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d01ad34ab10eb24783888abee18428db267198f1 | Boston | The Boston Public Schools enrolls 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School, established 1635, is the oldest public high school in the US; Boston also operates the United States' second oldest public high school, and its oldest public elementary school. The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian. There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council. | Which racial group represents the smallest proportion of the students? | {
"text": [
"Asian"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
89110f3fd6ef45236e5f976442d2244ff5a13d6d | Boston | The Boston Public Schools enrolls 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School, established 1635, is the oldest public high school in the US; Boston also operates the United States' second oldest public high school, and its oldest public elementary school. The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian. There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council. | Which group is the second most prominent racial demographic in the Boston public school system? | {
"text": [
"Black or African American"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
932f248c7479dc6438ebed80730175cec31c7d92 | Boston | Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. | Through what method did Boston's roads come about? | {
"text": [
"organically"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
578dbf8be05f52beda147d36d2ec30846089d9ef | Boston | Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. | What non-interstate highway is by Boston? | {
"text": [
"Massachusetts Turnpike"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f08bb953cb60c91a9e7635ad19c109e50bf1961e | Boston | Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. | Where did people drive prior to the O'Neill Tunnel? | {
"text": [
"elevated portion of the Central Artery"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7f6ec91be40c27cd902123cbcc8ef20a9179f248 | Boston | Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. | What developed later along with Back Bay, East Boston, and the South End? | {
"text": [
"South Boston"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6305a1dc1f05d7288a2c0e7cd82112b3714f958a | Boston | Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. | When was the Central Artery replaced? | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4965f3259b025c0d028468ca7379473d0cc1ca46 | Boston | Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. | Which region of Boston was developed first? | {
"text": [
"Downtown"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ee8eddb6e3548a9169cf7e8abc083c65a0d58d9e | Boston | Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. | Which road runs through Boston? | {
"text": [
"I-90"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
621529e6b2ca5b190591cf486967780d040ccd49 | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | Turkey corrected their fiscal year jumps with what? | {
"text": [
"escape years"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7bc685b73a72aea3223b74b4ecd85809131ce6d1 | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | What time period saw the use of the calendar with the lunar year in Turkey? | {
"text": [
"Hegira era"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b9bcc3378fa5057b7f3ea5de8dae8c00ebc29ba7 | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | What calendar is referred to for fiscal reasons? | {
"text": [
"Rumi"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
08837970578e6abc970f9aa091a357e98872e55a | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | What was used before the Julian calendar? | {
"text": [
"Gregorian"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dc75fc8e5dbb84c68b30179f6da0ef5f6d00da22 | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | In the 1930's what calendar was used in Turkey for everyday purposes? | {
"text": [
"Gregorian calendar"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
22b6e92b98a0fb9f7a97de291fd9b0d5defe3b48 | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | When did Turkey no longer use the era originally used with the lunar islamic calendar for year numbers? | {
"text": [
"1 January 1926"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a5cacbed90e9c40eb8920f1db8bc2ee3c0ba686e | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | In the 1920's what calendar did Turkey use for tax purposes? | {
"text": [
"Gregorian"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
db284a6a9ee2bca166dfab1ab5e622b12c35b7a1 | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | Parts of the year used what calendar instead of the Julian calendar? | {
"text": [
"Gregorian"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a6c54f3c7ee3c62f6b45ce455c71a04f77525be3 | Gregorian_calendar | Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries. | What kind of time keeping system is used in Turkey? | {
"text": [
"the Gregorian calendar"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
967757d351e00472d213e9448e988bb965cc70d4 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | Who created the solution to the excess of time over 365 days? | {
"text": [
"Petrus Pitatus"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2c6bf3f1d6b038dcdb29a93c360e26af4c4f7d70 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | From where was the individual who originally proposed to add a day to the calendar once every four years? | {
"text": [
"Verona"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8f58ae0bdccd8dd93a1f99b4d3fea9c8fedbe876 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | Which is not associated with Reinhold: Prutenic tables or De revolutionibus? | {
"text": [
"De revolutionibus"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
df4105e7a3cd2a4abd584721db222d83a75d3363 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | Along with the creator of the Gregorian calendar, who else realized the ancient tables providing the sun's mean longitude were inconsistent? | {
"text": [
"Tycho Brahe"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
64dd26187fce6d5f85eb31292f5e547eb9ac7cbc | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | Who did not say that the tables did not concur on the length of the mean tropical year: Clavius or Pitatus? | {
