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10.1002/adma.201203422 | "salt templating": A simple and sustainable pathway toward highly porous functional carbons from ionic liquids | A facile method to fabricate high-surface area functional carbons via convenient "salt templating" is presented. Exemplarily, nitrogen- as well as nitrogen-/boron-co-doped carbons were synthesized using ionic liquids as precursors and eutectics as porogen. The porogen is easily removable with water and the porosities can be adjusted from micro- to mesoporous depending on the salt nature and amount. | [
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
10.1039/c1cs15133a | Characterization of reaction intermediates by ion spectroscopy | In the last decade, we have experienced massive progress in spectroscopic methods for mass-selected ions. The aim of this tutorial review is to present action spectroscopy as a powerful tool for the investigation of ionic reaction intermediates. Examples span from ultraviolet and infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of model reaction intermediates to applications of infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy (IRMPD) to intermediates directly sampled from reaction mixtures. The first example of double resonance IR-UV spectroscopy of model intermediates in an organometallic reaction is also mentioned. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
233169 | Novel Systematic Strategies for Elucidating Cellular Regulatory Circuits | The precise regulation of gene expression has been the subject of extensive scrutiny. Nonetheless, there is a big gap between genomic characterization of transcriptional responses and our predictions based on known molecular mechanisms and networks and of transcription regulation. In this proposal I argue for an approach to bridge this gap by using a novel experimental strategy that exploits the recent maturation of two technologies: the use of fluorescence reporter techniques to monitor promoter activity and high-throughput genetic manipulations for the construction of combinatorial genetic perturbations. By combining these, we will screen for genes that modulate the transcriptional response of target promoters, use genetic interactions between them to better resolve their functional dependencies, and build detailed quantitative models of transcriptional processes. We will use the budding yeast model organism, which allows for efficient manipulations, to dissect two transcriptional responses that are prototypical of many regulatory networks in living cells: [1] The early response to osmotic stress, which is mediated by at least two signaling pathways and multiple transcription factors, and [2] the central carbon metabolism response to shifts in carbon source, which involves multiple sensing and signaling pathways to maintain homeostasis. Our approach will elucidate mechanisms that are opaque to classical screens and facilitate building detailed predictive models of these responses. These results will lead to understanding of general principles that govern transcriptional networks. This is the first approach to comprehensively characterize the molecular mechanisms that modulate a transcriptional response, and arrange them in a coherent network. It will open many questions for detailed biochemical investigations, as well as set the stage to extend these ideas to use more detailed phenotypic assays and in more complex organisms. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration"
]
|
W2153189200 | Efficient SPH simulation of time-domain acoustic wave propagation | Abstract As a Lagrangian meshfree method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) can eliminate much of the difficulty in solving acoustic problems in the time domain with deformable boundaries, complex topologies, or those that consist of multiphase systems. However, the optimal value of the computational parameters used in the SPH simulation of acoustics remains unknown. In this paper, acoustic wave equations in Lagrangian form are proposed and solved with the SPH method to compute the two-dimensional sound propagation model of an ideal gas in the time domain. We then assess how the numerical error is influenced by the time step, the smoothing length, and the particle spacing by investigating the interaction effects among the three parameters using Taguchi method with orthogonal array design (OAD) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). On the basis of this assessment, appropriate values for these computational parameters are discussed separately and validated with a two-dimensional computational aeroacoustic (CAA) model. The results demonstrate that the Courant number for the meshless SPH simulation of two-dimensional acoustic waves is proposed to be under 0.4, whereas the ratio of the smoothing length to the particle spacing is between 1.0 and 2.5. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
208173 | Secure Function Evaluation – from Theory to Tools | Modern cryptography is known for the introduction of public key cryptography, which has been widely applied in practice. However, the theory of cryptography provided additional powerful (and less intuitive) tools. One of its most attractive contributions is secure computation, also known as secure function evaluation - SFE, which allows multiple participants to implement a joint computation that, in real life, may only be implemented using a trusted party. The participants, each with its own private input, communicate without the help of any trusted party, and can compute any function without revealing any information about the inputs except for the value of the function. A classic example of such a computation is the “millionaires’ problem”, in which two millionaires want to find out who is richer, without revealing their actual worth. Thus far, secure computation techniques have rarely been applied in practice, and are typically considered to have mostly theoretical significance. In this research proposal we intend to build tools that translate these theoretical results into practical applications. Our goal is that secure computation solutions, which today are usually stated as mathematical theorems, will be available as tools usable by non-experts, similar to state-of-the-art tools for technologies such as public key encryption, linear programming, or data compression. The research will proceed in two directions: First, we will develop generic tools (essentially compilers) which translate functions defined using a high-level language to distributed programs that implement secure evaluation of the defined functions. We also expect that this effort will unearth many questions of theoretical interest, which we will investigate. Our other direction of research is the design of specialized, and highly efficient, solutions to key tasks which have conflicting goals of respecting privacy and enabling legitimate usage of data. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
W602523760 | Integrating Security Concepts from the Very Conception of a Public Transport System: The Example of Abu Dhabi | Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 is a massive urban development plan that will guide the evolution of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi into a world-class, sustainable global center for business, culture and tourism. To help achieve this plan, an extensive multimodal transportation system is being built. This article discusses the security-related aspects of this system. Abu Dhabi will mitigate safety and security risks through the design of the system itself. Principles of crime prevention through environmental design will be applied throughout the system. These features include arched ceilings that reduce the number of video surveillance blind spots, integrated intrusion detection systems, and fare checkpoints with retractable barriers to ensure that the barriers do not interfere with emergency evacuation. A cybersecurity system is being designed that will help mitigate vulnerabilities such as computer viruses that can lead to system disruptions. Abu Dhabi is also designing a new regulatory and oversight governance structure that will ensure that relevant stakeholders are properly engaged, coordinated and empowered in transit safety and security. The Emirate is also requiring contractors to define how they will identify, evaluate and resolve potential safety hazards and security threats and vulnerabilities. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
W2007943133 | Effect of sodium chloride on the structure and stability of spider silk's N-terminal protein domain | A spider's ability to store silk protein solutions at high concentration is believed to be related to the protein's terminal domains. It has been suggested that a shift in salt concentration and pH can have a significant influence on the assembly process. Based on experimental data, a model has been proposed in which the N-terminal domain exists as a monomer during storage and assembles into a homodimer upon spinning. Here we perform a systematic computational study using atomistic, coarse-grained and well-tempered metadynamics simulation to understand how the NaCl concentration in the solution affects the N-terminal domain of the silk protein. Our results show that a high salt concentration, as found during storage, weakens key salt bridges between the monomers, inducing a loss in bond energy by 28.6% in a single salt bridge. As a result dimer formation is less likely as 35.5% less energy is required to unfold the dimer by mechanical force. Conversely, homodimer formation appears to be more likely at low salt concentrations as the salt bridge stays at the lower energy state. The link between salt concentration, structure and stability of the N-terminal domain provides a possible mechanism that prevents premature fiber formation during storage. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
US 2004/0035543 W | CHEMICAL INJECTION CHECK VALVE INCORPORATED INTO A TUBING RETRIEVABLE SAFETY VALVE | Disclosed herein is a safety valve with a chemical injection configuration. The device includes a hydraulic fluid pressure operated piston (12) at the housing. The device further includes a flow tube (64) in operable communication with the piston (12) and a chemical injection configuration disposed within the housing. Further disclosed herein is a method of maintaining the operation of a safety valve by injecting chemical fluid through a configuration within the safety valve. Still further disclosed herein is check valve (36, 38). The check valve includes a seal, a dart having a closed head and sealable against the seal, one or more flutes on the dart, and a spring applying a biasing force to the dart to a sealing position, that force being overcomeable by a fluid pressure acting in a direction opposing the spring force. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
W2015859887 | Neutron diffraction study of the magnetic structures of manganese succinateMn(C4H4O4): A complex inorganic-organic framework | The antiferromagnetic structures of the Mn succinate framework, $\text{Mn}({\text{C}}_{4}{\text{H}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{4})$, have been determined using neutron diffraction. The structure comprises alternating layers containing chains of edge-sharing $\text{Mn}(\text{II}){\text{O}}_{6}$ octahedra and sheets of corner-sharing $\text{Mn}(\text{II}){\text{O}}_{6}$ octahedra, respectively, with a layer separation of $\ensuremath{\sim}7.5\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$. At 10 K the edge-sharing ${\text{MnO}}_{6}$ octahedral chains order antiferromagnetically into a collinear sinusoidal spin structure with a propagation vector ${k}_{2}=(0,\ensuremath{-}0.5225,0)$, in which individual edge-sharing ${\text{MnO}}_{6}$ chains are ferromagnetically ordered. The sheets of corner-sharing ${\text{MnO}}_{6}$ octahedra order magnetically at 6 K, adopting the antiferromagnetic structure expected for a square arrangement of cations with a propagation vector ${k}_{8}=(\ensuremath{-}1,0,1)$. The ordering of these sheets at a lower temperature than the chains is consistent with their longer nearest-neighbor superexchange pathway. The magnetic structure of the edge-sharing layers is unaffected by the 6 K phase transition, indicating that the orderings of the two different layers are essentially independent of each other. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials"
]
|
339950 | Organizational Industrial Organization | Industrial organization has been influential in shaping our understanding of how firms behave in markets, and also Most of the industrial organization literature is based on the premise that firms are represented by a single decision maker, who is driven by a motive of profit maximization and cost minimization. This assumption is nowadays becoming a constraint on IO theory, preventing it from being able to explain certain observed empirical regularities. For instance, it has been well documented that seemingly identical firms often exhibit differing performance or productivity. Under the existing paradigm, this should not occur, since identical firms should choose the same cost-minimizing technology.
The goal of this proposal is to develop a new IO theory based on a richer view of the firm, one in which non-trivial conflicts of interest among shareholders, workers, managers and consumers will shape firm boundaries. This ""Organizational Industrial Organization'' (OIO) will generate rich new insights for the positive and normative analysis of industries, whether or not firms in these industries have market power. In particular, it will be able to account for heterogeneity in organizations among identical firms, will provide simple explanations for real world examples that would be difficult to understand in the traditional IO setting, but also bring fresh and novel analysis to traditional IO questions like the scale and scope of firms, the dynamics of merger activity, and also to less traditional questions like the roles of the managerial market, finance or corporate governance for industry performance.
This proposal details three work packages that the team will develop in priority in this project:
- Finance, governance, the managerial market and firm boundaries.
- The dynamics of firm boundaries and delegation.
- Market power, scale and scope | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems"
]
|
294340 | Mechanisms of MTOC guidance and Genetic Transfer at the Immune Synapse: novel modes of Immuno-modulation | Cell-cell synapses are an exquisitely evolved means of communication between cells. During the formation of the immune synapse (IS), diverse transmembrane and membrane associated molecules are reorganized into a highly segregated structure at the T cell–Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) contact site. As part of this process, the tubulin cytoskeleton is vectorially directed toward the center of the IS, where the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) localizes. MTOC translocation is an early event in IS formation that brings the secretory apparatus into close apposition with the APC, thus providing the basis for polarized secretion.
The proposal aims to define how the MTOC controls cytoskeletal rearrangement and communication at the IS, as a mechanism for macromolecule transport and nucleation of signalling molecules during synaptic contact. We will study the mechanisms of MTOC-mediated polarization of multivesicular bodies (MVB) and exosome delivery during IS formation, and will assess the role in these processes of MTOC translocation regulators (HDAC6) and microtubule (MT) polymerization promoters (Plk1 and EB1). MTOC-dependent mitochondrial polarization to the IS will be assessed as a bioenergetic source for cytoskeletal rearrangements, IS maturation and polarized exosomal delivery. In particular, our proposed study of the possible horizontal transfer of miRNAs during cognate interactions between immune cells has the potential to reveal how miRNAs can control the early initiation of immunity. We will investigate the mechanism of directional transfer of RNA-harbouring exosomes at the IS from T cell to APC, and will examine the functional consequences of this transfer on APC biology and on the immune response. These studies will open avenues for the treatment of immune-related diseases. | [
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy"
]
|
10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03701 | Reactions of an Aluminum(I) Reagent with 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,5-Dienes: Dearomatization, Reversibility, and a Pericyclic Mechanism | Addition of the aluminum(I) reagent [{(ArNCMe)2CH}Al] (Ar = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl) to a series of cyclic and acyclic 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,5-dienes is reported. In the case of 1,3-dienes, the reaction occurs by a pericyclic reaction mechanism, specifically a cheletropic cycloaddition, to form aluminocyclopentene-containing products. This mechanism has been examined by stereochemical experiments and DFT calculations. The stereochemical experiments show that the (4 + 1) cycloaddition follows a suprafacial topology, while calculations support a concerted albeit asynchronous pathway in which the transition state demonstrates aromatic character. Remarkably, the substrate scope of the (4 + 1) cycloaddition includes styene, 1,1-diphenylethylene, and anthracene. In these cases, the diene motif is either in part, or entirely, contained within an aromatic ring and reactions occur with dearomatisation of the substrate and can be reversible. In the case of 1,2-cyclononadiene or 1,5-cyclooctadiene, complementary reactivity is observed; the orthogonal nature of the C=C π-bonds (1,2-diene) and the homoconjugated system (1,5-diene) both disfavor a (4 + 1) cycloaddition. Rather, reaction pathways are determined by an initial (2 + 1) cycloaddition to form an aluminocyclopropane intermediate which can in turn undergo insertion of a further C=C π-bond, leading to complex organometallic products that incorporate fused hydrocarbon rings. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials"
]
|
W2101101111 | Common value experimentation | Abstract In many economic environments, agents often continue to learn about the same underlying state variable, even if they switch action. For example, a worker's ability revealed in one job or when unemployed is informative about her productivity in another job. We analyze a general setup of experimentation with common values, and show that in addition to the well-known conditions of value matching (level) and smooth pasting (first derivative), this implies that the second derivatives of the value function must be equal whenever the agent switches action. This condition holds generally whenever the stochastic process has continuous increments. The main appeal of our approach is its applicability, which is demonstrated with two applications featuring common value experimentation: strategic pricing, and job search with switching costs. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
US 88431310 A | Method and system for retaining customer loyalty | A system and method for providing incentives to customers where the incentives are tailored to the customer's needs and expectations while achieving profitability to the provider are presented. The present invention determines a set of incentives based on customer segmentation, card segmentation, call type as well as other factors. Upon receiving a request for termination or other request, the customer may be routed to an appropriate person, department, or group. Information regarding the account may be identified and retrieved and the customer may be verified. Based on customer payment history and other information, the customer segment may be identified. Incentives are then determined based on customer segmentation data, product information, and call type. These incentives are offered to the customer for approval. If the customer does not accept the incentive, other sales opportunities may be offered to the customer in an effort to retain customer loyalty. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1090/tran/7036 | Convergence of graphs with intermediate density | We propose a notion of graph convergence that interpolates between the Benjamini–Schramm convergence of bounded degree graphs and the dense graph convergence developed by László Lovász and his coauthors. We prove that spectra of graphs, and also some important graph parameters such as numbers of colorings or matchings, behave well in convergent graph sequences. Special attention is given to graph sequences of large essential girth, for which asymptotics of coloring numbers are explicitly calculated. We also treat numbers of matchings in approximately regular graphs. We introduce tentative limit objects that we call graphonings because they are common generalizations of graphons and graphings. Special forms of these, called Hausdorff and Euclidean graphonings, involve geometric measure theory. We construct Euclidean graphonings that provide limits of hypercubes and of finite projective planes, and, more generally, of a wide class of regular sequences of large essential girth. For any convergent sequence of large essential girth, we construct weaker limit objects: an involution invariant probability measure on the sub-Markov space of consistent measure sequences (this is unique), or an acyclic reversible sub-Markov kernel on a probability space (non-unique). We also pose some open problems. | [
"Mathematics"
]
|
306595 | STATic analysis with ORiginal methods | Since the beginning of computing, software has had bugs. If a word processor crashes, consequences are limited. If a networked application has security bugs (e.g. buffer overflows), important information (e.g. financial or medical) can leak. More importantly, today's planes are flown by computers, voting machines as well medical devices such as infusion pumps are computerized, and surgeries are performed by robots. Clearly, it is in the best interest of society that such software is bug-free.
