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7993ad00db9c263cc8bcdc0776e7d154e23fd3d9 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | What was deciding during Roosevelt's time in office? | {
"text": [
"Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9c4bdca31ebaa97c9ebd107e84b4da29f609129f | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | Who was Franklin Roosevelt related to? | {
"text": [
"Theodore Roosevelt"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6950ebf22e46abcb8bd64fcfad0b21dd742b0a0e | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | What was given to the presidency? | {
"text": [
"sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
608a3f72e42661f86069be3efe01543906944006 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | Who was Theodore Roosevelt related to? | {
"text": [
"Franklin Delano Roosevelt"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3490c9d2be8f144d49e8702ba694b1b4f47c567b | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | Who thought that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law, was wrong? | {
"text": [
"William Howard Taft"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
456215274f633fbd62d94c0ec919b1f01f6945e2 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | What happened with Roosevelt's answer to losing court cases? | {
"text": [
"defeated in Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
960
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7edf55ae2b055d8b2ec5a4db2dd42bfd2f2d5642 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | What was Roosevelt's rebuttal? | {
"text": [
"a \"Court Packing\" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill"
],
"answer_start": [
827
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
af93e6312071b902c0d8a5c0509362a458310cbf | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | What did Theodore Roosevelt try to do? | {
"text": [
"greatly expand the power of the presidency"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
954fe90e6616bcc37162882bd3d2e3b1121503fb | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | What happened with Congress during Roosevelt's term? | {
"text": [
"the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bc55798e32437728c27b4bc599b00e80fe7fb4f7 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power. | When was Franklin Roosevelt president? | {
"text": [
"during the Great Depression"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
15e84f27e8804a43a8ebefb7df386eaaa5f753b0 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | What led to von Neumann's belief in God? | {
"text": [
"Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
937e3294fb6d7620fd5af0db43805873517a93f8 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | What occurred in 57th year of the century known as the 1900s? | {
"text": [
"Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f7df465dc607a051158f25ac8415e5a7efca4a8d | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | What did he tell his mother? | {
"text": [
"\"There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\""
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6e24825bb904d381a06278f90f9d6aa1e78ac535 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | Who was diagnosed with cancer first? | {
"text": [
"John"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c7001c5ac99490bb1b43ac31394555f87451c96e | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | During what period of his cancer did von neumann return to the Roman Catholic Faith? | {
"text": [
"eighteen months from diagnosis till death"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
267b68d471725febadb47b78cc0bc8978218aef4 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | Who had late-stage cancer? | {
"text": [
"Margaret von Neumann"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fed42354a2df1bc114094579e3560c8fcc442343 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | What level of understanding was John's foreign language capacity? | {
"text": [
"exemplary knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fbadafb6a775184e227752a9d64d267e87418ae6 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | What did he quote on his deathbed? | {
"text": [
"When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
be6962b0f537a737958a5aa1fbf5dfce0b49e4d3 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | Was it John or his mother who said: "There is probably a God"? | {
"text": [
"John"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c869ea10a8ef9b57594a9d778bfe162f20f0bb85 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | What occurred in 56th year of the century known as the 1900s? | {
"text": [
"von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5fb506a7010323d8539d04deee7bac4f0289d61a | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | Which of the following words is not in Latin: Judex, rogaturus, or judge? | {
"text": [
"judge"
],
"answer_start": [
749
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3e5ce8d41f4527ec6ef27c23b1129a29d36f539e | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | Which of the following is not a type of cancer: bone, conversion, or pancreatic? | {
"text": [
"conversion"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
89555c93a08f9bb5742aa727646ab467faeb7d8a | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | When did his mother die? | {
"text": [
"1956"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3476e3eb5383b2d23060929b03f4622f52b581c2 | John_von_Neumann | In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?) | Who was the judge John referred to in his quote? | {
"text": [
"God"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8908887b4e9ccd16a93b21eea0688b914b616bf2 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | What role did Rota play in Neumann and Ulam's relationship? | {
"text": [
"writes"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1e709392aca96929885677c30865da7860b9aec7 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | Ulam was able to use what kind of skill to provide? | {
"text": [
