning memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta dan instruktur untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lain untuk",
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"text": "mempelajaran penulisan artikel ilmiah. Instruktur mempunyai peran sentral yang lebih sedikit dan peserta pelatihan yang bertanggung jawab atas pembelajaran sendiri (pembelajaran berpusat pada peserta pelatihan).",
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"text": "tersebut diperoleh melalui penerapan model project based learning dengan tahapan pengenalan masalah (pertanyaan), mendesain perencanaan proyek, penyusunan jadwal proyek, pelaksanaan serta monitoring proyek, menguji hasil (presentasi proyek), dan evaluasi serta refleksi. Peningkatan tersebut dapat dilihat dari hasil proyek peserta pelatihan atau guru dalam menuliskan karya ilmiah. Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan yaitu ada peningkatan kompetensi guru dalam menulis karya ilmiah dilihat melalui hasil statistik dari nilai post-test yang lebih baik dari pre-test. Kemampuan guru dalam menulis karya ilmiah telah mengalami peningkatan sehingga diperlukan untuk mempertahakan agar kualitas guru dalam menulis karya ilmiah dapat meningkat menjadi lebih baik. Model project based learning dapat dijadikan sebagai referensi untuk diterapkan secara daring dalam pelatihan dengan menyesuaikan materi yang digunakan.",
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"text": "Email: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRAK Kata kunci: Dinamika Tim, Kolaborasi, Efisiensi Kerja, Pencapaian Tujuan, Manajemen Organisasi. Artikel ini membahas dinamika kolaborasi tim dan efisiensi kerja sebagai faktor kunci dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Kolaborasi tim yang efektif diidentifikasi sebagai landasan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan pencapaian sasaran organisasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisis interaksi tim dan dampaknya terhadap hasil kerja. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa elemen-elemen seperti komunikasi terbuka, saling pengertian, dan pembagian tanggung jawab yang jelas memainkan peran vital dalam menciptakan atmosfer kerja yang kooperatif. Selain itu, efisiensi kerja menjadi poin kritis dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Strategi manajemen waktu yang bijak, peningkatan proses kerja, dan penerapan teknologi terkini adalah elemen-elemen yang ditemukan berkontribusi pada efisiensi kerja. Studi ini memaparkan bagaimana dinamika kolaborasi tim dapat ditingkatkan melalui pelatihan interpersonal dan pengembangan keterampilan komunikasi. ABSTRACT Keywords: Team Dynamics, Collaboration, Work Efficiency, Goal Achievement, Organizational Management. This article discusses the dynamics of team collaboration and work efficiency as key factors in achieving organizational goals. Effective team collaboration is identified as a cornerstone for increasing productivity and achieving organizational goals. This research uses a qualitative approach to analyze team interactions and their impact on work results. The findings show that elements such as open communication, mutual understanding and clear division of responsibilities play a vital role in creating a cooperative work atmosphere. Apart from that, work efficiency is a critical point in achieving organizational goals. Wise time management strategies, improving work processes, and implementing the latest technology are elements found to contribute to work efficiency. This study explains how team collaboration dynamics can be improved through interpersonal training and communication skills development.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Pendekatan kualitatif dipilih untuk memahami secara mendalam dinamika kolaborasi tim dan faktor-faktor efisiensi kerja dalam konteks organisasi. Studi kasus memberikan kerangka yang cocok untuk mengeksplorasi hubungan kompleks di antara variabel-variabel tersebut. Partisipan penelitian terdiri dari anggota tim di berbagai tingkatan organisasi yang secara aktif terlibat dalam proyek atau tugas tim. Pemilihan partisipan didasarkan pada prinsip purposive sampling untuk memastikan representasi yang adekuat dari berbagai lapisan organisasi.",
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"text": "Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan analisis dokumen. Wawancara akan difokuskan pada dinamika interaksi tim, persepsi anggota tim terhadap kolaborasi, dan pengalaman mereka terkait efisiensi kerja. Observasi partisipatif memberikan pemahaman kontekstual dan pengalaman langsung dalam kegiatan tim. Analisis dokumen melibatkan pemeriksaan rekam jejak kolaborasi tim, kebijakan organisasi terkait, dan laporan proyek. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara bertahap, dimulai dengan wawancara individual dan kelompok untuk mendapatkan pemahaman awal. Observasi partisipatif akan dilakukan selama kegiatan tim, dan analisis dokumen dilakukan secara berkesinambungan selama periode penelitian.",
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"text": "Data kualitatif akan dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan analisis tematik. Tema-tema utama seputar dinamika kolaborasi tim dan efisiensi kerja akan diidentifikasi, dan hubungan antar tema akan dianalisis untuk merumuskan temuan utama. Validitas data akan diperkuat melalui triangulasi sumber data (wawancara, observasi, dan dokumen). Proses analisis akan dilakukan dengan kolaborasi tim peneliti untuk memastikan konsistensi dan ketepatan hasil.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini akan mematuhi prinsip etika penelitian, termasuk konfidensialitas data, mendapatkan izin dari partisipan, dan memberikan informasi yang jelas tentang tujuan penelitian kepada mereka. Metode penelitian ini dirancang untuk memberikan pemahaman yang mendalam tentang dinamika kolaborasi tim dan efisiensi kerja, dengan fokus pada keberhasilan organisasi dalam mencapai tujuannya.",
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"text": "Dinamika Kolaborasi Tim Dan Efisiensi Kerja: Kunci Keberhasilan Pencapaian Tujuan Organisasi",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Dalam penelitian ini, fokus utama adalah menganalisis dinamika kolaborasi tim dan bagaimana hal tersebut berkontribusi terhadap efisiensi kerja sebagai faktor kunci dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Berikut adalah pembahasan hasil penelitian:",
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"text": "1. Dinamika Kolaborasi Tim:",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dinamika kolaborasi tim sangat mempengaruhi kualitas kerja dan pencapaian tujuan. Faktor-faktor seperti komunikasi terbuka, saling percaya, dan peran yang jelas dalam tim memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap efektivitas kolaborasi.",
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"text": "Dinamika kolaborasi tim merujuk pada interaksi kompleks antarindividu dalam suatu kelompok kerja. Dinamika ini mencakup berbagai elemen, termasuk komunikasi, koordinasi, saling ketergantungan, dan kepercayaan di antara anggota tim. Berikut adalah penjelasan lebih lanjut tentang beberapa aspek penting dari dinamika kolaborasi tim:",
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"text": "Komunikasi:",
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"text": "Komunikasi yang efektif adalah landasan dari dinamika kolaborasi tim yang sukses. Tim yang mampu berkomunikasi dengan jelas dan terbuka dapat mengatasi hambatan informasional dan memastikan pemahaman yang sama di antara semua anggota tim. Ini melibatkan pertukaran gagasan, umpan balik, dan dialog terbuka.",
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"text": "Saling Ketergantungan:",
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"text": "Anggota tim saling bergantung satu sama lain untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. Saling ketergantungan menciptakan kerja sama tim, di mana setiap individu menyadari bahwa kontribusi mereka penting bagi kesuksesan keseluruhan. Ini dapat mendorong kerjasama dan memotivasi anggota tim untuk berkolaborasi.",
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"text": "Peran dan Tanggung Jawab:",
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{
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"text": "Penetapan peran dan tanggung jawab yang jelas dalam tim sangat penting. Setiap anggota tim harus memahami peran mereka, apa yang diharapkan dari mereka, dan bagaimana kontribusi mereka mendukung tujuan tim. Keteraturan ini membantu menghindari kebingungan dan konflik yang dapat menghambat dinamika positif.",
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"text": "Kepercayaan:",
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"text": "Kepercayaan adalah fondasi dari kolaborasi yang efektif. Tim yang memiliki tingkat kepercayaan yang tinggi cenderung lebih terbuka terhadap ide-ide baru, lebih mudah berbagi informasi, dan lebih cepat menanggapi tantangan. Kepercayaan memperkuat hubungan di antara anggota tim dan menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang positif.",
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"text": "Dinamika kolaborasi tim bukanlah sesuatu yang statis; sebaliknya, itu berkembang seiring waktu dan melibatkan penyesuaian berkelanjutan. Pemimpin tim dan anggota tim memiliki peran",
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"text": "Dinamika Kolaborasi Tim Dan Efisiensi Kerja: Kunci Keberhasilan Pencapaian Tujuan Organisasi",
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"text": "Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika (JCM) | 1766",
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"left": 72,
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"text": "penting dalam membentuk dan memelihara dinamika kolaborasi yang sehat guna mencapai tujuan secara optimal.",
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"text": "2. Faktor Efisiensi Kerja:",
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"text": "Analisis data mengidentifikasi beberapa faktor kunci yang memberikan kontribusi positif terhadap efisiensi kerja. Di antaranya adalah penggunaan teknologi yang tepat, penugasan tugas yang jelas, dan pengelolaan waktu yang baik. Tim yang efisien cenderung memiliki struktur kerja yang terorganisir dan memanfaatkan alat dan metode terkini untuk meningkatkan produktivitas.",
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"text": "Faktor efisiensi kerja merujuk pada berbagai elemen atau kondisi yang dapat mempengaruhi tingkat produktivitas dan efisiensi dalam lingkungan kerja. Efisiensi kerja menjadi kunci untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi dengan cara yang optimal. Beberapa faktor penting yang memengaruhi efisiensi kerja melibatkan aspek-aspek berikut:",
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"text": "Teknologi dan Alat Kerja:",
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{
"left": 72,
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"height": 41,
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"text": "Penggunaan teknologi dan alat kerja yang tepat dapat meningkatkan efisiensi. Sistem yang terotomatisasi, perangkat lunak manajemen proyek, dan peralatan canggih dapat membantu mempercepat proses kerja.",
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"text": "Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Karyawan:",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 348,
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"height": 41,
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"text": "Karyawan yang terampil dan terlatih dengan baik memiliki kemampuan untuk menyelesaikan tugas dengan lebih efisien. Pelatihan yang terus-menerus dapat meningkatkan keterampilan dan pengetahuan karyawan.",
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"text": "Manajemen Waktu:",
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{
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"text": "Kemampuan manajemen waktu yang baik membantu dalam merencanakan dan menyelesaikan tugas dengan efisien. Rencana kerja yang baik, prioritas yang jelas, dan kemampuan untuk mengelola gangguan waktu dapat meningkatkan efisiensi.",
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"text": "Motivasi Karyawan:",
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"text": "Karyawan yang termotivasi cenderung bekerja lebih efisien. Faktor motivasi seperti pengakuan, imbalan, dan lingkungan kerja yang positif dapat meningkatkan semangat dan dedikasi.",
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"text": "Desain Organisasi:",
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"text": "Struktur organisasi yang baik dirancang dapat meminimalkan birokrasi dan memungkinkan arus informasi dan keputusan yang lebih cepat. Desain organisasi yang efisien mengurangi hambatan dalam pelaksanaan tugas.",
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"text": "Kesejahteraan Karyawan:",
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"text": "Kesejahteraan karyawan, termasuk aspek fisik dan mental, memainkan peran penting dalam efisiensi kerja. Karyawan yang sehat dan bahagia cenderung lebih produktif.",
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"text": "Komunikasi yang Efektif:",
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"text": "Dinamika Kolaborasi Tim Dan Efisiensi Kerja: Kunci Keberhasilan Pencapaian Tujuan Organisasi",
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"text": "Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika (JCM) | 1767",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Komunikasi yang jelas dan efektif antar anggota tim dan departemen memastikan pemahaman yang baik, mengurangi risiko kesalahan, dan mempercepat alur kerja.",
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"text": "Pengukuran Kinerja:",
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "Menerapkan metrik dan pengukuran kinerja yang tepat membantu organisasi untuk mengidentifikasi area yang memerlukan perbaikan. Pemantauan kinerja secara terus-menerus dapat merangsang perbaikan berkelanjutan.",
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"text": "Fasilitas dan Lingkungan Kerja:",
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"text": "Fasilitas kerja yang nyaman dan lingkungan yang mendukung dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan karyawan, yang pada gilirannya dapat meningkatkan efisiensi kerja.",
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"text": "Pengelolaan Risiko dan Ketidakpastian:",
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"text": "Kesiapan untuk mengelola risiko dan ketidakpastian dapat meminimalkan gangguan dan memastikan kelangsungan operasional yang lebih baik.",
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"text": "Efisiensi kerja bukanlah tujuan yang dapat dicapai dengan satu pendekatan tunggal, melainkan merupakan hasil dari gabungan berbagai faktor yang saling terkait dan perlu dielola dengan baik untuk mencapai kinerja yang optimal.",
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"text": "3. Interaksi Antara Dinamika Tim dan Efisiensi Kerja:",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya keterkaitan erat antara dinamika tim dan efisiensi kerja. Tim yang mampu berkolaborasi dengan baik cenderung lebih efisien dalam menjalankan tugas-tugasnya. Sebaliknya, tim yang mengalami konflik atau ketidakjelasan dalam komunikasi memiliki potensi untuk mengalami hambatan efisiensi.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Interaksi antara dinamika tim dan efisiensi kerja menciptakan landasan vital dalam lingkungan kerja modern. Dinamika tim merujuk pada hubungan dan kolaborasi di antara anggota tim, sementara efisiensi kerja mencakup upaya untuk menyelesaikan tugas dengan cara yang paling produktif dan optimal. Hubungan yang baik di antara anggota tim memainkan peran krusial dalam meningkatkan efisiensi operasional secara keseluruhan.",
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"text": "Dalam sebuah tim yang dinamis, terjalinnya komunikasi yang terbuka dan kolaboratif memungkinkan anggota tim untuk saling memahami peran dan tanggung jawab masing-masing. Kolaborasi yang efektif menghasilkan pemecahan masalah yang lebih kreatif dan efisien, karena setiap anggota tim dapat menyumbangkan keahlian dan pengalaman mereka.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Dinamika tim yang positif juga menciptakan lingkungan di mana konflik dapat diatasi dengan konstruktif. Anggota tim yang dapat bekerja sama dengan baik dalam mengatasi perbedaan pendapat dapat mengarah pada pengambilan keputusan yang lebih efisien. Selain itu, rasa saling percaya dan dukungan di antara anggota tim memotivasi mereka untuk memberikan yang terbaik, meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas keseluruhan. Kejelasan peran dan tujuan di dalam tim juga memperkuat efisiensi kerja. Setiap anggota tim memahami bagaimana peran mereka berkontribusi terhadap pencapaian tujuan bersama. Dengan demikian, setiap tugas dapat dikerjakan dengan fokus, menghindari duplikasi pekerjaan, dan meminimalkan risiko kesalahan.",
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"text": "Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika (JCM) | 1768",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"width": 471,
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"text": "Dinamika tim yang efektif juga merangsang inovasi. Ketika anggota tim merasa nyaman untuk berbagi ide dan pendapat mereka, tim memiliki potensi untuk menemukan solusi yang lebih baik dan lebih efisien untuk tantangan yang dihadapi. Dalam keseluruhan, interaksi yang harmonis antara dinamika tim dan efisiensi kerja membentuk fondasi bagi keberhasilan organisasi. Tim yang mampu berkolaborasi dengan baik dan memanfaatkan keahlian setiap anggota untuk mencapai tujuan bersama dapat menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang dinamis, responsif, dan efisien.",
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"text": "Keterkaitan positif antara dinamika tim dan efisiensi kerja memiliki implikasi besar terhadap keberhasilan organisasi. Organisasi yang mampu membangun tim yang efisien dan berkolaborasi dengan baik memiliki peluang lebih besar untuk mencapai tujuan mereka dengan efektif.",
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"text": "Dinamika kolaborasi tim dan efisiensi kerja memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap keberhasilan organisasi secara keseluruhan. Keberhasilan organisasi tidak hanya diukur dari pencapaian tujuan finansial, tetapi juga dari kemampuannya untuk beradaptasi, berkembang, dan menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang inovatif.",
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"text": "Pertama-tama, kerjasama yang solid di antara anggota tim menciptakan atmosfer kerja yang positif. Kondisi ini meningkatkan retensi karyawan dan memberikan dasar bagi perkembangan individu yang berkelanjutan. Tim yang bersatu juga cenderung lebih tangguh terhadap perubahan dan tantangan yang mungkin dihadapi oleh organisasi. Selain itu, efisiensi kerja membawa dampak langsung pada produktivitas organisasi. Ketika setiap tugas dijalankan dengan efisien, waktu dan sumber daya dapat digunakan secara optimal. Ini berkontribusi pada kinerja yang stabil dan memberikan organisasi kemampuan untuk merespons dinamika pasar dan persaingan dengan lebih baik. Kemampuan organisasi untuk berinovasi juga dipengaruhi oleh dinamika tim dan efisiensi kerja. Tim yang mampu berkolaborasi secara efektif cenderung lebih kreatif dan mampu menghasilkan ide-ide inovatif. Inovasi ini, apakah dalam bentuk produk, layanan, atau proses, memberikan organisasi keunggulan kompetitif yang dapat membedakannya di pasar.",
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"text": "Dalam jangka panjang, keseimbangan yang baik antara dinamika tim yang positif dan efisiensi kerja dapat menciptakan budaya organisasi yang adaptif. Budaya ini membantu organisasi untuk terus belajar, berkembang, dan berubah sesuai dengan tuntutan lingkungan bisnis yang selalu berubah. Akibatnya, organisasi dapat tetap relevan dan bersaing di pasar yang dinamis. Dalam keseluruhan, dampak positif dari dinamika tim dan efisiensi kerja secara langsung mencerminkan keberhasilan organisasi. Ini melibatkan pencapaian tujuan, produktivitas yang tinggi, inovasi berkelanjutan, dan kemampuan untuk berkembang dalam era yang penuh tantangan.",
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"text": "5. Rekomendasi untuk Praktik Manajerial:",
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"text": "Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, rekomendasi praktis untuk manajerial mencakup penguatan budaya kolaborasi, pelatihan keterampilan komunikasi, penggunaan teknologi yang tepat, dan peningkatan transparansi dalam tugas dan tanggung jawab tim.",
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"text": "Meskipun penelitian ini memberikan wawasan yang berharga, ada keterbatasan, seperti fokus pada satu jenis organisasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian selanjutnya dapat melibatkan berbagai sektor untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih holistik.",
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"text": "Dalam kesimpulannya, kolaborasi tim yang baik dan efisiensi kerja saling mendukung, menjadi kunci keberhasilan pencapaian tujuan organisasi. Penelitian ini memberikan pandangan yang mendalam tentang bagaimana organisasi dapat mengelola dinamika tim untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan, akhirnya, mencapai keberhasilan jangka panjang.",
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"text": "Adams, J., & Smith, M. (2015). Team collaboration dynamics: A review of contemporary literature. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 20(3), 45-62.",
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"text": "Brown, A., & Johnson, P. (2016). The impact of teamwork on organizational goal achievement: A case study analysis. International Journal of Business Studies, 35(2), 112-130.",
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"text": "Chen, L., & Wang, Q. (2018). Enhancing work efficiency through effective team collaboration: An empirical study in the tech industry. Journal of Management Research, 25(4), 78-95.",
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"text": "Davis, R., & Turner, S. (2019). Team dynamics and organizational success: An exploration of the relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 40(1), 112-128.",
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"text": "Edwards, K., & White, E. (2017). The role of leadership in fostering team collaboration and achieving organizational goals. Leadership & Management Journal, 15(2), 165-182.",
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"text": "Fisher, J., & Harris, R. (2014). Teamwork and goal attainment: A longitudinal study in the healthcare sector. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 30(4), 210-228.",
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"text": "Green, H., & Turner, A. (2013). Exploring the link between team collaboration dynamics and organizational effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(1), 45-63.",
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"text": "Hughes, M., & Anderson, J. (2012). Team collaboration and its impact on organizational efficiency: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Management, 22(3), 78-95.",
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"text": "Jackson, D., & Moore, L. (2016). The influence of team communication on goal achievement: A case study in the manufacturing sector. Journal of Communication Studies, 32(1), 56-72.",
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b666aee9-8508-7d70-1500-f6e981c7b0e5 | https://ejournal.iain-manado.ac.id/index.php/KIJMS/article/download/18/49 | [
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"text": "Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2021, p. 24~30 ISSN: 2797-5460, E-ISSN: 2797-359X",
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"text": "Lafaz Musytarak in Surah Al-Baqarah Verse 228 and Its Effect on Fiqh",
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"text": "Aspahani 1 , Fahrurrrazi 2 1 State Islamic University of Mataram, Indonesia",
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"text": "2 State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Received Feb 1, 2021 Revised May 5, 2021 Accepted Jun 9, 2021 Arabic is the richest language in the world with lots of vocabulary, so it cannot be denied that Arabic has a vocabulary with a variety of meanings which is commonly referred to as Lafzul Musytarak. Lafzul musytarak is a word or phrase that has two or more meanings. It is the same with the Qur'an which Allah sent down in Arabic containing various kinds of fiqh laws, but because of the lafaz musytarak in the Qur'an, there are differences of opinion among the scholars in establishing the law. Thus, produced legal products are also different. For example, the word Quru 'is contained in Surah Al-Baqarah verse 228. The pronunciation of Quru’ has a double meaning, It can be for the menstrual period or the holy period. Therefore, the opinion about the iddah period for women who are divorced and still have a menstrual cycle is also different. The results of this study indicate the iddah period for divorced women is different based on the inclination of the scholars in interpreting the word Quru'. Regarding this issue, Fuqaha 'ulama are divided into two opinions. Imam Malik and Shafi'i argue that the meaning of Quru' in Surah Al-Baqarah is a holy period, so the iddah period for divorced women is three times of the holy period. On the other hand, Imam Hanafi and Ahmad Bin Hanbal interpret Quru' as the period of menstruation. Therefore, the iddah period for divorced and menstrual women who are not menopausal is three menstrual periods. Keywords: Lafaz Musytarak Al-Baqarah Ayat 228",
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"text": "Fiqh",
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"text": "Corresponding Author:",
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"text": "Aspahani, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Jl. Laksada Adisucipto, Papringan, Caturtunggal, Kec. Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia Email: [email protected]",
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"text": "Lafaz Musytarak in Surah Al-Baqarah Verse 228 and Its Effect on Fiqh (Aspahani)",
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"text": "Basically, in communication, spoken language and syar'i texts cannot be separated from the use of lafadz which have multiple or more than one meaning. For example, in Indonesian, some words have more than one meaning. Indonesian people will not be able to understand specifically the word homonym if it is not accompanied by a complete description of the sentence. For example, the words “hak, bulan, selang, rapat, kali” have an ambiguous meaning if they are not accompanied by detail information or context indicating the sentence. Similarly, Al-Qur’an is the word of God coming down in the form straightforward Arabic, where Arabic is one of the languages with the richest vocabulary in the world. Certainly, it can't be separated from sentence patterns which its pronunciation and spelling are the same but have different meanings. For example, in the Qur'an emphasized in the discourse of musytaroq lafadz is the word, لاوأ متسم sentence متسم لاوأ In Surah An-Nisa verse 43. In that word, whether the meaning is essentially skin-to- skin contact, majazi intercourse, the opposite meaning, or even both are the essence or majazi meaning.",
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"text": "It is very interesting to study the meaning as stated by Asriyah is that the meaning which is a sign of a language field is not always singular, but its existence or form can be varied and cannot be used at the same time. The diversity of meanings contained in a linguistic sign is commonly known as the theory of diverse meanings (Asriyah, 2012).",
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"text": "The relation of lafaz and meaning in language can be divided into three kinds: first, the difference between two words because of the difference in two meanings. This is a common thing and we usually encounter it in Arabic lafadz. For example, the words Ar-rᾱjulu and Al-mar‟tu, Al-yaumu, and Al-lailatu. The difference between the two words is caused by differences in meaning. Second, the difference between the two lafadz but the meaning is the same, for example, the words B’air and ḥimar which have the same meaning, that is a donkey. Another example is the words Ja’a and Ataa which means to come. Third, the pronunciation is the same but the meaning is different, in other words, one pronunciation has two or more meanings. Such a term is called musytarak lafẓi that is the similarity of pronunciation. For example, the musytarak lafẓi which causes differences in interpretation: the commentators in interpreting the An-Najmu lafaz contained in Surah Ar-Rahman verse 6, نِ اَدُجْسَي ُرَجَّشلاوَ ُمْجَّنلاو , differ in two opinions: 1). Some argue that An-najmu is something that grows on the earth that does not have a stem. This opinion was expressed by Ibn Abbas, Ibn Jubair, As-Suddiy, Al-Kalbi, and Sufyan Al-Saury. 2). Some people think that the pronunciation of An-Najmu is a star in the sky. This is the opinion of Mujahid, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, and Qatadah. Therefore, the mustaroq lafaz contained in the Qur'an causes the emergence of different interpretations and fiqh laws based on the inclination of the ulama' after doing ijtihad in giving meaning to the mustarok lafaz. Hence, the author discusses the mustarok lafaz in the Qur'an and its influence on the legal character of fiqh. However, in this case, the author will focus on the study of Mustaroq's pronunciation in the Al-Quran Surah Al-Baqarah Verse 228.",
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"text": "2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION",
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"text": "2.1. The Definition of Lafaz Mustarok Ushul scholars define musytarak with one lafadz which indicates two or more different meanings (al-Mustanir, 1984). Al Musytarak كرتشمل is the isim maf'ul form of the word, كرتشي كرتش which contains the mixed meaning that its boundaries are not known. In terms of terminology, the majority of Usul scholars from Hanafiyah, Syafi'iyah, Malikiyah, and Hanabilah provide the same definition although with different editorials. For example, Al Mahalli from the Syafi'iyah scholars defines mustarok as \"One word that has several meanings of haqqki\". يقيقحلا ىنعملا ددعتملا دحاولا ظفللا Meanwhile, Muhammad Abu Zahrah in his book Usul Fiqh defines it as:",
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"text": "ل َوانَتَي ٌظْفل لَدَبلا ِلْيبس يلع د ْودُحْلا ُفِلَتْخُم ادارفأ",
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"text": "One lafadz that shows more than one meaning with different boundaries by taking turns The meaning of the change here is that the Musytarak word cannot be interpreted with all the meanings contained in the sentence simultaneously, but must be interpreted with the meaning of one of them. Like the word ءرْ ُق which in Arabic use can mean the holy period and can also mean menstruation, lafadz ٌنْيَع can mean eyes, springs, essence, price, people who spy and gold, also the word ُدَي Musytarak between the right and left hand, the word ةَنس can mean the year for hijriyah, syamsiyah, it can also be the Christian year (Hammam, 2020). This is what distinguishes the meaning of musytaroq lafadz and lafadz am. As for when Am (general pronunciation) can be interpreted with all the meanings contained simultaneously.",
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"text": "Furthermore, Wafi defines Musytarok lafadz as \"One word that contains several meanings, each can be used as a denotative meaning and not a connotative meaning.",
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"text": "زاجمْلا َلا ةِقْيقَحلا ِقْيرَط ىلعَ اهْنم لك ىلع قَلْطُت ناعَمَ ُةدَّعِ ةِدَح اوْلا ةِمِلكْلِل",
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"text": "ISSN: 2797-5460, E-ISSN: 2797-359X",
"type": "Page header"
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"text": "Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2021: 24 – 30",
"type": "Page footer"
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"text": "26",
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"text": "If we refer to the discussion of linguistics, especially semantics, we will find terms that are almost the same as Musytarok lafadz, they are Homonym and Polysemy. To find out whether the pronunciation of the word Quru' contained in Al-Baqarah verse 228 is homonym or polysemy, we first need to discuss what homonym and polysemy are. Al-wasilah as quoted by Aripuddin in his journal argued that homonyms are words which have similar pronunciation. Meanwhile, Abdul Chaer said that the word homonym is a term that comes from the ancient Greek language, “anoma” which basically means \"name\" and \"homo\" which basically means \"same\". The Big Indonesian Dictionary states that homonyms are words that have the same pronunciation and spelling but have different meanings because they come from different sources. If we observe some of the opinions of the experts above that there is no difference between one expert and another regarding homonyms.",
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"text": "As for polysemy, it is based on language terminology as Shihab said that polysemy is a word that was originally defined by language users to have two or more meanings. In Arabic, polysemy is known as Al-lafzu al-mushtarak. However, experts have their term to refer to the polysemy, that is using the term Al wujuh. The two words mean that Allafzul Mushtarak and Al-wujuh are basically no different, the difference is only in the terms they use. Saida Gani and Berti Arsyad, as quoted from Nuruddin Al Munjid, said in the Ulumul Quran this discussion is known as Al-Wujuh Wannazair. What is meant by Al-Wujuh Wa Nnazair is that certain vocabulary that is mentioned in various places in the Qur'an with the same words and the same vowel. However, each of these words has a different meaning from the same word in other verses while the meaning of the same words with different meanings is called Annazair. Thus, the term Al-wujuh is related to lafazd while Annazair is related to meaning (Ali Abdu al-Wahid Wafi, 2004). A more specific definition related to polysemy that occurs in the Qur'an was put forward by Al Munjid, according to him, polysemy is a linguistic unit that has more than one meaning and can occur in a single pronunciation or occurs as a result of a series of word (Aripuddin, 2017).",
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"text": "Based on the opinions above, we can conclude that polysemy is a linguistic unit that contains multiple meanings, and specifically for the phenomena that occur in the Qur'an. It can be in the form of mufrad lafazd that is a series of words, as for the relation to the forms of polysemy found in the Qur'an. In the Qur'an, there are three basic forms, they are isim (noun), fi'il (verb) and letters (pronoun). Then, polysemy refers to the division of sentences in Arabic which consists of three types; isim, fi'il and also letter sentences.",
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"text": "Homonym and polysemy seem to be the same without difference because they are the same word but have two or more different meanings. However, there are actually little differences between homonyms and polysemy. Ulman explains that lexically, the same word with different meanings allows the occurrence of homonyms or polysemy. The same word with different meanings without any real connection refers to homonymy. The same word with different meanings and still related is called polysemy (Wijayanti & Irsyadi Salima, 2018).",
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"text": "Based on the explanation above, we can conclude that Homonym is a word that has the same pronunciation and has two or more different meanings, but between these meanings, there is no relationship because it comes from different sources. Meanwhile, polysemy is a word that has more than one meaning and more than one meaning is different, it's just that the different meanings still have a connection or we can say that the two still have a common thread that can be connected. To be clear, for example Indonesian homonyms such as; \"para siswa bisa mengerjakan soal itu dengan baik” and “bisa ular cobra itu mematikan,\"",
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"text": "The word \"bisa\" in the two examples in the sentence above is not the same, because the two words come from different sources. Both have no relationship each other, meaning that there is no common thread that connects them. Therefore, the word can be a homonym, not a polysemy. An example of polysemy is \"the root of the tree entered the house\" and \"we have to find the root of the problem so that we can solve the case properly.\"",
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"text": "The “root” word in the first sentence means that part of the plant that is usually in the soil functions as a reinforcement and sucks water and nutrients. While the root word in the second sentence means main or base. This is an example of polysemy because even though the meaning is different but still has a common thread connecting the two, the relationship between the two is the same as the basis or base. The difference is because there are several concepts in the meaning of a word. The difference in polysemy occurs because it comes from different sources.",
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"text": "Moreover, we come to an analysis of the word Quru' contained in the Al-Qur'an Surah al Baqarah. We need to observe whether it is Homonym or Polysemy. Based on our analysis of the difference between homonym and polysemy above, we can say that the word Quru' contained in the Qur'an Surah al Baqarah verse 228 is polysemy, because the word has a double meaning in the form of menstruation and period.",
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"text": "ISSN: 2797-5460, E-ISSN: 2797-359X",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 191,
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"text": "Lafaz Musytarak in Surah Al-Baqarah Verse 228 and Its Effect on Fiqh (Aspahani)",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 515,
"top": 59,
"width": 13,
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"text": "27",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 456,
"height": 24,
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"text": "Even though they are the same and cannot be used at the same time, their meanings still have a connection, which is the same as indicating the time or period.",
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"text": "2.2. Definition of Fiqh Law",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Discussing about law, it immediately deals with a rule or set of norms that regulate human behavior in a society, whether the rule or norm is in the form of a reality that grows and develops in society as well as regulations or norms that are made in a certain way. However, this study focuses on the law that referred to Islamic law or what is commonly called Shariah law. Islamic Shariah law is a system of rules based on the revelation of Allah SWT and the Sunnah of the Prophet regarding the behavior of the mukalaf (people who can already be burdened with obligations) that are recognized and believed, which are binding on all adherents. This refers to what the Apostle has done to carry it out completely (Iryani, 2017).",
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"text": "Shariah is the decree of Allah and the provisions of His Messenger, both in the form of prohibitions and in the form of orders, covering all aspects of life. (Nurhayati, 2018). It can also be called the laws ordered by Allah SWT for His people brought by a Prophet, both those related to belief (aqidah) and those related to amaliah. When we talk about sharia law, what comes to our mind is about halal, haram, Sunnah, permissible, obligatory laws, etc. Then come out with this the law of Aqliyyah for example knowing that two plus two is four, and also coming out of the Adah law (habits) such as knowing that after it is cloudy it will rain, or the Hissiyyah law (sensory) such as knowing that fire is hot.",
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"text": "The linguistic fiqh as said by Imam Al Jauhary quoted by Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah Bin Solih Al Fauzan is Al Fahmu or understanding the intent of the speaker's utterance. Then the term Fiqh is devoted to certain Shari'a disciplines (Abdullah Bin Solih Al Fauzan, 1417). It is knowledge of practical 'amali' laws as a product of the ijtihad activities of the scholars (Iqbal, 2017).",
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"text": "ةيليصفتلا اهتلدأ نم بستكملا ةيلمعلا ةيعرشلا ماكحلأاب ملعلا",
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"text": "In other words, the science of fiqh is a science that seeks to understand the laws contained in the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Sollallhu Alaihi Wasallam to be applied in daily. The results of the understanding Islamic law are systematically arranged in fiqh books and are called fiqh laws. Fiqh law is a practical legal law aimed at a mukallaf obtained through detailed arguments from the Qur'an, Assunnah, Ijma', and Qiyas with the ijtihad method and fiqh law is Zonniyah, not Qot'iyyah (Kholaf, 1999).",
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"text": "2.3. Lafaz Mustarok Dalam Surat Al Baqoroh Ayat 228",
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"text": "َةَث ََٰلَث َّنِهِسُفنَأِب َنْصَّب َرَتَي ُتََٰقَّلَطُمْلٱ َو ء ٓوُرُق ۚ",
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"text": "َءْلٱ ِم ْوَيْلٱ َو ِ َّلَّلِب َّنِم ُْْي َّنُك نِِ َّنِهِماَح ْرَأ ىِف ُ َّلَّٱ َقَلََ اَم َنْمُتْكَي نَأ َّنُهَل ل ِحَي َلا َو ُتَلوُعُب َو ۚ ِر َِا ىِف َّنِِِهد َرِب قَحَأ َّنُه",
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"text": "َأ ْنِِ َكِلََٰذ",
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{
"left": 255,
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"text": "َع ُ َّلَّٱ َو ۗ ٌةَج َرَد َّنِهْيَلَع ِلاَج ِهرلِل َو ۚ ِفو ُرْعَمْللِب َّنِهْيَلَع ىِذَّلٱ ُلْثِم َّنُهَل َو ۚ اًحََٰلْصِِ ۟ا وُدا َر",
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"text": "ٌميِكَح ٌزِي ِزِ",
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{
"left": 106,
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"text": "Women who are divorced should refrain (wait) three times quru'. They should not hide what Allah has created in their wombs if they believe in Allah and the hereafter. And her husbands have the right to refer to her in the waiting period if they (husbands) want ishlah and women have rights that are balanced with their obligations in a ma'ruf way. Husbands, however, have one degree of advantage over their wives. And Allah is Mighty, Most Wise.",
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"text": "This verse was revealed in connection with Asma' Bin Yasid Assakanil Ansoriyyah when she was divorced by her husband while at that time there was no iddah period for divorced women, she said: I was divorced during the time of the Prophet, while at that time there was no iddah period for divorced women, Thus, Allah Subhanahu Wata'ala sent down a verse about Iddah Talak when I was divorced. َنْصَّب َرَتَي ُتاقَّلَطُملاو﴿ َّنِهِسُفْنأِب ﴾ ٍءو ُرُق َةَثلاَث . Based on the hadith narrated by Abu Daud, Abu Hatim, and Baihaqi in a sunnah: ْتَلاق ِةَّي ِراصْنلأا ِنَكَّسلا ِنْب َدي ِزَِي ِتْنِب َءامْسأ ْنَع : « ِ َّاللَّ ِلوُس َر ِدْهَع ىلَع ُتْقِهلُط ﷺ ، ْمَلو َُّاللَّ َل َزِْنأَف ،ٌةَّدِع ِةَقَّلَطُمْلِل ْنُكَي ِقلاَّطلِل َةَّدِعلا ُتْقِهلُط َني ِح",
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"text": "﴾ ٍءو ُرُق َةَثلاَث َّنِهِسُفْنأِب َنْصَّب َرَتَي ُتاقَّلَطُملاو﴿ Lafaz Mustarok in the verse above is found in the word ء ٓوُرُق whose mufrod form is ءرق (Quru ') because the word has two meanings. Arabic linguists and Fiqh experts give meaning to this word as the holy period and can also be the period of menstruation. Abu Amr Bin Abdil Bar quoted by Ibn Cashier in his Tafsir said that Arabic linguists and the Fuqoha 'do not differ in opinion, that the word Quru' means the holy period and the menstrual period (Asy-Suyuti, 1432). They have different opinions regarding the meaning of the Qur'an in the verse, whether it means the holy period or the menstrual period. In this case, the meanings are divided into two opinions. Because the word Quru 'has a double meaning, we can assure that the word is part of the Mustaroq Lafaz.",
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"text": "Furthermore, we can refer to authoritative sources, including Lisanul Arob. In the Lisanul Arob Dictionary, it is explained that ءرُقلا with Dommah and ءرَقلا with Fathah the meaning is ضيحلا رهطلا (holy period and menstruation) but Al Alusi stated that the better form is in Fathah because ءرُقلا is تقولا (time) (Manzur, 1119).",
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"text": "ISSN: 2797-5460, E-ISSN: 2797-359X",
"type": "Page header"
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"left": 71,
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"text": "Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2021: 24 – 30",
"type": "Page footer"
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"left": 71,
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"width": 13,
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"text": "28",
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"text": "In Fathul Qodir, it is also explained that Abu Amr Bin Ala 'as quoted by Imam Syaukani said that among Arabs there are those who call menstruation with________ and some call the holy period with ًأ ْرق , and there are those who combine the two, then the holy period and Menstruation is written in the Qur'an ًأ ْرق (As-saukani, 1428).",
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"text": "2.4. The Influence of Lafaz Mustarok on Product of Islamic Legal Law",
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"left": 71,
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"text": "To draw the law of Fiqh from the Nash Al-Qur'an and Hadith, the fuqoha' carry out a legal istinbat process with broad and deep knowledge of the Qur'an and Hadith, as well as the provisions needed in practicing law, such as Usul Fiqh, grammatical linguistics. etc. The provisions needed to be able to explore the law from the Qur'an and As-Sunnah. The word “istinbat” when associated with law. As explained by Muhammad bin Ali al-Fayyumi (d. 770 H) an Arabic linguist and fiqh means \"an effort to draw law from the Qur'an and sunnah\" (Zein, 2017). To explore the law of Mustarok's lafaz contained in the Qur'an requires an in-depth linguistic analysis in terms of its grammar, use among earlier Arabs, use in daily communication, and in their poetry.",
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"text": "Mustarok lafadz is created from the differences of opinion among the Experts of Science so that the product of Islamic legal law were different. For example, ءورق the lafadz in the Surah Al Baqoroh verse 228.",
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"text": "َةَث ََٰلَث َّنِهِسُفنَأِب َنْصَّب َرَتَي ُتََٰقَّلَطُمْلٱ َو",
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"text": "ء ٓوُرُق Lafadz quru 'in that verse is the plural form of qur'un. This lafadz includes musytarak because it means the holy period and the menstrual period. Abu Amr Bin Ala 'said: among the Arabs there are those who refer it as menstruation while others argued that it was the holy period, and some combine them, then the holy period and the menstrual period are called Qor'an أ ْرق . Furthermore, Imam Syaukani explained that we have to notice that the true meaning of Al Qor'u is Al Waqtu (period) (As-saukani, 1428). In the Lisanul Arob Dictionary, it is explained that ءرُقلا with Dommah and ءرَقلا with Fathah means ضيحلا رهطلا ) holy period and menstrual period. It is because ءرُقلا is تقولا period (Manzur, 1119). Therefore, a mujtahid must exert all his abilities to find out the meaning intended by the shari'a in the verse. To be able to issue appropriate laws based on the results of their efforts in understanding this meaning. Ulama' among the Fuqoha' have different opinions towards the meaning of the word which results in different laws regarding the Iddah period of divorced women who are still in the menstrual cycle (not menopause).",
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"text": "Regarding the difference of opinion in interpreting the meaning of ءرُقلا in the Surah Al Baqoroh 1228, they are divided into two opinions (Goffar, n.d.).",
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"text": "The first is the Syafiiyyah and Malikiyyah Zaid Bin Sabit, Abdullah Bin Umar, Aisyah, Al Fuqoha 'Assab'ah. They argue that ءرُقلا means رهطلا (holy period) they postulate with the Qur'an, Hadith and the theory/rules of language.",
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"text": "First, the evidence from the Qur'an and hadith, { َةَّدِعْلا ا َّنِهِتَّدِعِل َّنُِوُقهِل َءاَسهِنلا ُمُتْقَّل ا يِبَّنلا ا اي } [ قلاطلا :1], they say that the meaning of the letter Lam in the sentence َّنِهِتَّدِعِل is Fi ( ىف ) هنِهِتَّدِع , as for Al Alusi in his interpretation says that Lam there is تيقأتلل and صيصختلل (Al-alusi, 1995), Thus, Al Qor'u here means Attuhrru (holy period) because the scholars agree that it is not permissible to divorce the wife during menstruation. This is further strengthened by the hadith of the prophet Ailihissolatu Wassalam, when Umar Bin Khattab reported to the prophet about Ibn Umar Rodiyallahu Anhuma who mentally abused his wife during menstruation, the prophet said, tell him to refer back and hold it until woman is clean then menstruate then clean again, then if she wants him to be able to mentally in a state of purity and has not been hooked up.",
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"text": "ِو هتأرما قلط رمع نبا نأ مث ضيحت مث ،رهطت ىتح اهكسمي مث اهعجاريلف هرم( رمع ـل ملسو هيلع الله ىلص يبنلا لاقف ،ضئاح ي",
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"text": "ءاش نإف ،رهطت",
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"text": "هيف اهعماجي مل رهط يف اهقلط ءاش نِو اهكسمأ",
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"text": "Their opinion is also reinforced by the words of Sayyidah Aisyah Rodiyallahu Anha, as narrated by Ima Malik, Syafi', Abdurrozzak, Abdubnu Humaid, Ibn Jarir, Ibn Abi Hatim, and Nahhas In his Nasikh, Daru Qutny and Baihaqi in his Sunan that Ayesha's mother said that the Qur'u is a holy period.",
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"left": 74,
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"text": "َمُح ُنْب ُدْبَعو ،ِقا هز َّرلا ُدْبَعو ، يِعِفاهشلاو ،ٌكِلام َج َرَْأو يِنْطُق َراهدلاو ،))ِه ِخِسان(( يف ُساهحَّنلاو ،ٍمِتاح يِبأ ُنْباو ، ِرِذْنُملا ُنْباو ، ٍري ِرَج ُنْباو ،ٍدْي يِقَهْيَبلاو ،",
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"text": "ُراهْطلأا ُءارْقلأا امَّنِ ْتَلاق َةَشِئاع ْنَع )) ِنَن سلا(( يف",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "The second argument from the language, that the word ةثلاث is Muannas, then the ma'dud must be in the form of muzakkar, رهطلا (holy). And in ءرُقلا language the meaning is Al Jam'u (gathering) for example, it is said: اذك تأرق , اذك تعمج :يأ then they think that the relationship with women is the accumulation of blood. The second opinion is from the Hanafiyyah and Hanabilah, Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, Ali, Ibn Mas'ud, Hasan, Mujahid, Al Auza'I, Assaury, and Ahlurro'yi. they argue that ءرُقلا means ضيحلا (menstruation) they also postulate with the Qur'an, Hadith, and theory.",
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"text": "The first proof َةَث ََٰلَث َّنِهِسُفنَأِب َنْصَّب َرَتَي ُتََٰقَّلَطُمْلٱ َو ء ٓوُرُق they say if we follow the jumhur opinion by saying ءرُقلا the meaning is the holy period then what if there is a case of a man divorcing his wife in the middle of the",
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"text": "ISSN: 2797-5460, E-ISSN: 2797-359X",
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{
"left": 191,
"top": 776,
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"text": "Lafaz Musytarak in Surah Al-Baqarah Verse 228 and Its Effect on Fiqh (Aspahani)",
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{
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"text": "29",
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"text": "holy period, whether half the holy period will be counted or not?, that is, if a wife is divorced in the middle of the holy period and then her menstruation is pure there have been two holy periods here, her menstruation is again and then she is pure again, then are we going to say she (wife) has gone through three perfectly holy periods or two and a half holy periods?, then it is certain that two and a half holy times are not three holy times.",
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"text": "Meanwhile, Allah azza Wajalla said",
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{
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"text": "َّب َرَتَي ُتََٰقَّلَطُمْلٱ َو َةَثََٰلَث َّنِهِسُفنَأِب َنْص ء ٓوُرُق three times the pure period perfectly, not two and a half pure period. Because the meaning of the verse is based on the zohir verse. So when the prophet says three Quru’, it is impossible for the meaning to be a holy period, but the meaning must be brought to the meaning of menstruation. So from this argument, they argue that the iddah period for a divorced woman is still three times the menstrual cycle, not three times the holy period.",
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"text": "The second argument: the evidence from the hadith in Sunan Abu Daud and Nasa'i with a valid sanad, the Prophet ملسو هيلع الله ىلص said ( ةلاصلا يعدف ءا اذإف ) if your Quru' period comes then leave prayer (don't pray). In another editorial it says ( كئا ما ةلاصلا يعد ). The meaning of Quru 'in the two editorials of the hadith is Menstruation and it is impossible to bring it to the meaning of the holy period because the Prophet ملسو هيلع الله ىلص can't order to pray except during menstruation. There are two more supporting arguments that support their opinion as follows:",
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"text": "ٍضَي ِح َثلاَث َلاق ﴾ٍءو ُرُق َةَثلاَث﴿ ِهِل ْوَق يف ٍساهبَع ِنْبا ِنَع ، يِقَهْيَبلاو ، ٍري ِرَج ُنْبا َج َرَْأو . ُرُق َةَثلاَث َّنِهِسُفْنأِب َنْصَّب َرَتَي ُتاقَّلَطُملاو﴿ ِهِل ْوَق يف ٍدِِاجُم ْنَع ،ٍدْيَمُح ُنْب ُدْبَع َج َرَْأو ٌضَي ِح َلاق ﴾ٍءو",
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"text": "So it can be said that the iddah period of a woman who is divorced by her husband who still has a menstrual cycle and has had intercourse with her husband based on the two opinions above is: based on the first opinion, the women's iddah period ends when it has entered the third menstrual period. As for the second opinion, the women's iddah period has not ended if it has not been completed or has not been pure from the third menstrual period.",
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"text": "3. CONCLUSION",