BUGS ARE NOT A FATALITY!
Traditionally, software is tested, i.e. run on a limited number of test cases. Yet, testing cannot prove the absence of bugs in untested configurations. Formal methods, producing mathematical proofs of correctness, have long been proposed as a means to give strong assurance on software. They unfortunately had a (not entirely undeserved) reputation for not scaling up to real software.
Faster, automated static analysis methods were however produced in the 2000s, which could cope with some specific classes of applications: predicate abstraction, based on decision procedures (e.g. Microsoft's device driver verifier) and abstract interpretation (e.g. Polyspace and Astrée, for automotive, aerospace etc.). Yet such systems are still unusable on more common programs: they reject some program constructs, they give too many false alarms (about nonexistent problems) and/or they take too much time and memory.
In the recent years, I and others proposed techniques combining decision procedures and classical abstract interpretation, so as to decrease false alarms while keeping costs reasonable. These techniques are still in their infancy. The purpose how STATOR is to develop new combination techniques, so as to break the precision/efficiency barrier.
Since the only way to see if a technique really works is to implement and try it, STATOR will produce a practical static analysis tool and experiment it on real programs. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
10.1016/j.stem.2013.09.004 | Human epidermal stem cell function is regulated by circadian oscillations | Human skin copes with harmful environmental factors that are circadian in nature, yet how circadian rhythms modulate the function of human epidermal stem cells is mostly unknown. Here we show that in human epidermal stem cells and their differentiated counterparts, core clock genes peak in a successive and phased manner, establishing distinct temporal intervals during the 24 hr day period. Each of these successive clock waves is associated with a peak in the expression of subsets of transcripts that temporally segregate the predisposition of epidermal stem cells to respond to cues that regulate their proliferation or differentiation, such as TGFβ and calcium. Accordingly, circadian arrhythmia profoundly affects stem cell function in culture and in vivo. We hypothesize that this intricate mechanism ensures homeostasis by providing epidermal stem cells with environmentally relevant temporal functional cues during the course of the day and that its perturbation may contribute to aging and carcinogenesis. | [
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1007/s42242-018-0014-1 | Multi-length scale bioprinting towards simulating microenvironmental cues | It is envisaged that the creation of cellular environments at multiple length scales, that recapitulate in vivo bioactive and structural roles, may hold the key to creating functional, complex tissues in the laboratory. This review considers recent advances in biofabrication and bioprinting techniques across different length scales. Particular focus is placed on 3D printing of hydrogels and fabrication of biomaterial fibres that could extend the feature resolution and material functionality of soft tissue constructs. The outlook from this review discusses how one might create and simulate microenvironmental cues in vitro. A fabrication platform that integrates the competencies of different biofabrication technologies is proposed. Such a multi-process, multiscale fabrication strategy may ultimately translate engineering capability into an accessible life sciences toolkit, fulfilling its potential to deliver in vitro disease models and engineered tissue implants. | [
"Materials Engineering",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering"
]
|
GB 169152 A | A new and improved cyclopentanopolyhydrophenanthrene derivative and methods for its production | The invention comprises testerone b -phenylpropionate and the preparation thereof by reacting testerone with b -phenylpropionic acid halide in the presence of an organic acid acceptor or with b -phenylpropionic anhydride. A suitable acid acceptor is pyridine which may be mixed with benzene. The reaction with the acid anhydride may be carried out at a temperature of the order of 100 DEG C., preferably in the presence of an inert solvent such as pyridine or benzene. A number of detailed examples are given.ALSO:A hormone preparation comprises a solution of testerone b -phenylpropionate in sesame oil or ethyl oleate. | [
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
10.1117/12.873186 | Improved Curvature Based Inpainting Applied To Fine Art Recovering Van Gogh S Partially Hidden Brush Strokes | Underdrawings and pentimenti-typically revealed through x-ray imaging and infrared reflectography-comprise important evidence about the intermediate states of an artwork and thus the working methods of its creator. (1) To this end, Shahram, Stork and Donoho introduced the De-pict algorithm, which recovers layers of brush strokes in paintings with open brush work where several layers are partially visible, such as in van Gogh's Self portrait with a grey felt hat. (2) While that preliminary work served as a proof of concept that computer image analytic methods could recover some occluded brush strokes, the work needed further refinement before it could be a tool for art scholars. Our current work makes several steps to improve that algorithm. Specifically, we refine the inpainting step through the inclusion of curvature-based constraints, in which a mathematical curvature penalty biases the reconstruction toward matching the artist's smooth hand motion. We refine and test our methods using "ground truth" image data: passages of four layers of brush strokes in which the intermediate layers were recorded photographically. At each successive top layer (currently identified by the user), we used k-means clustering combined with graph cuts to obtain chromatically and spatially coherent segmentation of brush strokes. We then reconstructed strokes at the deeper layer with our new curvature-based inpainting algorithm based on chromatic level lines. Our methods are clearly superior to previous versions of the De-pict algorithm on van Gogh's works giving smoother, natural strokes that more closely match the shapes of unoccluded strokes. Our improved method might be applied to the classic drip paintings of Jackson Pollock, where the drip work is more open and the physics of splashing paint ensures that the curvature more uniform than in the brush strokes of van Gogh. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Mathematics",
"Studies of Cultures and Arts"
]
|
10.1016/j.ces.2018.06.054 | Movement of a liquid droplet within a fibrous layer: Direct pore-scale modeling and experimental observations | In this study, the spreading of a liquid droplet on the surface of a fibrous paper and its penetration into the paper is studied. The spreading of the droplet was visualized using confocal microscopy and the penetration depth was quantified using Automatic Scanning Absorptiometry (ASA) measurements. The three-dimensional structure of the paper was obtained through micro-tomography imaging with a resolution of 0. 9 µm. The obtained images were used to reconstruct the pore space, which was in turn used in direct numerical simulations of penetration of a droplet into paper. Simulations were performed using open source code OpenFOAM, which solves equations of two-phase flow (in our case air and water) in pores based on the Volume of Fluid Method. Simulation results showed a good agreement with the experimental observations. In particular, the dimensions of spreading area of a droplet and the depth of penetration were simulated reasonably well. Then, we used the model to investigate effects of changes in various liquid properties on spreading and penetration of a droplet liquid. We made calculations for three different values of contact angle (CA): 0 °C, 60 °C, and 120 °C. We found the largest penetration depth for CA = 0. For CA = 60 and CA = 120, we found that the liquid droplet moved sideways from the jetted location, which is not favorable in inkjet printing. We also made simulations with larger values for viscosity and density, based on properties of an ink-based liquid used in inkjet printing. The results have shown a slower spreading and penetration compared with water. The model can be used to study effects of changes in either ink physical properties or paper layer microstructure on final spreading/penetration extent. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Products and Processes Engineering"
]
|
250128 | Dorsal Horn Interneurons in Sensory Processing | Chronic pain syndromes are to a large extent due to maladaptive plastic changes in the CNS. A CNS area particularly relevant for such changes is the spinal dorsal horn, where inputs from nociceptive and non-nociceptive fibers undergo their first synaptic integration. This area harbors a sophisticated network of interneurons, which function as a gate-control unit for incoming sensory signals. Several different types of interneurons can be distinguished based e.g. on their neurotransmitter and neuropeptide content. Despite more than 40 years of research, our knowledge about the integration of these neurons in dorsal horn circuits and their contribution to sensory processing is still very limited. This proposal aims at a comprehensive characterization of the dorsal horn neuronal network under normal conditions and in chronic pain states with a focus on inhibitory interneurons. A genome-wide analysis of the gene expression profile shall be made from defined dorsal horn interneurons genetically tagged with fluorescent markers and isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. A functional characterization of the connectivity of these neurons in spinal cord slices and of their role in in vivo sensory processing shall be achieved with optogenetic tools (channelrhodopsin-2), which permit activation of these neurons with light. Finally, behavioral analyses shall be made in mice after diphteria toxin-mediated ablation of defined interneuron types. All three approaches shall be applied to naïve mice and to mice with inflammatory or neuropathic pain. The results from these studies will improve our understanding of the malfunctioning of sensory processing in chronic pain states and will provide the basis for novel approaches to the prevention or reversal of chronic pain states. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems"
]
|
W2191661390 | Statistical inférence methods for Gibbs random fields | Due to the Markovian dependence structure, the normalizing constant of Markov random fields cannot be computed with standard analytical or numerical methods. This forms a central issue in terms of parameter inference or model selection as the computation of the likelihood is an integral part of the procedure. When the Markov random field is directly observed, we propose to estimate the posterior distribution of model parameters by replacing the likelihood with a composite likelihood, that is a product of marginal or conditional distributions of the model easy to compute. Our first contribution is to correct the posterior distribution resulting from using a misspecified likelihood function by modifying the curvature at the mode in order to avoid overly precise posterior parameters.
In a second part we suggest to perform model selection between hidden Markov random fields with approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) algorithms that compare the observed data and many Monte-Carlo simulations through summary statistics. To make up for the absence of sufficient statistics with regard to this model choice, we introduce summary statistics based on the connected components of the dependency graph of each model in competition. We assess their efficiency using a novel conditional misclassification rate that evaluates their local power to discriminate between models. We set up an efficient procedure that reduces the computational cost while improving the quality of decision and using this local error rate we build up an ABC procedure that adapts the summary statistics to the observed data.
In a last part, in order to circumvent the computation of the intractable likelihood in the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), we extend the mean field approaches by replacing the likelihood with a product of distributions of random vectors, namely blocks of the lattice. On that basis, we derive BLIC (Block Likelihood Information Criterion) that answers model choice questions of a wider scope than ABC, such as the joint selection of the dependency structure and the number of latent states. We study the performances of BLIC in terms of image segmentation. | [
"Mathematics",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00577 | Prediction and Experimental Confirmation of Novel Peripheral Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Antagonists | Small molecules targeting peripheral CB1 receptors have therapeutic potential in a variety of disorders including obesity-related, hormonal, and metabolic abnormalities, while avoiding the psychoactive effects in the central nervous system. We applied our in-house algorithm, iterative stochastic elimination, to produce a ligand-based model that distinguishes between CB1R antagonists and random molecules by physicochemical properties only. We screened ∼2 million commercially available molecules and found that about 500 of them are potential candidates to antagonize the CB1R. We applied a few criteria for peripheral activity and narrowed that set down to 30 molecules, out of which 15 could be purchased. Ten out of those 15 showed good affinity to the CB1R and two of them with nanomolar affinities (Ki of ∼400 nM). The eight molecules with top affinities were tested for activity: two compounds were pure antagonists, and five others were inverse agonists. These molecules are now being examined in vivo for their peripheral versus central distribution and subsequently will be tested for their effects on obesity in small animals. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials"
]
|
259218 | Nuclear Physics from Quantum Chromodynamics | Explaining low-energy nuclear structure from Quantum Chromodynamics, the
underlying theory of the strong interaction, is one of the major
challenges in contemporary theoretical nuclear and particle physics.
What is needed is, on the one hand, a detailed quantitative understanding of the
interaction between baryons, the relevant effective degrees
of freedom for the problem at hand, based on Quantum Chromodynamics. On the
other hand, a microscopic description of strongly interacting baryons requires
reliable methods to deal with the quantum mechanical few- and many-body problems.
The proposed research addresses both of the two challenges aiming to
achieve a precise, quantitative description of nuclear forces and the
properties of light nuclei and hyper-nuclei firmly rooted in the symmetries of
Quantum Chromodynamics. These goals will be reached by using analytical
methods based on chiral effective field theory combined with large-scale
numerical simulations on high-performance computers. | [
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter",
"Mathematics"
]
|
978275 | Contain, distribute, obstruct. governing the mobility of asylum seekers in the european union | CONDISOBS aims to strengthen the professional profile of the researcher through the design, management and implementation of an individual research project, as well as through advanced training in research methods and transferable skills. The project will provide a unique and comprehensive analysis of the three key measures that were undertaken after the “refugee crisis” to govern asylum seekers’ mobility in the EU, which is to say hotspots, relocation, and border controls. More specifically, it aims to understand whether hotspots have succeeded in containing incoming migrants in the first country of entry and whether relocation schemes and the strengthening of border controls have reduced “secondary movements” of asylum seekers within the EU. This will be achieved through an extensive, multi-sited qualitative study focusing on three aspects. The first concerns the functioning of hotspots in Greece and Italy and their ability to register all incoming migrants and channel them to the relevant administrative procedure. The second relates to the practical difficulties encountered by Greek and Italian authorities to relocate people, as well as the trajectories of those who were relocated to Luxembourg and Lithuania. The third deals with the effects of the reintroduction of border controls in three strategic border points that are commonly used by migrants to leave Italy (Bardonecchia, Brenner, and Ventimiglia). With its findings, the study will contribute to current debates on the reform of the Common European Asylum System by providing policy recommendations based on solid empirical evidence, which will be communicated through a comprehensive dissemination plan targeting both academic and non-academic audiences. Thanks to its manifold focus on research, training, project management and dissemination, CONDISOBS will thus represent a key stage in the career of the researcher, while also broadening the research base and networking opportunities of the host institution. | [
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems",
"Human Mobility, Environment, and Space"
]
|
3736177 | Nuclear reactions at storage rings | Obtaining reliable cross sections for neutron-induced reactions on unstable nuclei is a highly important task and a major challenge. These data are essential for nuclear astrophysics -since most of the heavy elements in the Universe are produced by neutron-induced reactions in stars- and for applications in nuclear technology. However, their measurement is very complicated as both projectile and target are radioactive. The most promising way to infer these cross sections is to use surrogate reactions in inverse kinematics, where the nucleus formed in the neutron-induced reaction of interest is produced by a reaction involving a radioactive heavy-ion beam and a stable, light target nucleus. The decay probabilities (for fission, neutron and gamma-ray emission) of the nucleus produced by the surrogate reaction provide precious information to constrain models and enable much more accurate predictions of the desired neutron cross sections.