"mathematical"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bf883a1b961a7eed808113d1da23b1c4cacf5ff2 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | What did dreams give to Von Neumann? | {
"text": [
"the answer"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e5e5f16d50e789a9a7caae670acb7205e444365e | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | What was Neumann and Ulam's ultimate shared interest? | {
"text": [
"jokes"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e81ed317b657035afbeab6ea7a36672f9a6e25bd | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | How did Rota know the information he wrote about? | {
"text": [
"friend of Ulam's"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
134e366e176404bd9988b697b8b827c02101a1cd | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | Where did Ulam practice his skill? | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c2e0c43d994c0b13aec45f8889c5648506473b06 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | How did Von Neumann's friend solve numerical questions? | {
"text": [
"intuitively"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eff1e4d83ecff36106c5b404d8a97e9064d66e9e | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | What gifts did Von Neumann's friend take to him? | {
"text": [
"jokes"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a364e0460f380442d318955a77b9b3d36dd9339b | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | How hard did Ulam work at knowing mathematics? | {
"text": [
"He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0bb4f58a805bfef9ed75bbc2ce20fca3d27e381e | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | How did Ulam provide for himself? | {
"text": [
"mathematician"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
366a62ddd88dc7af70f2a95d2fdf84186e87f2d5 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | Who was privy to the Jewish jokes, although not there? | {
"text": [
"Gian-Carlo Rota"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
37fbc8540165d00b3f3845d160bcb89841d714b7 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up. | How hard did Ulam have to work at his profession? | {
"text": [
"occurred intuitively"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6e8508c67ef20ec5630db404d9fb09f145715bd7 | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | When a class is not a set? | {
"text": [
"class of all sets which do not belong to themselves"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2295b5381662484ab34513e13b970ee5cf7bd42d | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What did Fraenkel study? | {
"text": [
"set"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e4ad11cec8b564164f2db9f1ecdf9ff3495bb8ca | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | Which approach is less inclusive? | {
"text": [
"Zermelo–Fraenkel approach"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ffe6da89f892461572948bdaaab29e6ccca69c15 | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What poses an obstacle? | {
"text": [
"the axioms"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
01a96dfc9699f882478139b56830394220c0f057 | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What did Zermelo study? | {
"text": [
"set"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e1fba1a3d1aa1970f87fef5ece4b8fd9ec02d224 | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What is being defined and organized? | {
"text": [
"class"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ee362510bb3dfd3b32098ede0dbf1d832474f28a | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What can't you call the formal group ? | {
"text": [
"set"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2defb70ee8f9f90b1e24e0d426e0f1ee217b49a1 | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What did von Neumann study? | {
"text": [
"sets"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0e6061a1e0256418354655b8b77ea454bfba5fc8 | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | If a class is a set, what can it not be? | {
"text": [
"proper class"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
867c89ffea77f51f7871988842a8e21e9a9baecf | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What is different from the norm? | {
"text": [
"the von Neumann approach"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0ff3de6e666cdffa980d302057db5aa529e29d4a | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | If a class is a proper class what can it not be? | {
"text": [
"set"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b7f28fde7766182a7dada8864e0d9633b4303bad | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | In someone's view how can things slow dow? | {
"text": [
"axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7570cba02cd90588a950f80a3507618205d4bdfe | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What does class help define? | {
"text": [
"a set"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
99bca4253353dc9ee016208808894b26940a0592 | John_von_Neumann | The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo–Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set. | What was not the primary solution? | {
"text": [
"The second approach"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
da18532e370a7b01c9a4de30170591936443a1e9 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | Why did von Neumann's dad want him in the Industry sector? | {
"text": [
"wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
76f131c1d5c3c64b26f26eaa2aee1905c8b2e6a5 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | What was the drawback of math for Neumann? | {
"text": [
"few posts"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fd65df996340bf78d2ce88622aa272a73731fcae | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | How did von Neumann's dream come back around? | {
"text": [
"He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert"
],
"answer_start": [
873
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cdd226470b8c24fa091a323b8925b78ea95b47c6 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | What subject did Neumann study after math? | {