"text": [
"Pitatus"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2d22a27e34371fe8d8793b6f49d337ab9bf853fa | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | Along with information about the mean tropical year, what provided information about the sun's mean longitude? | {
"text": [
"time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
60151f6702e8e2007741d025c06852751fa04f6f | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | What is the first number in the grouping for Alphonsine, Copernicus and Reinhold? | {
"text": [
"14"
],
"answer_start": [
745
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9b2dd118620041c17837f51da9fff9f10e386a79 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | How did we get the size of the sun? | {
"text": [
"tables"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
aaf5273999d8529291fbc2843e5d7f67aff673d2 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | What is the third number from the Alphonsine grouping as it has been extracted from the tables of mean longitude? | {
"text": [
"9"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1cbb313a3258c21967f665a5c67592ba8ac97c81 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | What is the last number in the group of Reinhold numbers as it has been extracted from the tables of mean longitude? | {
"text": [
"24"
],
"answer_start": [
807
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
376e72475fcd8e8b6d9daa65dfd86f45d35bb625 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | How is the average time of the Earth's orbit described in the ancient tables? | {
"text": [
"mean tropical year"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bfcee77c8f37b4d14a424a56aec30a3f59bc81ea | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | What was the logic behind the leap year put forth in 1560? | {
"text": [
"97 leap years in 400 years"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
49ecd6e1b2afb95e965d50cde3285a5e04911f54 | Gregorian_calendar | Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers. | What things didn't line up with the calendars? | {
"text": [
"discrepancies"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6571b7aa205037859f3a951b966157399342b3b6 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | Where is July demonstrated? | {
"text": [
"index knuckle of the left hand"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3a90259fd3efc06a3675d404445d61ada93294f9 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | What is another word for secondary? | {
"text": [
"alternative"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3c950c26e7f6d05e13cd39b25a9b018ffeb6741a | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | The third knuckle of the left hand would represent a month that has what number of twenty four hour periods in it? | {
"text": [
"31"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cf5d230e2657d1b3a326b1463e6313f20c053145 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | Where does the calendar year begin? | {
"text": [
"little knuckle of the left hand"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
54ec1713c9065ec99ec86f0c5aac6f5173318016 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | The first space between the first two knuckles of the left hand equates to a month with how many days in it? | {
"text": [
"28- or 29"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a4bc2681f9d88102c982913aba2d0ca59d639983 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | Where is August represented? | {
"text": [
"index knuckle of the right hand"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8d8fad3a27616612455cac45ce27f1f8a39fd4a0 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | What is less often the dominant hand? | {
"text": [
"left"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4f7585d5e593bb976c82108358dfdf7ee66aaedf | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | Which is typically the favored hand? | {
"text": [
"right"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
97a257a751fa5ab73aab40f12a4a4a7864c5ede4 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | What can be used in lieu of a planner to see how many days are left in a month? | {
"text": [
"two fists"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a3860ebb28c6781b808ca37cba0ed44ed917824d | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | The index knuckle of one's right hand would equate to what? | {
"text": [
"August"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0e437a3fe6dfa9e655fdc8b2c034b099e7af7c98 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | What month is an exception? | {
"text": [
"February"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
871bbc538ab10b4005382794d14f2b6220f52228 | Gregorian_calendar | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | What location is not included when using fists to go through the months? | {
"text": [
"The junction between the hands"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
aea5304ba5c5a90233ea5fdbb3042baa85017fef | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | What differences in leap years exist between Gregorian and Julian calendars? | {
"text": [
"Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d346e118c9730ca402a8538d0ec104ebb1350e17 | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | What is an issue with the Greogiran calendar? | {
"text": [
"the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c81a1f20ef3d5ba5ba64a3662c2b8b4ffba3d68d | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | How does the calendar work? | {
"text": [
"The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3fecf29ce84c6f11f8ff8e6af057e52f183807bf | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | Which calendar has more leap days? | {
"text": [
"Julian"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e4e365f6d2354558911fefee37de3f057aa83c1b | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | Some churches, but what type of day was a notable one that delay festivals? | {
"text": [
"after the 23rd"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eba07c5cd1887d38ef00534caf5682fed0262ca7 | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | What impact does this have? | {
"text": [