Yet, the use of surrogate reactions is hampered by the numerous long-standing target issues. I propose to solve them by combining surrogate reactions with the unique possibilities at ion storage rings. In a storage ring heavy radioactive ions revolve at high frequency passing repeatedly through an electron cooler, which will greatly improve the beam quality and restore it after each passage of the beam through the internal gas-jet serving as ultra-thin, windowless target. This way, decay probabilities can be measured with unrivaled accuracy.
NECTAR aims to develop a detection system based on cutting-edge technology and a new method to measure accurate decay probabilities of radioactive nuclei at the CRYRING storage ring of the GSI/FAIR facility. The extreme vacuum conditions of the ring put severe constraints on the detection setup. I propose original, even revolutionary options to overcome these issues like the use of solar cells. Thus, NECTAR will be the seed of a new generation of nuclear-reaction experiments with unstable beams. | [
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter",
"Universe Sciences"
]
|
Q2718553 | F & E arbeitet und implementiert auf dem nationalen und internationalen Markt ein interaktives Projektionsgerät für die Interaktion mit dem Bild durch Bewegung und Gesten von MENTOR SPÓŁKA WITH LIMITED RESPONSIBILITY OF COMANDIT COMPANY. | Das Projekt umfasst Forschung und Entwicklung in der Entwicklung eines interaktiven Projektionsgeräts zur Interaktion mit dem Bild über Bewegung und Gesten. Das Projekt sieht auch die notwendigen Investitionsausgaben im Rahmen der Umsetzungskomponente vor, um die Ergebnisse auf den nationalen und internationalen Märkten zu vermarkten. Der genaue Umfang des Projekts ist in Abschnitt G.1.2 des Finanzhilfeantrags aufgeführt. Umsetzungsmethode: Der Antragsteller möchte das Projekt selbst umsetzen, es wird keine Partnerschaft geben. Phasen des Projekts: das Projekt kann je nach Fortschritt der FuE-Arbeiten in die Phase der industriellen Forschung und Entwicklung unterteilt werden. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
311769 | Investing in Education in Europe: Attitudes, Politics and Policies | Comparative welfare state research has neglected the study of education for a long time. In particular, very little is known about citizens’ attitudes on education policies and how these attitudes are reflected in processes of policy reform. The core of the proposed project is to conduct an original survey in eight European countries to provide, for the first time, internationally comparative data on individual attitudes and policy preferences on education. Individual attitudes are conceptualized to vary along three dimensions: the level of investment in education relative to other social policies, the promotion of different kinds of education (academic versus vocational education) and the distribution of competencies across levels of governments (governance). Particular attention will be paid to policy feedback effects, i.e. how macro-level institutional contexts (welfare states) shape the dynamics of preference formation on the micro level. Thus, the ultimate goal is to be able to understand cross-national variation in policy attitudes. The second phase of the project will analyze the linkages between attitudes and policy-making, using the insights from the survey. In the form of case studies of recent education reforms, we will ascertain whether policy-makers cater to public opinion in general, particular electoral constituencies or organized interests. The project breaks new ground by expanding research on welfare state attitudes to the field of education policy and improving our general understanding of the linkages between citizens’ preferences and policy-making. | [
"The Social World and Its Interactions",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems"
]
|
10.1063/1.4882646 | Storage And On Demand Release Of Microwaves Using Superconducting Resonators With Tunable Coupling | We present a system which allows to tune the coupling between a superconducting resonator and a transmission line. This storage resonator is addressed through a second, coupling resonator, which is frequency-tunable and controlled by a magnetic flux applied to a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). We experimentally demonstrate that the lifetime of the storage resonator can be tuned by more than three orders of magnitude. A field can be stored for 18 {\mu}s when the coupling resonator is tuned off resonance and it can be released in 14 ns when the coupling resonator is tuned on resonance. The device allows capture, storage, and on-demand release of microwaves at a tunable rate. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
W1529205706 | Dynamic Monitoring of Dark IP Address Space (Poster) | Abstractnumber of security-related research topics are based on the monitoring of dark IP address space. Unfortunately there is large administrative overhead associated with the dynamic assignment of a specific subnet for monitoring purposes, such as the deployment of a honeypot farm or a distributed intrusion detection system. In this paper, we propose a system that enables the dynamic allocation of an unadvertised IP address subnet for use by a monitoring sensor. The system dynamically selects network subnets that have been allocated to the organization but are not being advertised, advertises them, and subsequently forwards all received traffic destined to the selected subnet to a monitoring sensor.KeywordsIntrusion Detection SystemMonitoring SensorBorder RouterDynamic PacketRout Table EntryThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00182 | Tuning the Excited-State Dynamics of CuI Films with Electrochemical Bias | Owing to its high hole conductivity and ease of preparation, CuI was among the first inorganic hole-transporting materials that were introduced early on in metal halide perovskite solar cells, but its full potential as a semiconductor material is still to be realized. We have now performed ultrafast spectroelectrochemical experiments on ITO/CuI electrodes to show the effect of applied bias on the excited-state dynamics in CuI. Under operating conditions, the recombination of excitons is dependent on the applied bias, and it can be accelerated by decreasing the potential from +0. 6 to -0. 1 V vs Ag/AgCl. Prebiasing experiments show the persistent and reversible "memory" effect of electrochemical bias on charge carrier lifetimes. The excitation of CuI in a CuI/CsPbBr 3 film provides synergy between both CuI and CsPbBr 3 in dictating the charge separation and recombination. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials"
]
|
834631 | Precision Docking of Very Large DNA Cargos in Mammalian Genomes | Gene editing has developed at breath-taking speed. In particular CRISPR/Cas9 provides a tool-set thousands of researchers worldwide now utilize with unprecedented ease to edit genes, catalysing a broad range of biomedical and industrial applications. Gene synthesis technologies producing thousands of base pairs of synthetic DNA have become affordable. Current gene editing technology is highly effective for local, small genomic DNA edits and insertions. To unlock the full potential of this revolution, however, our capacities to disrupt or rewrite small local elements of code must be complemented by equal capacities to efficiently insert very large synthetic DNA cargos with a wide range of functions into genomic sites. Large designer cargos would carry multicomponent DNA circuitry including programmable and fine-tuneable functionalities, representing the vital interface between gene editing which is the state-of-the-art at present, and genome engineering, which is the future. This challenge remained largely unaddressed to date.
We aspire to resolve this bottleneck by creating ground-breaking, generally applicable, easy-to-use technology to enable docking of large DNA cargos with base pair precision and unparalleled efficiency into mammalian genomes. To achieve our ambitious goals, we will apply a whole array of sophisticated tools. We will unlock a small non-human virus to rational design, creating safe, flexible and easy-to-produce, large capacity DNA delivery nanodevices with unmatched transduction capability. We will exploit a range of techniques including Darwinian in vitro selection/evolution to accomplish unprecedented precision DNA integration efficiency into genomic sites. We will use parallelized DNA assembly methods to generate multifunctional circuits, to accelerate T cell engineering, resolving unmet needs. Once we accomplish our tasks, our technology has the potential to be exceptionally rewarding to the scientific, industrial and medical communities. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.070 | CLASP Mediates Microtubule Repair by Restricting Lattice Damage and Regulating Tubulin Incorporation | Microtubules play a key role in cell division, motility, and intracellular trafficking. Microtubule lattices are generally regarded as stable structures that undergo turnover through dynamic instability of their ends [1]. However, recent evidence suggests that microtubules also exchange tubulin dimers at the sites of lattice defects, which can be induced by mechanical stress, severing enzymes, or occur spontaneously during polymerization [2–6]. Tubulin incorporation can restore microtubule integrity; moreover, “islands” of freshly incorporated GTP-tubulin can inhibit microtubule disassembly and promote rescues [3, 4, 6–8]. Microtubule repair occurs in vitro in the presence of tubulin alone [2–6, 9]. However, in cells, it is likely to be regulated by specific factors, the nature of which is currently unknown. CLASPs are interesting candidates for microtubule repair because they induce microtubule nucleation, stimulate rescue, and suppress catastrophes by stabilizing incomplete growing plus ends with lagging protofilaments and promoting their conversion into complete ones [10–17]. Here, we used in vitro reconstitution assays combined with laser microsurgery and microfluidics to show that CLASP2α indeed stimulates microtubule lattice repair. CLASP2α promoted tubulin incorporation into damaged lattice sites, thereby restoring microtubule integrity. Furthermore, it induced the formation of complete tubes from partial protofilament assemblies and inhibited microtubule softening caused by hydrodynamic-flow-induced bending. The catastrophe-suppressing domain of CLASP2α, TOG2, combined with a microtubule-tethering region, was sufficient to stimulate microtubule repair, suggesting that catastrophe suppression and lattice repair are mechanistically similar. Our results suggest that the cellular machinery controlling microtubule nucleation and growth can also help to maintain microtubule integrity. | [
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
DE 2013000591 W | ARRANGEMENT FOR MONITORING AND EARLIEST DETECTION OF FIRE FOR A PLURALITY OF POTENTIALLY FLAMMABLE OR POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE VESSELS AND/OR HOUSINGS | The invention relates to an arrangement for monitoring and earliest detection of fire for a plurality of potentially flammable or potentially explosive vessels and/or housings, such as switch and distribution cabinets and electrical engineering apparatus, IT cabinets etc. The invention addresses the problem of developing an arrangement for monitoring and earliest detection of fire for potentially flammable or potentially explosive vessels and/or housings, which for a reasonable system cost can be used as an alternative to the aspirating smoke detectors currently used in the art, for example, in the switch and server cabinets of computer centres (e.g. in banks etc.), and which at the same time ensures a selective monitoring of a substantially higher number of "monitoring points" (e.g. server cabinets) that is much cheaper and more precise and also substantially more reliable in respect of false alarms using just one evaluating unit, combined with markedly reduced expenditure on production, installation, servicing and maintenance, high versatility and high availability, even during servicing and also during work to extend the overall system. The arrangement according to the invention for monitoring and earliest detection of fire for a plurality of potentially flammable or potentially explosive vessels (1) and/or housings using laser detectors and/or multi-criteria smoke detectors (2) is characterised inter alia in that all smoke detectors (2) used for monitoring are connected to one another via a ring bus (18), and in that the smoke detectors (2) used in the arrangement are arranged in pairs, either in a duo-detector module (3) or in two mono-detector modules (4) associated with one another, and are always interconnected in two-detector dependency, and in that said duo-detector modules (3) and/or mono-detector modules (4) arranged in each of the vessels (1) to be monitored at the locations significant for fire detection are connected as bus participants via a ring bus (18) to an evaluating unit (19) undertaking the energy supply of the bus system. | [
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Products and Processes Engineering"
]
|
185817 | Automated radio frequency identification enabled camera automation solution for fencing | We are 01Wiring, an Italian company founded in 2009. We specialize in designing, manufacturing and selling hardware and software for automated electronic systems. Over the years, we have developed – from the idea to the finalized product – a range of innovative systems that are used in a host of applications and industries such as transport, healthcare and industrial automation. With MODERATOR we are taking a first step toward developing solutions for the emerging field of technology in sports adjudication.
Five years ago, we were involved in the organization of a National Fencing Championship in Bologna, Italy. During this process, we became aware of the relatively basic referee video system – with error prone manual handling and no data system recording – that referees use to make marginal decisions. Being reactive to new markets and opportunities, led by our CEO Ivano Corsini, a fencing enthusiast and past athlete, we have started developing an innovative automated video solution that will transform the sport of fencing, in a similar manner to the Hawk-Eye system for professional tennis.