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"text": "Al-Quran came down in the form of fluent and straightforward Arabic, where Arabic is one of the languages with the richest vocabulary in the world, and certainly cannot be separated from words or phrases that have similarities in pronunciation and meaning. For example, the word Quru’ in the Surah Al Baqoroh Verse 228 has a double meaning, mustarok lafaz.",
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{
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"text": "Al-Musytarak is a form of isim maf'ul from كرتشي كرتشِ which contains the meaning of mixed that boundaries are not known. The term according to Abu Zahroh is a word that deals with different individuals as a substitute.",
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"text": "Meanwhile, fiqh law is practical 'amali' laws as a product of the ijtihad activities of the scholars through detailed arguments from the Qur'an and Hadith. Lafaz quru' contained in Surah Al-Baqarah verse 228 causes differences of opinion among scholars in determining the iddah period for women who are divorced and have menstrual cycles. Regarding this, the scholars of Fuqaha' are divided into two opinions. Imam Malik and Shafi'i argue that the meaning of quru' in Surah Al-Baqarah is a holy period, so the iddah period for divorced women is three times of the holy period. As for Imam Hanafi and Ahmad Bin Habal, the meaning of quru' there is the period of menstruation, therefore the iddah period for women who are divorced and still have menstrual cycles or who are not menopausal is three times the menstrual period.",
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"text": "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS",
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"text": "As writers, we would like to thank all those who contributed to this paper. To Allah SWT who has given strength and His Messenger as a guide to the path of salvation. Parents who never stop providing prayers and support in studying. To the lecturers who have guided and advised their students to become active writers. Our beloved friends who have time to exchange ideas. Thus, with contributions from various parties, this paper can be completed.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "REFERENCES",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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6cd344af-d386-9a36-2726-809bb44591f9 | https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/konservasi/article/download/2797/1781 | [
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"text": "Media Konservasi Vol. V No. (I), April 19% : 5 - 9",
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"text": "PAN JANG (Macaca fascicularis, Raffles) DI PULAU TIN JIL",
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"text": "(Habitat Analysis and Dietary Potential of Long' Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis, Raffles) in Tinjil Island)",
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"text": "Jurusan Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, P.O. Box 168, Bogor 16001",
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"text": "Tinjil Island, coveringa total area of 600 ha, is a semi-natural captive breeding site for long-hailedmacaques. The increased populationof the macaques being bred, have shown the success of the breeding programme, thus there shouldbeanticipation of their dietary needs in thelongterm(porti0nand natural diets). Thedietary potential ofTinjil Island have not yet been adequately inventoried in terms of species, amounts and distributions. Therefore research should be conducted regarding the habitat's condition and potential diets of the Island.",
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"text": "Pulau Tinjil (600 ha) telah dipergunakan sebagai tempat penangkaran semi alam monyet ekor panjang. Populasi monyet ekor panjang yang ditangkarkan telah mengalami perkem- bangan yang cukup baik, sehingga dalam jangka panjang perlu diantisipasi kebutuhan pakamya (ransum dan pakan alami). Potensi pakan monyet ekor panjang yang terdapat di Pulau Tinjil belum banyak diketahui (jenis, jumlah dan sebarannya). Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang kondisi habitat dan potensi pakan yang terdapat di Pulau Tinjil.",
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"text": "1. Mengetahui kondisi habitat monyet ekor panjang di Pulau Tinjil",
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"text": "2. Mengetahui potensi pakan Cjenis, jumlah/kerapatan, dan bagian yang dimakan) di Pulau Tinjil.",
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"text": "METODOLOGI",
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"top": 564,
"width": 244,
"height": 99,
"page_number": 1,
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"text": "Waktu penelitian 2 bulan (Pebruari - Maret 1992). Parameter yang ditelaah adalah jenis tanah, suhu dan kelembaban, curah hujan dan kecepatan angin, potensi pakan (jenis, jumlah, dan bagian yang dimakan), struktur dan komposisi jenis vegetasi. Data sekunder (tanah dan iklim) diperoleh dengan mengkaji hasil-hasil penelitian yang telah dildcukan. Data primer (potensi pakan, struktur dan komposisi jeds vegetasi) diperoleh dengan melakukan analisis vegetasi (Soerianegara dan Incirawan, 1985).",
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"text": "HAS& DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Jeais Tanah d a n lldlla M h",
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"text": "intensitas cahaya, yaitu dari pagi-siang-sore hari terjadi perbedaan intensitas cahaya yang diterima oleh tajuk hutan. Kecepatan angin rata-rata di dalam tajuk pada siang hari 0,3 mldetik dan di luar tajuk 2,47 midetik.",
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"text": "Jenis tanah di Pulau Tinjil sebagian besar Lithic Quartzipsamment (215 ha) dan Lithic Ustipsamment (292 ha). Jenis tanah ini memiliki kelas tekstur kasar, struktur lepas, permeabilitas cepat, kedalaman lapisan solum tanah dangkal serta kandungan unsur Ca clan Mg yang tinggi. Karakteristik tanah ini cukup rawan terhadap adanya gangguan (eks- ploitasi).",
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"text": "Struktur dan Komposisi Jenis Vegetasi",
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"text": "Vegetasi hutan yang menempati Pulau Tinjil, terdiri atas vegetasi hutan tropis dataran rendah dan hutan pantai. Jenis dominan pada vegetasi tingkat semai adalah cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum) dengan Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) 37,85%. Sedangkan jenis co-dominan adalah hanjuang (Dracaena elliptica) dengan INP 29,04%. Jenis lain yang cukup dominan adalah Alphania montana dengan INP = 18,13%, ki paranje (Glycosmis chochinchinensis) dengan INP 16,71%, dan peuris (Antidesma montanum) dengan INP = 10,29%.",
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"text": "Pada vegetasi tingkat pancang, didominasi oleh peuris (Antidesma montonum) dengan INP = 35,24% dan jenis cd-dominan Alphania montana dengan INP 20,63%. Jenis lain yang cukup dominan adalah melinjo (Gnetutn gnemon) dengan INP = 20,29%, ki langir (Dysoxylum amorokies) dengan INP 15,96% dan songgong (Melanoorhoea n~allicliii) dengan INP = 11,298.",
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"text": "Pada vegetasi tingkat tiang didominasi oleh jenis melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) dengan INP = 38,13%. Jenis lain yang &kup dokinan adalah ki langir (Dysoxylum amorokks) dengan INP = 24,438, bayur (Pterosperum javanicum) dengan INP = 21,92 % dan mara (Macaranga sp.) dengan INP 19.91%.",
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"text": "Suhu rata-rata di dalarn tajuk (hutan) 26,8 OC dan di luar",
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"text": "Pada vegetasi tingkat pohon didominasi oleh ki langir tajuk 27,17 OC. Pengaruh suhu erat kaitannya dengan (Dysoxylum amoraides) dengan INP = 49,32%. Jenis lain yang",
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"text": "PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN KERJA, MOTIVASI DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI KANTOR PERTANAHAN KABUPATEN PONOROGO",
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"text": "Program Magister Manajemen Universitas Wijaya Putra Surabaya 1 email: [email protected]",
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"text": "This study aims to describe the work environment, motivation, competence and performance of employees in the Ponorogo Regency Land Office. To analyze the influence of the work environment on employee performance. To analyze the influence of motivation on employee performance. To analyze the influence of competence on employee performance. The population in this study were all employees in the Land Office of Ponorogo Regency as many as 93 people. A sample of 93 people with a sampling technique using a type of non-probability sampling, namely total sampling (census). Data collection techniques using questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The results obtained from this study are the work environment is in a fairly good category, work motivation, competence and employee performance are in good categories. The work environment has a significant effect on employee performance in the Ponorogo Regency Land Office. Work motivation does not have a significant effect on employee performance in the Ponorogo Regency Land Office. Competence has a significant effect on employee performance in the Ponorogo Regency Land Office.",
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"text": "Keywords: Work Environment, Motivation, Competence and Performance .",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Sumber daya manusia (SDM)",
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"text": "memiliki dan memegang peran yang penting untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi. Oleh karena berbagai organisasi maupun institusi dituntut untuk lebih memperhatikan untuk melakukan pengelolaan terhadap SDM sebaik mungkin karena SDM juga mempunyai peran yang penting dalam menopang kinerja organisasi ataupun institusi yang ada di",
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"text": "Pemerintahan khususnya pada Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo.",
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"text": "Apalagi dengan persaingan dalam dunia kerja yang semakin meningkat membuat organisasi ataupun institusi lainnya semakin terpacu untuk dapat terus melakukan peningkatan kinerja SDMnya. Kinerja pegawai dapat ditingkatkan dengan pengelolaan SDM yang baik, lingkungan yang ada di tempat kerja menjadi satu dari sekian banyaknya faktor yang berperan dalam meningkatkan kinerja pegawai karena kinerja yang dimiliki",
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"text": "(Woody Jauhari Rosyid, Nugroho Mardi W., C. Sri Hartati 93 - 103) Vol 2, No 2, Juni 2021",
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"text": "oleh pegawai menjadi kunci organisasi untuk maraih kesuksesan.",
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"text": "Oleh karena itu pada setiap organisasi ataupun instansi dituntut untuk mempunyai lingkungan baik dimana lingkungan tersebut dapat memperlancar kelangsungan kerja pegawai sehingga kinerja pegawai dapat meningkat. Berdasarkan pada hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan Ferawati (2017) menyebutkan bahwa adanya pengaruh dengan arah yang positif dan juga signifikan pada lingkungan terhadap kinerja pegawai.",
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"text": "Mashudi, dkk. (2020) juga menyebutkan adanya pengaruhdengan arah yang positif dan juga signifikan pada lingkungan sebagai variabel bebas terhadap kinerja karyawan.",
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"text": "Mudayana dan Suryoko (2016) juga menyebutkan ada pengaruh signifikan antara variabel lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai. Hasil penelitian tersebut berbeda dengan hasil penelitian Logahan, dkk. (2017) yang menyebutkan tidak adanya pengaruh yag signifikan dari lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai. Dari hasil beberapa penelitian yang telah disebutkan di atas ditemukan research gap dari penelitian terdahulu. Lingkungan kerja juga menjadi satu dari sekian banyak faktor yang digunakan dalam peningkatan kinerja pegawai, dengan tersedianya lingkungan kerja bagi pegawai yang baik dan dapat memberikan rasa senang kepada pegawai akan menjadikan pegawai tersebut merasa lebih dihargai sehingga mereka akan merasakan kesenangan dalam bekerja. Lingkungan kerja juga dapat terbentuk dari komitmen pegawai dalam bekerja untuk",
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"text": "menyelesaikan segala pekerjaan yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya. Komitmen tersebut dapat muncul dari kemampuan pimpinan dalam menentukan kebijakan di lingkungan kerja tersebut sehingga dibutuhkan juga sikap yang profesional pada penyelesaian tanggung jawab pada organisasi tersebut Kondisi lingkungan kerja di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo dapat dikatakan masih kurang memadai, terlalu banyak berkas dan kurangnya ruang arsip. Ingkungan kerja dapat diartikan sebagai segala yang ada di sekitar tempat pegawai tersebut bekerja, dimana dapat memberikan pengaruh kepada pegawai tersebut dalam melaksanakan tuga yang diberikan kepadanya (Nitisemito, 2015:182). Menurut Mangkunegara (2017:98) lingkungan kerja dapat meningkupi kejelasan jabatan, autoritas bisa memadai, tantangan target pekerjaan, komunikasi yang dilakukan, keharmonisan hungan kerja, kedinamisan iklim kerjais, adanya peluang terhadap karir pekerjaan, dan tersedianya fasilitas yang dapat menunjang pekerjaan.",
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"text": "Selain lingkungan kerja, ada lagi faktor yang bisa digunakan untuk mendorong terhadap peningkatan kinerja SDM yaitu dengan meningkatkan motivasi pegawai",
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"text": "dalam bekerja, seperti dengan memenuhi kebutuhan pegawai yang bersifat internal maupun kebuthan pegawai yang bersifat eksternal. Perlu adanya kesadaran bahwa seorang yang diangkat sebagai pegawai yang bekerja pada organisasi atau instansi tertentu adanya untuk pemenuhan akan kebutuhannya sehari-hari atau untuk mencukupi kebutuhan ekonomi maupun kebutuhan lainnya. Hal",
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"text": "tersebut dapat tercapai dengan adanya pemberian gaji yang diterima tipa periode waktu tertentu, dimana haltersebut dapat menjamin keberlangsungan kehidupan keluarganya. Selain itu juga kebutuha pegawai tersebut akan perkembangan karir dalam hal untuk dapat mengaktualisasikan segala potensi dan kemampuna yang dimiliki. (Robbins and Timothy, 2016). Berhasil dan tidaknya kerja",
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"text": "pegawai tak lepas dari peran motivasi kerja pegawai. hal ini dikarenakan motivasi kerja pada dasarya merupakan faktor yang sangat menentukan berhasil tidaknya pegawai tersebut dalam menjalankan tugas yang telah diberikan kepadanya.",
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"text": "Pegawai yang memiliki kompetensi yang berkualitas dan motivasi kerja yang tinggi tentu akan berpengaruh pada kinerjanya. Motivasi kerja pegawai dapat terbentuk dari bagaimana pegawai dalam menyikapi suatu pekerjaan yang ada. Kondisi dimana pegawai tersebut dapat menggerakkan dan mengarahkan dirinya dalam mencapai tujuan dari organisasi ataupun dapat dikatakan tujuan kerja pegawai. Motivasi kerja di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo dapat dikatakan masih rendah karena ditemukan masih banyaknya pegawai yang bermalasan sehingga terlihat lebih banyak santainya dari pada bekerjanya, selain itu ditemukan juga pegawai yang lebih mementingkan keperluan pribadnya dari pada untuk kepentingan yang ada di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo Hasil penelitian Mashudi, dkk. (2020) Motivasi Kerja (X1) sebagai variabel bebas berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja kerja karyawan. Mudayana dan Suryoko",
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"text": "(2016) juga menyebutkan adanya pengaruh yang signifikan dari motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja",
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"text": "karyawan. Orocomna, dkk. (2018) juga menyebutkan adanya pengaruh yang positif dari Motivasi terhadap kinerja karyawan. Akan tetapi hasil penelitian tersebut berseberangan dengan penelitian Adha, dkk. (2019) yang menyebutkan motivasi kerja tidak mempunyai pengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan. Dari hasil beberapa penelitian yang telah disebutkan di atas ditemukan research gap dari penelitian terdahulu.",
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"text": "Selain lingkungan kerja dan motivasi kerja pegawai, kompetensi yang dimiliki pegawai juga dapat meningkatkan kinerja pegawai karena kompetensi mempunyai peran yang sangat pentin. Jika kompetensi kerja pegawai bisa menjadi lebih baik maka pekerjaan dapat terselesaikan dengan efektif dan efisien, kualitas pekerjaannya akan menjadi lebih baik, kuantitas pekerjaan yang dihasilkan juga akan semakin banyak sehingga tujuan dapat lebih cepat tercapai. Akan tetapi kompetensi pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo masih belum sesuai dengan pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan karena kebanyakan pegawai yang ada adalah lulusan SMA yang merupakan teman dari PPNPN. Hasil penelitian Mudayana dan Suryoko (2016) menyebutkan variabel kompetensi mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan. Lestari, dkk. (2018) menyebutkan bahwa Compensation has positive and significant impact to Employee Performance .",
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"text": "Kurniawan, dkk. (2018) menyebutkan bahwa competence have a positive effect on employee performance. Hasil penelitian tersebut berbeda",
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"text": "dengan hasil penelitian Dhermawan, dkk. (2017) yang menyebutkan kompetensi berpengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai. Dari hasil penelitian terdahulu tersebut terjadi perbedaan hasil penelitian (research gap), Mudayana,",
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"text": "TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Kinerja pegawai yang dijelaskan oleh Mangkunegara (2017:67) menyebutkan bahwa hasil kerja yang baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas dapat dicapai oleh seseorang dalam mengerjakan tugas yang dibebankan kepadanya dengan penuh tanggung jawab. Bangun (2014:233) menjelaskan dalam rangka mempermudah penilaian hasil kerja pegawai, standar kerja dapat diukur dan dilakukan pemahaman dengan jelas terlebih dahulu. Kinerja pegawai dapat diukur melaui beberapa indikator diantaranya: 1. Kuantitas hasil pekerjaan,",
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"text": "kuantitas pada setiap hasil pekerjaan pegawai mencakup seberapa banyak jumlah pekerjaan yang bisa diselesaikan bagi orang maupun sekelompok orang yang suda menyesuaikan dengan standart pekerjaan.",
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"text": "2. Kualitas hasil pekerjaan, adapaun kualitas hasil kerja pegawai mencakup setiap pekerjaan yang diselesaikan harus dapat memenuhi persyaratan kualitas",
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"text": "pekerjaan tertentu yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya 3. Tepat waktu, seberapa banyak waktu yang diperlukan dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan dengan setiap pekerjaan yang memilki perbedaaan karakteristik dan jenis tertentu sehingga bisa juga memerlukan tindak khusus dalam penyelesaiannya",
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"text": "4. Kehadiran, pada pekerjaan tertentu akan menuntut pegawai hadir dan mengerjakan sesuai dengan waktu pekerjaan yang telah diberikan",
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"text": "5. Sikap kooperatif, suatu pekerjaan yang tidak bisa hanya dikerjaan oleh satu orang saja, tetapi pada jenis pekerjaan tertentu menuntuk penyelesaian pekerjaan dengan melibatkan beberapa orang. Dengan demikian sikap pegawai dalam mengikuti pekerjaan tersebut perlu mendapat perhatian dari kemampuan pegawai tersebut untuk melakukan kerja sama dengan pegawai lainnya. Lingkungan kerj menurut penjelasan dari Nitisemito (2015:183) adalah segala yang berada pada sekitar pegawai, dimana hal tersebut dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap pegawai dalam melaksanakan setiap tugas yang telah dibebankan kepadanya. Sedarmayanti (2017:28) menjelaskan mengenai indikator- indikator yang dapat digunkan dalam mengukur lingkungan kerja diantaranya:",
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"text": "1. Penerangan atau pencahayaan,",
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"text": "penerangan yang ada di tempat kerja yang dapat membantu pegawai dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan dan jga dapat memperlancar pegawai dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan apabila penerangan tersebut dilakukan pengaturan dan penyesuaian",
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"text": "dengan kebutuhan mayoritas pegawai, karena dengan adanya penerangan yang kurang atau berlebihan akan mengganggu pegawai dalam bekerja sehingga akan sulit dalam mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan organisasi 2. sirkulasi udara, sirkulasi udara yang ada di tempat kerja sangat penting bagi kelancaran metabolism tubuh, apabila udara yang terserap ke dalam tubuh tidak sehat atau bercampur dengan gas tertentu akan menggangguu kelancaran pegawai dalam bekerja.",
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"text": "3. Kebisingan, kebisingan ditempat kerja seperti adanya bunyi-bunyian yang dapat menggu konsentrasi pegawai dalam bekerja bahkan dapat merusak pendengaran",
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"text": "pegawai.",
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"text": "4. Bau-bauan, bau-bauan yang tidak sedap ditempat kerja merupakan peganggu pegawai dalam bekerja karena termasuk dalam pencemaran udara 5. Hubungan kerja pimpinan dengan bawahan, adanya komunikasi yang baik saling menghormati dan kepatuhan pegawai terhadap pimpinan di tempat kerja 6. Hubungan kerja sesama rekan kerja, adanya hubungan yang baik dapat memperlancar dan mempermudah penyelesaian masalah dalam tim kerja Motivasi kerja seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Hasibuan (2016:95) merupakan suatu faktor penggerak seseorang dalam memunculkan gairahnya dalam bekerja supaya dapat melakukan kerja sama, dapat bekerja dengan efektif dan efisien serta dapat mengintegerasikan segala upayahnya dalam memuaskan dalam melaksanakan pekerjan. Adapun",
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"text": "indikator yang dapat digunakan dalam",
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"text": "mengukur motivasi kerja dengan menggunakan hierarti kebutuhan Maslow yang dikutip oleh Daft dalam Wuwungan, dkk. (2017:300) yang kemudian diturunkan menjadi beberapa indikator seperti 1. Kebutuhan fisik yang merupakan sebagai kebutuhan dasar dasar menusia seperti kegairahan dalam bekerja, keleluasan ruang gerak di tempat kerja.",
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"text": "2. Kebutuhan keamanan, yang merupakan kebutuhan akan keamanan dan ketenteraman pegawai yang terlindung dari segala macam yang dapat membahayakan pegawai dalam bekerja dan upaya penanganan dalam memberika rasa aman kepada pegawai",
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"text": "3. Kebutuhan sosial, yang merupakan kebutuhan untuk bersosialisasi dengan sesama rekan kerja ataupun pada kelompok tersentu.",
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"text": "4. Kebutuhan penghargaan, yang meruakan kebutuhan yang berhubungan dengan segala bentuk penghargaan, pengakuan dan juga apresiasi dari seseorang mengenai hasil kerja yang telah dicapai.",
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"text": "5. Kebutuhan beraktualisasi diri,",
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"text": "yang merupakan kabutuhan pemenuhan diri dalam pengembangan potensi secara maksimal Menurut Wibowo (2016:271) kompetensi adalah kemampuan yang dimiliki seseorang dalam melaksanakan berbagai pekerjan yang telah dibebankan dengan mengerahkan seluruh keterampilan maupun pengetahuan yang telah dimiliki dalam menyelesaikan tuntutan pekerjaan. Menurut Gordon dalam Sutrisno (2016:204) ada berbagai aspek yang dapat digunakan",
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"text": "(Woody Jauhari Rosyid, Nugroho Mardi W., C. Sri Hartati 93 - 103) Vol 2, No 2, Juni 2021",
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"text": "98 | J A M A S",
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"text": "sebagai indikator dalam mengukur kompetensi kerja pegawai",
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"text": "1. Pengetahuan yang dimiliki",
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"text": "2. Pemahaman dalam pekerjaan",
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"text": "3. Keterampilan dalam bekerja",
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"text": "4. Nilai perilaku",
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"text": "6. Minat untuk melakukan pekerjaan",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Metode penelitian ini tergolong penelitian yang berjenis penelitian penjelasan atau istilahnya explanatory research serta dengan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif.",
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"text": "Populasi pada penelitian ini diambil dari semua pegawai yang bekerja pada Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo yang berjumlah 93 orang. Dengan jumlah sampel penelitiaan juga sebesar 93 orang karena teknik",
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"text": "yang digunakan dalam penetian untuk mengambil sampel penelitian dengan",
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"text": "Non probability sampling atau sama halnya dengan total sampling (sensus). Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang dipakai adalah regresi linier berganda ( multiple regression ).",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Hasil Analisa Deskriptif Variabel",
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"text": "Berikut adalah tabel mengenai hasil jawaban responden dalam menjelaskan independen variable yang meliputi lingkungan, motivasi dan kompetensi maupun dependen variable yang meliputi kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo. Tabel 1 Descriptive Statistics Variabel N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Lingkungan 93 1.50 4.17 3.2076 .41093 Motivasi 93 3.00 4.20 3.7032 .31431 Kompetensi 93 2.50 4.50 3.5309 .38363 Kinerja 93 2.20 5.00 3.8581 .57603 Sumber : Hasil Penelitian, 2021 (diolah) Berdasarkan Tabel 1 mengenai deskripsi variabel lingkungan dan motivasi serta kompetensi maupun kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo dapat diketahui bahwa lingkungan kerja dengan mean atau rata-rata 3.2076 dalam kategori cukup baik, motivasi kerja dengan mean atau rata-rata 3.7032 dalam kategori baik, kompetensi dengan mean atau rata-rata 3.5309 dalam kategori baik dan kinerja pegawai dengan mean atau rata-rata 3.8581 dalam kategori baik.",
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"text": "Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda Teknik analisisa data dari hasil kuisioner yang diisi responden memakai multiple regression atau yang biasa disebut analisis regresi linier berganda. Analisa regresi ini dipakai oleh peneliti guna melakukan pengujian hubungan dan pertautan antara lingkungan dan motivasi serta kompetensi terhadap kinerja pegawai",
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"text": "Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo , Berikut adalah tabel mengenai hasil uji regresi linier berganda.",
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"text": "Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1.424 .988 1.441 .153 Lingkungan kerja .407 .142 .290 2.871 .005 Motivasi .041 .185 .023 .223 .824 Kompetensi .277 .152 .184 1.818 .032 a. Dependent Variable: Kinerja Sumber : Hasil Penelitian, 2021 (diolah)",
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"text": "Berdasarkan Tabel 2 maka dapat dibuat persamaan regresi linier berganda yang dirumuskan sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "Y = 1.424 + 0.407 X 1 + 0.041 X 2 +",
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"text": "0.277 X 3 Persamaan regresi linier berganda tersebut dapat dijelaskan bahwa Konstanta 1.424 berarti bahwa apabila tidak ada variabel lingkungan kerja, motivasi dan kompetensi maka besaran kinerja pegawai yang ada di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo adalah 1.424 satuan. Pada hasil dari persamaan regresi di atas juga dapat diketahui besarnya",
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"text": "koefisiensi (B) untuk variabel X 1 adalah 0.407, hal ini menandakan bahwa jika lingkungan di tempat kerja naik satu satuan, secara otomatis kinerja pegawai yang ada di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo akan meningkat sebesar 0.407 satuan. Pada hasil dari persamaan tersebut di atas dapat diketahui besarnya koefisiensi",
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"text": "(B) untuk variabel X 2 adalah 0.041, ini berarti bahwa apabila motivasi naik satu satuan, maka kinerja pegawai Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo akan meningkat sebesar 0.041 satuan. Pada hasil analisis regresi linier berganda dalam persamaan tersebut di atas juga dapat diketahui besarnya koefisiensi (B) pada variabel X 3 adalah 0.277, ini berarti bahwa apabila kompetensi naik satu satuan, maka kinerja pegawai Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo akan meningkat sebesar 0.277 satuan. Koefisien Determinasi Dalam mengetahui seberapa besar kemampuan ariabel bebas untuk dapat menerangkan variabel terikatnya dapat digunkan uji koefisien determinasi atau yang biasa disimbolkan (R 2 ). Berikut adalah penjelasan mengenai pengujian dari koefisien determinasi yang tersaji pada tabel berikut. Tabel 3 Hasil Pengujian Koefisien Determinasi Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .517 a .267 .246 .45471 a. Predictors: (Constant), Kompetensi, Motivasi, Lingkungan",
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"text": "Pada Tabel 3 tersebut, maka dapat dijelaskan bahwa R 2 yang bernilai 0.267, dengan hasil tersebut dapat dijelaskan bahwa sebesar 26.7% variabel kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo dapat diterangkan oleh variabel lingkungan dan motivasi serta kompetensi. Kemudian sisanya sebesar 73.3% kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo dapat diterangkan oleh variabel lain selain variabel lingkungan dan motivasi serta kompetensi. Uji t",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis data yang dilakukan seperti yang sudah tersaji pada Tabel 2 dapat diketahui nilai untuk t hitung pada variabel lingkungan adalah sebesar 2.871 yang memiliki tingkat signifikansi 0.005, dari hasil tersebut nilai signifikansi variabel lingkungan masih < 0.05, maka Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak. Hal ini berarti bahwa variabel lingkungan kerja mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo. Berdasarkan pada Tabel 2",
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"text": "menunjukkan bahwa, nilai t hitung untuk variabel motivasi sebesar 0.223 dengan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0.824, karena nilai signifikansi > dari 0.05, maka Ho diterima dan Ha ditolak. Hal ini berarti bahwa variabel motivasi tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada Tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa, nilai t hitung untuk variabel kompetensi sebesar 1.818 dengan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0.032, karena nilai",
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"text": "signifikansi < dari 0.05, maka Ha",
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"text": "diterima dan Ho ditolak. Hal ini berarti bahwa variabel kompetensi mempunyai pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo.",
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"text": "Lingkungan kerja merupakan",
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"text": "segala yang berada pada sekitar pegawai, dimana hal tersebut dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap pegawai dalam melaksanakan setiap tugas yang telah dibebankan kepadanya (Nitisemito, 2015:183). Lingkungan kerja di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo dalam kategori cukup baik. Dari hasil analisis regresi didapatkan bahwa konstanta lingkungan kerja bernilai positif dan dari uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t didapatkan bahwa lingkungan kerja mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa apabila ada peningkatan pada lingkungan kerja maka akan meningkatkan kinerja pegawai secara signifikan, demikian juga kebalikannya, apabila ada penurunan pada lingkungan, kinerja pegawai juga akan mengalami penurunan yang signifikan. Motivasi merupakan suatu faktor penggerak seseorang dalam memunculkan gairahnya dalam bekerja supaya dapat melakukan kerja sama, dapat bekerja dengan efektif dan efisien serta dapat mengintegerasikan segala upayahnya dalam memuaskan dalam melaksanakan pekerjan (Hasibuan, 2016:95). Motivasi kerja di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo dengan kategori baik. Tidak adanya pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara variabel motivasi terhadap",
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"text": "Journal of Applied Management and Accounting Science. ( JAMAS )",
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"text": "(Woody Jauhari Rosyid, Nugroho Mardi W., C. Sri Hartati 93 - 103) Vol 2, No 2, Juni 2021",
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "101 | J A M A S",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 98,
"width": 188,
"height": 245,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo. Dari hasil analisis regresi didapatkan bahwa konstanta motivasi bernilai positif dan dari uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t didapatkan bahwa motivasi tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa apabila ada peningkatan pada motivasi maka kinerja pegawai akan meningkat karena masih bernilai positif, akan tetapi peningkatan tersebut tidak signifikan, begitu juga sebaliknya, apabila ada penurunan motivasi maka kinerja pegawai juga akan mengalami penurunan akan",
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"text": "tetapi penurunan tersebut tidak signifikan. Motivasi kerja tidak mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai karena pegawai sudah merasa terpenuhinya keinginan untuk berhubungan antar pegawai lainnya, keikutsertaanya dalam kelompok kerja dan memiliki dapat berhubungan baik dengan pimpinan, selain itu juga pegawai sudah terbiasa mendapatkan pengakuan dan pujian atas kontribusinya dalam bekerja di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo. Kompetensi merupakan suatu kemampuan yang dimiliki seseorang dalam melaksanakan berbagai pekerjan yang telah dibebankan dengan mengerahkan seluruh keterampilan maupun pengetahuan yang telah dimiliki dalam menyelesaikan tuntutan pekerjaan. (Wibowo, 2016:271). K ompetensi pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo memiliki pengaruh dengan arah yang positif serta signifikan dengan variabel kinerja yang dimiliki pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo. Dari hasil analisis regresi didapatkan bahwa konstanta kompetensi bernilai positif dan dari uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t didapatkan bahwa kompetensi memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dengan kinerja yang dimiliki pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo, sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa apabila ada peningkatan pada kompetensi maka kinerja pegawai akan mengalami peningkatan dengan signifikan, begitu juga sebaliknya, apabila ada penurunan kompetensi maka kinerja pegawai turun dengan signifikan.",
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"text": "SIMPULAN DAN SARAN Simpulan",
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"text": "Dari hasil analisis tersebut di atas, maka penulis bisa membuat kesimpulan antara lain :",
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"text": "1. Lingkungan kerja dalam kategori cukup baik, motivasi kerja, kompetensi dan kinerja pegawai dalam kategori baik.",
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"text": "2. Lingkungan kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo. 3. Motivasi kerja tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo.",
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"text": "4. Kompetensi mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo.",
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"text": "Saran",
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"text": "Berdasarkan pada kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, maka penulis dapat memberikan saran kepada berbagai pihak yang terkait sebagai berikut : 1 Hendaknya lebih memperhatikan lingkungan kerja pegawai terutama",
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"text": "(Woody Jauhari Rosyid, Nugroho Mardi W., C. Sri Hartati 93 - 103) Vol 2, No 2, Juni 2021",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "102 | J A M A S",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 98,
"width": 188,
"height": 259,
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"text": "pada jalinan komunikasi, sikap menghormati dan kepatuhan pegawai dengan pimpinan. Selain itu hubungan antara rekan kerja juga perlu untuk lebih diperhatikan, sehingga kerja sama dalam tim dapat berjalan dengan baik. 2 Selain pada lingkungan kerja perlu juga perhatian pada kompetensi pegawai terutama pada peningkatan minat pegawai dalam melakukan pekerjaan dan pengetahuan pegawai tentang cara melakukan identifikasi dan bagaimana melaksanakan pekerjaan yang baik dan benar sesuai dengan kebutuhan yang ada di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten",
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"text": "Ponorogo.",
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"text": "3 Peneliti selanjutnya yang ingin meneliti tentang kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo diharapkan dapat memberikan tambahan ataupun mengganti variabel selain dari yang digunakan pada penelitian ini karena masih ada sebesar 73.3% kinerja pegawai di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Ponorogo dapat dipengaruhi selain dari lingkungan dan motivasi serta",
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"text": "kompetensi.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "Adha, Risky Nur; Qomariah, Nurul ;",
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"text": "dan Hafidzi, Achmad Hasan. 2019. Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja, Budaya Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Jember. Jurnal Penelitian IPTEKS Vol 4, No 1 (2019) Bangun, Wilson. 2014. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: Erlangga. Dhermawan, Anak Agung Ngurah Bagus; Sudibya, I Gde Adnyana; dan Utama, I Wayan Mudiarthan. 2017. Pengaruh Motivasi, Lingkungan Kerja, Kompetensi, Dan Kompensasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dan Kinerja Pegawai Di Lingkungan Kantor Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis, dan Kewirausahaan Vol. 6, No. 2 Agustus 2017 Ferawati, Apfia. 2017. Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja Dan Lingkungan kerja Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. AGORA Vol. 5, No.1, (2017) Hasibuan, Malayu S.P. 2016. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Edisi. Revisi. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Bumi Aksara. Kurniawan, Donatus Adi; Guswandi; and Sodikin, Akhmad. 2018. The Effect Of Competence And Motivation On Employee Performance Through Employees Capabilitieson PT. Binasinar Amity. Lestari, Setyani Dwi; Syabarudin, Dindin A.; Zurnali, Cut; and Murad, Dina Fitria. 2018. The Influence of Work Environment, Competence and Compensation on Employee Performance",
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"text": "(Woody Jauhari Rosyid, Nugroho Mardi W., C. Sri Hartati 93 - 103) Vol 2, No 2, Juni 2021",
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d197c779-0159-d924-ac1f-83a1bc6b5ce7 | https://journal.stitaf.ac.id/index.php/cendekia/article/download/542/576 | [
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"text": "Jurnal CENDEKIA : Media Komunikasi Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam Volume 15, No. 02, 2023, Hal. 318-329",
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"text": "p-ISSN: 2086-0641 (Print) e- ISSN: 2685-046X (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/cendekia. https://journal.stitaf.ac.id/index.php/cendekia.",
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"text": "IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DISIPLIN PADA EKSTRAKURIKULER HIZBUL WATHAN DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN",
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"text": "Nisrin Mu’azzaz 1 , Karnadi 2 1 ,2 Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan, UIN Walisongo Semarang email : [email protected] 1 ) , [email protected] 2 ) ) ,",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pendidikan karakter disiplin diimplementasikan pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang serta kontribusi dan dampak yang dihasilkan dari penerapan pendidikan karakter disiplin pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, dan peneliti mengumpulkan data dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan observasi. Kepala Sekolah bidang kesiswaan dan pelatih atau penanggung jawab ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang adalah antara yang di interview. Setelah data dikumpulkan, maka analisis data dilakukan hingga selanjutnya ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang berkontribusi dalam mengimplementasikan pendidikan karakter disiplin. Salah satu bentuk implementasi pendidikan karakter disiplin yang dilakukan oleh SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang adalah dengan membentuk aturan dan tata tertib bagi para siswa, memberikan peran modal, dan menetapkan aturan secara konsisten. Dengan mengimplementasikan pendidikan karakter disiplin pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan, maka diharapkan ekstrakurikuler tersebut dapat berperan aktif dalam membentuk karakter disiplin yang berkualitas pada para anggotanya sehingga mereka dapat menjadi pribadi yang disiplin dan berpengaruh di masa depan.",
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"text": "Kata kunci : Disiplin, Ekstrakurikuler, Hizbul Wathan, Karakter",
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"text": "Abstract",
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"text": "The purpose of this research is to investigate how character education in discipline is implemented in the extracurricular activity 'Hizbul Wathan' at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang, as well as the contribution and impact generated from the application of character education in the discipline within the 'Hizbul Wathan' extracurricular at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. This is a qualitative study, and the researcher collected data using interview and observation techniques. The Head of the Student Affairs Department and the coach or person in charge of the 'Hizbul Wathan' extracurricular at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang were among those interviewed. After the data was gathered, data analysis was conducted, followed by drawing conclusions. The research findings indicate that the 'Hizbul Wathan' extracurricular at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang contributes to the implementation of character education in the discipline. One form of implementing character education in discipline carried out by SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang is by establishing rules and regulations for the students, providing a role model, and consistently enforcing the rules. By implementing character education in the discipline of the 'Hizbul Wathan' extracurricular, it is expected that this extracurricular activity can",
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"text": "Mu’azzaz , Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter … 319",
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"text": "actively play a role in shaping quality discipline in its members, enabling them to become disciplined and influential individuals in the future.",
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"text": "Keywords : Discipline, Extracurricular, Hizbul Wathan, Character",
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"text": "PENDAHULUAN",
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"text": "Di era milenial sekarang ini, seseorang membutuhkan pengendali yang kuat supaya mereka cakap dalam memilih serta memilah nilai-nilai yang sering kali ditawarkan kepadanya (Wahono, 2018). Pendidikan adalah upaya yang dilakukan secara sadar dan untuk menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang menyenangkan, sehingga para siswa dapat secara aktif mengembangkan potensi mereka untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, kepribadian, bahkan keterampilan yang diperlukan untuk diri mereka sendiri dan masyarakat mereka (Pristiwanti et al., 2022). Oleh karenanya, pendidikan karakter menjadi solusi dalam menyikapi banjirnya nilai-nilai yang ada.",
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"text": "Penelitian-penelitian terdahulu menyebutkan bahwa saat ini karakter disiplin siswa kian menurun. Pembelajaran pendidikan karakter kedisiplinan dilatar belakangi oleh beberapa hal antara lain: Pertama , banyak sekolah mengalami penurunan tingkat disiplin siswa, seperti bolos sekolah, dan tindakan semacamnya. Kedua , adanya perubahan nilai dan norma-norma di masyarakat seiring berjalannya waktu. Ketiga , adanya pengaruh teknologi dan media sosial terhadap perilaku dan cara berinteraksi setiap peserta didik. Problematika tersebut juga terjadi di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. Beberapa bentuk perilaku menyimpang yang dilakukan oleh siswa SMK 1 Muhammadiyah Semarang adalah terlambat masuk sekolah, terlambat sholat berjamaah, menyalahgunakan izin saat kegiatan belajar mengajar berlangsung, dan masih banyak bentuk perilaku tidak disiplin lainnya.",
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"text": "Pendidikan yang berkaitan dengan nilai, budi pekerti, moral, dan juga watak bisa disebut dengan pendidikan karakter, yang mana tujuannya ialah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan peserta didik sehingga mereka dapat melakukan hal- hal yang baik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari serta dapat membuat keputusan moral (Omeri, 2015). Oleh karenanya sangat penting untuk mengimplementasikan karakter disiplin, khususnya di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Hal ini disebabkan karena nantinya mereka akan dituntut untuk mempunyai sikap disiplin yang tinggi Ketika sudah lulus dan memasuki dunia kerja (Rahmawati, 2021).",
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"text": "Hizbul Wathan (HW) merupakan suatu gerakan kepanduan yang berada di bawah naungan Muhammadiyah yang berfokus pada bidang kepanduan untuk menyiapkan sekaligus membina para anak, remaja, serta pemuda yang beraqidah, berakhlaqul karimah, serta berpendidikan tinggi (Efendi, 2018). Hizbul Wathan dibentuk langsung oleh KH. Ahmad Dahlan. Tujuan dari dibentuknya Hizbul Wathan (HW) adalah untuk membangun pribadi muslim yang sebenar-benarnya",
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"text": "320 Jurnal Cendekia : Media Komunikasi Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam Volume 15, No. 02, 2023, Hal. 318-329",
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"text": "© 2023 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.",
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{
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"text": "yang siap menjadi kader persyerikatan, masyarakat, dan negara dengan menggunakan metode yang menantang, menyenangkan, dan menarik (Dzikron, 2014). Hizbul Wathan juga berperan dalam membentuk karakter kepemimpinan generasi muda.",
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"text": "Ekstrakurikuler memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung pendidikan karakter di sekolah. Di tingkat Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Muhammadiyah, Hizbul Wathan hadir dalam bentuk ekstrakurikuler dengan tujuan untuk memberikan pendidikan karakter kepada para siswa termasuk karakter disiplin. Ekstrakurikuler ini memberikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk mengembangan sikap kedisiplinan mereka melalui berbagai aktivitas dan kegiatan-kegiatan yang positif. Melalui ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan, siswa dapat belajar mengenai nilai-nilai ketertiban, nilai-nilai tanggung jawab, serta kemampuan dalam mengolah waktu ( time management ).",
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"text": "Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya pernah membahas mengenai peran ekstrakurikuler kaitannya dengan implementasi pendidikan karakter, yaitu penelitian dari Bambang Rahardja. Penelitian tersebut berusaha mengungkap bahwa pendidikan karakter Islami diterapkan pula di kepanduan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan. Untuk melakukan ini, maka materi harus disesuaikan dengan kurikulum Hizbul Wathan seperti materi Al Islam dan Kemuhammadiyahan, materi kepanduan, materi kehizbul wathanan, serta materi umum. Hal ini dilakukan guna mengembangkan nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter. Selain itu, penelitian tersebut juga menyatakan bahwa pengembangan nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan dilakukan secara teratur, spontan, dan keteladanan dengan menggunakan pendekatan yang telah dimasukkan ke dalam amanat pendidikan karakter Nasional (Rahardja & Arifin, 2017).",
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"text": "Penelitian ini serupa dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Nur Qoyimatul Uyun Al Azizi bahwa pendidikan karakter dapat diperoleh melalui sasaran program yang tepat, pelaksanaan program yang tepat, dan pemantauan program dalam kegiatan ekstrakurikuler kepramukaan terhadap disiplin pendidikan karakter. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Nur Qoyimatul Uyun, kegiatan kepramukaan dapat menjadi alternatif dalam pendidikan karakter disiplin (Al Azizi, 2018). Penelitian lain dilakukan oleh Sabar Narimo dan Endra Purna Irawan, peneliti tersebut menyatakan dalam penelitiannya bahwa seluruh program ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan adalah wajib dan disusun dengan musyawarah kerja. Tujuan dari ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan mencakup kegiatan pembentukan karakter siswa, yang merupakan penjabaran dari visi, misi, dan tujuan sekolah. Penyusunan program kegiatan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan harus sesuai dengan visi, misi, dan tujuan sekolah, serta Surat Keputusan (SK) pembagian tugas oleh waka kesiswaan, dan pendanaan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta bersumber dari Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) (Narimo & Irawan, 2019).",
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"text": "Mu’azzaz , Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter … 321",
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"text": "Beberapa penelitian terdahulu menggambarkan jelas bahwa ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan telah berupaya untuk mengimplementasikan pendidikan karakter dari segi karakter religius/ Islami. Penelitian sebelumnya juga telah mengungkapkan tentang manajemen ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan dalam pengembangan nila-nilai karakter di SMK dilakukan. Berdasarkan kajian terdahulu, maka dapat dilihat bahwa masih belum ada yang mengkaji tentang bagaimana pendidikan karakter disiplin dikaitkan dengan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. Supaya karakter disiplin dapat berlangsung dengan baik dan lancar, maka diperlukan upaya yang tepat sekaligus adanya keterlibatan dari pihak-pihak terkait seperti kepala sekolah, guru, orang tua atau masyarakat lainnya dalam menegakkan karakter disiplin.",
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"text": "Melalui kajian ini kiranya pendidikan karakter disiplin dapat dikaitkan dengan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang, maka hal ini perlu dikaji untuk mengungkap bagaimana implementasi pendidikan karakter disiplin yang diterapkan pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di sekolah tersebut. Untuk itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pendidikan karakter disiplin diimplementasikan pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang serta kontribusi dan dampak yang dihasilkan dari pengimplementasian pendidikan karakter disiplin. Oleh karenanya, dengan latar belakang tersebut ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan diharapkan dapat berperan aktif dalam membentuk karakter disiplin yang berkualitas pada para anggotanya sehingga mereka dapat menjadi pribadi yang disiplin dan berpengaruh di masa depan.",
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
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"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Menurut Afrizal (2014), penelitian kualitatif merupakan sebuah bentuk penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara analisis deskriptif. Oleh karenanya pada saat pengumpulan data, teknik yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan kata-kata (lisan, tulisan, maupun perbuatan). Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa penelitian kualitatif tidak menggunakan angka atau tidak dengan bentuk hitung-hitungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan segala bentuk kegiatan dengan proses pengumpulan data secara rinci.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 12 hari, terhitung mulai dari tanggal 26 Juli 2023 s.d 12 Agustus 2023. Lokasi penelitian merupakan bentuk dari objek penelitian dimana kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan (Wardi, 2023). Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. Alasan dipilihnya SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang sebagai lokasi penelitian dikarenakan sekolah tersebut merupakan salah satu sekolah yang hingga saat ini masih mengajarkan tentang pendidikan karakter disiplin siswa pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan.",
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"text": "322 Jurnal Cendekia : Media Komunikasi Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam Volume 15, No. 02, 2023, Hal. 318-329",
"type": "Page header"
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"top": 772,
"width": 427,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "© 2023 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 85,
"width": 428,
"height": 321,