"the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
67fccb8912ab8b77adc9f63b3bc575cfeea6588f | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | Whose festivals must be delayed in leap years? | {
"text": [
"Roman Catholic Church"
],
"answer_start": [
612
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
324d63957cff4b1824f53569df41074f1dcca10c | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | A year of 365 years was also called a what? | {
"text": [
"A regular Gregorian year"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5dc59ba687f0b5f266d0b12dcb97e6f8ef2306b8 | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | A calendar that consisted of 365 days was considered to be what type? | {
"text": [
"Gregorian calendar"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
922292cb0bf5564592c558a37a794d9e955dbf04 | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | What is a feature of the Gregorian year? | {
"text": [
"Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0b1e34a22a2ef48f7be313d00ee3ecbc9e8a08c0 | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | How does the Julian calendar address the leap year? | {
"text": [
"every 4 years"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
afe0c418b512e2da4917ea43333b2ec2c7bd5383 | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | What is a leap year? | {
"text": [
"in a leap year, a leap day is added to February"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e624bb9fa5b8b360094471d3aae41caf30f0b04c | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | How do the calendars differ? | {
"text": [
"In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
971ab147c8fb7f0ab6885063f94ea08d72e366ed | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, a leap day is added to February. In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February, and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, and February 29th is often considered as the leap day. Some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. | Which of the following is not a type of calendar: Gregorian, Catholic, or Julian? | {
"text": [
"Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c2b86420f4f41e95719b987884f74b26f979f490 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | Between glucose and lactase, which is a part of lactose? | {
"text": [
"glucose"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
90a9ad2a869b478c715f911d4a4cc5e85f7b10ae | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | What protein molecule can some people have trouble eating? | {
"text": [
"Lactose"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a4d36e95a308d5cb2e12f9f78b1c7668a2cc1f9b | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | Between East Asia and Northern Europe, which has a population that is over 50% lactose intolerant? | {
"text": [
"east Asian"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
784ae919c7ba71a24a14fc280e057fc1b9a25ad4 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | Between galactose and lactase, which is a part of lactose? | {
"text": [
"galactose"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
16fb753b96567647cf718e14ccd3bda72c5e3cc9 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | Which ethnic heritage is less lactose intolerant: those of east Asian descent or those of Northern European descent? | {
"text": [
"northern European descent"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d52cab73d39f98029f09e831692f35eeacd41716 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | What is lactase characterized as? | {
"text": [
"enzyme"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7e7a8373ce2fedf366d901aa5b7c6d492dd5b780 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | What does lactase react with? | {
"text": [
"lactose"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
87d47dc05693d6884e5fcb33e0b0c3d9ced19fe1 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | Which group would exhibit more ability to eat unfermented milk-based foods, those with east Asian descent or northern European descent? | {
"text": [
"northern European descent"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b384fe23343c2c317d3a68f5218dbb7bdb17841e | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | What percentage of adults are lactoce intolerant? | {
"text": [
"65"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7e2075eba9d87428dc3c893d12a3172ededdf3c5 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | Which ethnic heritage is more lactose intolerant: those of east Asian descent or those of Northern European descent? | {
"text": [
"east Asian descent"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0139faf75e33315ba89fc5239fb4058bf7613039 | Digestion | Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. | Where is lactose intolerance more common, peoples of east Asian descent or people of northern European descent? | {
"text": [
"peoples of east Asian descent"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
87e2d2453820a56a522383815a0dd82a169e9e2f | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | What animals are considered to have a more efficient system? | {
"text": [
"ruminants"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8fc1b6d7aa36afb4dd9d3c7060003bc7a16f1809 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | What are the ruminants seeking to accomplish when practicing coprophagia behaviors and re-digesting food? | {
"text": [
"extract more nutrition"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
839cd1b8bb07f39441c6734f5b8cfaa9576aeb00 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | Why do rodents need to re digest what they eat | {
"text": [
"do not have a complex digestive system"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0d0342188d2ee924194d075c047ae90523b64551 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | Why are rodents known to consume their waste? | {
"text": [
"in order to re-digest food"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1f80406e42d7a7bd8cd97bf06e2577d2042cb92f | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | What do ruminants do instead of coprophagic behavior? | {
"text": [
"giving their food a second pass through the gut"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d86f770e5496096656ed04092853d622b63285b3 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | _ are stout-bodied with distinguishing features that include elongated cheek pouches extending to their shoulders. | {