Our project, named Moderator (AutoMated RadiO Frequency IDEntification Enabled CameRA AuTOmation Solution foR Fencing), is a unique automated video and data analytics technology system for fencing. It revolves around our patented camera tracking system developed in collaboration with the Italian Fencing Federation. In becoming the automated camera provider and operator for official fencing tournaments and local clubs around the world, we estimate that our solution has the potential to deliver €12 million in accumulated revenues to our company by 2021 and €2.7 million in accumulated net profits. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101480 | Encoding or consolidation? The effects of pre- and post-learning propranolol on the impact of an emotional scene | Background and objectives: Researchers have conceived of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a disorder of memory, and proposed that blocking the impact of stress-related noradrenaline release in the aftermath of trauma may be a way of preventing the ‘over-consolidation’ of trauma-related memories. Experimental research in humans has been limited by typically focusing on declarative memory for emotional stories, and has mainly given propranolol before learning. In contrast, the clinical studies that we comprehensively review are hampered by practical challenges, such as reliably administering propranolol in a time window sufficiently close to the traumatic event. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of both pre- and post-learning propranolol on emotional and declarative memory for an emotional scene, using the ‘trauma film paradigm’. Methods: To control for drug and timing effects, participants received a pill (40 mg propranolol or placebo) both 60 min before and within 5 min after viewing a 12 min, emotionally arousing trauma film, and were assigned to one of the three conditions: propranolol-placebo (n = 25), placebo-propranolol (n = 25), or placebo-placebo (n = 25). We assessed participants’ immediate emotional responses to the scene, as well as delayed impact (intrusions, Impact of Events Scale) and declarative memory. Results: Using Bayesian informative hypothesis testing, we found that pre-learning propranolol reduced the initial emotional impact of the ‘trauma film’. However, we did not find strong evidence for an impact of pre- or post-learning propranolol on later consequences of having watched the emotional film (intrusions, Impact of Events, or tests of declarative memory). Exploratorily restricting analyses to women, we did find evidence suggesting that pre-encoding propranolol could reduce the rate of intrusions and self-reported negative impact of the emotional scene one week later. Limitations: Floor effects in the delayed impact of the emotional scene could preclude observing differences as a function of propranolol, and propranolol dosage may need to be increased. Conclusions: An impact of propranolol on encoding could raise difficulties in interpretation when only pre-encoding propranolol is used to make inferences about consolidation. We discuss the challenges of elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of propranolol's reported effects on memory. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing"
]
|
10.1042/BJ20141349 | Ubiquitin C Terminal Hydrolases Cleave Isopeptide And Peptide Linked Ubiquitin From Structured Proteins But Do Not Edit Ubiquitin Homopolymers | Modification of proteins with ubiquitin (Ub) occurs through a variety of topologically distinct Ub linkages, including Ube2W-mediated monoubiquitylation of N-terminal alpha amines to generate peptide-linked linear mono-Ub fusions. Protein ubiquitylation can be reversed by the action of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), many of which show striking preference for particular Ub linkage types. Here, we have screened for DUBs that preferentially cleave N-terminal Ub from protein substrates but do not act on Ub homopolymers. We show that members of the Ub C-terminal hydrolase (UCH) family of DUBs demonstrate this preference for N-terminal deubiquitylating activity as they are capable of cleaving N-terminal Ub from SUMO2 and Ube2W, while displaying no activity against any of the eight Ub linkage types. Surprisingly, this ability to cleave Ub from SUMO2 was 100 times more efficient for UCH-L3 when we deleted the unstructured N-terminus of SUMO2, demonstrating that UCH enzymes can cleave Ub from structured proteins. However, UCH-L3 could also cleave chemically synthesized isopeptide-linked Ub from lysine 11 (K11) of SUMO2 with similar efficiency, demonstrating that UCH DUB activity is not limited to peptide-linked Ub. These findings advance our understanding of the specificity of the UCH family of DUBs, which are strongly implicated in cancer and neurodegeneration but whose substrate preference has remained unclear. In addition, our findings suggest that the reversal of Ube2W-mediated N-terminal ubiquitylation may be one physiological role of UCH DUBs in vivo. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing"
]
|
IB 2019000593 W | VEHICLE CONTROL METHOD AND VEHICLE CONTROL DEVICE | An under-floor catalyst (33) has a GPF (41) capable of trapping fine exhaust particles in exhaust air, and a downstream catalyst (42) positioned downstream from the GPF (41). The GPF (41) can be supplied with secondary air. When an internal combustion engine (1) stops during travel a vehicle (1) supplies secondary air to the GPF (41) in which fine exhaust particles have accumulated. At that time the temperature of the GPF (41) is equal to or higher than a prescribed temperature. Thus, the under-floor catalyst (33) is able to control a reduction in the exhaust purification performance when the internal combustion engine (10) starts. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
W2219246504 | Environmental impacts of genetic improvement of growth rate and feed conversion ratio in fish farming under rearing density and nitrogen output limitations | Today, fish farming faces an increasing demand in fish products, but also various environmental challenges. Genetic improvement in growth rate and feed conversion ratio is known to be an efficient way to increase production and increase efficiency in fish farming. The environmental consequences of genetic improvement in growth rate and feed conversion ratio, however, are unknown. In this study, we investigated the environmental consequences of genetic improvement in growth rate and feed conversion ratio in an African catfish farm, using Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS). In RAS, total fish production of the farm is limited by rearing density or by the capacity to treat dissolved nitrogen. To evaluate the environmental consequences of genetic improvement in growth rate and feed conversion ratio, we combined life cycle assessment and bioeconomic modelling of genetic response to selection. We explored different impact categories, such as climate change, eutrophication, acidification and energy use, and we expressed impacts per ton of fish produced. Results show that the environmental impact of genetic improvement in growth rate and feed conversion ratio varies among impact categories and depends on the factor limiting production at farm level (i.e. rearing density or nitrogen treatment capacity). Genetic improvement of feed conversion ratio reduces environmental impacts in each scenario tested, while improving growth rate reduces environmental impacts only when rearing density limits farm production. Environmental responses to genetic selection were generally positive and show similar trends as previously determined economic responses to genetic improvement in growth rate and feed conversion ratio in RAS. These results suggest that genetic improvement of growth rate and feed conversion ratio for species kept in RAS will benefit both the environmental impacts and the economics of the production system. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution"
]
|
10.1073/pnas.1205624109 | Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated | Rapidly declining biodiversity may be a contributing factor to another global megatrend - the rapidly increasing prevalence of allergies and other chronic inflammatory diseases among urban populations worldwide. According to the "biodiversity hypothesis,"reduced contact of people with natural environmental features and biodiversity may adversely affect the humancommensal microbiota and its immunomodulatory capacity. Analyzing atopic sensitization (i. e. , allergic disposition) in a random sample of adolescents living in a heterogeneous region of 100 x 150 km, we show that environmental biodiversity in the surroundings of the study subjects'homes influenced the composition of the bacterial classes on their skin. Compared with healthy individuals, atopic individuals had lower environmental biodiversity in the surroundings of their homes and significantly lower generic diversity of gamma-proteobacteria on their skin. The functional role of the Gram-negative gammaproteobacteria is supported by in vitro measurements of expression of IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory cytokine in immunologic tolerance, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In healthy, but not in atopic, individuals, IL-10 expression was positively correlated with the abundance of the gammaproteobacterial genus Acinetobacter on the skin. These results raise fundamental questions about the consequences of biodiversity loss for both allergic conditions and public health in general. | [
"Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing"
]
|
W1514087267 | Modeling population dynamics, landscape structure, and management decisions for controlling the spread of invasive plants | Invasive plants cause substantial economic and environmental damage throughout the world. However, eradication of most invasive species is impossible and, in some cases, undesirable. An alternative is to slow the spread of an invasive species, which can delay impacts or reduce their extent. We identify three main areas where models are used extensively in the study of plant spread and its management: (i) identifying the key drivers of spread to better target management, (ii) determining the role spatial structure of landscapes plays in plant invasions, and (iii) integrating management structures and limitations to guide the implementation of control measures. We show how these three components have been approached in the ecological literature as well as their potential for improving management practices. Particularly, we argue that scientists can help managers of invasive species by providing information about plant invasion on which managers can base their decisions (i and ii) and by modeling the decision process through optimization and agent-based models (iii). Finally, we show how these approaches can be articulated for integrative studies. | [
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
interreg_1347 | Fostering Improved Reaction of crossborder Emergency Services and Prevention Increasing safety LeveL | FIRESPILL overall objective is to enhance the capacity of Emergency Service Organizations to increase cross-border effectiveness in tackling natural and man-made disasters, decreasing the exposure of the populations to the impact of hazards and increasing the safety of the Croatian and Italian Adriatic basin by improving emergency prevention and management measures and instruments. The joint efforts and coordinated actions by 14 project partners, with cross-cutting competencies and multidisciplinary experiences, guarantee to enhance the resilience of involved territories in terms of preparedness and prevention of hazards, furthering the capacity of recovery while minimizing damages in the Programme area. Common macro-actions and specific ones will be implemented per each risk taken into consideration. Common macro-actions will be dedicated to: (a) the improvements of existing Emergency Services Regulatory System; (b) improvement of Emergency Management Systems (EMS) in terms of new and innovative solutions; (c) Activation of citizens' participatory process. Specific actions will be dedicated to each main risk in chosen pilot areas (fire, oil spill and other marine hazards, earthquake, pandemic). | [
"Earth System Science",
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems"
]
|
185004 | Sense - a roadmap for the ideal low light level sensor development | Over the last decade substantial improvements were made in the technologies for low light-level detection. It is expected that the coming years may bring a technology revolution in this emerging FET-relevant topic. Various European research groups have played and will play an important role in further advancing this technology since low light-level detection is very important for a lot of research projects and upcoming research infrastructures. Indeed, R&D in this technology is growing and new groups all over Europe and world-wide are getting involved. However, a coordination of these groups – especially in Europe – is currently missing; while competition is often speeding up developments especially in the prototyping together with industry, duplication in testing and evaluating available devices for research projects is unfortunately standard.
The project’s objectives are to
(1) conduct the development of a European R&D roadmap towards the ultimate low light-level (LLL) sensors, and to monitor and evaluate the progress of the developments with respect to the roadmap,
(2) coordinate the R&D efforts of research groups and industry in advancing LLL sensors and liaise with strategically important European initiatives and research groups and companies world-wide, (3) transfer knowledge by initiating information and training events and material, and
(4) disseminate information by suitable outreach activities. | [
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Materials Engineering",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
10.1109/ISIT.2014.6875146 | On Convergence Of Approximate Message Passing | Approximate message passing is an iterative algorithm for compressed sensing and related applications. A solid theory about the performance and convergence of the algorithm exists for measurement matrices having iid entries of zero mean. However, it was observed by several authors that for more general matrices the algorithm often encounters convergence problems. In this paper we identify the reason of the non-convergence for measurement matrices with iid entries and non-zero mean in the context of Bayes optimal inference. Finally we demonstrate numerically that when the iterative update is changed from parallel to sequential the convergence is restored. | [
"Mathematics",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1145/3072959.3073638 | Orthotropic K Nearest Foams For Additive Manufacturing | Additive manufacturing enables the fabrication of objects embedding meta-materials. By creating fine-scale structures, the object's physical properties can be graded (e. g. elasticity, porosity), even though a single base material is used for fabrication. Designing the fine and detailed geometry of a metamaterial while attempting to achieve specific properties is difficult. In addition, the structures are intended to fill comparatively large volumes, which quickly leads to large data structures and intractable simulation costs. Thus, most metamaterials are defined as periodic structures repeated in regular lattices. The periodicity simplifies modeling, simulation, and reduces memory costs - however it limits the possibility to smoothly grade properties along free directions. In this work, we propose a novel metamaterial with controllable, freely orientable, orthotropic elastic behavior - orthotropy means that elasticity is controlled independently along three orthogonal axes, which leads to materials that better adapt to uneven, directional load scenarios, and offer a more versatile material design primitive. The fine-scale structures are generated procedurally by a stochastic process, and resemble a foam. The absence of global organization and periodicity allows the free gradation of density, orientation, and stretch, leading to the controllable orthotropic behavior. The procedural nature of the synthesis process allows it to scale to arbitrarily large volumes at low memory costs. We detail the foam structure synthesis, analyze and discuss its properties through numerical and experimental verifications, and finally demonstrate the use of orthotropic materials for the design of 3D printed objects. | [
"Materials Engineering",
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Products and Processes Engineering"
]
|
625218 | Advancing sustainability of process industries through digital and circular water use innovations | AquaSPICE aims at materializing circular water use in the European Process Industries, fostering awareness in resource-efficiency and delivering compact solutions for industrial applications. That challenging aim necessitates (i) multiple state-of-the-art water treatment and re-use technologies, (ii) diverse closer-loop practices regarding water, energy and substances, (iii) a cyber-physical-system controller in the form of a system for real-time monitoring, assessment and optimization of water (re-)use at different interconnected levels and (iv) an effective methodological, regulatory and business framework. AquaSPICE not only offers these but claims their sufficiency, as also supported by the breadth of European process industries who are here to evaluate (i)-(iv).
AquaSPICE’s innovations emanate from the requirements of 6 Case Studies, involving 8 industrial actors (Dow, BASF, Water-Link, Solvay, ARETUSA, Agricola, JEMS and TUPRAS) in 6 EU countries (Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Slovenia and Romania) and 1 associated country (Turkey).
AquaSPICE follows a systemic approach in water management where optimal efficiency can be achieved through an adaptation of appropriate technologies and practices in different levels, from a single industrial process (unit operation), to an entire factory, to other collaborating industries (industrial symbiosis) or other sectors (e.g. domestic and/or agriculture).
AquaSPICE enables and facilitates the immediate uptake, replication and up-scaling of innovations, by providing comprehensive strategic, business and organizational plans that offer a range of well-defined and pre-packaged solutions, suitable for various cases with quite different characteristics. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
313173 | Market-Based Initiatives as Solutions to Techno-Scientific Problems | MISTS engages with market based initiatives employed as potential solutions to techno-scientific problems. MISTS will draw together two strands of STS research: the turn to research on markets and STS literature on science problems (and solutions). These two areas will be drawn on in exploring four sub-projects which feature market based initiatives as solutions to problems: an attempt to build a market for privacy; an initiative to incentivise vaccine research; a scheme through which trading of evidence in electronic waste could take place; and a national system to render STS research competitive.
