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ca5c769aa8190a59f1d3546260afa4e3b1ed1861 | Education | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages. | What major changes in the US onset in the early 20th century | {
"text": [
"Secondary education in the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f58a06f4f01372fccfa573a16362ded0af7987ab | Education | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages. | What industry were you going to be capable of with this line of education? | {
"text": [
"advancing technology in factories"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
954a66be0a7999832ecd777fff01791479aa04ed | Education | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages. | Automation poses a threat to __ | {
"text": [
"blue"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e00f799246d4547950f01b5ecf8bc0fe09c9e6d7 | Education | Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages. | How did large factories strengthen their work base? | {
"text": [
"high schools were created"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ace234da091d24e4ebb4809f159650d0f2c20720 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | Who requires endorsement of all states involved? | {
"text": [
"Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
80550b766b34f2a18eb58aa7235b1058f51227b5 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | What does the United States require in the senate? | {
"text": [
"equal representation"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6962faf12c5943a6ced0f3b329264c54844261cc | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | What amendment is the exception when it comes to abolishing the federal system? | {
"text": [
"no amendment"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
541277a1cf43b9b6ec01188872c8263e994bc903 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | What is at stake of being redefined in the Canadian constitution? | {
"text": [
"the monarchy"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
766b8c4cb5c6104cc419b6327553fa411d20d733 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | If a new law were to impact Tasmania, how would it be passed or not? | {
"text": [
"referendum"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ea17ccd9ad0d750cfe7b1e70acd142d076ed8c82 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | What would a state signal if it wanted to be left out of an amendment? | {
"text": [
"consent"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a0d430261f12251e20c596d0aa948eb07d172a55 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | What is Oklahoma, as well as all it's counterparts, guaranteed? | {
"text": [
"equal representation in the senate"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6b421d18c9cf9fc8eb7664c73cab3861968e0652 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | If Florida, for instance, did not have representation in the federal government, what would not be being followed? | {
"text": [
"US constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
54034f8898fafd0193be48a55da3ded6fd7c793a | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system. | How do citizens have a direct impact on changes to laws that may affect them? | {
"text": [
"referendum"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
432bbc5962631bf39146505fc2672ddf4e128846 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | What prompted reconsideration of former understandings of the concept? | {
"text": [
"New research"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
22dd899414b7cc791dcbaa8b9990a98843c7d47c | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | what was the last word in the passage? | {
"text": [
"Union"
],
"answer_start": [
1578
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
10122fb54e76a21850a7c0900fcbcc2fcb80256d | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | Why did prior understandings of the concept get revised? | {
"text": [
"New research"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
58a60891a9bab4a95ce785705b7262543b8d9419 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | what nation starts with G? | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
1460
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6c805e020715edb90041f75f658c1d4c0a87b4c1 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | The European Union is not a federal state but a? | {
"text": [
"union"
],
"answer_start": [
1546
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b1837325b1d864c0e3479c47294e8d1a38f776c1 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | what form of government was pointed to? | {
"text": [
"federalism"
],
"answer_start": [
777
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d0c40c76ee8834a158e2bfd352821d2684a71f47 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | Secession was an issue for the? | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b27859f4947993bc1c61cf0455f96775e346e299 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | what nation start with A? | {
"text": [
"Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
1490
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
34823bdd880ce7e73365ce8d933693e9171b30a1 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union. | How come former understandings of the concept needed to be reconsidered? | {
"text": [
"New research"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7605f46bc538241a55bfd9d80bc67f3604ad11e4 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | What type of house is the German Bundesrat? | {
"text": [
"upper"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8d92ada782b749bf12160200df44fadffd2e4cbb | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | How can lower houses not be apportioned to population? | {
"text": [
"states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f147e5525df0fe9d5655284ba6b7269d41e6f0c4 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | Which house is less likely to be directly elected? | {