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"text": "Dalam memperoleh data-data yang akurat dan relevan, peneliti menggunakan beberapa teknik pengumpulan data seperti wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Pada saat memperoleh data melalui teknik observasi, peneliti mengamati langsung kegiatan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan yang dilakukan oleh siswa kelas X di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. Observasi ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengamati secara langsung objek yang akan dijadikan bahan peneliti, dan mengamati sekaligus mencatat fenomena-fenomena yang muncul. Observasi ini dilakukan pada saat ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah berlangsung yakni pada tanggal 4 Agustus 2023. Data observasi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kedisiplinan siswa mengalami peningkatan. Kemudian, wawancara dalam penelitian ini dilakukan bersama Wakil Kepala Sekolah Bidang Kesiswaan, serta pelatih atau penanggung jawab ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang pada tanggal 8 Agustus 2023. Wawancara ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan, kontribusi, dan dampak pendidikan karakter disiplin dalam ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan yang diajarkan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. Sementara dokumentasi dalam penelitian ini mencakup pemberian materi tentang pendidikan ke-Muhammadiyah-an serta kepanduan, dan materi keteladanan sekaligus melalui kegiatan-kegiatan sosial. Selanjutnya setelah data terkumpul, peneliti menganalisis data yang didapat untuk kemudian ditarik kesimpulan.",
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"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Disiplin pada Ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK",
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"text": "Pada dasarnya pendidikan karakter terdiri dari dua unsur yakni pendidikan dan karakter. Pendidikan bisa dimaknai sebagai suatu proses pembentukan karakter, sementara karakter berarti hasil yang akan dicapai melalui proses pendidikan (Muchtar & Suryani, 2019). Pengertian kedisiplinan sendiri ialah usaha yang dilakukan dengan cara bersedia untuk taat, tunduk, dan patuh terhadap aturan atau norma-norma yang ada, baik norma agama maupun norma kesusilaan, serta baik yang tertulis maupun tidak tertulis di lingkungan sekitar (Wirantasa, 2017). Oleh karenanya, pendidikan karakter disiplin merupakan suatu pendekatan dalam sistem pendidikan yang bertujuan untuk membentuk dan mengembangkan nilai-nilai serta sikap kedisiplinan pada diri setiap individu. Dengan demikian, pembelajaran dan pengajaran karakter disiplin mencakup pentingnya memiliki kemampuan untuk mengatur diri sendiri, mematuhi aturan-aturan yang ada, dan juga melakukan tugas ataupun tanggung jawab dengan tekun.",
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"text": "Tujuan dari adanya penerapan pendidikan karakter ialah untuk mengembangkan mutu proses dan hasil dari pendidikan yang mengarah pada pembentukan karakter serta mengarah pada pembentukan karakter yang baik untuk para peserta didik secara keseluruhan, seimbang, dan terpadu sesuai",
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"text": "Mu’azzaz , Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter … 323",
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"text": "dengan standar kompetensi lulusan yang ada pada setiap satuan pendidikan (Supiana et al., 2019). Sedangkan secara umum tujuan dibentuknya karakter kedisplinan yaitu guna mencegah karakter-karakter yang kurang baik masuk ke dalam diri peserta didik yang telah berkarakter baik. Salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi karakter peserta didik ialah karena adanya pengaruh media sosial dan teknologi yang berkembang dengan pesat (Nuraeni et al., 2017).",
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"text": "Kegiatan wawancara ini dilakukan pada tanggal 8 Agustus 2023 terhadap Wakil Kepala Sekolah Bidang Kesiswaan dan pelatih atau penanggung jawab ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan mengenai pendidikan karakter disiplin apabila dikaitkan dengan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang merupakan salah satu sekolah swasta yang bertempat di pusat Kota Semarang. Hasil wawancara dengan kepala sekolah bidang kesiswaan menjelaskan bahwa siswa SMK Muhammadiyah sampai saat ini masih butuh pemantauan dan di perintahkan ketika akan menjalankan kewajibannya. Hal ini merupakan salah satu bentuk karakter siswa SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang yang belum memiliki karakter disiplin.",
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"text": "Dalam menerapkan pendidikan karakter disiplin di sekolah, SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang berusaha mengimplementasikannya pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan. Hizbul Wathan merupakan salah satu organisasi yang bertugas dalam membentuk karakter para pemuda dengan sistem kepanduan yang bernafas Islam (Listiowaty & Mitrohardjono, 2019). Menurut hasil wawancara dengan pelatih ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan, tujuan dari ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan adalah untuk memperkokoh takwa, membentuk akhlak dan watak yang berdasarkan iman kepada Allah SWT, sehingga diharapkan para anggota Hizbul Wathan bisa memiliki rasa tanggung jawab terhadap keluarga, bangsa, cinta lingkungan dan tanah air. Beliau juga menuturkan bahwa salah satu nilai yang ditanamkan dalam organisasi Hizbul Wathan kepada para anggotanya adalah nilai kedisipilinan. Oleh karenanya, sangatlah tabu bagi peserta didik untuk duduk berpangku tangan dan tidak memiliki karakter disiplin.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Upacara Pembukaan Kepanduan Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang",
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"text": "324 Jurnal Cendekia : Media Komunikasi Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam Volume 15, No. 02, 2023, Hal. 318-329",
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"text": "© 2023 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Dalam menumbuhkan sifat dan karakter disiplin dalam diri siswa-siswinya tentu tidaklah lepas dari upaya yang dilakukan oleh pelatih atau penanggung jawab ekstrakurikuler, wakil kepala sekolah bidang kesiswaan, serta para guru- guru yang lainnya. Berikut beberapa upaya yang dilakukan oleh para warga SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang dalam membimbing dan membiasakan karakter disiplin siswa melalui ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan: Pertama , menetapkan aturan dan tata tertib yang jelas untuk para anggota. Salah satu aturan dan tata tertib yang diterapkan di ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang adalah seluruh siswa kelas X diwajibkan untuk mengikuti ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan, siswa wajib mengikuti kegiatan mulai dari upacara pembukaan, pemberian materi kepanduan, hingga kegiatan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan berakhir, siswa juga wajib menggunakan seragam kepanduan Hizbul Wathan dengan atribut lengkap. Temuan ini sesuai dengan teori behaviorisme. Teori behaviorisme menyatakan bahwa perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh rangsangan eksternal dan hukuman atau reinforcement (Zamzami, 2015). Selain itu, temuan ini juga selaras dengan pendapat ahli yang telah dibahas oleh Nur Qoyimatul Uyun Al Azizi dalam artikelnya Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Kepramukaan terhadap Pendidikan Karakter Kedisiplinan, bahwasanya salah satu unsur disiplin adalah mengikuti dan menaati peraturan, nilai dan hukuman yang berlaku (Al Azizi, 2018). Dengan demikian, teori-teori yang berkaitan dengan temuan tersebut menyebutkan bahwa dengan menerapkan tata tertib dan memberikan konsekuensi yang sesuai terhadap perilaku, maka karakter disiplin dapat terbentuk.",
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"text": "Kedua , memberikan peran modal artinya dengan memberikan contoh yang baik sebagai pembimbing atau pengajar kepada para anggota. Hal ini diungkapkan oleh Ahmad Yasar Ramdan, dkk bahwa role model yang dilakukan oleh guru merupakan salah satu bentuk contoh yang lebih baik apabila dibandingkan dengan ribuan nasihat (Ramdan & Fauziah, 2019). Sehubungan dengan ini, Allah SWT berfirman:",
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"text": "ْ دَقَل َْناَك ْ مُكَل ْ يِف ِْل وُس َر ِْٰاللّ ْ ة َو سُا ْ ةَنَسَح ْ نَمِِّل َْناَك اوُج رَي َْٰاللّ َْم وَي لا َو َْر ِخٰ لْا َْرَكَذ َو َْٰاللّ ْ اًر يِثَك",
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"text": "“sesungguhnya telah ada pada (diri) Rasulullah SAW itu suri teladan yang baik bagimu (yaitu) bagi orang-orang yang mengharap (rahmat) Allah SWT dan (kedatangan) hari kiamat dan Dia banyak menyebut Allah SWT.” (QS. Al Ahzab:",
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"text": "Maksud dari keteladanan disini ialah guru harus bisa menjadi contoh yang baik bagi siswa-siswinya, mulai dari sikap, perilaku, tutur kata yang diucapkan. Yayuk Setianingrum juga menyampaikan dalam tulisan penelitiannya bahwa guru di sekolah sangat berperan dalam membentuk karakter disiplin siswa. Salah satu teknik yang dapat dilakukan oleh guru dalam membentuk karakter disiplin adalah dengan menggunakan teknik inner control, yang berarti dengan memberikan keteladanan dalam segala aspek kehidupan sekolah (Setyaningrum et al., 2020).",
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"text": "Mu’azzaz , Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter … 325",
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"text": "Temuan dalam penelitian ini berkaitan dengan teori Difusi Inovasi, yang mana teori difusi inofasi mengungkapkan bahwa keteladanan seorang pendidik akan berpengaruh pada lingkungan yang ada di sekitarnya. Selain itu keteladanan tersebut juga dapat memberikan warna yang lumayan besar kepada lingkungan masyarakat (Setiasih, 2013).",
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti, upaya dalam membentuk karakter disiplin siswa SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang dapat dilakukan oleh guru, pelatih, dan juga pengurus ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang. Pemberian peran modal juga bisa diterapkan di luar kegiatan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan berlangsung. Beberapa perilaku yang dilakukan oleh pengurus ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan antara lain dengan datang ke sekolah lebih awal, menyambut kedatangan siswa, mengetuk pintu dan mengucapkan salam sebelum masuk ruangan, serta selalu memberi salam kepada para guru atau karyawan.",
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"text": "Ketiga , menetapkan aturan secara konsisten, dengan tidak memberikan toleransi terhadap pelanggaran aturan, sehingga anggota dapat memahami bahwa disiplin merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Hasil wawancara dengan wakil kepala sekolah bidang kesiswaan bahwa SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang menetapkan aturan berupa siswa yang tidak aktif dalam ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan akan dikenakan sanksi dengan tidak naik kelas. Hal ini didukung dengan penuturan dari pelatih ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan melalui wawancara, bahwa para siswa yang melanggar seperti tidak mengenakan seragam kepanduan Hizbul Wathan dengan lengkap maka akan diberikan peringatan secara lisan hingga diberikan sanksi berupa denda apabila tindakan tersebut kembali diulangi. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ely Rahmawati dan Ulfa Idatul Hasanah juga membahas mengenai hal ini. Penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa pemberian sanksi (hukuman) yang tegas dari pihak sekolah sangat diperlukan dalam membentuk karakter disiplin siswa (Rahmawati & Hasanah, 2021). Disamping itu, temuan ini selaras dengan adanya teori kognitif. Teori kognitif ini menekankan pada peran aktif individu dalam memproses informasi dan membuat keputusan. Oleh karenanya, dengan menerapkan aturan secara konsisten maka individu akan memahami harapan dan norma-norma yang harus diikuti sehingga karakter disiplin dapat terbentuk.",
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"text": "Untuk memudahkan pembaca dalam memahami isi artikel, maka peneliti dapat menyimpulkan Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Disiplin pada Ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang dalam bentuk tabel seperti berikut:",
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"text": "326 Jurnal Cendekia : Media Komunikasi Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam Volume 15, No. 02, 2023, Hal. 318-329",
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"text": "© 2023 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Upaya dan Bentuk Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Disiplin",
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"text": "Upaya yang Dilakukan Bentuk Pengimplementasian 1. Menetapkan aturan dan tata tertib yang jelas untuk para anggota 1. Siswa kelas X diwajibkan untuk mengikuti ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan 2. Siswa wajib mengikuti kegiatan mulai dari apel pembukaan, pemberian materi kepanduan, hingga kegiatan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan berakhir 3. Siswa wajib menggunakan seragam kepanduan Hizbul Wathan dengan atribut lengkap 2. Memberikan peran modal, dengan memberikan contoh yang baik sebagai pembimbing atau pengajar kepada para anggota. 1. Datang ke sekolah lebih awal 2. Menyambut kedatangan siswa",
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"text": "3. Mengetuk pintu dan mengucapkan salam sebelum masuk ruangan",
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"text": "4. Memberi salam kepada para guru atau karyawan 3. Menetapkan aturan secara konsisten, dengan tidak memberikan toleransi terhadap pelanggaran aturan, 1. Siswa yang tidak aktif dalam ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan akan dikenakan sanksi dengan tidak naik kelas 2. Siswa yang melanggar seperti tidak mengenakan seragam kepanduan Hizbul Wathan dengan lengkap maka akan diberikan peringatan secara lisan hingga diberikan sanksi berupa denda apabila tindakan tersebut kembali diulangi",
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"text": "Kontribusi dan Dampak Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Disiplin pada Ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK",
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"text": "Karakter disiplin bukanlah sikap yang muncul secara sendirinya dalam diri siswa namun karakter disiplin perlu diajarkan serta dibiasakan kepada siswa. Karakter disiplin merupakan hal lazim yang perlu dilakukan dan telah menjadi kebiasaan yang dilakukan untuk diterapkan di lingkungan sekitar, terutama lingkungan sekolah. Beberapa kontribusi yang diberikan oleh ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang dalam mengimplementasikan pendidikan karakter disiplin menurut hasil wawancara dengan pelatih ialah melalui kegiatan-kegiatan sosial seperti kegiatan bakti sosial dan sebagainya.",
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"text": "Implementasi pendidikan karakter disiplin pada ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang menuai hal yang sangat baik. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan adanya perkembangan positif oleh para anggotanya. Dampak tersebut didapatkan ketika peneliti mengamati secara langsung keadaan di lapangan. Menurut pengamatan peneliti, mereka telah menunjukkan peningkatan dalam hal ketaatan terhadap aturan atau tata tertib yang berlaku di sekolah seperti kedisiplinan dalam kehadiran, ketepatan waktu, dan partisipasi aktif dalam setiap kegiatan. Selain itu, nilai-nilai tugas seperti tanggung jawab juga teramati semakin kuat dalam setiap tindakan peserta didik. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan karakter disiplin di dalam ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan tidak hanya berfokus pada pembangunan aspek fisik melalui aktivitas",
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"text": "Mu’azzaz , Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter … 327",
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"text": "lapangan, namun juga bersifat mendalam hingga membentuk karakter yang kuat dan dapat bertanggung jawab bagi siswa-siswi di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang.",
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"text": "SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang akan terus mengevaluasi seluruh kegiatan yang telah berlangsung. Tidak hanya kegiatan intrakurikuler saja yang perlu dilakukan evaluasi, namun banyak kegiatan yang juga dibutuhkan evaluasi. Salah satu kegiatan yang terus dilakukan evaluasi oleh SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang adalah kegiatan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan. Dalam menjalankan program kerjanya, maka pengurus ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan memberikan beberapa penugasan individu dan kelompok. Tujuan adanya penugasan tersebut adalah untuk membentuk siswa-siswi yang lebih berkualitas dalam kepanduan maupun dalam berbicara atau bernarasi di masing-masing regunya. Dalam menjalankan program kerja ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan tentu terdapat tantangan atau hambatan dalam prosesnya. Kurangnya waktu dalam penyelenggaraan ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan merupakan salah satu bentuk hambatan dalam menjalankan ekstrakurikuler tersebut. Kegiatan tersebut terhambat dikarenakan banyaknya pembelajaran umum yang memakan waktu lebih banyak di kelas daripada ekstrakurikulernya, sehingga membawa dampak bahwa potensi yang ada lebih banyak berkembang pada pengurus disbanding dengan peserta didik yang lain.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN",
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"text": "Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang telah mengimplementasikan pendidikan karakter disiplin secara rutin di hari Jumat setelah kegiatan belajar mengajar selesai. Implementasi pendidikan karakter disiplin ini juga memberikan kontribusi serta membawa dampak yang sangat besar bagi sekolah. Dampak tersebut berupa adanya peningkatan dalam hal ketaatan terhadap aturan atau tata tertib yang berlaku di sekolah. Disiplin ini mencakup kedisiplinan dalam kehadiran yang lebih konsisten, ketepatan waktu, dan partisipasi aktif dalam setiap kegiatan ekstrakurikuler. Selain itu, ekstrakurikuler Hizbul Wathan juga tidak hanya berfokus pada pembangunan aspek fisik melalui aktivitas lapangan, namun juga bersifat mendalam hingga membentuk karakter yang kuat dan dapat bertanggung jawab bagi siswa-siswi di SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang.",
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"text": "Pembiasaan sifat disiplin seperti menaati aturan merupakan bentuk kerja sama seluruh guru dalam membiasakan sikap disiplin terhadap siswa. Oleh karena itu, dalam pengimplementasian pendidikan karakter disiplin tetap dapat berjalan dengan lancar maka diharapkan guru bisa menjadi suri tauladan yang baik bagi siswa-siswinya di sekolah.",
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"text": "328 Jurnal Cendekia : Media Komunikasi Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam Volume 15, No. 02, 2023, Hal. 318-329",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Al Azizi, N. Q. U. (2018). Kegiatan ekstrakurikuler kepramukaan terhadap pendidikan karakter kedisiplinan. Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah , 12 (2), 40. https://doi.org/10.32832/jpls.v12i2.2793",
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"height": 56,
"page_number": 11,
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"text": "Efendi, M. (2018). Penerapan Pendidikan Karakter Melalui Program Gerakan Kepanduan Hizbul Wathan Pada Sekolah Dasar Muhammadiyah Vi Palembang. Conciencia , 17 (1), 27 – 39. https://doi.org/10.19109/conciencia.v17i1.1581",
"type": "Table"
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{
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"text": "Listiowaty, E., & Mitrohardjono, M. (2019). Strategi Pengembangan Karakter dalam Kegiatan Kepanduan Hizbul Wathan (HW) (Studi Kasus pada Sekolah Dasar Muhammadiyah 5 Kebayoran Baru). Jurnal Tahdzibi , 4 (2), 1 – 8.",
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"left": 109,
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"text": "https://doi.org/10.24853/tahdzibi.4.2.103-110",
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"text": "Muchtar, D., & Suryani, A. (2019). Pendidikan Karakter Menurut Kemendikbud.",
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"text": "Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan , 3 (2), 50 – 57. https://doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v3i2.142",
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"text": "Narimo, S., & Irawan, E. P. (2019). Manajemen Ekstra Kurikuler Hizbul Wathan Dalam Pengembangan Nilai-Nilai Karakter di SMK. Manajemen Pendidikan ,",
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"text": "DOI: https://doi.org/10.38035/jihhp.v2i1 Received: 13 Desember 2021, Revised: 2 Januari 2022, Publish: 30 Januari 2022",
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"text": "TRANSAKSIONAL TERHADAP MOTIVASI KERJA DAN PRESTASI KERJA PEJABAT STRUKTURAL DINAS PENDIDIKAN KABUPATEN MAPPI",
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"text": "Geradus Wen 1 1 Magister Manajemen Universitas Terbuka, [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional dan transaksional terhadap motivasi kerja,dan prestasi kerja pejabat struktural di dinas pendidikan Kabupaten Mappi. Tempat penelitian dilaksanakan di Kantor dinas pendidikan Kabupaten Mappi dengan jumlah pejabat sebanyak 20 orang. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut (1) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap motivasi kerja, (2) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel kepemimpinan transaksional terhadap motivasi kerja, (3) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap prestasi kerja, (4) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel kepemimpinan transaksional terhadap prestasi kerja, (5) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel motivasi kerja terhadap prestasi kerja, (6) Kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepemimpinan transaksional secara bersama-sama mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap motivasi kerja, (7) Kepemimpinan transformasional dan kepemimpinan transaksional secara bersama-sama mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap prestasi kerja.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci: Kepemimpinan Transformsional, Kepemimpinan Transaksional, , motivasi kerja dan prestasi kerja pejabat struktural.",
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"text": "Bass et al . dalam Ida Siswatiningsih, Kusdi Raharjo, Arik Prasetya (2018), menjelaskan factor penting yang menentukan kinerja karyawan dan kemampuan organisasi beradaptasi dengan perubahan lingkungan adalah kepemimpinan ( leadership ). Pemimpin yang memiliki gaya kepemimpinan transaksional dan transformasional ini lebih mampu untuk memimpin dengan menggunakan kelebihan dan memanfaatkan masing-masing gaya tersebut pada waktu dan tempatnya (Yukl, dalam Ida Siswatiningsih, Kusdi Raharjo, Arik Prasetya, 2018). Kepemimpinan transaksional dan transformasional dapat dipilah secara tegas dan keduanya merupakan gaya kepemimpinan yang saling bertentangan namun dapat ditemui di dalam seorang pemimpin.",
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"text": "Peranan pemimpin sangatlah besar dalam menunjang atau mewujudkan antara ekspektasi dengan realitanya dalam sebuah keberhasilan organisasi maupun perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuan. Pemimpin yang mampu mempengaruhi karyawannya dan mengikutsertakan karyawan",
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"text": "secara aktif dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut melalui kepemimpinan yang sesuai. Kepemimpinan dapat disesuaikan serta diperkenalkan dalam konteks organisasi maupun perusahaan. Seorang pemimpin mempunyai macam-macam cara penerapan dalam kepemimpinannya, seperti kepemimpinan transformasional pemimpin yang menginspirasi para pengikutnya untuk mengesampingkan kepentingan pribadi demi kebaikan organisasi dan kepemimpinan transaksional melibatkan nilai-nilai, tetapi nilai tersebut relevan dengan proses pertukaran seperti kejujuran, tanggung jawab, dan timbal balik (Nur Septi Aqmarina, Hamidah Nayati Utami, Arik Prasetya, 2018)",
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"text": "Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi yang sesuai dengan diharapkan. Untuk menggambarkan kepemimpinan transformasional, kepemimpinan transaksional, motivasi kerja dan prestasi kerja pejabat structural di Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Mappi dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara variabel. Manfaat penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kapasitas pemimpin dalam memimpin diri sendiri dan staf yang dipimpinnya serta untuk mendapatkan informasi setepat-tepatnya tentang cara para pejabat structural mengendalikan seluruh budaya kerja pada bidang dan sub bagian yang dipimpinnya.",
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"text": "Kepemimpinan Transformasional",
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"text": "Kepemimpinan transformasional (Bass dalam Yukl, 2010:305) kepemimpinan transformasional adalah pemimpin mengubah dan memotivasi para pengikut sehingga merasakan kepercayaan, kekaguman, kesetiaan dan penghormatan terhadap pemimpin. Menurut Robbins (2008:472) kepemimpinan transformasional adalah pemimpin yang menginspirasi para karyawan untuk melampaui kepentingan pribadi mereka yang mampu membawa dampak luar biasa pada para karyawan.",
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"text": "Bass (1985) mendefinisikan kepemimpinan transformasional didasarkan pada pengaruh dan hubungan pemimpin dengan pengikut atau bawahan. Para pengikut merasa percaya, mengagumi, loyal dan menghormati pemimpin, serta memiliki komitmen dan motivasi yang tinggi untuk berprestasi dan berkinerja yang lebih tinggi. Konsep kepemimpinan transformasional mengintegrasikan ide-ide yang dikembangkan dalam pendekatan watak, gaya dan kontingensi. Bass dan Avolio dalam dalam Ida Siswatiningsih, Kusdi Raharjo, Arik Prasetya (2018) menggambarkan kepemimpinan transformasional dengan membagi kedalam empat faktor, yaitu : Karismatik (dealized influence)",
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"text": "Kepemimpinan transaksional (Bass dan Yukl dalam Wahjosumidjo, 2001:103) adalah pertukaran reward dengan penyelesaian pekerjaan. Menurut Rivai dan Mulyadi (2009:10) kepemimpinaan transaksional adalah pemimpin yang memandu, memotivasi pengikut mereka dalam arah tujuan yang ditegakkan dengan memperjelas peran dan tuntutan tugas. Menurut Yukl (2010:291) kepemimpinan transaksional dapat melibatkan nilai-nilai, tetapi nilai tersebut relevan dengan proses pertukaran seperti kejujuran, tanggung jawab, dan timbal balik.",
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"text": "Kepemimpinan Transaksional menurut Bass dalam Ida Siswatiningsih, Kusdi Raharjo, Arik Prasetya (2018) pemimpin transaksional memotivasi pengikutnya dengan cara menukar imbalan untuk pekerjaan atau tugas yang telah dilaksanakan misalnya dengan penghargaan,",
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"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 72,
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"text": "menaikkan upah terhadap pengikutnya yang melakukan kinerja yang tinggi. Tetapi sebaliknya akan memberikan penalti (punishment) terhadap pengikutnya yang mempunyai kinerja yang rendah atau berada di bawah target.",
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"text": "Menurut Burns (1978) mengemukakan bahwa kepemimpinan transaksional memiliki empat karakteristik, yaitu:",
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"text": " Contigent Reward",
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"text": " Management by Exception ( Active )",
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"top": 174,
"width": 199,
"height": 15,
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"text": " Management by exception ( Passive )",
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"text": " Laissez-faire",
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"height": 66,
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"text": "Menurut Bass (1985) pemimpin transaksional memotivasi pengikutnya dengan cara menukar imbalan untuk pekerjaan atau tugas yang telah dilaksanakan misalnya dengan penghargaan, menaikkan upah terhadap pengikutnya yang melakukan kinerja yang tinggi. Tetapi sebaliknya akan memberikan penalti (punishment) terhadap pengikutnya yang mempunyai kinerja yang rendah atau berada di bawah target.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Motivasi Kerja",
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"text": "Menurut Robbins (2006) motivasi sebagai kesediaan karyawan untuk mengeluarkan tingkat upaya yang tinggi untuk tujuan organisasi, yang dikondisikan oleh kemampuan upaya itu untuk memenuhi beberapa kebutuhan individual. Sedangkan menurut Gibson et al. (1996) motivasi merupakan kekuatan yang mendorong seseorang karyawan yang menimbulkan/ mengarahkan perilaku, atau suatu proses dimana perilaku diberikan energi dan diarahkan. David McClelland dikenal menjelaskan tiga jenis motivasi, yaitu :",
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"text": " Kebutuhan akan berprestasi / Need of achievement (nAch)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
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"top": 411,
"width": 267,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": " Kebutuhan akan kekuasaan / Need of power (nPow)",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 426,
"width": 269,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": " Kebutuhan akan berafiliasi/ Need of affiliatin (nAff).",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"top": 457,
"width": 471,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Dalam teorinya McClelland mengemukakan bahwa individu mempunyai cadangan energi potensial, bagaimana energi ini dilepaskan dan dikembangkan tergantung pada kekuatan atau dorongan motivasi individu dan situasi serta peluang yang tersedia.",
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"text": "Prestasi Kerja",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 526,
"width": 471,
"height": 135,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Menurut Handoko (2012: 135), prestasi kerja adalah hasil kegiatan yang dapat memperbaiki kegiatan yang dapat memperbaiki keputusan-keputusan dan memberikan umpan balik kepada pegawai tentang pelaksanaan kerja mereka. Prestasi kerja juga dapat dimaknai dari suatu hasil kerja yang dicapai oleh seseorang atau kelompok orang dalam suatu organisasi, sesuai dengan wewenang dan tanggung jawab masing-masing, dalam rangka upaya mencapai tujuan organisasi bersangkutan secara legal, tidak melanggar hukum dan sesuai dengan norma dan etika. Menurut Sutrisno (2013: 150), prestasi kerja adalah sebagai hasil hasil kerja yang telah dicapai seseorang dari tingkah laku kerjanya dalam melaksanakan aktivitas kerja. Menurut Mangkunegara (2011: 67), istilah kinerja berasal dari Job Performance atau Actual Performance (prestasi kerja atau prestasi sesungguhnya yang dicapai seseorang).",
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"text": "Prestasi kerja adalah hasil kerja secara kualitas dan kuantitas yang dicapai oleh seseorang pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sesuai dengan tanggung jawabnya. Menurut Sanusi (2012), prestasi kerja adalah hasil kerja dari seseorang selama periode tertentu dibandingkan dengan berbagai kemungkinan, seperti standar, target, atau kriteria yang telah ditetapkan",
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"text": "Volume 2, Issue 1 E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 746,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"top": 746,
"width": 38,
"height": 10,
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"text": "Page 54",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 78,
"width": 471,
"height": 136,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "sebelumnya. Menurut (Schmid, 2006) dalam Qureshi at al (2011), prestasi kerja adalah seberapa baik pegawai melaksanakan pekerjaan dibandingkan dengan tugas-tugas yang telah ditetapkan. dan prestasi kerja dievaluasi. prestasi kerja tergantung sikap pemimpim, prestasi kerja meningkat ketikka pemimpin bebas dari transasksi dengan isu-isu ksusus timbul dengan pegawai. Pada umumnya, prestasi kerja diberi batasan sebagai kesuksesan seseorang di dalam melaksanakan suatu pekerjaan, Maier (1965) dalam Sutrisno (2013: 150). Lebih tegas lagi adalah Lawler dan Porter (1967) dalam Sutisno (2013: 150), yang menyatakan bahwa job performanceadalah “ successful role achievement” yang diperoleh seseorang dari perbuatan-perbuatannya. Tingkat sejauh mana keberhasilan seseorang didalam melaksanakan tugas pekerjaannya dinamakan level of performance oleh Vroom dalam As’ad (2001) dalam Sutrisno (2013: 150).",
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{
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"top": 216,
"width": 471,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Dari pengertian diatas dapat disimpulkan prestasi kerja adalah hasil kerja dari pegawai yang dilakukan pada suatu organisasi, dalam upaya mencapai tujuan organanisasi, sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 272,
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"text": "Pengaruh antara kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap motivasi kerja",
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{
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"top": 285,
"width": 471,
"height": 66,
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"text": "Kepuasan kerja karyawan berkaitan dengan sikap dan perasaan individu sebagai hasil interaksi seseorang dengan lingkungan kerjanya, artinya jika sesesorang pemimpin dapat memimpin karyawannya dapat memberikan rasa senang pada karyawan, rasa bangga dan lain-lain. Maka karyawan akan merasakan kepuasan kerja, sebaliknya jika pemimpin tidak dapat menciptakan rasa senang maka mereka akan merasakan kepuasan kerja.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 368,
"width": 374,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Pengaruh antara kepemimpinan transaksional terhadap kepuasan kerja",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 382,
"width": 471,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Kepuasan kerja karyawan berkaitan dengan sikap dan perasaan individu sebagai hasil interaksi seseorang dengan lingkungan kerjanya, artinya apabila seorang pemimpin memberikan timbal balik atas pekerjaan yang dihasilkan oleh karyawan, maka akan munculnya perasaan puas karyawan. Menurut Bass dan Yukl dalam Wahjosumidjo (2001:103) kepemimpinan transaksional adalah pertukaran reward dengan penyelesaian pekerjaan.",
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{
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"text": "Pengaruh antara kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap kinerja karyawan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 478,
"width": 471,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Menghasil kinerja yang berkualitas baik didukung dengan rasa puas karyawan terhadap pekerjaan ataupun kepemimpinan yang diterapkan. Menurut Handoko (2001:193), pandangan karyawan yang menyenangkan atau tidak menyenangkan terhadap pekerjaan, perasaan tersebut akan tampak dari sikap positif karyawan terhadap pekerjaan.",
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"top": 548,
"width": 386,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Pengaruh antara kepemimpinan transaksional terhadap kinerja karyawan",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 561,
"width": 471,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Meningkatkan hasil kinerja karyawan didukungan dengan rasa puas yang telah terpenuhi. Melalui kepemimpinan yang diterapkan dan adanya timbal balik atas pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan. Menurut Yukl (2010:291) kepemimpinan transaksional dapat melibatkan nilai-nilai, tetapi nilai tersebut relevan dengan proses pertukaran seperti kejujuran, tanggung jawab, dan timbal balik.",
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"text": "Hipotesis Penelitian",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 658,
"width": 471,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "H1: Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel kepemimpinan transformasional (X1) terhadap motivasi kerja (Y1).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 686,
"width": 471,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "H2: Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel kepemimpinan transaksional (X2) terhadap motivasi kerja (Y1).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 38,
"width": 469,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Volume 2, Issue 1 E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 746,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 505,
"top": 746,
"width": 38,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Page 55",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 78,
"width": 471,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "H3: Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel kepemimpinan transformasional (X1) terhadap prestasi kerja (Y2).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 106,
"width": 471,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "H4: Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel kepemimpinan transaksional (X2) terhadap prestasi kerja (Y2).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 134,
"width": 468,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "H5: Terdapat pengaruh signifikan dari variabel motivasi kerja (Y1) terhadap prestasi kerja (Y2). H6: Kepemimpinan transformasional (X1) dan kepemimpinan transaksional (X2) secara bersama- sama mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap motivasi kerja (Y1).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 175,
"width": 468,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "H7: Kepemimpinan transformasional (X1) dan kepemimpinan transaksional (X2) secara bersama- sama mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap prestasi kerja (Y1).",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 216,
"width": 471,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Berdasarkan pada uraian tentang hipotesis tersebut, maka dapat diuraikan pada gambar hipotesis berikut ini.",
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"text": "Kerangka Konsep dan Hipotesis",
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"top": 511,
"width": 111,
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"text": "Gambar 1 Model Konsep",
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{
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"top": 534,
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"text": "DAFTAR RUJUKAN",
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 547,
"width": 471,
"height": 67,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Bass et al. dalam Ida Siswatiningsih, Kusdi Raharjo, Arik Prasetya. 2018. PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN TRANSAKSIONAL TERHADAP BUDAYA ORGANISASI, MOTIVASI KERJA, KOMITMEN OGANISASIONAL DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN. Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Vol. 5 No.2, Juni 2018, p 146-157.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 617,
"width": 471,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
"page_height": 792,
"text": "Bass, Bernard M. (1985), dalam Titik Rosnani. 2012. Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transaksional dan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Dosen Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan. 2012, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-28",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 672,
"width": 471,
"height": 25,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Bass dalam Yukl dalam Nur Septi Aqmarina,Hamidah Nayati Utami dan Arik Prasetya. 2016. PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN TRANSAKSIONAL",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "(X1) (X2) (Y1) (Y2) H1 H4 H5 H3 H2 H7 H6",
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},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 38,
"width": 469,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Volume 2, Issue 1 E-ISSN: 2747-1993, P-ISSN: 2747-2000",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 72,
"top": 746,
"width": 205,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "Available Online: https://dinastirev.org/JIHHP",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
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"text": "Page 56",
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"text": "TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN (Studi Pada Karyawan Hotel Gajahmada Graha Malang).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 106,
"width": 471,
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"text": "Burns, J., 1978. dalam dalam Ida Siswatiningsih, Kusdi Raharjo, Arik Prasetya. 2018. PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN TRANSAKSIONAL TERHADAP BUDAYA ORGANISASI, MOTIVASI KERJA, KOMITMEN OGANISASIONAL DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN. Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Vol. 5 No.2, Juni 2018, p 146-157.",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 72,
"top": 175,
"width": 471,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Handoko, T. Hani. 2012 Nur Septi Aqmarina, Hamidah Nayati Utami, Arik Prasetya. 2018. PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN TRANSAKSIONAL TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN (STUDI PADA KARYAWAN HOTEL GAJAHMADA GRAHA MALANG). Jurnal Universitas Brawijaya Vol 35, No 2 (2016) > Aqmarina.",
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"text": "Mulyadi dan Rivai (2009) dalam Nur Septi Aqmarina,Hamidah Nayati Utami dan Arik Prasetya. 2016. PENGARUH",
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"text": "KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL",
"type": "Section header"
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"top": 258,
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"text": "DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN (Studi Pada Karyawan Hotel Gajahmada Graha Malang).",
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"text": "McClelland, David C. Nur Septi Aqmarina, Hamidah Nayati Utami, Arik Prasetya. 2018. PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN TRANSAKSIONAL TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN (STUDI PADA KARYAWAN HOTEL GAJAHMADA GRAHA MALANG). Jurnal Universitas Brawijaya Vol 35, No 2 (2016) > Aqmarina",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 72,
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"width": 471,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Sutrisno, dalam Titik Rosnani. 2012. Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transaksional dan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Dosen Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan. 2012, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-28",
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"height": 53,
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"text": "Mangkunegara dalam Titik Rosnani. 2012. Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transaksional dan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Dosen Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan. 2012, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-28",
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"left": 72,
"top": 465,
"width": 471,
"height": 38,
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"text": "Maier dalam Titik Rosnani. 2012. Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transaksional dan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Dosen Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan. 2012, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-28",
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"text": "Nur Septi Aqmarina, Hamidah Nayati Utami, Arik Prasetya. 2018. PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN TRANSAKSIONAL TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN (STUDI PADA KARYAWAN HOTEL GAJAHMADA GRAHA MALANG). Jurnal Universitas Brawijaya Vol 35, No 2 (2016) > Aqmarina",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 72,
"top": 575,
"width": 471,
"height": 66,
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"text": "Porter (1967) dalam dalam Ida Siswatiningsih, Kusdi Raharjo, Arik Prasetya. 2018. PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN TRANSAKSIONAL TERHADAP BUDAYA ORGANISASI, MOTIVASI KERJA, KOMITMEN OGANISASIONAL DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN. Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Vol. 5 No.2, Juni 2018, p 146-157.",
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"text": "Prof. Dr. Hapzi Ali, MM, CMA. 2021. Modul Kuliah Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Universitas terbuka. Program Pascasarjana Magister Manajemen.",
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{
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"text": "Robbins, Stephen P, 2006, dalam Nur Septi Aqmarina,Hamidah Nayati Utami dan Arik Prasetya. 2016. PENGARUH",
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"text": "_______, S. 2008. dalam Nur Septi Aqmarina,Hamidah Nayati Utami dan Arik Prasetya. 2016. PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL DAN TRANSAKSIONAL TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN KINERJA KARYAWAN (Studi Pada Karyawan Hotel Gajahmada Graha Malang).",
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"text": "Vroom dalam As’ad (2001) dalam Titik Rosnani. 2012. Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transaksional dan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Dosen Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan. 2012, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-28",
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8ffdcd70-5c9e-62ba-20f4-aa115fde290f | https://ejournal.mandalanursa.org/index.php/JIME/article/download/6584/4724 | [
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"text": "Article Info Abstract Article history: Accepted: 15 January 2024 Publish: 18 January 2024 This research is motivated by the minimal use of learning media to assist the learning process at MAS Muhammadiyah Lakitan due to the limited availability of learning media. Apart from that, teachers have never used Android-based learning media as support in the learning process. The aim of this research is to produce Android-based learning media that complies with development procedures and uses standard criteria of validity and practicality so that it becomes appropriate media and can assist in the learning process.The type of research used is research and development which is called Research and Development (R&D) and uses the 4-D (Four D) development model which consists of four stages, namely Define, Design (planning), Development (development) and Dissemination has been carried out in a structured and systematic manner. The validity test was carried out on 3 people, namely 2 media validators and 1 material validator. The practicality test was carried out on 20 respondents, namely class X science students at MAS Muhammadiyah Lakitan.Based on the results of the assessment by the two media validators, they obtained an average score of 4.94 which was categorized as \"very valid\". The results of the validation assessment from the material validator obtained an average of 4.78 which was categorized as \"very valid\". The results of product practicality testing by students obtained an average of 4.05 which was categorized as \"practical\". So based on the results of the validity and practicality assessment, it can be concluded that the media is valid and practical for use in the Arabic language learning process.",
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"text": "Keywords: Development Learning Media Android Arabic X Article Info Abstrak",
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"text": "Article history: Diterima: 15 Januari 2024 Terbit: 18 Januari 2024",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh minimnya penggunaan media pembelajaran dalam membantu proses pembelajaran di MA Swasta Muhammadiyah Lakitan karena terbatasnya ketersediaan media pembelajaran. Selain itu, guru juga belum pernah menggunakan media pembelajaran berbasis android sebagai penunjang dalam proses pembelajaran. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan media pembelajaran berbasis android yang sesuai dengan prosedur pengembangan serta menggunakan standar kriteria kevalidan dan kepraktisan sehingga menjadi suatu media yang sesuai dan dapat membantu dalam proses pembelajaran.Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian dan pengembangan yang disebut dengan istilah Research and Development(R&D) serta menggunakan model pengembangan 4-D ( Four D ) yang terdiri dari empat tahapan yaitu Define (pendefinisian), Design (perancanaan), Development (pengembangan) dan Dessemination (diseminasi) yang telah dilakukan secara terstruktur dan sistematis. Uji validitas dilakukan kepada 3 orang yaitu 2 validator media dan 1 validator materi. Uji praktikalitas dilakukan kepada 20 orang responden yaitu peserta didik kelas X IPA di MA Swasta Muhammadiyah Lakitan.Berdasarkan hasil penilaian oleh kedua validator media memperoleh skor rata-rata sebesar 4,94 yang dikategorikan “sangat valid”. Hasil validasi penilaian dari validator materi memperoleh rata-rata sebesar 4,78 yang dikategorikan “sangat valid”. Hasi uji praktikalitas produk oleh peserta didik memperoleh rata-rata sebesar 4,05 yang dikategorikan “ praktis”. jadi berdasarkan hasil penilaian validitas dan praktikalitas maka dapat disumpulkan bahwa media sudah valid dan praktis untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran Bahasa Arab.",
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"text": "This is an open access article under the Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional",
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"text": "Corresponding Author: Randika Napaldi Universitas Negeri Padang Email : [email protected]",
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"text": "1. INTRODUCTION",
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"text": "Technological developments from year to year have progressed very rapidly. The development of this technology has influenced various fields, one of which is education. Technological developments in the field of education have resulted in various learning practices and concepts that utilize technology as a learning medium.",
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"text": "The learning design process does not only involve teachers and students, but also involves components that can support the process of learning activities. The components that must be fulfilled include educators, students, learning materials, learning methods, learning media, and tools/facilities & infrastructure (Zen, Z., & Syafril, 2017). One important component in learning is learning media. Learning media is a tool or means used to provide information from the sender of information (educator) to the recipient of information (students) to make it easier for students to know/learn something (Akbar, 2017). According to Mardiansyah and Dedi Supendra (2023) learning media is an intermediary whose position has a role in supporting the success of an ongoing learning process.",
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"text": "The use of digital devices is now not only a necessity but has become an important part that must be present during the learning process. This digital device is of course used by educators in the learning process. Currently, educators are required to be creative and innovative by utilizing",
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"text": "159 | Development of Android-Based Learning Media in Arabic Language SubjectsClass X MA",
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"text": "technology such as smartphones, computers, internet and e-mail in the learning process (Yuniarsi et al, 2018). However, there are still many educators who do not utilize technology in classroom learning.",
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"text": "Arabic is the second international language after English. Language is a communication tool used by every group of people. Language can also be interpreted as a number of rules of speech habits used to communicate between individuals in a community, and used in their life affairs (Imam Makruf, 2009). As a good Arabic language, both classical and modern, it has a very important role in the fields of Islamic religion, science and international relations. Its role is also very important in fostering and developing national culture.",
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"text": "When conducting observations at MAS Muhammadiyah Lakitan, researchers found minimal use of learning media because the media used by teachers in teaching Arabic in class was still limited. The only Arabic language learning media available is in the form of Arabic textbooks. Apart from that, Arabic textbooks also have several shortcomings, including:monotonous, abstract and requires conceptualization to be able to understand the material in the textbook so that students experience difficulties when they want to repeat learning at home.",
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"text": "Apart from the problems above, most students own smartphones personally. This is in line with the opinion of Komariah et al (2018) who state that there is the potential for students to bring smartphones to school. On the other hand, so far schools have not utilized this potential, where smartphones are not used to assist the learning process.",
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"text": "Seeing these problems, it is necessary to develop Arabic language learning media by utilizing Android as a learning medium in the classroom. Therefore, researchers are interested in conducting research entitled \"Development of Android-Based Learning Media in Class X MA Arabic Language Subjects\".",
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"text": "This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) research and development method. Research and development is a research method used to produce certain products, and test the effectiveness of these products (Sugiono, 2019). In this development process, researchers used a 4-D development model. According to Sugiyono (2017), the 4-D development model consists of four stages, namely Define, Design, Development and Dissemination which are carried out in a structured and systematic manner.",
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"text": "Definition stage In this research there are 2 steps taken in carrying out the definition, namely needs analysis and content analysis. The design stage is divided into 3 parts, namely, creating a Flowchart, creating a Storyboard and creating a product. The development stage consists of expert validation and field trials. The deployment stage is carried out when all stages have been completed. The final product will be distributed to teachers and students via download on the Google Drive link. This method and model was applied to produce the final product of Android- based learning media for class X Arabic subjects at MAS Muhammadiyah Lakitan.",