Objectives:
To enhance our understanding of the ways in which market based initiatives are increasingly being harnessed to address techno-scientific problems
To understand the genesis, development, experience and consequence of utilising markets as solutions to problems
To analyse in-depth the recursive nature of problem-solution relationships
To draw together hitherto often separate strands of STS research
To develop and consolidate a research programme focused on techno-scientific markets, problems and solutions
Market based initiatives are pervasive as apparent solutions to techno-scientific problems. From the management of waste, to attempts to invigorate competition in (social) scientific research, markets are heralded as a means to redistribute economic and moral value, reorient priorities and stimulate action. However, market based initiatives are also frequently critiqued for their apparent failure, for shaping the actions of those subject to them and for a broad variety of other unexpected and unintended consequences. The four sub-projects, addressing key areas of contemporary concern – privacy, health, environment and the future of academia – will form a research programme which will develop insights for the STS research community, for those involved in researching markets and for those interested in techno-scientific problems and solutions. | [
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
10.1128/JVI.02060-16 | Cryo-electron microscopy study of the genome release of the dicistrovirus Israeli acute bee paralysis virus | Viruses of the family Dicistroviridae can cause substantial economic damage by infecting agriculturally important insects. Israeli acute bee paralysis virus (IAPV) causes honeybee colony collapse disorder in the United States. Highresolution molecular details of the genome delivery mechanism of dicistroviruses are unknown. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy analysis of IAPV virions induced to release their genomes in vitro. We determined structures of full IAPV virions primed to release their genomes to a resolution of 3. 3 Å and of empty capsids to a resolution of 3. 9 Å. We show that IAPV does not form expanded A particles before genome release as in the case of related enteroviruses of the family Picornaviridae. The structural changes observed in the empty IAPV particles include detachment of the VP4 minor capsid proteins from the inner face of the capsid and partial loss of the structure of the N-terminal arms of the VP2 capsid proteins. Unlike the case for many picornaviruses, the empty particles of IAPV are not expanded relative to the native virions and do not contain pores in their capsids that might serve as channels for genome release. Therefore, rearrangement of a unique region of the capsid is probably required for IAPV genome release. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems"
]
|
W2136804601 | Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008 | Abstract. The NASA DC-8 aircraft characterized the aerosol properties, chemical composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations of the summertime Arctic during the 2008 NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. Air masses characteristic of fresh and aged biomass burning, boreal forest, Arctic background, and anthropogenic industrial pollution were sampled. Observations were spatially extensive (50–85° N and 40–130° W) and exhibit significant variability in aerosol and CCN concentrations. The chemical composition was dominated by highly oxidized organics (66–94% by volume), with a water-soluble mass fraction of more than 50%. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, κ, ranged between κ = 0.08–0.32 for all air mass types. Industrial pollution had the lowest κ of 0.08 ± 0.01, while the Arctic background had the highest and most variable κ of 0.32 ± 0.21, resulting from a lower and more variable organic fraction. Both fresh and aged (long-range transported) biomass burning air masses exhibited remarkably similar κ (0.18 ± 0.13), consistent with observed rapid chemical and physical aging of smoke emissions in the atmosphere, even in the vicinity of fresh fires. The organic hygroscopicity (κorg) was parameterized by the volume fraction of water-soluble organic matter (εWSOM), with a κ = 0.12, such that κorg = 0.12εWSOM. Assuming bulk (size-independent) composition and including the κorg parameterization enabled CCN predictions to within 30% accuracy for nearly all environments sampled. The only exception was for industrial pollution from Canadian oil sands exploration, where an external mixture and size-dependent composition was required. Aerosol mixing state assumptions (internal vs. external) in all other environments did not significantly affect CCN predictions; however, the external mixing assumption provided the best results, even though the available observations could not determine the true degree of external mixing and therefore may not always be representative of the environments sampled. No correlation was observed between κorg and O : C. A novel correction of the CCN instrument supersaturation for water vapor depletion, resulting from high concentrations of CCN, was also employed. This correction was especially important for fresh biomass burning plumes where concentrations exceeded 1.5×104 cm−3 and introduced supersaturation depletions of ≥25%. Not accounting for supersaturation depletion in these high concentration environments would therefore bias CCN closure up to 25% and inferred κ by up to 50%. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Earth System Science"
]
|
10.1007/s10974-019-09564-4 | The advantages of microfluidics to study actin biochemistry and biomechanics | AbstractThe regulated assembly of actin filaments is essential in nearly all cell types. Studying actin assembly dynamics can pose many technical challenges. A number of these challenges can be overcome by using microfluidics to observe and manipulate single actin filaments under an optical microscope. In particular, microfluidics can be tremendously useful for applying different mechanical stresses to actin filaments and determining how the physical context of the filaments affects their regulation by biochemical factors. In this review, we summarize the main features of microfluidics for the study of actin assembly dynamics, and we highlight some recent developments that have emerged from the combination of microfluidics and other techniques. We use two case studies to illustrate our points: the rapid assembly of actin filaments by formins and the disassembly of filaments by actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin. Both of these protein families play important roles in cells. They regulate actin assembly through complex molecular mechanisms that are sensitive to the filaments’ mechanical context, with multiple activities that need to be quantified separately. Microfluidics-based experiments have been extremely useful for gaining insight into the regulatory actions of these two protein families. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
10.1109/LNET.2018.2883245 | Soft Ttl Time Varying Fractional Caching | Standard time-to-live (TTL) cache management prescribes the storage of entire files, or possibly fractions thereof, for a given amount of time after a request. As a generalization of this approach, this letter proposes the storage of a time-varying, diminishing, fraction of a requested file. Accordingly, the cache progressively evicts parts of the file over an interval of time following a request. The strategy, which is referred to as soft-TTL, is justified by the fact that traffic traces are often characterized by arrival processes that display a decreasing, but non-negligible, probability of observing a request as the time elapsed since the last request increases. An optimization-based analysis of soft-TTL is presented, demonstrating the important role played by the hazard function of the inter-arrival request process, which measures the likelihood of observing a request as a function of the time since the most recent request. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
W2168637628 | The Dialectal Tribe and the Doctrine of Continuity | Abstract In Australia, applicants for native title—legal recognition of proprietary interest in land devolving from traditions predating colonization—must meet a stringent standard of continuity of social identity since before the advent of Crown sovereignty. As courts and the legislature have gravitated toward an increasingly strict application of the continuity doctrine, anthropologists involved in land claims cases have found themselves rehearsing an old debate in Australian anthropology over the degree to which post-contact patterns of subsistence, movement, and ritual enactment can support inferences about life in precontact Australia. In the 1960s, at the dawn of the land claims era, a handful of anthropologists shifted the debate to an ecological plane. Characterizing Australia on the cusp of colonization as a late Holocene climax human ecosystem, they argued that certain recently observed patterns in the distribution of marks of social cohesion (mutual intelligibility of language, systems of classificatory kinship) could not represent the outcome of such a climax ecosystem and must indicate disintegration of Aboriginal social structures since contact. Foremost among them was Joseph Birdsell, for whom linguistic boundaries, under climax conditions, would self-evidently be congruent with boundaries in breeding pools. Birdsell's intervention came just as the Northern Territory Supreme Court was hearing evidence on the value of dialect as a marker of membership in corporate landholding groups in Yolngu country, and offers an object lesson in how language, race, mode of subsistence, and law come together in efforts to answer the questions “Who was here first?” and “Are those people still here?” | [
"The Study of the Human Past",
"Studies of Cultures and Arts"
]
|
10.1239/jap/1395771422 | Species dynamics in the two-parameter poisson-dirichlet diffusion model | The recently introduced two-parameter infinitely-many-neutral-alleles model extends the celebrated one-parameter version (which is related to Kingman's distribution) to diffusive two-parameter Poisson-Dirichlet frequencies. In this paper we investigate the dynamics driving the species heterogeneity underlying the two-parameter model. First we show that a suitable normalization of the number of species is driven by a critical continuous-state branching process with immigration. Secondly, we provide a finite-dimensional construction of the two-parameter model, obtained by means of a sequence of Feller diffusions of Wright-Fisher flavor which feature finitely many types and inhomogeneous mutation rates. Both results provide insight into the mathematical properties and biological interpretation of the two-parameter model, showing that it is structurally different from the one-parameter case in that the frequency dynamics are driven by state-dependent rather than constant quantities. | [
"Mathematics"
]
|
257431 | Charge separation, lightning and radio emission in low-mass objects | This project will investigate the hypothesis that dust clouds are a major source of charge separation and discharge processes in very low mass, extrasolar objects like M-dwarfs, Brown-Dwarfs, and planets. The aim is to model charging, dust formation and sedimentation in dusty media to understand how the atmospheric ionisation mechanisms change at the border from stars to planets in the M-dwarf--Brown-Dwarf transition region where radio emission starst to exceed X-ray emission, and to investigate the physics and the occurrence of intra-cloud lightning outside our solar system. Lightning is suggested to have triggered the occurrence of life on Earth.
Dusty media are generally very common on Earth and in space, for example in volcano plumes that influence the local climate on Earth, on Mars where it blocks Mars-Rover's wheels, in dust-clouds in Brown Dwarfs and planets which determine their chemistry and their detectability, or in planet-forming disks. All have in common that dust of mixed composition is abundant in a turbulent environment in a variety of sizes. This project will perform a characterisation of dusty astrophysical plasma, systemically study charge separation processes and draw comparison to known scenarios in volcanos and Martian plasmas. The project determines stellar parameter and dust cloud characteristics (e.g. cloud height) for which dust cloud charging becomes important, and under which conditions lightning can occur. A charge conservation model will be coupled to a non-equilibrium chemistry to search for discharge-related molecules and for pre-biotic molecules that might occur during lightning. Applications to standard model atmospheres will be carried out to study the influence on the spectral energy distribution and the object's albedo. The long-term aim of this project is to solve the dust and charge conservation equations together with the magnetic field equations in order to study the development of radio emission in low-mass objects. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Universe Sciences"
]
|
10.1145/2746539.2746601 | Minimizing Flow Time On Unrelated Machines | We consider some classical flow-time minimization problems in the unrelated machines setting. In this setting, there is a set of m machines and a set of n jobs, and each job j has a machine dependent processing time of pij on machine i. The flow-time of a job is the amount of time the job spends in a system (its completion time minus its arrival time), and is one of the most natural measure of quality of service. We show the following two results: an $O(min(log2 n, log n log P)) approximation algorithm for minimizing the total flow-time, and an O(log n) approximation for minimizing the maximum flow-time. Here P is the ratio of maximum to minimum job size. These are the first known poly-logarithmic guarantees for both the problems. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1002/2014GC005275 | Composition And Flux Of Explosive Gas Release At Lusi Mud Volcano East Java Indonesia | The LUSI mud volcano has been erupting since May 2006 in the densely populated Sidoarjo regency (East Java, Indonesia), forcing the evacuation of 40,000 people and destroying industry, farmland, and over 10,000 homes. Mud extrusion rates of 180,000 m(3) d(-1) were measured in the first few months of the eruption, decreasing to a loosely documented 4000 m for methane and approximately 600 m for carbon dioxide; however, the mass fractions of these gases are insufficient to explain the observed dynamics. Rather, the primary driver of the cyclic bubble-bursting activity is decompressional boiling of water, which initiates a few tens of meters below the surface, setting up slug flow in the upper conduit. Our measured gas flux and conceptual model lead to a corresponding upper-bound estimate for the mud-water mass flux of 10(5) m(3) d(-1). | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Earth System Science"
]
|
Q4111457 | TAX CREDIT — CELAURO SERVICE SRL | THIS IS THE PURCHASE OF A PLANT TO BE LOCATED IN NARO (AG) FOR THE STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF DELPERCOLATO AND TOXIC WASTE IN GENERAL CO | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Earth System Science"
]
|
10.1088/2040-8978/18/10/104003 | Dynamically Creating Tripartite Resonance And Dark Modes In A Multimode Optomechanical System | We study a multimode optomechanical system where two mechanical oscillators are coupled to an electromagnetic cavity. Previously it has been shown that if the mechanical resonances have nearly equal frequencies, one can make the oscillators to interact via the cavity by strong pumping with a coherent pump tone. One can view the interaction also as emergence of an electromagnetically dark mode which gets asymptotically decoupled from the cavity and has a linewidth much smaller than that of the bare cavity. The narrow linewidth and long lifetime of the dark mode could be advantageous, for example in information storage and processing. Here we investigate the possibility to create dark modes dynamically using two pump tones. We show that if the mechanical frequencies are intrinsically different, one can bring the mechanical oscillators and the cavity on-resonance and thus create a dark mode by double sideband pumping of the cavity. We realize the scheme in a microwave optomechanical device employing two drum oscillators with unmatched frequencies, and . We also observe a breakdown of the rotating-wave approximation, most pronounced in another device where the mechanical frequencies are close to each other. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Condensed Matter Physics"
]
|
10.1101/2020.09.03.280990 | Fast And Inexpensive Whole Genome Sequencing Library Preparation From Intact Yeast Cells | Through the increase in the capacity of sequencing machines massively parallel sequencing of thousands of samples in a single run is now possible. With the improved throughput and resulting drop in the price of sequencing, the cost and time for preparation of sequencing libraries have become the major bottleneck in large-scale experiments. Methods using a hyperactive variant of the Tn5 transposase efficiently generate libraries starting from cDNA or genomic DNA in a few hours and are highly scalable. For genome sequencing, however, the time and effort spent on genomic DNA isolation limits the practicability of sequencing large numbers of samples. Here, we describe a highly scalable method for preparing high quality whole-genome sequencing libraries directly from yeast cultures in less than three hours at 34 cents per sample. We skip the rate-limiting step of genomic DNA extraction by directly tagmenting yeast spheroplasts and add a nucleosome release step prior to enrichment PCR to improve the evenness of genomic coverage. Resulting libraries do not show any GC-bias and are comparable in quality to libraries processed from genomic DNA with a commercially available Tn5-based kit. We use our protocol to investigate CRISPR/Cas9 on- and off-target edits and reliably detect edited variants and shared polymorphisms between strains. Our protocol enables rapid preparation of unbiased and high-quality, sequencing-ready indexed libraries for hundreds of yeast strains in a single day at a low price. By adjusting individual steps of our workflow we expect that our protocol can be adapted to other organisms. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems",
"Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering"
]
|
850159 | Experimenting with Circular Service Business Models | With increasing pressures on resources and the climate it is clear that a new business paradigm is needed. The Circular Economy has been heralded as a driver for sustainability and competitiveness. In contrast to the current linear economy, materials are kept at their highest utility at all times. Despite great policy, business and academic interest, knowledge on how to move to a Circular Economy is lacking. CIRCULAR X addresses a new and urgent issue in sustainability research: experimentation with circular service business models (CSBMs). Examples include companies shifting from selling to leasing products and introducing lifelong warrantees to extend product lifetimes. CSBMs are far from mainstream and experimentation focused on trialling new CSBMs is little understood.
CIRCULAR X will develop a new field in sustainability studies: CSBM experimentation. It aims to conduct boundary-pushing and cross-sectoral interdisciplinary research in 3 continents and 5 countries – the Netherlands, UK, Sweden, China and USA - with 4 objectives:
1. Advancing understanding of CSBMs; their emergence and impacts
2. Advancing knowledge on CSBM experimentation
3. Developing CSBM experimentation tools
4. Designing and deploying CSBM experimentation labs
CIRCULAR X will bridge and expand disparate knowledge on experimentation approaches across disciplines such as sustainability, design, business and entrepreneurship research. It will develop novel CSBM and experimentation concepts, catalogues, tools and labs by bridging these yet disparate fields. Through its comprehensive international approach, CIRCULAR X will deeply advance understandings on how CSBMs manifest themselves and how these can be experimented with, which will ultimately advance business activities towards a circular economy transition. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Human Mobility, Environment, and Space"
]
|
10.1088/0953-2048/22/6/064013 | From Micro To Nano Squids Applications To Nanomagnetism | Due to a growing interest in quantum information processing based on spin systems, the micro-SQUID technique has been finding new interest and fabrication improvements have led to nano-SQUIDs. There are two types of nano-SQUIDs: either the cross section of the Josephson junctions is reduced to about 1 nm by using carbon nanotube junctions, or the loop size is reduced to a few 100 nm. This paper reviews the basic ideas of the micro-SQUID technique applied to magnetic nanostructures and shows that both types of nano-SQUIDs lead to a significant improvement concerning the detection of magnetization switching of individual magnetic particles or molecules. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Condensed Matter Physics"
]
|
10.1063/1.4905652 | Au Cu2O Core Shell Nanowire Photovoltaics | Semiconductor nanowires are among the most promising candidates for next generation photovoltaics. This is due to their outstanding optical and electrical properties which provide large optical cross sections while simultaneously decoupling the photon absorption and charge carrier extraction length scales. These effects relax the requirements for both the minority carrier diffusion length and the amount of semiconductor needed. Metal-semiconductor core-shell nanowires have previously been predicted to show even better optical absorption than solid semiconductor nanowires and offer the additional advantage of a local metal core contact. Here, we fabricate and analyze such a geometry using a single Au-Cu2O core-shell nanowire photovoltaic cell as a model system. Spatially resolved photocurrent maps reveal that although the minority carrier diffusion length in the Cu2O shell is less than 1 μm, the radial contact geometry with the incorporated metal electrode still allows for photogenerated carrier collection. . . | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
320598 | 3D Engineered Environments for Regenerative Medicine | This proposal develops a unified, underpinning technology to create novel, complex and biomimetic 3D environments for the control of tissue growth. As director of Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials, I have recently been approached by medical colleagues to help to solve important problems in the separate therapeutic areas of breast cancer, cardiac disease and blood disorders. In each case, the solution lies in complex 3D engineered environments for cell culture. These colleagues make it clear that existing 3D scaffolds fail to provide the required complex orientational and spatial anisotropy, and are limited in their ability to impart appropriate biochemical and mechanical cues.
I have a strong track record in this area. A particular success has been the use of a freeze drying technology to make collagen based porous implants for the cartilage-bone interface in the knee, which has now been commercialised. The novelty of this proposal lies in the broadening of the established scientific base of this technology to enable biomacromolecular structures with:
(A) controlled and complex pore orientation to mimic many normal multi-oriented tissue structures
(B) compositional and positional control to match varying local biochemical environments,
(C) the attachment of novel peptides designed to control cell behaviour, and
(D) mechanical control at both a local and macroscopic level to provide mechanical cues for cells.
These will be complemented by the development of
(E) robust characterisation methodologies for the structures created.
These advances will then be employed in each of the medical areas above.