"text": [
"upper"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4e67bf212eff69c98a1779e1765c9b9d08a9962f | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | What is a foreign comparison to this? | {
"text": [
"the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5cd9f88dce22b462686c87e83f0d05759e8dc2b9 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | in the lower house what is determined by the number of citizens of a state | {
"text": [
"number of seats"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ad2429427b1116a8d72f41684cc3bc0f1621f21e | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | What is another way upper house members may be elected? | {
"text": [
"be actual members or delegates of the state governments"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cb5ea08e7d21595810729a72cbf991841f23cd71 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | the people of the upper house are representatives of the state where | {
"text": [
"German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d2df2ebc727f624a89514f03a8693e062b8ddd57 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | politicians who are indirectly elected a part of what | {
"text": [
"an upper house"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c57927451365ca48bfb58a27add6d057d014aaae | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | In 1900, how were members of the United States upper house chosen? | {
"text": [
"indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
88f9cad93790ba00095b2455338a4bed198b7a1e | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats. | politicians who are directly by the citizens are part of what | {
"text": [
"The lower house"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e1fa998d1e3bd14c099aa2a818f4d82939ea91ce | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | Which article makes special provisions for a lower number of states? | {
"text": [
"Article 370"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
44f601b4a07c2d96a4da5b3dcd4b90d7ebc43dd6 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | Which of the following does not derive its special provisions from Article 371: Assam, Mizoram or Jammu? | {
"text": [
"Jammu"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d134c56890de8c5aa5c5812dfd4e447a02530dfe | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | What trait of Indian federalism has nothing to do with its symmetry? | {
"text": [
"system of President's Rule"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
834036bc3a6b579731db73281960e8efd2ddfccf | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | Which of the following is not granted special provisions by Article 370: Jammu, Goa or Kashmir? | {
"text": [
"Goa"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cc41165349623a1e9b44546327f5cb9bfd886f01 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | Who carries out the President's rule? | {
"text": [
"the central government"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
be48bb11943ffd3ecbf9d209a68a5a5f2f306716 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | Mizoram is not under the provisions of which article? | {
"text": [
"370"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cf22186f2565e20a7fcf95a9e32023143d0520ac | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | It is safe to assume that the proplr of Jammu are of what culture? | {
"text": [
"Indian"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5b118487c655a9e4414804f8ccc1b28d8276d629 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | There are provisions for a lesser number of states in which article? | {
"text": [
"370"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
856be20c5ef5cf665d4eeb12a0f63106dae62165 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | Which of the following is not a state: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, or governor? | {
"text": [
"Governor"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
03fdae17c2b2be984a83ce4942ed1358c2877aa4 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | The words that have a root in foedus used to be? | {
"text": [
"synonyms"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ea682b380043c85f3a42a0d5fc04b18eddf2b2d1 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | What is the word we don't use most in today's society | {
"text": [
"confederalism"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
249d8463920112d75df433f9d1f0410bf950be04 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | When did federalism and confederalism became no longer synonyms? | {
"text": [
"nineteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3b6aca845e7586318ded65ef5f3c99ce6f4095f2 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | What does confederalism mean now? | {
"text": [
"league of states"
],
"answer_start": [
820
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
62332f0e00ebdd3f552e7c61c2668fc8c1818786 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | What is the second defining English root word to define federalism or confederalism | {
"text": [
"pact"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
467cf73cb92e8d8381e182cbf2cc1d812d9b7bb0 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | What is a synonym of treaty? | {
"text": [
"pact"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
983a2a9d1edf3286e6902313e81eaa0f77a3ae40 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | Foedus is in the etymology of? | {
"text": [
"federalism' and 'confederalism"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
916bf0985166b50e5d44f643f2f823bb887d9e77 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | Does Madison believe the US is a federalism or confederalism | {
"text": [
"neither"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0a69be9af56dd18b48db6da3dbcb1698456b2d9e | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | When did federalism stopped to mean treaty? | {