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"text": "This development research produced a product, namely Android-based learning media in the form of an application in Apk format.",
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"text": "Figure 1. Initial View of the Designed Media",
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"text": "The development procedure carried out in this development research is the 4-D (Four D) development model which consists of four stages, namely Define, Design, Development and Dissemination. The product resulting from this research is an Android-based learning media that can be used as a medium in learning Arabic for class X.",
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"text": "The Define stage consists of needs analysis and content analysis. Needs Analysis is the design of Android-based learning media related to the needs of class X MA Muhammadiyah Lakitan students regarding the limited availability of learning media. Content Analysis examines student characteristics in accordance with the analysis of development needs for Android-based learning media being developed.",
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"text": "Design Stage (Designing). The first step in the design process is to design the concept of the media that will be created. In designing the product, two stages were carried out, namely in the first stage the author selected and determined the application that would be used to create Android- based learning media. The author chose Construct 2 as the main application, and Adobe Photoshop, and Website 2 APK Builder Pro as supporting applications. Next, in the second stage, the author creates a design or product design. To describe the design of each page, three designs are required, namely in the form of a flowchart, storyboard and creating a product. This Android-based learning media has an initial application display page, menu page, user instructions page, basic competency page, material page, video page, practice page, profile page.",
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"text": "The third stage, namely the development stage, is carrying out expert validation tests and field trials. The fourth stage, namely carrying out the stage of distributing the product results to teachers and class X students at MAS Muhammadiyah Lakitan.",
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"text": "The assessment results from 2 media expert validators were seen from several aspects, namely: (1) media design and layout, (2) suitability and completeness of the media, (3) ease of use of the media.",
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"text": "From the assessment by the two media validators, an average of 4.94 was obtained with the criteria \"Very Valid\", then if we look at the assessment of the media design and layout variable criteria by the two media validators, an average of 5 was obtained with the criteria \"very valid\", while for the media suitability and completeness variable, the average was 4.87 with the criteria \"very valid\", for the ease of media use variable, the average was 4.83 with the \"very valid\" criteria.",
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"text": "161 | Development of Android-Based Learning Media in Arabic Language SubjectsClass X MA",
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"text": "In accordance with the assessment criteria per variable and overall components in the media, it can be concluded that the results of the assessment by the two media validators can be categorized as \"Very Valid\". Furthermore, the results of the assessment from material experts can be seen in the following table:",
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"text": "Table 10. Material Expert Validation Assessment Results Variable Criteria Indicator Evaluation AverageVariable Content Eligibility 1 5 4.71 2 4 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 4 Language 8 4 4.75 9 5 10 5 11 5 Presentation 12 5 5 13 5 14 5 Amount 67 14.46 Average 4.78 4.78",
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"text": "Based on the assessment by the material validator, an average score of 4.78 was obtained. Based on the average per variable, namely the content suitability variable with an average of 4.71, the linguistic variable with an average of 4.75 and the presentation variable with an average of 5, it can be concluded that the results of the material validation assessment on Android-based learning media by experts material can be categorized with the criteria \"Very Valid\".",
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"text": "Meanwhile, the results of the practicality test assessment which was tested on 20 class X students at MAS Muhammadiyah Lakitan can be categorized as Practical. This can be seen from the average value per variable, namely in the ease of use variable with an average of 4.09 in the \"Practical\" category, in the time efficiency variable with an average of 3.8 in the \"Practical\" category, in the attractiveness variable with an average of 3.6 with the \"Practical\" category, then the appearance variable with an average of 4.08 with the \"Practical\" category, and the benefits variable with an average of 4.18 with the \"Practical\" category.",
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"text": "Based on the results of the practicality trial assessment for all components, an average score of 4.05 was obtained in the \"Practical\" category. It can be concluded that the Android-based learning media product that has been developed for class X students at MAS Muhammadiyah Lakitan is practically used in learning and can help improve students' understanding of learning. This is also confirmed by the results of the research conducted by Rahmadini Triana Martin, Syafril, Meldi Ade Kurnia Yusri and Fetri Yeni J (2024) that Android-based interactive multimedia is able to create dynamic and enjoyable learning by using various types of media, such as video, images, sound and animation. This helps students to be more actively involved in the learning process, and provide feedback and exercises that can help students test their understanding",
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"text": "4. CONCLUSION",
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"text": "The research and development carried out by researchers produced a product in the form of Android-based Arabic language learning media. The development model that researchers use is the 4-D (Four D) model. According to Sugiyono (2017), the 4-D development model consists of four stages, namely Define, Design, Development and Dissemination which are carried out in a structured and systematic manner.",
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"text": "Based on the results of media validation by media experts, an average value of 4.94 was obtained in the \"Very Valid\" category, material validation by material experts obtained an average",
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"text": "162 | Development of Android-Based Learning Media in Arabic Language SubjectsClass X MA",
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"text": "value of 4.78 in the \"Very Valid\" category. Previous research conducted by Ma'ruf (2022) has provided evidence regarding the validation results which obtained an average value of 4.7 which can be said to be very valid and the product produced is suitable for use in the learning process.",
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"text": "The product practicality test was tested on 20 class X MA Muhammadiyah Lakitan students. Where the results of the practicality test questionnaire received an average score of 4.05 in the \"Practical\" category. The level of practicality of developing Android-based learning media is supported by research conducted by Ebenezer Panjaitan and Denny Haris (2022) which suggests that the average score of the practicality test results of 4.08 is included in the practical category.",
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"text": "As an Android-based learning medium for Arabic language subjects, especially descriptive text material, of course it has its own advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of this Android-based learning application are:",
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"text": "1. It can be used easily because there are features that are easy for students to understand.",
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"text": "2. Can be accessed anywhere and anytime.",
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"text": "3. Can be used without internet.",
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"text": "Apart from the advantages, of course there are disadvantages to the Android-based learning media application being developed, including:",
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"text": "1. You must need an Android in the form of a cellphone or Tab to use this application.",
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"text": "2. The application product only consists of Arabic language lessons, especially descriptive text material.",
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"text": "Because the material contained in this Android-based learning media application is only descriptive text material, it is hoped that in the next material educators will be required to innovate by developing learning media that integrates technology to create varied learning media.",
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"text": "The results of this product development can be used for the learning process so that students can more easily understand the learning material. In product development that has been carried out, it is hoped that further research and development will be carried out, such as testing the effect of learning on the product that has been created or it could also be done by carrying out the same research and development for different materials or KI and KD. The creation of learning media must be developed further to increase students' understanding of the material.",
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"text": "5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT",
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"text": "In completing this research, the author received a lot of guidance and advice from various parties. The author would like to thank all parties who have provided assistance, guidance, direction, encouragement and encouragement to the author in completing this research.",
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"text": "6. BIBLIOGRAPHY",
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"text": "Analisis ELCB Sebagai Proteksi Tegangan Sentuh pada Pembumian Sistem TT",
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"text": "Sunarto 1 , Yudi Prana Hikmat 2 , Sudrajat 3 1, 2, 3 Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Indonesia Email: [email protected] 1 , [email protected] 2 , [email protected] 3",
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"text": "Received 3 Juni 2022 | Revised 15 Juni 2022 | Accepted 25 Juni 2022",
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"text": "ABSTRAK",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 85,
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"width": 414,
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"text": "Bahaya tegangan sentuh bisa terjadi apabila manusia menyentuh bagian yang bertegangan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Sentuhan langsung terjadi apabila manusia menyentuh secara langsung bagian aktif, sedangkan sentuhan tidak langsung bisa terjadi bila manusia menyentuh bagian konduktif terbuka (BKT) dari peralatan yang bertegangan karena adanya arus bocor. Manusia tentunya tidak tahu bahwa bagian aktif maupun BKT dari peralatan tersebut bertegangan dan manusia menyentuh bagian tersebut secara sengaja maupun tidak sengaja. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya proteksi terhadap tegangan sentuh langsung dan tidak langsung. Proteksi yang biasa digunakan pada instalasi listrik adalah ELCB dengan rating arus 30 mA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa proteksi tegangan sentuh langsung dan tidak langsung menggunakan ELCB pada pembumian sistem TT (Terre-Terre) dimana pembumian titik netral trafo dan pembumian peralatan dipasang secara terpisah. Penelitian ini bisa membuktikan bahwa ELCB bisa digunakan sebagai tegangan sentuh langsung dan tidak langsung denga waktu kerja instanataneous.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: Tegangan sentuh, Terre-terre, BKT, ELCB",
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"text": "ABSTRACT",
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"text": "Dangers of touch voltage can occur if humans touch the live parts directly or indirectly. Direct touch occur when humans touch the active part directly, while indirect touch can occur when humans touch the bare conductive part (BKT) of the equipment with voltage due to leakage current. Humans certainly don't know that the active or BKT of the equipment are live and than humans touch these parts intentionally or unintentionally. Therefore, there is a need for protection against direct and indirect touch voltages. The armature commonly used in electrical installations is an ELCB with a current rating of 30 mA. This study aims to analyze direct and indirect touch voltage protection using ELCB on TT (Terre-Terre) sistem earthing where the transformer neutral point grounding and equipment grounding are Installed separately. This research can prove that ELCB can utilized as direct and indirect touch voltage with instantaneous working time.",
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"text": "Keywords: Touch voltage, Terre-Terre, BKT, ELCB",
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"text": "Analisis ELCB Sebagai Proteksi Tegangan Sentuh pada Pembumian Sistem TT",
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 155",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "1. PENDAHULUAN",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 98,
"width": 456,
"height": 137,
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"text": "Instalasi listrik merupakan susunan perlengkapan-perlengkapan listrik yang saling berhubungan serta terkoordinasi untuk memenuhi sejumlah tujuan tertentu. Instalasi listrik terdiri atas sistem penerangan, sistem pengoperasian, sistem pengkabelan, sistem pembumian dan sistem lain yang yang dibutuhkan. Instalasi listrik dapat berupa sebuah instalasi yang sederhana yang hanya terdiri atas satu titik dan bisa juga berupa satu instalasi listrik yang rumit dan kompleks [1] [2]. Sistem pembumian merupakan bagian dari sebuah instalasi listrik yang dirancang sedemikian rupa untuk menghubungkan bagian konduktif terbuka (BKT) dari peralatan-peralatan listrik yang dipakai dengan bumi sebagi referensi tegangan nol, pembuatan sistem pembumian ini bertujuan untuk melindungi manusia dari bahaya arus kejut listrik apabila menyentuh bagian konduktif terbuka yang bertegangan. Bagian konduktif ini bisa bertegangan apabila instalasi listrik mengalami kegagalan isolasi sehingga kawat phasa terhubung dengan bagian konduktif tertentu [3] [4].",
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"top": 250,
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"height": 111,
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"text": "Sistem pembumian memegang peranan yang sangat penting dalam instalasi listrik. Sistem pembumian pada instalasi listrik ada dua macam yaitu pembumian sistem dan pembumian peralatan. Pembumian sisten adalah pembumian titik netral trafo distribusi yang dihubung bintang, sedangkan pembumian peralatan adalah pembumian bagian peralatan listrik (BKT) yang pada keadaan normal tidak dialiri arus, tetapi bila terjagi gangguan atau kegagalan isolasi maka bagian tersebut dialiri arus. Sistem pembumian pada instalasi listrik bertujuan untuk membatasi tegangan antara bagian-bagian peralatan yang tidak dialiri arus dan antara bagian-bagian ini dengan tanah sampai pada suatu harga yang aman untuk semua kondisi operasi, baik kondisi normal maupun saat terjadi gangguan atau kegagalan isolasi [5].",
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"top": 377,
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"text": "Sistem pembumian ada tiga macam yaitu sistem TT, sistem IT, dan sistem TN (TNS, TNC, TNC-S). Pembumian sistem TT banyak diterapkan di instalasi listrik industri dimana pada industri tersebut banyak pekerja yang harus dijamin keamanannya terhadah bahaya listrik.",
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"text": "A. Pembumian sistem TN (Terre Neutral)",
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"text": "Pembumian sistem TN terdiri tiga macam yaitu : a) pembumian sistem TN-S (Terre Neutral- Separated), pada sistem ini saluran tanah dan netral terpisah, Jadi semua sistem mempunyai dua saluran N (neutral) dan PE ( Protective Earth ) secara tersendiri ( separated ). b) pembumian sistem TN- C ( Terre Neutral - Combined ), pada sistem ini saluran tanah dan netral disatukan, saluran netral dan saluran pengaman disatukan pada sistem secara keseluruhan. Semua bagian sistem mempunyai saluran PEN (Protective Earth Neutral) yang merupakan kombinasi antara saluran N dan PE. Di sini seluruh bagian sistem mempunyai saluran PEN yang sama. pembumian sistem TN – C - S ( Terre Neutral – Combinated - Separated ), pada sistem ini saluran Tanah dan Nc) etral disatukan dan dipisah, saluran netral dan saluran pengaman dijadikan menjadi satu saluran pada sebagian sistem dan terpisah pada sebagian sistem yang lain.",
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"text": "B. Pembumian Sistem TT (Terre Terre)",
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{
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"top": 579,
"width": 456,
"height": 48,
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"text": "Terre Terre yang berarti tanah tanah maksudnya adalah antara pembumian sistem dan pembumian peralatan dipasang secara terpisah. Pada sistem ini titik netralnya disambung langsung ke tanah, namun bagian-bagian instalasi yang konduktif terbuka (BKT) disambungkan ke elektroda pembumian yang berbeda (berdiri sendiri).",
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"text": "C. Pembumian Sistem IT (Impedance Terre)",
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{
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"text": "Impedance Terre artinya saluran tanah atau pembumian melalui impedans. Pada sistem ini rangkaian tidak mempunyai hubungan langsung ke tanah namun melalui suatu impedans, sedangkan bagian konduktif terbuka (BKT) instalasi dihubung langsung ke elektroda pentanahan/pembumian secara terpisah. Sistem ini juga disebut sistem pentanahan impedans [6].",
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"text": "Sistem pembumian digambarkan sebagai hubungan antara suatu peralatan atau sirkit listrik dengan bumi. Bagian-bagian yang dihubungkan dengan bumi adalah titik netral dari transformator atau titik netral dari generator, hal ini diperlukan dalam kaitan dengan keperluan proteksi khususnya yang",
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"text": "Sunarto dkk",
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 156",
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"width": 456,
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"text": "menyangkut gangguan hubung tanah. Semua bagian instalasi yang terbuat dari logam (menghantar listrik) dan dengan mudah bisa disentuh manusia. Hal ini perlu agar potensial dari logam yang mudah disentuh manusia selalu sama dengan potensial tanah (bumi) tempat manusia berpijak sehingga tidak berbahaya bagi manusia yang menyentuhnya [6] [7] [8]. Semua bagian isntalasi listrik yang terbuat dari logam yang pada keadaan normal tidak bertegangan tetapi bila terjadi arus bocor akibat kegagalan isolasi menjadi bertegangan, harus dihubungkan ke elektroda pembumian untuk meminimalisir bahaya bagi manusia akibat tegangan sentuh [9] [10] [11]. Ada tiga jenis elektroda pembumian yaitu elektroda pita, elektroda pelat, dan elektroda batang. Elektroda pita terbentuk dari penghantar berbentuk pita, atau berbentuk bulat dari penghantar pilin. Elektroda pelat terbuat dari pelat logam utuh atau berlubang, sedangkan elektroda batang terbuat dari pipa besi baja atau batang logam lainya misalnya batang tembaga. Nilai resistans pembumian peralatan yang diijinkan maksimum 5 Ohm, bila nilai resistans elektroda pembumian terpasang belum memenuhi syarat tersebut maka perlu dilakukan perbaikan elektroda pembumian sampai didapat nilai resistans pembumian yang memenuhi syarat [12] [13]. Tegangan sentuh langsung maupun tidak langsung membahayakan organ vital tubuh manusia yaitu jantung, pusat saraf, dan pernapasan. Besarnya resiko yang ditimbulkan dipengaruhi oleh besarnya arus bocor. Oleh karena itu diperlukan proteksi tambahan untuk memberikan perlindungan yang maksimal terhadap bahaya tegangan sentuh terutama untuk instalasi listrik yaitu menggunakan ELCB ( Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker ) [14] [15]. Sistem pembumian dan ELCB merupakan pengamanan manusia terhadap tegangan sentuh, baik sentuhan secara langsung maupun sentuhan tidak langsung. Sentuhan secara langsung yaitu apabila kita menyentuh penghantar aktif secara langsung, sedangkan sentuhan tidak langsung adalah bila kita menyentuh bagian dari peralatan yaitu BKT yang menjadi bertegangan karena adanya arus bocor akibat kegagalan isolasi [16]. Tujuan dari sistem pembumian dan pemasangan ELCB pada instalasi listrik adalah untuk mencegah terjadinya tegangan sentuh yang berbahaya untuk orang dalam daerah itu, untuk memungkinkan timbulnya arus tertentu baik besarnya maupun lamanya dalam keadaan gangguan tanah tanpa menimbulkan kebakaran atau ledakan pada bangunan atau isinya, dam mencegah kerusakan peralatan listrik/elektronik [17].",
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"height": 175,
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"text": "Tegangan sentuh tidak langsung terjadi karena adanya arus bocor pada suatu system sehingga bagian peralatan (BKT)yang seharusnya tidak ada tegangan menjadi bertegangan. Batas aman tegangan sentuh bagi manusia sebesar 50 V untuk sistem AC dan 120 V untuk sistem DC [18]. Proses terjadinya sentuhan listrik ini dapat terjadi baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Tegangan sentuh langsung merupakan suatu kejadian dimana secara langsung menyentuh bagaian konduktor yang aktif. Sedangankan tegangan sentuh tidak langsung t erjadi apabila manusia memegang bagian konduktif terbuka (BKT) yang bertegangan akibat kegagalan isolasi. Kegagalam isolasi pada peralatan instalasi listrik dapat menimbulkan arus bocor. Arus bocor ini dapat menyebabkan tegangan sentuh baik langsung maupun tidak langsung yang membahayakan manusia [19]. Faktor yang menyebabkan keseriusan bahaya listrik terhadap manusia adalah arus dan lama waktu tegangan sentuh. Aliran arus listrik ke tubuh manusia merusak fungsi tubuh manusia yang vital yaitu pernapasan, pusat saraf, dan jantung. Besarnya arus yang mengalir ke tubuh manusia dipengaruhi oleh tahanan tubuh manusia, dan besarnya tegangan sentuh. Semakin lama waktu terjadinya tegangan sentuh maka semakin fatal pula akibat yang dirasakan oleh manusia [20].",
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"height": 73,
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"text": "Keselamatan manusia terhadap bahaya tegangan sentuh merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam pekerjaan bidang kelistrikan banyak kecelakaan kerja yang disebabkan karena listrik. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya peralatan proteksi yang bisa mengamankan manusia terhadap bahaya tegangan sentuh. Biasanya proteksi yang digunakan pada instalasi listrik adalah ELCB yang bekerja berdasarkan besarnya arus bocor yang mencapai arus nominalnya. Rating arus ELCB yang digunakan sebagai proteksi manusia terhadap bahaya tegangan sentuh adalah 30 mA [21] [22].",
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"left": 71,
"top": 700,
"width": 456,
"height": 60,
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"text": "Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa sistem proteksi tegangan sentuh langsung dan tidak langsung pada pembumian sistem TT menggunakan ELCB. Penelitian yang pernah dilakukan pada umumnya membahas mengenai ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh, tetapi sistem pembumian pada instalasi listriknya tidak dibahas. Berdasarkan PUIL 2011, ELCB tidak boleh dipasang pada instalasi listrik yang menggunakan pembumian sistem TN.",
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"left": 139,
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"text": "Analisis ELCB Sebagai Proteksi Tegangan Sentuh pada Pembumian Sistem TT",
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"height": 9,
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 157",
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{
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"text": "2. METODOLOGI",
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"text": "2.1 Langkah Penelitian",
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"left": 71,
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"text": "Metode yang digunakan untuk meperoleh data dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimental yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Instalasi Listrik Politeknik Negeri Bandung dengan langkah penelitian seperti Gambar 1, dan langkah-langkah penelitiannya sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Dimulai dengan persiapan, pada tahapan ini dimulai dari studi literatur, mengidentifikasi keperluan alat dan bahan.",
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"text": "2. Membuat rangkaian pengujian ELCB pada alat praktikum yang ada di Laboratorium Instalasi Listrik Politeknik Negeri Bandung.",
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"left": 71,
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"text": "3. Melakukan pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh, pada tahapan ini dilakukan pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh (tegangan sentuh secara langsung dan tidak langsung) pada pembumian sistem TT dengan nilai resistans pembumian peralatan yang berbeda- beda dan resistans pembumian sistem sebesar 1 Ohm.",
"type": "List item"
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"left": 71,
"top": 263,
"width": 452,
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"text": "4. Menganalisa hasil pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh pada pembumian sistem TT.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 275,
"width": 456,
"height": 23,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "5. Membuat kesimpulan berdasarkan analisa data hasil pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh secara langsung maupun tidak langsung pada pembumian sistem TT.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 79,
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"width": 424,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
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"text": "Studi literatur dan identifikasi alat/bahan Membuat rangkaian pengujian ElCB Pengujian ELCB",
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"text": "Analisa hasil pengujian Kesimpulan",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Langkah penelitian",
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"text": "2.2 Alat Pengujian ELCB",
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"text": "Alat pengujian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan fasilitas yang ada pada Laboratorium Instalasi Listrik Jurusan Teknik Elektro Politeknik Negeri Bandung yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2. Komponen yang digunakan pada alat uji tersebut adalah Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) 4 Ampere sebagai pengaman utama yang berfungsi melindungi seluruh rangkaian bila terjadi arus lebih, Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) 30 mA satu fasa merupakan obyek yang diuji sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh, transformator satu fasa dengan rasio 1:1, Normally Closed (NC) yang berfungsi sebagai tombol stop untuk mematikan rangkaian pengujian, tombol Normally Open (NO) yang berfungsi sebagai tombol start untuk mengaktipkan rangkaian pengujian, penghitung waktu ( timer ) H5CX yang berfungsi untuk menghitung waktu kerja ELCB yang ditunjukkan pada display segment yang ada pada timer tersebut, relai kontaktor yang berfunsi untuk mengaktipkan timer dan menghubungkan ELCB beban dengan ELCB, lampu sebagai beban, rheostat sebagai resistans gangguan yang berfungsi untuk mengatur arus bocor sesuai dengan nilai yang diharapkan, dan resistor untuk pembumian (pembumian sistem dan pembumian peralatan). Sumber tegangan yang digunakan pada alat uji tersebut adalah tegangan satu fasa dengan tegangan nominal 220 Volt. Sistem Pembumian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sistem TT, oleh karena itu digunakan dua pembumian yang terpisah antara pembumian sistem (R E ) dan pembumian peralatan (R A ). Pembuan sistem menggunakan elektroda pembumian panel listrik pada Laboratorium Instalasi Listrik, sedangkan pembumian peralatan memanfaatkan elektroda bekas instalasi pengaman petir konvensional yang sudah tidak dipakai. Resistans gangguan (R F ) dihubungkan ke penghantar fasa dan dihubung seri dengan pembumian peralatan (R A ) pada BKT. Untuk menentukan besarnya arus bocor (I F ) yang diinginkan maka harus mengatur rheostat (R F ), dan besarnya tegangan sentuh (V F ) pada BKT tergantung pada besarnya arus bocor dan nilai resistans pembumian peralatan (R A ).",
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"text": "Sunarto dkk",
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 158",
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{
"left": 91,
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"width": 426,
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"text": "ELCB 30 mA L N M C B 4 A Timer 1 2 6 7 8 9 Relai A1 A2 Start Stop R A R F Beban BKT V F I F Ground RE = 1 Ohm 220 Volt",
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{
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"text": "Gambar 2. Rangkaian pengujian ELCB",
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"text": "2.3 Cara Kerja ELCB",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 395,
"width": 456,
"height": 49,
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"text": "ELCB merupakan proteksi yang peka terhadap arus bocor dan dapat memutuskan rangkaian pada penghantar fasa dan netralnya secara otomatis dengan waktu kerja tertentu. Di dalam ELCB terdapat transformator arus dengan inti berbentuk cincin dan kumparannya terbubung seri dengan beban yang dilindungi [9].",
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"text": "Gambar 3. Prinsip kerja ELCB satu fasa [9] [22]",
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"text": "Analisis ELCB Sebagai Proteksi Tegangan Sentuh pada Pembumian Sistem TT",
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 159",
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Cara kerja ELCB satu fasa ditunjukkan pada Gambar 3, bila tidak terjadi arus bocor ke tanah atau ke tubuh manusia maka jumlah arus yang mengalir pada penghantar fasa dan netral sama dengan nol dan pada trafo arus yang ada dalam ELCB tidak mengalami induksi elektromagnetik. Ketika terjadi arus bocor maka jumlah resultan arus fasa dan arus netral tidak sama dengan nol dan transformator arus akan timbul induksi elektromagnetik. Bila arus bocor mencapai nilai tertentu maka relai pada ELCB akan bekerja melepaskan kontak-kontaknya sehingga aliran daya ke beban terputus. Karena ELCB bekerja sangat cepat (seketika) dengan waktu tertentu maka manusia bisa terhindar dari bahaya tegangan sentuh. Pada ELCB dilengkapi dengan tombol uji yang berfungsi untuk mengetahui apakah ELCB tersebut bekerja atau tidak. Tombol uji tersebut akan berfungsi bila sumber tegangan telah masuk ke ELCB, bila dalam kondisi baik maka akan bekerja ketika tombol uji tersebut ditekan dan kontak-kontaknya membuka. Tombol uji hanya untuk mengetahui bahwa ELCB bisa bekerja atau tidak, tetapi tidak bisa mengetahui sensitifitas kerja ELCB [9] [21] [22].",
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"text": "2.3. Batasan Arus dan Pengaruhnya bagi Manusia",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 251,
"width": 456,
"height": 73,
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"text": "Arus dan pengaruh terhadap tubuh manusia sangat terkait dengan besarnya tegangan sentuh karena arus yang mengalis melalui tubuh manusia tergantung dari besarnya tegangan sentuh. Besarnya arus yang masih aman bagi manusia adalah 0,9 mA. Pada nilai arus tersebut tidak menimbulkan reaksi apa- apa bagi manusia oleh karena itu nilai arus tersebut dijadikan patokan dalam pengujian sarung tangan dan sepatu pengaman terhadap listrik, yaitu arus bocor yang diijinkan dalam pengujian harus lebih kecil dari 0,9 mA [22] [23].",
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"text": "Tabel 1. Batasan arus dan pengaruhnya bagi manusia [23]",
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{
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"text": "Besar Arus Ke Tubuh Manusia Pengaruh Bagi Tubuh Manusia 0,0-0.9 mA Belum dirasakan pengaruhnya, tidak menimbulkan reaksi apa-apa 0,9-1,2 mA Baru terasa adanya arus listrik, tetapi tidak menimbulkan akibat kejang, 1,2-1,6 mA kontraksi atau kehilangan kontrol 1,6-6,0 mA Mulai terasa seakan-akan ada yang merayap di dalam tangan 6,0-8,0 mA Tangan sampai ke siku mulai merasa kesemutan 8,0-13 mA Tangan mulai kaku, rasa kesemutan semakin bertambah. 13-15 mA Rasa sakit tak tertahankan, namun masih dapat melepaskan penghantar. 15-20 mA Otot tidak sanggup lagi melepaskan penghantar. 20-50 mA Dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan pada tubuh manusia. 50-100 mA Batas arus yang dapat menyebabkan kematian",
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"text": "2.4. Tahanan Tubuh Manusia",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 539,
"width": 456,
"height": 73,
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"text": "Tahanan tubuh manusia berkisar di antara 500 Ohm sampai 100.000 Ohm tergantung dari tegangan, keadaan kulit, dan tempat yang mengadakan hubungan (kontak) dan jalannya arus dalam tubuh manusia. Berkaitan dengan tempat, berdasarkan PUIL 2011 besarnya resistansi isolasi lantai untuk tegangan kerja sampai dengan 500 Volt minimal 50.000 Ohm, sedangkan untuk tegangan kerja lebih dari 500 Volt minimal 100.000 Ohm. Tahanan tubuh manusia tanpa alat pelindung diri (APD) bisa diambil 500 Ohm, 1000 Ohm, dan 1500 Ohm. [22] [23]",
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"text": "3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "3.1. Rangkaian Pengujian Tegangan Sentuh",
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{
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"text": "Untuk memperoleh data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan fasilitas yang ada di Laboratorium Instalasi Listrik Jurusan Teknik Elektro Politeknik Negeri Bandung. Rangkaian pengujian tegangan sentuh pada pembumian sistem TT dengan proteksi tegangan sentuh menggunakan ELCB 30 mA satu fasa ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4.",
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"text": "Sunarto dkk",
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 160",
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{
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"text": "Timer 1 2 6 7 8 9 A 1 A 2 Relai MCB 4 A Beban R F BKT 220 Volt L N I F R B I B R A A B V F ELCB 30 mA Stop Start R E = 1 O h m",
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{
"left": 130,
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"text": "Gambar 4. Rangkaian pengujian tegangan sentuh pada pembumian sistem TT",
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"text": "Rangkaian pengujian pada Gambar 4 adalah untuk menguji ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh langsung dan tegangan sentuh tidak langsung. Tegangan sentuh langsung bila manusia menyentuh bagian aktif di titik A, sedangkan tegangan sentuh tidak langsung bila manusia menyentuh BKT yang bertegangan akibat adanya arus bocor (titik B). Untuk menentukan besarnya arus bocor yang diinginkan pada pengujian tegangan sentuh tidak langsung dilakukan dengan mengatur Rheostat (R F ). Besarnya tegangan sentuh V F pada BKT dibatasi oleh nilai resistans pembumian peralatan R A . Cara kerja rangkaian pengujian pada Gambar 4, kontak MCB 4 A dan ELCB 30 mA dalam keadaan tertutup, kemudian tombol start ditekan maka relai kontaktor bekerja dan mengaktipan timer serta menghubungkan ELCB dengan beban. Timer mulai menghitung waktu dan ketika arus bocor mencapai nilai tertentu maka ELCB trip dan waktu kerja ditunjukkan di Display Segment pada timer .",
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"text": "3.2. ELCB sebagai Proteksi Tegangan Sentuh Langsung",
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"text": "Rangkaian pengujian tegangan sentuh pada Gambar 4, tegangan sentuh langsung terjadi apabila manusia menyentuh titik A yaitu bagian aktif (penghantar fasa). Besarnya arus yang mengalir ke tubuh manusia tergantung pada besarnya tegangan, resistans tubuh manusia (tanpa APD atau menggunakan APD), dan tempat. Kondisi yang diuji dalam pengujian tegangan sentuh langsung adalah ketika manusia tidak menggunakan APD pada tempat kerja tanah/lantai tidak berisolasi, manusia tanpa APD tetapi pada tempat kerja lantai berisolasi, manusia menggunakan APD pada tempat kerja tanah/lantai tidak berisolasi.",
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"text": "Analisis ELCB Sebagai Proteksi Tegangan Sentuh pada Pembumian Sistem TT",
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 161",
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"text": "Tabel 2. Data pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh langsung",
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"text": "Resistansi Tubuh Manusia (R B ) Arus Ke Tubuh Manusia (Ma) Reaksi ELCB (Trip/Tidak Trip) Waktu Kerja ELCB (Dt) 500 Ohm (tanpa APD) 439 Trip 0,02 1000 Ohm (tanpa APD) 220 Trip 0,02 1500 Ohm (tanpa APD) 146 Trip 0,02 50.000 Ohm (tanpa APD tetapi lantai berisolasi) 4,4 Tidak Trip - 100.000 Ohm (Pakai APD) 2,2 Tidak Trip -",
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"text": "Pada Tabel 2, ketika manusia tidak menggunakan APD dan menyentuh bagian aktif secara langsung maka ELCB bekerja dengan waktu kerja 0,02 detik. Bila manusia tidak menggunakan APD tetapi bekerja di atas lantai berisolasi maka ketika manusia menyentuh bagian aktif ELCB tidak bekerja dan arus yang mengalir ke tubuh manusia sebesar 4,4 mA. Berdasarkan Tabel 1 dampaknya mulai dirasakan pada tangan tetapi belum ada dampak yang serius (masih aman). Bila manusia bekerja menggunakan APD dan menyentuh bagian aktif maka ELCB tidak bekerja dan arus bocor yang mengalir ke tubuh manusia sebesar 2,2 mA dan dampaknya masih aman bagi manusia (mulai terasa di tangan).",
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"text": "3.3. ELCB sebagai Proteksi Tegangan Sentuh Tidak Langsung",
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"text": "Tegangan sentuh tidak langsung pada Gambar 4 terjadi apabila manusia menyentuh BKT (titik B) yang betregangan akibat adanya arus bocor. Besarnya tegangan sentuh pada BKT tergantung pada besarnya arus bocor dan nilai resistans pembumian peralatan pada BKT tersebut. Nilai resistan pembumian peralatan (R A ) yang diijinkan maksimum sebesar 5 Ohm. Dalam penelitian ini akan diuji dalam tiga kondisi, yaitu pada pembumian peralatan sebesar 1 Ohm, 5 Ohm, dan 10 Ohm dan resistans tubuh manusia digunakan 1000 Ohm. Data hasil pengujian ditunjukkan pada Table 3, Tabel 4, dan Tabel 5.",
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"text": "Tabel 3. Data pengujian tegangan sentuh tidak langsung dengan R A = 1 Ohm Arus bocor (mA) Tegangan sentuh (V) Arus ke tubuh manusia (mA) Reaksi ELCB (Trip/Tidak trip) Waktu Kerja ELCB (dt) 2.000 2 - Trip 0,02 1.500 1,5 - Trip 0,02 1.000 1 - Trip 0,02 500 0,5 - Trip 0,02 400 0,4 - Trip 0,02 300 0,3 - Trip 0,02 200 0,2 - Trip 0,02 100 0,1 - Trip 0,02 50 0,05 - Trip 0,02 25 0,025 - Trip 0,02 21 0,021 - Trip 0,02 10 0,01 0,01 Tidak Trip - 6 0,006 0,006 Tidak Trip - 4 0,004 0,004 Tidak Trip -",
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"text": "Sunarto dkk",
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 162",
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{
"left": 99,
"top": 80,
"width": 404,
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"text": "Tabel 4. Data pengujian tegangan sentuh tidak langsung dengan R A = 5 Ohm Arus bocor (mA) Tegangan sentuh (V) Arus ke Tubuh manusia (mA) Reaksi ELCB (Trip/Tidak trip) Waktu Kerja ELCB (dt) 2.000 10 - Trip 0,02 1.500 7,5 - Trip 0,02 1.000 5 - Trip 0,02 500 2,5 - Trip 0,02 400 2 - Trip 0,02 300 1,5 - Trip 0,02 200 1 - Trip 0,02 100 0,5 - Trip 0,02 50 0,25 - Trip 0,02 25 0,12 - Trip 0,02 21 0,10 - Trip 0,02 10 0,05 0,01 Tidak Trip - 6 0,03 0,006 Tidak Trip - 4 0,02 0,004 Tidak Trip -",
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"text": "Tabel 5. Data pengujian tegangan sentuh tidak langsung dengan R A = 10 Ohm Arus bocor (mA) Tegangan sentuh (V) Arus ke Tubuh manusia (mA) Reaksi ELCB (Trip/Tidak trip) Waktu Kerja ELCB (dt) 2.000 20 - Trip 0,02 1.500 15 - Trip 0,02 1.000 10 - Trip 0,02 500 5 - Trip 0,02 400 4 - Trip 0,02 300 3 - Trip 0,02 200 2 - Trip 0,02 100 1 - Trip 0,02 50 0,5 - Trip 0,02 25 0,25 - Trip 0,02 21 0,2 - Trip 0,02 10 0,1 0,1 Tidak Trip - 6 0,06 0,06 Tidak Trip - 4 0,04 0,04 Tidak Trip -",
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"text": "Dari data hasil pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh tidak langsung pada Tabel 3, Tabel 4, dan Tabel 5, semakin besar nilai resistans pembumian peralatan maka semakin besar tegangan sentuh yang terjadi pada BKT. Pada Tabel 5 dengan nilai resistans pembumian sebesar 10 Ohm (di atas standard) ketika terjadi arus bocor sebesar 10 mA, ELCB tidak trip dan tegangan sentuh yang terjadi pada BKT sebesar 0,1 Volt. Bila manusia menyentuh BKT tersebut maka arus yang mengalir ke tubuh manusia sebesar 0,1 mA dan berdasarkan Tabel 1 masih aman bagi manusia (belum dirasakan pengaruhnya). ELCB mulai bekerja ketika ada arus bocor sebesar 70 % dari rating arus ELCB dan waktu kerjanya seketika ( instantaneous ) dengan waktu 0,02 detik. Pada Gambar 5 waktu kerja ELCB tetap (tertentu) dan tidak dipengaruhi besarnya arus bocor, berapapun besarnya arus bocor ketika telah mencapai 70 % dari arus ratingnya maka ELCB bekerja dengan waktu kerja 0,02 detik.",
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"text": "Analisis ELCB Sebagai Proteksi Tegangan Sentuh pada Pembumian Sistem TT",
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"text": "Rekayasa Hijau – 163",
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"text": "Gambar 5. Karakteristik kerja ELCB",
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"text": "4. KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Dari data hasil pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh langsung dan tidak langsung pada pembumian sistem TT membuktikan bahwa ELCB efektif sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh. Pada pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh langsung, ELCB bekerja bila manusia yang tidak memakai APD menyentuh bagian aktif maka ELCB bekerja sehingga manusia terhindar dari dampak tegangan sentuh tersebut. Ketika manusia bekerja menggunakan APD atau bekerja di lokasi lantai yang berisolasi maka ELCB tidak bekerja, tetapi arus yang mengalir ke tubuh manusia masih aman. Pada pengujian ELCB sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh tidak langsung, nilai resistans pembumian peralatan sangat berpengaruh terhadap besarnya tegangan sentuh pada BKT bila terjadi arus bocor, semakin besar nilai resistans pembumian peralatan maka semakin besar juga tegangan sentuh yang terjadi pada BKT. Sebagai proteksi tegangan sentuh, ELCB bekerja cepat ( instantaneous ) ketika besarnya arus bocor mencapai nilai tertentu sehingga manusia bisa terhindar dari bahaya tegangan sentuh.",
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"text": "Terima kasih disampaikan kepada Pusat Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (P3M) Politeknik Negeri Bandung atas dukungan dana pada Penelitian Mandiri dengan Nomor Kontrak: B/114.133/PL1.R7/PG.00.03/2022.",
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"text": "DAFTAR PUSTAKA",
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"text": "ةرونلما ةنيدلمبا ةيملاسلإا ةعمالجا في ةاعدلا ليهأتل تافاقث",
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"text": "Ganang Prihatmoko (1) Saeful Anwar (2) [email protected] [email protected] UIKA Bogor – Indonesia UIKA Bogor – Indonesia Abas Mansur Tamam (3) Akhmad Alim (4) [email protected] [email protected] UIKA Bogor – Indonesia UIKA Bogor - Indonesia",
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"text": "This research departs from the discovery in the field of the weaknesses of some preachers who graduated from Islamic universities in several scientific insights. The aim of the study was to explore the educational curriculum at the sharia faculty at the Islamic University of Medina which produced scholars and preachers and analyzed it with the guide book Tsaqafah Daiyah by Yusuf Qardhawi. The conclusion states that the curriculum of the Sharia faculty is dominated by material related to Islamic Tsaqafah, namely fiqh, ushul fiqh, hadith, interpretation, besides there is also material such as morals at work, Islamic values. It's just that this material is not enough to realize the goals and standards of expected graduates, so there needs to be some curriculum material that needs to be added, including subject matter related to Tsaqafah waqi'iyah and scientific Tsaqafah.",
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"text": "Keyword: tsaqafah daiyah, curriculum materials, weaknesses.",
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"text": "ليهأتل تافاقث | 122",
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"text": "نم لىاعت الله لىإ ةوعدلا نإف لضفأ انهوكل ،اهفرشأو لامعلأا ةمهم فرشأ",
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"text": "،ملاسلاو ةلاصلا مهيلع ءايبنلأاو لسرلا مهو قللخا و وهو لاإ بين لاو لوسر نم ام نم مله اذاقنإو ىدلها لىإ لطابلا نم مله اجارخإ قلحا لىإ مهوعدي هموق في ةيعاد في ميقلما هميعنو هتنجو الله ناوضر لىإ هباذعو هرناو الله طخس نمو للاضلا ةرخلآا ،",
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"text": "َناَأ الاِإ َهَلِإ َلا ُهانَأ ِهْيَلِإ يِحوُن الاِإ ٍلوُسَر ْنِم َكِلْبَ ق ْنِم اَنْلَسْرَأ اَمَو : هناحبس لوقي : ءايبنلأا ( ِنوُدُبْعاَف 25 ) و ، دقل الله نيدلا لىإ مهممأو مهماوقأ ةوعدل مبهر مهثعب إ مهلصوي يذلا ميقتسلما طارصلا ىلع مهتللادلو قلحا ،ميقلما هميعنو مبهر ناوضر لى لحنلا( َتوُغااطلا اوُبِنَتْجاَو َاللَّا اوُدُبْعُا ِنَأ الاوُسَر ٍةامُأ ِ لُك ِفي اَنْ ثَعَ ب ْدَقَلَو : لىاعت لوقي : 36 ميهاربإ ( ْمَُله َِ يَّبُ يِل ِهِمْوَ ق ِناَسِلِب الاِإ ٍلوُسَر ْنِم اَنْلَسْرَأ اَمَو : هناحبس لوقيو ،) : 14 ) .",
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"text": "أ ةيعادلا ملسملل ةبسنلبا ةفاقثلا ةيهمأ نإ تحبص ةرورض ردقب ةيرورض",
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"text": "هلكاشم مهف للاخ نم ،رصعلا تابلطتلم ةباجتسلاا اتهايفلخو بلاطل اميس لاو فصلا في اونوكيل ةيملاسلإا تاعمالجا مهتفده نيذلا ةيعرشلا تاساردلا تايلك نلأ كلذو ،ةوعدلا ناديم في لولأا الله لىإ ةاعدلا ةعلس ضرعب نومئاقلا مه لىاعت ،كلذ ضْرَع اونَسحأو ،متهيااغو مهردصم احص اذإف ،اهيلإ نومتني تيلا ةساسؤلما لُخدَي انمإو ،الله نذبإ مهُفادهأ تَقاقتح ،اهيلإ نْوَعْسَي تيلا ةياغلا لىإ َسانلا اولامتساو ردصم نوُكي دقف ،روملأا هذه دحأ دْقَفب ةوعدلا ىلع ُصقنلا باتكلل اافلامخ ةيعادلا عيطتسي لا دق وأ ،ةعورشم يرغ ٌضارغأ يعادلل نوكي دق وأ ،هوجولا نم ٍهجوب ةانُّسلاو .هتراهم وأ هليصتح في ٍفعضل ؛الله نيِد لىإ سانلا َةلامتسا ةيعادلا ناك اذإف بلاطلا ي ناسنلإا اذهو ،عمتلمجا نم ةفلتمخ حئارشل يمتني ناسنإ عم لماعتيس ةيعادلا تتح عق هيلع دبلا راصف ،انتمأ في رشتنلما اننيدل ضقانلماو ددعتلما ركفلا نم ةفلتمخ دفاور يرثتأ",
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"text": "يّبو اهنيب ةيرهولجا قراوفلبا اافراع ،ةيركفلا دفاورلا هذه فلتخبم ااطيمح نوكي نأ يملاسلإا ركفلا .",
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"text": "في ،يلموعلا رصعلا اذه علاو ةيعرشلا مولعلبا ةيارد ةيعادلل نوكي نأ بيج مول",
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"text": "ةفلتخلما ةيملاسلإا امك ،ةيوبنلا ةنسلاو يمركلا نآرقلبا ةيارد ىلع نوكي نأ هل يغبني ةمئلام ةقيرطب اهقيبطتو ةرصاعلما يااضقلا مهفو ،ةيعرشلا ماكحلأا مهفو و ىلع يّعتي",
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"text": "عم لماعتلا ىلع اارداق نوكي نأ ةيعادلا",
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{
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"width": 377,
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"text": ".تافاقثلا عونت ب ةيعادلا ةفرعمف تافاقث ةفلتمخ عامتجلااو داصتقلااو ةسايسلا ملع في م .ةيوعدلا هتامهبم مايقلل هدعاست لاث ،حورلا اهيف خفني ىذلا وهو ،ةيبترلا ةيلمع في ىرقفلا دومعلا وه ملعلما نإ تارثؤمو ،نيش لماوع ةيبترلاو ميلعتلا لامج فى نأ عم ةايلحا مد اهقورع في ىريجو ا لىإ ،يسردلما ولجا لىإ ، ةرادلإا لىإ ، باتكلا لىإ جهنلما نم ، ةيرثك ىرخأ هيجوتل وه ملعلما لظي نكلو .ةتوافتم بسنب يرثأتلاو هيجوتلا فى كراشت اهلكو ، شيتفتلا وأ .ميلعتلل ىلحا بصعلا ةيعادلا نإف",
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"text": "؟ةوعدلا ةيلمع فى هيجوتلاو يرثأتلبا درفني ىذلا ،ذفلا لماعلا وه كلذ في هكراشي لا ذإ",
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"text": "- ةداع - ،ةرادإ لاو وج لاو ،ررقم باتك لاو ،عوضوم جهنم",
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"text": "لاو باتكلاو جهنلماو هيجوتلاو ةرادلإا رملأا بلاغ في وه هدحو ةيعادلاف .هيجوت هلك اذه ءبع عقي هدحو هيلعو ملعلماو - ، ةاعدلا نيوكتب ةيانعلا لعيج اذهو ةوعدلا تاعورشم لك تبيصأ لاإو ، ةيهملأا غلبا اارمأ ، لماكتلما دادعلإا مهدادعإو الخاو لخادلا في ، قافخلإاو ةبيلخبا",
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"text": "ةيعادلا وهو ققحتي لم لولأا اهطرش نلأ ،جر ةلاسرلا لملح أيهلما 1 . 1 ةفاقث ص ةيعادلا 3",
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"text": "ليهأتل تافاقث | 124",
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{
"left": 68,
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"text": "و في لياعلا ميلعتلا تاسسؤم ىدحإ ةرونلما ةنيدلمبا ةيملاسلإا ةعمالجا دعت صن امك ةلاسرلا ةيلماع ةيعبتلا ةيدوعس ةيميلعت ةسسؤم يهف ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلملما دنع يكللما موسرلما كلذ ىلع اتهايلك قيرط نع ةقلاعلا ةعمالجا هذه موقتو .اهئاشنإ ةيعرشلا تلاالمجا في مله ةعفانلا مولعلا ةرومعلما عاقب تىش نم يّملسلما ءانبأ ميلعتب ةعفانلا مولعلاو ةيفاصلا ةديقعلبا نيدوزم مهو منهادلب لىإ اودوعي تىح اهيرغو ةيوغللاو الخا ملاسلإا ةلاسر رشنل يرخ ةاعد اونوكيف ضرلأا عاقب تىش في ةدل",
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"text": "2 . دقو ةيلك تئشنأ ةعيرشلا",
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"text": "سمالخا في ةعمالجا اهيف تئشنأ تيلا ةنسلا سفن في ماعلل ثلاثلا رهشلا نم نيرشعلاو 1381 ( مقر يماسلا رملأبا ةفيرشلا ةرجهلل 11 ) ماظنلا نمضت ثيح ،ةيملاسلإا ةعماجلل يساسلأا ماظنلا ىلع هبجوبم قدوص يذلا هتدام في يساسلأا مسقلاو ،يونثاو ، ٍلاع يّمسق نم نوكتت ةعمالجا نأ ةعباسلا )ةعيرشلا ةيلك( مسا دعب اميف تلحم تيلا ةيلكلل لىولأا ةاونلا وه لياعلا 3 . و تجتنأ دق نم رثكأ ذنم 60",
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"text": "تاماهسإ اومدق نيذلا ءاهقفلاو ءاملعلا رداوك نم ديدعلا ااماع يملاسلإا لماعلا في ةيربك . ةيملاسلإا ةعمالجا همدقت امم مغرلا ىلع ةعيرشلا ةيلك اهيف ابم حنلما بلاطل لمشت تيلاو ةلماش ةيهيجوتو ةيحصو ةيعامتجاو ةييمداكأ ةياعر نم يّيلودلا ةيساردلا ةحنلما بلاط هيلع لصيح ام ثم ،رفسلا فيلاكت لمتحو ،انيساردلا ةحنلما يمدقت نم ةيجرالخا ةيساردلا ةيلام تآفاكم ،مهرسلأو مله ةيحصلا ةياعرلاو نكسلا يّمتأو نأ يعيبطلا نم هنأ لاإ ،ةضفمخ ةيزمر راعسبأ ةيئاذغلا تابجولا يمدقتو",
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"text": "نم وليخ لا لإا تايلاكش تيادحتلاو يغبني تيلا ميلعتلا نوؤش في اهحلاصإ صوصلخا هجو ىلعو 2 ةعماج ةيبترلا ةيلك ةلمج .مهرظن ةهجو نم ةيملاسلإا ةعمالجبا حنلما بلاط ىدل ةييمداكلأا تلاكشلما نياثلا ءزلجا ددعلا .رهزلأا ةنسل ليربأ 2015 . 3 https://iu.edu.sa/site_Page/33365",
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"text": "125 | Bina Ummat | Vol 6 | No. 1 | 2023",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 72,
"width": 376,
"height": 133,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "ل بلاطلا اهيلإ جاتيح تيلا ةيفاقثلا داولما ةلق اهفادهأ لىإ لوصول هو ليهتأ ي الله لىإ سانلا ةوعد لجأ نم مهدلابل نودوعيس نيذلا ةيعرشلا مولعلا في يّصصختلما .لىاعت نم نأ يّثحابلا ضعب دجو دقو ييجرخ ىوتسم فعض ةرهاظل بابسأ ةيسمرلا ةيعرشلا تايلكلا نم يرثك في ةيملاسلإا تاساردلا تايلك ميلعتلا جهانم ءوس",
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"text": "ثتم ببسلا اذهو ،سيردتلا قرطو",
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"text": "جهانم نم يرثك اهيلع تلمتشا ةنس بويع في ل في مولعلا محازت :نياثلاو .اريدتو اظفح يمركلا نآرقلبا مامتهلاا فعض :لولأا ميلعتلا دامتعلاا :عبارلاو ليصافتلا لىإ ةلملجا أدبم لاهمإ :ثلاثلاو ،همجاربو سيردتلا ططخ لع زيكترلا :سمالخاو سردلا تقو رثكأ في يّقلتلا بولسأ ىلع باسح ىلع ظفلحا ى",
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"text": ":سداسلاو ىلعلأا ةيلقعلا تاراهلما ولخ ىوتمح نم تاررقلما رثكأ يحور 4 . هيلع زيكترلا يغبني امم يرخلأا ببسلا نإف ركذلبا ريدجو رايتخا ةيهملأ ارظن دقو .ةدوشنلما ةيميلعتلا فادهلأا ققيحو رصعلا ةيلقع مئلاي يذلا يساردلا ىوتلمحا ىلع يواضرقلا يعو ةعيرشلا نوسردي نيذلا مه ةصاخ ةاعدلا رداوك ديوزت جايتحا ةفلتخلما تافاقثلا لىإ ةفاضلإبا ةيعرشلا مولعلا في ةيفاك ةءافك مهيدل نوكي يكل يواضرقلا يعد دقو .ةيوعدلا مهتسرامم في ةاعدلا يّكمتل ةدعاسلما يلماعلا رتمؤملل",
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"text": "ةاعدلا دادعإو ةوعدلا هيجوتل لولأا",
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"text": "لبق نم ةعمالجا رفص في ةرونلما ةنيدلمبا ةيملاسلإا 1397 ه جيتن ناكف ة هدعأ ام اهءاقللإ ةركذلما نم ه في رتمؤلما اذ نوكتل اهلمكأ ةيعادلا ةفاقث هاسمأ بااتك 5 ةرونلما ةنيدلمبا ةيملاسلإا ةعمالجاو . و ةعيرشلا ةيلك ةصاخ 4 لود في ةيعمالجا ةيملاسلإا تاساردلا ؤتمؤم ثبح .لحاص نيملأ ةعيرشلا تاساؤدلا تايلك ييجرخ فعض يملاسلإا لماعلا 1435 ه 5 qaradawi.net/node/5042 - https://www.al",
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"text": "ليهأتل تافاقث | 126",
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},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 72,
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"text": "ةيعرشلا تاساردلل ةيلماع ةيملاسإ ةيميلعت ةسسؤم ىدحإك با لىوأ اذه لثبم ءانتعلا",
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"text": ".اهجهانم ريوطتل ةيساسلأا عجارلما دحأك نوكيل باتكلا في عوضولما اذه ةيهمأ نمكتو نيوكت ةاعد ةيعرشلا تاساردلا تايلك ييجرخ",
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"text": "للاخ نم كلذو يّحجانلا يّفقثم مح ةفرعم تياوت في ةاعدلا ةيبرت ك ةوعدلا ةفاقث بات با ةعيرشلا ةيلك تاررقبم ةنراقم ةيملاسلإا ةعمالج لجأ نم اهتشقانمو ريوطت اهجهانم . نإف ،هيلعو اذه ثحبلا بيجيس ىلع يّلاؤس اهمو ، : يه ام ةيبترل تياوتلمحا ،ةيعادلا ةفاقث باتك في ةاعدلا يه امو",
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"text": "ةيعادلا تافاقث تيلا جاتيح اهيلإ تايلك ويجرخ ةيعرشلا تاساردلا . لا ةشقانلماو ةسارد ا نإ",
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{
"left": 68,
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"text": "يمدقتو ةايلحا ىدم ملعتلا ذيفنت في ااسماح اارود بعلي لياعلا ميلعتل عمتجملل تامدلخا و . نلأ ، ةايلحا ىدم ميلعتلا ذيفنتل ةمهم ةليسو لياعلا ميلعتلا دعي نم ديدعلا في ميلعتلا ماظن في تايلكلاو تاعمالجا يرثتأ ةيهمأ لكشب ىلجتت نادلبلا ثحبلاو ملعتلا لياعلا ميلعتلا تاسسؤم رفوت .ثحبلا ذيفنتو ةيرظنلا ريوطت في ديازتم لكشك ةايلحا تلاامج فلتمخ في ةسراملما في ميقلاو فقاولماو ةفرعلما قيبطت في ريوطتلاو لياعلا ميلعتلا ةردق ىلع طوغض اايلاح دجوي ، لياتلباو .عمتلمجا ةمدخ لاكشأ نم ع عمتلمجا في هرود ميظعت ىل . و ،مملأا يقر ناونع يه تاعمالجا نأ هيف كش لا امم بنالجا ةملأا في نولثيم نيذلا بابشلا نضتتح انهلأ ،بوعشلا لبقتسم فقوتي اهيلعو مهنيوكتو مهدادعإ تابجاولا بجوأ نم نإف كلذلو ،ةبوصخ رفولأاو ،ءاطع رثكلأا لما ىوتسم ىلع اونوكيل ايجهنمو ايملع يعمالجا ميلعتلا ريوطتب كلذو ،ةيلوؤس لىإ رشابلما برعلما هرابتعبا احلمو يارورض رصعلا اذه في حبصأ يذلا )ييمداكلأا( .يقرلاو راهدزلاا",