This approach is highly interdisciplinary. Existing working relationships with experts in each medical field will guarantee expertise and licensed facilities in the required biological disciplines. Funds for this proposal would therefore establish a rich hub of mutually beneficial research and opportunities for cross-disciplinary sharing of expertise. | [
"Materials Engineering",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
851154 | Advanced EUV/soft X-ray microscopy in the ultrafast regime: imaging functionality of nanomaterials across length scales | Imaging charge, spin, and energy flow in functional materials when hit by a light pulse, is a current grand challenge in nanotechnology relevant to a host of systems including photovoltaics, optoelectronic and spin devices. The design of such materials relies critically on the availability of accurate characterisation tools of how light-induced function and performance are related to nano-to-mesoscale electronic and lattice structural properties.
To address this challenge, ULTRAIMAGE will introduce ground-breaking capabilities in microscopy of nanomaterials, providing access to their far-from-equilibrium states, with resolution on nanometer-to-Ångstrom length and femtosecond time scales. Key to this advance is the combination of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to soft X-ray tabletop coherent light sources with a technique for coherent diffractive imaging called ptychography, in which multiple diffraction patterns from overlapping fields of view are processed by iterative algorithms to recover amplitude and phase images of sample and beam, separately.
Nanoscale movies of the sample’s impulsive response, irradiated by ultrafast laser pulses, will be obtained with extremely high fidelity and in a non-destructive approach, with sub-20nm transverse resolution, 0.5Å axial precision, and ≈10fs temporal resolution. Each movie frame will be characterized by amplitude and phase images of the sample, with exquisite quantitative contrast to material composition, and to its topography.
ULTRAIMAGE will introduce a world-class tabletop facility for ultrafast ptychography with coherent short-wavelength EUV light, which will enable the understanding with unprecedented detail of fundamental nanoscale behaviour, vital to a better design of energy-efficient next generation devices. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
W2216016520 | Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin to improve luteal function in lactating beef cattle. | Background: Pregnancy rate after fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in beef cattle is affected by ovulation rate, luteal function and embryo survival. Cows in early post partum period frequently have low progesterone production and short luteal phases. Treatments using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) after FTAI have been tested in an effort to increase progesterone concentration, improve embryo development and consequently pregnancy rates. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of administration of hCG on day 4 after FTAI on induction of ovulation of the first dominant follicle, corpus luteum (CL) development, progesterone production and pregnancy rate in lactating beef cows. Materials, Methods & Results: Five hundred and sixty nine multiparous Angus suckled beef cows, 45-70 days postpartum, were synchronized to FTAI. On day -9, intravaginal implants containing 0,750 g of progesterone were inserted and 2mg of estradiol benzoate administered, im. Seven days later, cows had their implants removed and were injected with 150 μg of d-cloprostenol, im, and 1 mg of estradiol cipionate, im. Cows were inseminated 52-56 h after implant removal. Four days later, cows were assigned into two groups, hCG (1500 UI of hCG, im, n = 269) or Control (1,5 mL saline, im, n = 300). Blood samples were collected on days 4, 7, 10 and 14 after FTAI for analysis of serum progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. Ovarian ultrasonographic exams were done on day 0 to determine the diameter of ovulatory follicle (OF), on day 4 to measure the diameter of the first dominant follicle and, on day 7, to determine the CL area (cm2) and the number of accesory CL. Pregnancy diagnosis were done on day 30. Pregnancy rates were compared by chi-square test, progesterone concentration and CLs parameters were compared by student-t test. The administration of hCG resulted in higher serum progesterone concentration, improved CL area and the frequency of accessory CL, compared with Control group. Cows treated with hCG had higher (P = 0.07) pregnancy rate (53.9%; 145/269) than Control cows (46.3 %; 139/300) Discussion: Progesterone plays a key role in reproductive events associated with establishment and maintence of pregnacy in cattle. The use of hormone therapy to improve luteal function after FTAI in lactating beef cows is an alternative that can improve fertility, enhancing embryonic development and reducing early pregnancy loss. Low progesterone has been linked to early failure and poor embryo development while supplementing cows with progesterone has been shown longer conceptus and adequate production of interferon-tau. Several studies reported that the CL size is correlated with progesterone production and embryo development. In this study, cows treated with 1500 UI hCG on Day 4 after FTAI had increased concentration of progesterone on days 7, 10 and 14 and had greater size of CL on day 7 (P < 0.01). This improvent in luteal fuction was associated with luteotrophic effect of hCG in the original CL and the induction of accessory CL in 29.6% of treated cows. The pregnancy rate of hCG treated cows was 7.6% higher than Controls cows, indicating a tendency (P = 0.07) of increment in fertility. It was concluded that administration of hCG on day 4 after FTAI increased the volume of luteal tissue and progesterone concentration, improving pregnancy rate in lactating beef cows. | [
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
W2885089123 | Separation of terbutaline enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrin-type chiral selectors and investigation of structure of selector-selectand complexes | The affinity pattern of terbutaline enantiomers towards various cyclodextrins was studied using capillary electrophoresis. The affinity pattern of terbutaline enantiomers was the same towards all studied cyclodextrins except heptakis(2-O-methyl-3,6-di-O-sulfo)-β-CD. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used for understanding of fine structural mechanisms of interactions of β-cyclodextrin and its two sulfated derivatives with the enantiomers of terbutaline. The structure of terbutaline complexes with all 3 cyclodextrins studied was different from each other. In confirmation with our earlier studies it was shown again that capillary electrophoresis represents very sensitive technique for studies of affinity patterns in cyclodextrin complexes with chiral guests. Other instrumental (e.g. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis) and theoretical techniques, although very useful for obtaining the information regarding the stoichiometry, binding constants and structure of intermolecular complexes, as well as about the forces involved in selector-selectand binding and chiral recognition, may sometimes fail to properly sense those fine differences in the affinity patterns. Therefore, it is recommended to use capillary electrophoresis in order to examine correctness of affinity pattern determined for intermolecular complexes of cyclodextrins with guest molecules by other instrumental or computation techniques. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Synthetic Chemistry and Materials"
]
|
10.1239/aap/1409319555 | Recurrence and Transience of Critical Branching Processes in Random Environment with Immigration and an Application to Excited Random Walks | We establish recurrence and transience criteria for critical branching processes in random environments with immigration. These results are then applied to the recurrence and transience of a recurrent random walk in a random environment on ℤ disturbed by cookies inducing a drift to the right of strength 1. | [
"Mathematics"
]
|
interreg_4043 | Challenge of eCitizen - Promoting eGovernment Actions in European Cities | The project is designed to support local eGovernment initiatives, actions and strategies through the exchange and dissemination of information, best practices and successful technical innovations acquired in the partner cities and Europe-wide. The partners aim to enhance the capacities, management skills and technical knowledge of local policy-makers, officials and experts responsible for eGovernment actions to design, manage and evaluate local technology-based public services. This goal is supported by promoting innovative approaches in establishing partnerships between public and private sectors as well as encouraging use of electronic communication in the public sector, among citizens and businesses. Furthermore, the project aims to raise public awareness on eGovernment actions as well as encourage citizens' participation in the democratic processes through Internet. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems",
"The Social World and Its Interactions"
]
|
W4200281188 | New Oldowan localities at high level within Kilombe Caldera, Kenya | New occurrences of early artefacts ascribed to the Oldowan tradition come from localities at high level within the caldera of the extinct Kilombe volcano, located in the central rift valley of Kenya. The trachyte cone and caldera of Kilombe volcano formed at ca. 2.5 Ma, and the record of >130 m of sediment-fill indicates that the caldera subsequently held a lake for long periods during the Early Pleistocene. The Oldowan artefact localities, dated by 40Ar/39Ar and palaeomagnetism to ∼1.78 Ma, lie east of the centre of the caldera, on the west side of an ancient small lake, which later drained away as a gorge formed on the east side of the mountain. The artefacts are dominantly made of Kilombe trachyte, and are associated with a fauna of large animals including Hippopotamus gorgops. These are the first Oldowan localities to be discovered in a new area of the Kenyan rift valley in the last thirty years, and their presence at high level in rugged landscape indicates that the associated hominins were exploiting a full range of environments. De nouvelles occurrences d’artefacts anciens attribués à la tradition Oldowayenne proviennent de localités situées à un niveau élevé de la caldeira du volcan éteint de Kilombe, situé dans la vallée centrale du Rift au Kenya. Le cône de trachyte et la caldeira du volcan Kilombe se sont formés à ca. 2,5 Ma, et la séquence de plus de 130 m de remplissage de sédiments indique qu’un lac occupait ensuite la caldeira pendant de longues périodes au cours du Pléistocène inférieur. Les sites d’artefacts oldowayens, datés par 40Ar/39Ar et du paléomagnétisme à ∼1,78 Ma, se trouvent à l’est du centre de la caldeira, sur le côté ouest d’un ancien petit lac, qui s’est ensuite drainé grâce a la formation d’une gorge sur le côté est de la montagne. Les artefacts sont principalement constitués de trachyte de Kilombe et sont associés à une faune de grands animaux, dont Hippopotamus gorgops. Ce sont les premières localités oldowayennes à être découvertes dans une nouvelle zone de la vallée du Rift kenyan au cours des trente dernières années, et leur présence à un niveau élevé dans un paysage accidenté indique que les hominidés associés exploitaient une gamme complète d’environnements. | [
"The Study of the Human Past",
"Earth System Science"
]
|
170455 | Odyssee-Mure, a decision support tool for energy efficiency policy evaluation. | The 2012 Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) establishes a set of binding measures to help the EU reach its 20% energy efficiency target by 2020. Countries have also set their own indicative national energy efficiency targets. To reach these targets, EU countries have to implement energy efficiency policies and monitor their impact. The Commission has also the task of monitoring the impacts of the measures to check that the EU is on track with its 2020 target.
The objective of the ODYSSEE MURE 2015 proposal is to contribute to this monitoring:
• By updating two comprehensive databases covering each EU MS; ODYSSEE on energy consumption and energy efficiency indicators, and MURE on energy efficiency measures;
• By providing new and innovative trainings and didactical documents to national, regional and local administrations in EU MS to raise their capacity and expertise in the field of energy efficiency monitoring and impact evaluation.
• By extending the evaluation of the impact of energy efficiency from energy and CO2 savings, as already done in ODYSSEE, to the multiple other benefits.
The updating of two databases ODYSSEE and MURE will play a key role to provide updated and centralized information required by each MS and the Commission to assess, monitor and evaluate energy efficiency progress and the state of implementation of measures and their impact.
The project will provide innovative training tools and documents in a very user friendly way to public administrations to help them in implementing the monitoring of the progress achieved with indicators, in designing new policy measures and assessing the impacts of these measures, not only in terms of energy savings, but also in terms of the other benefits linked to energy efficiency improvements.