"text": [
"chemistry"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a8316aee83a488b3d826b57c50d2197d41dd72ad | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | What earned him his doctorate? | {
"text": [
"he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2ba1b7bbd1aec1bd0eaa8d59b85d56ace8f22a07 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | What was the issue with the decision? | {
"text": [
"This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
97531f83ded2ef7d685073391facc2164ff843c3 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | What did his father want? | {
"text": [
"the best career path was to become a chemical engineer"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
805d7ce085686d899ffb61250f5f8a0268eeedf4 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | His schooling was completed in what? | {
"text": [
"mathematics"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d96f6c84f50ddf84184c795af03cbb4ef78dee06 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | What famous American entrepreneur is mentioned here? | {
"text": [
"Rockefeller"
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"answer_start": [
937
]
} | {
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617e96e1361242f3cad9247a867452d19a878c7b | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | How did the problem of his lack of understanding of a new idea get solved and propel him to take the entrance exam at school? | {
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"it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry"
],
"answer_start": [
377
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} | {
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"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
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fedf48fbdce84290a408e4481423aa995e031415 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | Why did he want his son to follow him? | {
"text": [
"there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid"
],
"answer_start": [
6
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} | {
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cd4d443675b6f8bb686fb7bd75e9b63c9dddfb50 | John_von_Neumann | Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert. | What science did Neumann study? | {
"text": [
"chemistry"
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"answer_start": [
441
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} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
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7f965f377f2f9f192eb7a2907f9557f7fa44d0d1 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | What was Fat Man? | {
"text": [
"atomic bomb"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ae5e5cf8e4f3bad43ada1dcf2517cfc45373c3cf | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | What was at the centre of the atomic bomb? | {
"text": [
"plutonium"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
537e3e1eaabccb6e24f43b6512abf7f0f2452a89 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | What was the real name for what fell on Nagasaki? | {
"text": [
"the atomic bomb"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8d7d7dec87497ceb05ac69b4ccf649a1eb9c4951 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | What did von Neumann's design do? | {
"text": [
"compress the plutonium core"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8105fafcf90888c62d8c9e2eedcd36229c1cec77 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | What type of object was the atomic bomb? | {
"text": [
"weapon"
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"answer_start": [
163
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e83cc16692367298b8df2ff0f06aa211728de531 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | Who didn't believe in the implosion concept? | {
"text": [
"many of his colleagues"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8f3369df1ecd30708d6cc94e15ffbf6d60360819 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | How did Von Neumann's co-workers view implosion? | {
"text": [
"felt such a design to be unworkable"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0d4f31875a7741a1dea1a7d1fbf847c03d5d7027 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | What did Von Neumann encourage? | {
"text": [
"the \"implosion\" concept"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c49c671f8fdf44c1ee9b7084788add2c9d5c1ce6 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | Why did Von Neumann meet opposition for his ideas from peers. | {
"text": [
"While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0e26243f11d904b704afdbf5f276301dd2f57ecd | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | What is this major contribution from the scientist? | {
"text": [
"explosive lenses"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1436587064bca58515ab62c66044656d95557340 | John_von_Neumann | Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly". | What was Von Neumann's suggestion to those researching the atomic bomb? | {
"text": [
"the \"implosion\" concept"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
96ed290869c52c28bf1bd23745f4cc434e742132 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | What sort of electrical force occurs in a field-effect transistor? | {
"text": [
"voltage"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4baf984073ccdace082aad9752899ab0cac44fe4 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | What is the article about? | {
"text": [
"transistors"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d9b0b4ccf6d3558c989d9eb6915c9fdbb403977b | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | How does a bipolar transistor control current? | {
"text": [
"A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2b5e8de4698b4d0c5da5f368077f45fe4f346fa8 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | Where are terminals labeled? | {
"text": [
"gate, source, and drain"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1ad01b6740eed29ad1b9e2f53ae8390c40054edb | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | "Field-effect" is a label used to describe a type of? | {