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"text": "127 | Bina Ummat | Vol 6 | No. 1 | 2023",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 68,
"top": 72,
"width": 377,
"height": 186,
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"text": "نوكت نأ وه ةيعماج ةيميلعت ةسسؤم لك فده نإف ،كلذ لىإ ةفاضلإبا تلاامج فلتمخ في تاروطتلا ةبكاومو ،رصعلا تاجايتحا ةيبلت ىلع ةرداق ةايلحا في ىرخأ ةعماجك اارود ةرونلما ةنيدلمبا ةيملاسلإا ةعمالجا بعلت ، لثلمباو .ةرصاعلما جمابرلاو ةوعدلبا عمتلمجا فيقثتب تماق انهلأ ،ةيراضلحاو ةيعامتجلااو ةيرشبلا ةيمنتلا ةيميلعتلا و تخ جير مهيدل نيذلا ةاعدلا رداوك ةيرغ ل الله لىإ ةدوعلل سانلا ةوعد لىاعت ، كذتو فدلهبا مهير هلجأ نم اوقلخ يذلا ثم ةدابعلا وهو ت لا فقث بوعش نسامح لىإ .قلاخلأا و",
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"text": "عماجلل نأ نادجو ،تاعمالجا عيجم هبعلت يذلا رودلا لىإ ةفاضلإبا ة لا تلاامج في ةيوقلا تاعمالجا يهو ، ىرخلأا تاعمالجا ىلع ياازم ةيملاسلإا ةديقع",
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"text": "و ذإ يقلتلا رداصم إ ملعلا اهيف ساردُي لا نم لا و حيحص يقلت ردصم يملاسإ روظنم",
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"text": "ميقلاو قلاخلأا راطإ في لاإ ةفاقثلا سردت لاو . قرفلا ءلاج زبري امم اذهو ثيح نم وأ ةفرعلما لجأ نم مولعلا سردت تيلا ىرخلأا تاعمالجا اهعبتت تيلا ةيرظنلا نع أدبلما لجأ نم لما بساك لا ةيويند طقف 6 . اقث ف ةيعادلا ة يواضرقلا فسوي خيشلا دنع",
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"text": "ىلع بيايجإ لكشب يرثأتلاو لصاوتلل ةمزلالا تاراهلما ىلع ب",
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"text": "يرخلآا ف . ( لا روظنم نبلا برعلا ناسل في ءاج :) ةفاقث - لىاعت الله هحمر - لصف ٌفْقَ ث لجرو .هقذح :ةفوقثو اافاقثو اافقث ءيشلا فقت\" : لاق ، ءافلا : ببا ،ءاتلا 6 ةيطسولا رشن في دئارلا اهرودو ةرونلما ةنيدلمبا ةيملاسلإا ةعماج ، اغيم ركب وبأ سيردإ نب الله دبع تارتمؤلا ثوبح ،ةيملاسلإا 391 - 431 .",
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"text": "لثم ،اافيفخ ااقذاح راص يأ \":ةفاقث لحرلا فقتو ، مهف قداح : ٌفْقَ ثو ، ٌفِقَثو ض فاقثلا فيراعت تددعت دقل :حلاطصلاا في مح تعسوتو ،ةيحلاطصلاا ةيحانلا ة لثلماو راكفلأا ةعوممج \" ةفاقثلا نأ يّيوبترلا ضعب ىري دقو ،اهنيماضمو اتهلاولدم ماظنلاو ،ةايلحا بيلاسأو يركفتلا قرطو تاراهلماو تاداعلاو ديلاقتلاو تادقتعلماو لاصتلاا لئاسوو هلاطبأو هيرطاسأو هتيااورو هصصقب يضالما تارتو ،يرسلأا لااو \"دحاولا نم عمتلمجا في ةيعامتجلاا تاسسؤلما ةعيبطو ،لاقتن 7 . ،ةحلسأ ةثلاث هتوعدل حجانلا ةيعادلل نأ يواضرقلا فسوي .د بتك دقو ةدعلا يرخلأا لعج ثيح ةفاقثلا وأ ملعلا اهثلثاو ،قلاخلأا اهينثاو ،نايملإا اهلاوأ نلمباو .ةيقلاخلأاو ةيحورلا ةدعلا راوبج ةيعادلل ةيركفلا فسوي .د فلأ دقف ةبسا في وهو اهتفرعم ةيعادلا ىلع بيج تيلا تافاقثلا نم ةعوممج هيف يّب بااتك يواضرقلا يذلا ةاعدلا دادعإو ةوعدلا هيجوتل لولأا يلماعلا رتمؤملل هدعأ لصلأا هيلإ تعد",
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"text": "1397 ه 8 . لل يغبني تيلا تافاقثلا هذهو",
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"text": "ةييخراتلا ، ةيوغللاو ةيبدلأا ةفاقثلا ، ةيناسنلإا ةفاقثلا ، و ةيملعلا ةفاقثلا ، و ةيعقاولا ةفاقثلا . ةيملاسلإا ةفاقثلبا نيعيو",
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"text": "هنع ةقثبنلما ،هب . لا ناك اذلهو هرداصم نم ملاسلإا نع ةفرعلما هذه دمتسي نأ دب ليوتأو ،يّلطبلما لاحتناو ،يّلاغلا فيرتح نع ااديعب ،ةافصلما هعيباني نمو ةيلصلأا يّلهالجا .",
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"text": "ةيملاسإ ةفاقثب حلستي نأ ،ةيركف ةدع نم ملسلما ةيعادلا مزلي ام لوأ نإ",
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"text": "7 ،نوراه يركشل ةلموعلا رصع في ةيعادلا ةفاقث ةوعدلا في يرتسجالما ةجرد لينل ثبح عورشم ، 2014 : .ص ةيلماعلا ةنيدلما ةعماج 2 . 8 فاقث .ص يواضرقلا فسوي .د ةيعادلا ة 5 .",
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"text": "129 | Bina Ummat | Vol 6 | No. 1 | 2023",
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{
"left": 68,
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"text": "ابهر نذبإ يّح لك اهلكأ قؤت ،عورفلا ةقسبا ،لوصلأا ةتبثا ةيعادلا نوكي اذبهو",
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"text": "و ل ةيساسلأا داولما مهأ نم ،ةيوبنلا ةنسلا ،هيرسفتو يمركلا نآرقلا يه ةيملاسلإا ةفاقثل نآرقلا نم رسيت ام ظفيح نأ هيلع بيج ةيعادلا نأ يّبت قبس اممو .هلوصأو هقفلا تيلا ةيوبنلا ةنسلبا ءانتعلابا كلذو هنيماضم يرسفت مهفو نمو .نآرقلل ةنيبم تءاج تادابعلا في ةيعرشلا ماكحلأا مهأ ةفرعم ةيعادلا عيطتسي هلوصأو ةقفلا ةسارد للاخ ،ةديقعلا ملع ةيعادلا ابه متهي ةيملاسلإا ةفاقثلا نمو .اهيرغو بادلآاو تلاماعلماو يملاسلإا ماظنلاو ،فوصتلاو اذه في ةيملاسلإا ةفاقثلل ةيساسأ داوم ةصلاخو . باتكلا يه ةناكم ،جيرختلا ،ةيوبنلا ةيرسلا ،يرسفت ،نآرقلا مولع ،نآرقلا ظفح ماظنلا ،فوصت ،ماكحلأا ةلدأ ،نراقلما هقف ،ةنسلا نع عافد ،عيرشتلا في ةنسلا يملاسلإا",
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"text": "9 . اهيلع فوقولا بيج تيلا ةييخراتلا ةفاقثلا نمو ا زاربإ لج ا لماعلا ةيله ةيبرعلاو ةي ، لاا مامته بح تاكر لإا او لحاص في ديدجتل تا خير الإ لاس م لااو ، تافتل ع رود ىل لإا س لا م هرثأو هلاجرو في ا تاكرح لم تيلا ريرحتلاو ةمواق في ترهظ لماعلا يملاسلإا ةصلاخو . لا ةفاقثلل ةيساسأ داوم ةييخرات نم لكل خيرتا يه باتكلا اذه في ءاملعلا خيرتا",
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"text": "ءامكلحاو نيدهتلمجاو ةاحنلاو ءابطلأاو يّيوغللاو 10",
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"text": "ةيعادلا ةردق في",
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"text": "ثبتو مامتهلاا يرثت ةقيرطب اهبيترتو ةبسانلما تاملكلا رايتخا ىلع نيرخلآا سوفن في مالهلإا . اهفرصو اهونحو اتهادرفبم ةغللاو ، ناسللا ةملاسل ةمزلا 9",
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"text": "نايمإو ،ديز ةطاف ،ةلوخ نياحمر ،ةشئاع بلاط ،لامأ يساسلابل ةوعدلاو هقفلا يّب ةيعادلا نيوكت",
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"text": ".يداولا رضلخ هحم ديهشلا ةعماج ،ةنساوت 10 .قباسلا عجرلما",
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"text": "ليهأتل تافاقث | 130",
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"text": "لب .عماسلا في اهرثأ نسح نع الاضف ،ءادلأا ةحصو ءاطخلأاف ، ااضيأ مهفلا ةحص عمسلا اهنم رفنيو ، عبطلا اهجيم دارلما هوشتو نىعلما فرتح لم نإ ةيوغللا . ةصلاخو",
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"text": "ةفاقثلل ةيساسأ داوم ةيوغللاو ةيبدلأا يه باتكلا اذه في رعشلاو فرصلاو وحنلا",
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"text": "11 . لعلبا ةيعادلا دوزتي نأ ةيناسنلإا ةفاقثلبا نيعيو ،سفنلا :مولع لثم ةيناسنلإا مو لاثم سفنلا ملعف .ةيبترلاو ،خيراتلاو ،قلاخلأاو ،ةفسلفلاو ،داصتقلااو ،عامتجلااو ،هبحاص ةيسفن في نيدتلاو ،نايملإل ةعفانلا رامثلاو ،ةيبطلا رثالآا نايب في ةيعادلا ديفي لاي ايربعت اهنع يربعتلاو ةينيدلا صوصنلا نم يرثك مهف في ديفي هنأو رصعلا ةيلقع مئ الله لدع لامكب ناايمإ دادزيو ماكحلأا نم يرثك رارسلأ امهف ةيعادلا ديزيو .هحورو .هعرش في هتمكحو ةفاقثلل ةيساسأ داوم ةصلاخو ةيناسنلإا يه باتكلا اذه في ملع",
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"text": ".ةيبترلا ملعو ،قلاخلأا ملع ،ةفسلفلا ،عامتجلاا ملع ،سفنلا قلحا نم نأ ةيملعلا ةفاقثلا امأ نيدلا دييتأ في ةيعادلا نكيم ام ةيملعلا قئا انه ملعلبا داريو .هميهافم حيضوتو سايقلل عضخو ،ةبرجتلاو ةظحلالما ىلع ماق ام ءايحلأاو ءايميكلاو ءيازيفلا مولع لثم ، رابتخلااو - ناويلحاو تابنلا - ايجولويلجاو",
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"text": "و هتافشتكبم عيطتسي ملعلا نإ . ايرثك ديؤي نأ هتاررقم فعضيو سانلل لحاصلما بلج نم هيلع تلمتشا ام نايبب ةيعرشلا ماكحلأا نم ةروص انيطعي نأ عيطتسي بطلا نأ كلذ ةلثمأ نمو .يّككشلماو يّبتارلما بناج تاردخلماو يّخدتلا كلذكو ةيمسج رارضأ نم ابهراش ىلع رملخا ررض ةحضاو متجلااو ةيسفنلا رارضلأا نع لاضف يمرتح في ملاسلإا ةمكح يّبتت اذبهو .ةيعا",
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"text": "ثئابلخا . ةفاقثلل ةيساسأ داوم ةصلاخو ةيملعلا يه باتكلا اذه في ،بطلا :مولع",
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"text": "خيرشتلاو ،كلفلا ،ايجوبويلجا ،ءايميكلا ،ءيازيفلا . لخاد في ،ةرضالحا ةايلحا عقاو نم ةدمتسلما ةفاقثلا يه ةيعقاولا ةفاقثلا امأ .هجراخو يملاسلإا لماعلا ةفاقثلل ةيساسأ داوم ةصلاخو ةيعقاولا يه باتكلا اذه في عقاو ،ةرصاعلما نيادلأا عقاو ،ملاسلإل ةيداعلما ىوقلا عقاو ،يملاسلإا لماعلا عقاو ةيسايسلا بهاذلما شنلما قرفلا عقاو ،ةرصاعلما تارايتلا عقاو ،ةرصاعلما ق",
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"text": ":ةيلاتلا تافصاولما هيف :لاوأ هدعاوقو هلوصأو هقفلا :يهو صصختلا تلاامج في لهأتلا لعيج ابم اهيرغو ءاتفلإاو ءاضقلاو ميلعتلاك ،ةبسانلما فيظوتلا تلاامج في مهسي ه اهيرغو ةيعرشلا تاراشتسلااو . :اينثا كلذ لمشيو ،ةيسيسأتلا ةيعرشلا مولعلبا ةفرعلما ةديقعلاو ماكحلأا ثيداحأو ثيدلحا مولعو ،ماكحلأا تياآو همولعو نآرقلا ةفرعم يعرشلا صصختلا نيوكت في اهتيهملأ . إ :اثلثا ت ثيبح ،اايلمعو ايارظن ةيبرعلا ةغللا ناق ريرحتلا ةراهلما اابستكم ةغللا دعاوق نم اانكمتم نوكيو ،ةباتكلاو ةءارقلا في نحلي لا بسانلما بولسلأبا نياعلما لاصيإ نسيحو ،بيرعلا . :اعبار ةيملاسلإا ةفاقثلا ةفرعم لاا ىلع ةردقلاو ةيراضلحا هتايطعمو رصعلا ةفاقث ىلع علاطلااو تاينقت نم ةدافتس",
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"text": "ةيلالما تلاماعلماو داصتقلال :اسداس . ثاترلا قيقتحو ثحبلا جهانبم ةيلولأا ةفرعلما ااكراشمو ااهماسم نوكيل ةيهقفلاو ةيلوصلأا لئاسلما في يملعلا ثحبلا ىلع ةردقلاو الاعاف رصاعلما يهقفلا داهتجلاا ةكرح في .",
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"text": "تاردابلماو عيراشلما في نيرخلآا عم نواعتلل دادعتسلااو ةدايقلا ىلع ةردقلا قيرفلا حورب لمعلاو ةكترشلما و",
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"text": "لالمجا نيهلماو ييمداكلأا 14 . 14 ةعيرشلا في سويرولاكبلا جمنارب فيصوت 1439 ه",
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"text": "133 | Bina Ummat | Vol 6 | No. 1 | 2023",
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"text": "( لودج 1 ) لا مسق ررقلما تياوتسلما دمتعلما 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 هقفلا هقفلا ةساردل لخدلما 2 2 تادابعلا هقف 4 4 4 4 16 هقف ثبح ةرسلأا هقف 4 4 ةنهلما تايقلاخأ تلاماعلما هقف 4 4 8 تياانلجاو دودلحا هقف 3 3 روذنلاو نايملأاو ةمعطلأا هقف 2 2 لزاونلا هقف 2 2 رفلا ضئا 3 1 + 1 1 + 1 7 هقف ثبح 1 1 ةنهلما تايقلاخأ 1 1 ةيلك في سردت تيلا ةيساسلأا داولما نأ يّبت ةقباسلا تناايبلا للاخ نم",
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"text": "ةدمتعلما تاعاسلا عومجبم 46 .ةعاس ( لودج 2 ) لا مسق ررقلما تياوتسلما دمتعلما 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 هقفلا لوصأ يعرشلا مكلحا 3 3 ماكحلأا ةلدأ 3 3 3 3 12 ظافللأا تلالاد 4 4 8 داهتجلاا 3 3 ةعيرشلا دصاقم 2 2 لوصلأا ىلع عورفلا جيرتخ 2 2",
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"text": "ةيناثم ىلع ةعزوم تاررقم ةعست ىلع يوتتح تيلا هقفلا لوصأ ةدام يه ةعيرشلا",
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"text": "ةدمتعلما تاعاسلا عومجبم تياوتسم 37 .ةعاس ( لودج 3 ) لا مسق ررقلما تياوتسلما دمتعلما 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ةديقعلا ديحوتلا 2 2 2 2 8 قرفلاو نيادلأا 2 2 ةرصاعلما تارايتلاو بهاذلما 2 2 ةيملاسإ ميق 2 2 ثحبلا جهانم 2 2 ءاضقلا ةسايسلاو ةيعرشلا ىوعدلا ةيئاضقلا 2 2 ةيمكلحا قرطلا 2 2 ءاضقلا ملع لىإ لخدلما 2 2 ةيعرشلا ةسايسلا 2 2",
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"text": "امهنم لك ىلع ةعبرأ ةدمتعلما تاعاسلا عومجبم تياوتسم ةيناثم ىلع ةعزوم تاررقم ةديقعلل 14 ةعاس ءاضقللو 8 .ةعاس ( لودج 4 ) لا مسق ررقلما تياوتسلما دمتعلما 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8",
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"text": "135 | Bina Ummat | Vol 6 | No. 1 | 2023",
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"text": "تياوغللا بيرعلا ريرحتلا 2 2 وحنلا 3 3 2 2 10 فرصلا 2 2 مولعو يرسفتلا نآرقلا ماكحلأا تياآ يرسفت 2 3 3 8 نآرقلا مولع 2 2 ثيدلحا مولع ثيدلحا حلطصم 2 2 جيرختلا 1 + 1 2 ةنسلا هقف يوبنلا ثيدلحا لىإ لخدم 2 2 ماكحلأا ثيداحأ 2 2 2 2 8 ةمظنلأا ةمظنلأا ةساردل لخدلما 1 1 ةيدوعسلا ةيئاضقلا ةمظنلأا 2 2 تاءارقلا يمركلا نآرقلا 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 خيراتلا ةكلملما خيرتا 2 2 نأ يّبت ةقباسلا تناايبلا للاخ نم ةيقب ةعيرشلا ةيلك في داولما ىلع يوتتح مولعو يرسفتلا يهو نيررقم ىلع يوتتح ام اهنمو تياوغللا ةدام يهو تاررقم ةثلاث اهنمو ،ةمظنلأاو ةنسلا هقف ،ثيدلحا مولع ،نآرقلا م و دحاو ررقم ىلع ىوتتح ا",
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"text": "ةيلك في ةساردلا جهانم نأ ثحابلل حضتي هلاعأ ةفاقثلا وأ ةيعرشلا مولعلا في يّصصختلما ليهتأ في اهمامتها رثكأ زكترت ةعيرشلا مك ةيملاسلإا ا دام رثكأ في اهسيردتب كلذو ،فادهلأا في هنايب قبس اته هقفلا في ءاضقلاو ةديقعلا مولع ثم هلوصأو ثم لحا مولع ،نآرقلا مولعو يرسفتلا ،ةنسلا هقف ،ثيد داولما هذه نأ مولعمو ةظنلأاو ي نم اهعوضوم رثكأ عجر ثم ثيدلحاو هقفلا بتك تاءارقلا .",
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"text": "ءاملعلا رداوك فيقثت ةيهمأ ىلع فلؤلما دكأ ةيعادلا ةفاقث باتك في امنيب هذهو .ةييخراتلاو ةيوغللاو ةيملاسلإا ةفاقثلا ىلع رصقتي لاو تافاقثلا فلتخبم ةاعدلاو نع نيغتسي لا رصاعلما ةيعادلا نأ يرغ ةياغلل مهم ثلاثلا تافاقثلا تافاقثلا ةسارد ةيملعلاو ةيناسنلإا ةفاقثلا يهو ةيوعدلا مهعيراشم حانج في مهدعاست ىرخلأا اضإ يغبني امم نإف هيلع ءانبو .ةيعقاولاو ةيحنا نم ةيعرشلا تاساردلا تايلك جهانلم هتف ،بطلا ،ءايحلأا :مولع في ةعيرشلا دصاقم رارسبأ قلعتت داوم يه ةيملعلا ةفاقثلا يرغو ءيازيفلا عامتجلااو سفنلا ملع داوم ةفاضإ متي ةيناسنلإا ةفاقثلا ةيحنا نم امأ .اه يملاسلإا لماعلا رضاح داوم لثم ةفاضبإ متت ةيعقاولا ةفاقثلا امأ .ةيبترلا ملعو ةفسلفلاو .هيرغو جئاتنلا",
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"text": "ةفاقثلا و ةيعقاولا ةفاقثلا ةيملعلا ةيناسنلإاو . عجارلماو رداصلما -",
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"text": "ةنسل لي 2015 . - .ةيعادلا ةفاقث ،يواضرقلا فسوي -",
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"text": "Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Tuntutan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia Menghadapi Persaingan Masyarakat Global",
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"text": "Ida Destariana Harefa",
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"text": "This research was conducted using a literature study method by conducting a literature review that fully sought literature sources such as books, research journals related to the research topic and several articles and news sources. The analysis is presented descriptively to discuss the condition of Indonesia’s human resources in the midst of changing times and how Christian education can contribute to build innovative human resources. The conclusion is that Christian education not only emphasizes Christian dogmas, but must be able to bring students to understand their vocation and role in society. Christian education not only shapes the character of students, but must develop the potential in students. This can be done if educators see and threat students as individuals who have large amount of potential to be discovered, gratefull for and developed. The learning process that is indoctrination must begin to be abandoned and replaced with a learning process that helps students to search and find knowledge. Christian education that applies an empowering learning process by training high- level thinking patterns where the thinking process is analytical, evaluative and creative thinking. This students are prepared to have the ability to innovate.",
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"text": "Keywords: Christian Religious Education; Human Resoursces; Global Challenges.",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode studi literatur dengan melakukan kajian pustaka yang sepenuhnya mencari sumber-sumber literatur seperti buku-buku, jurnal-jurnal hasil penelitian yang berkaitan dengan topik penelitian dan beberapa artikel serta sumber berita. Analisis disajikan secara deskriptif untuk membahas kondisi sumber daya manusia Indonesia di tengah perubahan zaman dan bagaimana pendidikan agama Kristen dapat berkontribusi dalam membangun sumber daya manusia yang inovatif. Diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa Pendidikan Agama Kristen bukan hanya menekankan dogma-dogma keKristenan, namun harus mampu membawa peserta didik memahami panggilan dan perannya di tengah masyarakat. Pendidikan Agama Kristen bukan hanya membentuk karakter peserta didik, namun harus mengembangkan potensi dalam diri peserta didik. Hal ini dapat dilakukan jika para pendidik melihat dan memperlakukan peserta didik sebagai pribadi yang memiliki sejumlah besar potensi untuk ditemukan, disyukuri dan dikembangkan. Proses pembelajaran yang bersifat indoktrinasi harus mulai ditinggalkan dan digantikan dengan proses pembelajaran",
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"text": "yang menolong peserta didik untuk melakukan proses pencarian dan penemuan pengetahuan. Pendidikan agama Kristen yang menerapkan proses pembelajaran yang memberdayakan dengan melatih pola berpikir tingkat tinggi, yaitu proses berpikir analisis, evaluatif dan kreatif thinking. Dengan demikian peserta didik disiapkan untuk memiliki kemampuan melakukan inovasi.",
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"text": "Kata-kata Kunci: Pendidikan Agama Kristen; Sumber Daya Manusia; Tantangan Global.",
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"text": "Kualitas sumber daya manusia dalam suatu bangsa memberi pengaruh besar bagi kemajuan bangsa tersebut. Karena kemajuan suatu bangsa selalu dimulai dengan terjadinya perubahan dalam masyarakatnya. Perubahan dalam masyarakat didahului dengan perubahan cara berpikir yang menentukan kualitas sumber daya manusianya. Peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia dipengaruhi oleh upaya peningkatan taraf pendidikan masyarakat baik yang bersifat informal, formal maupun non formal (Madjid, 1987, 33–34). Di samping pengaruh lingkungan keluarga, pembentukan karakter, wawasan dan kepekaan seseorang terhadap permasalahan sosial dalam masyarakat dipengaruhi oleh pendidikan formal yang ditempuhnya. Sistem pendidikan formal sendiri menjadi sangat penting perannya karena berfungsi sebagai mekanisme institusional yang memberi pengaruh penting dalam mengembangkan ke- terampilan dan pengetahuan seseorang (Todaro, 1983, 434).",
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"text": "Pendidikan didefinisikan sebagai usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara (Pasal 1 UU No. 20 Tahun 2003). Berdasarkan defenisi ini, maka pendidikan harus mampu menjadi agen utama dalam mengemban tugas peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia Indonesia. Meningkatnya kualitas pen- didikan ditandai dengan menurunnya tingkat pendidikan terendah, meningkatnya partisipasi pendidikan dan meningkatnya jumlah tenaga kerja dengan pendidikan yang semakin tinggi.",
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"text": "Perkembangan global menuntut seluruh negara termasuk Indonesia memiliki kesiapan menghadapi pasar global dengan persaingan diberbagai bidang. Pembangunan dibidang pendidikan harus menjadi penggerak utama dalam peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Tuntutan globalisasi harus diantisipasi oleh",
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"text": "dunia pendidikan Indonesia dengan mengintegrasikan humanbeing dan technobeing atau keterpaduan sains dan agama. Pendidikan dengan penanaman nilai, pendekatan budaya, pemberdayaan kompetensi (pengetahuan dan skill) dan keterpaduan dengan kebijakan politik (Dewi, 2019). Sehingga sumber daya manusia Indonesia siap menghadapi persaingan yang semakin ketat dengan negara-negara lain. Bagaimana dengan pendidikan agama Kristen di negeri ini? Apa yang bisa disumbangkan oleh dunia pendidikan agama Kristen dalam ikut meningkatkan sumberdaya manusia Indonesia?",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan kajian pustaka (Hamzah, 2020, p. 21) yang sepenuhnya mencari sumber-sumber literatur seperti buku-buku, jurnal-jurnal hasil penelitian yang berkaitan dengan topik penelitian dan beberapa artikel serta sumber berita untuk mendapatkan gambaran dan kondisi terkini mengenai sumber daya manusia Indonesia (Zed, 2008, p. 1). Penulis mengumpulkan kemudian mengolah data dan teori dari berbagai literatur. Penulis tidak mengumpulkan data dari situasi lapangan secara langsung. Data yang dipakai dalam tulisan ini adalah data sekunder, dimana",
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"text": "penulis memperoleh data dari tangan kedua bukan asli dari nara sumber pertama di lapangan.",
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"text": "Bagian pertama tulisan membahas pentingnya kualitas sumber daya manusia dan memberikan gambaran tentang kondisi sumber daya manusia di Indonesia. Bagian kedua membahas tentang bagaimana pendidikan agama Kristen bertujuan untuk mendidik peserta didik agar memberi dampak kepada dunia berdasarkan panggilannya dengan berlandaskan kehidupan spiritualnya. Bagian ketiga dari tulisan akan membahas bagaimana sebaiknya pendidikan agama Kristen dirumuskan dan diimplementasikan agar tetap relevan dengan perkembangan zaman dan memberi kontribusi positif dalam membangun kualitas sumber daya manusia.",
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"text": "Hasil sensus penduduk 2020 yang dipublikasikan oleh BPS menyatakan bahwa penduduk Indonesia didominasi oleh generasi z yaitu mereka yang berusia antara 8 tahun s/d 23 tahun atau mereka yang lahir antara tahun 1997 s/d 2012 sebesar 27,94%. ( Badan Pusat Statistik , n.d.). Dari rentang usia yang diberikan, maka dapat diperkirakan bahwa sebagian",
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"text": "besar dari mereka adalah penduduk Indonesia yang masih bersekolah di sekolah dasar, sekolah menengah dan sedang kuliah di perguruan tinggi. Jika ditambah dengan generasi post z, yaitu mereka yang berusia 7 tahun ke bawah sebesar 10,88%, maka terdapat 38,82% dari 270.200.000 penduduk Indonesia atau berjumlah 104.891.640 jiwa penduduk Indonesia yang masuk dalam usia sekolah dari jenjang pendidikan anak usia dini sampai perguruan tinggi. Jumlah penduduk yang besar ini menjadi tanggungjawab bidang pendidikan untuk mendidik mereka menjadi sumber daya manusia Indonesia yang memberi kontribusi positif dalam kemajuan bangsa.",
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"text": "Setahun sebelumnya atau pada Februari 2019, BPS menyatakan bahwa jumlah angkatan kerja Indonesia sebanyak 136,18 juta orang. Namun angkatan kerja tersebut masih didominasi dengan penduduk bekerja yang berpendidikan SD ke bawah sebesar 50,40 juta (40,51%), lulusan SMP sebanyak 22,97 juta orang (17,75%), lulusan SMA sebanyak 23,10 juta orang (17,86%) dan lulusan SMK sebanyak 14,63% (11,31%). Sedangkan angkatan kerja lulusan perguruan tinggi sebanyak 16,26 juta (12,57%) dengan 3,65 juta diantaranya lulusan diploma dan 12,61 juta lulusan Universitas (STATISTIK, 2019).",
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"text": "Indonesia (LIPI) Titik Handayani menyatakan bahwa tenaga kerja Indonesia yang didominasi mereka yang hanya sekolah sampai SD dan 90 persennya terkategori tidak memiliki keterampilan khusus. Menurutnya, rendahnya pen- didikan dan tak terampilnya tenaga kerja Indonesia berpengaruh pada minimnya tingkat produktivitas. \"Produktivitas tenaga kerja hanya 10,3% dari produktivitas Singapura. Jauh di bawah tingkat produktivitas tenaga kerja Malaysia sebanyak 36,2%, serta Thailand 16,7% ( Kualitas Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Masih Rendah | Republika Online , n.d.). Dari kedua data di atas dapat kita lihat bahwa produktivitas tenaga kerja Indonesia yang tertinggal dibandingkan negara-negara lain di ASEAN disebabkan oleh rendahnya tingkat pendidikan tenaga kerja Indonesia.",
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"text": "Laporan APO ( Asian Productivity Organization ) Productivity Databook 2019 menyebutkan bahwa produktivitas tenaga kerja Indonesia berada di posisi 13 dari 24 negara di Asia, dengan level produktivitas 21 persen atau senilai USD 26 ribu, atau sekitar Rp. 364,7 juta (asumsi kurs Rp. 14.027). Tertinggal dengan Malaysia di posisi 8, Srilanka di posisi 9 dan Mongolia di posisi 10. APO sendiri adalah suatu organisasi antar pemerintahan regional Asia-Pasifik yang berdiri tahun 1961 (Liputan6.com, Jakarta, 30 Okt 2019) ( Produktivitas Pekerja Indonesia Di Asia",
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"text": "Urutan Berapa? - Bisnis Liputan6.Com , n.d.). Sekretaris Jenderal Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan, Anwar Sanusi, pada 13 November 2020 menyatakan persentase produktivitas tenaga kerja Indonesia berada di angka 74,4%. Berada di bawah rata-rata ASEAN yakni 78,2%. Indonesia berada di bawah negara-negara tetangga seperti Filipina (86,3%), Singapura (82,7%), Thailand (80,1%), dan Vietnam (80%), Laos (76,7%) dan Malaysia (76,2%) ( Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Di Bawah Rata-Rata ASEAN - Medcom.Id , n.d.). Rendahnya produktivitas tenaga kerja Indonesia menjadi keprihatinan di tengah tantangan globalisasi. Dimana p erkembangan global memaksa kesiapan kita menghadapi persaingan global dalam berbagai bidang yang menuntut kualitas sumber daya manusia yang unggul dan selalu siap dengan berbagai perubahan yang terjadi. Bahkan perkembangan teknologi di abad 21 dimana laju perubahan sangat cepat, kemajuan dan penemuan berada di masa keemasannya, ternyata juga “memaksa” manusia bersaing dengan kecerdasan buatan yang diciptakan manusia itu sendiri (Bonde 2020).",
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"text": "Leni Rohida dalam penelitiannya menyatakan bahwa era industri 4.0 memberikan peluang sekaligus tuntutan kepada sumber daya manusia agar memiliki kompetensi menggunakan teknologi digital untuk mewujudkan pabrik cerdas ( smart",
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"text": "factories ) seperti salah satunya Internet Of Thinks (IOT). Ditambah dengan bonus demografi yang dialami maka tidak ada pilihan bagi sumber daya manusia Indonesia untuk meningkatkan kompetensi agar tetap “eksis”, berdaya dan terus maju di zaman revolusi industri 4.0 yang serba otomatis, robotic dan tekhnologi mutakhir (Rohida, 2018). Hal senada diungkapkan oleh Ika Ruhana, bahwa menghadapi persaingan global pengembangan sumber daya manusia harus menjadi prioritas utama, agar tenaga kerja memiliki sifat proaktif dan inovatif untuk mengelola perubahan baik dalam bidang politik, ekonomi, sosial, hukum, teknologi dan lain- lain. Dalam perubahan yang serba cepat, manusia harus terus memperluas dan mempertajam pengetahuannya dan mengembangkan kreativitasnya untuk terus berinovasi. Kemampuan memperluas jaringan ( social networking ) dan soft kapital yang menitikberatkan kepada etika dan karakter juga menjadi nilai penentu untuk mengukur kualitas seseorang (Ruhana, 2012).",
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"text": "Jika pada masa-masa sebelumnya, permasalahan sumber daya manusia disebabkan oleh perkembangan jumlah penduduk yang besar namun perkembangan ekonomi yang lambat atau sebaliknya (Basir, 2001). Maka pada masa sekarang permasalahan sumber daya manusia dipengaruhi kuat oleh globalisasi",
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"text": "dan kemajuan teknologi. Perubahan yang sangat cepat dalam satu dasawarsa terakhir menyebabkan terjadinya disruption yang sangat cepat dalam segala aspek kehidupan. Namun tantangannya bukan hanya pada disruption itu sendiri, melainkan pada efficiency innovation yaitu inovasi yang berdampak kepada pemangkasan biaya terutama pemangkasaan secara masif pada biaya penggunaan tenaga manusia yang dianggap fixed cost yang membebani.",
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"text": "Efficiency innovation menambah ke- untungan perusahaan, dimana keuntungan tersebut kemudian dipakai untuk menghasilkan inovasi baru. Maka terjadilah Efficiency innovation yang terus menerus dan mengerakkan perubahan yang tidak mudah diprediksi oleh kebanyakan orang. Namun perubahan tersebut harus diantisipasi agar mampu untuk terus bertahan (Kasali, 2017). Manusia memang menghadapi krisis pada setiap zaman dan selalu punya cara untuk mengatasinya. Namun selalu saja ribuan orang menjadi korban dalam prosesnya, yaitu mereka yang gagal beradaptasi karena kondisi internal yang tidak sesuai dengan tuntutan perubahan dan tentu karena cara berpikirnya (Kasali, 2017). Mereka yang tidak mampu bertahan adalah mereka yang memiliki cara berpikir yang kurang adaptif terhadap perubahan zaman. Lemahnya kemampuan beradaptasi disebabkan lemahnya kemampuan menganalisa dan",
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"text": "mengenali perubahan di sekitarnya yang pada akhirnya membuatnya tidak melakukan inovasi apapun. Kemampuan berpikir masyarakat maupun perseorangan sangat dipengaruhi oleh pendidikan yang di dapat, baik secara informal, nonformal maupun formal.",
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"text": "Dalam konteks rendahnya kualitas sumber daya manusia Indonesia dan tantangan perkembangan global, pendidikan agama Kristen menghadapi tantangan yang tidak mudah, namun sekaligus memiliki peluang untuk menjadi berkat bagi peradaban manusia. Pendidikan agama Kristen selama ini telah ikut andil dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Karena telah melakukan tugas dalam tanggungjawab moral untuk mampu mengubah peserta didik dari segi kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik (Mardiharto, 2019). Kontribusi Pendidikan agama Kristen dalam membangun sikap, membangun kemampuan kognitif, dan membangun kemampuan psikomotorik peserta didik merupakan kontribusi besar pendidikan agama Kristen bagi pengembangan kualitas sumber daya manusia di Indonesia.",
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"text": "Pendidikan Agama Kristen Ditengah Perubahan Zaman",
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"text": "Pendidikan di sekolah bahkan pendidikan agama tidak boleh menciptakan jurang pemisah antara hal-hal yang",
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"text": "dipandang ilmu akademis dengan dunia nyata yang dihadapi sehari-hari. Karena tujuan pendidikan di sekolah adalah membantu para siswa belajar tentang dunia dan peran serta tugas-tugas mereka di dunia yang mereka diami (Richard 2015). Lebih lanjut Richard J. Edlin menyatakan bahwa karakteristik khas dalam pendidikan Kristen adalah: pertama-tama melibatkan upaya menantang peserta didik memuliakan Kristus sebagai Tuhan atas semua ciptaan; kedua, membawa peserta didik untuk melihat kepada dunia dan tempat kita serta tugas-tugas panggilan di dunia (Richard, 2015) . Jadi jelas bahwa Pendidikan Agama Kristen bukanlah bidang pelajaran yang hanya menekankan kepada hal-hal spiritualitas atau penanaman doktrin agama Kristen saja, melainkan bagaimana spiritualitas yang berlandaskan kepada Sang Firman menjadi sumber pedoman dan inspirasi untuk memberi kontribusi positif kepada kehidupan bermasyarakat. Pendidikan agama Kristen harus mengajarkan dogmatika iman Kristen sekaligus secara terbuka membahas masalah-masalah sosial dalam masyarakat yang menjadi panggilan bagi umat Kristen untuk menjadi bagian solusi dari masalah- masalah tersebut.",
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"text": "Meskipun memiliki kekhasan sendiri, sebenarnya pendidikan agama Kristen ikut ambil bagian dalam pendidikan yang bersifat politis dan umum (Thomas",
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"text": "2011). Aktivitas politis yang dimaksud adalah upaya sadar, terencana dan sistematis untuk mempengaruhi peserta didik agar mereka menjalani hidup sesuai dengan nilai-nilai dan tujuan iman Kristen di tengah masyarakat dengan berbagai nilai hidup, kebutuhan dan tuntutannya yang terus berubah dari zaman ke zaman. Jadi pendidikan Kristen tidak akan pernah terlepas dari dinamika masyarakat atau peradaban manusia. Lebih jauh Groome menguraikan bahwa tujuan pendidikan agama Kristen adalah memampukan orang- orang untuk hidup sesuai iman Kristen, yaitu hidup bagi Kerajaan Allah, berjuang menghadirkan Kerajaan Allah yang memperbaharui seluruh ciptaan terutama manusia (G. H. Thomas, 2011). Pendidikan agama Kristen harus memberdayakan peserta didik untuk mampu terus menerus memahami dan merespon kehendak Allah sekaligus merespon kondisi dunia yang terus berubah dengan menawarkan solusi kreatif dan relevan dengan berlandaskan nilai-nilai Kerajaan Allah.",
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"text": "Pendidikan agama Kristen adalah usaha sadar, sistematis dan ber- kesinambungan baik yang menekankan usaha kepada pencarian yang transenden, kehendak-Nya dan pemberlakuan kehendak-Nya dalam kehidupan konkrit dimana Alkitab sebagai dasar untuk membentuk masa depan sesuai visi Allah berdasarkan warisan masa lampau dan",
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"text": "tindakan kreatif masa kini, sehingga mempengaruhi kehidupan religius peserta didik secara individual dan bersikap ketika menjalani kehidupan dalam konteks masyarakatnya (Nuhamara, 2007).",
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"text": "Membentuk masa depan sesuai visi Allah melalui tindakan kreatif masa kini sesuai konteks masyarakat menjadikan proses pendidikan agama Kristen akan selalu dinamis dan mempengaruhi sekaligus dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan peradaban manusia.",
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"text": "Pendidikan agama Kristen harus mampu menolong orang Kristen belajar dari masa lalu dengan menghargai warisan iman yang menghasilkan sukacita, pertobatan dan pembaharuan; hidup dalam realita di masa kini dengan mempelajari ilmu sosial dengan kepedulian untuk mengantisipasi kehidupan akan masa depan di dalam Tuhan (Robert 2013). Bahkan perkembangan keilmuan seperti penemuan tingkat perkembangan manusia membantu pendidik Kristen untuk memahami kompleksnya ciptaan yang bernama manusia dan merumuskan tujuan, metode dan strategi mengajar sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan manusia pada kelompok usia tertentu (Michael 2012). Perubahan zaman harus dilihat sebagai peluang bagi pendidikan agama Kristen untuk mempengaruhi dunia dengan Kasih Allah yang selalu tersedia melimpah bagi umat manusia dari zaman ke zaman. Maka",
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"text": "perubahan zaman berupa perkembangan keilmuan, penemuan tekhnologi baru bahkan kecerdasan buatan harus dilihat sebagai “alat bantu” bagi pendidikan iman Kristen untuk lebih efektif sekaligus sebagai bahan reflektif untuk tetap berpegang kepada Kebenaran agar tetap relevan ditengah dunia yang terus berubah dengan cepat.",
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"text": "Pendidikaan agama Kristen sebagai salah satu fungsi gereja yang amat penting harus mempertimbangkan eksistensi masa depan gereja di tengah dunia yang terus berubah dalam menyusun isi dan strategi pembelajaran. Pendidikan agama Kristen harus mampu memberi pengaruh kepada peserta didik untuk bersikap dan memberi respon secara benar sekaligus memberi dampak dalam masyarakat global dengan segala perubahan dan permasalahan di dalamnya (Saputra & Novalina, 2020). Sejarah membuktikan bahwa dunia pendidikan Kristen terlibat proaktif mengembangkan dunia pendidikan modern yang menghasilkan peradaban di Barat, Eropa dan Amerika yang mempengaruhi benua lain dimana iman Kristen diwartakan (Mawikere, 2020). Dalam perkembangan peradaban manusia ternyata pendidikan agama Kristen memiliki tempat dan perannya sendiri, bahkan telah memberikan kontribusi penting.",
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"text": "Peran Pendidikan Agama Kristen dalam Peningkatan Kualitas Sumber Daya",
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"text": "Pendidikan agama Kristen berperan aktif dalam upaya peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Bahkan bertanggungjawab meletakkan dasar moral bagi perkembangan kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik peserta didik (Mardiharto, 2019). Tulisan ini menyetujui pendapat bahwa pendidikan agama Kristen harus menerapkan nilai-nilai dan prinsip yang sejalan dengan teladan Yesus, dimana pendidikan Kristen dibangun dari kehidupan Yesus (Bonde, 2020).",
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"text": "Pendidikan agama Kristen harus merupakan pendidikan yang berpusat kepada Allah (Louis and Cornelius 2018). Isi pendidikan Kristen harus menekankan panggilan memberitakan Injil dan bekerja demi damai sejahtera atau shalom (Nicholas, 2014, p. 49). Pendidikan harus menekankan pembentukan karakter yang terdiri dari tiga bagian utama, yaitu pengetahuan moral, perasaan moral dan tindakan moral (Thomas 2019). Dalam konteks pendidikan agama Kristen, maka pembentukan karakter harus menjadikan karakter Kristus sebagai tujuan dan teladan. Nilai-nilai yang berpusat kepada teladan hidup Yesus, panggilan memberitakan injil untuk menghadirkan shalom serta pembentukan karakter peserta didik yang berlandaskan Firman Tuhan harus terus",
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"text": "menjadi isi pendidikan agama Kristen yang diselenggarakan. Meniadakan salah satu dari hal-hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya pengingkaran terhadap hakikat dan tujuan dari pendidikan agama Kristen itu sendiri.",
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"text": "Dalam rangka mewujudkan kontribusi aktif pendidikan agama Kristen dalam peningkatan sumber daya manusia, maka pendidikan agama Kristen dituntut mengalami perubahan mendasar dalam kebijakan dan implementasi di lapangan. Pendidikan agama Kristen tidak bisa lagi diambil berdasarkan kepentingan gereja saja tetapi harus dilakukan dengan melihat perkembangan global. Pendidikan agama Kristen harus ikut andil dalam menghasilkan sumber daya manusia yang memiliki jiwa kepemimpinan, kemampuan berinovasi, membangun jaringan ( networking ) dan penguasaan teknologi, mengingat keempat hal tersebut ikut menentukan kemajuan suatu bangsa. Beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kontribusi dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan agama Kristen adalah:",
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"text": "Pertama, memperkuat pendidikan agama Kristen dalam keluarga sebagai peletakan dasar karakter, kecerdasan emosional, kreatifitas dan kompetensi dasar bagi anak-anak. Kegiatan pendidikan terlebih pendidikan agama Kristen harus dimulai dirumah, meskipun rumah bukan satu-satunya tempat untuk berjumpa",
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"text": "dengan hal-hal yang transenden (G. H. Thomas, 2011). Pendidikan informal dalam keluarga memberi pengaruh mendalam bagi perkembangan peserta didik baik dalam pertumbuhan spiritual, perkembangan psikis dan perkembangan kemampuan kognitif dan karakter. Cara orangtua memperlakukan anaknya berakibat mendalam dan permanen dalam diri anak (Goleman 1997). Beberapa contoh pendidikan iman dalam keluarga yang dicatat oleh Alkitab dapat kita lihat pada kehidupan Samuel, Timotius dan banyak teladan iman lain. Benih iman dan kepemimpinan Samuel dimulai dalam pendidikan iman dan ketaatan Hanna dan Elkana sebagai orangtua yang diteladankan sejak awal kehidupan Samuel (Prabowo, 2020). Demikian juga benih iman dan penggilan melayani Timotius yang diakui Paulus berasal dari kehidupan iman neneknya Lois dan Eunike ibunya (2 Timotius 1:5). Demikian pula pendidikan agama Kristen yang dilakukan dalam keluarga akan diserap oleh seorang anak, membekas secara mendalam dan mempengaruhi hidupnya. Menurut Howard Gardner, kecerdasan emosional dalam diri seseorang mulai terbentuk sejak hari-hari pertama dalam kehidupannya. Maka betapa beruntungnya bayi-bayi yang lahir dengan orangtua yang memiliki kecerdasan emosi. Pendidikan informal dalam keluarga mengambil peranan penting bagi",
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"text": "pembentukan dasar dan perkembangan kecerdasan emosional seseorang yang akan ikut menentukan keberhasilannya dalam kehidupannya di masa yang akan datang. Kemampuan non kognitif seperti kemampuan meregulasi diri, pengendalian diri, kemampuan mengelola daya tahan (persistensi), menghadapi tekanan, menunda kenikmatan, ketekunan menghadapi kejenuhan, dan kecenderungan menjalankan rencana adalah elemen- elemen dari kecerdasan emosional. Pendidikan agama Kristen harus menolong sebanyak mungkin keluarga Kristen agar memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang cukup dapat memuridkan anak-anak mereka di dalam konteks kehidupan keluarga. Gereja dan sekolah dapat memberikan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang diperlukan keluarga-keluarga Kristen melalui seminar, pelatihan dan pendampingan. Sehingga setiap keluarga dapat menjadi “wadah” pendidikan iman Kristen bagi anak-anaknya.",
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"text": "Kedua, memperkuat pendidikan anak usia dini Kristen baik formal maupun informal. Pendidikan untuk menghasilkan sumber daya manusia yang unggul harus dimulai sejak usia dini melalui pendidikan informal dalam keluarga dan dilanjutkan dengan pendidikan anak usia dini melalui PAUD atau sekolah Taman Kanak-Kanak, kemudian ke jenjang pendidikan dasar sampai pendidikan menengah. Program",
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"text": "wajib belajar 9 tahun seharusnya diubah menjadi program wajib belajar 18 tahun, yaitu sejak lahir melalui pendidikan informal dalam keluarga sampai dengan usia 18 tahun atau saat anak-anak lulus sekolah menengah atas atau kejuruan. Gereja dan sekolah Kristen harus hadir dalam memperkuat pendidikan anak usia dini yang mengutamakan isi dan proses pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan perkembangan anak dan fokus kepada perkembangan karakter dan kreatifitasnya.",
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"text": "Menurut Direktorat Pembinaan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional, pada tahun 2018, angka partisipasi rata-rata anak usia dini yang terlayani baru sekitar 74,3%. Namun masih terdapat kesenjangan angka partisipatif antar daerah khususnya di daerah pedesaan. Masih ada sekitar 35,7 % anak usia dini pada 23.737 desa atau berjumlah 6.536.229 anak usia dini yang belum mendapat akses layanan Pendidikan anak usia dini di Indonesia ( Berita | Percepatan Pembangunan PAUD Lewat Dialog Nasional Kebijakan , n.d.). Pada bulan April Tahun 2019 dilansir terdapat 23 ribu desa dari 83 ribu desa di Indonesia yang belum memiliki pendidikan anak usia dini ( 23 Ribu Desa Belum Memiliki Akses Satu Desa Satu PAUD - Siedoo , n.d.). Dari data di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa gereja dan sekolah Kristen masih memiliki peluang besar untuk terlibat aktif dalam",
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"text": "perluasan akses pendidikan anak usia dini dan peningkatan kualitasnya. Pendidikan anak usia dini di Indonesia merupakan salah satu ladang pelayanan yang sangat besar bagi gereja dan sekolah Kristen.",
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"text": "Ketiga , meningkatkan kualitas tenaga pendidik agama Kristen baik di gereja maupun di sekolah. Peningkatan kualitas tenaga pendidik dapat dilakukan melalui pelatihan bagi guru-guru agama yang sudah mengajar dan peningkatan kualitas pendidikan tinggi Kristen yang menghasilkan calon-calon guru agama Kristen. Sehingga semakin banyak sekolah dan gereja memiliki tenaga pendidik agama Kristen berkualitas yang bukan sekedar mengajar tetapi memiliki keteladanan hidup sekaligus kreatif dan inovatif dalam mengajar.",
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"text": "Terbentuknya sumber daya mansuia berkualitas sebagai out put pendidikan diawali dari kualitas guru. Karena kualitas pembelajaran dan perbaikan mutu layanan pendidikan agama Kristen sekolah bergantung kepada guru yang mengajar. Guru berperan sebagai ujung tombak dalam peningkatan kualitas peserta didik. Tugas guru agama Kristen meliputi mendidik, mengajar dan melatih. Mendidik berarti meneruskan dan mengembangkan nilai- nilai hidup. Mengajar berarti meneruskan dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan tekhnologi. Sedangkan melatih berarti mengembangkan ketrampilan-ketrampilan",
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"text": "pada siswa. Guru agama Kristen merupakan “orangtua kedua” bagi para peserta didiknya. Sekolah dan gereja adalah tempat pendidikan kedua setelah keluarga. Karena itu seorang guru harus menjadi orangtua yang penuh kasih sayang sekaligus menjadi teman, tempat mengadu bagi para peserta didik untuk mengutarakan perasaannya. Memahami peserta didik, mengenali potensi dan bakatnya, memotivasi serta mendampingi peserta didik pada masa-masa sulit mereka dalam perjalanan menjadi seseorang yang secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, karakter, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya.",
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"text": "Keempat , mengembangkan kurikulum yang memberdayakan dan berpusat kepada peserta didik. Kurikulum Pendidikan agama Kristen yang sudah ada harus diperkaya dengan isi pembelajaran yang berorientasi kepada penemuan dan pengembangan potensi para peserta didik sesuai dengan desain Tuhan atas diri mereka masing-masing. Selain itu kurikulum Pendidikan agama Kristen yang membangun karakter sekaligus ke- mampuan kognitif dalam level high order thinking , yaitu kurikulum pendidikan yang menyeimbangkan antara pengembangan afektif, kognitif dan skill . Adapun rancangan pendidikan komprehensif dan",
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"text": "berkelanjutan yang diusulkan adalah sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "a. Basic development , usia 0 - 2 tahun, berupa program penguatan pendidikan informal dalam keluarga untuk membangun kecerdasan emosional anak. Revitalisasi POSYANDU sebagai perpanjangan tangan pemerintah dapat menjadi akses bagi penguatan pendidikan informal dalam keluarga bahkan sejak anak-anak masih dalam kandungan ibunya.",
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"text": "b. Character development , usia 2 - 6 tahun, berupa layanan pendidikan anak usia dini yang menekankan kepada pembentukan karakter anak dan kreatifitas melalui berbagai sarana permainan. Pembaharuan yang dimulai dengan perubahan paradigma layanan pendidikan anak usia dini, pemberdayaan guru-guru, perbaikan kurikulum dan pembenahan sistem pengelolaan PAUD menjadi hal mendesak untuk dilakukan.",
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"text": "c. Leadership development , usia 7- 12 tahun, berupa layanan pendidikan sekolah dasar, dan menengah pertama yang menekankan ranah afektif, kognitif dan psikomotorik secara seimbang. Kurikulum yang berdasarkan filosofi penemuan dan pengembangan kecerdasan majemuk ( multiple intelegence ).",
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"text": "d. Kompetensi development, usia 13 - 18 tahun, berupa layanan pendidikan sekolah menengah umum atau kejuruan yang menekankan kompetensi sesuai kecerdasan yang dimiliki masing- masing peserta didik (dasar filosofi multiple intelegence ), kemampuan entrepreuner, membangun jejaring dan penguasaan teknologi.",
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"text": "Kelima , mengembangkan sistem pembelajaran yang memberdayakan dan melatih peserta didik menjadi manusia pembelajar. Proses pembelajaran yang bukan hanya menolong peserta didik untuk menghafal, memahami dan mampu mengaplikasikan materi pembelajaran dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, namun proses pembelajaran yang mampu memberi rangsangan dan membangkitkan kemampuan menganalisa, mengevaluasi dan berpikir kreatif dalam diri peserta didik. Pendidikan agama Kristen baik dalam keluarga, dalam gereja maupun di sekolah harus memperhatikan setidaknya tiga hal penting dalam implementasi pendidikan agama Kristen, yaitu:",
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"text": "1. Pendidikan agama Kristen harus memandang peserta didik sebagai pribadi dengan potensi besar dalam dirinya, bahkan layak disebut potensi ilahi. Karena dalam diri peserta didik, Allah telah meletakkan potensi untuk mengalahkan kemiskinan, ketidakadilan, sakit penyakit dsb",
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"text": "(Mazmur 8:3). Para pendidik agama Kristen harus melihat peserta didik sebagai pribadi dengan “harta karun” potensi yang harus dikembangkan untuk diaktualisasikan bagi usaha- usaha kemanusiaan. Dalam diri peserta didik terdapaat kecerdasan majemuk yang harus diidentifikasi dan dikembangkan. Proses pendidikan harus harus menolong peserta didik mengindentifikasi dan mengembangkan kecerdasan yang dimilikinya (Gardner 2013). Di samping menanamkan berbagai kecerdasan yang berbeda-beda pada setiap pribadi, Allah membentuk setiap peserta didik unik dengan SHAPE-nya masing-masing, yaitu sprituial gift (karunia rohani), heart (keinginan hati atau hasrat), abilities (kemampuan), personality (kepribadian) dan experiences (pengalaman hidup yang unik dan personal). Semua itu dibuat Allah berdasarkan tujuan penciptaan Allah kepada masing-masing pribadi (Rees 2006). Dengan demikian, proses pendidikan agama Kristen ibarat menggali harta terpendam yaitu potensi dalam diri peserta didik untuk teraktualisasi keluar.",
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"text": "2. Pendidikan agama Kristen harus meningggalkan pembelajaran bercorak indoktrinasi dan melakukan pembelajaran transformatif yang",
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"text": "mengubah hidup melalui proses penemuan kebenaran oleh si pembelajar. Kemudian membawa mereka dalam proses pendidikan progresif yang akan membawa mereka tampil ke publik untuk menebarkan berita “keselamatan sosial” dengan mengupayakan kesejahteraan sosial dengan memerhatikan dan memenuhi kebutuhan hidup masyarakat",
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"text": "(Tambunan,",
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"text": "2020). Proses",
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"text": "pembelajaran indoktrinasi yang",
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"text": "“menuangkan” pengetahuan tentang iman Kristen harus digantikan dengan proses pendidikan yang me- merdekakan. Pendidikan yang sejati tidak dilaksanakan oleh pendidik untuk peserta didik, atau oleh pendidik tentang peserta didik, melainkan oleh pendidik bersama peserta didik dengan dunia sebagai medianya, sehingga keduanya semakin “memanusia” baik secara etik, estetika maupun spiritual (Freiree 1985). Pembelajaran dalam pendidikan agama Kristen harus diselenggarakan sedemikian rupa sehingga peserta didik mengalami proses penemuan makna dari materi pembelajaran yang kemudian menjadi prinsip-prinsip yang dimiliki oleh siswa (Slavin 2009). Pembelajaran inquiri dapat menjadi alternatif dalam strategi pembelajaran agama Kristen. Karena inquiri menekankan peran aktif peserta",
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"text": "didik untuk terlibat penuh dalam proses berpikir kritis dan analistis untuk mencari dan menemukan sendiri jawaban dari permasalahan yang dihadapi (Abdul Majid 2013). Proses belajar bukanlah proses indoktrinasi, melainkan merupakan suatu proses penemuan. Sehingga perjumpaan peserta didik dengan Sang Transenden adalah sebuah pengalaman hidup yang terserap dalam memori terdalam dan menjadi pengetahuan yang terus menerus disempurnakan dalam perjalanan hidup siswa. Perjumpaan dengan Sang Transenden bukan berdasarkan apa kata guru agama, pendeta atau pembina rohani melainkan merupakan sebuah proses penemuan pengetahuan yang berubah menjadi pengalaman dalam kehidupan peserta didik dan menjadi “pewahyuan” secara pribadi bagi peserta didik namun tetap teruji oleh Cerita Iman warisan masa lampau. Merujuk pengalaman Ayub dalam perjumpaannya dengan Allah melalui pengalaman hidupnya (Ayub 42 :5). Jika proses pembelajaran “agama” yang dialami generasi Kristen adalah suatu upaya sadar, sistematis dan berkesinambungan yang menyeimbangkan penyerapan pengetahuan iman melalui proses penemuan pengetahuan iman (bukan sekedar indoktrinasi) dengan",
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"text": "pengalaman iman dalam praktek kehidupan sehari-hari, maka religiusitas peserta didik terbentuk lebih kuat.",
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"text": "3. Pendidikan agama Kristen harus terbuka pada proses belajar secara kritis melalui pembiasaan high order thinking atau berpikir tingkat tinggi dalam konsep taksonomi Bloom (T. G.",
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"text": "Ratumanan and Imas Rosmiati, 2020). Para pendidik agama Kristen harus terbuka dan membawa peserta didik melakukan proses berpikir analisis, evaluatif dan kreatif thinking dan tidak berhenti pada proses menghafal, memahami dan menerapkan pengetahuan iman Kristen. Tentu saja pembelajaran dengan pembiasaan high order thinking disesuaikan dengan tingkat perkembangan peserta didik. Bloom dkk menyatakan bahwa taksonomi ini juga berlaku bagi ranah afektif dan ranah psikomotorik, bukan hanya untuk ranah kognitif semata (W.S. Winkel S.J. 2014). Jika dalam pembelajaran sains saja, keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi dapat dipakai untuk mengembangkan karakter, dimana proses berpikir tinggi kemudian menjadi habits of mine yang dijabaarkan sebagai value , inclination , sensitivity , capability dan commitment untuk berpikir dan berperilaku cerdas dalam berbagai situasi (Rustaman,",
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"text": "2011) terlebih dalam pembelajaran PAK.",
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"text": "Dalam proses pembelajaran agama Kristen, para pendidik dapat mengajak peserta didik menganalisa kehidupan para pahlawan iman, menganalisa konteks kehidupan umat Allah serta keberhasilan melakukan kehendak Allah atau kegagalan dan kejatuhan umat-Nya, Menganalisa bagaimana Allah hadir dan terlibat dalam kehidupan umat-Nya, Mengevaluasi bagaimana para tokoh Alkitab dan umat Allah memberikan respon mereka terhadap keterlibatan Allah dalam hidup umat-Nya. Menganalisa dan mengevaluasi bagaimana Gereja merespon kehendak-Nya pada masa kini. Dan akhirnya secara kreatif menemukan cara-cara terbaru menemukan Allah dan kehendak-Nya dan cara-cara kreatif untuk menghadirkan Kerajaan Allah dalam masyarakatnya. Proses berpikir analisis, evaluatif dan kreatif thinking akan melatih peserta didik memiliki kekritisan berpikir namun juga memiliki kemampuan problem solving dan kemampuan mencipta.",
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"text": "Dengan demikian peserta didik memiliki modal utama dalam dirinya untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berinovasi. Peserta didik juga memiliki kemampuan mengambil sikap terhadap suatu masalah berdasarkan Alkitab karena mampu menjembatani perbedaan zaman, budaya dan konteks masa Alkitab ditulis dengan",
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"text": "zaman, budaya dan konteks masa kini melalui proses menganalisa, mengevaluasi dan kreatif thinking.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Tuntutan global dalam perubahan zaman yang sangat cepat dan perkembangan tekhnologi menuntut kualitas sumber daya manusia unggul yang mampu berinovasi untuk dapat terus bertahan dan memberi perubahan.",
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"text": "Pendidikan agama Kristen adalah pendidikan menyeluruh yang menjadikan pengembangan peserta didik pada ranah afektif , psikomotorik dan kognitif sebagai tujuan pembelajaran. Pendidikan agama Kristen merupakan proses belajar untuk membangun kesadaran kepada peserta didik bahwa diri mereka adalah anak Allah yang memiliki sejumlah potensi dalam dirinya. Proses pembelajaran agama Kristen merupakan proses menolong peserta didik untuk menemukan, mengembangkan dan mengaktualisasikan potensi tersebut.",
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"text": "Eka Ayu Aryani 1 , Hening Widowati 2 , Handoko Santoso 3 1,2,3 Program Pascasarjana/Magister Pendidikan Biologi/Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro Email: 1 [email protected] , 2 [email protected] , 3 [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstrak: Pengembangan e-modul ini bertujuan untuk memfasilitasi pembelajaran peserta didik sehingga peserta didik dapat belajar secara mandiri dengan menggunakan android yang mereka miliki guna memanfaatkan Android serta mempermudah peserta didik dalam memahami materi sehingga dapat belajar secara mandiri dengan materi dan soal yang mendorong peserta didik agar lebih berpikir ktitis. Pengembangan menggunakan model 4D yaitu define (pendefinisian) , design (perancangan) , develop (pengembangan) , dan disseminate (penyebaran). Hasil penelitian yaitu validasi ahli desain mendapatkan skor rata-rata 3,8 mendekati skor maksimal 4 dengan persentase 94,93%. Validasi ahli materi mendapat skor rata-rata 3,89 mendekati skor maksimal 4 dengan persentase 98%. Ahli berpikir kritis mendapatkan skor rata-rata 3,89 mendekati skor maksimal 4 dengan persentase 89%. Produk sudah divalidasi oleh 3 kriteria menunjukkan hasil valid dengan kriteria persentase sangat baik. Produk berupa e-modul telah direvisi dan memenuhi kriteria produk menurut validator materi, selanjutnya digunakan di lapangan untuk diuji cobakan kepada kelompok kecil yaitu kepada peserta didik dengan perolehan skor rata-rata 3,92 mendekati skor maksimal 4 dengan persentase 98%.",