Finally, the project will try to provide an assessment of the multiple benefits of energy efficiency policies for all MS combing existing evaluation and new calculations. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution"
]
|
10.1063/1.4774412 | Rovibrational internal energy transfer and dissociation of N <inf>2</inf>(<sup>1</sup>Σ<inf>g</inf><sup>+</sup>)-N(<sup>4</sup>S <inf>u</inf>) system in hypersonic flows | A rovibrational collisional model is developed to study energy transfer and dissociation of N2(1Σg+) molecules interacting with N(4 Su) atoms in an ideal isochoric and isothermal chemical reactor. The system examined is a mixture of molecular nitrogen and a small amount of atomic nitrogen. This mixture, initially at room temperature, is heated by several thousands of degrees Kelvin, driving the system toward a strong non-equilibrium condition. The evolution of the population densities of each individual rovibrational level is explicitly determined via the numerical solution of the master equation for temperatures ranging from 5000 to 50 000 K. The reaction rate coefficients are taken from an ab initio database developed at NASA Ames Research Center. The macroscopic relaxation times, energy transfer rates, and dissociation rate coefficients are extracted from the solution of the master equation. The computed rotational-translational (RT) and vibrational- translational (VT) relaxation times are different at low heat bath temperatures (e. g. , RT is about two orders of magnitude faster than VT at T = 5000 K), but they converge to a common limiting value at high temperature. This is contrary to the conventional interpretation of thermal relaxation in which translational and rotational relaxation timescales are assumed comparable with vibrational relaxation being considerable slower. Thus, this assumption is questionable under high temperature non-equilibrium conditions. The exchange reaction plays a very significant role in determining the dynamics of the population densities. The macroscopic energy transfer and dissociation rates are found to be slower when exchange processes are neglected. A macroscopic dissociation rate coefficient based on the quasi-stationary distribution, exhibits excellent agreement with experimental data of Appleton [J. Chem. Phys. 48, 599-608 (1968)]10. 1063/1. 1668690. However, at higher temperatures, only about 50% of dissociation is found to take place under quasi-stationary state conditions. This suggest the necessity of explicitly including some rovibrational levels, when solving a global kinetic rate equation. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter"
]
|
US 63494106 A | Method for realizing route forwarding in network | A method for realizing route forwarding in a network, including: establishing LSPs in a bearer network; setting an entrance label in the starting node of each LSP pointing to forwarding information of the LSP; a bearer control entity assigning a transfer path for the service flow and sending the information of all corresponding entrance labels of the transfer path to the ingress edge node of the transfer path; when the service flow needs to be forwarded, the ingress edge node puts the label stack into the data packet of the service flow to generate an MPLS exchange packet; and forwarding the MPLS exchange packet in the bearer network according to the label stack until the packet reaches the egress edge node of the transfer path. The present invention grants high compatibility to the network, minimizes the network investment, and reduces the difficulties in network implementation. | [
"Systems and Communication Engineering",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1364/BOE.5.001588 | Optimal Lens Design And Use In Laser Scanning Microscopy | In laser-scanning microscopy often an off-the-shelf achromatic doublet is used as a scan lens which can reduce the available diffraction-limited field-of-view (FOV) by a factor of 3 and introduce chromatic aberrations that are scan angle dependent. Here we present several simple lens designs of superior quality that fully make use of high-NA low-magnification objectives, offering diffraction-limited imaging over a large FOV and wavelength range. We constructed a two-photon laser-scanning microscope with optimized custom lenses which had a near diffraction limit point-spread-function (PSF) with less than 3. 6% variation over a 400 µm FOV and less than 0. 5 µm lateral color between 750 and 1050 nm. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Systems and Communication Engineering"
]
|
10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.018 | Getting Back to Nature: Feralization in Animals and Plants | Formerly domesticated organisms and artificially selected genes often escape controlled cultivation, but their subsequent evolution is not well studied. In this review, we examine plant and animal feralization through an evolutionary lens, including how natural selection, artificial selection, and gene flow shape feral genomes, traits, and fitness. Available evidence shows that feralization is not a mere reversal of domestication. Instead, it is shaped by the varied and complex histories of feral populations, and by novel selection pressures. To stimulate further insight we outline several future directions. These include testing how ‘domestication genes’ act in wild settings, studying the brains and behaviors of feral animals, and comparative analyses of feral populations and taxa. This work offers feasible and exciting research opportunities with both theoretical and practical applications. | [
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems"
]
|
948381 | KilonovaRank: gravitational wave counterparts and exotic transients with next-generation surveys | Time-domain astronomy will soon be transformed by powerful instrumentation: the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and upgraded gravitational wave detectors. We will finally be able to build large samples of rare and multi-messenger transients, allowing new scientific breakthroughs. But to do so, we must overcome the substantial difficulty of identifying the important events among an expected sea of contaminants. I will solve this problem by developing novel image classification techniques before LSST begins, and then use this with LSST data to answer some of the most pressing questions about stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis, and high energy physics. I will discover hundreds of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe), key to unknown physics in massive stars, and tidal disruption events (TDEs) of stars around supermassive black holes, probing black hole accretion in usually inaccessible regimes. By folding in the sky maps from GW detections of neutron star mergers, I will rapidly find kilonova counterparts in LSST follow-up searches. With 10-100 kilonovae (compared to 1 well-studied event now), we will understand the nucleosynthesis of all heavy (r-process) elements, determine the equation of state for nuclear matter, and pin down what these mergers leave behind. Moreover, I will determine the progenitor stars and power source of SLSNe, and the emission mechanisms in TDEs and relation to black hole mass, using even larger samples of those events. We may even find whole new transient classes. This project could not be more timely as the upgrades in GW detectors, the start of LSST, and the brief era of JWST will overlap in just a few years (and within the time of an ERC-funded project). Everything is in place for success, from guaranteed data access and follow-up resources, to public/prototype codes. The legacy datasets for rare transient classes will dwarf those from pre-LSST, and our inference framework will lead to an unprecedented understanding of these populations. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Fundamental Constituents of Matter",
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.025 | CALming Down T Cell Acute Leukemia | Signaling from class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is often deregulated in leukemia and lymphoma, but which isoforms are involved in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) was not known. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Subramaniam et al. show that T-ALL can be tamed by inhibiting γ and δ PI3K isoforms. | [
"Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
10.1016/j.aim.2010.12.024 | Frobenius manifolds from regular classical W-algebras | We obtain polynomial Frobenius manifolds from classical W-algebras associated to regular nilpotent elements in simple Lie algebras using the related opposite Cartan subalgebras. | [
"Mathematics"
]
|
10.1073/pnas.1105580108 | Paleozoic origin of insect large dsDNA viruses | To understand how extant viruses interact with their hosts, we need a historical framework of their evolutionary association. Akin to retrovirus or hepadnavirus viral fossils present in eukaryotic genomes, bracoviruses are integrated in braconid wasp genomes and are transmitted by Mendelian inheritance. However, unlike viral genomic fossils, they have retained functional machineries homologous to those of large dsDNA viruses pathogenic to arthropods. Using a phylogenomic approach, we resolved the relationships between bracoviruses and their closest free relatives: baculoviruses and nudiviruses. The phylogeny showed that bracoviruses are nested within the nudivirus clade. Bracoviruses establish a bridge between the virus and animal worlds. Their inclusion in a virus phylogeny allowed us to relate free viruses to fossils. The ages of the wasps were used to calibrate the virus phylogeny. Bayesian analyses revealed that insect dsDNA viruses first evolved at ∼310 Mya in the Paleozoic Era during the Carboniferous Period with the first insects. Furthermore the virus diversification time frame during the Mesozoic Era appears linked to the diversification of insect orders; baculoviruses that infect larvae evolved at the same period as holometabolous insects. These results imply ancient coevolution by resource tracking between several insect dsDNA virus families and their hosts, dating back to 310 Mya. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution"
]
|
10.1111/cobi.12763 | Using historical ecology to reassess the conservation status of coniferous forests in Central Europe | Forests cover approximately one-third of Central Europe. Oak (Quercus) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) are considered the natural dominants at low and middle elevations, respectively. Many coniferous forests (especially of Picea abies) occur primarily at midelevations, but these are thought to have resulted from forestry plantations planted over the past 200 years. Nature conservation and forestry policy seek to promote broadleaved trees over conifers. However, there are discrepancies between conservation guidelines (included in Natura 2000) and historical and palaeoecological data with regard to the distribution of conifers. Our aim was to bring new evidence to the debate on the conservation of conifers versus broadleaved trees at midelevations in Central Europe. We created a vegetation and land-cover model based on pollen data for a highland area of 11,300 km2 in the Czech Republic and assessed tree species composition in the forests before the onset of modern forestry based on 18th-century archival sources. Conifers dominated the study region throughout the entire Holocene (approximately 40–60% of the area). Broadleaved trees were present in a much smaller area than envisaged by current ideas of natural vegetation. Rather than casting doubt on the principles of Central European nature conservation in general, our results highlight the necessity of detailed regional investigations and the importance of historical data in challenging established notions on the natural distribution of tree species. | [
"Earth System Science",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution"
]
|
FR 9600808 W | PRINTING AND WRITING SUBSTRATE PREVENTING BACKLIGHT READING AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME | A printing and writing substrate which prevents backlight reading and a method for making same, wherein the opacity, the colouring and the surface state of the substrate can be modified in accordance with the quality required for subsequent printing thereof as desired. The method includes using one or more support sheets (1) and a multifunctional layer (2) to which a plurality of multifunctional layers (3, 4) may simultaneously be added, optionally incorporating additional tamper-preventing barrier layers (5). The invention is particularly useful for making lottery tickets and security paper. | [
"Materials Engineering",
"Products and Processes Engineering"
]
|
10.1145/3319535.3363227 | Practical Fully Secure Three Party Computation Via Sublinear Distributed Zero Knowledge Proofs | Secure multiparty computation enables a set of parties to securely carry out a joint computation on their private inputs without revealing anything but the output. A particularly motivated setting is that of three parties with a single corruption (hereafter denoted 3PC). This 3PC setting is particularly appealing for two main reasons: (1) it admits more efficient MPC protocols than in other standard settings; (2) it allows in principle to achieve full security (and fairness). Highly efficient protocols exist within this setting with security against a semi-honest adversary; however, a significant gap remains between these and protocols with stronger security against a malicious adversary. In this paper, we narrow this gap within concretely efficient protocols. More explicitly, we have the following contributions: Concretely Efficient Malicious 3PC. We present an optimized 3PC protocol for arithmetic circuits over rings with (amortized) communication of 1 ring element per multiplication gate per party, matching the best semi-honest protocols. The protocol applies also to Boolean circuits, significantly improving over previous protocols even for small circuits. Our protocol builds on recent techniques of Boneh et al. (Crypto 2019) for sublinear zero-knowledge proofs on distributed data, together with an efficient semi-honest protocol based on replicated secret sharing (Araki et al. , CCS 2016). We present a concrete analysis of communication and computation costs, including several optimizations. For example, for 40-bit statistical security, and Boolean circuit with a million (nonlinear) gates, the overhead on top of the semi-honest protocol can involve less than 0. 5KB of communication for the entire circuit, while the computational overhead is dominated by roughly 30 multiplications per gate in the field F247. In addition, we implemented and benchmarked the protocol for varied circuit sizes. Full Security. We augment the 3PC protocol to further provide full security (with guaranteed output delivery) while maintaining amortized 1 ring element communication per party per multiplication gate, and with hardly any impact on concrete efficiency. This is contrasted with the best previous 3PC protocols from the literature, which allow a corrupt party to mount a denial-of-service attack without being detected. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics"
]
|
W4280521141 | As instituições fazendárias provinciais no contexto da Revolução do Porto e da Independência do Brasil | A Revolução do Porto, constitucionalista e liberal, produziu efeitos imediatos e simultâneos no território americano. A simples notícia de seu acontecimento e da convocação das Cortes Gerais em Lisboa foi suficiente para desencadear os primeiros movimentos de juntas governativas no Brasil, dando início ao processo sem retorno de reforço dos poderes e instituições regionais. Esse foi o caso das Juntas da Real Fazenda, que eram órgãos colegiados presididos, até então, pelos capitães-generais. Nosso objetivo aqui é discutir como as repartições fazendárias estiveram no centro de discussão sobre a reformulação dos poderes regionais e conseguiram manter a continuidade mesmo nos momentos de maior tensão entre as Cortes portuguesas e a Corte do Rio de Janeiro até a Independência do Brasil. Ainda que não tenham sobrevivido ao fim do Primeiro Reinado, as Juntas de Fazenda lançaram as bases de forte representação de interesses e de poderes regionais. | [
"The Study of the Human Past",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems"
]
|
W4281886893 | Trajetória da indústria de transformação nos anos 2000 e o papel das políticas públicas no contexto de reindustrialização e seus novos paradigmas tecnológicos | This article aims to identify and evaluate the performance of the manufacturing industry in Brazil in the 2000s, and thus point out public policies that can contribute to the reindustrialization process and its new technological paradigms.For the feasibility of the research, it was adopted as an articulated methodology, both historical, qualitative and quantitative, to generate more robust information.Regarding the collection of quantitative information, the following databases were followed: COMTRADE, IPEA, PIA / IBGE, RAIS / MTE, TIVA / OECD and WDI.Thus, it found: i) growing loss of participation of the manufacturing industry in GDP and in total employment over the last few decades; ii) instabilities in productivity; iii) loss of mark-up in the industry; and iv) deepening of external dependence on technological products.Given this fragile situation of the industry, which causes damage throughout society (such as employment, income, sustainable growth), it is necessary to devise a new developmental project (according to current technological paradigms) with compatible public policies, and aimed at leveraging strategic sectors of the transformation industry, such as the semiconductor segment, in which they are considered strategic for economic development, being a vector of innovations that will be applied in other industries. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations"
]
|
715147 | The Global and Local Organization of Production | A defining feature of the global economy is the gradual fragmentation of production across firms and
borders, a phenomenon that has been termed outsourcing or global value chains.
State-of-the-art empirical economic analysis on value chains has mostly been limited to the study of
aggregate data because there is limited data on actual firm-to-firm linkages in the global economy. Even less
is currently known about which products are typically outsourced, and which workers are affected.
This project will change that. I will bring together four unique firm-to-firm datasets on local and global value
chains that will push the research frontier forward in two main directions:
- Previous research has shown that economic integration encourages growth. Due to data limitations,
however, we know little about the origins of growth, and to what extent the emergence of value chains can
explain the growth response. New theory is needed, where firm-to-firm connections are endogenously
formed in response to economic integration. I will confront theory with data and directly test whether
integration facilitates new buyer-supplier relationships and growth.
- Previous research has found that economic integration has large negative effects on wages for low-skill
workers. But again, due to data limitations, it is unclear to what extent value chains are responsible for this.
Simply put, the impact of outsourcing on wages will depend on which workers are displaced by outsourcing.
Until now, researchers have not been able to observe which workers, along with their occupations and
skills, that are employed in both the supplying and outsourcing firm. For the first time, this information will
be available, allowing for a rich analysis of labor market effects for different skill groups.