"text": [
"nineteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e5f22fb13e38fa71f73eabc1935a848c36d51e54 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | Until when did federalism and confederalism were synonyms? | {
"text": [
"nineteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e23624c7f868d54af6ada2ac1204f9bb687a458a | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'. | Foedus is a? | {
"text": [
"Latin word"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
893a43746e115e79a060c14c4e67b7a86d44b491 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | How are unitary states viewed? | {
"text": [
"Most people politically advocating \"federalism\" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism)"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
180e3e8661e8ec34a6e3e49a8f3c5dddaeeaa8b9 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | Some think the founding fathers did not want modern what to exist? | {
"text": [
"federalism"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
344167fbbdb7417f50624515d1f7b1b01b0ca44f | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | How did the founding fathers view unitary states? | {
"text": [
"As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e57585b3e7829d26e11ffa4c232e7fc27a5522bf | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | What is the difference for North America? | {
"text": [
"The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dac03ccd7ea0de09e0c5132c410fc908f7ab6b8d | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | What did the Founding Fathers intend? | {
"text": [
"weaker central government"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
77953f7c962b02a332ac766cc6c80a444562e9aa | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | What did the Founding Fathers intend more of? | {
"text": [
"limiting the powers of the federal government"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
84f98aa432bbe85ad6ca9248fbc9bdef330c0674 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | When the powers of the federal government are limited, it becomes? | {
"text": [
"weaker"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0388f72eebcb7572552ae90901013bb77d16a38f | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | America has less experience compared to? | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
daad7cdb9f38fe96ce48275ddc90ac053e4c9ace | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | How do the continents differe? | {
"text": [
"European \"federalism\" argues for a weaker central government"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1e22bcef65924dc722d52f4b7682211ff8eb4369 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | How has federalism changed? | {
"text": [
"Most people politically advocating \"federalism\" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b2f962a001524e830c30d990d241bab82a208409 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism). | What is the opposite of a stronger central government? | {
"text": [
"federalism"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f5744657d7b30ff614e7ab5509b1ae1e2ce89efa | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | What are people entitled to as citizens? | {
"text": [
"rights"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d35010d735d4aac0fde100ade44c078fbfcafcd6 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | What has someone done if they change and adapt? | {
"text": [
"evolved"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
774abebda71992c5c23b0908eeb88e05baf433b7 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | Which number Federalist paper promotes the idea of associative federalism? | {
"text": [
"28"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ec78ba29082e8ae421937d4be8fa2fca8c4bbb96 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | Where is it written that it is ok for citizens to pit the two governments against each other when they don't get their way? | {
"text": [
"Federalist No. 28"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7582e5355b08b6c8bec0b0bd5d00b53b24708a39 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | Who are both governments supposed to work to protect? | {
"text": [
"citizens"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2c61204e1717cd1f7d40214e75692cd39d29711d | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | Of the two men mentioned, who was first to write in a Federalist paper? | {
"text": [
"Alexander Hamilton"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ee175cdef2e4b08503dd2aa2cb8829fd1f70445f | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | Who wrote the first Federalist paper listed in the article? | {
"text": [
"James Madison"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d4c24464a315ac837fe5f81c612379ac735f524f | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | Which government's namesake resembles that of Federalism? | {
"text": [
"federal"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5ad4c93563f6d53fc229726d90c4371f0c3dce11 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | Which is not a last name, States or Madison? | {
"text": [
"States"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fd9c2b4fd0eea81c33586384f6cff0c59fc4c37d | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | What is the nationality of the citizens mentioned? | {
"text": [
"American"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9d9c996e45dcfeb9da170cdd877d262820351b4f | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) | Who wrote about dual federalism? | {
"text": [
"James Madison"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
212ccc3568a228d525a10b0ad769295942228de7 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | What did the autonomous communities in Spain do to gain national specificity? | {
"text": [