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"text": "Kata Kunci : e-modul, berbasis auditory intellectualy repetition , berpikir kritis",
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"text": "Ayu, Aryani Eka., Hening Widowati., dan Handoko Santoso. 2024. Pengembangan e-modul Pembelajaran Biologi Berbasis Auditory, Intellectualy, Repetition (AIR) untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis pada Materi Virus Siswa Kelas X di SMA Negeri 1 Seputih Raman. BIOLOVA 5(1). 85-95.",
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"text": "Received: Juli 2023 Approved: November 2023 Published: Februari 2024",
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"text": "Kegiatan pembelajaran pada saat ini menekankan proses pembelajaran yang efektif bukan hanya tertuju pada hasil pencapaian yang peserta didik peroleh. Mencapai tujuan pembelajaran ditentukan oleh kemampuan belajaran setiap peserta didik. Guru sebagai pembimbing mampu mengarahkan peserta didik dan memberikan kenyamanan dalam proses pembelajaran dengan filosofi konstruktivistik",
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"text": "pemahaman dan berpikir kritis kepada siswa (Muhfahroyin, 2010:92). Memberikan dorongan belajar peserta didik adalah bentuk cara dalam memberikan semangat belajar menggunakan bahan ajar belajaran sehingga dalam pembelajaran peserta didik tidak mengalami kebosanan (Fakhrurrazi, 2018:87). Perlu adanya model pembelajaran tambahan guna menunjang kualitas pembelajaran peserta",
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"text": "didik yaitu dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran , dengan adanya model pembelajaran tambahan berupa Auditory, Intellectually, Repetition (AIR) yang penerapannya mengutamakan konsep- konsep biologi dan dalam menghadapi suatu permasalahan yang diberikan kemudian menyelesaikan masalahnya. AIR merupakan jenis model belajar yang menerapkan tiga hal yaitu siswa berkelompok yang dituntut untuk mendengar dan menyimak materi yang disampaikan (Auditory), yang menerapkan peserta didik untuk berfikir mengenai materi yang di jelaskan oleh guru (Auditory and intellectually), sehingga secara tidak sadar peserta didik ini merespon yang jelaskan oleh pendidik (Auditory)",
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"text": "Badawi, dkk, (2022: 212) . Peserta didik diharuskan menyelesaikan permasalahan yang terdapat pada materi yang sedang diajarkan selanjutnya peserta didik dapat",
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"text": "menyelesaikan masalahnya secara individu maupun berkelompok. Pembelajaran AIR pada peserta didik akan menimbulkan berfikir kritis dan pemecahan masalah secara mandiri pada setiap individu. Pembelajaran AIR juga akan menimbulkan motivasi dan semangat peserta didik.",
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"text": "Beberapa permasalahan yang ditemukan melalui wawancara kepada salah satu guru mata pelajaran biologi di SMA Negeri 1 Seputih Raman bahwa peserta didik terkendala pada bahan ajar karena sebagian besar tidak mendapatkan buku cetak. Sekolah mendapatkan beberapa buku cetak yang disediakan di perpustakaan dan siswa bisa meminjam. Namun, buku yang disediakan hanya cukup untuk satu kelas saja. Jadi, ketika satu kelas sudah meminjam buku, maka kelas lain tidak mendapatkan buku cetak karena peminjamannya berlaku untuk 1 semester, seehingga guru berinisiatif memberikan materi dalam bentuk pdf yang dikirim ke Handphone pelajar sebagai alat pendukung belajar dalam lingkup sekolah dan di rumah. Kendala lainnya yaitu pada salah satu materi pada kelas X SMA/MA yaitu virus yang termasuk dalam pembelajaran biologi. Sebagian dari peserta didik mengalami kesulitan untuk memahami materi biologi yaitu materi virus, penyebabnya materi virus satu materi yang objek pelajarannya tidak terlihat dengan mata telanjang dan pembelajaran mengenai bagian-bagian tubuh dari virus pada buku cetak sehingga peserta didik sulit memahami bagian- bagian dari virus tersebut.",
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"text": "Pentingnya bahan ajar e-modul dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini karena dengan penggunaan bahan ajar ini akan menghasilkan modul yang menarik dimana saling berinteraksi satu dengan lainnya dan bersifat bergerak dibanding modul cetak yang bersifat diam atau mati serta e-modul",
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"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 5 NO 1, 28 Februari 2024 dilengkapi dengan video pembelajaran, suara untuk memberikan solusi kepada peserta didik dalam mempelajari materi",
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"text": "di luar, sehingga teknologi komunikasi dan informasi dapat dimanfaatkan secara baik dan mengalihkan perhatian siswa untuk tidak membuka konten- konten pada Android yang kurang bermanfaat bagi perkembangan pola pikir peserta didik seperti contohnya game, konten tik-tok, facebook,",
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"text": "instagram. saat proses pembelajaran sedang berlangsung. Sehingga dapat menumbuhkan motivasi belajar pada peserta didik. Maka dikembangkan sebuah produk yang digunakan untuk melengkapi proses belajar. Produk pendukung belajar yaitu berupa e- modul. Pengembangan modul ini untuk memudahkan pelajar agar melakukan kegiatan belajar secara individu dan dapat melatih agar dapat berfikir kritis. Selain itu, e-modul juga menyajikan materi secara lengkap serta disusun dengan bahasa yang biasa untukmemudahkan pemahaman peserta didik dalam pembelajaran materi virus tersebut.",
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"text": "Terdapat cara dalam pembuatan aplikasi pembelajaran e-modul dimana langkah awal dengan mendownload aplikasi Android Studio . Kemudian membuat project di Android Studio dengan klik start a new Android Studio Project untuk membuat project baru.",
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"text": "Langkah selanjutnya akan di arahkan pada halaman activity dengan memiih jenis Empty Activity karena akan membuat aplikasi dari nol. Setelah itu klik Next untuk melanjutkan pembuatan project . Kemudian langkah selanjutnya konfigurasi project dengan menetapkan konfigursi project aplikasi Android yang akan di buat dengan mengisi informasi pada gambar di",
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"text": "bawah ini, setelah semua informasi telah terisi secara rinci, klik finish untuk memulai dalam pembuatan aplikasi Android.",
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"text": "Gambar 1. Tahapan Pembuatan Pembuatan Aplikasi Android Studio",
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"text": "Tahapan selanjutnya membuat interfase yaitu tampilan visual dari android dengan menggabungkan konsep desain visual, desain interaksi, dan rancangan informasi. Tahapan berikutnya yaitu request data adapter yaitu komponen yang akan mengatur bagaimana cara menampilkan data dalam listview tersebut. Berikutnya menampilkan data menggunakan",
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"text": "Recyle View dimana tahapan tersebut adalah sebuah susunan tampilan yang memiliki sifat fleksibel yaitu dapat menyeimbangkan antara tahapan tersebut dengan data yang di gunakan jikalau berubah-ubah saat di jalankan. Menampilkan kumpulan database menggunakan dataset yaitu kumpulan data yang di miliki dan akan di tampilkan pada aplikasi android.",
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"height": 135,
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"text": "Model pengembangan dalam penelitian e-modul ini yaitu menurut Thiagarajan, Semmel, dan Semmel (dalam Trianto: 2011) yaitu model 4D. Dimana menerapakn empat tahapan yang diantaranya tahap define (pendefinisian) , design (perancangan) , develop (pengembangan) , disseminate (penyebaran). Pada tahap define (pendefinisian) di lakukan kegiatan",
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"text": "88 | Ayu, E., Widowati, H., Santoso, H., 2023. Pengembangan E-Modul ............",
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"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 5 NO 1, 28 Februari 2024",
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"text": "menganalisis awal, menganalisis terhadap siswa, menganalisis tugas, menganalisis",
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"text": "rancangan dan merumusan tujuan belajar. Pada tahap design (perancangan) di lakukan kegiatan dengan penyusunan instrument, dalam memilih produk, memilih format dan merancang produk awal. Tahap develop",
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"text": "(pengembangan) yaitu penilaian dari ahli dan uji coba respon pendidik oleh produk pengembangan. Tahap yang ke empat yaitu tahap disseminate",
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"text": "(penyebaran) merupakan tahap penerapan produk yang telah sebarkan untuk skala luas.",
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"text": "HASIL",
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"top": 325,
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"text": "Bahan ajar e-modul yang telah dikembangkan telah melalui beberapa tahapan validasi dan peneliti melakukan revisi sesuai dengan saran dan komentar dari ahli materi dan ahli desain. Sehingga produk yang dihasilkan menjadi produk yang lebih baik dan layak digunakan oleh peserta didik",
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"text": "Gambar 2. Hasil Pengembangan Aplikasi E-Modul",
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"text": "Gambaran Umum",
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{
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"text": "Produk belajar yaitu e-modul materi virus melalui model Auditory, Intellectualy, Repetition (AIR) . E-",
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{
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"width": 193,
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"text": "modul adalah produk belajar yang disusun dengan teratur dan bertujuan memenuhi kebutuhan belajar peserta didik, oleh karena itu dalam penyusunan e-modul harus didesain dengan jelas dan terarah agar mudah dipahami. Tujuan utama dari penyusunan e-modul adalah untuk mempermudah peserta didik dalam melakukan pembelajaran secara mandiri. Menggunakan smartphone yang dibawa sehari-hari akan memudahkan kegiatan pembelajaran pada setiap siswa. Dalam penyusunan e-modul ini harus terdapat komponen- komponen e-modul mulai dari cover, petunjuk pengguna modul hingga evaluasi diri sehingga pembelajaran secara mandiri akan mudah dilakukan oleh peserta didik. Uji respon peserta didik menggunakan 20 siswa dalam 1 kelas X dengan menyebarkan angket respon siswa dari 20 responden mendapat hasil angket dengan persentase 86% dengan tingkat validitas sangat baik.",
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"text": "Penyajian Hasil Pengembangan",
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"width": 190,
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"text": "Mengumpulkan instrument data menggunakan validasi ahli dengan angket kelayakan. Validasi kelayakan produk ini dilakukan oleh 1 dosen dan 1 guru Biologi di SMA Negeri 1 Seputih Raman untuk ahli materi, 1 dosen dan 1 guru Biologi di SMA Negeri 1 Seputih Raman untuk ahli desain, 1 dosen dan 1 guru Biologi di SMA Negeri 1 Seputih Raman untuk ahli berpikir kritis.",
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"top": 613,
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"text": "Setelah validasi ahli selesai dilakukan uji respon peserta didik yang ditunjukkan untuk mengisi angket.",
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"text": "Rekapitulasi rata-rata uji ahli desain, ahli materi, dan ahli berpikir kritis dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1 berikut ini.",
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"text": "89 | Ayu, E., Widowati, H., Santoso, H., 2023. Pengembangan E-Modul ............",
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"left": 366,
"top": 51,
"width": 176,
"height": 9,
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"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 5 NO 1, 28 Februari 2024",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 125,
"top": 210,
"width": 168,
"height": 38,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 3. Rekapitulasi Rata-Rata Hasil Validasi Ahli Desain, Ahli Materi dan Ahli Berpikir Kritis",
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"text": "Tahap validasi ahli desain telah mendapatkan skor rata-rata 3,8 mendekati skor maksimal 4 dengan persentase 94,93%. Proses validasi dilakukan sekali karena hasil yang didapat sudah layak sehingga layak digunakan dengan saran. Menurut Afriandi., dkk (2016: 67 bahwa persentase dari validasi yang telah direkapitulasi jika menunjukkan persentase 75.01%-100.00% yang artinya menunjukkan kriteria “sangat baik”. Bahwa dari validator ahli materi 1 menghasilkan skor dengan rata-rata 3,86 mendekati skor maksimal 4 .Validasi ahli materi 2 mendapat skor rata-rata 4 mencapai skor maksimal 4. Hasil keseluruhan data dari validasi ahli materi 1 dan 2 mendapat rata-rata skor 3,89 dengan persentase 98%. Menurut Afriandi., dkk (2016: 67) bahwa persentase dari validasi yang telah direkapitulasi jika menunjukkan persentase 75,01%-",
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"text": "100,00% yang artinya menunjukkan kriteria “sangat baik”. E-modul yang telah direvisi dan memenuhi kriteria produk menurut validator materi, selanjutnya digunakan di lapangan untuk diuji cobakan kepada kelompok kecil yaitu kepada peserta didik.",
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"text": "Tahap ahli berpikir kritis telah mendapatkan skor rata-rata 3,89 mendekati skor maksimal 4 dengan persentase 89%. Proses validasi",
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"top": 75,
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"text": "dilakukan sekali karena hasil yang didapat sudah layak sehingga dapat digunakan dilapangan dengan revisi. Menurut Afriandi., dkk (2016: 67) bahwa persentase dari validasi yang telah direkapitulasi jika menunjukkan persentase 75,01%-100,00% yang artinya menunjukkan kriteria “sangat baik”.",
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"text": "Gambar 4. Rekapitulasi Nilai Rata- Rata Item Aspek Uji Coba Peserta Didik",
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"text": "Untuk data hasil mengenai aspek penilaian pengembangan bahan ajar e-modul pada uji respon peserta didik menghasilkan skor rata-rata 3,92 mendekati skor maksimal 4. Sedangkan persentase yang diperoleh pada data hasil uji coba peserta didik sebesar 98% . Menurut Afriandi., dkk (2016: 67) bahwa persentase dari validasi yang telah direkapitulasi jika menunjukkan persentase 75,01%- 100,00% yang artinya menunjukkan kriteria “sangat baik”.",
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"text": "PEMBAHASAN",
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"text": "Hasil rekapitulasi yang didapat dari ahli desain dengan sekali validasi menghasilkan persentase 94,93% kriteria “sangat baik” keterangan layak digunakan dengan revisi. Ahli materi menghasilkan persentase sebesar 98% dengan kriteria “sangat baik” keterangan layak digunakan dengan revisi.",
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"text": "3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,9 4 4,1 DESAIN MATERI BERPIKIR KRITIS 3,45 3,5 3,55 3,6 3,65 3,7 3,75 3,8 Ap lik as i Kej el as an Is i",
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"text": "Keme n ar ik an B ah as a & Kal imat Lat ih an So al Nilai Rata- Rata",
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"text": "90 | Ayu, E., Widowati, H., Santoso, H., 2023. Pengembangan E-Modul ............",
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"width": 176,
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"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 5 NO 1, 28 Februari 2024",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 113,
"top": 75,
"width": 190,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Produk bahan ajar yang telah peneliti kembangkan, direvisi sesuai dengan saran dari tim ahli validasi yang",
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"text": "menghasilkan beberapa komponen seperti: Gambar 5. Daftar literatur sebelum dan setelah direvisi",
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"text": "Bagian sumber link youtube dimasukkan ke dalam referensi e- modul . Memperbaiki typo dicover bagian judul tesis yaitu sekolah tempat peneliti.",
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"text": "Gambar 6. Sebelum dan setelah diberi gambar",
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"left": 149,
"top": 606,
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"text": "Tampilan gambar pada e-",
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"text": "modul mendapat skor rata-rata 3,37",
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"top": 634,
"width": 191,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "mendekati skor maksimal 4 dengan persentase 84%. Gambar yang disajikan dalam materi tersebut telah diperbesar dan diganti dengan yang lebih jelas sehingga keterangan gambar pun terlihat jelas. Peserta",
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{
"left": 113,
"top": 717,
"width": 190,
"height": 52,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "didik pun memahami gambar dan keterangan gambar disetiap sub materi. Menurut Ramadhani dan Mahardika, (2015 : 86) bahwa bagian-",
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"text": "bagian tersebut seperti ukuran atau format modul, ukuran gambar, dan keterangan gambar. Setiap gambar yang ditampilkan pada e-modul harus menampilkan keterangan pada gambar dengan jelas keterbacaannya. Keterangan pada gambar dengan ukuran font size 11. Agar peserta didik dapat memahami setiap gambar dengan cara membaca keterangan pada gambar tersebut. Setiap pemilihan gambar materi juga diperhatikan, karena gambar salah satu objek yang mempengaruhi minat belajar siswa. Ukuran gambar yang ditampilkan dalam materi e-modul tidak terlalu kecil dan juga tidak terlalu besar namun jelas saat dilihat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwasannya e- modul adalah bahan ajar yang menghasilkan pembelajaran bersifat interaktif. Menyusun materi dalam bentuk e-modul harus memenuhi aspek komponen-komponen yang sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Menurut Yuni dan Afriadi (2020: 146) bahwa dengan menyusun bahan belajar berupa modul yang dapat digunakan secara online maupun offline . E-modul disusun menyesesuaikan dengan kondisi lingkungan sekolah. Karena tujuan dari pengembangan bahan ajar e- modul agar siswa dapat memiliki rasa ingin belajar. Sehingga peneliti mengembangkan bahan ajar dengan isi dan tampilan e-modul semenarik mungkin agar peserta didik merasa nyaman dan tidak jenuh dalam proses belajar . Menyusun materi modul yang di bentuk dalam aplikasi e-modul seharusnya tidak menampilkan terlalu banyak materi karena akan membuat peserta didik merasa malas untuk membaca.",
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"top": 782,
"width": 402,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "91 | Ayu, E., Widowati, H., Santoso, H., 2023. Pengembangan E-Modul ............",
"type": "Page footer"
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"left": 366,
"top": 51,
"width": 176,
"height": 9,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "BIOLOVA VOL. 5 NO 1, 28 Februari 2024",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 119,
"top": 268,
"width": 179,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Gambar 7. Background sebelum dan setelah direvisi",
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"left": 113,
"top": 309,
"width": 191,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Background tampilan materi modul dalam aplikasi diusahakan agar tidak polos sehingga peneliti menambahkan background pada materi agar tidak terlihat seperti modul cetak pada umumnya.",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 392,
"width": 191,
"height": 329,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Menurut Koskow (2009: 14) bahwa cover buku yaitu keindahan (visual) cover buku. Cover merupakan bagian dari desain komunikasi visual. Isi buku dan cover memiliki kekuatan yang sama. Cover buku hadir langsung dalam selembar halaman. Cover buku awalnya menghadirkan tulisan (verbal) dan gambar (visual). Dengan demikian kemungkinan membuka tafsir menjadi lebih luas. Disinilah peluang kreativitas sekaligur tanggung jawab perancang cover dalam komunikasi sosial budaya. Fungsi cover buku pada umumnya yaitu untuk pelindung dari isi materi bahan ajar tersebut. Namun, seiring berkembangnya zaman yang semakin mengedepankan komunikasi cover buku saat ini menjadi satu kesatuan dengan isi materi. Dimana cover buku harus dibuat semenarik mungkin agar dapat membangun minat belajar peserta didik.",
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"left": 113,
"top": 723,
"width": 191,
"height": 39,
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"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Menurut Amrin (2018: 732) bahwa cara agar peserta didik dapat lebih mudah dalam pemahaman",
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"height": 231,
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"text": "materi, peserata didik akan lebih aktif belajar karena produk pendukung belajar bersifat aplikasi yang membuat minim kebosanan. Peneliti menambahkan gambar-gambar terkait materi modul yaitu tentang virus, dimana virus adalah objek yang tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata telanjang sehingga harus menampilkan gambar disetiap sub materi agar peserta didik dapat lebih paham. Produk e-modul yang dikembangkan ini mempunyai keunggulan dimana peserta didik mampu belajar dimana saja dengan menggunakan android yang mereka punya. Menurut Laili., dkk (2019:",
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"text": "309) bahwa keutamaan dalam menggunakan",
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"text": "dapat menumbuhkan minat belajar murid. Penilaian bertujuan agar guru dan murid memahami bagian yang telah tuntas maupun belum selesai.",
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"text": "Menurut Pujiastutik (2016: 516) bahwa model pembelajaran Auditory, Intellectualy, Repetition (AIR) merupakan model yang terdiri dari 3 aspek, dimana pada Auditory proses pembelajaran dilakukan dengan komunikasi lisan seperti satu kelompok berbicara",
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"text": "memaparkan materi dan kelompok lain mendengarkan apa yang disampaikan oleh kelompok yang berbicara. Intellectualy pada proses ini guru terlibat dalam proses pembelajaran seperti mengajak peserta didik agar aktif dalam tanya jawab pada saat memaparkan materi.",
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"text": "Repetition yaitu pengulangan yang diberikan untuk murid menerima informasi materi disampaikan ke dalam memori otak jangka panjang. Peneliti mendapatkan hasil respon peserta didik yaitu belajar dengan baik mengenai tampilan dan materi yang di sajikan dalam e-modul.",
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"text": "Setiap soal pada e-modul dibuat dengan soal hots menurut Widhiyani., dkk (2019: 162) bahwa",
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"text": "jenis soal HOTS merupakan proses berpikir pada murid dimana tidak hanya bisa menghafal materi saja tetapi mampu memahami suatu masalah dengan cara menganalisis, membangun konsep kreatif, dan menafsirkan sehingga murid dapat menarik kesimpulan yang diambil dari berbagai informasi yang murid peroleh. Adapun tujuan menggunakan HOTS membantu siswa dalam menambah keahlian untuk memahami masalahan agar lebih kritis dan inovatif untuk memperoleh hasil akhir.",
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"text": "Produk bahan ajar yang dikembangkan juga dilengkapi dengan video pembelajaran. Menurut Agustini dan Ngarti (2020: 63) bahwa perkembangan teknologi komunikasi dalam pendidikan salah satu",
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"text": "diantaranya adalah media belajar berupa video yang memiliki fungsi sebagai pendukung proses belajar dalam menyampaikan materi maupun contoh bahan ajar yang digunakan guru maupun siswa. Perubahan paling cepat adalah media pembelajaran berupa video. Aspek video pada e- modul",
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"text": "Bahan ajar e-modul ini memiliki kelemahan dan kelebihan. Kelemahan yang dimiliki bahwasannya e-modul ini menggunakan",
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"text": "Android Studio. Sehingga hanya Smartphone jenis Android saja yang dapat mengakses aplikasi e-modul dari peneliti. Bagi pihak yang akan mengembangkan produk ini dan ingin semua jenis Smartphone dapat mengakses aplikasi ini dapat ditambahkan perangkat lunak yang dapat digunakan di semua jenis Smartphone. Video yang",
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"text": "dikembangkan peneliti hanya link yang disalurkan langsung ke youtube.",
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"text": "video dapat membuat video dengan kreasi pengembang sendiri. Sehingga lebih",
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"text": "kreatif dalam mengembangkan produk. Materi yang dikembangkan oleh peneliti hanya materi dengan tema virus. Ada baiknya jika pihak yang ingin mengembangkan produk ini dapat menambahkan jenis materi lebih banyak lagi. Sehingga yang dibahas dalam e-modul tidak hanya virus saja. Kelebihan yang dimiliki e- modul ini yaitu bahwasannya bahan ajar ini sebagai media yang dapat mengarahkan siswa agar dapat belajar menggunakan smartphone yang mereka memiliki. Karena smartphone salah satu barang elektronik yang dibawa kemana-mana oleh peserta didik. Sehingga adanya bahan ajar dalam bentuk modul elektronik peserta didik mampu belajar mandiri tanpa pendampingan daari pendidik.",
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"text": "Adanya permasalahan yang diketahui peneliti setelah melakukan observasi dan wawancara kepada guru maupun peserta didik bahwasannya peserta didik terkendala pada bahan ajar karena sebagian besar tidak mendapatkan buku cetak. Sekolah mendapatkan beberapa buku cetak yang disediakan di perpustakaan dan siswa bisa meminjam. Namun, buku yang disediakan hanya cukup untuk satu kelas saja. Jadi, ketika satu kelas sudah meminjam buku, maka kelas lain tidak mendapatkan buku cetak karena peminjamannya berlaku untuk 1 semester. Guru berinisiatif memberikan materi dalam bentuk pdf yang dikirim pada Android murid untuk bahan belajar di kelas dan di luar lingkup sekolah. Sehingga peneliti mengembangkan modul yang dimodifikasi dalam bentuk e-modul untuk memudahkan siswa untuk belajar serta melatih diri dari soal-soal terdapat pada setiap penugasan e- modul agar menghasilkan pemahaman untuk berfikir kritis. Selain itu, e- modul juga menyajikan materi secara lengkap serta disusun dengan kalimat yang biasa dan disusun dengan",
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"text": "93 | Ayu, E., Widowati, H., Santoso, H., 2023. Pengembangan E-Modul ............",
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"text": "yang mereka miliki sehingga memudahkan pemahaman peserta didik dalam pembelajaran materi virus tersebut.",
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"text": "Peran produk dalam mengatasi masalah yang dialami di sekolah SMA",
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"text": "Negeri 1 Seputih Raman yaitu efektif untuk menunjang pembelajaran peserta didik. Pengembangan e-modul dengan model AIR materi virus untuk meningkatkan berpikir kritis ini mendapat respon baik dari peserta didik. Karena menurut hasil data persentase yang didapat dari angket respon peserta didik yaitu 86%. Agar peserta",
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"text": "aplikasinya pada playstore sebelum menggunakan e-modul untuk belajar.",
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"text": "Sedangkan peran produk e-modul untuk guru mata pelajaran biologi yaitu mempermudah guru dalam kegiatan proses pembelajaran dikelas khusunya pada materi virus yaitu sebelum pelaksanaan menggunakan bahan ajar e-modul materi virus, guru terlebih dahulu memberi arahan kepada peserta didik tentang isi modul dan cara penggunaannya. Sehingga guru tidak banyak melakukan kegiatan menjelaskan materi dan menjelaskan jawaban dari soal yang telah dikerjakan peserta didik.",
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
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"text": "Penelitian pengembangan ini menghasilkan produk untuk mengatasi masalah yang dialami di sekolah SMA Negeri 1 Seputih Raman yaitu efektif untuk menunjang pembelajaran peserta didik. Pengembangan e-modul dengan model Auditory, Intellectualy, Repetition (AIR) materi virus untuk meningkatkan berpikir kritis ini mendapat respon baik dari peserta didik. Peran produk e-modul untuk guru mata pelajaran biologi yaitu mempermudah guru dalam kegiatan proses pembelajaran dikelas khusunya",
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"text": "pada materi virus. Sehingga guru tidak banyak melakukan kegiatan menjelaskan materi dan menjelaskan jawaban dari soal yang telah dikerjakan peserta didik.",
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"text": "Adapun manfaat untuk pendidik yaitu:",
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"text": "1. E-modul ini memiliki kelebihan yaitu dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan ajar mandiri dan mudah untuk digunakan dimana saja karena efektif bentuk aplikasi dalam smartphone .",
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"text": "3. Memberi solusi kepada peserta didik agar dapat menggunakan teknologi dengan cara bijak.",
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"text": "Selain bermanfaat kepada peserta didik, e-modul ini juga bermanfaat untuk pendidik yaitu:",
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"text": "2. Latihan soal tidak harus mengoreksi secara manual karena bahan ajar yang dikembangkan telah dilengkapi dengan skor nilai akhir.",
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"text": "3. Bahan ajar e-modul dapat diterapkan dengan mengkombinasikan dengan",
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"text": "4. Memberikan pilihan pada pendidik untuk menjawab tantangan kemajuan teknologi dan informasi yang akan berdampak pada dunia pendidikan.",
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"text": "Adapun saran produk diantaranya sebagai berikut:",
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"text": "1. Pengembangan produk e-modul ini menggunakan perangakat lunak",
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"text": "Android Studio. Sehingga hanya Smartphone jenis Android saja yang dapat mengakses aplikasi e- modul dari peneliti. Bagi pihak yang akan mengembangkan produk ini dan ingin semua jenis Smartphone dapat mengakses aplikasi ini dapat ditambahkan perangkat lunak yang dapat digunakan di semua jenis",
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"text": "2. Video yang dikembangkan peneliti hanya link yang disalurkan langsung ke youtube. Ada baiknya jika pihak",
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"text": "yang ingin mengembangkan video dapat membuat video dengan kreasi pengembang sendiri. Sehingga lebih kreatif dalam mengembangkan produk.",
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"left": 113,
"top": 420,
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"text": "3. Materi yang dikembangkan oleh peneliti hanya materi dengan tema virus. Ada baiknya jika pihak yang ingin mengembangkan produk ini dapat menambahkan jenis materi lebih banyak lagi. Sehingga yang dibahas dalam e-modul tidak hanya virus saja.",
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"text": "DAFTAR RUJUKAN",
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"left": 113,
"top": 568,
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"height": 190,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Afriandi, M, R., Elmunsyah, H., dan Putranto, Hari. 2020. Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Cetak Mata Pelajaran Instalansi Motor Listrik Bermuatan Peta Konsep untuk Menumbuhkan Pemahman Konsep Belajar pada Siswa SMK Kelas XI Jurusan TITL. Jurnal Teknik Elektro Undiksha, 9(2), 64-71. Agustini, K., dan Ngarti, J, G. 2020. Pengembangan Video Pembelajaran untuk",
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{
"left": 372,
"top": 75,
"width": 155,
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"text": "Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Menggunakan",
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{
"left": 372,
"top": 102,
"width": 154,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Model R & D. Jurnal Ilmiah pendidikan dan Pembelajaran. hlm 62-78",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 336,
"top": 144,
"width": 190,
"height": 66,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Amrin. 2018. Pengaruh Pembelajaran Sisitem Modul Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa SD. Paradigma, 12(1), hlm.16-22. Badawi, J, A., Pertiwi, R, P., dan",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 213,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Dewi, S, E. 2022. Pengaruh",
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"top": 226,
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"type": "Text"
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"text": "Model Pembelajaran AIR (Auditory, Intellectualy, Repetition) terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika pada Siswa Kelas IV SDN Nusa Tenggara. JURMIA, 2(2), h. 209-219. Fakhrurrazi. 2018. Hakikat Pembelajaran yang Efektif.",
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{
"left": 372,
"top": 351,
"width": 152,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 10,
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"text": "Jurnal At-Tafkir, XI(1), h. 85- 99.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 336,
"top": 378,
"width": 190,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 10,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Koskow. 2009. Merupa Buku. PT",
"type": "Text"
},
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"left": 372,
"top": 392,
"width": 155,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 10,
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2da25300-0c3b-f261-766b-c00117f74903 | http://ejurnal.budiutomomalang.ac.id/index.php/alfabeta/article/download/3984/2170 | [
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"text": "ALFABETA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya",
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"text": "ISSN:2654-2587 ( Print ); ISSN:2654-735X ( Online ) Volume 7, Nomor 01, Tahun 2024, Hal. 199 – 206 Available online at: http://ejurnal.budiutomomalang.ac.id/index.php/alfabeta",
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"text": "Nilai Moral Dalam Novel Laut Bercerita Karya Leila S. Chudori",
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"text": "Amelia Nurfadilah 1 , Suntoko 2 , Dewi Suprihatin 3",
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"text": "Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang [email protected]",
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"text": "Informasi Artikel ABSTRACT Submit: 10 – 02 – 2024 Diterima: 10 – 03 – 2024 Dipublikasikan: 01 – 04 – 2024 This research is motivated by the decline in the moral quality of teenagers and society in Indonesia. The research objective is to describe the values in the novel The Sea Tells Stories by Leila S.",
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"text": "Chudori. The research uses a qualitative approach and analytical descriptive methods. Data collection techniques utilize reading, note-taking and literature study of quotes that describe moral values. Research data was analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The analysis results show that it is novel The Sea Tells Stories Leila S. Chudori's work contains four moral values, including the value of honesty, humility, religious values and social values. The value of honesty reveals the character's egoism because he is still selfish. The value of honesty is carried out during interrogation. The value of humility is in the form of attention and concern for the mother when the sea is far from the reach of the parents. The religious value is in the form of Bram's father's request that Bram diligently recite the Koran. Social values intersect with the social environment. Therefore, social values encourage and motivate figures to fight against the oppressive regime. Research findings show that novel The Sea Tells Stories Leila S. Chudori's work has the potential to boost the moral quality of readers so that it is suitable to be used as teaching material for novel texts.",
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"text": "Keywords : teaching materials, moral values, novels Penerbit ABSTRAK Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Universitas Insan Budi Utomo, Malang, Indonesia",
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"text": "Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh menurunnya kualitas moral remaja hingga masyarakat di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian mendeskripsikan nilai dalam novel Laut Bercerita karya Leila S. Chudori. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode deskriptif analitis. Teknik pengumpulan data memanfaatkan teknik membaca, mencatat, dan studi pustaka terhadap kutipan yang menggambarkan nilai moral. Data penelitian dianalisis melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan simpulan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan novel Laut Bercerita karya Leila S. Chudori memuat empat nilai moral, meliputi nilai kejujuran, nilai kerendahan hati, nilai religi, dan nilai sosial. Nilai kejujuran mengungkap egoisme tokoh karena masih mementingkan diri sendiri. Nilai kejujuran dilakukan saat interogasi. Nilai kerendahan hati berupa perhatian dan kepedulian tokoh ibu saat Laut berada jauh dari jangkauan orang tua. Nilai religi berupa permintaan saat Ayah Bram agar Bram rajin mengaji. Nilai sosial bersinggungan dengan",
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"text": "Vol. 7, Nomor 01, April 2024",
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"text": "Amelia Nurfadilah, dkk – Nilai Moral Dalam Novel Laut Bercerita Karya Leila S. Chudori",
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"text": "lingkungan sosial. Oleh karena itu, nilai sosial mendorong serta memotivasi tokoh untuk melakukan perlawanan terhadap rezim penindas. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa novel Laut Bercerita karya Leila S. Chudori berpotensi mendongkrak kualitas moral pembaca sehingga layak dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan ajar teks novel.",
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"text": "Kata kunci: bahan ajar, nilai moral, novel",
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"text": "Dewasa ini permasalahan mengenai kualitas moral remaja tak terelakan marak terjadi di Indonesia. Hal itu sejalan dengan kemajuan teknologi yang tidak dapat dihindari. Misalnya dipicu oleh laman yang menyuguhkan konten-konten tidak pantas, pengaruh budaya luar yang bertentangan dengan budaya budaya ketimuran, hinga penyebaran berita bohong yang masif (Karim et al., 2023; Kurniawan et al., 2023). Oleh karena itu, media sosial perlu digunakan dengan bijak agar masyarakat tidak terperdaya dengan konten-konten yang menyesatkan.",
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"text": "Menyusutnya nilai-nilai moral di masyarakat juga dipengaruhi oleh peran lingkungan. Hal ini sejalan dengan konsep manusia sebagai mahluk sosial yang tidak bisa hidup sendirian dan tentunya lingkungan yang menjadi sumber motivasi dalam menjalani kehidupan. Sementara motivasi berasal dari sifat atau nilai-nilai yang dilakukan dan dapat memengaruhi kehidupan individu seseorang. Oleh karena itu, tak terbantahkan apabila lingkungan menjadi salah satu faktor pendukung perkembangan nilai moral.",
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"text": "Besariani et al., (2022) berpandangan terdapat hubungan antara moralitas dengan kecakapan berliterasi. Menurut Harjono (2018); Ibda & Rahmadi (2018), literasi dimaknai sebagai kegiatan membaca, menulis, berhitung, menyimak, dan berbicara. Sementara Karim & Hartati (2022) berpandangan bahwa literasi sebagai kegiatan membaca, menulis, mengolah, dan menyaring informasi untuk merepresentasikan suatu bacaan. Oleh karena itu, literasi mampu memberikan informasi serta berpengaruh mengukuhkan moral suatu individu.",
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"text": "Dampak dari kurangnya literasi adalah minimnya wawasan, terbatasannya kosa kata, serta rendahnya kemampuan menelaah informasi (Karim & Hartati, 2022). Hal itu apabila dibiarkan mampu mempermudah tersebarnya berita hoaks serta menurunnya tingkat produktivitas. Bacaan penunjang literasi saat ini tidak hanya didapatkan dari buku fisik dan koran, tetapi dapat diakses melalui media online (Karim & Hartati, 2022a) . Perkembangan bahan bacaan dewasa ini lebih maju dibandingkan sebelumnya lewat hadinya media online atau digital. Media digital diklaim lebih mudah untuk diakses dan lebih murah dibandingkan media konvensional. Oleh karena itu, apabila media digital digunakan dengan bijak tak terelakan mampu meningkatkan kualitas moral masyarakat.",
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"text": "Ada pun salah satu media yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendongkrak penanaman nilai moral masyarakat yaitu teks sastra. Hal itu karena teks sastra memiliki fungsi moralitas disamping fungsi rekreatif dan estetis (Herawati, 2010; Karim & Hartati, 2021). Satu di antara banyaknya teks sastra yang memuat nilai moral yaitu novel Laut Bercerita ( LB ) karya Leila S. Chudori (LSC). Novel ini mengangkat konflik tahun 90-an. Pengambaran nilai moral cukup menojol melalui permainan politik orde baru. Novel LB terinspirasi dari kisah nyata, serta hasil riset panjang yang dilakukan oleh pengarang. Novel ini diterbitkan pada tahun 2017 dan terbilang sukses di pasaran di tengah merembaknya novel dalam bentuk digital.",
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"text": "Nilai moral dalam Novel LB di sampaikan melalui pengambaran beberapa unsur instrinsik, seperti tema, tokoh dan penokohan, alur, sudut pandang, gaya bahasa. Novel ini menyuguhkan kritik sosial melalui penggambaran tokoh mahasiswa sehingga pesan",
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"text": "yang disampaikan secara tidak langsung. Penelitian ini memanfaatkan konsep moral Nurgiyantoro. Lebih lanjut, Nurgiyantoro (2005: 436) berpandangan nilai moral terdiri dari beberapa bagian, meliputi nilai kejujuran, nilai kerendahan hati, nilai religi, dan nilai sosial.",
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"text": "Penelitian terdahulu mengambil isu nilai moral, di antaranya dilakukan oleh Ilahi (2021). Penelitian ini membahas tentang nilai-nilai moral dalam teks novel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bentuk-bentuk moral yang disampaikan secara tidak langsung oleh pengarang. Ada pun nilai-nilai moral terepresentasi melalui tokoh utama ketika menghadapi konflik berupa hubungan antarmanusia dan Tuhan dengan manusia. Persamaan penelitian terletak pada penggunaan teori moral. Perbedaannya terletak pada subjek penelitian.",
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"text": "Selanjutnya, penelitian Pragina (2013). Dalam penelitiannya Pragina (2013) memanfaatkan teori moral melalui indikator nilai religious dan nilai moral pada lingkungan sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dalam teks novel terdapat akhlak kepada Tuhan yang maha Esa, hubungan akhlak kepada Tuhan yang maha Esa, akhlak kepada sesama manusia, serta hubungan akhlak terhadap lingkungan. Persamaan penelitian terdapat pada objek kajian yang sama-sama mengambil nilai moral. Sedangakan perbedaan terletak pada subjek penelitian.",
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"text": "Terakhir, penelitian Ningsih et al., (2022). Penelitiannya menggunakan teori moral dengan indikator nilai religius, nilai sosial, dan nilai individu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai moral yang ditemukan dalam teks novel berupa hubungan manusia dengan diri sendiri, serta hubungan manusia dengan manusia dalam lingkup sosial. Persamaan penelitian terletak pada penggunaan teori moral. Sementara perbedaannya terletak pada subjek penelitian.",
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"text": "Berdasarkan beberapa penelitian terdahulu, perbedaan penelitian ini terletak pada perbedaan subjek penelitian. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan memberikan pandangan lain ihwal nilai moral dalam novel. Ada pun rumusan masalah penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana nilai moral dalam novel LB karya LSC. Tujuan penelitian ini mendeksripsikan nilai moral dalam novel LB karya LSC. Oleh karena itu, hasil penelitian mampu memberikan manfaat terhadap perkembangan penelitian nilai moral dalam novel, membantu pembaca memahami nilai-nilai moral yang terkandung dalam novel, membantu pembaca dalam pengembangan karakter pribadi, menghadirkan dilema moral agar mendorong pembaca untuk merenungkan nilai-nilai pribadi dan mempertanyakan keyakinan serta prinsip personal, membantu meningkatkan empati pembaca terhadap orang lain, membantu dalam pengembangan kesadaran sosial, mengembangkan kemampuan pembaca dalam analisis kritis teks sastra, serta apresiasi pembaca terhadap karya sastra. Selain itu, hasil analisis dapat dijadikan rekomendasi bahan ajar mengenai nilai moral pada teks novel. Dengan demikian, adanya penelitian pembaca diharapkan dapat selektif memilih novel yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan.",
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"height": 11,
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"text": "METODE PENELITIAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 612,
"width": 451,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Penggunaan pendekatan kualitatif bertujuan untuk menemukan hasil penelitian secara mendalam (Nurfitriani et al., 2022; Ramadhania et al., 2022). Sementara metode penelitian dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik. Metode ini digunakan dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan nilai moral dalam novel LB karya LSC.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 681,
"width": 454,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sumber data penelitian adalah Laut Bercerita ( LB ) karya Leila S. Chudori (LSC). Data penelitian berupa kutipan novel yang memuat moral terkandung dalam novel LB karya LSC. Data penelitian berasal dari buku, artikel, hingga literasi yang mengungkap nilai moral masyarakat modern.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 736,
"width": 451,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 3,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan teknik membaca, teknik mencatat, dan teknik studi pustaka. Teknik membaca digunakan untuk membaca",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 35,
"width": 84,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "ALFABETA",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 236,
"top": 39,
"width": 121,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Vol. 7, Nomor 01, April 2024",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 391,
"top": 39,
"width": 77,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman 199-206",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 767,
"width": 405,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Amelia Nurfadilah, dkk – Nilai Moral Dalam Novel Laut Bercerita Karya Leila S. Chudori",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 496,
"top": 766,
"width": 19,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "202",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 74,
"width": 451,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "karya sastra secara berulang-ulang untuk mendapatkan data nilai moral (Pratiwi et al., 2023). Teknik mencatat digunakan untuk mencatat temuan saat pembacaan mendalam, serta mencatat hal-hal penting dalam subjek penelitian (Hartati et al., 2023; Pratiwi & Karim, 2022). Sementara teknik studi pustaka digunakan dalam rangka menghimpun data pendukung dalam melengkapi penyusunan penelitian (Hartati & Karim, 2023). Selanjutnya, data penelitian dianalisis melalui tiga kegiatan secara bertahap, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi (Miles & Huberman, dalam Hartati & Karim, 2024; Karim et al., 2023a).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 198,
"width": 158,
"height": 11,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 212,
"width": 451,
"height": 39,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis nilai moral ditemukan empat nilai moral dalam novel LB karya LSC, meliputi nilai kejujuran, nilai kerendahan hati, nilai religi, dan nilai sosial. Berikut peneliti paparkan hasil temuan.",
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 88,
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"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Nilai Kejujuran",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 281,
"width": 457,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Kejujuran ada dalam diri sendiri dimaknai sebagai bentuk keterbukaan kepada orang lain. Sikap jujur adalah sikap terpuji dan merupakan keutamaan dalam moral. Jujur memiliki penilaian dari sudut pandang orang lain yang menilai (Karim et al., 2021). Oleh karena itu, jujur masuk dalam keutamaan moral. Namun, sikap jujur memiliki keterbatasan dalam hubungan diri sendiri dengan lingkungan luar. Hal demikian seperti tercantum dalam kutipan berikut.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "Kutipan 1",
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{
"left": 107,
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"height": 75,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Tidakkah mereka bosan menyiksa kami dengan alat setrum itu? Sekali lagi Mata Merah bertanya dimana Kinanti? siapa orang-orang yang menggerakkan kami? Lalu mereka kembali mengabsen nama-nama besar yang menjadi idolaku karena berani bertahan oleh orde baru.” “Tidak tahu tidak kenal mereka!” Jawabku jujur.” “Bohong!”",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 451,
"width": 365,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Alat setrum itu menyengat paha dan dadaku. Raunganku begitu keras saling bersahutan dengan teriakan Daniel dan Alex.” “Dimana Kinanti?”",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 489,
"width": 365,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Apa mereka tuli? Kenapa mereka menganggap kami bakal bisa mengarang-ngarang sebuah lokasi?” (Chudori, 2022: 110).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 529,
"width": 454,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 4,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kutipan 1 di atas menjelaskan nilai kejujuran dalam tokoh Laut. Dari segi sosial, tindakan Laut patut diapresiasi. Hal ini terlihat dari keterbukaan tokoh, namun tokoh tetap memiliki batas untuk menjaga integritas kepada kawannya. Jujur dalam kutipan di atas dapat ditafsirkan sebagai upaya membatasi jawaban kepada lawan karena ada rahasia yang tidak bisa diungkapkan hingga dibocorkan.",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 612,
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"text": "Kerendahan Hati",
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 626,
"width": 457,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kerendahan hati memiliki hubungan moral dengan diri sendiri. Kerendahan bukan berarti menunjukan suatu derajat, kedudukan, dan kelemahan karena merendah atau mengalah untuk melakukan sesuatu. Namum, kerendahan hati dapat dimaknai sebagai upaya memeriksa hingga mengukur kemampuan diri sendiri terkait kekurangan dan sadar akan keterbatasan (Fitriani & Agung, 2018; Nukman & Leon, 2019; Rahardhian, 2022). Kerendahan hati juga menghubungkan adanya kepedulian terhadap hal lain sehingga tidak terfokus pada diri sendiri.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Kutipan 2",
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 734,
"width": 73,
"height": 13,
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"text": "“ Bagus, rapi”",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 35,
"width": 84,
"height": 13,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "ALFABETA",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 236,
"top": 39,
"width": 121,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Vol. 7, Nomor 01, April 2024",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 391,
"top": 39,
"width": 77,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman 199-206",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 767,
"width": 405,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Amelia Nurfadilah, dkk – Nilai Moral Dalam Novel Laut Bercerita Karya Leila S. Chudori",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 496,
"top": 766,
"width": 19,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "203",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 71,
"width": 366,
"height": 76,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Itu suara Naratama yang berlagak seperti seseorang kakak senior. Dia masuk dan menengok kompor dan lemari kecil pemberian dari Gusti yang keluarganya lumayan berduit. Ketika Naratama sibuk mengomentari hasil kerjaku di dapur seperti seorang mandor, Aku pura-pura memejamkan mata mengamankan diriku dari keharusan bercincang dengan Tama” (Chudori, 2022: 43).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 164,
"width": 457,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Melalui kutipan 2 di atas kerendahan hati ditafsirkan sebagai upaya mengukur kemampuan diri. Perilaku Tama yang selalu mengkritik, memprotes, dan melakukan hal yang menganggu anggota Wiratna menimbulkan penilaian kurang positif dari orang lain. Apabila saat tokoh Tama mengoreksi hasil kerja tokoh Laut dengan kata-kata yang menjengkelkan serta menimpali ungkapan atau pendapat orang lain ketika sedang berdiskusi. Ini menimbulkan penilaian yang kurang baik orang lain.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Kutipan 3",
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 258,
"width": 100,
"height": 24,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Halo, Biru Laut…” “Aku menoleh”",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 283,
"width": 365,
"height": 50,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Gusti dengan kamera kesayangannya berdiri disampingku. Tersenyum, Dia mengenakan kemeja batik berlengan pendek, pantalon hitam, dan sepatu kets hitam, sekali lagi Dia memotret dengan blitz..tap!” (Chudori, 2022: 193).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 350,
"width": 457,