"text": [
"hamsters"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2a141a4146035db6c4a9828ad1321a23ac78a2c7 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | What state is the animals food in when it is passed through the digestive system the first time? | {
"text": [
"partially digested"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8f669d702378f7489d55536b577ab7bc529b3ec4 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | What refers to the act performed by animals that do not have a complex digestive system? | {
"text": [
"coprophagia"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b20ec486353148e27ca740ab5739b9507ba507b7 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | What is produced by the animals in addition to the specialized feces? | {
"text": [
"normal droppings"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2f3ae5e5f8342d413f253ef6c6c880a51e66f5ae | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | __ are excellent diggers, constructing burrows with one or more entrances. | {
"text": [
"hamsters"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
719b98c74e868afff74c2b0f04f7030ace592739 | Digestion | Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. | Syrian __ are seasonal breeders and will produce several litters a year with several pups in each litter. | {
"text": [
"hamsters"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c173b779dee62d86e8ffe04ce2efd5e59ec9cd9c | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What is the substance that initiates digestion? | {
"text": [
"lingual lipase"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4a85bcf5e92a9e760bd6cd8192dc778b6f662091 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | Which of the two types of lipase mentioned is produced in the mouth? | {
"text": [
"lingual"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
80b8a0c3b5fff76ca9547126b319d13e9e7c76f7 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What does the liver produce in response to the presence of fat in the small intestine? | {
"text": [
"bile"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3c75ac130df56d599d4bf393eca35d77ec18e6f2 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What is the substance in the mouth that initiates digestion? | {
"text": [
"lingual lipase"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
de46a8bc00dfb5e2b7783837b9a758bf86868518 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | Where can fats be digested? | {
"text": [
"the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
95b8bce0537350a516c7c60089664e4150c4a960 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What is the first place in the body that fats can be digested? | {
"text": [
"mouth"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d91ca331b4f3bcf9d746fbacfeda3af6a345379e | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What is the bodily substance that begins digestion? | {
"text": [
"lingual lipase"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
528a07a209f1dc57f48fbf34fe1663e64532140d | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | How many free glycerol molecules are produced by the digestion of one molecule of fat? | {
"text": [
"no free glycerol molecules"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
85172a0d1ac2704a437bb3a8b2633b86ae41fcd6 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What is the substance in the mouth that begins digestion? | {
"text": [
"lingual lipase"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
33a2d435d480c0ff0d90c5b3ce50c89bd7a96765 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What is the substance that begins digestion? | {
"text": [
"lingual lipase"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
55b8110fc1cf3d73e4da83daad9065e540d62ea3 | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What does bile from the liver help do to fats? | {
"text": [
"emulsification"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9e4bb399c5fea1da90f92c3b1e99e1a68d4171ce | Digestion | Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids. Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules. | What organs help digest fat that is swallowed? | {
"text": [
"the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
01f041672ea1e111dbe1a3871e80a64bdbf51fd0 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). | Humans are? | {
"text": [
"hominids"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9762f7317bb51a10dbaf1e1759aa7495ac5874c1 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). | What does the digestive system deplete during the digestive process? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
62fda827ba8e258909899714e017825076ce9b50 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). | What drives the digestive process? | {
"text": [
"muscle movement"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f824f32e8d955592f8871aa0462636d3fc025404 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). | Peristalsis is a form of what? | {
"text": [
"muscle movement"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c1b149d8275498780a4d43bf86598dc214a834a5 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). | What can greatly affect your lifestyle and behavior? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fcf7778f230477acdcc7b7975938abfef8d36f7c | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). | The amount of energy taken for digestion impacts? | {
"text": [
"lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
39d4f490daae028ad57c6b320b64cd21b632c96b | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). | What fuels muscle movement in the digestive system? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2d06230422777c137e39a84ad6a8e24f106af3a8 | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). | Cooking isn't available to other? | {
"text": [
"hominids"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
73c026ef0580432062708b007ffc8160dd03fe89 | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | What followed Hiroshima? | {
"text": [
"a temporary depression"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
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