"text": [
"transistor"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c6ce9bb0436089627f9df1b006ba3da29760260e | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | One type of transistor described in the paragraph is the bipolar transistor; what is the other type? | {
"text": [
"field-effect transistor"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fbd8682b858f43c5edf013458a53daa74e878561 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | Which of the two requires a voltage for its process? | {
"text": [
"field-effect transistor"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4a3f41bac82491a74b01158e091939dfade87a02 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | Where does the current first go? | {
"text": [
"between the base and the emitter"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
270d3dbf5fffcb964993e9fba756344460737cae | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | What is the basic premise of the paragraph? | {
"text": [
"two types of transistors"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a914a4933e92038a6e7209a3ca78aeed4fa345a6 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | What is necessary for the transistors to work? | {
"text": [
"A small current"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d6bc857eb84db6ddabd81e2faf7ad6e9205b8f72 | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | A collector terminal would NOT be found in which transistor? | {
"text": [
"field-effect"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7fa8c9cd130f869d09c06117a4ad3b471fa6e6ec | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. | Are bipolar transistors and field-effect transistor identical in how they are wired in a circuit? | {
"text": [
"have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b7c1fa76f82005d36a24bd0788dc180bb0c46a96 | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | What might attract high school kids to Boston after they complete their senior year? | {
"text": [
"Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory"
],
"answer_start": [
1094
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} | {
"split": "train",
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092cf7c32530ec557a7c1700413f5a376e4e13d5 | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | Why might high school kids be interested in moving to the northeast after graduation? | {
"text": [
"Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory"
],
"answer_start": [
1094
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ccf9a1f51190fc96c78348c5084ca3de2c0c98bd | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | What might draw a high school student to Boston after they finish senior year? | {
"text": [
"Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory"
],
"answer_start": [
1094
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5761ada4ce0dcd3965c3e3321d6cf5f58aa9e852 | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | What brought students to the area? | {
"text": [
"Schools"
],
"answer_start": [
1078
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9a4adb2d410615be0d1348cebe5c948e0de242a3 | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | How was the nature of Columbia Point public housing complex changed subsequently? | {
"text": [
"mixed-income community"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eb465cd0a4156c0f021da165a333ae412aa98944 | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | Where did the residents of the Columbia Point housing complex go for health services? | {
"text": [
"the Columbia Point Health Center"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e794e23588570e15156b31618a886af3ccd65976 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | Which church was founded earlier, First Church in Boston or King's Chapel? | {
"text": [
"First Church in Boston"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f241c771522a2e27441ff880b7ee5a8efedba8b1 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | Which church was founded after 1630, but before 1690? | {
"text": [
"King's Chapel"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9dd7a8d29263456606716ca16ca85ebee350bac0 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | What is the most historical location listed? | {
"text": [
"First Church"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2c16b0b19765d837eeafa6ead9ecf0e25efcb7d0 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | What would lead you to guess the majority of this city is religious? | {
"text": [
"The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878)"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7a59e6e9c4b707d4178da0b139ce67096dc46ba6 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | The Roman Catholic Archdiocese serves 100 more parishes than this Cathedral? | {
"text": [
"Cathedral Church of St. Paul"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5c8a81aefe138e497c2bd490569fc63ef9a577e3 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | Which was founded second, Trinity Church or the Old North Church? | {
"text": [
"Trinity Church"
],
"answer_start": [
800
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fde473b7017468e5c8bc637fccf322572cf7fe39 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | Where might you see children sledding in the winter? | {
"text": [
"Mission Hill"
],
"answer_start": [
957
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b1a11af9350dc5dbd4f22d77df1c89d9e47b0015 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | The less recognizable of the two names this church goes by? | {
"text": [
"Christ Church"
],
"answer_start": [
704
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
25b23808807bb350e17f9008fafabf32dca50a75 | Boston | Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878). | The Cathedral Church of St. Paul serves 100 fewer parishes than this Cathedral? | {
"text": [
"Cathedral of the Holy Cross"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
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