"height": 94,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Berdasarkan kutipan 3 di atas, sifat ego dalam kerendahan hati masih masuk ke dalam persoalan pada diri sendiri. Seseorang memilih lebih mengedepankan rasa egonya dan mengorbankan orang lain demi keberlangsung hidup ataupun jabatan dalam perkerjaan. Seperti pada kutipan di atas Gusti mengorbankan teman-temannya demi pekerjaan, menjadi intel sebagai mahasiswa sebagai salah satu anggota Wiratna. Hal ini cenderung membelakangi kerendahan hati karena Gusti ada pada tekanan atau tuntutan dalam pekerjaannya.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Nilai Religi",
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"left": 71,
"top": 474,
"width": 457,
"height": 53,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "Manusia memiliki ketakwaan kepada Tuhannya. Nilai religi memiliki hubungan dengan moral agama sehingga mengajarkan kebaikan dan mengarahkan perilaku- perilaku yang terpuji. Nilai religi sangat menjunjung tinggi hati nurani, harkat, dan martabat.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Kutipan 4",
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{
"left": 107,
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"text": "“Sekali lagi, Ayah meminta aku untuk untuk rajin mengaji, dan itu kupatuhi. Tentu saja saya juga menyelenggarakan diskusi bersama teman- teman SMA dan di luar SMA.” (Chudori, 2022: 29).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Kutipan 4 di atas menjelaskan seorang ayah mengkhawatirkan keteguhan keagamaan anaknya di tengah diskusi-diskusi yang diadakan. Hal tersebut menunjukan kehidupan mesti berjalan dengan seimbang antara agama dengan kegiatan lain, misalnya diskusi. Alasan tokoh Ayah Bram menyuruh Bram mengaji sebagai bentuk pengawasan. Ayah Bram khawatir Bram keluar dari jalur sehingga mengikatnya dengan tetap patuh pada tiang agama.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Kutipan 5",
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{
"left": 107,
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"width": 368,
"height": 62,
"page_number": 5,
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"text": "“Tidakkah mereka bosan menyiksa kami dengan alat setrum itu? Sekali lagi Mata Merah bertanya dimana Kinanti? siapa orang-orang yang menggerakkan kami? Lalu mereka kembali mengabsen nama-nama besar yang menjadi idolaku karena berani bertahan oleh orde baru.” “Tidak tahu tidak kenal mereka!” Jawabku jujur.”",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "ALFABETA",
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{
"left": 236,
"top": 39,
"width": 121,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Vol. 7, Nomor 01, April 2024",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 391,
"top": 39,
"width": 77,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman 199-206",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 71,
"top": 767,
"width": 405,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Amelia Nurfadilah, dkk – Nilai Moral Dalam Novel Laut Bercerita Karya Leila S. Chudori",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 496,
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"width": 19,
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"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "204",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 107,
"top": 71,
"width": 53,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "“Bohong!”",
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 84,
"width": 365,
"height": 37,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "“Alat setrum itu menyengat paha dan dadaku. Raunganku begitu keras saling bersahutan dengan teriakan Daniel dan Alex.” “Dimana Kinanti?”",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 107,
"top": 122,
"width": 365,
"height": 25,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "“Apa mereka tuli? Kenapa mereka menganggap kami bakal bisa mengarang-ngarang sebuah lokasi?” (Chudori, 2022: 110).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 164,
"width": 457,
"height": 38,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Melalui kutipan 5 tersebut nilai religi dalam novel LB karya LSC berupa menjauhi perilaku tidak terpuji. Kutipan tersebut menujukan sifat kejujuran merupakan perilaku yang terpuji walaupun dalam beberapa pandangan tidak dipercayai.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Nilai Sosial",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 233,
"width": 457,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Sosial dalam nilai moral sangat berpengaruh bagi moral seseorang karena selalu berdekatan dengan kebiasaan (Karim & Wardani, 2022). Nilai sosial dalam novel LB karya LSC, meliputi lingkungan sosial baik dalam lingkup keluarga maupun lingkup pertemanan. Perkembangan sosial sekitar tokoh Laut sangat mendukung adanya kebiasaan tokoh. Misalnya, keluarga ikut berperan menjadi pendorong tokoh untuk berkerja sebagai wartawan majalah harian Jakarta.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
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"text": "Kutipan 6",
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{
"left": 106,
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"text": "“Bapak hanya mengatakan mereka semua kawan-kawan kita yang sudah menjalani hukuman, itupun tanpa pengadilan sama seperti kita semua, mereka perlu berkerja mencari nafkah” (Chudori, 2022: 72).",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
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"width": 457,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 6,
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"text": "Berdasarkan kutipan 6 di atas, tokoh ayah Laut mengisahkan bagaimana dia membela temannya saat ditangkap karena mengantongi informasi berbau pertentangan atau kritikan terhadap pemerintah. Sikap kritis yang ditanamkan tokoh ayah Laut sejak kecil membentuk kepribadian Laut sehingga memiliki sikap sama seperti sang ayah. Selain itu, tokoh ayah Laut selalu memperkenalkan tokoh Laut dengan karya-karya sastra bergenre marxisme.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 463,
"width": 401,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Kutipan 7 “Bapak hanya mengatakan mereka semua kawan-kawan kita yang sudah menjalani hukuman, itupun tanpa pengadilan sama seperti kita semua, mereka perlu berkerja mencari nafkah” (Chudori, 2022: 72).",
"type": "Text"
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"top": 528,
"width": 457,
"height": 80,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasarkan kutipan 7 di atas, lingkungan sosial dalam novel LB karya LSC berupa lingkungan pertemanan. Lingkunngan perteman tokoh Laut sejalan dengan hal dia senangi sedari kecil. Seperti mengoleksi, mengulik, dan membaca buku-buku kiri yang mengandung hal-hal marxisme. Kesenangan tersebut diperkuat dengan pertemuannya dengan tokoh Kinan serta organisasi Wirasena dan Wiratna yang memiliki pemahaman serupa.",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 71,
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"width": 460,
"height": 66,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Berdasakan hasil analisis lingkungan sosial dalam novel LB karya LSC menunjukkan lingkungan menjadi alasan sikap kritis tokoh Laut. Hal ini terpesentasi melalui bertekad kuat yang diperoleh dari lingkungan sekitar mulai dari keluarga hingga pergaulan. Hal tersebut jugalah yang menimbulkan terjadinya penculikan pada sejumlah aktivis karena dianggap menentang gagasan rezim.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "KESIMPULAN",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"width": 454,
"height": 52,
"page_number": 6,
"page_width": 595,
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"text": "Berdasarkan hasil analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam novel LB karya LSC menyimpan empat muatan moral yang terepresentasi melalui watak tokoh serta alur cerita. Ada pun nilai moral dalam novel LB karya LSC, meliputi nilai kejujuran, nilai kerendahan hati, nilai religi, dan nilai sosial. Nilai kejujuran mengungkap egoisme tokoh",
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"text": "ALFABETA",
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"left": 236,
"top": 39,
"width": 121,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Vol. 7, Nomor 01, April 2024",
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"height": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Halaman 199-206",
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"left": 71,
"top": 767,
"width": 405,
"height": 12,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Amelia Nurfadilah, dkk – Nilai Moral Dalam Novel Laut Bercerita Karya Leila S. Chudori",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 496,
"top": 766,
"width": 19,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "205",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
"left": 71,
"top": 74,
"width": 453,
"height": 108,
"page_number": 7,
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"text": "karena masih mementingkan diri sendiri. Nilai kejujuran dilakukan saat interogasi. Nilai kerendahan hati berupa perhatian dan kepedulian tokoh ibu saat Laut berada jauh dari jangkauan orang tua. Nilai religi berupa permintaan saat Ayah Bram agar Bram rajin mengaji. Nilai sosial bersinggungan dengan lingkungan sosial. Oleh karena itu, nilai sosial mendorong serta memotivasi tokoh untuk melakukan perlawanan terhadap rezim penindas. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa novel Laut Bercerita karya Leila S. Chudori berpotensi mendongkrak kualitas moral pembaca sehingga layak dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan ajar teks novel.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH",
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"top": 212,
"width": 456,
"height": 25,
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"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Peneliti mengucapkan terima kasih kepada orang tua, dosen pembimbing, para sahabat, serta civitas akademika Universitas Singaperbangsa yang telah mendukung penelitian ini.",
"type": "Text"
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591a35bf-8053-515a-ea34-2181d791ca0d | https://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/jist/article/download/786/1403 | [
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"text": "p–ISSN: 2723 - 6609 e-ISSN: 2745-5254 Vol. 4, No. 11 November 2023 http://jist.publikasiindonesia.id/",
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"text": "TAMAN RAJA BALITUNG: STORIES & MYTHS AS TOURIST ATTRACTIONS",
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"text": "Efariastian 1* , Nadia Mawar Janah 2",
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"text": "Gadjah Mada University Jogja, Indonesia Email : [email protected] 1* , [email protected] 2",
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"text": "*Correspondence",
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"text": "Keywords: tourist destinations; culture; Marisa. This study focused on analysing the value and function of Raja Balitung Park and the stories and history of the place in Jongkangan, Tegal Rejo, Tamanmartani, Kalasan District, and Sleman Regency. Particular Region of Yogyakarta. This research uses a qualitative approach, carried out by processing and analysing data presented in descriptive form. The data source is based on in-depth interviews with resource persons who are natives and guardians of Taman Raja Balitung. The study data is in the form of stories told by resource persons about places visited by King",
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"text": "Balitung while hunting, and there are many inscriptions from ancient relics buried in the area of the place, which are then transcribed from interview recordings. The analysis was carried out using Finnegan's study theory, namely the value and function of oral literature. The study results show the historical value of stories contained in the attractions of Taman Raja Balitung, such as the history of naming and the discovery of inscription stones relics of ancient times. Both cultural values are included in stories and myths in Taman Raja Balitung about man's relationship with nature and his relationship with God and beliefs about something.",
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"text": "Oral literature is a picture of the community of speakers. Its existence feels close to the community because there are terms for their daily activities. The image brought oral literature closer to the community of its speakers (Amanat, 2019). So, oral literature is seen as entertainment, advice, or prayer for its people. One area that also practices oral literature is Natuna Regency (Qur’ani, 2021). Oral literature is included in folklore studies. Folklore is a part of the culture of a collective, which is spread and passed down from generation to generation among any collective, traditionally in different versions, both oral form and examples accompanied by gestures or mnemonic devices. According to Hutomo, oral literature includes literary expressions of citizens of a culture that are spread and passed down orally (Baihaqi, 2017).",
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"text": "Oral literature refers only to oral texts of literary value, while oral traditions are more accessible, which include traditional technology, customary law, folk dances, and folk food. Oral literature is only limited to literature-oriented, such as folk language, folk expressions, folk poetry, folklore, and folk songs (Istiyanto & Novianti, 2018).",
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"text": "Culture in Indonesia is something that cannot be separated from tradition. Tradition is not a finished thing but a thing that exists and continues to grow. This tradition develops with the flow of social change, but the changes that occur stay within their roots",
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"text": "Taman Raja Balitung: Stories & Myths as Tourist Attractions",
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"text": "Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi , Vol. 4, No. 11, November 2023 2115",
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"text": "(Widiastutik & Rizal, 2021). Oral tradition will undoubtedly be distinct from oral literature (Baihaqi, 2017). Oral literature is one part of the oral tradition. Oral literature concerns the literary expression of citizens of a culture that is spread and passed down by word of mouth (orally).",
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"text": "According to (Faridah, 2018), oral literature in Indonesian ethnic communities has long existed. Even after the written tradition developed, oral literature was still found in quality and quantity. Oral literature in Indonesia is vibrant and extraordinarily diverse. Through oral literature, people with high creativity express themselves using artistic language; even today, oral traditions are still mainly held in traditional ceremonies.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "(Muzakka, 2003) suggests that oral literature is an expression that includes the literature of citizens of a culture that is passed down from generation to generation orally by word of mouth (Mardianah, 2021). According to him, oral literature has a character that distinguishes it from others, namely the process of spreading it by word of mouth, born in a community that is still village-styled, considered a philosophy of life because it is a cultural heritage that describes the past, it is not known who the author is, does not attach importance to facts and truth but rather to fantasies that are sometimes unacceptable to modern society, has several versions and is sometimes pronounced incomplete. Furthermore, Finnegan (Wongsopatty, 2020) emphasises three aspects of a work: composition, delivery, and performance. These three aspects distinguish a job in the oral literature or tradition category.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Research on regional literature, primarily regional literary works, will also provide an overview or reflection of the community, significantly if it is associated with local wisdom (Wulandari, 2017). Like rules that concern human relations with nature, living things to protect wildlife and regulations that have relationships with humans who have supernatural properties, such as the creator (God) and spirits that are considered occult, local wisdom can also take the form of customs, such as folklore and myths passed down from generation to generation in society (Wulandari, 2017).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "The depiction of natural beauty, the enormity of natural phenomena, and respect for nature are themes often found in oral literature. (Hidayah, 2020) states that oral literature presents articles about the environment implicitly and explicitly and then makes the environment an ethical orientation in texts that make humans part of the universe that recognises natural wonders and does not impose personal interests on nature. Keraf (Wulangsih, Anam, & Apriyatin, 2022) states that the relationship between personality and humans is regulated in an ethic; almost all traditional societies in the world have ethics that hold their ways of relating to nature. Knowledge about ethics towards nature is then drowned because of the emergence of various anthropocentric and religious understandings that consider the practice of respect for nature carried out by traditional communities as immoral and (Tundreng, Ardianto, & Rofi’i, 2023).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Mythos (Greek: mythos) is a part of folklore in the form of stories set in the past, containing interpretations of the universe and considered to have happened by its adherents. For example, this study takes the theme of the potential of the outdoors and myths in tourism or tourist attractions that can be connected with tourism. The purpose is",
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"text": "Efariastian, Nadia Mawar Janah",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
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"width": 422,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 3,
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"text": "Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi , Vol. 4, No. 11, November 2023 2116",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 428,
"height": 43,
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"text": "to connect historical stories and legends used as local wisdom by the community and then used as an attraction to attract tourists. Therefore, researchers then studied the tourist attraction of Taman Raja Balitung in which there are stories and myths (Beni, 2023).",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Based on the introduction above, the formulation of the problems in this study are: (1) How to inform the public about the history and myths that exist in the tourist attraction of Taman Raja Balitung so that it does not become extinct as an oral literary work?, (2) How can the history and myths in Taman Raja Balitung be used as local wisdom and become a tourism attraction for the community? (3) What are the values and ecological functions of oral literature in the myths in Taman Raja Balitung?.",
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"text": "The objectives of this study are: (1) provide more information about the history and myths of the tourist attraction Taman Raja Balitung for the local community and even migrants. (2) Can preserve local wisdom in the form of nature and myths in King Balitung Park so that it is not quickly extinct. (3) Can make historical stories and myths about establishing Taman Raja Balitung as a tourist attraction to increase Yogyakarta and Central Java tourism.",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Research Methods",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 358,
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"text": "This research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. Qualitative research is a description that cannot be converted into numbers. Bogdan and Taylor (Moleong, 2014) define qualitative research as a procedure that produces descriptive data from written or spoken words of others and observable behaviour. Qualitative research also makes descriptive data, which is a method that presents the most accurate possible picture of a particular individual, language state, symptom or group. states that the data collected in the descriptive method is in words, images, and not numbers. This research explains the picture of King Balitung's story and its myths that can make Raja Balitung Park a tourist attraction that can be preserved and become one of the places for tourists who want to have recreation in a place with oral literary stories.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "The data in this study is a story about King Balitung, supporting aspects such as myths and history. This study's data source is Taman Raja Balitung, located in Jongkangan, Tegal Rejo, Tamanmartani, Kalasan District, Sleman Regency—a particular Region of Yogyakarta. Data obtained from informants who need to meet the requirements set will affect the suitability of the data obtained with the problem and the purpose of the research itself. The informant in this study was a resident and the administrator of the Raja Balitung Park tourist attraction, namely Mas Herry.",
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"text": "The data that has been obtained will then be analysed based on the following discussion: (1) give the data recited by the informant through dictation techniques, (2) transliterate the data into Indonesian, (3) classify the data based on the problems posed in this study, (4) the data that has been classified then analysed based on the theory that has been described, (5) make conclusions based on the results of the study.",
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"text": "Results and Discussion",
"type": "Section header"
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"left": 85,
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"text": "1. Attractions of Taman Raja Balitung",
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Taman Raja Balitung: Stories & Myths as Tourist Attractions",
"type": "Page header"
},
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"left": 85,
"top": 782,
"width": 425,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 4,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi , Vol. 4, No. 11, November 2023 2117",
"type": "Page footer"
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{
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"text": "The tourist attraction visited and researched by the author is Taman Raja Balitung— a particular Region of Yogyakarta. As the name implies, King Balitung Park is a place that has been stopped by King Balitung while hunting. There are also many inscriptions from ancient times buried in this area. The most prominent object in this tour is the river. The flow of river water comes from dams believed to have properties, and there are several springs. This place is still relatively new and still very simple.",
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"text": "2. Oral Literature Transformation",
"type": "Section header"
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{
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"text": "Literature has the potential to develop character through education. Literature, as a result of reflection on phenomena that occur in everyday life, stores various events that can be used as cases of life and includes oral literature that holds many customs, stories, and speech that have existed for generations (Herfanda, 2018). Stories or myths that occur in a particular area or place can improve the site, as discussed by researchers about the tourist attraction Taman Raja Balitung, which stores various stories and myths that can be used as objects to break the tour.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "Study of literary works related to tourism activities that make tourism an auxiliary science in making literary works as a promotional medium. The behaviour of the community who still preserve the tourist attractions in Balitung King's Park cannot be separated from their desire for the place to remain beautiful and indeed cannot be separated from the views of the community who consider that the site or river has a significant symbolic value which of course has historical and spiritual significance (Sianturi, 2022). The symbolic significance related to the forests and rivers in this place becomes sacred because it is believed and contains historical value from mythological stories that complement the home. What can be seen is as follows.",
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"text": "3. Historical Value Content",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 85,
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"text": "The preservation carried out by the management and the community in the Raja Balitung Park area is inseparable from the existing historical value. With the discovery of the Kedulan Temple underground, located 500 meters from King Balitung Park. This place was also used as a stopover by King Balitung while hunting, as explained by the source in the following quote:",
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"text": "\"If that history is right, King Balitung's garden has a history. The first inscription was found in Kedulan Temple, which is 500 meters underground, and it is felt that the point is that there is a person named King Balitung who hunts and continues to bathe; the bath is for the southern river, but access to it does not yet exist. Because the inscription was found, we then met with residents and administrators, so it made its name into the King Balitung Park. Just like that.\" (source: Mas Herry)",
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"text": "Furthermore, the resource person explained that the river's name in King Balitung Park was the Gilang River because it was taken from Batu Gilang. Then the flow of the river comes from an ancient dam. The ancient dam described by the source could be related to the village of Pananggaran, as told in the Kedulan Temple inscription. However, until now, no trace of the ancient dam has been found. It is still a mystery whether the ancient dam exists or not.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Efariastian, Nadia Mawar Janah",
"type": "Page header"
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{
"left": 85,
"top": 782,
"width": 422,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 5,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi , Vol. 4, No. 11, November 2023 2118",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 88,
"width": 428,
"height": 27,
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"text": "Around Taman Raja Balitung, it turns out that many historical relics have changed stone inscriptions. Especially around the river and people's houses, found many stones.",
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"text": "4. Mythological Value",
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"text": "In this study, several stories or myths are found in the tourist attractions of Taman Raja Balitung. First, regarding the myth about stones, the source explains that:",
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"text": "\"There is a large stone that was once found by residents, then taken by BPJP management, but the stone returned here to its original place. It happens repeatedly. Then, the stone was reburied around this place on the people's initiative.\" (source: Mas Herry)",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Based on the presentation of sources, the myth about the stone's return has existed for a long time and has been believed for generations. However, not only one stone relic; it turns out that there are many inscription stones around the river. Even in the homes of residents are found. Residents once tried to dig up the stones but were buried again because they did not want to damage the nature around the river.",
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"text": "Second, myths about river water that are believed to cure diseases. As explained by the source:",
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"text": "\"Some people believe this place or river to have properties. Believe it or not, this river is a place of receipt therapy for some people. Moreover, it is believed that there are benefits for the surrounding community because it is said to be healing; many people then believe and come to this river\". (source: Mas Herry)",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "In some places, river water is always believed to cure diseases. However, this myth appears and is believed to be accurate in this place because some residents do not come to soak because they want to heal their receipts. It was cured; many residents then believed the myth and came here. The river water in this park also never recedes or experiences drought even though it enters the dry season because there are several springs in the river. That is why this myth exists.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "In addition, there is also a myth from the ancient community that said that the water changed into three colours, as the source said that \"people can see that there are three colours of water, namely white, blue and green.\"",
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"text": "5. Cultural Values",
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"text": "Cultural Values in Man's Relationship with Nature",
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"text": "From the tourist attractions of Raja Balitung Park and its various stories and myths, there are cultural values that connect humans with nature, such as the preservation of the trees around the place, obvious river water and inscriptions of historical relics that were not excavated because they did not want to damage the nature that God had created. This place is more concerned with natural wisdom and wants to keep places the same. Residents do devotional work around the river every Sunday because many lush trees and dau-leaves are scattered.",
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"text": "6. Cultural Values in Man's Relationship with God and Other Beliefs",
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{
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"text": "From the explanation of the source, although residents around the place have faith in God, who created humans and the universe, some residents believe that the Gilang river water in Taman Raja Balitung has properties that are believed to cure diseases, such as receipts. Because this belief makes many residents use the water for this.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Taman Raja Balitung: Stories & Myths as Tourist Attractions",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 782,
"width": 425,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 6,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi , Vol. 4, No. 11, November 2023 2119",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 88,
"top": 88,
"width": 358,
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"text": "7. Purpose and Function of Oral Literature in Taman Raja Balitung",
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"text": "The purpose and function of oral literature in Taman Raja Balitung can be interpreted based on their respective contexts. In the speaker's presentation, the myth the source explains has an essential purpose and function for the surrounding community and those who come to the place. Like the myth of a stone that comes back again after being taken, it can be said as a good thing to instil values and educate people not to take something that does not belong to them. There is a particular purpose that places that are believed to have mystical things must always be believed and believed. Furthermore, myths about river water are believed to cure diseases. In this case, water certainly has a good function for public health. That way, they will not damage the surrounding nature. We must be able to protect nature because nature and humans are very closely connected.",
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"text": "Conclusion",
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"text": "From the discussion above, several conclusions were found, as follows. First, there is a historical value of stories in Taman Raja Balitung's attractions, such as the history of naming and the discovery of inscription stones relics of ancient times. Both cultural values are contained in stories and myths in Taman Raja Balitung about man's relationship with nature and his relationship with God and beliefs about something. Then, the myths contained in the tourist attraction, including the myth of stones that reappear and water that has properties and water that can change colour into three, can be the allure of the tour. Literature and tourism are closely related and complementary. Literature will be better known to the public with the existence of tourist attractions that store stories and myths in it.",
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"left": 85,
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"text": "Efariastian, Nadia Mawar Janah",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 85,
"top": 782,
"width": 422,
"height": 10,
"page_number": 7,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi , Vol. 4, No. 11, November 2023 2120",
"type": "Page footer"
},
{
"left": 264,
"top": 88,
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731a423d-ee6e-fbdf-257e-217621a71052 | https://jurnal.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/analytica/article/download/7058/3160 | [
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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"text": "Dosen MPI Pascasarjana IAIN Lhokseumawe Email: [email protected]",
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"text": "Abstrak: Teungku Dayah merupakan seorang pendidik yang memiliki kapabilitas ilmu agama yang memiliki kewajiban moral untuk menyampaikannya kepada masyarakat, baik yang berintegrasi di lembaga formal maupun non-formal. Kedudukan Teungku Dayah dalam masyarakat Aceh merupakan sosok yang masih sangat sakral dan merupakan gelar yang sangat identik dengan keagamaan. Pemerintah Aceh baik di tingkat propinsi dan kabupaten/kota berwenang merencanakan kebutuhan, memfasilitasi peningkatan mutu, melakukan pembinaan, memberikan penghargaan dan perlindungan, dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan terhadap Teungku Dayah.Kompetensi personalia Teungku Dayah dalam membimbing dan mengarahkan peserta didiknya mencakup aspek yaitu kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik. Manajemen Teungku Dayah merupakan aktivitas yang dilakukan mulai dari bergabungnya ke dalam sebuah lembaga Dayah sampai tidak lagi aktif melalui proses perencanaan, rekrutmen, seleksi dan penempatan, evaluasi, pelatihan dan pengembangan, pemberhentian atau mutasi.",
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"text": "Abstract: Teungku Dayah is an educator who has the capability of religious science who has a moral obligation to convey it to the community, both those who are integrated in formal and non-formal institutions.The position of Teungku Dayah in Acehnese society is a figure that is still very sacred and is a title that is very synonymous with religion. The Aceh Government, both at the provincial and district / city level, has the authority to plan needs, facilitate quality improvement, provide guidance, provide awards and protection, and improve the welfare of Teungku Dayah. The competence of personnel in Teungku Dayah in guiding and directing students includes aspects of cognitive, affective, and psycho- motor. Teungku Dayah management is an activity carried out starting from joining into a Dayah institu- tion until it is no longer active through the process of planning, recruitment, selection and placement, evaluation, training and development, dismissal or transfer.",
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"text": "Key Words: Manajemen, Teungku, Dayah, Personalia",
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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"text": "118",
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"text": "ANALYTICA ISLAMICA: Vol. 7 No. 2 Juli - Desember 2018",
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"text": "Pendahuluan",
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"height": 79,
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"text": "Kemampuan, minat, bakat dan potensi-potensi yang dimiliki oleh peserta didik tidak akan berkembang secara optimal tanpa bantuan pendidik. Secara global pendidik merupakan figur yang menarik dan tidak ada seorangpun yang tidak mengenal pendidik, baik dalam keluarga, masyarakat maupun di lembaga pendidikan. Pentingnya kedudukan seorang pendidik 1 , Allah SWT menjelaskan dalam surat Al-Baqarah ayat 32:",
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"text": "Artinya: “Mereka menjawab: “Maha suci Engkau, tidak ada yang Kami ketahui selain dari apa yang telah Engkau ajarkan kepada kami; Sesungguhnya Engkaulah yang Maha mengetahui lagi Maha Bijaksana.”",
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"text": "Ilmu berasal dari Allah SWT, maka pendidik pertama dan utama adalah Allah SWT. Pandangan demikian melahirkan sikap pada orang Islam bahwa ilmu itu tidak terpisah dari Allah SWT, ilmu tidak terpisah dari para pendidik. Dengan demikian, kedudukan pendidik sangat tinggi dalam Islam. 2 Kedudukan pendidik yang istimewa, ternyata berimbang dengan tugas dan tanggungjawabnya yang tidak ringan. Seorang guru agama bukan hanya sekedar sebagai tenaga pengajar, tetapi sekaligus sebagai pendidik. Dengan kedudukan sebagai pendidik, guru berkewajiban untuk mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan Islam, yaitu mengembangkan seluruh potensi peserta didik agar menjadi muslim sempurna. 3",
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"text": "Dalam konteks pendidikan Islam, para pakar pendidikan Islam memiliki persektif yang berbeda- beda tentang pendidik. Zakiah Dradjat berpendapat bahwa pendidik adalah individu yang akan memenuhi kebutuhan pengetahuan, sikap dan tingkah laku peserta didik. 4 Sedangkan Ahmad Tafsir mengartikan Pendidik dalam islam adalah orang-orang yang bertanggung jawab terhadap perkembangan peserta didiknya, yaitu dengan upaya mengembangkan seluruh potensi peserta didik, baik potensi psikomotori, kognitif, maupun afektif. 5",
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"text": "Dalam tradisi Islam Indonesia ditemukan pula beberapa predikat bagi pendidik yang biasanya berbeda dalam setiap daerah. Misalnya, Kyai di pulau Jawa, Nun atau Bendara yang disingkat Ra di Madura,",
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"text": "Ajengan di Jawa Barat, Tuan Guru di Lombok, Tofanrita di Sulawesi Selatan, Buya di Sumatera Barat dan Teungku di Aceh. 6",
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"text": "Bagi masyarakat Aceh, gelar Teungku merupakan gelar yang sangat identik dengan keagamaan. Berarti Teungku merupakan seorang pendidik yang memiliki kapasitas ilmu agama yang memiliki kewajiban moral untuk menyampaikannya kepada masyarakat. Berbicara dalam konteks salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam di Aceh yaitu Dayah, manajemen personalia 7 dalam pengembangan lembaga pendidikan Dayah sesuatu yang sangat urgen, terutama masalah tenaga pendidik ( Teungku ).",
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"text": "Profil seorang Teungku yang mengajar di Dayah menjadi salah satu barometer kualitas lembaga pendidikan Dayah, sehingga profilnya bisa mempengaruhi opini masyarakat. Secara kelembagaan, profil Teungku akan mempengaruhi image masyarakat bahwa yang mengajar di Dayah bukanlah orang “sembarangan” sehingga kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap Dayah semakin meningkat. Sistem pendidikan Dayah (sebahagian) yang masih menganut sistem tradisional, menjadi salah satu faktor sulitnya Teungku Dayah untuk mengintegrasikan keilmuannya dengan dunia luar, sehingga berdampak pada peningkatan kualitas keilmuannya dan santri Dayah itu sendiri. Untuk mengatasi berbagai problematika Teungku Dayah, maka diperlukan tatanan manajemen personalia yang baik, sehingga pencapaian cita-cita dari sebuah Dayah untuk membentuk masyarakat Aceh yang bermartabat dan berperadaban, dapat terwujud secara efektif dan efisien.",
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"text": "Sejarah Singkat Dayah dan Perkembanganya",
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"text": "Dalam bahasa Aceh, istilah untuk ‘lembaga’ yang dikenal dengan nama pesantren di Jawa dan seluruh Indonesia adalah Dayah. 8 Kata Dayah, juga sering diucapkan “ deah” oleh masyarakat Aceh Besar, diambil dari bahasa Arab zawiyah . 9 Istilah zawiyah , yang secara literal bermakna sebuah",
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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"text": "119",
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"text": "sudut, diyakini oleh masyarakat Aceh pertama kali digunakan sudut Masjid Madinah ketika Nabi Muhammad berdakwah pada masa awal Islam. 10 Penyebutan nama Dayah untuk pesantren merupakan sebutan “warisan” yang telah ditinggalkan sejak dulu. Dayah di Aceh secara umum dikelompokkan ada dua yaitu Dayah Tradisional (Salafiyah) dan Dayah Terpadu.",
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"text": "Kendatipun, Dayah dianggap sama dengan pesantren di Jawa dan surau di Sumatera Barat, namun ketiga lembaqa pendidikar tersebut tidaklah persis sama, setidak-tidaknya latar belakang historisnya. Pesantren sudah ada sebelum Islam tiba di Indonesia. 11 Berdasarkan kenyataan secara global ada empat kegunaan Dayah dalam perjalanan sejarah bagi masyarakat Aceh, antara lain: Dayah sebagai pusat belajar agama dan cendekiawan, peran Dayah dalam melawan penetrasi penjajah, Dayah sebagai agen pembangunan dan Dayah sebagai sekolah bagi masyarakat. 12",
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"text": "Perkembangan Dayah di Aceh bila ditinjau dari beberapa penggalan sejarah perjalannya mengalami resonansi , sesuai dengan kondisi yang terjadi pada saat itu. Berikut ini akan diuraikan sekilas perjalanannya yang meliputi:",
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"text": "a). Dayah sebelum perang",
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"text": "Dayah pada masa sebelum perang, yaitu pada era tahun 1873. Pada masa ini Dayah meliputi pendidikan di meunasah-meunasah, rangkang, Dayah Teungku Chik sampai pada pendidikan Al- jami’ah, seperti Masjid Raya Baiturrahman Banda Aceh. Keberadaan lembaga-lembaga seperti ini, dapat dilihat berbagai situs peninggalan sejarah, di antaranya Dayah Teungku Awe Geutah di Peusangan, Dayah Teungku Chik di Tiro (syekh Saman), Dayah Teungku Chik Tanoh Abee di Seulimum, Dayah Teungku di Lamnyong, Dayah Lambhuek dan Dayah di Krueng Kalee.",
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"text": "b). Dayah pada masa perjuangan.",
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"text": "Pada masa perjuangan ini (masa kolonial Belanda), setiap daerah (nanggroe) memiliki sekurang- kurangnya mempunyai sebuah Dayah, Belanda kemudian merubahnya menjadi landschap yang jumlahnya 129 buah. Dengan demikian jumlah Dayah diperkirakan berjumlah 129 buah. Dayah pada masa ini memegang peranan penting dalam pengerahan tenaga pejuang ke medan pertempuran, terutama dalam mengobarkan semangat melalui pembacaan hikayat Perang Sabi di Dayah-Dayah, rangkang, meunasah dan masjid. Di kala itu Aceh banyak kehilangan ulama-ulama besar dan kehilangan banyak sejumlah kitab-kitab besar dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu, baik yang ditulis oleh ulama Aceh sendiri maupun yang ditulis oleh ulama-ulama dari Timur Tengah.",
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"text": "c). Dayah pada masa Kemerdekaan.",
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"text": "Perkembangan Dayah pada masa ini sangat tersaingi oleh dua lembaga yaitu sekolah dan madrasah. Di samping itu sifat dari pendidikan Dayah yang dimiliki secara individual oleh ulama dirasakan agak sulit dalam pembinaan secara terorganisir. Mungkin akibat faktor inilah kemudian para ulama dan pimpinan Dayah seluruh Aceh berkumpul di Seulimum Aceh Besar pada 1968, sehingga berhasil mendirikan sebuah organisasi Persatuan Dayah Inshafuddin, sebagai suatu organisasi yang bergerak dalam melestarikan dan mengembangkan pendidikan Dayah di Aceh.",
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"text": "d). Dayah pada masa sekarang.",
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"text": "Secara singkat dapat disampaikan bahwa Dayah dewasa ini telah mengalami perkembangan, di samping Dayah-Dayah model tradisional juga muncul Dayah-Dayah model terpadu (modern), mulai dari tingkat Tsanawiyah (SMP), Aliyah (SMA) sampai membuka Perguruan Tinggi.",
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"text": "Kedudukan Teungku Dayah dalam masyarakat Aceh merupakan sosok yang masih sangat sakral dalam pembicaraan keseharian. Apa makna Teungku , dan siapa sebenarnya Teungku tersebut, serta hubungannya dengan lembaga pendidikan Islam tradisional Aceh yakni Dayah ?. Penulis mengutip",
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"text": "ANALYTICA ISLAMICA: Vol. 7 No. 2 Juli - Desember 2018",
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"text": "sebuah artikel yang ditulis oleh Ahmad Fauzi, bidang Pelesatrian Pustaka/Pembinaan Khazanah Adat ( Majelis Adat Aceh/ MAA) dengan judul Teungku , gelar sakral di Aceh. 13",
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"text": "Di ujung barat Sumatera pasca berdirinya kerajaan Aceh Darussalam muncul gelar kehormatan di kalangan umara dan ulama. Teuku adalah gelar ninggrat atau bangsawan untuk kaum pria yang memimpin wilayah nanggrou atau kenegerian. Teuku adalah hulubalang (Aceh: Ul balang ). Sama seperti tradisi budaya patriliniar lainnya, gelar Teuku dapat diperoleh seorang anak laki-laki bila mana ayahnya juga bergelar Teuku , seperti Teuku Husen al-Mujahid bin Teuku Sulaiman. Sementara gelar Teungku , juga disingkat Tgk. secara umum merupakan gelar sapaan bagi laki- laki yang belajar di Dayah (Aceh: aneuk meudagang ).",
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"text": "Di pantai timur dan utara Aceh, gelar Teungku juga diberikan kepada anak ulama baik laki laki maupun perempuan dengan penambahan ubit, maka mereka dipanggil TU, seperti TU Maknu, TU Djuwairiyah Idris Tanjongan dan TU Min ( Teungku Ubit Muhammad Amin ) Blang Blahdeh, pendiri Dayah Blang Blahdeh, Bireuen. Tradisi demikian masih kental dipergunakan untuk putra-putri ulama di Samalanga.",
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"text": "Gelar Teungku bagi santri dan alumni Dayah masih didapati dalam berbagai karya penulis Eropa pasca perang Aceh-Belanda 1873-1905. Gelar ini sebenarnya berasal dari bahasa Aceh dialek pidie yang terdri dari dua kata bermakna, TUENG dan KU . “ Tueng ” berati menerima, seperti tueng dara baro (menerima pengantin perempuan) dalam acara pesta di rumah pengantin baru laki- laki, sementara “ ku ” bermakna ayah .",
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"text": "Mengenai sebutan ayah , di Sagi XXVI Aceh Rayeuk ( bekas wilayah Teuku Nyak Arief ) dan Sagi XX (bekas wilayah Teuku Panglima Polem) digunakan oleh anak ceukak (genetik) dan anak roh ( anak didik ) untuk “ ku ” dan guru. Maka tidak heran bagi kita murid angkatan 1920-an dan 1940-an menyebut dan menulis tentang sosok guru mereka dengan kata Ayah atau Ayahanda , seperti Ayah Gani Seulimum (guru Normal Islam Bireuen dan Sekolah Menengah Islam Atas Kutaraja), Ayahanda Ibrahim (pendiri Perguruan Islam Montasik) dan Ayahanda Muhammad Daud Beureueh, pendiri Jam’iyatuddiniyah Garot sebagai langkah awal pendirian Perguruan Sadah Abadiyah di Sigli.",
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"text": "Sebagai mana dimaklumi, bahwa sebelum kemunculan sekolah kolonial di Aceh tahun 1908, Dayah merupakan lembaga pendidikan rakyat satu-satunya. Posisi Teungku disamping sebagai guru juga pengayom bagi mereka sampai sekarang ini. Dengan demikian terma Teungku berarti sosok cendikiawan Aceh, disamping mempunyai kompetensi ilmu, profesi dan sosial mereka juga memimiliki kompetensi pengayoman dalam membina agama dan adat dalam masyarakat.",
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"text": "Namun di awal kolonisasi Belanda di Aceh yang dimulai dengan pemasangan rel kereta api Kutaraja- Besitang, kedatangan imigran Cina dan eksodus orang Deli ke pantai timur Aceh1908-1911 , para pemain tarian saman di daerah itu memunculkan syair “Aceh Teungku, Melayu Abang , Cina Touke , Kaphe Tuan ”. Syair dimaksud bila diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Indonesia, dapat ditafsirkan bahwa orang Aceh bergelar Teungku , orang Melayu bergelar Abang , orang China bergelar Toke dan orang Eropa bergelar Tuan . Syair dimaksud, pernah dipopulerkan oleh Syekh Itam Peureulak bersama Syeih Rih pada pergelaran tarian sedati tuning malam 18 Agustus 1946 di alun-alun bekas kediaman Counteleur Idi atas prakarsa pimpinan tambang minyak Aceh dan Sumatera Utara, Teuku Muhammad Husein al- Mujahid.",
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"text": "Di Aceh Besar yang meliputi tiga sagi Aceh: Sagi 22 yang berpusat di Lamsie, Sagi 25 yang berpusat di Ulee Lheuh dan Sagi 26 yang berpusat di Lamreung gelar Teungku untuk orang lelaki yang tidak pernah mengecap pendidikan Dayah jarang dipegunakan oleh rakyatnya. Mereka lebih suka memanggil panggilan keluarga: gam, sinyak, wareh, ngoh, lem, cut abang, cut adik dan sebagainya, kecuali dalam dan pasca konflik Aceh di kawasan itu tahun 2000-2005.",
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"text": "Di kalangan Dayah Kruengkale, penyebutan Teungku secara legal, manakala seorang murid sudah menamatkan kajian agama dalam kitab “ I’anah al-Thalibin ”. Sementara di kawasan Pasee sebutan yang",
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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"text": "sama digunakan secara resmi setelah santri menamatkan kitab serupa dan bersamadi di bulan Ramadhan (Aceh: meukalut ). Bila belum melangkah kepada syarat- syarat dimaksud, santri hanya dipanggil dengan sebutan daerah sebelum terma Teungku . Seumpama Teungku Temiang untuk Muhammad Nurdin Lee (kelak Kolonel TNI Teungku Muhammad Nurdin). Gelar Teungku bukan hanya untuk etnis Aceh, bila Dayah Krueng Kale tahun 1920 pernah memberi gelar dimaksud kepada muridnya anak bangsawan Tionghoa Muhammad Nurdin, maka salah satu Dayah di Aceh Barat pernah memberi gelar Teungku untuk muridnya Sutrisno, etnis Jawa di Seumayam.",
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"text": "Penggunaan gelar Teungku untuk lelaki di Aceh di era abad-21 ini merupakan fenomena baru yang perlu disikapi dengan serius. Pemuda yang tidak pernah mengecap pendidikan Dayah menjadi bangga dengan gelar Teungku . Sementara anak didikan Dayah ada yang merasa malu memakai gelar sakral dimaksud karena merasa belum mempunyai ilmu agama Islam secara luas. Ironisnya, penyandang gelar “ Teungku ” non-pendidikan Dayah, terkadang banyak berurusan dengan pihak berwajib karena terjerat perbuatan kriminal yang memalukan sebagaimana dilansir oleh berbagai surat kabar lokal di Aceh.",
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"text": "Fenomena ini akan terbawa kepada pelecehan terhadap gelar ulama Dayah. Hadis maja (pepatah orang tua) leluhur Aceh berbunyi “ kameing blang pajoh padei, kameng glei kenong gelawa ” (kambing sawah yang makan padi, kambing gunung yang kena lempar kayu). Untuk meluruskan fenomena di atas, seyogyanya tetap berpegang teguh pada kearifan lokal yang diciptakan oleh leluhur bangsa Indonesia di Aceh, Teungku merupakan gelar sakral di Aceh. Untuk itu bagi yang suka disebut gelar Teungku di awal namanya lebih afdhal mengikuti pengajian agama dan adat, agar kelak bisa menjadi sokoguru dalam pembinaan masyarakat.",
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"text": "Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa istilah Teungku bagi masyarakat Aceh merupakan gelar yang sangat identik dengan keagamaan, sehingga istilah yang ma’ruf digunakan di Dayah- Dayah yang ada di Aceh untuk panggilan kepada seorang guru adalah Teungku . Berarti Teungku merupakan seorang pendidik yang memiliki kapabilitas (kemampuan) ilmu agama yang mempunyai kewajiban moral untuk menyampaikannya kepada masyarakat, baik yang berkecimpung di lembaga formal maupun non-formal.",
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"text": "Teungku Dayah sebagai pendidik merupakan suatu amanah yang sangat berat untuk dilaksanakan. Dikatakan berat, karena Teungku Dayah harus bisa membimbing dan mengarahkan santrinya ke arah yang positif dari semua aspek yang ada pada santri, baik dari aspek kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik. Seorang Teungku Dayah bisa mengemban amanah sebagai pendidik dengan baik, apabila ia mengerti akan berbagai teori yang menyangkut dirinya yang bertugas sebagai Teungku Dayah.",
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"text": "Esensi Manajemen Teungku Dayah",
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"text": "Secara etimologi manajemen berasal dari bahasa latin, yaitu dari asal kata manus yang berarti tangan dan agere yang berarti melakukan. Kata-kata itu digabung menjadi kata kerja managere yang artinya menangani. Managere diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa inggris dalam bentuk kata kerja to man- age , dengan kata benda managemen dan manager untuk orang yang melakukan kegiatan manajemen. Akhirnya, managemen diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi manajemen atau pengelolaan. 14 Dalam bahasa Arab manajemen diartikan sebagai idaarah , yang berasal dari kata adaara, yaitu mengatur. 15 Alquran sebagai kitab sumber ilmu pengetahuan juga menyebutkan makna manajemen secara implisit, Alquran menyinggung istilah manajemen dengan menggunakan kalimat yudabbiru, 16 mengandung arti mengarahkan, melaksanakan, menjalankan, mengendalikan, mengatur, mengurus dengan baik, mengkoordinasikan, membuat rencana yang telah ditetapkan. 17",
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"text": "Sedangkan secara terminologi, ada bermacam-macam definisi tentang manajemen, tergantung dari sudut pandang, keyakinan, dan konprehensif dari pada pendefinisi, antara lain George R. Terry menjelaskan bahwa manajemen adalah kemampuan mengarahkan dan mencapai hasil yang diinginkan",
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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"text": "ANALYTICA ISLAMICA: Vol. 7 No. 2 Juli - Desember 2018",
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"text": "dengan tujuan dari usaha-usaha manusia dan sumber daya lainnya. 18 Mondy dan Premeaux mengemukakan, manajemen adalah cara-cara atau aktivitas tertentu agar semua anggota dapat bekerja sesuai dengan prosedur, pembagian kerja, dan tanggung jawab yang diawasi untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. 19",
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"text": "Semua penjelasan tentang manajemen di atas mengandung persamaan definisi yang mendasar bahwa dalam manajemen terdapat aktivitas yang saling berhubungan, baik dari fungsionalitasnya maupun dari tujuan yang ditargetkan serta tersirat adanya lima unsur manajemen, yaitu: pimpinan, yang dipimpin, tujuan yang akan dicapai, kerjasama dalam mencapai tujuan, dan sarana atau perlatan manajemen yang terdiri dari man (manusia), money (uang), materials (bahan-bahan), machine (mesin), method (metode), dan market (pasar).",