"spearheaded a historic movement"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3c384615884688053a2e9f140fa374cee73313fd | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | Is Spain a symmetric or asymmetric federalism? | {
"text": [
"Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state"
],
"answer_start": [
967
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
851a04fa3b7da66645fe223bd0fa294a14eb3cb7 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | What do asymmetric federations' states possess in terms of power and autonomy? | {
"text": [
"different powers"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ed7a16d55b6aeef8b543174b047545d5feac2d42 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | What did Navarre have in the past? | {
"text": [
"specific rights"
],
"answer_start": [
890
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
156f93eb86c09b4c622d972e3765387e705c9713 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | What special treatments are enjoyed by a distinct culture in a particular region? | {
"text": [
"granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
83df20bcf0c0cdbecd0d54408aec7654cc827c9c | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | How is the "coffee for everyone" arrangement characterized? | {
"text": [
"autonomous"
],
"answer_start": [
697
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dfcce4f1f7d5051eb2a4be9c4938771f995c678c | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | How is the Basque Country recognized? | {
"text": [
"Asymmetric federalism"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b4276db3119471058e29a753db5ac1e561ebbb38 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | What allows them to recognize distinct cultures? | {
"text": [
"autonomy"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9c0d0434ae437c9b519cbab0e9a3b4381fffe822 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | What do some cultures have the privilege of? | {
"text": [
"recognition"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dbcabcf0f2d2dab0103856842cdc0500b37c6383 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | Which group that begins with G spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized? | {
"text": [
"Galicians"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eae43aefae1be2784ada05b09455d9c517655f42 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | What happens in symmetric federalism? | {
"text": [
"every component state of a federation possesses the same powers"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d1fee0514c38d5bf064cfeb5806d081c46173b0b | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state. | Which historic community mentioned in the text begins with N? | {
"text": [
"Navarre"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
37bd0da9a0f05566e52133235a4e8944a985ef53 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | What did Putin do to Yeltsin's reforms? | {
"text": [
"scaled back"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
05c7967967433e4076191ac49e870752ed381f49 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | Who was not a president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics? | {
"text": [
"Vladimir Putin"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ce8d163863c5c9458cf2b1cf02e2ababbb08848b | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | The acronym for the soverign state that existed in the past from 1922-1991 was? | {
"text": [
"USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4159fa8f310b943084bf8c5100ccf41c4b2c8657 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | The act or process of removing restrictions on something is called? | {
"text": [
"liberalized"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0d1c77ca0436332e0c22742761e72093e8b69d0f | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | What was the first step Russia took toward an autonomous model? | {
"text": [
"the establishment of the USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
37b2f1140a24eb1c750c75fced296c998a7619b3 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | What was Russia a part of? | {
"text": [
"Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
14f832feb72624e4c7ec9228d4e17b3681532cad | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | Which leader came before Putin? | {
"text": [
"Yeltsin"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
623c45748d5e624d059cc4bca6109b9ccd20cddd | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | How did Russia change after the USSR? | {
"text": [
"increasingly liberal reforms"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
37b2f1140a24eb1c750c75fced296c998a7619b3 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | What was Russia a part of? | {
"text": [
"the USSR"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
01c2183ce90d2098f40b193a31c5da7e571c1f83 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | What came before the USSR? | {
"text": [
"post-Imperial"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6ff48f7ddf62b8c8743a930b81c2604a2c988c44 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | Who fought in the Chechen War? | {
"text": [
"Chechen secessionist rebels"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6965df3aeea1ae6cb1bde0278d6effac7f5d0b50 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | The consequences or effect of an event are referred to the event's what? | {
"text": [
"aftermath"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a8baa41c8514379df5b9d7c2a0ff100d9ab38481 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin. | Chechnya today is home to individuals given the name Chechen, what country is this a federal state of? | {
"text": [
"Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eb50d20c570411bfafefdce586f1911efc4f643e | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries. | If something is opposite of pointless or not needed, it is what? | {
"text": [
"useful"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
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