GLOBALPROD will inform policymakers about how wages for different types of skills change in response
to globalization, but also how economic integration can promote efficiency and competitiveness. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems"
]
|
10.1177/0306312713517158 | A Device For Being Able To Book P L The Organizational Embedding Of The Gaussian Copula | This article, the second of two articles on the Gaussian copula family of models, discusses the attitude of ‘quants’ (modellers) to these models, showing that contrary to some accounts, those quants were not ‘model dopes’ who uncritically accepted the outputs of the models. Although sometimes highly critical of Gaussian copulas – even ‘othering’ them as not really being models – they nevertheless nearly all kept using them, an outcome we explain with reference to the embedding of these models in inter- and intra-organizational processes: communication, risk control and especially the setting of bonuses. The article also examines the role of Gaussian copula models in the 2007–2008 global crisis and in a 2005 episode known as ‘the correlation crisis’. We end with the speculation that all widely used derivatives models (and indeed the evaluation culture in which they are embedded) help generate inter-organizational co-ordination, and all that is special in this respect about the Gaussian copula is that its s. . . | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Mathematics"
]
|
10.1080/13648470.2014.927417 | On Coba And Cocok Youth Led Drug Experimentation In Eastern Indonesia | The everyday lives of contemporary youths are awash with drugs to boost pleasure, moods, sexual performance, vitality, appearance and health. This paper examines pervasive practices of chemical ‘self-maximization’ from the perspectives of youths themselves. The research for this paper was conducted among male, female and transgender (male to female, so-called waria) sex workers in Makassar, Indonesia. It presents the authors’ ethnographic findings on how these youths experiment with drugs to achieve their desired mental and bodily states: with the painkiller Somadril to feel happy, confident and less reluctant to engage in sex with clients, and contraceptive pills and injectable hormones to feminize their male bodies and to attract customers. Youths are extremely creative in adjusting dosages and mixing substances, with knowledge of the (mostly positive) ‘lived effects’ of drugs spreading through collective experimentation and word of mouth. The paper outlines how these experimental practices differ from those that have become the gold standard in biomedicine. | [
"The Social World and Its Interactions",
"The Human Mind and Its Complexity"
]
|
10.1007/s11434-012-5241-9 | Flashing light in sponges through their siliceous fiber network: A new strategy of "neuronal transmission" in animals | Sponges (phylum Porifera) represent a successful animal taxon that evolved prior to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary (542 million years ago). They have developed an almost complete array of cell- and tissue-based interaction systems necessary for the establishment of a functional, multicellular body. However, a network of neurons, one cell/tissue-communication system is missing in sponges. This fact is puzzling and enigmatic, because these animals possess receptors known to be involved in the nervous system in evolutionary younger animal phyla. As an example, the metabotropic glutamate/GABA-like receptor has been identified and cloned by us. Recently, we have identified a novel light transmission/light responsive system in sponges that is based on their skeletal elements, the siliceous glass fibers, termed spicules. Two classes of sponges, the Hexactinellida and the Demospongiae, possess a siliceous skeleton that is composed of spicules. Studying the large spicules from hexactinellid sponges (>5 cm) revealed that these spicules are effective light-collecting optical fibers. Now we can report that the demosponge, Suberites domuncula, has a biosensor system consisting of the (organic) light producing luciferase and the (inorganic) light transducing silica spicules. The light transmission features of these smaller spicules (200 μm) has been demonstrated and the ability of the sponge tissue to generate light had been proven. Screening for a luciferase gene in S. domuncula was successful. In the next step, we searched for a protein potentially involved in light reception. Such a protein was identified, cloned and recombinantly expressed from S. domuncula. The protein sequence displays two domains characteristic of a cryptochrome, the N-terminal photolyase-related region and the C-terminal FAD-binding domain. The experimental data indicate that sponges may employ a network of luciferase-like proteins, a spicular system and a cryptochrome as the light source, optical waveguide and photosensor, respectively. Finally, we have identified a potential transcription factor involved in the control of the expression of luciferase and cryptochrome, a SOX-related protein. We assume that a flashing light signaling circuit exists, which may control the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of stem cells into pulsating and contracting sponge cells, and into pinacocytes and myocytes. Such a "nervous"-like signal transduction system has not been previously described. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems"
]
|
10.1073/pnas.1203083109 | Delaying aging and the aging-associated decline in protein homeostasis by inhibition of tryptophan degradation | Toxicity of aggregation-prone proteins is thought to play an important role in aging and age-related neurological diseases like Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases. Here, we identify tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (tdo-2), the first enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, as a metabolic regulator of agerelated α-synuclein toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Depletion of tdo-2 also suppresses toxicity of other heterologous aggregation-prone proteins, including amyloid-β and polyglutamine proteins, and endogenous metastable proteins that are sensors of normal protein homeostasis. This finding suggests that tdo-2 functions as a general regulator of protein homeostasis. Analysis of metabolite levels in C. elegans strains with mutations in enzymes that act downstream of tdo-2 indicates that this suppression of toxicity is independent of downstream metabolites in the kynurenine pathway. Depletion of tdo-2 increases tryptophan levels, and feeding worms with extra L-tryptophan also suppresses toxicity, suggesting that tdo-2 regulates proteotoxicity through tryptophan. Depletion of tdo-2 extends lifespan in these worms. Together, these results implicate tdo-2 as a metabolic switch of age-related protein homeostasis and lifespan. With TDO and Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as evolutionarily conserved human orthologs of TDO-2, intervening with tryptophan metabolism may offer avenues to reducing proteotoxicity in aging and age-related diseases. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions"
]
|
FR 2015050453 W | DEVICE FOR LOCKING AND UNLOCKING A COVER IN PARTICULAR OF A MANHOLE WITH THE AID OF A KEY | The present invention relates to a device for locking and unlocking a cover on a frame in particular of a manhole with the aid of a key. According to the invention, the device is characterized in that the bolt (14) of the lock (13) comprises two radial fingers (17) that are aligned in a direction parallel to a flat web (4) of the cover (3) and are able to cooperate, when the cover (3) is in a position closing the frame (2), with two ramps (36, 41) that are integral with the frame (2) and the cover (3), respectively, so as to exert on the cover (3) a force for locking to the frame (2), said force increasing as the fingers (17) of the bolt (14) move over the ramps (36, 41) until the fingers (17) are in their position locking the cover (3) to the frame (2), in which one of the two fingers (17) of the bolt (14) is trapped in the strike (16) of the frame (2). The invention is applicable in the field of highway equipment. | [
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Materials Engineering"
]
|
10.1007/978-3-030-29053-5_3 | Core Values And Value Conflicts In Cybersecurity Beyond Privacy Versus Security | This chapter analyses some of the main values, and values conflicts, in relation to cybersecurity by distinguishing four important value clusters that should be considered when deciding on cybersecurity measures. These clusters are security, privacy, fairness and accountability. Each cluster consists of a range of further values, which can be viewed as articulating specific moral reasons relevant when devising cybersecurity measures. In addition to the four value clusters, domain-specific values that are served by computer systems, such as health, are important. Following a detailed discussion of the four relevant value clusters, potential value conflicts and value tensions are considered. The relationships of five pairs of values (privacy-security, privacy-fairness, privacy-accountability, security-accountability and security-fairness) are analysed in terms of whether they are largely supportive or conflicting. In addition, possible methods for addressing these potential value conflicts are discussed. It is concluded that values, and value conflicts, in cybersecurity should be considered in context, also taking into account the specific computer systems at play, to enable the use of nuanced and fine-grained methods for addressing the relevant value conflicts. | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"The Human Mind and Its Complexity"
]
|
647049 | Uncertainty, Risk and Inequality: The Role of Macroeconomic Policies and Institutions | Macroeconomic policies and macroeconomic institutions influence aggregate outcomes along a number of significant dimensions. While the empirical literature has traditionally focussed on the direct effects on economic activity and inflation, little is known on the impact that policy and institutional changes exert on the macroeconomy through their indirect effects on the distribution of resources available to households and firms. This proposal describes my research agenda over the next five years to fill this important gap in academic and policy knowledge. The emphasis is on a new empirical framework to revisit the transmission mechanism of changes in macroeconomic policies and institutions through their (possibly unintended) consequences on uncertainty, risk and inequality across diverse groups of society and across countries. The proposed approach combines survey data, international evidence and a narrative identification of policy and institutional changes from the analysis of historical records. Another main contribution will be the development of analytical frameworks to account for the stylized facts uncovered by the proposed empirical approach. These include models of imperfect information on individual tax rates and inter-generational risk-sharing within households as well as characterizations of the way monetary institutions and labour market regulations interact to affect macroeconomic uncertainty and financial market volatility. The ambition is to generate a set of testable predictions that could then be used to identify and assess the relative merits of specific theoretical mechanisms in the data. On the policy side, this research will provide new estimates for the aggregate effects of government and monetary interventions. Furthermore, it will make it possible to identify the groups who have benefitted/suffered most from the specific changes that have dominated most of the recent past and whose redistributive implications appear so far overlooked. | [
"Individuals, Markets and Organisations",
"Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems",
"The Social World and Its Interactions"
]
|
10.1038/nclimate2241 | Biomineralization control related to population density under ocean acidification | Anthropogenic CO2 is a major driver of present environmental change in most ecosystems1, and the related ocean acidification is threatening marine biota2. With increasing pCO2, calcification rates of several species decrease3, although cases of upregulation are observed4. Here, we show that biological control over mineralization relates to species abundance along a natural pH gradient. As pCO2 increased, the mineralogy of a scleractinian coral (Balanophyllia europaea) and a mollusc (Vermetus triqueter) did not change. In contrast, two calcifying algae (Padina pavonica and Acetabularia acetabulum) reduced and changed mineralization with increasing pCO2, from aragonite to the less soluble calcium sulphates and whewellite, respectively. As pCO2 increased, the coral and mollusc abundance was severely reduced, with both species disappearing at pH < 7. 8. Conversely, the two calcifying and a non-calcifying algae (Lobophora variegata) showed less severe or no reductions with increasing pCO2, and were all found at the lowest pH site. The mineralization response to decreasing pH suggests a link with the degree of control over the biomineralization process by the organism, as only species with lower control managed to thrive in the lowest pH. | [
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution",
"Earth System Science"
]
|
10.1074/mcp.M116.064725 | Tracing cellular origin of human exosomes using multiplex proximity extension assays | Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated objects such as exosomes and microvesicles, released by many cell-types. Their presence in body fluids and the variable surface composition and content render them attractive potential biomarkers. The ability to determine their cellular origin could greatly move the field forward. We used multiplex proximity extension assays (PEA) to identify with high specificity and sensitivity the protein profiles of exosomes of different origins, including seven cell lines and two different body fluids. By comparing cells and exosomes, we successfully identified the cells originating the exosomes. Furthermore, by principal component analysis of protein patterns human milk EVs and prostasomes released from prostate acinar cells clustered with cell lines from breast and prostate tissues, respectively. Milk exosomes uniquely expressed CXCL5, MIA, and KLK6, whereas prostasomes carried NKX31, GSTP1, and SRC, highlighting that EVs originating from different origins express distinct proteins. In conclusion, PEA provides a powerful protein screening tool in exosome research, for purposes of identifying the cell source of exosomes, or new biomarkers in diseases such as cancer and inflammation. | [
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
10.1145/3205455.3205602 | Discovering The Elite Hypervolume By Leveraging Interspecies Correlation | Evolution has produced an astonishing diversity of species, each filling a different niche. Algorithms like MAP-Elites mimic this divergent evolutionary process to find a set of behaviorally diverse but high-performing solutions, called the elites. Our key insight is that species in nature often share a surprisingly large part of their genome, in spite of occupying very different niches; similarly the elites are likely to be concentrated in a specific "elite hypervolume" whose shape is defined by their common features. In this paper, we first introduce the elite hypervolume concept and propose two metrics to characterize it: the genotypic spread and the genotypic similarity. We then introduce a new variation operator, called "directional variation", that exploits interspecies (or inter-elites) correlations to accelerate the MAP-Elites algorithm. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this operator in three problems (a toy function, a redundant robotic arm, and a hexapod robot). | [
"Computer Science and Informatics",
"Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution"
]
|
10.1051/0004-6361/201424409 | The Gaia Eso Survey Chromospheric Emission Accretion Properties And Rotation In Γ Velorum And Chamaeleon I | One of the goals of the Gaia-ESO Survey (GES), which is conducted with FLAMES at the VLT, is the census and the characterization of the low-mass members of very young clusters and associations. We conduct a comparative study of the main properties of the sources belonging to gamma Velorum (gamma Vel) and Chamaeleon I (Cha I) young associations, focusing on their rotation, chromospheric radiative losses, and accretion. Methods. We used the fundamental parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity, lithium abundance, and radial velocity) delivered by the GES consortium in the first internal data release to select the members of gamma Vel and Cha I among the UVES and GIRAFFE spectroscopic observations. A total of 140 gamma Vel members and 74 Cha I members were studied. The procedure adopted by the GES to derive stellar fundamental parameters also provided measures of the projected rotational velocity (v sin i). We calculated stellar luminosities through spectral energy distributions, while stellar masses were derived by comparison with evolutionary tracks. The spectral subtraction of low-activity and slowly rotating templates, which are rotationally broadened to match the v sin i of the targets, enabled us to measure the equivalent widths (EWs) and the fluxes in the H alpha and H beta lines. The Ha line was also used for identifying accreting objects, on the basis of its EW and the width at the 10% of the line peak (10% W), and for evaluating the mass accretion rate ((M)over dot(acc)). Results. The distribution of v sin i for the members of. Vel displays a peak at about 10 km s(-1) with a tail toward faster rotators. There is also some indication of a different v sin i distribution for the members of its two kinematical populations. Most of these stars have Ha fluxes corresponding to a saturated activity regime. We find a similar distribution, but with a narrower peak, for Cha I. Only a handful of stars in gamma Vel display signatures of accretion, while many more accretors were detected in the younger Cha I, where the highest Ha fluxes are mostly due to accretion, rather than to chromospheric activity. Accreting and active stars occupy two different regions in a T-eff-flux diagram and we propose a criterion for distinguishing them. We derive (M)over dot(acc) in the ranges 10(-11)-10(-9) M-circle dot yr(-1) and 10(-10)-10(-7) M-circle dot yr(-1) for gamma Vel and Cha I accretors, respectively. We find less scatter in the (M)over dot(acc)-M-star relation derived through the H alpha EWs, when compared to the Ha 10% W diagnostics, in agreement with other authors. | [
"Universe Sciences",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
W2088871416 | Experimental investigation of TiO2/water nanofluid laminar forced convective heat transfer through helical coiled tube | Coiled tubes and nanofludics are two significant techniques to enhance the heat transfer ability of thermal equipments. The forced convective heat transfer and the pressure drop of nanofluid inside straight tube and helical coiled one with a constant wall heat flux were studied experimentally. Distilled water was used as a host fluid and Nanofluids of aqueous TiO2 nanoparticles (50 nm) suspensions were prepared in various volume concentrations of 0.25–2 %. The heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids is obtained for different nanoparticle concentrations as well as various Reynolds numbers. The experiments covered a range of Reynolds number of 500–4,500. The results show the considerable enhancement of heat transfer rate, which is due to the nanoparticles present in the fluid. Heat transfer coefficient increases by increasing the volume concentration of nanoparticles as well as Reynolds number. Moreover, due to the curvature of the tube when fluid flows inside helical coiled tube instead of straight one, both convective heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop of fluid grow considerably. Also, the thermal performance factors for tested nanofluids are greater than unity and the maximum thermal performance factor of 3.72 is found with the use of 2.0 % volume concentration of nanofluid at Reynolds number of 1,750. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Products and Processes Engineering",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
W2059460340 | Estimation of distribution coefficient of polonium in geological matrices around uranium mining site | In case of ground (groundwater) contamination or contaminants release from the disposal modules (facilities) to the geo-environment, the fate of contaminant transport is mainly governed by the parameter called distribution (partition) coefficient, K
d. It is a measure of sorption of contaminants to soils. For that the sorption of polonium in soil were carried out using laboratory batch method in different soil samples collected from different places around Turamdih uranium mining site. The kinetics of polonium sorption were also carried out at different time intervals which clearly indicates that sorption equilibrium for polonium achieved at around 72 h. The K
d for polonium varies from 1,443 to 7,501.3 L/kg in soil samples. Chemical characterization of soil and ground water samples were carried out to know the effect of various chemical parameters with distribution coefficient of polonium. | [
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences",
"Earth System Science"
]
|
10.1103/PhysRevB.102.125126 | Hinge modes and surface states in second-order topological three-dimensional quantum Hall systems induced by charge density modulation | We consider a system of weakly coupled one-dimensional wires forming a three-dimensional stack in the presence of a spatially periodic modulation of the chemical potential along the wires, equivalent to a charge density wave (CDW). An external static magnetic field is applied parallel to the wire axes. We show that, for a certain parameter regime, due to interplay between the CDW and magnetic field, the system can support a second-order topological phase characterized by the presence of chiral quasi-1D quantum Hall effect (QHE) hinge modes. Interestingly, we demonstrate that direction of propagation of the hinge modes depends on the phase of the CDW and can be reversed only by electrical means without the need of changing the orientation of the magnetic field. Furthermore, we show that the system can also support 2D chiral surface QHE states, which can coexist with one-dimensional hinge modes, realizing a scenario of a hybrid high-order topology. Performing two-terminal transport simulations in the linear response regime, we confirm quantized QHE resistance plateaus, which are highly robust to disorder giving a clear signature of hinge and surface states. | [
"Condensed Matter Physics",
"Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences"
]
|
853057 | Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) outside the tumor: a new player in the control of inflammation | Local sterile inflammation arise in many pathologic states, including several diseases of the nervous system as brain stroke, neurodegenerative diseases and epilepsy. The persistent and de-regulated inflammatory response sustains these neurological pathologies worsening their prognosis. Different molecular players, as NLRP3 and P2X7 have been shown to contribute to the progression of these illnesses triggering the release of IL-1β and recruiting cellular components of the immune response at the neurodegeneration site. Consistently, brain penetrant P2X7 antagonists are clinically used to treat epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases, while the pharmacological modulation of IL-1β is still unsuccessful. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanism underlying neuroinflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly remains elusive. Here we propose that different neuroinflammatory diseases can be linked together in a common disease pathway, of which damaged function should be targeted for therapy. Specifically we propose a new mechanism acting on IL-1β regulation: we hypothesize the existence of a new activity of PML outside tumour environment, acting at the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interfaces (MAMs) as modulator of NLRP3 inflammasome. On these bases, I propose a project in which PML activity at MAMs can be the key link of different neuroinflammatory diseases. Our goals are as follow: 1) to demonstrate that PML post-transcriptionally controls NLRP3 activity at the ER/MAMs compartments and thus IL-1β release via P2X7; 2) to prove that IL-1β release have a strong influence on neuronal environment and survival, and might represent a prognostic factor; 3) to develop new drugs targeting PML/NLRP3/P2X7 axis to overcome the unexpected failure of anti-IL-1 therapies. | [
"Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System",
"Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy",
"Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions",
"Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases"
]
|
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