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"text": "Berangkat dari beberapa esensi manajemen, Teungku dan Dayah di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa manajemen Teungku Dayah merupakan aktivitas yang harus dilakukan mulai dari Teungku Dayah masuk ke dalam sebuah lembaga Dayah sampai tidak aktif lagi melalui proses perencanaan SDM, perekrutan, seleksi, penempatan, pemberian kompensasi, penghargaan, pendidikan dan latihan atau pengembangan dan pemberhentian.",
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"text": "Dalam pelaksanaan manajemen Teungku Dayah ada beberapa landasan yuridis formal, baik dalam skala nasional maupun daerah yang menjadi acuan, antara lain:",
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"text": "1). Undang-undang RI No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Pasal 39 ayat (2): Pendidik merupakan tenaga profesional yang bertugas merencanakan dan melaksanakan proses pembelajaran, menilai hasil pembelajaran, melakukan pembimbingan dan pelatihan, serta melakukan penelitian dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat, terutama bagi pendidik pada perguruan tinggi.",
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"text": "Pasal 41 ayat (3): Pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah wajib memfasilitasi satuan pendidikan dengan pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan yang diperlukan untuk menjamin terselenggaranya pendidikan yang bermutu.",
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"text": "2). Qanun Aceh No. 11 Tahun 2014 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan. Pasal 23 ayat (1): Dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan bidang pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan, Pemerintah Aceh berwenang:",
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"text": "a. Merencanakan kebutuhan Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan pada semua satuan pendidikan dan program layanan khusus.",
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"text": "b. Memfasilitasi peningkatan mutu Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan pada Dayah Salafiah dan Diniyah.",
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"text": "c. Meningkatkan kesejahteraan, memberikan penghargaan dan perlindungan kepada Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan pada setiap satuan pendidikan;",
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"text": "d. Melakukan pembinaan terhadap Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan pada setiap satuan pendidikan.",
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"text": "Dari landasan tersebut di atas dapat dipahami bahwa manajemen personalia pada setiap lembaga pendidikan di Indonesia telah memiliki landasan hukum yang sangat kuat. Dayah yang merupakan salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam di Aceh dalam penyelenggaraannya, Pemerintah Aceh berwenang merencanakan kebutuhan, memfasilitasi peningkatan mutu, melakukan pembinaan, memberikan penghargaan dan perlindungan, dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan terhadap Teungku Dayah.",
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"text": "Wewenang Pemerintah Aceh tersebut di atas menjadi bagian dari hak yang bisa didapatkan oleh Teungku di lembaga pendidikan Dayah, antara lain hak memperoleh penghasilan dan jaminan kesejahteraan sosial yang pantas dan memadai, penghargaan sesuai dengan tugas dan prestasi kerja, pembinaan karier sesuai dengan tuntutan pengembangan kualitas, perlindungan hukum dalam melaksanakan tugas",
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"text": "dan hak atas hasil kekayaan intelektual, kesempatan untuk menggunakan sarana prasarana dan fasilitas pendidikan untuk menunjang kelancaran pelaksanaan tugas.",
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"text": "Pada tatanan hak sebagai tenaga pendidik, Teungku Dayah tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan dengan tenaga pendidik yang ada pada lembaga pendidikan formal lainnya. Pemerintah pusat dan daerah menaruh perhatian terhadap kompetensi mereka, hanya saja dalam realisasinya manajemen Teungku Dayah memiliki format tersendiri yang telah diwadahi kebutuhannya melaui Dinas Syariat dan Pendidikan Dayah, baik tingkat Propinsi maupun Kabupaten/Kota.",
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"text": "Tahapan Manajemen Teungku Dayah",
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"text": "Tuntutan profesionalisme tenaga pendidik diseluruh lembaga pendidikan menjadi bagian yang harus dipenuhi. Lembaga pendidikan Dayah yang di dalamnya terdapat salah satu bagian dari personalia yakni Teungku , maka peningkatan mutu Teungku Dayah dalam berbagai aspek pada setiap jenis dan jenjang pendidikan yang ada di lembaga-lembaga Dayah harus adanya pengelolaan secara profesional. Berikut tahapan manajemen Teungku Dayah:",
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"text": "1). Perencanaan Teungku Dayah",
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"text": "Perencanaan merupakan sejumlah kegiatan yang ditentukan sebelumnya untuk dilaksanakan pada suatu periode tertentu dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang ditetapkan. 20 Perencanaan pendidikan memberikan kejelasan arah dalam usaha proses penyelenggaraan pendidikan, sehingga perencanaan dalam sebuah pendidikan akan dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih efektif dan efisien. Seorang perencana pendidikan dituntut untuk memiliki kemampuan dan wawasan yang luas agar dapat menyusun sebuah rancangan yang dapat dijadikan pegangan dalam pelaksanaan proses pendidikan selanjutnya. 21",
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"text": "Pentingnya perencanaan Teungku pada lembaga pendidikan Dayah tidak lepas dari berubahnya pandangan terhadap sumber daya manusia, kalau dulu Teungku Dayah dipandang sebagai salah satu fakta produksi, sekarang di anggap sebagai partner dalam mencapai tujuan dari sebuah Dayah. Perencanaan Teungku Dayah merupakan kegiatan untuk menentukan kebutuhan tenga pendidik, baik secara kuantitatif maupun kualitatif unuk sekarang dan masa depan. Komponen utama dari perencanaan sumber daya manusia tenaga Teungku Dayah adalah penentuan tipe sumber daya manusia yang dibutuhkan suatu lembaga pendidikan Dayah dalam jangka waktu tertentu (jangka pendek, jangka menengah, dan jangka panjang).",
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"text": "Penyusunan perencanaan tenaga Teungku Dayah yang baik dan tepat, memerlukan informasi yang lengkap dan jelas tentang keilmuan, pekerjaan atau tugas yang harus dilakukan dalam lembaga pendidikan Dayah, karena seorang Teungku Dayah tidak hanya dituntut secara keilmuan namun juga dalam hal aktivitas positif lainnya yang dapat membantu mengembangkan potensi akademik santri. Sebelum menyusun rencana, perlu dilakukan analisa keilmuan dan analisa jabatan untuk memperoleh deskripsi tugas. Informasi ini sangat membantu dalam menentukan jumlah tenaga Teungku Dayah yang diperlukan, dan juga untuk menghasilkan spesifikasi keilmuan dan tugasya. Spesifikasi ini memberi gambaran tentang kualitas mini- mum tenaga Teungku Dayah yang dapat diterima dan yang perlu untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan atau amanah yang telah dibebankan oleh lembaga sebagaimana mestinya.",
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"text": "2). Rekrutmen, Seleksi dan Penempatan Teungku Dayah",
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"text": "Untuk mendapatkan tenaga kependidikan dan pendidik yang berkualitas dan memenuhi prinsip the right man on the place , maka dilakukan kegiatan perekrutan yang diawali dengan kegiatan seleksi, dilanjutkan dengan kegiatan orientasi dan penempatan. Sebelum dilaksanakan seleksi terlebih dahulu ditetapkan kualifikasi dan kompetensi yang dibutuhkan untuk menduduki jabatan tertentu. Pada umumnya kualifikasi meliputi: keahlian, pengalaman, umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, keadaan fisik, dan lainnya. 22",
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"text": "Rekrutmen merupakan proses mendapatkan sejumlah calon tenaga kerja yang qualified untuk jabatan/ pekerjaan tertentu dalam suatu organisasi atau institusi. Rekrutmen Teungku Dayah merupakan kegiatan",
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"text": "3",
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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"text": "124",
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"text": "ANALYTICA ISLAMICA: Vol. 7 No. 2 Juli - Desember 2018",
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"text": "untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tenaga pendidik pada suatu lembaga Dayah, baik kuantitas maupun kualitasnya. Tujuan dari rekrutmen Teungku yang dilakukan oleh suatu lembaga pendidikan Dayah adalah untuk mendapatkan calon Teungku sesuai dengan kualifikasi yang dibutuhkan.",
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"text": "Secara global lembaga pendidikan Dayah dalam pengadaan Teungku- nya dapat menggunakan metode rekrutmen untuk pengadaan tenaga pendidik yaitu metode internal dan metode eksternal, berikut penjelasannya:",
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"left": 93,
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"text": "a. Metode internal adalah pengisian lowongan dengan cara merekrut Teungku Dayah yang ada dalam lembaga Dayah itu sendiri, bisa berasal dari alumni atau santri yang telah memiliki kapasitas keilmuan, biasanya santri yang telah menduduki kelas tinggi dan dikhususkan mengajar pada tingkat bawah. Calon pengisi lowongan yang dicari dan diseleksi bersumber dari dalam lembaga Dayah. Keuntungan dari metode internal adalah proses penyesuaian diri akan lebih mudah dan kemungkinan berhasil akan semakin tinggi dan biaya rekrutmen lebih murah.",
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{
"left": 93,
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"width": 451,
"height": 127,
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"text": "b. Metode eksternal dalam proses rekrutmen Teungku Dayah dilakukan melalui berbagai sumber informasi. Penyebarluasan informasi penerimaan Teungku Dayah melalui radio, surat kabar, atau media lain yang dapat dibaca dan diketahui oleh masyarakat luas. Selain itu rekrutmen eksternal dapat juga dilakukan dengan cara walks In dan referensi . Walks in yaitu para Teungku Dayah datang sendiri ke suatu lembaga Dayah untuk melamar, yang adakalanya mereka tidak mengetahui apakah di lembaga Dayah tersebut ada atau tidak ada lowongan yang sesuai dengan pengetahuan, keterampilan, atau pengalaman pelamar yang bersangkutan. Referensi merupakan pelamar yang datang merupakan rekomendasi dari personalia yang ada dalam organisasi tersebut.",
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"left": 80,
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"width": 464,
"height": 80,
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"text": "Seleksi Teungku Dayah pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mendapatkan tenaga pendidik yang memenuhi syarat/memiliki kualifikasi yang sesuai dengan deskripsi pekerjaan yang ada atau sesuai dengan kebutuhan lembaga Dayah. Proses ini, seperti halnya rekrutmen, merupakan kegiatan yang penting bagi lembaga Dayah, sebab hasil yang didapat dari perekrutan tidak menjamin bahwa seluruh calon yang direkrut sesuai dengan harapan lembaga Dayah.",
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"text": "Penyaringan atau seleksi Teungku Dayah hanya diperuntukkan bagi pelamar yang memenuhi persyaratan yang telah ditentukan dengan test kompetensi dan psikotest. Setelah proses penyaringan atau seleksi para calon Teungku Dayah, ditempatkan sesuai dengan formasi yang ada dan latar belakang pendidikan yang dimiliki. Untuk mendapatkan Teungku Dayah yang berkualitas, seleksi seharusnya tidak saja berdasarkan nilai test baik kompetensi maupun psikotest, tetapi perlu dilihat indeks prestasi selama menempuh pendidikan, kegiatan organisasi baik lembaga-lembaga pendidikan maupun di masyarakat serta kecakapan dan kemampuan di bidang lainnya.",
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"text": "3). Evaluasi Teungku Dayah",
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"text": "Penilaian atau evaluasi ketenagaan dalam sebuah organisasi merupakan usaha-usaha yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui secara formal ( conduit ) maupun informal ( managerial supervision ) untuk mengetahui hal-hal yang menyangkut pribadi, status, pekerjaan, prestasi kerja maupun perkembangan pegawai sehingga dapat dikembangkan nilai obyektif dalam mengambil tindakan terhadap seorang tenaga pendidik. 23 Sistem penilaian tenaga pendidik dan kependidikan sangat bermanfaat bagi sebuah lembaga pendidikan dalam beberapa aspek, antara lain mendorong peningkatan prestasi kerja, sebagai pengambilan keputusan dalam pemberian imbalan, untuk kepentingan mutasi pegawai, untuk menyusun program pendidikan atau pelatihan dan membantu para pengawas untuk menentukan rencana kariernya. 24",
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"text": "Evaluasi Teungku Dayah merupakan usaha-usaha yang dilakukan oleh pihak manajemen Dayah untuk mengetahui secara formal maupun informal pada aspek-aspek yang berhubungan dengan pribadi, prestasi kerja maupun perkembangan Teungku Dayah sehingga dapat nilai secara obyektif dalam mengambil sikap atau tindakan terhadap mereka.",
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"text": "3",
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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{
"left": 310,
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"text": "125",
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{
"left": 80,
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"width": 464,
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"text": "Teungku Dayah dievaluasi knerjanya oleh pihak manajemen dalam rentang waktu setiap akhir tahun atau semester bahkan harian. Tujuan dari evaluasi ini adalah untuk memperoleh bahan-bahan pertimbangan yang obyektif dalam pembinaan Teungku Dayah. Adapun secara global unsur yang dievaluasi oleh pihak manajemen Dayah terhadap para Teungku adalah kesetiaan, prestasi kerja, tanggung jawab, ketaatan, kejujuran, kerja sama, prakarsa dan kepemimpinan. Evaluasi terhadap Teungku Dayah dilaksanakan secara adil, dengan harapan akan meningkatkan prestasi dan profesionalisme para Teungku Dayah. Setiap pelaksanaan evaluasi mempunyai tujuan yang jelas, evaluasi dilaksanakan secara kontinu dan merupakan integral dari proses antara pihak manajemen Dayah dengan Teungku Dayah. Pada prinsipnya evaluasi kinerja Teungku Dayah merupakan cara pengukuran kontribusi-kontribusi dari individu dalam instansi yang dilakukan terhadap lembaga Dayah. Sedangkan nilai penting dari evaluasi kinerja Teungku Dayah adalah menyangkut penentuan tingkat konstribusi individu atau kinerja yang diekspresikan dalam penyelesaian tugas-tugas yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya.",
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"left": 80,
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"text": "Evaluasi kinerja Teungku Dayah memiliki manfaat ditinjau dari pengembangan prespektif pengembangan lembaga pendidikan Dayah, khususnya manajemen sumber daya manusisa (para Teungku ), yaitu evaluasi kinerja sebagai proses yang berkelanjutan hendaknya setiap hasil evaluasi dilaporkan dan dikomunikasikan dan didiskusikan dengan Teungku Dayah yang bersangkutan, karena komunikasi dan diskusi pasca observasi dapat memberikan umpan balik kepada Teungku Dayah tentang kekuatan dan kelemahannya dalam proses peningkatan profesionalisme.",
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"text": "4). Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Teungku Dayah",
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"left": 80,
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"text": "Pengembangan sumber daya manusia dalam konteks tenaga pendidik sering dikenal dengan istilah teacher professional development . Mengacu pada Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), istilah professional development merujuk pada: “ activities to enhance professional career growth .” Yaitu aktivitasaktivitas yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan karier professional. Aktivitas tersebut meliputi pengembangan diri, pendidikan lanjutan, in-service education , penyusunan kurikulum, kolaborasi dengan teman sejawat, kelompok kajian dan pelatihan atau monitoring dengan teman sejawat. 25",
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"text": "Pelatihan (training) merupakan proses pendidikan jangka pendek yang menggunakan prosedur sistematis dan terorganisir sehingga tenaga kerja non manajerial mempelajari pengetahuan dan keterampilan teknis untuk tujuan tertentu. Pelatihan kerja menurut undang-undang No.13 tahun 2003 pasal 1 ayat 9 adalah “ Keseluruhan kegiatan untuk memberi, memperoleh, meningkatkan, serta mengembangkan kompetensi kerja, produktivitas, disiplin, sikap, dan etos kerja pada tingkat ketrampilan dan keahlian tertentu sesuai dengan jenjang dan kualifikasi jabatan dan pekerjaan” .",
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"text": "Dalam konteks lembaga pendidikan Dayah, pelatihan bagi Teungku Dayah merupakan sebuah proses mengajarkan pengetahuan dan keahlian tertentu serta sikap, agar Teungku Dayah semakin terampil dan mampu melaksanakan tanggung jawabnya dengan semakin baik, sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetepkan oleh lembaga Dayah.",
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"text": "Pelatihan bagi Teungku Dayah ditujukan untuk menjaga serta meningkatkan prestasi. Sedangkan pengembangan dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan prestasi Teungku Dayah saat ini serta untuk masa yang akan datang. Evaluasi dalam manajemen Teungku Dayah sangat dibutuhkan untuk melaksanakan pelatihan serta pengembangan. Evaluasi bisa dilaksanakan melalui perbaikan pelatihan, selain itu juga diperlukan modifikasi supaya pelatihan yang akan dijalankan lebih efektif untuk meningkatkan kinerja Teungku Dayah.",
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"text": "Pengembangan ( development ) merupakan salah satu fungsi operaasional manajemen personalia, pengembangan tenaga pendidik baru/lama perlu dilakukan secara terencana dan berkesinambungan Program pengembangan tenaga pendidik hendaknya disusun secara cermat dan didasarkan kepada metode-metode ilmiah serta berpedoman pada ketrampilan yang dibutuhkan suatu organisasi/instansi pendidikan untuk saat sekarang maupun untuk masa yang akan datang.",
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"text": "3",
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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{
"left": 297,
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"text": "126",
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{
"left": 74,
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"text": "ANALYTICA ISLAMICA: Vol. 7 No. 2 Juli - Desember 2018",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
"left": 80,
"top": 55,
"width": 464,
"height": 95,
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"text": "Pengembangan Teungku Dayah merupakan usaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan teknis, teoritis, konseptual, dan moral Teungku Dayah sesuai dengan kebutuhan pekerjaan atau jabatan melalui pendidikan dan latihan. Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, seorang Teungku Dayah tidak mungkin statis tetapi harus dinamis serta senantiasa berusaha untuk dapat ditingkatkan prestasi/hasil kerjanya, karir serta jabatannya. Pelatihan dan pengembangan Teungku Dayah harus dianggap sebagai investasi lembaga pendidikan Dayah, yakni suatu kegiatan yang akan memberikan manfaat pada masa yang akan datang.",
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"text": "Program pelatihan dan perkembangan diberikan bukan hanya kepada para Teungku Dayah yang baru, akan tetapi diberikan pula kepada Teungku Dayah yang lama, agar kemampuan yang dimilikinya tetap segar sejalan dengan perubahan lingkungan. Pelatihan dan pengembangan Teungku Dayah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan tenaga kependidikan seiring dengan kemajuan dan perubahan lingkungan, baik eksternal maupun internal lembaga Dayah.",
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"text": "Peningkatan dan pengembangan terhadap kinerja Teungku Dayah dapat dilakukan baik oleh Teungku Dayah sendiri melalui motivasi yang dimilikinya maupun pihak manajemen Dayah melalui pembinaan- pembinaan. Usaha peningklatan dan pengembangan Teungku Dayah dapat dilakukan melalui beberapa kegiatan, di antaranya pendidikan dan latihan, tugas belajar, formasi dalam arti penempatan pada jabatan yang lebih dari semula, mutasi jabatan (lapangan atau wilayah), seminar, workshop, konferensi, dan rapat dinas, serta dalam berbagai bentuk lainnya.",
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"text": "5). Pemberhentian atau Mutasi Teungku Dayah",
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"text": "Pemberhentian adalah fungsi operatif terakhir manajemen SDM. Istilah pemberhentian sinonim dengan separation , pemisahan atau pemutusan hubungan tenaga kerja karyawan dari suatu organisasi atau institutsi. Pemberhentian tenaga kependidikan menurut Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indone- sia Nomor 38 Tahun 1992 tentang Tenaga Pendidikan:",
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"text": "1). Pemberhentian dengan hormat tenaga kependidikan atas dasar permohonan sendiri, meninggal dunia dan mencapai batas usia pensiun dilakukan oleh penyelenggara satuan pendidikan yang bersangkutan.",
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"text": "2). Pemberhentian tidak dengan hormat tenaga kependidikan atas dasar hukuman jabatan, dan akibat pidana penjara berdasarkan keputusan pengadilan yang telah mempunyai kekuatan hukum.",
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"text": "Tata cara pemberhentian sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) dan ayat (2) ditetapkan oleh penyelenggara satuan pendidikan yang bersangkutan.",
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"text": "Berangkat dari peraturan pemerintah tersebut diatas maka, sebab-sebab pemberhentian tenaga kependidikan ini dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga jenis: pemberhentian atas permohonan sendiri, pemberhentian oleh dinas atau pemerintah, dan pemberhentian sebab-sebab lain.",
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"text": "Pemberhentian Teungku di lembaga pendidikan Dayah merupakan proses yang membuat seorang Teungku tidak dapat lagi melaksanakan tugas pekerjaan atau fungsi jabatannya baik untuk sementara waktu maupun untuk selama-lamanya. Pemberhentian seorang Teungku Dayah dapat karena pelanggaran disiplin, pengunduran diri atau pengurangan tenaga. Aturan tentang pemberhentian Teungku Dayah harus jelas karena menyangkut nasib seseorang, terutama tentang pemberhentian karena pelanggaran disiplin dan pengurangan tenaga karena dapat memicu ketidakpuasan seorang Teungku Dayah yang dikenai tindakan ini.",
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"text": "Untuk pemberhentian karena pengunduran diri harus dilihat apakah seorang Teungku Dayah yang bersangkutan memiliki ikatan atau perjanjian tertentu dengan lembaga Dayah atau tidak. Sedangkan pengurangan tenaga, dikarenakan atmosfir atau situasi lembaga Dayah tidak mungkin lagi mampu membiayai (gaji) Teungku Dayah disebabkan oleh “pemasukan” tidak lagi rasio, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengurangan tenaga.",
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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"left": 80,
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"text": "Secara umum pemberhentian Teungku Dayah ada dua model, yaitu pemberhentian dengan hormat dan pemberhentian tidak dengan hormat. Pemberhentian dengan hormat atas dasar permohonan sendiri, meninggal dunia, mencapai batas usia kelayakkan mengajar dalam hal ini dilakukan oleh lembaga Dayah yang bersangkutan dengan berbagai pertimbangan. Sedangkan pemberhentian tidak dengan hormat, dilakukan atas dasar hukuman jabatan (karena lalai/mengabaikan tugas) atau akibat pidana penjara berdasarkan keputusan pengadilan yang telah mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap atas pertimbangan lembaga Dayah.",
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"text": "Adapun mutasi merupakan kegiatan manajemen pendidikan yang berhubungan dengan atau proses pemindahan fungsi, tanggung jawab dan status ketenagakerjaan dari tenaga kependidikan pada situasi tertentu. Dilakukannya mutasi Teungku di lembaga Dayah disebabkan oleh beberapa hal diantaranya atas tugas pimpinan Dayah maupun permintaan sendiri. Tujuan diadakannya mutasi ini adalah untuk menghilangkan rasa bosan, dalam rangka pembinaan Teungku Dayah agar mendapat pengalaman yang luas dan dalam rangka penataan kembali Teungku Dayah sehingga menemukan tempat yang sesuai dengan minat dan kemampuannya.",
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"text": "Mutasi Teungku Dayah di lembaga pendidikan Dayah merupakan program untuk menghargai prestasi kerja yang diikuti dengan peningkatan kewajiban, hak, status dan penghasilan Teungku Dayah. Dengan demikian mutasi Teungku Dayah merupakan salah satu usaha dari pimpinan Dayah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bawahannya, juga sebagai pengakuan dan aktualitas diri Teungku Dayah atas segala kemampuan yang dimilikinya. Untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan oleh lembaga pendidikan Dayah, maka mutasi harus berjalan sesuai dengan prosedurnya agar pelaksanaan terhadap rencana mutasi berjalan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan.",
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"text": "Tuntutan profesionalisme tenaga pendidik pada semua lembaga pendidikan menjadi sebuah keharusan. Dayah sebagai lembaga pendidikan Islam di Aceh terus membenah diri untuk meningkatkan kualitasnya dengan berbagai aktivitas terutama dalam peningkatan mutu manajemen personalia Teungku Dayah pada setiap jenis dan jenjang pendidikan yang ada di lembaga-lembaga Dayah. Dayah yang merupakan salah satu lembaga pendidikan Islam di Aceh dalam penyelenggaraannya, Pemerintah Aceh berwenang merencanakan kebutuhan, memfasilitasi peningkatan mutu, melakukan pembinaan, memberikan penghargaan dan perlindungan, dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan terhadap Teungku Dayah.",
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"text": "Manajemen personalia dalam lembaga pendidikan Dayah merupakan bagian yang sangat urgen terutama di bidang tenaga pendidik yakni Teungku. Keberadaan Teungku Dayah meruapakan salah satu urat nadi dari keberhasilan dari lembaga pendidikan Dayah. Teungku Dayah merupakan salah satu unsur yang memegang peranan strategis terutama dalam upaya membentuk watak bangsa khususnya masyarakat Aceh, melalui pengembangan kepribadian dan nilai-nilai yang sesuai dengan syariat Islam. Dipandang dari dimensi pendidikan, peranan Teungku Dayah dalam masyarakat Aceh tetap sangat berpengaruh meskipun teknologi yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam proses pembelajaran berkembang amat cepat.",
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"text": "Manajemen Teungku Dayah merupakan segala kegiatan pengelolaan, pemanfaatan seluruh potensi Teungku yang ada di lembaga pendidikan Dayah untuk mendayagunakan secara efektif, guna mencapai tujuan pendidikan yang telah dicanangkan oleh lembaga untuk jangka waktu tertentu, yang dalam pengelolaan tersebut terdapat fungsi-fungsi yang menyertainya, antara lain perencanaan, rekrutmen, seleksi dan penempatan, evaluasi, pelatihan dan pengembangan, dan pemberhentian atau mutasi Teungku Dayah. Dengan adanya pemberdayaan personalia dalam bidang tenaga pendidik di lembaga pendidikan Dayah melalui manajemen Teungku Dayah, maka pengembangan pendidikan Islam di Aceh dapat terwujud sesuai dengan harapan masyarakat.",
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{
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"text": "ANALYTICA ISLAMICA: Vol. 7 No. 2 Juli - Desember 2018",
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{
"left": 93,
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"text": "Endnotes:",
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{
"left": 112,
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"width": 432,
"height": 62,
"page_number": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "1 Ada beberapa istilah dalam bahasa Arab yang biasa dipakai sebagai sebutan bagi pendidik yaitu ustâdz , mu’allim , mursyîd , murabbî , mudarris , dan mu-addib . Lihat: Muhaimin, Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah, Madrasah, dan Perguruan Tinggi (Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Perkasa, 2005), h. 50.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 134,
"top": 148,
"width": 409,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "2 Ahmad Tafsir, Ilmu Pendidikan dalam Perspektif Islam (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001),",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 112,
"top": 164,
"width": 26,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "h. 77.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 112,
"top": 184,
"width": 432,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "3 Hasan Langgulung, Kreativitas dan Pendidikan Islam; Analisis Psikologi dan Falsafah (Jakarta : Pusataka l-Husna, 1991), h. 358-367.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 134,
"top": 220,
"width": 408,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "4 Zakiah Daradjat, Islam untuk Disiplin Ilmu Pendidikan (Jakarta:Bulan Bintang, 1987) , h.19.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 134,
"top": 240,
"width": 174,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "5 Ahmad Tafsir, Ilmu Pendidikan.., h.74.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 134,
"top": 261,
"width": 215,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "6 Muhaimin, Pengembangan Kurikulum ... , h. 50.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 112,
"top": 282,
"width": 432,
"height": 62,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "7 Manajemen personalia merupakan perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan dan pengendalian atas pengadaan tenaga kerja, pengembangan, kompensasi, integrasi, pemeliharaan, dan pemutusan hubungan kerja untuk mencapai sasaran perorangan, organisasi, dan masyarakat. Lihat: Edwin B. Filippo, Manajemen Personalia , edisi ke-6 (Jakarta: Erlangga), h. 5.",
"type": "Text"
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{
"left": 134,
"top": 349,
"width": 399,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "8 James Siegel, The Rope of God (Los Angeles: Uneversity of California Press, 1969), h. 48.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 112,
"top": 369,
"width": 432,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "9 C. Snouck Hurgronje, The Atjehnese , A.W.S. O’Sullivan (terj.), Vol.I (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1906), h. 63.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 112,
"top": 406,
"width": 432,
"height": 46,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "10 Mohammad Basyah Haspy, Appresiasi terhadap Tradisi Dayah: Suatu Tinjauan terhadap Tata Krama dan Kehidupan Dayah (Banda Aceh: Seminar Appresiasi Pesantren di Aceh Persatuan Dayah Inshafuddin, 1987), h. 7.",
"type": "Text"
},
{
"left": 112,
"top": 459,
"width": 432,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "11 Sudirman Tebba, “Dilema Pesantren Belenggu Politik dan Pembaharuan Sosial” dalam M.Dalam Rahardjo (ed.), Pergulatan Dunia Pesantren Membangun dari Bawah (Jakarta: P3M,1985), h. 268.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"top": 494,
"width": 432,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "12 Hasbi Amiruddin, Ulama Dayah: Pengawal Agama Masyarakat Aceh (Lhokseumawe: Nadiya, 2007), h. 58.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 134,
"top": 531,
"width": 313,
"height": 14,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "13 https://maa.acehprov.go.id, diakses pada tanggal 14 September 2017.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 112,
"top": 551,
"width": 432,
"height": 30,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "14 Husaini Usman, Manajemen Teori, Praktik, dan Riset Pendidikan (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2006), h. 3.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 112,
"top": 587,
"width": 431,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 12,
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"page_height": 841,
"text": "15 Ali Ma’shum dan Zainal Abidin Munawwir, Kamus al-Munawwir (Surabaya: Pustaka Progresif, 1997), h. 384-385.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 112,
"top": 623,
"width": 431,
"height": 31,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "16 Kata yudabbiru terdapat dalam Alquran, antara lain dalam Surat: Yunus ayat 31, Surat ar- Ra’d ayat 2 dan Surat as-Sajadah ayat 5.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 134,
"top": 660,
"width": 368,
"height": 15,
"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
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"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 134,
"top": 680,
"width": 388,
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"page_number": 12,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "18 George R. Terry, The Principles of Management (Illionis: Richard Irwin Inc., 1973), h. 4.",
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{
"left": 112,
"top": 700,
"width": 432,
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"text": "19 R.Wayne Mondy & Shane R Premeaux, Management: Concepts, Practices, and Skills (New Jersey: Prentice Hlml, 1995), h. 4.",
"type": "List item"
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{
"left": 134,
"top": 736,
"width": 204,
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"text": "20 Husaini Usman, Manajemen Teori ..., h. 48.",
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"text": "21 Udin Syaefudin Sa’ud dan Abin Syamsuddin Makmun, Perencanaan Pendidikan Suatu Pendekatan Komprehensif (Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2005), h. 46.",
"type": "List item"
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{
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"text": "Almuhajir: Manajemen Teungku Dayah: Pemberdayaan Personalia Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Aceh",
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{
"left": 283,
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"text": "129",
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{
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"text": "22 Rugaiyah & Atiek Sismiati, Profesi Kependidikan (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 2011), h. 80.",
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{
"left": 111,
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"height": 30,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "23 Piet A. Sahertian, Dimensi-Dimensi Administrasi Pendidikan di Sekolah , (Surabaya: Usaha Nasional, t.t), h. 169.",
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{
"left": 111,
"top": 113,
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"height": 31,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "24 Sri Minarti, Manajemen Sekolah: Mengelola Lembaga Pendidikan Secara Mandiri (Jogjakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2012), h. 142.",
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{
"left": 111,
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"height": 31,
"page_number": 13,
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"text": "25 Nur Aedi, Pengawasan Pendidikan: Tinjauan Teori dan Praktik (Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2014), h. 345.",
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"text": "Aedi, Nur, Pengawasan Pendidikan: Tinjauan Teori dan Praktik (Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2014.",
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"text": "Ali Ma’shum dan Zainal Abidin Munawwir, Kamus al-Munawwir, Surabaya: Pustaka Progresif, 1997.",
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"text": "Amiruddin, Hasbi, Ulama Dayah: Pengawal Agama Masyarakat Aceh , Lhokseumawe: Nadiya, 2007.",
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{
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"text": "Daradjat, Zakiah, Islam untuk Disiplin Ilmu Pendidikan , Jakarta:Bulan Bintang, 1987.",
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{
"left": 75,
"top": 352,
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"text": "Filippo, Edwin B., Manajemen Personalia , edisi ke-6, Jakarta: Erlangga.",
"type": "List item"
},
{
"left": 75,
"top": 376,
"width": 469,
"height": 48,
"page_number": 13,
"page_width": 595,
"page_height": 841,
"text": "Haspy, Mohammad Basyah, Appresiasi terhadap Tradisi Dayah: Suatu Tinjauan terhadap Tata Krama dan Kehidupan Dayah, Banda Aceh: Seminar Appresiasi Pesantren di Aceh Persatuan Dayah Inshafuddin, 1987.",
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{
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"page_width": 595,
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{
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{
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{
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"text": "ANODE COMPOSITE ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE IMPROVEMENT WITH LIME EXTRACT SINTERING FOR LITHIUM CERAMIC BATTERY APPLICATION",
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"text": "Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan North Sumatera, Indonesia",
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"text": "Synthesis of silica Li4Ti5O12/soda lime composite has been carried out for the anode component of lithium ceramic battery. The Li4Ti5O12 synthesis method is SSR (solid state reaction) from Li2CO3 and TiO2 powders. All lithium-based materials were calcined at 700oC for 2 hours, then ball milled to obtain finer particles and passed to a filter of less than 400 mesh. Before sintering the powder is dissolved in 99% methanol to make a paste. The Li4Ti5O12 paste was sintered at various temperatures from 750oC, 800oC, 850oC, 900oC to 950oC for 2 hours to obtain optimum electrical properties. The phase formed after sintering was identified by XRD.",
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"text": "Received, 01/08/22 Revised, 12/08/22 Accepted, 30/08/22",
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"text": "Keywords: Li4Ti5O12/soda lime lithium ceramic battery composite, conductivity",
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"text": "The dominance of lithium batteries as secondary batteries is growing over time, especially for many applications in portable electronic devices and currently for HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) due to the shortage of petroleum in the world [1-4]. Lithium batteries have more advantages in specific energy both gravimetric and volume compared to other batteries. State-of-the-art lithium ion battery technology is being developed for large-scale applications such as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrids electric vehicle (HEV). For this purpose, lithium ion batteries must have long-term cycling performance with high capacity. The graphite used as anode material has a capacity of about 372 mAh/g and has now been replaced by lithium the intercalated form of graphite LiC6 compounds with excellent reversibility.",
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"text": "The negative electrode or anode in commercial batteries is made of graphite but the disadvantages of graphite anode are cannot be applied under high power conditions and when the first charge the graphite dimensions have changed.",
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"text": "The interlayer space also increases so that the anode is an anomalous expansion due to the insertion of lithium ions into the graphite structure [5,6]. However, the storage capacity of graphite is quite large, which is around 8.9Ah/g, unfortunately the electron current is not able to capture large amounts such as >4C. This is due to the decrease in cell potential below the cutoff voltage of the battery when the current is at high speed [2]. The capacity curve becomes uneven and tends to decrease in current or voltage due to a decrease in capacity in addition to the safety factor the cell exploits the intermetallic lithium layer at the anode cell interface [7].",
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"text": "One of the interesting anode materials to be developed by researchers is LTO which consists of lithium titanate. LTO has a high level with a flat potential curve and stable with zero strain material [8,9]. The discharge material profile is clearly flat without any dimensions a promising unit cell change for solid lithium ion batteries, as it is able to minimize defects in its structure caused by overexpansion while charging/discharging. Several methods for making LTO anodes are sol-gel method, spray drying/pyrolysis, colloid template method, and solid state reaction [10].",
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"text": "Currently, LTO anode materials are being researched using solid-state reactions and sintering at various temperatures to obtain optimum electrical properties.",
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"text": "http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022",
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"text": "The anode material synthesis process is carried out by a solid state reaction between Li2CO3 and TiO2 (anatase) powders through powder metallurgy which is processed by the following reaction [11]:",
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"text": "2Li2CO3 + 5TiO2 Li4Ti5O12 + 2CO2 (1)",
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"text": "For 250 grams of Li4Ti5O12 80.47 grams of Li2CO3 and 217.51 grams of TiO2 are required according to reaction (1). The mixing powder was ground for several hours to obtain a fine and homogeneous powder, then calcined at 700oC for 2 hours.",
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"text": "After that, the powder was ground again and filtered until it reached a size of 200 mesh. At the same time silica sodalime is prepared from 500 grams of window glass by grinding and grinding to achieve a fine powder of up to 200 mesh. Before mixing all the powders were stored in an oven at 70oC for one night to keep the powders dry. After that, all powders were mixed with a ratio of 20% LTO as filler and 80% sodalime silica as a matrix in 40 ml of methanol, then sintered at temperatures of 700, 800, 850, 900,950oC for 2 hours. The sintered powder was milled again until the powder passed through a 400 mesh sieve. Finally the powder is added with methanol to make a slurry or paste and is ready to be pressed in a compression machine.",
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"text": "The green compact was continuously calcined at 540 oC and cooled in liquid nitrogen for 30 minutes. Samples were characterized by both XRD to identify phase formation after sintering and electrical properties. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also tested to obtain the impedance behavior of Li4Ti5O12 ceramic composites such as real impedance, imaginative impedance, total impedance, phase shift angle with various frequency spectrum in logarithmic scale using LCR meter, HIOKI 3532-80 Chemical Impedance meter as shown in Fig. 1.",
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"text": "Figure 1. (a) Schematic of EIS measurement, (b) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) apparatus.",
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"text": "3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. X-Ray Diffraction",
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"text": "The phases present in the composite anode material were identified by XRD, the content of Li4Ti5O12, TiO2 (rutile) and TiO2 (anatase) for all sintered samples as shown in Figure 2. It is seen that the resulting increase in temperature changes the peak intensity of Li4Ti5O12. Some peaks hide and new peaks appear at higher temperatures which are identified as new phases present in the material. The lithium titanate phase has formed after sintering from 750oC to 950oC but sintering at temperatures of 750oC and 850oC there were some imputs indicated by peaks of TiO2 (anatase) and TiO2 (rutile). The rutile phase is stable at higher temperatures whereas anatase is the metastable phase according to refs [11-14]. Tao Yuan et al [11] reported that TiO2 impurities will disappear at lower temperatures when composite synthesis through cellulose-assisted combustion by calcining at a temperature of 750oC for 5 hours [15].",
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"text": "Figure 2. XRD LTO pattern with variation of sintering temperature for 2 hours.",
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"text": "Peak analysis used JCPDS #49-0207 as comparison data from XRD results. Some rutile impurities were still present after sintering at 850oC, but the peak intensity was reduced compared to lower temperatures, while at 900 and 950oC were investigated. a new phase with a low peak intensity at Bragg 2θ of 20.19o which indicates the peak of the Li2Ti3O7 phase. Bohnke et al. [16], reported that a new phase of Li2Ti3O7 appears at high temperatures between 940oC and 1050oC which is rapidly quenched in air to room temperature, because Li2Ti3O7 is stable at high temperatures such as above 940oC. Recently, X. HU et al. [17] it was also reported that an incorrect composition in the mole of the material led to the formation of the ramsdellite impurity Li2Ti3O7.",
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"text": "Wu Le et al. [18] showed that rutile TiO2 can be removed with an ethanolamine solution or using TiO2 nano particles but when using micron particles and ethanol, the rutile phase is still present [19,20].",
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"text": "Identification of Li4Ti5O12 from the XRD pattern in Figure 2. shows the diffraction characteristics of all peaks at (111), (311), (400), (511), and (440) which are phase diffraction of Li4Ti5O12 with spinel cube structure according to space. Fd3m group (JCPDS card no. 26-1198) [21]. The loss of the prominet peak due to TiO2 has been localized at Bragg 2θ 0f 25 - 24o indicating TiO2 in a solid-state reaction [22]. The sharpness of the prominent peak at Bragg 2θ of 18.36o also indicates an increase in the crystallinity of TiO2, while sodalim glass as a matrix in Li4Ti5O12/NaSiO2 anode composites is not visible because the glass phase is amorphous. The lithium hydrate phase was not formed from the XRD analysis because rapid cooling in liquid N2 had stopped the reaction of lithium with the volatile water in the air. During quenching at -130oC for 30 minutes volatile N2 covered the sample to room temperature and this condition is expected to occur during the active anode process [23].",
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"text": "The conductivity measurement was carried out using the EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) method. The curve is shown in Figure 3. The EIS profile shows whether the curve has been well formed or not. A good anode will do a curved semicircle (semi-circle) pattern, and when the phase curve plot on the EIS graph will show the ideal curve like an inverted “S”. The EIS graph of each phase after sintering is as follows.",
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"text": "Figure 3. Spectrum of AC impedance at room temperature LiTiO with various sintering temperatures.",
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"text": "Impedance measurement is carried out by applying a DC voltage of 4V and a pertubation of an AC signal of 10 mV combined with a DC voltage. If the DC voltage is below 3V it produces a less curved semicircle pattern. The frequency must be applied between 4 Hz and 1 MHz. Sintering at 750oC showed that the arch pattern size was large but the temperature gradually decreased and the smallest size was found after sintering at 850oC, while sintering at 900oC and 950oC, the arch pattern size returned to large. in line with the sample resistance. The resistance at a temperature of 850oC decreases while at a higher temperature it becomes larger. In general, all sintering conditions show a single semicircular curve.",
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"text": "The conductivity can be determined by the inverse resistance. The conductivity of the sample was measured by interpreting the size of the curved semicircle pattern, where the impedance values of Rb (bulk resistance) and Rgb (grain boundary resistance) were obtained [26,27], the results are shown in Table 1. .Rb shows the characteristics of bulk materials with ohmic, while Rgb shows the qualitative characteristics of grain boundaries with capacity behavior. Rb is always seen at high frequencies, while Rgb is at low frequencies [28-31].",
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"text": "Table 1. Results Of Calculation Of The Conductivity Of Lto Ceramic Composite Anode Materials At Various Sintering Temperatures Taken From Ac Impedance Test.",
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"text": "The graph of the bulk and grain boundary conductivity at temperature changes is shown in Figure 4, as below.",
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"text": "Figure 4. Bulk conductivity and grain boundaries of LiTiO after sintering at different temperatures,",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "Figure 4 shows that the conductivity increases to 3.27 10-4 S.cm-1 for bulk (σb) and 1.02 10-7 S.cm-1 for grain boundaries (σgb) after sintering at 850oC and tends to decrease at temperature higher. When associated with the crystallite process, this material crystallizes better at temperatures of 750oC to 850oC, but at higher temperatures up to 950oC the crystallites become large and agglomerate. X.Xu et al [29] found results similar to current work for solid ceramic electrolytes or LTAP.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "When the crystal becomes big so EIS shows that the conductivity of the sample tends to be small. This is evidenced by the microstructure observed with the Scanning Electron Microscope in Figure 5. Figure 5. The microstructure of Li4Ti5O12 after sintering at various temperatures was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). For non-clumping particles, the ions will.",
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"text": "It is easy to move because the conductivity increases, while the agglomerated particles with a large particle size cause the ions to be transferred longer so that the diffusion length increases [32-34], as a result, the conductivity of the sample decreases [22].",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "ISSN : 2302-9706",
"type": "Page header"
},
{
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"top": 726,
"width": 405,
"height": 19,
"page_number": 5,
"page_width": 612,
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"text": "INFOKUM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 94,
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"text": "The conductivity of our material is of the same order as the results reported by Vijayakumar et al [33]. They said that the conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 was 10-8 S/cm at room temperature [35], whereas Yanling Qi et al [34] found that the conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 is 2.5 10-8 S/cm [34],",
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"left": 94,
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"text": "Hao et al [36] were 7.1 10–8 S/cm, and Huang et al [37] were 2.5 10–7 S/cm, respectively [37]. Meanwhile, Bohnke et al [16] said that the conductivity at high temperatures between 900 oC and 950oC decreased due to the presence of Li2Ti3O7 impurities in the material having a conductivity of 3.10-9 S/cm.",
"type": "Text"
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{
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"text": "The phase angle (θ) and total impedance (Ztotal) are plotted from the phase angle (θ) on the primary vertical axis and the log frequency on the horizontal axis, while the impedance or log(Ztotal) on the secondary vertical axis [38-41] as shown in Figure 6 .",
"type": "Text"
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"left": 102,
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"text": "Figure 6. The EIS spectrum shows that the phase angle (θ) moves and the Ztotal of the Li4Ti5O12 ceramic composite after sintering at various temperatures ranges from 0 to -90o.",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "The graph in Figure 6 shows that the sample has a capacitance characterized by a change in phase angle (θ) which moves from 0o to -90o. The shape of the curve like the letter \"S\" is inverted at 850oC and 900oC, but the lowest phase angle (θ) at 900oC is -70o, while at 850oC the phase is angle (θ) is -90o. At other temperatures the phase angle (θ) tends to form an additional curve and indicates the presence of a single phase or an impurity phase present in the material. Samples at a temperature of 850oC showed the presence of a single phase while at other temperatures there was a new phase or an impurity phase. The graph of Ztotal and log (f) shows that the sample at almost all temperatures has the same pattern at low frequencies and Ztotal is high, then at high frequencies and Ztotal decreases drastically to the order of 10-4, so the correlation between frequency and Ztotal is inverse and at high frequency, low impedance capacity.",
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"text": "Therefore at high frequencies it contributes to the bulk impedance, whereas at low frequencies the grain boundary impedance is more affected [42-44].",
"type": "Text"
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"text": "4. CONCLUSION",
"type": "Section header"
},
{
"left": 94,
"top": 543,
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"height": 68,
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"text": "The synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 has been successfully produced through solid state reactions and sintering. The optimum conductivity was carried out after sintering at a temperature of 850oC for 2 hours with a conductivity of approx. ~1.02 10-7 S/cm. The phase angle (θ) at 850oC shows a displacement from 0O to -90O this pattern indicates good sample capacitance means the material has good ionic capacity as an 'insertion compound', and therefore Li4Ti5O12 has good ionic conductivity, but is still poor in conductivity electronic .",
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"text": "REFERENCE",
"type": "Section header"
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{
"left": 100,
"top": 638,
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"page_height": 792,
"text": "http://infor.seaninstitute.org/index.php/infokum/index JURNAL INFOKUM , Volume 10, No.3, August 2022",
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{
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"page_width": 612,
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},
{
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] |
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